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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Voyage to Carolina + +Author: John Lawson + + +Release date: July, 1999 [Etext #1838] +Last Updated: July 10, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW VOYAGE TO CAROLINA *** + + + + +Text file produced by Alan R. Light + +HTML file produced by David Widger + + + +</pre> + + <div style="height: 8em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h1> + A NEW VOYAGE TO CAROLINA + </h1> + <h2> + By John Lawson + </h2> + <h4> + [British Surveyor-General of North Carolina. d. 1711.] + </h4> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <p> + <b>CONTENTS</b> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> A NEW VOYAGE to CAROLINA; </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_PREF"> PREFACE. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_INTR"> INTRODUCTION. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> <b>A JOURNAL OF A THOUSAND MILES TRAVEL AMONG + THE INDIANS, FROM SOUTH TO NORTH CAROLINA.</b> </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> <b>A DESCRIPTION OF NORTH-CAROLINA.</b> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> OF THE INLETS AND HAVENS OF THIS COUNTRY. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> OF THE CORN OF CAROLINA. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> THE PRESENT STATE OF CAROLINA. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CAROLINA. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> OF THE VEGETABLES OF CAROLINA. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> THE BEASTS OF CAROLINA ARE THE </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> INSECTS OF CAROLINA. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> BIRDS OF CAROLINA. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0014"> WATER FOWL ARE, </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0015"> THE FISH IN THE SALT, AND FRESH WATERS OF + CAROLINA, ARE, </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0016"> FRESH-WATER FISH ARE, </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0017"> THE SHELL-FISH ARE, </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0018"> <b>AN ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS OF NORTH-CAROLINA.</b> + </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0019"> THE SECOND CHARTER GRANTED BY KING CHARLES II. + TO THE PROPRIETORS OF CAROLINA </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0020"> An ABSTRACT of the CONSTITUTION of CAROLINA. + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0021"> ORIGINAL ADVERTISEMENT, INCLUDED FOR HISTORICAL + CONTEXT. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0022"> TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES TO ETEXT: </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0023"> CORRECTIONS </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + A NEW VOYAGE to CAROLINA; + </h2> + <h3> + Containing the Exact Description and Natural History of that COUNTRY: + </h3> + <p> + Together with the Present State thereof. And A JOURNAL Of a Thousand + Miles, Travel'd thro' several Nations of INDIANS. Giving a particular + Account of their Customs, Manners, &c. + </p> + <p> + By John Lawson + </p> + <p> + Gent. Surveyor-General of North Carolina. + </p> + <p> + TN: To assure a high quality text, the original was typed in (manually) + twice and electronically compared. [Some obvious errors have been + corrected. (See Notes at end of file.)] + </p> + <p> + [Dedication] + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + To His Excellency + WILLIAM Lord CRAVEN, Palatine; + The most Noble, HENRY Duke of BEAUFORT; + The Right Hon-ble JOHN Lord CARTERET; + The Hon-ble MAURICE ASHLEY, Esq; + Sir JOHN COLLETON, Baronet, + JOHN DANSON, Esq; + + And the rest of the True and Absolute + LORDS-PROPRIETORS + of the + Province of Carolina in America. +</pre> + <p> + My Lords, + </p> + <p> + As Debts of Gratitude ought most punctually to be paid, so, where the + Debtor is uncapable of Payment, Acknowledgments ought, at least, to be + made. I cannot, in the least, pretend to retaliate Your Lordships Favours + to me, but must farther intrude on that Goodness of which I have already + had so good Experience, by laying these Sheets at Your Lordships Feet, + where they beg Protection, as having nothing to recommend them, but Truth; + a Gift which every Author may be Master of, if he will. + </p> + <p> + I here present Your Lordships with a Description of your own Country, for + the most part, in her Natural Dress, and therefore less vitiated with + Fraud and Luxury. A Country, whose Inhabitants may enjoy a Life of the + greatest Ease and Satisfaction, and pass away their Hours in solid + Contentment. + </p> + <p> + Those Charms of Liberty and Right, the Darlings of an English Nature, + which Your Lordships grant and maintain, make you appear Noble Patrons in + the Eyes of all Men, and we a happy People in a Foreign Country; which + nothing less than Ingratitude and Baseness can make us disown. + </p> + <p> + As Heaven has been liberal in its Gifts, so are Your Lordships favourable + Promoters of whatever may make us an easy People; which, I hope, Your + Lordships will continue to us and our Posterity; and that we and they may + always acknowledge such Favours, by banishing from among us every + Principle which renders Men factious and unjust, which is the hearty + Prayer of, + </p> + <p> + My Lords, + </p> + <p> + Your Lordships most obliged, + </p> + <p> + most humble, + </p> + <p> + and most devoted Servant, + </p> + <h3> + JOHN LAWSON. + </h3> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_PREF" id="link2H_PREF"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + PREFACE. + </h2> + <p> + 'Tis a great Misfortune, that most of our Travellers, who go to this vast + Continent in America, are Persons of the meaner Sort, and generally of a + very slender Education; who being hir'd by the Merchants, to trade amongst + the Indians, in which Voyages they often spend several Years, are yet, at + their Return, uncapable of giving any reasonable Account of what they met + withal in those remote Parts; tho' the Country abounds with Curiosities + worthy a nice Observation. In this Point, I think, the French outstrip us. + </p> + <p> + First, By their Numerous Clergy, their Missionaries being obedient to + their Superiors in the highest Degree, and that Obedience being one great + Article of their Vow, and strictly observ'd amongst all their Orders. + </p> + <p> + Secondly, They always send abroad some of their Gentlemen in Company of + the Missionaries, who, upon their Arrival, are order'd out into the + Wilderness, to make Discoveries, and to acquaint themselves with the + Savages of America; and are oblig'd to keep a strict Journal of all the + Passages they meet withal, in order to present the same not only to their + Governors and Fathers, but likewise to their Friends and Relations in + France; which is industriously spread about that Kingdom, to their + Advantage. For their Monarch being a very good Judge of Mens Deserts, does + not often let Money or Interest make Men of Parts give Place to others of + less Worth. This breeds an Honourable Emulation amongst them, to outdo one + another, even in Fatigues, and Dangers; whereby they gain a good + Correspondence with the Indians, and acquaint themselves with their Speech + and Customs; and so make considerable Discoveries in a short time. + Witness, their Journals from Canada, to the Missisipi, and its several + Branches, where they have effected great Matters, in a few Years. + </p> + <p> + Having spent most of my Time, during my eight Years Abode in Carolina, in + travelling; I not only survey'd the Sea-Coast and those Parts which are + already inhabited by the Christians, but likewise view'd a spatious Tract + of Land, lying betwixt the Inhabitants and the Ledges of Mountains, from + whence our noblest Rivers have their Rise, running towards the Ocean, + where they water as pleasant a Country as any in Europe; the Discovery of + which being never yet made publick, I have, in the following Sheets, given + you a faithful Account thereof, wherein I have laid down every thing with + Impartiality, and Truth, which is indeed, the Duty of every Author, and + preferable to a smooth Stile, accompany'd with Falsities and Hyperboles. + </p> + <p> + Great Part of this pleasant and healthful Country is inhabited by none but + Savages, who covet a Christian Neighbourhood, for the Advantage of Trade, + and enjoy all the Comforts of Life free from Care and Want. + </p> + <p> + But not to amuse my Readers any longer with the Encomium of Carolina, I + refer 'em to my Journal, and other more particular Description of that + Country and its Inhabitants, which they will find after the Natural + History thereof, in which I have been very exact, and for Method's sake, + rang'd each Species under its distinct and proper Head. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_INTR" id="link2H_INTR"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + INTRODUCTION. + </h2> + <p> + In the Year 1700, when People flock'd from all Parts of the Christian + World, to see the Solemnity of the Grand Jubilee at Rome, my Intention, at + that Time, being to travel, I accidentally met with a Gentleman, who had + been Abroad, and was very well acquainted with the Ways of Living in both + Indies; of whom, having made Enquiry concerning them, he assur'd me, that + Carolina was the best Country I could go to; and, that there then lay a + Ship in the Thames, in which I might have my Passage. I laid hold on this + Opportunity, and was not long on Board, before we fell down the River, and + sail'd to Cowes; where, having taken in some Passengers, we proceeded on + our Voyage 'till we sprung a-leak, and were forc'd into the Islands of + Scilly. Here we spent about 10 Days in refitting; in which Time we had a + great deal of Diversion in Fishing and Shooting on those rocky Islands. + The Inhabitants were very courteous and civil, especially the Governor, to + whose good Company and Favour, we were very much oblig'd. There is a Town + on one of these Islands, where is good Entertainment for those that happen + to come in, though the Land is but mean, and Flesh-meat not Plenty. They + have good Store of Rabbits, Quails, and Fish; and you see at the poor + Peoples Doors great Heaps of Perriwinkle-shells, those Fish being a great + Part of their Food. On the 1st Day of May, having a fair Wind at East, we + put to Sea, and were on the Ocean (without speaking to any Vessel, except + a Ketch bound from New England to Barbadoes, laden with Horses, Fish, and + Provisions) 'till the latter End of July, when the Winds hung so much + Southerly, that we could not get to our Port, but put into Sandyhook-bay, + and went up to New York, after a pinching Voyage, caus'd by our long + Passage. We found at the Watering-Place, a French Man of War, who had on + Board Men and Necessaries to make a Colony, and was intended for the + Messiasippi River, there to settle. The Country of New-York is very + pleasant in Summer, but in the Winter very cold, as all the Northern + Plantations are. Their chief Commodities are Provisions, Bread, Beer, + Lumber, and Fish in abundance; all which are very good, and some Skins and + Furrs are hence exported. The City is govern'd by a Mayor, (as in England) + is seated on an Island, and lies very convenient for Trade and Defence, + having a regular Fort, and well mounted with Guns. The Buildings are + generally of a smaller Sort of Flemish Brick, and of the Dutch Fashion, + (excepting some few Houses:) They are all very firm and good Work, and + conveniently plac'd, as is likewise the Town, which gives a very pleasant + Prospect of the neighbouring Islands and Rivers. A good Part of the + Inhabitants are Dutch, in whose Hands this Colony once was. After a + Fortnight's Stay here, we put out from Sandyhook, and in 14 Days after, + arriv'd at Charles-Town, the Metropolis of South Carolina, which is + soituate in 32, 45 North Latitude, and admits of large Ships to come over + their Bar up to the Town, where is a very commodious Harbour, about 5 + Miles distant from the Inlet, and stands on a Point very convenient for + Trade, being seated between two pleasant and navigable Rivers. The Town + has very regular and fair Streets, in which are good Buildings of Brick + and Wood, and since my coming thence, has had great Additions of + beautiful, large Brick-buildings, besides a strong Fort, and regular + Fortifications made to defend the Town. The Inhabitants, by their wise + Management and Industry, have much improv'd the Country, which is in as + thriving Circumstances at this Time, as any Colony on the Continent of + English America, and is of more Advantage to the Crown of Great Britain, + than any of the other more Northerly Plantations, (Virginia and Maryland + excepted.) This Colony was at first planted by a genteel Sort of People, + that were well acquainted with Trade, and had either Money or Parts, to + make good Use of the Advantages that offer'd, as most of them have done, + by raising themselves to great Estates, and considerable Places of Trust, + and Posts of Honour, in this thriving Settlement. Since the first + Planters, abundance of French and others have gone over, and rais'd + themselves to considerable Fortunes. They are very neat and exact in + Packing and Shipping of their Commodities; which Method has got them so + great a Character Abroad, that they generally come to a good Market with + their Commodities; when oftentimes the Product of other Plantations, are + forc'd to be sold at lower Prizes. They have a considerable Trade both to + Europe, and the West Indies, whereby they become rich, and are supply'd + with all Things necessary for Trade, and genteel Living, which several + other Places fall short of. Their co-habiting in a Town, has drawn to them + ingenious People of most Sciences, whereby they have Tutors amongst them + that educate their Youth a-la-mode. + </p> + <p> + Their Roads, with great Industry, are made very good and pleasant. Near + the Town is built a fair Parsonage-house, with necessary Offices, and the + Minister has a very considerable Allowance from his Parish. There is + likewise a French Church in Town, of the Reform'd Religion, and several + Meeting-houses for dissenting Congregations, who all enjoy at this Day an + entire Liberty of their Worship; the Constitution of this Government, + allowing all Parties of well-meaning Christians to enjoy a free + Toleration, and possess the same Priviledges, so long as they appear to + behave themselves peaceably and well: It being the Lords Proprietors + Intent, that the Inhabitants of Carolina should be as free from + Oppression, as any in the Universe; which doubtless they will, if their + own Differences amongst themselves do not occasion the contrary. + </p> + <p> + They have a well-disciplin'd Militia; their Horse are most Gentlemen, and + well mounted, and the best in America, and may equalize any in other + Parts: Their Officers, both Infantry and Cavalry, generally appear in + scarlet Mountings, and as rich as in most Regiments belonging to the + Crown, which shews the Richness and Grandeur of this Colony. They are a + Fronteer, and prove such troublesome Neighbours to the Spaniards, that + they have once laid their Town of St. Augustine in Ashes, and drove away + their Cattle; besides many Encounters and Engagements, in which they have + defeated them, too tedious to relate here. What the French got by their + Attempt against South Carolina, will hardly ever be rank'd amongst their + Victories; their Admiral Mouville being glad to leave the Enterprize, and + run away, after he had suffer'd all the Loss and Disgrace he was capable + of receiving. They are absolute Masters over the Indians, and carry so + strict a Hand over such as are within the Circle of their Trade, that none + does the least Injury to any of the English, but he is presently sent for, + and punish'd with Death, or otherwise, according to the Nature of the + Fault. They have an entire Friendship with the neighbouring Indians of + several Nations, which are a very warlike People, ever faithful to the + English, and have prov'd themselves brave and true on all Occasions; and + are a great Help and Strength to this Colony. The Chief of the savage + Nations have heretofore groan'd under the Spanish Yoke, and having + experienc'd their Cruelty, are become such mortal Enemies to that People, + that they never give a Spaniard Quarter; but generally, when they take any + Prisoners, (if the English be not near to prevent it) sculp them, that is, + to take their Hair and Skin of their Heads, which they often flea away, + whilst the Wretch is alive. Notwithstanding the English have us'd all + their Endeavours, yet they could never bring them to leave this Barbarity + to the Spaniards; who, as they alledge, use to murder them and their + Relations, and make Slaves of them to build their Forts and Towns. + </p> + <p> + This Place is more plentiful in Money, than most, or indeed any of the + Plantations on the Continent; besides, they build a considerable Number of + Vessels of Cedar, and other Wood, with which they trade to Cuirassau, and + the West Indies; from one they bring Money, and from the other the Produce + of their Islands, which yields a necessary Supply of both to the Colony. + Their Stocks of Cattle are incredible, being from one to two thousand Head + in one Man's Possession: These feed in the Savannas, and other Grounds, + and need no Fodder in the Winter. Their Mutton and Veal is good, and their + Pork is not inferior to any in America. As for Pitch and Tar, none of the + Plantations are comparable for affording the vast Quantities of Naval + Stores, as this Place does. There have been heretofore some Discoveries of + rich Mines in the mountanous Part of this Country; but being remote from + the present Settlement, and the Inhabitants not well vers'd in ordering + Minerals, they have been laid aside 'till a more fit Opportunity happens. + There are several noble Rivers, and spacious Tracts of rich Land in their + Lordships Dominions, lying to the Southward, which are yet uninhabited, + besides Port Royal, a rare Harbour and Inlet, having many Inhabitants + thereon, which their Lordships have now made a Port for Trade. This will + be a most advantageous Settlement, lying so commodiously for Ships coming + from the Gulph, and the Richness of the Land, which is reported to be + there. These more Southerly Parts will afford Oranges, Limons, Limes, and + many other Fruits, which the Northerly Plantations yield not. + </p> + <p> + The Merchants of Carolina, are fair, frank Traders. The Gentlemen seated + in the Country, are very courteous, live very nobly in their Houses, and + give very genteel Entertainment to all Strangers and others, that come to + visit them. And since the Produce of South and North Carolina is the same, + unless Silk, which this Place produces great Quantities of, and very good, + North Carolina having never made any Tryal thereof as yet, therefore I + shall refer the natural Produce of this Country, to that Part which treats + of North Carolina, whose Productions are much the same. The Christian + Inhabitants of both Colonies pretty equal, but the Slaves of South + Carolina are far more in Number than those in the North. I shall now + proceed to relate my Journey thro' the Country, from this Settlement to + the other, and then treat of the natural History of Carolina, with other + remarkable Circumstances which I have met with, during my eight Years + Abode in that Country. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + A JOURNAL OF A THOUSAND MILES TRAVEL AMONG THE INDIANS, FROM SOUTH TO + NORTH CAROLINA. + </h2> + <p class="side"> + Saturday. + </p> + <p> + On December the 28th, 1700, I began my Voyage (for North Carolina) from + Charles-Town, being six English-men in Company, with three Indian-men, and + one Woman, Wife to our Indian-Guide, having five Miles from the Town to + the Breach we went down in a large Canoe, that we had provided for our + Voyage thither, having the Tide of Ebb along with us; which was so far + spent by that Time we got down, that we had not Water enough for our Craft + to go over, although we drew but two Foot, or thereabouts. This Breach is + a Passage through a Marsh lying to the Northward of Sullivans Island, the + Pilot's having a Look out thereon, lying very commodious for Mariners, (on + that Coast) making a good Land-Mark in so level a Country, this Bar being + difficult to hit, where an Observation hath been wanting for a Day or two; + North East Winds bringing great Fogs, Mists, and Rains; which, towards the + cool Months of October, November, and until the latter End of March, often + appear in these Parts. There are three Pilots to attend, and conduct Ships + over the Bar. The Harbour where the Vessels generally ride, is against the + Town on Cooper's River, lying within a Point which parts that and + Ashley-River, they being Land lock'd almost on all Sides. + </p> + <p> + At 4 in the Afternoon, (at half Flood) we pass'd with our Canoe over the + Breach, leaving Sullivans Island on our Starboard. The first Place we + design'd for, was Santee River, on which there is a Colony of French + Protestants, allow'd and encourag'd by the Lords Proprietors. At Night we + got to Bell's-Island, a poor Spot of Land, being about ten Miles round, + where liv'd (at that Time) a Bermudian, being employ'd here with a Boy, to + look after a Stock of Cattle and Hogs, by the Owner of this Island. One + Side of the Roof of his House was thatch'd with Palmeto-leaves, the other + open to the Heavens, thousands of Musketoes, and other troublesome + Insects, tormenting both Man and Beast inhabiting these Islands. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Palmeto-trees. + </p> + <p> + The Palmeto-trees, whose Leaves growing only on the Top of the Tree, in + the Shape of a Fan, and in a Cluster, like a Cabbage; this Tree in + Carolina, when at its utmost Growth, is about forty or fifty Foot in + Height, and two Foot through: It's worth mentioning, that the Growth of + the Tree is not perceivable in the Age of any Man, the Experiment having + been often try'd in Bermudas, and elsewhere, which shews the slow Growth + of this Vegitable, the Wood of it being porous and stringy, like some + Canes; the Leaves thereof the Bermudians make Womens Hats, Bokeets, + Baskets, and pretty Dressing-boxes, a great deal being transported to + Pensilvania, and other Northern Parts of America, (where they do not grow) + for the same Manufacture. The People of Carolina make of the Fans of this + Tree, Brooms very serviceable, to sweep their Houses withal. + </p> + <p> + We took up our Lodging this Night with the Bermudian; our Entertainment + was very indifferent, there being no fresh Water to be had on the Island. + </p> + <p> + The next Morning we set away thro' the Marshes; about Noon we reach'd + another Island, call'd Dix's Island, much like to the former, tho' larger; + there liv'd an honest Scot, who gave us the best Reception his Dwelling + afforded, being well provided of Oat-meal, and several other Effects he + had found on that Coast; which Goods belong'd to that unfortunate Vessel, + the Rising Sun, a Scotch Man of War, lately arriv'd from the Istmus of + Darien, and cast away near the Bar of Ashley River, the September before, + Capt. Gibson of Glasco then commanding her, who, with above an hundred Men + then on Board her, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Septem. 5. 1700. + </p> + <p> + were every Soul drown'd in that terrible Gust which then happen'd; most of + the Corps being taken up, were carefully interr'd by Mr. Graham, their + Lieutenant, who happily was on Shore during the Tempest. + </p> + <p> + After Dinner, we left our Scotch Landlord, and went that Night to the + North East Point of the Island: It being dark ere we got there, our Canoe + struck on a Sand near the Breakers, and were in great Danger of our Lives, + but (by God's Blessing) got off safe to the Shore, where we lay all Night. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Monday. + </p> + <p> + In the Morning we set forwards on our intended Voyage. About two a Clock + we got to Bulls Island, which is about thirty Miles long, and hath a great + Number of both Cattel and Hogs upon it; the Cattel being very wild, and + the Hogs very lean. These two last Islands belong to one Colonel Cary, an + Inhabitant of South Carolina. Although it were Winter, yet we found such + Swarms of Musketoes, and other troblesome Insects, that we got but little + Rest that Night. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tuesday. + </p> + <p> + The next Day we intended for a small Island on the other Side of + Sewee-Bay, which joining to these Islands, Shipping might come to victual + or careen; but there being such a Burden of those Flies, that few or none + cares to settle there; so the Stock thereon are run wild. We were gotten + about half Way to Racoon-Island, when there sprung up a tart Gale at N.W. + which put us in some Danger of being cast away, the Bay being rough, and + there running great Seas between the two Islands, which are better than + four Leagues asunder, a strong Current of a Tide setting in and out, which + made us turn Tail to it, and got our Canoe right before the Wind, and came + safe into a Creek that is joining to the North End of Bulls Island. We + sent our Indians to hunt, who brought us two Deers, which were very poor, + and their Maws full of large Grubs. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wednesday. + </p> + <p> + On the Morrow we went and visited the Eastermost Side of this Island, it + joining to the Ocean, having very fair sandy Beeches, pav'd with + innumerable Sorts of curious pretty Shells, very pleasant to the Eye. + Amongst the rest, we found the Spanish Oyster-Shell, whence come the + Pearls. They are very large, and of a different Form from other Oysters; + their Colour much resembles the Tortoise-Shell, when it is dress'd. There + was left by the Tide several strange Species of a muciligmous slimy + Substance, though living, and very aptly mov'd at their first Appearance; + yet, being left on the dry Sand, (by the Beams of the Sun) soon exhale and + vanish. + </p> + <p> + At our Return to our Quarters, the Indians had kill'd two more Deer, two + wild Hogs, and three Racoons, all very lean, except the Racoons. We had + great Store of Oysters, Conks, and Clanns, a large Sort of Cockles. These + Parts being very well furnish'd with Shell-Fish, Turtle of several Sorts, + but few or none of the green, with other Sorts of Salt-water Fish, and in + the Season, good Plenty of Fowl, as Curleus, Gulls, Gannets, and + Pellicans, besides Duck and Mallard, Geese, Swans, Teal, Widgeon, &c. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thursday. + </p> + <p> + On Thursday Morning we left Bulls Island, and went thro' the Creeks, which + lie between the Bay and the main Land. At Noon we went on Shore, and got + our Dinner near a Plantation, on a Creek having the full Prospect of + Sewee-Bay: We sent up to the House, but found none at Home, but a Negro, + of whom our Messenger purchas'd some small Quantity of Tobacco and Rice. + We came to a deserted Indian Residence, call'd Avendaugh-bough, where we + rested that Night. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Friday. + </p> + <p> + The next Day we enter'd Santee-River's Mouth, where is fresh Water, + occasion'd by the extraordinary Current that comes down continually. With + hard Rowing, we got two Leagues up the River, lying all Night in a swampy + Piece of Ground, the Weather being so cold all that Time, we were almost + frozen ere Morning, leaving the Impressions of our Bodies on the wet + Ground. We set forward very early in the Morning, to seek some better + Quarters. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Saturday. + </p> + <p> + As we row'd up the River, we found the Land towards the Mouth, and for + about sixteen Miles up it, scarce any Thing but Swamp and Percoarson, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Percoarson, a Sort of low Land. + </p> + <p> + affording vast Ciprus-Trees, of which the French make Canoes, that will + carry fifty or sixty Barrels. After the Tree is moulded and dug, they saw + them in two Pieces, and so put a Plank between, and a small Keel, to + preserve them from the Oyster-Banks, which are innumerable in the Creeks + and Bays betwixt the French Settlement and Charles-Town. They carry two + Masts, and Bermudas Sails, which makes them very handy and fit for their + Purpose; for although their River fetches its first Rise from the + Mountains, and continues a Current some hundreds of Miles ere it disgorges + it self, having no sound Bay or Sand-Banks betwixt the Mouth thereof, and + the Ocean. Notwithstanding all this, with the vast Stream it affords at + all Seasons, and the repeated Freshes it so often allarms the Inhabitants + with, by laying under Water great Part of their Country, yet the Mouth is + barr'd, affording not above four or five Foot Water at the Entrance. As we + went up the River, we heard a great Noise, as if two Parties were engag'd + against each other, seeming exactly like small Shot. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sewee Indians. + </p> + <p> + When we approach'd nearer the Place, we found it to be some Sewee Indians + firing the Canes Swamps, which drives out the Game, then taking their + particular Stands, kill great Quantities of both Bear, Deer, Turkies, and + what wild Creatures the Parts afford. + </p> + <p> + These Sewees have been formerly a large Nation, though now very much + decreas'd, since the English hath seated their Land, and all other Nations + of Indians are observ'd to partake of the same Fate, where the Europeans + come, the Indians being a People very apt to catch any Distemper they are + afflicted withal; the Small-Pox has destroy'd many thousands of these + Natives, who no sooner than they are attack'd with the violent Fevers, and + the Burning which attends that Distemper, fling themselves over Head in + the Water, in the very Extremity of the Disease; which shutting up the + Pores, hinders a kindly Evacuation of the pestilential Matter, and drives + it back; by which Means Death most commonly ensues; not but in other + Distempers which are epidemical, you may find among 'em Practitioners that + have extraordinary Skill and Success in removing those morbifick Qualities + which afflict 'em, not often going above 100 Yards from their Abode for + their Remedies, some of their chiefest Physicians commonly carrying their + Compliment of Drugs continually about them, which are Roots, Barks, + Berries, Nuts, &c. that are strung upon a Thread. So like a Pomander, + the Physician wears them about his Neck. An Indian hath been often found + to heal an English-man of a Malady, for the Value of a Match-Coat; which + the ablest of our English Pretenders in America, after repeated + Applications, have deserted the Patient as incurable; God having furnish'd + every Country with specifick Remedies for their peculiar Diseases. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rum. + </p> + <p> + Rum, a Liquor now so much in Use with them, that they will part with the + dearest Thing they have, to purchase it; and when they have got a little + in their Heads, are the impatients Creatures living, 'till they have + enough to make 'em quite drunk; and the most miserable Spectacles when + they are so, some falling into the Fires, burn their Legs or Arms, + contracting the Sinews, and become Cripples all their Life-time; others + from Precipices break their Bones and Joints, with abundance of Instances, + yet none are so great to deter them from that accurs'd Practice of + Drunkenness, though sensible how many of them (are by it) hurry'd into the + other World before their Time, as themselves oftentimes will confess. The + Indians, I was now speaking of, were not content with the common Enemies + that lessen and destroy their Country-men, but invented an infallible + Stratagem to purge their Tribe, and reduce their Multitude into far less + Numbers. Their Contrivance was thus, as a Trader amongst them inform'd me. + </p> + <p> + They seeing several Ships coming in, to bring the English Supplies from + Old England, one chief Part of their Cargo being for a Trade with the + Indians, some of the craftiest of them had observ'd, that the Ships came + always in at one Place, which made them very confident that Way was the + exact Road to England; and seeing so many Ships come thence, they believ'd + it could not be far thither, esteeming the English that were among them, + no better than Cheats, and thought, if they could carry the Skins and Furs + they got, themselves to England, which were inhabited with a better Sort + of People than those sent amongst them, that then they should purchase + twenty times the Value for every Pelt they sold Abroad, in Consideration + of what Rates they sold for at Home. The intended Barter was exceeding + well approv'd of, and after a general Consultation of the ablest Heads + amongst them, it was, `Nemine Contradicente', agreed upon, immediately to + make an Addition of their Fleet, by building more Canoes, and those to be + of the best Sort, and biggest Size, as fit for their intended Discovery. + Some Indians were employ'd about making the Canoes, others to hunting, + every one to the Post he was most fit for, all Endeavours tending towards + an able Fleet and Cargo for Europe. The Affair was carry'd on with a great + deal of Secrecy and Expedition, so as in a small Time they had gotten a + Navy, Loading, Provisions, and Hands ready to set Sail, leaving only the + Old, Impotent, and Minors at Home, 'till their successful Return. + </p> + <p class="side"> + They never hearing more of their Fleet. + </p> + <p> + The Wind presenting, they set up their Mat-Sails, and were scarce out of + Sight, when there rose a Tempest, which it's suppos'd carry'd one Part of + these Indian Merchants, by Way of the other World, whilst the others were + taken up at Sea by an English Ship, and sold for Slaves to the Islands. + The Remainder are better satisfy'd with their Imbecilities in such an + Undertaking, nothing affronting them more, than to rehearse their Voyage + to England. + </p> + <p> + There being a strong Current in Santee-River, caus'd us to make small Way + with our Oars. With hard Rowing, we got that Night to Mons. Eugee's House, + which stands about fifteen Miles up the River, being the first Christian + dwelling we met withal in that Settlement, and were very courteously + receiv'd by him and his Wife. + </p> + <p> + Many of the French follow a Trade with the Indians, living very + conveniently for that Interest. There is about seventy Families seated on + this River, who live as decently and happily, as any Planters in these + Southward Parts of America. The French being a temperate industrious + People, some of them bringing very little of Effects, yet by their + Endeavours and mutual Assistance amongst themselves, (which is highly to + be commended) have out-stript our English, who brought with 'em larger + Fortunes, though (as it seems) less endeavour to manage their Talent to + the best Advantage. 'Tis admirable to see what Time and Industry will + (with God's Blessing) effect. Carolina affording many strange Revolutions + in the Age of a Man, daily Instances presenting themselves to our View, of + so many, from despicable Beginnings, which in a short Time arrive to very + splended Conditions. Here Propriety hath a large Scope, there being no + strict Laws to bind our Privileges. A Quest after Game, being as freely + and peremptorily enjoy'd by the meanest Planter, as he that is the highest + in Dignity, or wealthiest in the Province. Deer, and other Game that are + naturally wild, being not immur'd, or preserv'd within Boundaries, to + satisfy the Appetite of the Rich alone. A poor Labourer, that is Master of + his Gun, &c. hath as good a Claim to have continu'd Coarses of + Delicacies crouded upon his Table, as he that is Master of a greater + Purse. + </p> + <p> + We lay all that Night at Mons. Eugee's, and the next Morning set out + farther, to go the Remainder of our Voyage by Land: At ten a Clock we + pass'd over a narrow, deep Swamp, having left the three Indian Men and one + Woman, that had pilotted the Canoe from Ashly-River, having hir'd a + Sewee-Indian, a tall, lusty Fellow, who carry'd a Pack of our Cloaths, of + great Weight; notwithstanding his Burden, we had much a-do to keep pace + with him. At Noon we came up with several French Plantations, meeting with + several Creeks by the Way, the French were very officious in assisting + with their small Dories to pass over these Waters, (whom we met coming + from their Church) being all of them very clean and decent in their + Apparel; their Houses and Plantations suitable in Neatness and + Contrivance. They are all of the same Opinion with the Church of Geneva, + there being no Difference amongst them concerning the Punctilio's of their + Christian Faith; which Union hath propagated a happy and delightful + Concord in all other Matters throughout the whole Neighbourhood; living + amongst themselves as one Trible, or Kindred, every one making it his + Business to be assistant to the Wants of his Country-man, preserving his + Estate and Reputation with the same Exactness and Concern as he does his + own; all seeming to share in the Misfortunes, and rejoyce at the Advance, + and Rise, of their Brethren. + </p> + <p> + Towards the Afternoon, we came to Mons. L'Jandro, where we got our Dinner; + there coming some French Ladies whilst we were there, who were lately come + from England, and Mons. L'Grand, a worthy Norman, who hath been a great + Sufferer in his Estate, by the Persecution in France, against those of the + Protestant Religion: This Gentleman very kindly invited us to make our + Stay with him all Night, but we being intended farther that Day, took our + Leaves, returning Acknowledgments of their Favours. + </p> + <p> + About 4 in the Afternoon, we pass'd over a large Ciprus run in a small + Canoe; the French Doctor sent his Negro to guide us over the Head of a + large Swamp; so we got that Night to Mons. Galliar's the elder, who lives + in a very curious contriv'd House, built of Brick and Stone, which is + gotten near that Place. Near here comes in the Road from Charles-Town, and + the rest of the English Settlement, it being a very good Way by Land, and + not above 36 Miles, altho' more than 100 by Water; and I think the most + difficult Way I ever saw, occasion'd by Reason of the multitude of Creeks + lying along the Main, keeping their Course thro' the Marshes, turning and + winding like a Labyrinth, having the Tide of Ebb and Flood twenty Times in + less than three Leagues going. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Monday. + </p> + <p> + The next Morning very early, we ferry'd over a Creek that runs near the + House; and, after an Hour's Travel in the Woods, we came to the + River-side, where we stay'd for the Indian, who was our Guide, and was + gone round by Water in a small Canoe, to meet us at that Place we rested + at. He came after a small Time, and ferry'd us in that little Vessel over + Santee River 4 Miles, and 84 Miles in the Woods, which the over-flowing of + the Freshes, which then came down, had made a perfect Sea of, there + running an incredible Current in the River, which had cast our small + Craft, and us, away, had we not had this Sewee Indian with us; who are + excellent Artists in managing these small Canoes. + </p> + <p> + Santee River, at this Time, (from the usual Depth of Water) was risen + perpendicular 36 Foot, always making a Breach from her Banks, about this + Season of the Year: The general Opinion of the Cause thereof, is suppos'd + to proceed from the overflowing of fresh Water-Lakes that lie near the + Head of this River, and others, upon the same Continent: But my Opinion + is, that these vast Inundations proceed from the great and repeated + Quantities of Snow that falls upon the Mountains, which lie at so great a + Distance from the Sea, therefore they have no Help of being dissolv'd by + those saline, piercing Particles, as other adjacent Parts near the Ocean + receive; and therefore lies and increases to a vast Bulk, until some mild + Southerly Breezes coming on a sudden, continue to unlock these frozen + Bodies, congeal'd by the North-West Wind, dissipating them in Liquids; and + coming down with Impetuosity, fills those Branches that feed these Rivers, + and causes this strange Deluge, which oft-times lays under Water the + adjacent Parts on both Sides this Current, for several Miles distant from + her Banks; tho' the French and Indians affir'm'd to me, they never knew + such an extraordinary Flood there before. + </p> + <p> + We all, by God's Blessing, and the Endeavours of our Indian-Pilot, pass'd + safe over the River, but was lost in the Woods, which seem'd like some + great Lake, except here and there a Knowl of high Land, which appear'd + above Water. + </p> + <p> + We intended for Mons. Galliar's, jun', but was lost, none of us knowing + the Way at that Time, altho' the Indian was born in that Country, it + having receiv'd so strange a Metamorphosis. We were in several Opinions + concerning the right Way, the Indian and my self, suppos'd the House to + bear one Way, the rest thought to the contrary; we differing, it was + agreed on amongst us, that one half should go with the Indian to find the + House, and the other part to stay upon one of these dry Spots, until some + of them return'd to us, and inform'd us where it lay. + </p> + <p> + My self and two more were left behind, by Reason the Canoe would not carry + us all; we had but one Gun amongst us, one Load of Ammunition, and no + Provision. Had our Men in the Canoe miscarry'd, we must (in all + Probability) there have perish'd. + </p> + <p> + In about six Hours Time, from our Mens Departure, the Indian came back to + us in the same Canoe he went in, being half drunk, which assur'd us they + had found some Place of Refreshment. He took us three into the Canoe, + telling us all was well: Padling our Vessel several Miles thro' the Woods, + being often half full of Water; but at length we got safe to the Place we + sought for, which prov'd to lie the same Way the Indian and I guess'd it + did. + </p> + <p> + When we got to the House, we found our Comrades in the same Trim the + Indian was in, and several of the French Inhabitants with them, who + treated us very courteously, wondering at our undertaking such a Voyage, + thro' a Country inhabited by none but Savages, and them of so different + Nations and Tongues. + </p> + <p> + After we had refresh'd our selves, we parted from a very kind, loving, and + affable People, who wish'd us a safe and prosperous Voyage. + </p> + <p> + Hearing of a Camp of Santee Indians not far of, we set out intending to + take up our Quarters with them that Night. There being a deep Run of Water + in the Way, one of our Company being top-heavy, and there being nothing + but a small Pole for a Bridge, over a Creek, fell into the Water up to the + Chin; my self laughing at the Accident, and not taking good Heed to my + Steps, came to the same Misfortune: All our Bedding was wet. The Wind + being at N.W. it froze very hard, which prepar'd such a Night's Lodging + for me, that I never desire to have the like again; the wet Bedding and + freezing Air had so qualify'd our Bodies, that in the Morning when we + awak'd, we were nigh frozen to Death, until we had recruited our selves + before a large Fire of the Indians. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tuesday. + </p> + <p> + Tuesday Morning we set towards the Congerees, leaving the Indian Guide + Scipio drunk amongst the Santee-Indians. We went ten Miles out of our Way, + to head a great Swamp, the Freshes having fill'd them all with such great + Quantities of Water, that the usual Paths were render'd unpassable. We met + in our Way with an Indian Hut, where we were entertain'd with a fat, + boil'd Goose, Venison, Racoon, and ground Nuts. We made but little Stay; + about Noon, we pass'd by several large Savannah's, wherein is curious + Ranges for Cattel, being green all the Year; they were plentifully stor'd + with Cranes, Geese, &c. and the adjacent Woods with great Flocks of + Turkies. This Day we travell'd about 30 Miles, and lay all Night at a + House which was built for the Indian Trade, the Master thereof we had + parted with at the French Town, who gave us Leave to make use of his + Mansion. Such Houses are common in these Parts, and especially where there + is Indian Towns, and Plantations near at hand, which this Place is well + furnish'd withal. + </p> + <p> + These Santee-Indians are a well-humour'd and affable People; and living + near the English, are become very tractable. They make themselves Cribs + after a very curious Manner, wherein they secure their Corn from Vermin; + which are more frequent in these warm Climates, than Countries more + distant from the Sun. These pretty Fabricks are commonly supported with + eight Feet or Posts, about seven Foot high from the Ground, well daub'd + within and without upon Laths, with Loom or Clay, which makes them tight, + and fit to keep out the smallest Insect, there being a small Door at the + gable End, which is made of the same Composition, and to be remov'd at + Pleasure, being no bigger, than that a slender Man may creep in at, + cementing the Door up with the same Earth, when they take Corn out of the + Crib, and are going from Home, always finding their Granaries in the same + Posture they left them; Theft to each other being altogether unpractis'd, + never receiving Spoils but from Foreigners. + </p> + <p> + Hereabouts the Ground is something higher than about Charles-Town, there + being found some Quarries of brown free Stone, which I have seen made Use + of for Building, and hath prov'd very durable and good. The Earth here is + mix'd with white Gravel, which is rare, there being nothing like a Stone + to be found, of the natural Produce, near to Ashly-River. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wednesday. + </p> + <p> + The next Day about Noon we came to the Side of a great Swamp, where we + were forc'd to strip our selves to get over it, which, with much + Difficulty, we effected. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Septem. 5. 1700. + </p> + <p> + Hereabouts the late Gust of Wind, which happen'd in September last, had + torn the large Ciprus-Trees and Timbers up by the Roots, they lying + confusedly in their Branches, did block up the Way, making the Passage + very difficult. + </p> + <p> + This Night we got to one Scipio's Hutt, a famous Hunter: There was no Body + at Home; but we having (in our Company) one that had us'd to trade amongst + them, we made our selves welcome to what his Cabin afforded, (which is a + Thing common) the Indians allowing it practicable to the English Traders, + to take out of their Houses what they need in their Absence, in Lieu + whereof they most commonly leave some small Gratuity of Tobacco, Paint, + Beads, &c. We found great Store of Indian Peas, (a very good Pulse) + Beans, Oyl, Thinkapin Nuts, Corn, barbacu'd Peaches, and Peach-Bread; + which Peaches being made into a Quiddony, and so made up into Loves like + Barley-Cakes, these cut into thin Slices, and dissolv'd in Water, makes a + very grateful Acid, and extraordinary beneficial in Fevers, as hath often + been try'd, and approv'd on by our English Practitioners. The Wind being + at N.W. with cold Weather, made us make a large Fire in the Indian's + Cabin; being very intent upon our Cookery, we set the Dwelling on Fire, + and with much ado, put it out, tho' with the Loss of Part of the Roof. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thursday. + </p> + <p> + The next Day we travell'd on our Way, and about Noon came up with a + Settlement of Santee Indians, there being Plantations lying scattering + here and there, for a great many Miles. They came out to meet us, being + acquainted with one of our Company, and made us very welcome with fat + barbacu'd Venison, which the Woman of the Cabin took and tore in Pieces + with her Teeth, so put it into a Mortar, beating it to Rags, afterwards + stews it with Water, and other Ingredients, which makes a very savoury + Dish. + </p> + <p> + At these Cabins came to visit us the King of the Santee Nation. He brought + with him their chief Doctor or Physician, who was warmly and neatly clad + with a Match-Coat, made of Turkies Feathers, which makes a pretty Shew, + seeming as if it was a Garment of the deepest silk Shag. This Doctor had + the Misfortune to lose his Nose by the Pox, which Disease the Indians + often get by the English Traders that use amongst them; not but the + Natives of America have for many Ages (by their own Confession) been + afflicted with a Distemper much like the Lues Venerea, which hath all the + Symptoms of the Pox, being different in this only; for I never could + learn, that this Country-Distemper, or Yawes, is begun or continu'd with a + Gonorrhoea; yet is attended with nocturnal Pains in the Limbs, and + commonly makes such a Progress, as to vent Part of the Matter by Botches, + and several Ulcers in the Body, and other Parts; oftentimes Death ensuing. + I have known mercurial Unguents and Remedies work a Cure, following the + same Methods as in the Pox; several white People, but chiefly the + Criolo's, losing their Palates and Noses by this devouring Vulture. + </p> + <p> + It is epidemical, visiting these Parts of America, which is often + occasion'd thro' the immoderate drinking of Rum, by those that commonly + drink Water at other Times, cold Nights Lodging, and bad open Houses, and + more chiefly by often wetting the Feet, and eating such Quantities of Pork + as they do, which is a gross Food, and a great Propagator of such Juices + as it often meets withal in human Bodies, once tainted with this Malady; + which may differently (in some Respects) act its Tragedy; the Change being + occasion'd by the Difference of Climates and Bodies, as in Europe. We + being well enough assur'd that the Pox had its first Rise (known to us) in + this new World, it being caught of the Indian Women, by the Spanish + Soldiers that follow'd Columbus in one of his Expeditions to America; who + after their Arrival in Old Spain, were hasten'd to the Relief of Naples, + at that Time besieg'd by the French. Provisions growing scarce, the + useless People were turn'd out of the City, to lessen the Mouths; amongst + these, the Curtesans were one Part, who had frequently embrac'd the + Spaniards, being well fraught with Riches by their new Discovery. The + Leager Ladies had no sooner lost their Spanish Dons, but found themselves + as well entertain'd by the French, whose Camp they traded in, giving the + Mounsieurs as large a Share of the pocky Spoils within their own Lines, as + the Spaniards had, who took the Pains to bring it in their Breeches as far + as from America; the large Supplies of Swines Flesh, which that Army was + chiefly victuall'd withal, made it rage. The Siege was rais'd; the French + and Spaniards retreating to Flanders, which was a Parrade of all Nations; + by which Means, this filthy Distemper crowded it self into most Nations of + the known World. + </p> + <p> + Now to return to our Doctor, who in the Time of his Affliction withdrew + himself (with one that labour'd under the same Distemper) into the Woods. + These two perfected their Cures by proper Vegitables, &c. of which + they have Plenty, and are well acquainted with their specifick Virtue. + </p> + <p> + I have seen such admirable Cures perform'd by these Savages, which would + puzzle a great many graduate Practitioners to trace their Steps in + Healing, with the same Expedition, Ease, and Success; using no racking + Instruments in their Chirurgery, nor nice Rules of Diet and Physick, to + verify the Saying, `qui Medice vivit, misere vivit'. In Wounds which + penetrate deep, and seem mortal, they order a spare Diet, with drinking + Fountain-water; if they perceive a white Matter, or Pus to arise, they let + the Patient more at large, and presently cure him. + </p> + <p> + After these two had perform'd their Cures at no easier Rate than the + Expence of both their Noses, coming again amongst their old Acquaintance + so disfigur'd, the Indians admir'd to see them metamorphos'd after that + manner; enquir'd of them where they had been all that Time, and what were + become of their Noses? They made Answer, That they had been conversing + with the white Man above, (meaning God Almighty) how they were very kindly + entertain'd by that Great Being; he being much pleas'd with their Ways, + and had promis'd to make their Capacities equal with the white People in + making Guns, Ammunition, &c. in Retalliation of which, they had given + him their Noses. The Verity of which, they yet hold, the Indians being an + easy, credulous People, and most notoriously cheated by their Priests and + Conjurers, both Trades meeting ever in one Person, and most commonly a + Spice of Quackship added to the other two Ingredients, which renders that + cunning Knave the Impostor to be more rely'd upon; thence a fitter + Instrument to cheat these ignorant People; the Priest and Conjurers being + never admitted to their Practice, 'till Years and the Experience of + repeated Services hath wrought their Esteem amongst the Nations they + belong to. + </p> + <p> + The Santee King, who was in Company with this No-nos'd Doctor, is the most + absolute Indian Ruler in these Parts, although he is Head but of a small + People, in Respect to some other Nations of Indians, that I have seen: He + can put any of his People to Death that hath committed any Fault which he + judges worthy of so great a Punishment. This Authority is rarely found + amongst these Savages, for they act not (commonly) by a determinative + Voice in their Laws, towards any one that hath committed Murder, or such + other great Crime, but take this Method; him to whom the Injury was done, + or if dead, the nearest of his Kindred prosecutes by Way of an actual + Revenge, being himself, if Opportunity serves his Intent, both Judge and + Executioner, performing so much Mischief on the Offender, or his nearest + Relation, until such Time that he is fully satisfy'd: Yet this Revenge is + not so infallible, but it may be bought off with Beads, Tobacco, and such + like Commodities that are useful amongst them, though it were the most + sable Villany that could be acted by Mankind. + </p> + <p> + Some that attended the King, presented me with an odoriferous, balsamick + Root, of a fragrant Smell and Taste, the Name I know not; they chew it in + the Mouth, and by that simple Application, heal desperate Wounds both + green and old; that small Quantity I had, was given inwardly to those + troubl'd with the Belly-ach, which Remedy fail'd not to give present Help, + the Pain leaving the Patient soon after they had taken the Root. + </p> + <p> + Near to these Cabins are several Tombs made after the manner of these + Indians; the largest and the chiefest of them was the Sepulchre of the + late Indian King of the Santees, a Man of great Power, not only amongst + his own Subjects, but dreaded by the neighbouring Nations for his great + Valour and Conduct, having as large a Prerogative in his Way of Ruling, as + the present King I now spoke of. + </p> + <p> + The manner of their Interment, is thus: A Mole or Pyramid of Earth is + rais'd, the Mould thereof being work'd very smooth and even, sometimes + higher or lower, according to the Dignity of the Person whose Monument it + is. On the Top thereof is an Umbrella, made Ridge-ways, like the Roof of + an House; this is supported by nine Stakes, or small Posts, the Grave + being about six or eight Foot in Length, and four Foot in Breadth; about + it is hung Gourds, Feathers, and other such like Trophies, plac'd there by + the dead Man's Relations, in Respect to him in the Grave. The other Part + of the Funeral-Rites are thus, As soon as the Party is dead, they lay the + Corps upon a Piece of Bark in the Sun, seasoning or embalming it with a + small Root beaten to Powder, which looks as red as Vermilion; the same is + mix'd with Bear's Oil, to beautify the Hair, and preserve their Heads from + being lousy, it growing plentifully in these Parts of America. After the + Carcass has laid a Day or two in the Sun, they remove and lay it upon + Crotches cut on purpose for the Support thereof from the Earth; then they + anoint it all over with the fore-mention'd Ingredients of the Powder of + this Root, and Bear's Oil. When it is so done, they cover it very exactly + over with Bark of the Pine or Cyprus Tree, to prevent any Rain to fall + upon it, sweeping the Ground very clean all about it. Some of his nearest + of Kin brings all the temporal Estate he was possess'd of at his Death, as + Guns, Bows, and Arrows, Beads, Feathers, Match-coat, &c. This Relation + is the chief Mourner, being clad in Moss, and a Stick in his Hand, keeping + a mournful Ditty for three or four Days, his Face being black with the + Smoak of Pitch, Pine, mingl'd with Bear's Oil. All the while he tells the + dead Man's Relations, and the rest of the Spectators, who that dead Person + was, and of the great Feats perform'd in his Life-time; all what he + speaks, tending to the Praise of the Defunct. As soon as the Flesh grows + mellow, and will cleave from the Bone, they get it off, and burn it, + making all the Bones very clean, then anoint them with the Ingredients + aforesaid, wrapping up the Skull (very carefully) in a Cloath artificially + woven of Possums Hair. (These Indians make Girdles, Sashes, Garters, &c. + after the same Manner.) The Bones they carefully preserve in a wooden Box, + every Year oiling and cleansing them: By these Means preserve them for + many Ages, that you may see an Indian in Possession of the Bones of his + Grand-father, or some of his Relations of a larger Antiquity. They have + other Sorts of Tombs; as where an Indian is slain, in that very Place they + make a Heap of Stones, (or Sticks, where Stones are not to be found;) to + this Memorial, every Indian that passes by, adds a Stone, to augment the + Heap, in Respect to the deceas'd Hero. + </p> + <p> + We had a very large Swamp to pass over near the House, and would have + hir'd our Landlord to have been our Guide, but he seem'd unwilling; so we + press'd him no farther about it. He was the tallest Indian I ever saw, + being seven Foot high, and a very strait compleat Person, esteem'd on by + the King for his great Art in Hunting, always carrying with him an + artificial Head to hunt withal: They are made of the Head of a Buck, the + back Part of the Horns being scrapt and hollow, for Lightness of Carriage. + The Skin is left to the setting on of the Shoulders, which is lin'd all + round with small Hoops, and flat Sort of Laths, to hold it open for the + Arm to go in. They have a Way to preserve the Eyes, as if living. The + Hunter puts on a Match-coat made of Deer's Skin, with the Hair on, and a + Piece of the white Part of a Deer's Skin, that grows on the Breast, which + is fasten'd to the Neck-End of this stalking Head, so hangs down. In these + Habiliments an Indian will go as near a Deer as he pleases, the exact + Motions and Behaviour of a Deer being so well counterfeited by 'em, that + several Times it hath been known for two Hunters to come up with a + stalking Head together, and unknown to each other, so that they have + kill'd an Indian instead of a Deer, which hath happen'd sometimes to be a + Brother, or some dear Friend; for which Reason they allow not of that Sort + of Practice, where the Nation is populous. + </p> + <p> + Within half a Mile of the House, we pass'd over a prodigious wide and deep + Swamp, being forc'd to strip stark-naked, and much a-do to save our selves + from drowning in this Fatiegue. We, with much a-do, got thro', going that + Day about five Miles farther, and came to three more Indian Cabins, call'd + in the Indian Tongue, Hickerau, by the English Traders, the black House, + being pleasantly seated on a high Bank, by a Branch of Santee-River. One + of our Company, that had traded amongst these Indians, told us, That one + of the Cabins was his Father's-in-Law; he call'd him so, by Reason the old + Man had given him a young Indian Girl, that was his Daughter, to lie with + him, make Bread, and to be necessary in what she was capable to assist him + in, during his Abode amongst them. + </p> + <p> + When we came thither first, there was no Body at Home, so the Son made + bold to search his Father's Granary for Corn, and other Provisions. He + brought us some Indian Maiz and Peas, which are of a reddish Colour, and + eat well, yet colour the Liquor they are boil'd in, as if it were a + Lixivium of red Tartar. After we had been about an Hour in the House, + where was Millions of Fleas, the Indian Cabins being often fuller of such + Vermin, than any Dog-Kennel, the old Man came in to us, and seem'd very + glad to see his Son-in-Law. + </p> + <p> + This Indian is a great Conjurer, as appears by the Sequel. The Seretee or + Santee Indians were gone to War against the Hooks and Backhooks Nations, + living near the Mouth of Winyan-River. Those that were left at Home, + (which are commonly old People and Children) had heard no News a long Time + of their Men at Arms. This Man, at the Entreaty of these People, (being + held to be a great Sorcerer amongst 'em) went to know what Posture their + fighting Men were in. His Exorcism was carry'd on thus: He dress'd himself + in a clean white dress'd Deer-Skin; a great Fire being made in the Middle + of the Plantation, the Indians sitting all round it, the Conjurer was + blind-folded, then he surrounded the Fire several Times, I think thrice; + leaving the Company, he went into the Woods, where he stay'd about half an + Hour, returning to them, surrounded the Fire as before; leaving them, went + the second Time into the Woods; at which Time there came a huge Swarm of + Flies, very large, they flying about the Fire several Times, at last fell + all into it, and were visibly consum'd. Immediately after the + Indian-Conjurer made a huge Lilleloo, and howling very frightfully, + presently an Indian went and caught hold of him, leading him to the Fire. + The old Wizard was so feeble and weak, being not able to stand alone, and + all over in a Sweat, and as wet as if he had fallen into the River. After + some Time he recover'd his Strength, assuring them, that their Men were + near a River, and could not pass over it 'till so many Days, but would, in + such a Time, return all in Safety, to their Nation. All which prov'd true + at the Indians Return, which was not long after. This Story the + English-man, his Son-in-Law, affirm'd to me. + </p> + <p> + The old Man stay'd with us about two Hours, and told us we were welcome to + stay there all Night, and take what his Cabin afforded; then leaving us, + went into the Woods, to some Hunting-Quarter not far off. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Friday. + </p> + <p> + The next Morning early we pursu'd our Voyage, finding the Land to improve + it self in Pleasantness and Richness of Soil. When we had gone about ten + Miles, one of our Company tir'd, being not able to travel any farther; so + we went forward, leaving the poor dejected Traveller with Tears in his + Eyes, to return to Charles-Town, and travel back again over so much bad + Way, we having pass'd thro' the worst of our Journey, the Land here being + high and dry, very few Swamps, and those dry, and a little Way through. We + travell'd about twenty Miles, lying near a Savanna that was over-flown + with Water; where we were very short of Victuals, but finding the Woods + newly burnt, and on fire in many Places, which gave us great Hopes that + Indians were not far of. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Saturday 20 Miles. + </p> + <p> + Next Morning very early, we waded thro' the Savanna, the Path lying there; + and about ten a Clock came to a hunting Quarter, of a great many Santees; + they made us all welcome; shewing a great deal of Joy at our coming, + giving us barbacu'd Turkeys, Bear's Oil, and Venison. + </p> + <p> + Here we hir'd Santee Jack (a good Hunter, and a well-humour'd Fellow) to + be our Pilot to the Congeree Indians; we gave him a Stroud-water-Blew, to + make his Wife an Indian Petticoat, who went with her Husband. After two + Hours Refreshment, we went on, and got that Day about twenty Miles; we lay + by a small swift Run of Water, which was pav'd at the Bottom with a Sort + of Stone much like to Tripoli, and so light, that I fancy'd it would + precipitate in no Stream, but where it naturally grew. The Weather was + very cold, the Winds holding Northerly. We made our selves as merry as we + could, having a good Supper with the Scraps of the Venison we had given us + by the Indians, having kill'd 3 Teal and a Possum; which Medly all + together made a curious Ragoo. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sunday 15 Miles. + </p> + <p> + This Day all of us had a Mind to have rested, but the Indian was much + against it, alledging, That the Place we lay at, was not good to hunt in; + telling us, if we would go on, by Noon, he would bring us to a more + convenient Place; so we mov'd forwards, and about twelve a Clock came to + the most amazing Prospect I had seen since I had been in Carolina; we + travell'd by a Swamp-side, which Swamp I believe to be no less than twenty + Miles over, the other Side being as far as I could well discern, there + appearing great Ridges of Mountains, bearing from us W.N.W. One Alp with a + Top like a Sugar-loaf, advanc'd its Head above all the rest very + considerably; the Day was very serene, which gave us the Advantage of + seeing a long Way; these Mountains were cloth'd all over with Trees, which + seem'd to us to be very large Timbers. + </p> + <p> + At the Sight of this fair Prospect, we stay'd all Night; our Indian going + about half an Hour before us, had provided three fat Turkeys e'er we got + up to him. + </p> + <p> + The Swamp I now spoke of, is not a miry Bog, as others generally are, but + you go down to it thro' a steep Bank, at the Foot of which, begins this + Valley, where you may go dry for perhaps 200 Yards, then you meet with a + small Brook or Run of Water, about 2 or 3 Foot deep, then dry Land for + such another Space, so another Brook, thus continuing. The Land in this + Percoarson, or Valley, being extraordinary rich, and the Runs of Water + well stor'd with Fowl. It is the Head of one of the Branches of + Santee-River; but a farther Discovery Time would not permit; only one + Thing is very remarkable, there growing all over this Swamp, a tall, lofty + Bay-tree, but is not the same as in England, these being in their Verdure + all the Winter long; which appears here, when you stand on the Ridge, + (where our Path lay) as if it were one pleasant, green Field, and as even + as a Bowling-green to the Eye of the Beholder; being hemm'd in on one Side + with these Ledges of vast high Mountains. + </p> + <p> + Viewing the Land here, we found an extraordinary rich, black Mould, and + some of a Copper-colour, both Sorts very good; the Land in some Places is + much burthen'd with Iron, Stone, here being great Store of it, seemingly + very good: The eviling Springs, which are many in these Parts, issuing out + of the Rocks, which Water we drank of, it colouring the Excrements of + Travellers (by its chalybid Quality) as black as a Coal. When we were all + asleep, in the Beginning of the Night, we were awaken'd with the + dismall'st and most hideous Noise that ever pierc'd my Ears: This sudden + Surprizal incapacitated us of guessing what this threatning Noise might + proceed from; but our Indian Pilot (who knew these Parts very well) + acquainted us, that it was customary to hear such Musick along that + Swamp-side, there being endless Numbers of Panthers, Tygers, Wolves, and + other Beasts of Prey, which take this Swamp for their Abode in the Day, + coming in whole Droves to hunt the Deer in the Night, making this + frightful Ditty 'till Day appears, then all is still as in other Places. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Monday. + </p> + <p> + The next Day it prov'd a small drisly Rain, which is rare, there happening + not the tenth Part of Foggy-falling Weather towards these Mountains, as + visits those Parts. Near the Sea-board, the Indian kill'd 15 Turkeys this + Day; there coming out of the Swamp, (about Sun-rising) Flocks of these + Fowl, containing several hundreds in a Gang, who feed upon the Acrons, it + being most Oak that grow in these Woods. There are but very few Pines in + those Quarters. + </p> + <p> + Early the next Morning, we set forward for the Congeree-Indians, parting + with that delicious Prospect. By the Way, our Guide kill'd more Turkeys, + and two Polcats, which he eat, esteeming them before fat Turkeys. Some of + the Turkeys which we eat, whilst we stay'd there, I believe, weigh'd no + less than 40 Pounds. + </p> + <p> + The Land we pass'd over this Day, was most of it good, and the worst + passable. At Night we kill'd a Possum, being cloy'd with Turkeys, made a + Dish of that, which tasted much between young Pork and Veal; their Fat + being as white as any I ever saw. + </p> + <p> + Our Indian having this Day kill'd good Store of Provision with his Gun, he + always shot with a single Ball, missing but two Shoots in above forty; + they being curious Artists in managing a Gun, to make it carry either + Ball, or Shot, true. When they have bought a Piece, and find it to shoot + any Ways crooked, they take the Barrel out of the Stock, cutting a Notch + in a Tree, wherein they set it streight, sometimes shooting away above 100 + Loads of Ammunition, before they bring the Gun to shoot according to their + Mind. We took up our Quarters by a Fish-pond-side; the Pits in the Woods + that stand full of Water, naturally breed Fish in them, in great + Quantities. We cook'd our Supper, but having neither Bread, or Salt, our + fat Turkeys began to be loathsome to us, altho' we were never wanting of a + good Appetite, yet a Continuance of one Diet, made us weary. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wednesday. + </p> + <p> + The next Morning, Santee Jack told us, we should reach the Indian + Settlement betimes that Day; about Noon, we pass'd by several fair + Savanna's, very rich and dry; seeing great Copses of many Acres that bore + nothing but Bushes, about the Bigness of Box-trees; which (in the Season) + afford great Quantities of small Black-berries, very pleasant Fruit, and + much like to our Blues, or Huckle-berries, that grow on Heaths in England. + Hard by the Savanna's we found the Town, where we halted; there was not + above one Man left with the Women, the rest being gone a Hunting for a + Feast. The Women were very busily engag'd in Gaming: The Name or Grounds + of it, I could not learn, tho' I look'd on above two Hours. Their + Arithmetick was kept with a Heap of Indian Grain. When their Play was + ended, the King, or Cassetta's Wife, invited us into her Cabin. The Indian + Kings always entertaining Travellers, either English, or Indian; taking it + as a great Affront, if they pass by their Cabins, and take up their + Quarters at any other Indian's House. The Queen set Victuals before us, + which good Compliment they use generally as soon as you come under their + Roof. + </p> + <p> + The Town consists not of above a dozen Houses, they having other stragling + Plantations up and down the Country, and are seated upon a small Branch of + Santee-River. Their Place hath curious dry Marshes, and Savanna's + adjoining to it, and would prove an exceeding thriving Range for Cattle, + and Hogs, provided the English were seated thereon. Besides, the Land is + good for Plantations. + </p> + <p> + These Indians are a small People, having lost much of their former + Numbers, by intestine Broils; but most by the Small-pox, which hath often + visited them, sweeping away whole Towns; occasion'd by the immoderate + Government of themselves in their Sickness; as I have mention'd before, + treating of the Sewees. Neither do I know any Savages that have traded + with the English, but what have been great Losers by this Distemper. + </p> + <p> + We found here good Store of Chinkapin-Nuts, which they gather in Winter + great Quantities of, drying them; so keep these Nuts in great Baskets for + their Use; likewise Hickerie-Nuts, which they beat betwixt two great + Stones, then sift them, so thicken their Venison-Broath therewith; the + small Shells precipitating to the Bottom of the Pot, whilst the Kernel in + Form of Flower, mixes it with the Liquor. Both these Nuts made into Meal, + makes a curious Soop, either with clear Water, or in any Meat-Broth. + </p> + <p> + From the Nation of Indians, until such Time as you come to the Turkeiruros + in North Carolina, you will see no long Moss upon the Trees; which Space + of Ground contains above five hundred Miles. This seeming Miracle in + Nature, is occasion'd by the Highness of the Land, it being dry and + healthful; for tho' this Moss bears a Seed in a Sort of a small Cod, yet + it is generated in or near low swampy Grounds. + </p> + <p> + The Congerees are kind and affable to the English, the Queen being very + kind, giving us what Rarities her Cabin afforded, as Loblolly made with + Indian Corn, and dry'd Peaches. These Congerees have abundance of Storks + and Cranes in their Savannas. They take them before they can fly, and + breed 'em as tame and familiar as a Dung-hill Fowl. They had a tame Crane + at one of these Cabins, that was scarce less than six Foot in Height, his + Head being round, with a shining natural Crimson Hue, which they all have. + These are a very comely Sort of Indians, there being a strange Difference + in the Proportion and Beauty of these Heathens. Altho' their Tribes or + Nations border one upon another, yet you may discern as great an + Alteration in their Features and Dispositions, as you can in their Speech, + which generally proves quite different from each other, though their + Nations be not above 10 or 20 Miles in Distance. The Women here being as + handsome as most I have met withal, being several fine-finger'd + Brounetto's amongst them. These Lasses stick not upon Hand long, for they + marry when very young, as at 12 or 14 Years of Age. The English Traders + are seldom without an Indian Female for his Bed-fellow, alledging these + Reasons as sufficient to allow of such a Familiarity. First, They being + remote from any white People, that it preserves their Friendship with the + Heathens, they esteeming a white Man's Child much above one of their + getting, the Indian Mistress ever securing her white Friend Provisions + whilst he stays amongst them. And lastly, This Correspondence makes them + learn the Indian Tongue much the sooner, they being of the French-man's + Opinion, how that an English Wife teaches her Husband more English in one + Night, than a School-master can in a Week. + </p> + <p> + We saw at the Cassetta's Cabin the strangest Spectacle of Antiquity I ever + knew, it being an old Indian Squah, that, had I been to have guess'd at + her Age by her Aspect, old Parr's Head (the Welch Methusalem) was a Face + in Swadling-Clouts to hers. Her Skin hung in Reaves like a Bag of Tripe. + By a fair Computation, one might have justly thought it would have + contain'd three such Carcasses as hers then was. She had one of her Hands + contracted by some Accident in the Fire, they sleeping always by it, and + often fall into sad Disasters, especially in their drunken Moods. I made + the strictest Enquiry that was possible, and by what I could gather, she + was considerably above 100 Years old, notwithstanding she smoak'd Tobacco, + and eat her Victuals, to all Appearance, as heartily as one of 18. One of + our Company spoke some of their Language, and having not quite forgotten + his former Intrigues with the Indian Lasses, would fain have been dealing + with some of the young Female Fry; but they refus'd him, he having nothing + that these Girls esteem'd. At Night we were laid in the King's Cabin, + where the Queen and the old Squah pig'd in with us: The former was very + much disfigur'd with Tettars, and very reserv'd, which disappointed our + fellow Traveller in his Intrigues. + </p> + <p> + The Women smoak much Tobacco, (as most Indians do.) They have Pipes, whose + Heads are cut out of Stone, and will hold an Ounce of Tobacco, and some + much less. They have large wooden Spoons, as big as small Ladles, which + they make little Use of, lading the Meat out of the Bowls with their + Fingers. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thursday. + </p> + <p> + In the Morning we rose before Day, having hir'd a Guide over Night to + conduct us on our Way; but it was too soon for him to stir out, the + Indians never setting forward 'till the Sun is an Hour or two high, and + hath exhall'd the Dew from the Earth. The Queen got us a good Breakfast + before we left her; she had a young Child, which was much afflicted with + the Cholick; for which Distemper she infus'd a Root in Water, which was + held in a Goard; this she took into her Mouth, and spurted it into the + Infant's, which gave it ease. After we had eaten, we set out (with our new + Guide) for the Wateree Indians. We went over a great deal of indifferent + Land this Day. Here begins to appear very good Marble, which continues + more and less for the Space of 500 Miles. We lay all Night by a Run of + Water, as we always do, (if possible) for the Convenience of it. The + Weather was very cold. We went this Day about 30 Miles from the Congerees. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Friday. + </p> + <p> + In the Morning we made no Stay to get our Breakfast, but hasted on our + Voyage, the Land increasing in Marble and Richness of Soil. At Noon we + halted, getting our Dinner upon a Marble-Stone, that rose it self half a + Foot above the Surface of the Earth, and might contain the Compass of a + Quarter of an Acre of Land, being very even, there growing upon it in some + Places a small red Berry, like a Salmon-Spawn, there boiling out of the + main Rock curious Springs of as delicious Water, as ever I drank in any + Parts I ever travell'd in. + </p> + <p> + These Parts likewise affords good free Stone, fit for Building, and of + several Sorts. The Land here is pleasantly seated, with pretty little + Hills and Valleys, the rising Sun at once shewing his glorious reflecting + Rays on a great many of these little Mountains. We went this Day about 20 + Miles, our Guide walking like a Horse, 'till we had sadl'd him with a good + heavy Pack of some Part of our Cloaths and Bedding, by which Means we kept + Pace with him. + </p> + <p> + This Night we lay by a Run-side, where I found a fine yellow Earth, the + same with Bruxels-Sand, which Goldsmiths use to cast withal, giving a good + Price in England, and other Parts. Here is likewise the true Blood-Stone, + and considerable Quantities of Fullers-Earth, which I took a Proof of, by + scouring great Spots out of Woollen, and it prov'd very good. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Saturday. + </p> + <p> + As we were on our Road this Morning, our Indian shot at a Tyger, that + cross'd the Way, he being a great Distance from us. I believe he did him + no Harm, because he sat on his Breech afterwards, and look'd upon us. I + suppose he expected to have had a Spaniel Bitch, that I had with me, for + his Breakfast, who run towards him, but in the Midway stopt her Career, + and came sneaking back to us with her Tail betwixt her Legs. + </p> + <p> + We saw in the Path a great many Trees blown up by the Roots, at the Bottom + whereof stuck great Quantities of fine red Bole; I believe nothing + inferior to that of Venice or Lemma. We found some Holes in the Earth, + which were full of a Water as black as Ink. I thought that Tincture might + proceed from some Mineral, but had not Time to make a farther Discovery. + About Noon we pass'd over a pleasant stony Brook, whose Water was of a + bluish Cast, as it is for several hundreds of Miles towards the Heads of + the Rivers, I suppose occasion'd by the vast Quantities of Marble lying in + the Bowels of the Earth. The Springs that feed these Rivulets, lick up + some Potions of the Stones in the Brooks; which Dissolution gives this + Tincture, as appears in all, or most of the Rivers and Brooks of this + Country, whose rapid Streams are like those in Yorkshire, and other + Northern Counties of England. The Indians talk of many Sorts of Fish which + they afford, but we had not Time to discover their Species. + </p> + <p> + I saw here had been some Indian Plantations formerly, there being several + pleasant Fields of clear'd Ground, and excellent Soil, now well spread + with fine bladed Grass, and Strawberry-Vines. + </p> + <p> + The Mould here is excessive rich, and a Country very pleasing to the Eye, + had it the Convenience of a navigable River, as all new Colonies (of + Necessity) require. It would make a delightful Settlement. + </p> + <p> + We went eight Miles farther, and came to the Wateree Chickanee Indians. + The Land holds good, there being not a Spot of bad Land to be seen in + several Days going. + </p> + <p> + The People of this Nation are likely tall Persons, and great Pilferers, + stealing from us any Thing they could lay their Hands on, though very + respectful in giving us what Victuals we wanted. We lay in their Cabins + all Night, being dark smoaky Holes, as ever I saw any Indians dwell in. + This Nation is much more populous than the Congerees, and their + Neighbours, yet understand not one anothers Speech. They are very poor in + English Effects, several of them having no Guns, making Use of Bows and + Arrows, being a lazy idle People, a Quality incident to most Indians, but + none to that Degree as these, as I ever met withal. + </p> + <p> + Their Country is wholly free from Swamps and Quagmires, being high dry + Land, and consequently healthful, producing large Corn-Stalks, and fair + Grain. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sunday. + </p> + <p> + Next Morning, we took off our Beards with a Razor, the Indians looking on + with a great deal of Admiration. They told us, they had never seen the + like before, and that our Knives cut far better than those that came + amongst the Indians. They would fain have borrow'd our Razors, as they had + our Knives, Scissors, and Tobacco-Tongs, the day before, being as + ingenious at picking of Pockets, as any, I believe, the World affords; for + they will steal with their Feet. Yesterday, one of our Company, not + walking so fast as the rest, was left behind. He being out of Sight before + we miss'd him, and not coming up to us, tho' we staid a considerable time + on the Road for him, we stuck up Sticks in the Ground, and left other + Tokens to direct him which way we were gone: But he came not to us that + Night, which gave us Occasion to fear some of the Heathens had kill'd him, + for his Cloaths, or the savage Beasts had devour'd him in the Wilderness, + he having nothing about him to strike Fire withal. As we were debating + which way we should send to know what was become of him, he overtook us, + having a Waxsaw Indian for his Guide. He told us, he had miss'd the Path, + and got to another Nation of Indians, but 3 Miles off, who at that time + held great Feasting. They had entertain'd him very respectfully, and sent + that Indian to invite us amongst them, wondring that we would not take up + our Quarters with them, but make our Abode with such a poor Sort of + Indians, that were not capable of entertaining us according to our + Deserts: We receiv'd the Messenger with a great many Ceremonies, + acceptable to those sort of Creatures. Bidding our Waterree King adieu, we + set forth towards the Waxsaws, going along clear'd Ground all the Way. + Upon our Arrival, we were led into a very large and lightsome Cabin, the + like I have not met withal. They laid Furs and Deer-Skins upon Cane + Benches for us to sit or lie upon, bringing (immediately) stewed Peaches + and green Corn, that is preserv'd in their Cabins before it is ripe, and + sodden and boil'd when they use it, which is a pretty sort of Food, and a + great Increaser of the Blood. + </p> + <p> + These Indians are of an extraordinary Stature, and call'd by their + Neighbours flat Heads, which seems a very suitable Name for them. In their + Infancy, their Nurses lay the Back-part of their Children's Heads on a Bag + of Sand, (such as Engravers use to rest their Plates upon.) They use a + Roll, which is placed upon the Babe's Forehead, it being laid with its + Back on a flat Board, and swaddled hard down thereon, from one End of this + Engine, to the other. This Method makes the Child's Body and Limbs as + straight as an Arrow. There being some young Indians that are perhaps + crookedly inclin'd, at their first coming into the World, who are made + perfectly straight by this Method. I never saw an Indian of a mature Age, + that was any ways crooked, except by Accident, and that way seldom, for + they cure and prevent Deformities of the Limbs, and Body, very exactly. + The Instrument I spoke of before, being a sort of a Press, that is let out + and in, more or less, according to the Discretion of the Nurse, in which + they make the Child's Head flat, it makes the Eyes stand a prodigious Way + asunder, and the Hair hang over the Forehead like the Eves of a House, + which seems very frightful: They being ask'd the Reason why they practis'd + this Method, reply'd, the Indian's Sight was much strengthened and + quicker, thereby, to discern the Game in hunting at larger Distance, and + so never miss'd of becoming expert Hunters, the Perfection of which they + all aim at, as we do to become experienced Soldiers, learned School-Men, + or Artists in Mechanicks: He that is a good Hunter never misses of being a + Favourite amongst the Women; the prettiest Girls being always bestow'd + upon the chiefest Sports-Men, and those of a grosser Mould, upon the + useless Lubbers. Thus they have a Graduation amongst them, as well as + other Nations. As for the Solemnity of Marriages amongst them, kept with + so much Ceremony as divers Authors affirm, it never appear'd amongst those + many Nations I have been withal, any otherwise than in the Manner I have + mention'd hereafter. + </p> + <p> + The Girls at 12 or 13 Years of Age, as soon as Nature prompts them, freely + bestow their Maidenheads on some Youth about the same Age, continuing her + Favours on whom she most affects, changing her Mate very often, few or + none of them being constant to one, till a greater Number of Years has + made her capable of managing domestick Affairs, and she hath try'd the + Vigour of most of the Nation she belongs to; Multiplicity of Gallants + never being a Stain to a Female's Reputation, or the least Hindrance of + her Advancement, but the more Whorish, the more Honourable, and they of + all most coveted, by those of the first Rank, to make a Wife of. The `Flos + Virginis', so much coveted by the Europeans, is never valued by these + Savages. When a Man and Woman have gone through their Degrees, (there + being a certain Graduation amongst them) and are allow'd to be + House-Keepers, which is not till they arrive at such an Age, and have past + the Ceremonies practis'd by their Nation, almost all Kingdoms differing in + the Progress thereof, then it is that the Man makes his Addresses to some + one of these thorough-paced Girls, or other, whom he likes best. When she + is won, the Parents of both Parties, (with Advice of the King) agree about + the Matter, making a Promise of their Daughter, to the Man, that requires + her, it often happening that they converse and travel together, for + several Moons before the Marriage is publish'd openly; After this, at the + least Dislike the Man may turn her away, and take another; or if she + disapproves of his Company, a Price is set upon her, and if the Man that + seeks to get her, will pay the Fine to her Husband, she becomes free from + Him: Likewise some of their War Captains, and great Men, very often will + retain 3 or 4 Girls at a time for their own Use, when at the same time, he + is so impotent and old, as to be incapable of making Use of one of them; + so that he seldom misses of wearing greater Horns than the Game he kills. + The Husband is never so enrag'd as to put his Adulteress to Death; if she + is caught in the Fact, the Rival becomes Debtor to the cornuted Husband, + in a certain Quantity of Trifles valuable amongst them, which he pays as + soon as discharg'd, and then all Animosity is laid aside betwixt the + Husband, and his Wife's Gallant. The Man proves often so good humour'd as + to please his Neighbour and gratify his Wife's Inclinations, by letting + her out for a Night or two, to the Embraces of some other, which perhaps + she has a greater Liking to, tho' this is not commonly practis'd. + </p> + <p> + They set apart the youngest and prettiest Faces for trading Girls; these + are remarkable by their Hair, having a particular Tonsure by which they + are known, and distinguish'd from those engag'd to Husbands. They are + mercenary, and whoever makes Use of them, first hires them, the greatest + Share of the Gain going to the King's Purse, who is the chief Bawd, + exercising his Perogative over all the Stews of his Nation, and his own + Cabin (very often) being the chiefest Brothel-House. As they grow in + Years, the hot Assaults of Love grow cooler; and then they commonly are so + staid, as to engage themselves with more Constancy to each other. I have + seen several Couples amongst them, that have been so reserv'd, as to live + together for many Years, faithful to each other, admitting none to their + Beds but such as they own'd for their Wife or Husband: So continuing to + their Life's end. + </p> + <p> + At our Waxsaw Landlord's Cabin, was a Woman employ'd in no other Business + than Cookery; it being a House of great Resort. The Fire was surrounded + with Roast-meat, or Barbakues, and the Pots continually boiling full of + Meat, from Morning till Night. This She-Cook was the cleanliest I ever saw + amongst the Heathens of America, washing her Hands before she undertook to + do any Cookery; and repeated this unusual Decency very often in a day. She + made us as White-Bread as any English could have done, and was full as + neat, and expeditious, in her Affairs. It happen'd to be one of their + great Feasts, when we were there: The first day that we came amongst them, + arriv'd an Ambassador from the King of Sapona, to treat with these Indians + about some important Affairs. He was painted with Vermillion all over his + Face, having a very large Cutlass stuck in his Girdle, and a Fusee in his + Hand. At Night, the Revels began where this Foreign Indian was admitted; + the King, and War Captain, inviting us to see their Masquerade: This Feast + was held in Commemoration of the plentiful Harvest of Corn they had reap'd + the Summer before, with an united Supplication for the like plentiful + Produce the Year ensuing. These Revels are carried on in a House made for + that purpose, it being done round with white Benches of fine Canes, + joining along the Wall; and a place for the Door being left, which is so + low, that a Man must stoop very much to enter therein. This Edifice + resembles a large Hay-Rick; its Top being Pyramidal, and much bigger than + their other Dwellings, and at the Building whereof, every one assists till + it is finish'd. All their Dwelling-Houses are cover'd with Bark, but this + differs very much; for, it is very artificially thatch'd with Sedge and + Rushes: As soon as finish'd, they place some one of their chiefest Men to + dwell therein, charging him with the diligent Preservation thereof, as a + Prince commits the Charge and Government of a Fort or Castle, to some + Subject he thinks worthy of that Trust. In these State-Houses is + transacted all Publick and Private Business, relating to the Affairs of + the Government, as the Audience of Foreign Ambassadors from other Indian + Rulers, Consultation of waging and making War, Proposals of their Trade + with neighbouring Indians, or the English, who happen to come amongst + them. In this Theater, the most Aged and Wisest meet, determining what to + Act, and what may be most convenient to Omit, Old Age being held in as + great Veneration amongst these Heathens, as amongst any People you shall + meet withal in any Part of the World. + </p> + <p> + Whensoever an Aged Man is speaking, none ever interrupts him, (the + contrary Practice the English, and other Europeans, too much use) the + Company yielding a great deal of Attention to his Tale, with a continued + Silence, and an exact Demeanour, during the Oration. Indeed, the Indians + are a People that never interrupt one another in their Discourse; no Man + so much as offering to open his Mouth, till the Speaker has utter'd his + Intent: When an English-Man comes amongst them, perhaps every one is + acquainted with him, yet, first, the King bids him Welcome, after him the + War-Captain, so on gradually from High to Low; not one of all these + speaking to the White Guest, till his Superiour has ended his Salutation. + Amongst Women, it seems impossible to find a Scold; if they are provok'd, + or affronted, by their Husbands, or some other, they resent the Indignity + offer'd them in silent Tears, or by refusing their Meat. Would some of our + European Daughters of Thunder set these Indians for a Pattern, there might + be more quiet Families found amongst them, occasion'd by that unruly + Member, the Tongue. + </p> + <p> + Festination proceeds from the Devil, (says a Learned Doctor) a Passion the + Indians seem wholly free from; they determining no Business of Moment, + without a great deal of Deliberation and Wariness. None of their Affairs + appear to be attended with Impetuosity, or Haste, being more content with + the common Accidents incident to humane Nature, (as Losses, contrary + Winds, bad Weather, and Poverty) than those of more civilized Countries. + </p> + <p> + Now, to return to our State-House, whither we were invited by the + Grandees: As soon as we came into it, they plac'd our Englishmen near the + King; it being my Fortune to sit next him, having his great General, or + War-Captain, on my other Hand. The House is as dark as a Dungeon, and as + hot as one of the Dutch-Stoves in Holland. They had made a circular Fire + of split Canes in the middle of the House. It was one Man's Employment to + add more split Reeds to the one end as it consum'd at the other, there + being a small Vacancy left to supply it with Fewel. They brought in great + store of Loblolly, and other Medleys, made of Indian Grain, stewed + Peaches, Bear-Venison, &c. every one bringing some Offering to enlarge + the Banquet, according to his Degree and Quality. When all the Viands were + brought in, the first Figure began with kicking out the Dogs, which are + seemingly Wolves, made tame with starving and beating; they being the + worst Dog-Masters in the World; so that it is an infallible Cure for + Sore-Eyes, ever to see an Indian's Dog fat. They are of a quite contrary + Disposition to Horses; some of their Kings having gotten, by great chance, + a Jade, stolen by some neighbouring Indian, and transported farther into + the Country, and sold; or bought sometimes of a Christian, that trades + amongst them. These Creatures they continually cram, and feed with Maiz, + and what the Horse will eat, till he is as fat as a Hog; never making any + farther use of him than to fetch a Deer home, that is killed somewhere + near the Indian's Plantation. + </p> + <p> + After the Dogs had fled the Room, the Company was summon'd by Beat of + Drum; the Musick being made of a dress'd Deer's Skin, tied hard upon an + Earthen Porridge-Pot. Presently in came fine Men dress'd up with Feathers, + their Faces being covered with Vizards made of Gourds; round their Ancles + and Knees, were hung Bells of several sorts, having Wooden Falchions in + their Hands, (such as Stage-Fencers commonly use;) in this Dress they + danced about an Hour, shewing many strange Gestures, and brandishing their + Wooden Weapons, as if they were going to fight each other; oftentimes + walking very nimbly round the Room, without making the least Noise with + their Bells, (a thing I much admired at;) again, turning their Bodies, + Arms and Legs, into such frightful Postures, that you would have guess'd + they had been quite raving mad: At last, they cut two or three high + Capers, and left the Room. In their stead, came in a parcel of Women and + Girls, to the Number of Thirty odd; every one taking place according to + her Degree of Stature, the tallest leading the Dance, and the least of all + being plac'd last; with these they made a circular Dance, like a Ring, + representing the Shape of the Fire they danced about: Many of these had + great Horse-Bells about their Legs, and small Hawk's Bells about their + Necks. They had Musicians, who were two Old Men, one of whom beat a Drum, + while the other rattled with a Gourd, that had Corn in it, to make a Noise + withal: To these Instruments, they both sung a mournful Ditty; the Burthen + of their Song was, in Remembrance of their former Greatness, and Numbers + of their Nation, the famous Exploits of their Renowned Ancestors, and all + Actions of Moment that had (in former Days) been perform'd by their + Forefathers. At these Festivals it is, that they give a Traditional + Relation of what hath pass'd amongst them, to the younger Fry. These + verbal Deliveries being always publish'd in their most Publick Assemblies, + serve instead of our Traditional Notes, by the use of Letters. Some + Indians, that I have met withal, have given me a very curious Description + of the great Deluge, the Immortality of the Soul, with a pithy Account of + the Reward of good and wicked Deeds in the Life to come; having found, + amongst some of them, great Observers of Moral Rules, and the Law of + Nature; indeed, a worthy Foundation to build Christianity upon, were a + true Method found out, and practis'd, for the Performance thereof. + </p> + <p> + Their way of Dancing, is nothing but a sort of stamping Motion, much like + the treading upon Founders Bellows. This Female-Gang held their Dance for + above six Hours, being all of them of a white Lather, like a Running Horse + that has just come in from his Race. My Landlady was the Ring-leader of + the Amazons, who, when in her own House, behav'd herself very discreetly, + and warily, in her Domestick Affairs; yet, Custom had so infatuated her, + as to almost break her Heart with Dancing amongst such a confused Rabble. + During this Dancing, the Spectators do not neglect their Business, in + working the Loblolly-Pots, and the other Meat that was brought thither; + more or less of them being continually Eating, whilst the others were + Dancing. When the Dancing was ended, every Youth that was so disposed, + catch'd hold of the Girl he liked best, and took her that Night for his + Bed-Fellow, making as short Courtship and expeditious Weddings, as the + Foot-Guards us'd to do with the Trulls in Salisbury-Court. + </p> + <p> + Next we shall treat of the Land hereabouts, which is a Marl as red as + Blood, and will lather like Soap. The Town stands on this Land, which + holds considerably farther in the Country, and is in my Opinion, so + durable that no Labour of Man, in one or two Ages, could make it poor. I + have formerly seen the like in Leicestershire, bordering upon Rutland. + Here were Corn-Stalks in their Fields as thick as the Small of a Man's + Leg, and they are ordinarily to be seen. + </p> + <p> + We lay with these Indians one Night, there being by my Bed-side one of the + largest Iron Pots I had ever seen in America, which I much wondred at, + because I thought there might be no navigable Stream near that Place. I + ask'd them, where they got that Pot? They laugh'd at my Demand, and would + give me no Answer, which makes me guess it came from some Wreck, and that + we were nearer the Ocean, or some great River, than I thought. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Monday. + </p> + <p> + The next day about Noon, we accidentally met with a Southward Indian, + amongst those that us'd to trade backwards and forwards, and spoke a + little English, whom we hir'd to go with us to the Esaw Indians, a very + large Nation containing many thousand People. In the Afternoon we set + forward, taking our Leaves of the Wisack Indians, and leaving them some + Trifles. On our Way, we met with several Towns of Indians, each Town + having its Theater or State House, such Houses being found all along the + Road, till you come to Sapona, and then no more of those Buildings, it + being about 170 Miles. We reach'd 10 Miles this day, lying at another Town + of the Wisacks. The Man of the House offer'd us Skins to sell, but they + were too heavy Burdens for our long Voyage. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tuesday. + </p> + <p> + Next Morning we set out early, breaking the Ice we met withal, in the + stony Runs, which were many. We pass'd by several Cottages, and about 8 of + the Clock came to a pretty big Town, where we took up our Quarters, in one + of their State Houses, the Men being all out, hunting in the Woods, and + none but Women at home. Our Fellow Traveller of whom I spoke before at the + Congerees, having a great Mind for an Indian Lass, for his Bed-Fellow that + Night, spoke to our Guide, who soon got a Couple, reserving one for + himself. That which fell to our Companion's Share, was a pretty young + Girl. Tho' they could not understand one Word of what each other spoke, + yet the Female Indian, being no Novice at her Game, but understanding what + she came thither for, acted her Part dexterously enough with her Cully, to + make him sensible of what she wanted; which was to pay the Hire, before he + rode the Hackney. He shew'd her all the Treasure he was possess'd of, as + Beads, Red Cadis, &c. which she lik'd very well, and permitted him to + put them into his Pocket again, endearing him with all the Charms, which + one of a better Education than Dame Nature had bestow'd upon her, could + have made use of, to render her Consort a surer Captive. After they had + us'd this Sort of Courtship a small time, the Match was confirm'd by both + Parties, with the Approbation of as many Indian Women, as came to the + House, to celebrate our Winchester-Wedding. Every one of the Bride-Maids + were as great Whores, as Mrs. Bride, tho' not quite so handsome. Our happy + Couple went to Bed together before us all, and with as little Blushing, as + if they had been Man and Wife for 7 Years. The rest of the Company being + weary with travelling, had more Mind to take their Rest, than add more + Weddings to that hopeful one already consummated; so that tho' the other + Virgins offer'd their Service to us, we gave them their Answer, and went + to sleep. About an Hour before day, I awak'd, and saw somebody walking up + and down the Room in a seemingly deep Melancholy. I call'd out to know who + it was, and it prov'd to be Mr. Bridegroom, who in less than 12 Hours, was + Batchelor, Husband, and Widdower, his dear Spouse having pick'd his Pocket + of the Beads, Cadis, and what else should have gratified the Indians for + the Victuals we receiv'd of them. However that did not serve her turn, but + she had also got his Shooes away, which he had made the Night before, of a + drest Buck-Skin. Thus dearly did our Spark already repent his new Bargain, + walking bare-foot, in his Penitentials, like some poor Pilgrim to Loretto. + </p> + <p> + After the Indians had laugh'd their Sides sore at the Figure Mr. + Bridegroom made, with much ado, we muster'd up another Pair of Shooes, or + Moggisons, and set forward on our intended Voyage, the Company (all the + way) lifting up their Prayers for the new married Couple, whose Wedding + had made away with that, which should have purchas'd our Food. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wednesday. + </p> + <p> + Relying wholly on Providence, we march'd on, now and then paying our + Respects to the new-married Man. The Land held rich and good; in many + Places there were great Quantities of Marble. The Water was still of a + wheyish Colour. About 10 of the Clock, we waded thro' a River, (about the + Bigness of Derwent, in Yorkshire) which I take to be one of the Branches + of Winjaw River. We saw several Flocks of Pigeons, Field-Fares, and + Thrushes, much like those of Europe. The Indians of these Parts use + Sweating very much. If any Pain seize their Limbs, or Body, immediately + they take Reeds, or small Wands, and bend them Umbrella-Fashion, covering + them with Skins and Matchcoats: They have a large Fire not far off, + wherein they heat Stones, or (where they are wanting) Bark, putting it + into this Stove, which casts an extraordinary Heat: There is a Pot of + Water in the Bagnio, in which is put a Bunch of an Herb, bearing a Silver + Tassel, not much unlike the Aurea Virga. With this Vegetable they rub the + Head, Temples, and other Parts, which is reckon'd a Preserver of the Sight + and Strengthener of the Brain. We went, this day, about 12 Miles, one of + our Company being lame of his Knee. We pass'd over an exceeding rich Tract + of Land, affording Plenty of great free Stones, and marble Rocks, and + abounding in many pleasant and delightsome Rivulets. At Noon, we stay'd + and refresh'd ourselves at a Cabin, where we met with one of their + War-Captains, a Man of great Esteem among them. At his Departure from the + Cabin, the Man of the House scratch'd this War-Captain on the Shoulder, + which is look'd upon as a very great Compliment among them. The Captain + went two or three Miles on our way, with us, to direct us in our Path. One + of our Company gave him a Belt, which he took very kindly, bidding us call + at his House, (which was in our Road) and stay till the lame Traveller was + well, and speaking to the Indian, to order his Servant to make us welcome. + Thus we parted, he being on his Journey to the Congerees, and Savannas, a + famous, warlike, friendly Nation of Indians, living to the South-End of + Ashly River. He had a Man-Slave with him, who was loaded with European + Goods, his Wife and Daughter being in Company. He told us, at his + Departure, that James had sent Knots to all the Indians thereabouts, for + every Town to send in 10 Skins, meaning Captain Moor, then Governour of + South-Carolina. The Towns being very thick hereabouts, at Night we took up + our Quarters at one of the chief Mens Houses, which was one of the + Theaters I spoke of before. There ran, hard-by this Town, a pleasant + River, not very large, but, as the Indians told us, well stor'd with Fish. + We being now among the powerful Nation of Esaws, our Landlord entertain'd + us very courteously, shewing us, that Night, a pair of Leather-Gloves, + which he had made; and comparing them with ours, they prov'd to be very + ingeniously done, considering it was the first Tryal. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thursday. + </p> + <p> + In the Morning, he desired to see the lame Man's affected Part, to the end + he might do something, which (he believ'd) would give him Ease. After he + had viewed it accordingly, he pull'd out an Instrument, somewhat like a + Comb, which was made of a split Reed, with 15 Teeth of Rattle-Snakes set + at much the same distance, as in a large Horn-Comb: With these he + scratch'd the place where the Lameness chiefly lay, till the Blood came, + bathing it, both before and after Incision, with warm Water, spurted out + of his Mouth. This done, he ran into his Plantation, and got some + Sassafras Root, (which grows here in great plenty) dry'd it in the Embers, + scrap'd off the outward Rind, and having beat it betwixt two Stones, + apply'd it to the Part afflicted, binding it up well. Thus, in a day or + two, the Patient became sound. This day, we pass'd through a great many + Towns, and Settlements, that belong to the Sugeree-Indians, no barren Land + being found amongst them, but great plenty of Free-Stone, and good Timber. + About three in the Afternoon, we reach'd the Kadapau King's House, where + we met with one John Stewart, a Scot, then an Inhabitant of James-River in + Virginia, who had traded there for many Years. Being alone, and hearing + that the Sinnagers (Indians from Canada) were abroad in that Country, he + durst not venture homewards, till he saw us, having heard that we were + coming, above 20 days before. It is very odd, that News should fly so + swiftly among these People. Mr. Stewart had left Virginia ever since the + October before, and had lost a day of the Week, of which we inform'd him. + He had brought seven Horses along with him, loaded with English Goods for + the Indians; and having sold most of his Cargo, told us, if we would stay + two Nights, he would go along with us. Company being very acceptable, we + accepted the Proposal. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Friday. + </p> + <p> + The next day, we were preparing for our Voyage, and baked some Bread to + take along with us. Our Landlord was King of the Kadapau Indians, and + always kept two or three trading Girls in his Cabin. Offering one of these + to some of our Company, who refus'd his Kindness, his Majesty flew into a + violent Passion, to be thus slighted, telling the Englishmen, they were + good for nothing. Our old Gamester, particularly, hung his Ears at the + Proposal, having too lately been a Loser by that sort of Merchandize. It + was observable, that we did not see one Partridge from the Waterrees to + this place, tho' my Spaniel-Bitch, which I had with me in this Voyage, had + put up a great many before. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Saturday. + </p> + <p> + On Saturday Morning, we all set out for Sapona, killing, in these Creeks, + several Ducks of a strange Kind, having a red Circle about their Eyes, + like some Pigeons that I have seen, a Top-knot reaching from the Crown of + their Heads, almost to the middle of their Backs, and abundance of + Feathers of pretty Shades and Colours. They prov'd excellent Meat. + Likewise, here is good store of Woodcocks, not so big as those in England, + the Feathers of the Breast being of a Carnation-Colour, exceeding ours for + Delicacy of Food. The Marble here is of different Colours, some or other + of the Rocks representing most Mixtures, but chiefly the white having + black and blue Veins in it, and some that are red. This day, we met with + seven heaps of Stones, being the Monuments of seven Indians, that were + slain in that place by the Sinnagers, or Iroquois. Our Indian Guide added + a Stone to each heap. We took up our Lodgings near a Brook-side, where the + Virginia Man's Horses got away; and went back to the Kadapau's. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sunday. + </p> + <p> + This day, one of our Company, with a Sapona Indian, who attended Stewart, + went back for the Horses. In the mean time, we went to shoot Pigeons, + which were so numerous in these Parts, that you might see many Millions in + a Flock; they sometimes split off the Limbs of stout Oaks, and other + Trees, upon which they roost o' Nights. You may find several Indian Towns, + of not above 17 Houses, that have more than 100 Gallons of Pigeons Oil, or + Fat; they using it with Pulse, or Bread, as we do Butter, and making the + Ground as white as a Sheet with their Dung. The Indians take a Light, and + go among them in the Night, and bring away some thousands, killing them + with long Poles, as they roost in the Trees. At this time of the Year, the + Flocks, as they pass by, in great measure, obstruct the Light of the day. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Monday. + </p> + <p> + On Monday, we went about 25 Miles, travelling through a pleasant, dry + Country, and took up our Lodgings by a Hillside, that was one entire Rock, + out of which gush'd out pleasant Fountains of well-tasted Water. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tuesday. + </p> + <p> + The next day, still passing along such Land as we had done for many days + before, which was, Hills and Vallies, about 10 a Clock we reach'd the Top + of one of these Mountains, which yielded us a fine Prospect of a very + level Country, holding so, on all sides, farther than we could discern. + When we came to travel through it, we found it very stiff and rich, being + a sort of Marl. This Valley afforded as large Timber as any I ever met + withal, especially of Chesnut-Oaks, which render it an excellent Country + for raising great Herds of Swine. Indeed, were it cultivated, we might + have good hopes of as pleasant and fertile a Valley, as any our English in + America can afford. At Night, we lay by a swift Current, where we saw + plenty of Turkies, but pearch'd upon such lofty Oaks, that our Guns would + not kill them, tho' we shot very often, and our Guns were very good. Some + of our Company shot several times, at one Turkey, before he would fly + away, the Pieces being loaded with large Goose-shot. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wednesday. + </p> + <p> + Next Morning, we got our Breakfasts; roasted Acorns being one of the + Dishes. The Indians beat them into Meal, and thicken their Venison-Broth + with them; and oftentimes make a palatable Soop. They are used instead of + Bread, boiling them till the Oil swims on the top of the Water, which they + preserve for use, eating the Acorns with Flesh-meat. We travell'd, this + day, about 25 Miles, over pleasant Savanna Ground, high, and dry, having + very few Trees upon it, and those standing at a great distance. The Land + was very good, and free from Grubs or Underwood. A Man near Sapona may + more easily clear 10 Acres of Ground, than in some places he can one; + there being much loose Stone upon the Land, lying very convenient for + making of dry Walls, or any other sort of durable Fence. This Country + abounds likewise with curious bold Creeks, (navigable for small Craft) + disgorging themselves into the main Rivers, that vent themselves into the + Ocean. These Creeks are well stor'd with sundry sorts of Fish, and Fowl, + and are very convenient for the Transportation of what Commodities this + Place may produce. This Night, we had a great deal of Rain, with Thunder + and Lightning. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thursday. + </p> + <p> + Next Morning, it proving delicate Weather, three of us separated ourselves + from the Horses, and the rest of the Company, and went directly for Sapona + Town. That day, we pass'd through a delicious Country, (none that I ever + saw exceeds it.) We saw fine bladed Grass, six Foot high, along the Banks + of these pleasant Rivulets: We pass'd by the Sepulchres of several slain + Indians. Coming, that day, about 30 Miles, we reach'd the fertile and + pleasant Banks of Sapona River, whereon stands the Indian Town and Fort. + Nor could all Europe afford a pleasanter Stream, were it inhabited by + Christians, and cultivated by ingenious Hands. These Indians live in a + clear Field, about a Mile square, which they would have sold me, because I + talked sometimes of coming into those Parts to live. This most pleasant + River may be something broader than the Thames at Kingston, keeping a + continual pleasant warbling Noise, with its reverberating on the bright + Marble Rocks. It is beautified with a numerous Train of Swans, and other + sorts of Water-Fowl, not common, though extraordinary pleasing to the Eye. + The forward Spring welcom'd us with her innumerable Train of small + Choristers, which inhabit those fair Banks; the Hills redoubling, and + adding Sweetness to their melodious Tunes by their shrill Echoes. One side + of the River is hemm'd in with mountainy Ground, the other side proving as + rich a Soil to the Eye of a knowing Person with us, as any this Western + World can afford. We took up our Quarters at the King's Cabin, who was a + good Friend to the English, and had lost one of his Eyes in their + Vindication. Being upon his march towards the Appallatche Mountains, + amongst a Nation of Indians in their Way, there happen'd a Difference, + while they were measuring of Gunpowder; and the Powder, by accident, + taking fire, blew out one of this King's Eyes, and did a great deal more + mischief, upon the spot: Yet this Sapona King stood firmly to the English + Man's Interest, with whom he was in Company, still siding with him against + the Indians. They were intended for the South Sea, but were too much + fatigued by the vast Ridge of Mountains, tho' they hit the right Passage; + it being no less than five days Journey through a Ledge of Rocky Hills, + and sandy Desarts. And which is yet worse, there is no Water, nor scarce a + Bird to be seen, during your Passage over these barren Crags and Valleys. + The Sapona River proves to be the West Branch of Cape-Fair, or Clarendon + River, whose Inlet, with other Advantages, makes it appear as noble a + River to plant a Colony in, as any I have met withal. + </p> + <p> + The Saponas had (about 10 days before we came thither) taken Five + Prisoners of the Sinnagers or Jennitos, a Sort of People that range + several thousands of Miles, making all Prey they lay their Hands on. These + are fear'd by all the savage Nations I ever was among, the Westward + Indians dreading their Approach. They are all forted in, and keep + continual Spies and Out-Guards for their better Security. Those Captives + they did intend to burn, few Prisoners of War escaping that Punishment. + The Fire of Pitch-Pine being got ready, and a Feast appointed, which is + solemnly kept at the time of their acting this Tragedy, the Sufferer has + his Body stuck thick with Light-Wood-Splinters, which are lighted like so + many Candles, the tortur'd Person dancing round a great Fire, till his + Strength fails, and disables him from making them any farther Pastime. + Most commonly, these Wretches behave themselves (in the Midst of their + Tortures) with a great deal of Bravery and Resolution, esteeming it + Satisfaction enough, to be assur'd, that the same Fate will befal some of + their Tormentors, whensoever they fall into the Hands of their Nation. + More of this you will have in the other Sheets. + </p> + <p> + The Toteros, a neighbouring Nation, came down from the Westward Mountains, + to the Saponas, desiring them to give them those Prisoners into their + Hands, to the Intent they might send them back into their own Nation, + being bound in Gratitude to be serviceable to the Sinnagers, since not + long ago, those Northern-Indians had taken some of the Toteros Prisoners, + and done them no Harm, but treated them civilly whilst among them, sending + them, with Safety, back to their own People, and affirming, that it would + be the best Method to preserve Peace on all Sides. At that time these + Toteros, Saponas, and the Keyauwees, 3 small Nations, were going to live + together, by which they thought they should strengthen themselves, and + become formidable to their Enemies. The Reasons offer'd by the Toteros + being heard, the Sapona King, with the Consent of his Counsellors, + deliver'd the Sinnagers up to the Toteros, to conduct them home. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Friday. + </p> + <p> + Friday Morning, the old King having shew'd us 2 of his Horses, that were + as fat, as if they had belong'd to the Dutch Troopers, left us, and went + to look after his Bever-Traps, there being abundance of those amphibious + Animals in this River, and the Creeks adjoining. Taken with the + Pleasantness of the Place, we walk'd along the River-side, where we found + a very delightful Island, made by the River, and a Branch; there being + several such Plots of Ground environ'd with this Silver Stream, which are + fit Pastures for Sheep, and free from any offensive Vermin. Nor can any + thing be desired by a contented Mind, as to a pleasant Situation, but what + may here be found; Every Step presenting some new Object, which still adds + Invitation to the Traveller in these Parts. Our Indian King and his Wife + entertain'd us very respectfully. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Saturday. Jan. 31. + </p> + <p> + On Saturday, the Indians brought in some Swans, and Geese, which we had + our Share of. One of their Doctors took me to his Cabin, and shew'd me a + great Quantity of medicinal Drugs, the Produce of those Parts; Relating + their Qualities as to the Emunctories they work'd by, and what great + Maladies he had heal'd by them. This Evening, came to us the Horses, with + the Remainder of our Company, their Indian Guide (who was a Youth of this + Nation) having kill'd, in their Way, a very fat Doe, Part of which they + brought to us. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sunday. + </p> + <p> + This day, the King sent out all his able Hunters, to kill Game for a great + Feast, that was to be kept at their Departure, from the Town, which they + offer'd to sell me for a small matter. That Piece of Ground, with a little + Trouble, would make an Englishman a most curious Settlement, containing + above a Mile square of rich Land. This Evening, came down some Toteros, + tall, likely Men, having great Plenty of Buffelos, Elks, and Bears, with + other sort of Deer amongst them, which strong Food makes large, robust + Bodies. Enquiring of them, if they never got any of the Bezoar Stone, and + giving them a Description how it was found, the Indians told me, they had + great plenty of it; and ask'd me, What use I could make of it? I answer'd + them, That the white Men us'd it in Physick, and that I would buy some of + them, if they would get it against I came that way again. Thereupon, one + of them pull'd out a Leather-Pouch, wherein was some of it in Powder; he + was a notable Hunter, and affirm'd to me, That that Powder, blown into the + Eyes, strengthen'd the Sight and Brain exceedingly, that being the most + common Use they made of it. I bought, for 2 or 3 Flints, a large + Peach-Loaf, made up with a pleasant sort of Seed; and this did us a + singular Kindness, in our Journey. Near the Town, within their clear'd + Land, are several Bagnios, or Sweating-Houses, made of Stone, in Shape + like a large Oven. These they make much Use of; especially, for any Pains + in the Joints, got by Cold, or Travelling. At Night, as we lay in our + Beds, there arose the most violent N.W. Wind I ever knew. The first Puff + blew down all the Palisadoes that fortify'd the Town; and I thought it + would have blown us all into the River, together with the Houses. Our + one-ey'd King, who pretends much to the Art of Conjuration, ran out in the + most violent Hurry, and in the Middle of the Town, fell to his + Necromantick Practice; tho' I thought he would have been blown away or + kill'd, before the Devil and he could have exchang'd half a dozen Words; + but in two Minutes, the Wind was ceas'd, and it became as great a Calm, as + ever I knew in my Life. As I much admir'd at that sudden Alteration, the + old Man told me, the Devil was very angry, and had done thus, because they + had not put the Sinnagers to Death. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Monday. + </p> + <p> + On Monday Morning, our whole Company, with the Horses, set out from the + Sapona-Indian Town, after having seen some of the Locust, which is gotten + thereabouts, the same Sort that bears Honey. Going over several Creeks, + very convenient for Water-Mills, about 8 Miles from the Town, we pass'd + over a very pretty River, call'd Rocky River, a fit Name, having a Ridge + of high Mountains running from its Banks, to the Eastward; and disgorging + itself into Sapona-River; so that there is a most pleasant and convenient + Neck of Land, betwixt both Rivers, lying upon a Point, where many thousand + Acres may be fenced in, without much Cost or Labour. You can scarce go a + Mile, without meeting with one of these small swift Currents, here being + no Swamps to be found, but pleasant, dry Roads all over the Country. The + Way that we went this day, was as full of Stones, as any which Craven, in + the West of Yorkshire, could afford, and having nothing but Moggisons on + my Feet, I was so lam'd by this stony Way, that I thought I must have + taken up some Stay in those Parts. We went, this day, not above 15 or 20 + Miles. After we had supp'd, and all lay down to sleep, there came a Wolf + close to the Fire-side, where we lay. My Spaniel soon discover'd him, at + which, one of our Company fir'd a Gun at the Beast; but, I believe, there + was a Mistake in the loading of it, for it did him no Harm. The Wolf + stay'd till he had almost loaded again, but the Bitch making a great + Noise, at last left us and went aside. We had no sooner laid down, but he + approach'd us again, yet was more shy, so that we could not get a Shot at + him. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tuesday. + </p> + <p> + Next day, we had 15 Miles farther to the Keyauwees. The Land is more + mountainous, but extremely pleasant, and an excellent Place for the + breeding Sheep, Goats, and Horses; or Mules, if the English were once + brought to the Experience of the Usefulness of those Creatures. The + Valleys are here very rich. At Noon, we pass'd over such another stony + River, as that eight Miles from Sapona. This is call'd Heighwaree, and + affords as good blue Stone for Mill-Stones, as that from Cologn, good + Rags, some Hones, and large Pebbles, in great abundance, besides + Free-Stone of several Sorts, all very useful. I knew one of these Hones + made use of by an Acquaintance of mine, and it prov'd rather better than + any from Old Spain, or elsewhere. The Veins of Marble are very large and + curious on this River, and the Banks thereof. + </p> + <p> + Five Miles from this River, to the N.W. stands the Keyauwees Town. They + are fortify'd in, with wooden Puncheons, like Sapona, being a People much + of the same Number. Nature hath so fortify'd this Town, with Mountains, + that were it a Seat of War, it might easily be made impregnable; having + large Corn-Fields joining to their Cabins, and a Savanna near the Town, at + the Foot of these Mountains, that is capable of keeping some hundred Heads + of Cattle. And all this environ'd round with very high Mountains, so that + no hard Wind ever troubles these Inhabitants. Those high Clifts have no + Grass growing on them, and very few Trees, which are very short, and stand + at a great Distance one from another. The Earth is of a red Colour, and + seems to me to be wholly design'd by Nature for the Production of + Minerals, being of too hot a Quality, to suffer any Verdure upon its + Surface. These Indians make use of Lead-Ore, to paint their Faces withal, + which they get in the neighbouring Mountains. As for the refining of + Metals, the Indians are wholly ignorant of it, being content with the + Realgar. But if it be my Chance, once more to visit these Hilly Parts, I + shall make a longer Stay amongst them: For were a good Vein of Lead found + out, and work'd by an ingenious Hand, it might be of no small Advantage to + the Undertaker, there being great Convenience for smelting, either by + Bellows or Reverberation; and the Working of these Mines might discover + some that are much richer. + </p> + <p> + At the Top of one of these Mountains, is a Cave that 100 Men may fit very + conveniently to dine in; whether natural, or artificial, I could not + learn. There is a fine Bole between this Place, and the Saps. These + Valleys thus hemm'd in with Mountains, would (doubtless) prove a good + place for propagating some sort of Fruits, that our Easterly Winds + commonly blast. The Vine could not miss of thriving well here; but we of + the Northern Climate are neither Artists, nor curious, in propagating that + pleasant and profitable Vegetable. Near the Town, is such another Current, + as Heighwaree. We being six in Company, divided ourselves into Two + Parties; and it was my Lot to be at the House of Keyauwees Jack, who is + King of that People. He is a Congeree-Indian, and ran away when he was a + Boy. He got this Government by Marriage with the Queen; the Female Issue + carrying the Heritage, for fear of Impostors; the Savages well knowing, + how much Frailty possesses the Indian Women, betwixt the Garters and the + Girdle. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wednesday. + </p> + <p> + The next day, having some occasion to write, the Indian King, who saw me, + believ'd that he could write as well as I. Whereupon, I wrote a Word, and + gave it him to copy, which he did with more Exactness, than any European + could have done, that was illiterate. It was so well, that he who could + read mine, might have done the same by his. Afterwards, he took great + Delight in making Fish-hooks of his own Invention, which would have been a + good Piece for an Antiquary to have puzzled his Brains withal, in tracing + out the Characters of all the Oriental Tongues. He sent for several + Indians to his Cabin, to look at his Handy-work, and both he and they + thought, I could read his Writing as well as I could my own. I had a + Manual in my Pocket, that had King David's Picture in it, in one of his + private Retirements. The Indian ask'd me, Who that Figure represented? I + told him, It was the Picture of a good King, that liv'd according to the + Rules of Morality, doing to all as he would be done by, ordering all his + Life to the Service of the Creator of all things; and being now above us + all, in Heaven, with God Almighty, who had rewarded him with all the + delightful Pleasures imaginable in the other World, for his Obedience to + him in this; I concluded, with telling them, that we received nothing here + below, as Food, Raiment, &c. but what came from that Omnipotent Being. + They listened to my Discourse with a profound Silence, assuring me, that + they believ'd what I said to be true. No Man living will ever be able to + make these Heathens sensible of the Happiness of a future State, except he + now and then mentions some lively carnal Representation, which may quicken + their Apprehensions, and make them thirst after such a gainful Exchange; + for, were the best Lecture that ever was preach'd by Man, given to an + ignorant sort of People, in a more learned Style, than their mean + Capacities are able to understand, the Intent would prove ineffectual, and + the Hearers would be left in a greater Labyrinth than their Teacher found + them in. But dispense the Precepts of our Faith according to the Pupil's + Capacity, and there is nothing in our Religion, but what an indifferent + Reason is, in some measure, able to comprehend; tho' a New-England + Minister blames the French Jesuits for this way of Proceeding, as being + quite contrary to a true Christian Practice, and affirms it to be no + ready, or true Method, to establish a lively Representation of our + Christian Belief amongst these Infidels. + </p> + <p> + All the Indians hereabouts carefully preserve the Bones of the Flesh they + eat, and burn them, as being of Opinion, that if they omitted that Custom, + the Game would leave their Country, and they should not be able to + maintain themselves by their Hunting. Most of these Indians wear + Mustachoes, or Whiskers, which is rare; by reason the Indians are a People + that commonly pull the Hair of their Faces, and other Parts, up by the + Roots, and suffer none to grow. Here is plenty of Chesnuts, which are + rarely found in Carolina, and never near the Sea, or Salt-Water; tho' they + are frequently in such Places in Virginia. + </p> + <p> + At the other House, where our Fellow-Travellers lay, they had provided a + Dish, in great Fashion amongst the Indians, which was Two young Fawns, + taken out of the Doe's Bellies, and boil'd in the same slimy Bags Nature + had plac'd them in, and one of the Country-Hares, stew'd with the Guts in + her Belly, and her Skin with the Hair on. This new-fashion'd Cookery + wrought Abstinence in our Fellow-Travellers, which I somewhat wonder'd at, + because one of them made nothing of eating Allegators, as heartily as if + it had been Pork and Turneps. The Indians dress most things after the + Wood-cock Fashion, never taking the Guts out. At the House we lay at, + there was very good Entertainment of Venison, Turkies, and Bears; and + which is customary amongst the Indians, the Queen had a Daughter by a + former Husband, who was the beautifullest Indian I ever saw, and had an + Air of Majesty with her, quite contrary to the general Carriage of the + Indians. She was very kind to the English, during our Abode, as well as + her Father and Mother. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thursday. + </p> + <p> + This Morning, most of our Company having some Inclination to go straight + away for Virginia, when they left this Place; I and one more took our + leaves of them, resolving (with God's Leave) to see North-Carolina, one of + the Indians setting us in our way. The rest being indifferent which way + they went, desired us, by all means, to leave a Letter for them, at the + Achonechy-Town. The Indian that put us in our Path, had been a Prisoner + amongst the Sinnagers; but had out-run them, although they had cut his + Toes, and half his Feet away, which is a Practice common amongst them. + They first raise the Skin, then cut away half the Feet, and so wrap the + Skin over the Stumps, and make a present Cure of the Wounds. This commonly + disables them from making their Escape, they being not so good Travellers + as before, and the Impression of their Half-Feet making it easy to trace + them. However, this Fellow was got clear of them, but had little Heart to + go far from home, and carry'd always a Case of Pistols in his Girdle, + besides a Cutlass, and a Fuzee. Leaving the rest of our Company at the + Indian-Town, we travell'd, that day, about 20 Miles, in very cold, frosty + Weather; and pass'd over two pretty Rivers, something bigger than + Heighwaree, but not quite so stony. We took these two Rivers to make one + of the Northward Branches of Cape-Fair River, but afterwards found our + Mistake. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Friday. + </p> + <p> + The next day, we travell'd over very good Land, but full of Free-Stone, + and Marble, which pinch'd our Feet severely. We took up our Quarters in a + sort of Savanna-Ground, that had very few Trees in it. The Land was good, + and had several Quarries of Stone, but not loose, as the others us'd to + be. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Saturday. + </p> + <p> + Next Morning, we got our Breakfasts of Parch'd Corn, having nothing but + that to subsist on for above 100 Miles. All the Pine-Trees were vanish'd, + for we had seen none for two days. We pass'd through a delicate rich Soil + this day; no great Hills, but pretty Risings, and Levels, which made a + beautiful Country. We likewise pass'd over three Rivers this day; the + first about the bigness of Rocky River, the other not much differing in + Size. Then we made not the least Question, but we had pass'd over the + North-West Branch of Cape-Fair, travelling that day above 30 Miles. We + were much taken with the Fertility and Pleasantness of the Neck of Land + between these two Branches, and no less pleas'd, that we had pass'd the + River, which us'd to frighten Passengers from fording it. At last, + determining to rest on the other side of a Hill, which we saw before us; + when we were on the Top thereof, there appear'd to us such another + delicious, rapid Stream, as that of Sapona, having large Stones, about the + bigness of an ordinary House, lying up and down the River. As the Wind + blew very cold at N.W. and we were very weary, and hungry, the Swiftness + of the Current gave us some cause to fear; but, at last, we concluded to + venture over that Night. Accordingly, we stripp'd, and with great + Difficulty, (by God's Assistance) got safe to the North-side of the famous + Hau-River, by some called Reatkin; the Indians differing in the Names of + Places, according to their several Nations. It is call'd Hau-River, from + the Sissipahau Indians, who dwell upon this Stream, which is one of the + main Branches of Cape-Fair, there being rich Land enough to contain some + Thousands of Families; for which Reason, I hope, in a short time, it will + be planted. This River is much such another as Sapona; both seeming to run + a vast way up the Country. Here is plenty of good Timber, and especially, + of a Scaly-bark'd Oak; And as there is Stone enough in both Rivers, and + the Land is extraordinary Rich, no Man that will be content within the + Bounds of Reason, can have any grounds to dislike it. And they that are + otherwise, are the best Neighbours, when farthest of. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sunday. + </p> + <p> + As soon as it was day, we set out for the Achonechy-Town, it being, by + Estimation, 20 Miles off, which, I believe, is pretty exact. We were got + about half way, (meeting great Gangs of Turkies) when we saw, at a + Distance, 30 loaded Horses, coming on the Road, with four or five Men, on + other Jades, driving them. We charg'd our Piece, and went up to them: + Enquiring, whence they came from? They told us, from Virginia. The leading + Man's Name was Massey, who was born about Leeds in Yorkshire. He ask'd, + from whence we came? We told him. Then he ask'd again, Whether we wanted + any thing that he had? telling us, we should be welcome to it. We accepted + of Two Wheaten Biskets, and a little Ammunition. He advised us, by all + means, to strike down the Country for Ronoack, and not think of Virginia, + because of the Sinnagers, of whom they were afraid, tho' so well arm'd, + and numerous. They persuaded us also, to call upon one Enoe Will, as we + went to Adshusheer, for that he would conduct us safe among the English, + giving him the Character of a very faithful Indian, which we afterwards + found true by Experience. The Virginia-Men asking our Opinion of the + Country we were then in? we told them, it was a very pleasant one. They + were all of the same Opinion, and affirm'd, That they had never seen 20 + Miles of such extraordinary rich Land, lying all together, like that + betwixt Hau-River and the Achonechy Town. Having taken our Leaves of each + other, we set forward; and the Country, thro' which we pass'd, was so + delightful, that it gave us a great deal of Satisfaction. About Three a + Clock, we reach'd the Town, and the Indians presently brought us good fat + Bear, and Venison, which was very acceptable at that time. Their Cabins + were hung with a good sort of Tapestry, as fat Bear, and barbakued or + dried Venison; no Indians having greater Plenty of Provisions than these. + The Savages do, indeed, still possess the Flower of Carolina, the English + enjoying only the Fag-end of that fine Country. We had not been in the + Town 2 Hours, when Enoe-Will came into the King's Cabin; which was our + Quarters. We ask'd him, if he would conduct us to the English, and what he + would have for his Pains; he answer'd, he would go along with us, and for + what he was to have, he left that to our Discretion. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Monday. + </p> + <p> + The next Morning, we set out, with Enoe-Will, towards Adshusheer, leaving + the Virginia Path, and striking more to the Eastward, for Ronoack. Several + Indians were in our Company belonging to Will's Nation, who are the + Shoccories, mixt with the Enoe-Indians, and those of the Nation of + Adshusheer. Enoe-Will is their chief Man, and rules as far as the Banks of + Reatkin. It was a sad stony Way to Adshusheer. We went over a small River + by Achonechy, and in this 14 Miles, through several other Streams, which + empty themselves into the Branches of Cape-Fair. The stony Way made me + quite lame; so that I was an Hour or two behind the rest; but honest Will + would not leave me, but bid me welcome when we came to his House, feasting + us with hot Bread, and Bears-Oil; which is wholsome Food for Travellers. + There runs a pretty Rivulet by this Town. Near the Plantation, I saw a + prodigious overgrown Pine-Tree, having not seen any of that Sort of Timber + for above 125 Miles: They brought us 2 Cocks, and pull'd their larger + Feathers off, never plucking the lesser, but singeing them off. I took one + of these Fowls in my Hand, to make it cleaner than the Indian had, pulling + out his Guts and Liver, which I laid in a Bason; notwithstanding which, he + kept such a Struggling for a considerable time, that I had much ado to + hold him in my Hands. The Indians laugh'd at me, and told me, that + Enoe-Will had taken a Cock of an Indian that was not at home, and the Fowl + was design'd for another Use. I conjectur'd, that he was design'd for an + Offering to their God, who, they say, hurts them, (which is the Devil.) In + this Struggling, he bled afresh, and there issued out of his Body more + Blood than commonly such Creatures afford. Notwithstanding all this, we + cook'd him, and eat him; and if he was design'd for him, cheated the + Devil. The Indians keep many Cocks, but seldom above one Hen, using very + often such wicked Sacrifices, as I mistrusted this Fowl was design'd for. + </p> + <p> + Our Guide and Landlord Enoe-Will was of the best and most agreeable Temper + that ever I met with in an Indian, being always ready to serve the + English, not out of Gain, but real Affection; which makes him apprehensive + of being poison'd by some wicked Indians, and was therefore very earnest + with me, to promise him to revenge his Death, if it should so happen. He + brought some of his chief Men into his Cabin, and 2 of them having a Drum, + and a Rattle, sung by us, as we lay in Bed, and struck up their Musick to + serenade and welcome us to their Town. And tho' at last, we fell asleep, + yet they continu'd their Consort till Morning. These Indians are fortify'd + in, as the former, and are much addicted to a Sport they call Chenco, + which is carry'd on with a Staff and a Bowl made of Stone, which they + trundle upon a smooth Place, like a Bowling-Green, made for that Purpose, + as I have mention'd before. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tuesday. + </p> + <p> + Next Morning, we set out, with our Guide, and several other Indians, who + intended to go to the English, and buy Rum. We design'd for a Nation about + 40 Miles from Adshusheer, call'd the Lower Quarter: The first Night, we + lay in a rich Perkoson, or low Ground, that was hard-by a Creek, and good + dry Land. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wednesday. + </p> + <p> + The next day, we went over several Tracts of rich Land, but mix'd with + Pines and other indifferent Soil. In our way, there stood a great Stone + about the Size of a large Oven, and hollow; this the Indians took great + Notice of, putting some Tobacco into the Concavity, and spitting after it. + I ask'd them the Reason of their so doing, but they made me no Answer. In + the Evening, we pass'd over a pleasant Rivulet, with a fine gravelly + Bottom, having come over such another that Morning. On the other side of + this River, we found the Indian Town, which was a Parcel of nasty smoaky + Holes, much like the Waterrees; their Town having a great Swamp running + directly through the Middle thereof. The Land here begins to abate of its + Height, and has some few Swamps. Most of these Indians have but one Eye; + but what Mischance or Quarrel has bereav'd them of the other I could not + learn. They were not so free to us, as most of the other Indians had been; + Victuals being somewhat scarce among them. However, we got enough to + satisfy our Appetites. I saw, among these Men, very long Arrows, headed + with Pieces of Glass, which they had broken from Bottles. They had shap'd + them neatly, like the Head of a Dart; but which way they did it, I can't + tell. We had not been at this Town above an Hour, when two of our Company, + that had bought a Mare of John Stewart, came up to us, having receiv'd a + Letter by one of Will's Indians, who was very cautious, and asked a great + many Questions, to certifie him of the Person, e'er he would deliver the + Letter. They had left the Trader, and one that came from South-Carolina + with us, to go to Virginia; these Two being resolved to go to Carolina + with us. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thursday. + </p> + <p> + This Day fell much Rain, so we staid at the Indian Town. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Friday. + </p> + <p> + This Morning, we set out early, being four English-Men, besides several + Indians. We went 10 Miles, and were then stopp'd by the Freshes of + Enoe-River, which had rais'd it so high, that we could not pass over, till + it was fallen. I enquir'd of my Guide, Where this River disgorg'd it self? + He said, It was Enoe-River, and run into a Place call'd Enoe-Bay, near his + Country, which he left when he was a Boy; by which I perceiv'd, he was one + of the Cores by Birth: This being a Branch of Neus-River. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Saturday. + </p> + <p> + This Day, our Fellow-Traveller's Mare ran away from him; wherefore, Will + went back as far as the lower Quarter, and brought her back. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sunday. + </p> + <p> + The next Day, early, came two Tuskeruro Indians to the other side of the + River, but could not get over. They talk'd much to us, but we understood + them not. In the Afternoon, Will came with the Mare, and had some + Discourse with them; they told him, The English, to whom he was going, + were very wicked People; and, That they threatned the Indians for Hunting + near their Plantations. These Two Fellows were going among the Schoccores + and Achonechy Indians, to sell their Wooden Bowls and Ladles for + Raw-Skins, which they make great Advantage of, hating that any of these + Westward Indians should have any Commerce with the English, which would + prove a Hinderance to their Gains. Their Stories deterr'd an Old Indian + and his Son, from going any farther; but Will told us, Nothing they had + said should frighten him, he believing them to be a couple of + Hog-stealers; and that the English only sought Restitution of their + Losses, by them; and that this was the only ground for their Report. Will + had a Slave, a Sissipahau-Indian by Nation, who killed us several Turkies, + and other Game, on which we feasted. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Monday. + </p> + <p> + This River is near as large as Reatkin; the South-side having curious + Tracts of good Land, the Banks high, and Stone-Quarries. The Tuskeruros + being come to us, we ventur'd over the River, which we found to be a + strong Current, and the Water about Breast-high. However, we all got safe + to the North-Shore, which is but poor, white, sandy Land, and bears no + Timber, but small shrubby Oaks. We went about 10 Miles, and sat down at + the Falls of a large Creek, where lay mighty Rocks, the Water making a + strange Noise, as if a great many Water-Mills were going at once. I take + this to be the Falls of Neus-Creek, called by the Indians, `Wee quo Whom'. + We lay here all Night. My Guide Will desiring to see the Book that I had + about me, I lent it him; and as he soon found the Picture of King David, + he asked me several Questions concerning the Book, and Picture, which I + resolv'd him, and invited him to become a Christian. He made me a very + sharp Reply, assuring me, That he lov'd the English extraordinary well, + and did believe their Ways to be very good for those that had already + practis'd them, and had been brought up therein; But as for himself, he + was too much in Years to think of a Change, esteeming it not proper for + Old People to admit of such an Alteration. However, he told me, If I would + take his Son Jack, who was then about 14 Years of Age, and teach him to + talk in that Book, and make Paper speak, which they call our Way of + Writing, he would wholly resign him to my Tuition; telling me, he was of + Opinion, I was very well affected to the Indians. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tuesday. + </p> + <p> + The next Morning, we set out early, and I perceiv'd that these Indians + were in some fear of Enemies; for they had an Old Man with them, who was + very cunning and circumspect, wheresoever he saw any Marks of Footing, or + of any Fire that had been made; going out of his Way, very often, to look + for these Marks. We went, this day, above 30 Miles, over a very level + Country, and most Pine Land, yet intermix'd with some Quantities of + Marble; a good Range for Cattel, though very indifferent for Swine. We had + now lost our rapid Streams, and were come to slow, dead Waters, of a brown + Colour, proceeding from the Swamps, much like the Sluices in Holland, + where the Track-Scoots go along. In the Afternoon, we met two Tuskeruros, + who told us, That there was a Company of Hunters not far of, and if we + walk'd stoutly, we might reach them that Night. But Will and He that own'd + the Mare, being gone before, and the Old Indian tired, we rested, that + Night, in the Woods, making a good light Fire, Wood being very plentiful + in these Parts. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wednesday. + </p> + <p> + Next Day, about 10 a Clock, we struck out of the Way, by the Advice of our + Old Indian. We had not gone past two Miles, e'er we met with about 500 + Tuskeruros in one Hunting-Quarter. They had made themselves Streets of + Houses, built with Pine-Bark, not with round Tops, as they commonly use, + but Ridge-Fashion, after the manner of most other Indians. We got nothing + amongst them but Corn, Flesh being not plentiful, by reason of the great + Number of their People. For tho' they are expert Hunters, yet they are too + populous for one Range; which makes Venison very scarce to what it is + amongst other Indians, that are fewer; no Savages living so well for + Plenty, as those near the Sea. I saw, amongst these, a Hump-back'd Indian, + which was the only crooked one I ever met withal. About two a Clock, we + reach'd one of their Towns, in which there was no body left, but an Old + Woman or two; the rest being gone to their Hunting-Quarters. We could find + no Provision at that Place. We had a Tuskeruro that came in company with + us, from the lower Quarter, who took us to his Cabin, and gave us what it + afforded, which was Corn-meat. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thursday. + </p> + <p> + This Day, we pass'd through several Swamps, and going not above a dozen + Miles, came to a Cabin, the Master whereof us'd to trade amongst the + English. He told us, If we would stay Two Nights, he would conduct us safe + to them, himself designing, at that time, to go and fetch some Rum; so we + resolved to tarry for his Company. During our Stay, there happen'd to be a + Young Woman troubled with Fits. The Doctor who was sent for to assist her, + laid her on her Belly, and made a small Incision with Rattle-Snake-Teeth; + then laying his Mouth to the Place, he suck'd out near a Quart of black + conglutinated Blood, and Serum. Our Landlord gave us the Tail of a Bever, + which was a choice Food. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Friday. + </p> + <p> + There happen'd also to be a Burial of one of their Dead, which Ceremony is + much the same with that of the Santees, who make a great Feast at the + Interment of their Corps. The small Runs of Water hereabout, afford great + Plenty of Craw-Fish, full as large as those in England, and nothing + inferior in Goodness. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Saturday. + </p> + <p> + Saturday Morning, our Patron, with Enoe Will, and his Servant, set out + with us, for the English. In the Afternoon, we ferried over a River, (in a + Canoe) called by the Indians, Chattookau, which is the N.W. Branch of + Neus-River. We lay in the Swamp, where some Indians invited us to go to + their Quarters, which some of our Company accepted, but got nothing + extraordinary, except a dozen Miles March out of their Way: The Country + here is very thick of Indian Towns and Plantations. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sunday. + </p> + <p> + We were forced to march, this day, for Want of Provisions. About 10 a + Clock, we met an Indian that had got a parcel of Shad-Fish ready + barbaku'd. We bought 24 of them, for a dress'd Doe-Skin, and so went on, + through many Swamps, finding, this day, the long ragged Moss on the Trees, + which we had not seen for above 600 Miles. In the Afternoon, we came upon + the Banks of Pampticough, about 20 Miles above the English Plantations by + Water, though not so far by Land. The Indian found a Canoe, which he had + hidden, in which we all got over, and went about six Miles farther. We + lay, that Night, under two or three Pieces of Bark, at the Foot of a large + Oak. There fell abundance of Snow and Rain in the Night, with much Thunder + and Lightning. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Monday. + </p> + <p> + Next Day, it clear'd up, and it being about 12 Miles to the English, about + half-way we passed over a deep Creek, and came safe to Mr. Richard + Smith's, of Pampticough-River, in North-Carolina; where being well + receiv'd by the Inhabitants, and pleas'd with the Goodness of the Country, + we all resolv'd to continue. + </p> + <h3> + FINIS. + </h3> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + A DESCRIPTION OF NORTH-CAROLINA. + </h2> + <p class="side"> + Carolina how bounded. + </p> + <p> + The Province of Carolina is separated from Virginia by a due West-Line, + which begins at Currituck-Inlet, in 36 Degrees, 30 Minutes, of + Northern-Latitude, and extends indefinitely to the Westward, and thence to + the Southward, as far as 29 Degrees; which is a vast Tract of Sea-Coast. + But having already treated, as far as is necessary, concerning + South-Carolina, I shall confine myself, in the ensuing Sheets, to give my + Reader a Description of that Part of the Country only, which lies betwixt + Currituck and Cape-Fair, and is almost 34 Deg. North. And this is commonly + call'd North Carolina. + </p> + <p> + This Part of Carolina is faced with a Chain of Sand-Banks, which defends + it from the Violence and Insults of the Atlantick Ocean; by which Barrier, + a vast Sound is hemm'd in, which fronts the Mouths of the Navigable and + Pleasant Rivers of this Fertile Country, and into which they disgorge + themselves. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Inlets. + </p> + <p> + Thro' the same are Inlets of several Depths of Water. Some of their + Channels admit only of Sloops, Brigantines, small Barks, and Ketches; and + such are Currituck, Ronoak, and up the Sound above Hatteras: Whilst others + can receive Ships of Burden, as Ocacock, Topsail-Inlet, and Cape-Fair; as + appears by my Chart. + </p> + <p class="side"> + First Colony of Carolina. + </p> + <p> + The first Discovery and Settlement of this Country was by the Procurement + of Sir Walter Raleigh, in Conjunction with some publick-spirited Gentlemen + of that Age, under the Protection of Queen Elizabeth; for which Reason it + was then named Virginia, being begun on that Part called Ronoak-Island, + where the Ruins of a Fort are to be seen at this day, as well as some old + English Coins which have been lately found; and a Brass-Gun, a + Powder-Horn, and one small Quarter deck-Gun, made of Iron Staves, and + hoop'd with the same Metal; which Method of making Guns might very + probably be made use of in those Days, for the Convenience of + Infant-Colonies. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Hatteras Indians. + </p> + <p> + A farther Confirmation of this we have from the Hatteras Indians, who + either then lived on Ronoak-Island, or much frequented it. These tell us, + that several of their Ancestors were white People, and could talk in a + Book, as we do; the Truth of which is confirm'd by gray Eyes being found + frequently amongst these Indians, and no others. They value themselves + extremely for their Affinity to the English, and are ready to do them all + friendly Offices. It is probable, that this Settlement miscarry'd for want + of timely Supplies from England; or thro' the Treachery of the Natives, + for we may reasonably suppose that the English were forced to cohabit with + them, for Relief and Conversation; and that in process of Time, they + conform'd themselves to the Manners of their Indian Relations. And thus we + see, how apt Humane Nature is to degenerate. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sir Walter Raleigh's Ship. + </p> + <p> + I cannot forbear inserting here, a pleasant Story that passes for an + uncontested Truth amongst the Inhabitants of this Place; which is, that + the Ship which brought the first Colonies, does often appear amongst them, + under Sail, in a gallant Posture, which they call Sir Walter Raleigh's + Ship, And the truth of this has been affirm'd to me, by Men of the best + Credit in the Country. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Second Settlement of North-Carolina. + </p> + <p> + A second Settlement of this Country was made about fifty Years ago, in + that part we now call Albemarl-County, and chiefly in Chuwon Precinct, by + several substantial Planters, from Virginia, and other Plantations; Who + finding mild Winters, and a fertile Soil, beyond Expectation, producing + every thing that was planted, to a prodigious Increase; their Cattle, + Horses, Sheep, and Swine, breeding very fast, and passing the Winter, + without any Assistance from the Planter; so that every thing seem'd to + come by Nature, the Husbandman living almost void of Care, and free from + those Fatigues which are absolutely requisite in Winter-Countries, for + providing Fodder and other Necessaries; these Encouragements induc'd them + to stand their Ground, altho' but a handful of People, seated at great + Distances one from another, and amidst a vast number of Indians of + different Nations, who were then in Carolina. Nevertheless, I say, the + Fame of this new-discover'd Summer-Country spread thro' the neighbouring + Colonies, and, in a few Years, drew a considerable Number of Families + thereto, who all found Land enough to settle themselves in, (had they been + many Thousands more) and that which was very good and commodiously seated, + both for Profit and Pleasure. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pleasantness of Carolina. + </p> + <p> + And indeed, most of the Plantations in Carolina naturally enjoy a noble + Prospect of large and spacious Rivers, pleasant Savanna's, and fine + Meadows, with their green Liveries, interwoven with beautiful Flowers, of + most glorious Colours, which the several Seasons afford; hedg'd in with + pleasant Groves of the ever-famous Tulip-tree, the stately Laurel, and + Bays, equalizing the Oak in Bigness and Growth; Myrtles, Jessamines, + Wood-bines, Honysuckles, and several other fragrant Vines and Ever-greens, + whose aspiring Branches shadow and interweave themselves with the loftiest + Timbers, yielding a pleasant Prospect, Shade and Smell, proper Habitations + for the Sweet-singing Birds, that melodiously entertain such as travel + thro' the Woods of Carolina. + </p> + <p> + The Planters possessing all these Blessings, and the Produce of great + Quantities of Wheat and Indian Corn, in which this Country is very + fruitful, as likewise in Beef, Pork, Tallow, Hides, Deer-Skins, and Furs; + for these Commodities the New-England-Men and Bermudians visited Carolina + in their Barks and Sloops, and carry'd out what they made, bringing them, + in Exchange, Rum, Sugar, Salt, Molosses, and some wearing Apparel, tho' + the last at very extravagant Prices. + </p> + <p> + As the Land is very fruitful, so are the Planters kind and hospitable to + all that come to visit them; there being very few Housekeepers, but what + live very nobly, and give away more Provisions to Coasters and Guests who + come to see them, than they expend amongst their own Families. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + OF THE INLETS AND HAVENS OF THIS COUNTRY. + </h2> + <p class="side"> + Currituck Inlet. + </p> + <p> + The Bar of Currituck being the Northermost of this Country, presents + itself first to be treated of. It lies in 36 deg. 30 min. and the Course + over is S.W. by W. having not above seven or eight Foot on the Bar, tho' a + good Harbour, when you are over, where you may ride safe, and deep enough; + but this Part of the Sound is so full of Shoals, as not to suffer any + thing to trade thro' it, that draws above three Foot Water, which renders + it very incommodious. However, this affects but some part of the Country, + and may be easily remedied, by carrying their Produce, in small Craft, + down to the Vessels, which ride near the Inlet. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Ronoak Inlet. + </p> + <p> + Ronoak Inlet has Ten Foot Water, the Course over the Bar is almost W. + which leads you thro' the best of the Channel. This Bar, as well as + Currituck, often shifts by the Violence of the N.E. Storms, both lying + expos'd to those Winds. Notwithstanding which, a considerable Trade might + be carry'd on, provided there was a Pilot to bring them in; for it lies + convenient for a large Part of this Colony, whose Product would very + easily allow of that Charge; Lat. 35 deg. 50 min. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Hatteras Inlet. + </p> + <p> + The Inlet of Hatteras lies to the Westward of the Cape, round which is an + excellent Harbour. When the Wind blows hard at N. or N.E. if you keep a + small League from the Cape-Point, you will have 3, 4, and 5 Fathom, the + outermost Shoals lying about 7 or 8 Leagues from Shoar. As you come into + the Inlet, keep close to the South Breakers, till you are over the Bar, + where you will have two Fathom at Low-Water. You may come to an Anchor in + two Fathom and a Half when you are over, then steer over close aboard the + North Shoar, where is four Fathom, close to a Point of Marsh; then steer + up the Sound a long League, till you bring the North Cape of the Inlet to + bear S.S.E. half E. then steer W.N.W. the East-point of Bluff-Land at + Hatteras bearing E.N.E. the Southermost large Hammock towards Ocacock, + bearing S.S.W. half S. then you are in the Sound, over the Bar of Sand, + whereon is but 6 Foot Water; then your Course to Pampticough is almost + West. It flows on these three Bars S.E. by E. 1/4 E. about Eight of the + Clock, unless there is a hard Gale of Wind at N.E. which will make it flow + two hours longer; but as soon as the Wind is down, the Tides will have + their natural Course: A hard Gale at N. or N.W. will make the Water ebb + sometimes 24 hours, but still the Tide will ebb and flow, tho' not seen by + the turning thereof, but may be seen by the Rising of the Water, and + Falling of the same, Lat. 35d 20". + </p> + <p class="side"> + Ocacock Inlet. + </p> + <p> + Ocacock is the best Inlet and Harbour yet in this Country; and has 13 Foot + at Low-water upon the Bar. There are two Channels; one is but narrow, and + lies close aboard the South Cape; the other in the Middle, viz. between + the Middle Ground, and the South Shoar, and is above half a Mile wide. The + Bar itself is but half a Cable's Length over, and then you are in 7 or 8 + Fathom Water; a good Harbour. The Course into the Sound is N.N.W. At + High-water, and Neap-tides, here is 18 Foot Water. It lies S.W. from + Hatteras Inlet. Lat. 35d 8". + </p> + <p class="side"> + Topsail Inlet. + </p> + <p> + Topsail Inlet is above two Leagues to the Westward of Cape Look-out. You + have a fair Channel over the Bar, and two Fathom thereon, and a good + Harbour in five or six Fathom to come to an Anchor. Your Course over this + Bar is almost N.W. Lat. 34d 44". + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cape Fair Inlet and River. + </p> + <p> + As for the Inlet and River of Cape Fair, I cannot give you a better + Information thereof, than has been already deliver'd by the Gentlemen, who + were sent on purpose, from Barbados, to make a Discovery of that River, in + the Year 1663, which is thus. + </p> + <p> + From Tuesday the 29th of September, to Friday the 2d of October, we rang'd + along the Shoar from Lat. 32 deg. 20 min. to Lat. 33 deg. 11 min. but + could discern no Entrance for our Ship, after we had pass'd to the + Northward of 32 deg. 40 min. On Saturday, Octob. 3. a violent Storm + overtook us, the Wind between North and East; which Easterly Winds and + Foul Weather continu'd till Monday the 12th; by reason of which Storms and + Foul Weather, we were forced to get off to Sea, to secure Ourselves and + Ship, and were driven by the Rapidity of a strong Current to Cape Hatteras + in Lat. 35 deg. 30 min. On Monday the 12th aforesaid, we came to an Anchor + in seven Fathom at Cape-Fair Road, and took the Meridian Altitude of the + Sun, and were in Latitude 33 deg. 43 min. the Wind continuing still + easterly, and foul Weather, till Thursday the 15th; and on Friday the + 16th, the Wind being at N.W. we weigh'd and sail'd up Cape-Fair-River, + some 4 or 5 Leagues, and came to an Anchor in 6 or 7 Fathom, at which time + several Indians came on board, and brought us great Store of fresh Fish, + large Mullets, young Bass, Shads, and several other Sorts of very good + well-tasted Fish. On Saturday the 17th, we went down to the Cape, to see + the English Cattle, but could not find 'em, tho' we rounded the Cape: And + having an Indian Guide with us, here we rode till Oct. 24. The Wind being + against us, we could not go up the River with our Ship; but went on shoar, + and view'd the Land of those Quarters. On Saturday, we weigh'd, and sail'd + up the River some 4 Leagues, or thereabouts. Sunday the 25th, we weigh'd + again, and row'd up the River, it being calm, and got up some 14 Leagues + from the Harbour's Mouth, where we mor'd our Ship. On Monday Oct. the + 26th, we went down with the Yawl, to Necoes, an Indian Plantation, and + view'd the Land there. On Tuesday the 27th, we row'd up the main River, + with our Long-Boat, and 12 Men, some 10 Leagues, or thereabouts. On + Wednesday the 28th, we row'd up about 8 or 10 Leagues more. Thursday the + 29th, was foul Weather, with much Rain and Wind, which forc'd us to make + Huts, and lie still. Friday the 30th, we proceeded up the main River, 7 or + 8 Leagues. Saturday the 31st, we got up 3 or 4 Leagues more, and came to a + Tree that lay cross the River; but because our Provisions were almost + spent, we proceeded no farther, but return'd downward before Night, and on + Monday the 2d of November, we came aboard our Ship. Tuesday the 3d, we lay + still, to refresh ourselves. On Wednesday the 4th, we went 5 or 6 Leagues + up the River, to search a Branch that run out of the main River towards + the N.W. In which Branch we went up 5 or 6 Leagues; but not liking the + Land, return'd on board that Night about Midnight, and call'd that Place + Swampy-Branch. Thursday, November the 5th, we stay'd aboard. On Friday the + 6th, we went up Greens-River, the Mouth of it being against the Place at + which rode our Ship. On Saturday the 7th, we proceeded up the said River, + some 14 or 15 Leagues in all, and found it ended in several small + Branches; The Land, for the most part, being marshy and Swamps, we + return'd towards our Ship, and got aboard it in the Night. Sunday November + the 8th, we lay still, and on Monday the 9th, went again up the main + River, being well stock'd with Provisions, and all things necessary, and + proceeded upwards till Thursday noon, the 12th, at which time we came to a + Place, where were two Islands in the Middle of the River; and by reason of + the Crookedness of the River at that Place, several Trees lay cross both + Branches, which stop'd the Passage of each Branch, so that we could + proceed no farther with our Boat; but went up the River side by Land, some + 3 or 4 Miles, and found the River wider and wider. So we return'd, leaving + it, as far as we could see up a long Reach, running N.E. we judging + ourselves near fifty Leagues North from the River's Mouth. In our Return, + we view'd the Land on both Sides the River, and found as good Tracts of + dry, well-wooded, pleasant, and delightful Ground, as we have seen any + where in the World, with abundance of long thick Grass on it, the Land + being very level, with steep Banks on both Sides the River, and in some + Places very high, the Woods stor'd every where, with great Numbers of Deer + and Turkies, we never going on Shoar, but we saw of each Sort; as also + great Store of Partridges, Cranes, and Conies, in several Places; we + likewise heard several Wolves howling in the Woods, and saw where they had + torn a Deer in Pieces. Also in the River we saw great Store of Ducks, + Teal, Widgeon; and in the Woods, great Flocks of Parrakeeto's. The Timber + that the Woods afford, for the most part, consists of Oaks of four or five + Sorts, all differing in Leaves, but each bearing very good Acorns. We + measur'd many of the Oaks in several Places, which we found to be, in + Bigness, some Two, some Three, and others almost Four Fathom in Height, + before you come to Boughs or Limbs; forty, fifty, sixty Foot, and some + more; and those Oaks very common in the upper Parts of both Rivers; also a + very tall large Tree of great Bigness, which some call Cyprus, the right + Name we know not, growing in Swamps. Likewise Walnut, Birch, Beech, Maple, + Ash, Bay, Willow, Alder, and Holly; and in the lowermost Parts innumerable + Pines, tall and good for Boards or Masts, growing, for the most part, in + barren and sandy, but in some Places up the River, in good Ground, being + mixt amongst Oaks and other Timbers. We saw Mulberry-Trees, Multitudes of + Grape-Vines, and some Grapes which we eat of. We found a very large and + good Tract of Land, on the N.W. Side of the River, thin of Timber, except + here and there a very great Oak, and full of Grass, commonly as high as a + Man's Middle, and in many Places to his Shoulders, where we saw many Deer, + and Turkies; one Deer having very large Horns, and great Body, therefore + call'd it Stag-Park. It being a very pleasant and delightful Place, we + travell'd in it several Miles, but saw no End thereof. So we return'd to + our Boat, and proceeded down the River, and came to another Place, some + twenty five Leagues from the River's Mouth on the same Side, where we + found a Place, no less delightful than the former; and as far as we could + judge, both Tracts came into one. This lower Place we call'd Rocky Point, + because we found many Rocks and Stones, of several Sizes, upon the Land, + which is not common. We sent our Boat down the River before us; ourselves + travelling by Land, many Miles. Indeed we were so much taken with the + Pleasantness of the Country, that we travell'd into the Woods too far to + recover our Boat and Company that Night. The next day being Sunday, we got + to our Boat; and on Monday the 16th of November, proceeded down to a Place + on the East-Side of the River, some 23 Leagues from the Harbour's Mouth, + which we call'd Turky-Quarters, because we kill'd several Turkies + thereabouts; we view'd the Land there, and found some Tracts of good + Ground, and high, facing upon the River about one Mile inward, but + backwards some two Miles, all Pine Land, but good Pasture Ground: We + return'd to our Boat, and proceeded down some 2 or 3 Leagues, where we had + formerly view'd, and found it a Tract of as good Land, as any we have + seen, and had as good Timber on it. The Banks on the River being high, + therefore we call'd it High-Land-Point. Having view'd that, we proceeded + down the River, going on Shoar in several Places on both Sides, it being + generally large Marshes, and many of them dry, that they may more fitly be + call'd Meadows. The Wood-Land against them is, for the most part, Pine, + and in some Places as barren, as ever we saw Land, but in other Places + good Pasture-Ground. On Tuesday, November the 17th, we got aboard our + Ship, riding against the Mouth of Green's River, where our Men were + providing Wood, and fitting the Ship for the Sea: In the interim, we took + a View of the Country on both sides of the River there, finding some good + Land, but more bad, and the best not comparable to that above. Friday the + 20th was foul Weather; yet in the Afternoon we weigh'd, went down the + River about two Leagues, and came to an Anchor against the Mouth of + Hilton's River, and took a View of the Land there on both sides, which + appear'd to us much like that at Green's River. Monday the 23d, we went, + with our Long-Boat well victuall'd and mann'd, up Hilton's River; and when + we came three Leagues, or thereabouts, up the same, we found this and + Green's River to come into one, and so continu'd for four or five Leagues, + which makes a great Island betwixt them. We proceeded still up the River, + till they parted again, keeping up Hilton's River on the Larboard side, + and follow'd the said River five or six Leagues farther, where we found + another large Branch of Green's River to come into Hilton's, which makes + another great Island. On the Starboard side going up, we proceeded still + up the River some four Leagues, and return'd, taking a View of the Land on + both sides, and then judg'd ourselves to be from our Ship some 18 Leagues + W. and by N. One League below this Place, came four Indians in a Canoe to + us, and sold us several Baskets of Acorns, which we satisfy'd them for, + and so left them; but one of them follow'd us on the Shoar some two or + three Miles, till he came on the Top of a high Bank, facing on the River; + and as we row'd underneath it, the Fellow shot an Arrow at us, which very + narrowly miss'd one of our Men, and stuck in the upper edge of the Boat; + but broke in pieces, leaving the Head behind. Hereupon, we presently made + to the Shoar, and went all up the Bank (except Four to guide the Boat) to + look for the Indian, but could not find him: At last, we heard some sing, + farther in the Woods, which we look'd upon as a Challenge to us, to come + and fight them. We went towards them with all Speed; but before we came in + Sight of them, heard two Guns go off from our Boat; whereupon we + retreated, as fast as we could, to secure our Boat and Men. When we came + to them, we found all well, and demanded the Reason of their firing the + Guns: They told us, that an Indian came creeping along the Bank, as they + suppos'd, to shoot at them; and therefore they shot at him at a great + distance, with small Shot, but thought they did him no Hurt; for they saw + him run away. Presently after our Return to the Boat, and while we were + thus talking, came two Indians to us, with their Bows and Arrows, crying + `Bonny, Bonny'. We took their Bows and Arrows from them, and gave them + Beads, to their Content; then we led them, by the Hand, to the Boat, and + shew'd them the Arrow-head sticking in her Side, and related to them the + whole Passage; which when they understood, both of them shew'd a great + Concern, and signify'd to us, by Signs, that they knew nothing of it; so + we let them go, and mark'd a Tree on the Top of the Bank, calling the + Place Mount-Skerry. We look'd up the River, as far as we could discern, + and saw that it widen'd, and came running directly down the Country: So we + return'd, viewing the Land on both sides the River, and finding the Banks + steep in some places, but very high in others. The Bank-sides are + generally Clay, and as some of our Company did affirm, some Marl. The Land + and Timber up this River is no way inferiour to the best in the other, + which we call the main River. So far as we could discern, this seem'd as + fair, if not fairer, than the former, and we think runs farther into the + Country, because a strong Current comes down, and a great deal more + Drift-Wood. But, to return to the Business of the Land and Timber: We saw + several Plots of Ground clear'd by the Indians, after their weak manner, + compass'd round with great Timber Trees, which they are no-wise able to + fell, and so keep the Sun from Corn-Fields very much; yet nevertheless, we + saw as large Corn-stalks, or larger, than we have seen any where else: So + we proceeded down the River, till we found the Canoe the Indian was in, + who shot at us. In the Morning, we went on Shoar, and cut the same in + pieces. The Indians perceiving us coming towards them, ran away. Going to + his Hutt, we pull'd it down, broke his Pots, Platters, and Spoons, tore + the Deer-Skins and Matts in pieces, and took away a Basket of Acorns; and + afterwards proceeded down the River 2 Leagues, or thereabouts, and came to + another Place of Indians, bought Acorns and some Corn of them, and went + downwards 2 Leagues more. At last, espying an Indian peeping over a high + Bank, we held up a Gun at him; and calling to him, `Skerry', presently + several Indians came in Sight of us, and made great Signs of Friendship, + saying `Bonny, Bonny'. Then running before us, they endeavour'd to + persuade us to come on shoar; but we answer'd them with stern + Countenances, and call'd out, `Skerry', taking up our Guns, and threatning + to shoot at them, but they still cry'd `Bonny, Bonny': And when they saw + they could not prevail, nor persuade us to come on shoar, two of them came + off to us in a Canoe, one paddling with a great Cane, the other with his + Hand. As soon as they overtook us, they laid hold of our Boat, sweating + and blowing, and told us, it was `Bonny' on shoar, and at last persuaded + us to go on shoar with them. As soon as we landed, several Indians, to the + Number of near 40 lusty Men, came to us, all in a great Sweat, and told us + `Bonny': We shew'd 'em the Arrow-Head in the Boat-Side, and a Piece of the + Canoe we had cut in Pieces: Whereupon, the chief Man amongst them made a + long Speech, threw Beads into our Boat, which is a Sign of great Love and + Friendship, and gave us to understand, that when he heard of the Affront + which we had receiv'd, it caus'd him to cry; and that he and his Men were + come to make Peace with us, assuring us, by Signs, that they would tye the + Arms, and cut off the Head, of the Fellow who had done us that Wrong; And + for a farther Testimony of their Love and Good-Will towards us, they + presented us with two very handsome, proper, young Indian Women, the + tallest that ever we saw in this Country; which we suppos'd to be the + King's Daughters, or Persons of Distinction amongst them. Those young + Women were so ready to come into our Boat; that one of them crowded in, + and would hardly be persuaded to go out again. We presented the King with + a Hatchet and several Beads, and made Presents of Beads also to the young + Women, the chief Men, and the rest of the Indians, as far as our Beads + would go. They promis'd us, in four Days, to come on board our Ship, and + so departed from us. When we left the Place, which was soon after, we + call'd it Mount-Bonny, because we had there concluded a firm Peace. + Proceeding down the River 2 or 3 Leagues farther, we came to a Place where + were 9 or 10 Canoes all together. We went ashoar there, and found several + Indians; but most of them were the same which had made Peace with us + before. We staid very little at that Place, but went directly down the + River, and came to our Ship, before day. Thursday the 26th of November, + the Wind being at South, we could not go down to the River's Mouth; but on + Friday the 27th, we weigh'd at the Mouth of Hilton's River, and got down a + League towards the Harbour's Mouth. On Sunday the 29th, we got down to + Crane-Island, which is 4 Leagues or thereabouts, above the Entrance of the + Harbour's Mouth. On Tuesday the 1st of December, we made a Purchase of the + River and Land of Cape-Fair, of Wat-Coosa, and such other Indians, as + appear'd to us to be the chief of those Parts. They brought us Store of + fresh Fish aboard, as Mullets, Shads, and other sorts very good. This + River is all fresh Water, fit to drink. Some 8 Leagues within the Mouth, + the Tide runs up about 35 Leagues, but stops and rises a great deal + farther up. It flows at the Harbour's Mouth, S.E. and N.W. 6 Foot at + Neap-Tides, and 8 Foot at Spring-Tides. The Channel on the East side, by + the Cape-Shoar, is the best, and lies close aboard the Cape-Land, being 3 + Fathoms at high Water, in the shallowest Place in the Channel, just at the + Entrance; But as soon as you are past that Place, half a Cables Length + inward, you have 6 or 7 Fathoms, a fair turning Channel into the River, + and so continuing 5 or 6 Leagues upwards. Afterwards the Channel is more + difficult, in some Places 6 or 7 Fathoms, in others 4 or 5, and in others + but 9 or 10 Foot, especially where the River is broad. When the River + comes to part, and grows narrow, there it is all Channel from side to + side, in most Places; tho' in some you shall have 5, 6, or 7 Fathoms, but + generally 2 or 3, Sand and Oaze. We view'd the Cape-Land, and judg'd it to + be little worth, the Woods of it being shrubby and low, and the Land sandy + and barren; in some Places Grass and Rushes, in others nothing but clear + Sand: A Place fitter to starve Cattle, in our Judgment, than to keep 'em + alive; yet the Indians, as we understand, keep the English Cattle down + there, and suffer them not to go off of the said Cape, (as we suppose) + because the Country Indians shall have no Part with them; and therefore + 'tis likely, they have fallen out about them, which shall have the + greatest Share. They brought on board our Ship very good and fat Beef + several times, which they sold us at a very reasonable Price; also fat and + very large Swine, good and cheap; but they may thank their Friends of + New-England, who brought their Hogs to so fair a Market. Some of the + Indians brought very good Salt aboard us, and made Signs, pointing to both + sides of the River's Mouth, that there was great Store thereabouts. We saw + up the River, several good Places for the setting up of Corn or Saw-Mills. + In that time, as our Business call'd us up and down the River and + Branches, we kill'd of wild Fowl, 4 Swans, 10 Geese, 29 Cranes, 10 + Turkies, 40 Ducks and Mallards, 3 dozen of Parrakeeto's, and 6 dozen of + other small Fowls, as Curlues and Plover, &c. + </p> + <p> + Whereas there was a Writing left in a Post, at the Point of Cape-Fair + River, by those New-England-Men, that left Cattle with the Indians there, + the Contents whereof tended not only to the Disparagement of the Land + about the said River, but also to the great Discouragement of all such as + should hereafter come into those Parts to settle: In answer to that + scandalous Writing, We, whose Names are underwritten, do affirm, That we + have seen, facing both sides the River and Branches of Cape-Fair + aforesaid, as good Land, and as well timber'd, as any we have seen in any + other Part of the World, sufficient to accommodate Thousands of our + English Nation, and lying commodiously by the said River's Side. + </p> + <p> + On Friday the 4th of December, the Wind being fair, we put out to Sea, + bound for Barbados; and, on the 6th of February, 1664, came to an Anchor + in Carlisle-Bay; it having pleas'd God, after several apparent Dangers + both by Sea and Land, to bring us all in Safety to our long-wish'd-for and + much-desir'd Port, to render an Account of our Discovery; the Verity of + which we do assert. + </p> + <p> + Anthony Long. + </p> + <p> + William Hilton. + </p> + <p> + Peter Fabian. + </p> + <p> + Thus you have an Account of the Latitude, Soil, and Advantages of + Cape-Fair, or Clarendon-River, which was settled in the Year 1661, or + thereabouts; and had it not been for the irregular Practices of some of + that Colony against the Indians, by sending away some of their Children, + (as I have been told) under Pretence of instructing 'em in Learning, and + the Principles of the Christian Religion; which so disgusted the Indians, + that tho' they had then no Guns, yet they never gave over, till they had + entirely rid themselves of the English, by their Bows and Arrows; with + which they did not only take off themselves, but also their Stocks of + Cattle; And this was so much the more ruinous to them, in that they could + have no Assistance from South-Carolina, which was not then planted; and + the other Plantations were but in their Infancy. Were it not for such ill + Practices, I say, it might, in all Probability, have been, at this day, + the best Settlement in their Lordships great Province of Carolina. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Albemarl Sound and Rivers. + </p> + <p> + The Sound of Albemarl, with the Rivers and Creeks of that Country, afford + a very rich and durable Soil. The Land, in most Places, lies indifferent + low, (except in Chuwon, and high up the Rivers) but bears an incredible + Burden of Timber; the Low-Grounds being cover'd with Beech; and the + High-Land yielding lofty Oaks, Walnut-Trees, and other useful Timber. The + Country, in some Plantations, has yearly produc'd Indian Corn, or some + other Grain, ever since this Country was first seated, without the Trouble + of Manuring or Dressing; and yet (to all appearance) it seems not to be, + in the least, impoverish'd, neither do the Planters ever miss of a good + Crop, unless a very unnatural Season visits them, which seldom happens. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + OF THE CORN OF CAROLINA. + </h2> + <p class="side"> + Wheat. + </p> + <p> + The Wheat of this Place is very good, seldom yielding less than thirty + fold, provided the Land is good where it is sown; Not but that there has + been Sixty-six Increase for one measure sown in Piny-Land, which we + account the meanest Sort. And I have been inform'd, by People of Credit, + that Wheat which was planted in a very rich Piece of Land, brought a + hundred and odd Pecks, for one. If our Planters, when they found such + great Increase, would be so curious as to make nice Observations of the + Soil, and other remarkable Accidents, they would soon be acquainted with + the Nature of the Earth and Climate, and be better qualified to manage + their Agriculture to more Certainty, and greater Advantage; whereby they + might arrive to the Crops and Harvests of Babylon, and those other + fruitful Countries so much talk'd of. For I must confess, I never saw one + Acre of Land manag'd as it ought to be in Carolina, since I knew it; and + were they as negligent in their Husbandry in Europe, as they are in + Carolina, their Land would produce nothing but Weeds and Straw. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rye. + </p> + <p> + They have try'd Rye, and it thrives very well; but having such Plenty of + Maiz, they do not regard it, because it makes black Bread, unless very + curiously handled. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Barley. + </p> + <p> + Barley has been sowed in small quantities, and does better than can be + expected; because that Grain requires the Ground to be very well work'd + with repeated Ploughings, which our general Way of breaking the Earth with + Hoes, can, by no means, perform, tho' in several Places we have a light, + rich, deep, black Mould, which is the particular Soil in which Barley best + thrives. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Oats. + </p> + <p> + The naked Oats thrive extraordinary well; and the other would prove a very + bold Grain; but the Plenty of other Grains makes them not much coveted. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Maiz. + </p> + <p> + The Indian Corn, or Maiz, proves the most useful Grain in the World; and + had it not been for the Fruitfulness of this Species, it would have proved + very difficult to have settled some of the Plantations in America. It is + very nourishing, whether in Bread, sodden, or otherwise; And those poor + Christian Servants in Virginia, Maryland, and the other northerly + Plantations, that have been forced to live wholly upon it, do manifestly + prove, that it is the most nourishing Grain, for a Man to subsist on, + without any other Victuals. And this Assertion is made good by the + Negro-Slaves, who, in many Places, eat nothing but this Indian Corn and + Salt. Pigs and Poultry fed with this Grain, eat the sweetest of all + others. It refuses no Grounds, unless the barren Sands, and when planted + in good Ground, will repay the Planter seven or eight hundred fold; + besides the Stalks bruis'd and boil'd, make very pleasant Beer, being + sweet like the Sugar-Cane. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rice. + </p> + <p> + There are several sorts of Rice, some bearded, others not, besides the red + and white; But the white Rice is the best. Yet there is a sort of perfum'd + Rice in the East-Indies, which gives a curious Flavour, in the Dressing. + And with this sort America is not yet acquainted; neither can I learn, + that any of it has been brought over to Europe; the Rice of Carolina being + esteem'd the best that comes to that Quarter of the World. It is of great + Increase, yielding from eight hundred to a thousand-fold, and thrives best + in wild Land, that has never been broken up before. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Buck-Wheat. + </p> + <p> + Buck-Wheat is of great Increase in Carolina; but we make no other use of + it, than instead of Maiz, to feed Hogs and Poultry: + </p> + <p class="side"> + Guinea-Wheat. + </p> + <p> + And Guinea Corn, which thrives well here, serves for the same use. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pulse. Bushel-Bean. + </p> + <p> + Of the Pulse-kind, we have many sorts. The first is the Bushel-Bean, which + is a spontaneous Product. They are so called, because they bring a Bushel + of Beans for one that is planted. They are set in the Spring, round + Arbours, or at the Feet of Poles, up which they will climb, and cover the + Wattling, making a very pretty Shade to sit under. They continue + flowering, budding, and ripening all the Summer long, till the Frost + approaches, when they forbear their Fruit, and die. The Stalks they grow + on, come to the Thickness of a Man's Thumb; and the Bean is white and + mottled, with a purple Figure on each side it, like an Ear. They are very + flat, and are eaten as the Windsor-Bean is, being an extraordinary + well-relish'd Pulse, either by themselves, or with Meat. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Rouncevals. + </p> + <p> + We have the Indian Rounceval, or Miraculous Pease, so call'd from their + long Pods, and great Increase. These are latter Pease, and require a + pretty long Summer to ripen in. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pease and Beans. + </p> + <p> + They are very good; and so are the Bonavis, Calavancies, Nanticokes, and + abundance of other Pulse, too tedious here to name, which we found the + Indians possess'd of, when first we settled in America; some of which + sorts afford us two Crops in one Year; as the Bonavis and Calavancies, + besides several others of that kind. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Eng. Bean. + </p> + <p> + Now I am launch'd into a Discourse of the Pulse, I must acquaint you, that + the European Bean planted here, will, in time, degenerate into a dwarfish + sort, if not prevented by a yearly Supply of foreign Seed, and an + extravagant rich Soil; yet these Pigmy-Beans are the sweetest of that kind + I ever met withal. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pease. + </p> + <p> + As for all the sorts of English Pease that we have yet made tryal of, they + thrive very well in Carolina. Particularly, the white and gray Rouncival, + the common Field-Pease, and Sickle-Pease yield very well, and are of a + good Relish. As for the other sorts, I have not seen any made tryal of as + yet, but question not their coming to great Perfection with us. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Kidney-Bean. + </p> + <p> + The Kidney-Beans were here before the English came, being very plentiful + in the Indian Corn-Fields. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Roots. + </p> + <p> + The Garden-Roots that thrive well in Carolina, are Carrots, Leeks, + Parsnips, Turneps, Potatoes, of several delicate sorts, Ground Artichokes, + Radishes, Horse-Radish, Beet, both sorts, Onions, Shallot, Garlick, Cives, + and the Wild-Onions. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sallads. + </p> + <p> + The Sallads are the Lettice, Curl'd, Red, Cabbage, and Savoy. The Spinage + round and prickly, Fennel, sweet and the common Sort, Samphire in the + Marshes excellent, so is the Dock or Wild-Rhubarb, Rocket, Sorrel, French + and English, Cresses of several Sorts, Purslain wild, and that of a larger + Size which grows in the Gardens; + </p> + <p class="side"> + No Purslain in Indian Fields. + </p> + <p> + for this Plant is never met withal in the Indian Plantations, and is, + therefore, suppos'd to proceed from Cow-Dung, which Beast they keep not. + Parsley two Sorts; Asparagus thrives to a Miracle, without hot Beds or + dunging the Land, White-Cabbage from European or New-England Seed, for the + People are negligent and unskilful, and don't take care to provide Seed of + their own. The Colly-Flower we have not yet had an Opportunity to make + Tryal of, nor has the Artichoke ever appear'd amongst us, that I can + learn. Coleworts plain and curl'd, Savoys; besides the Water-Melons of + several Sorts, very good, which should have gone amongst the Fruits. Of + Musk-Melons we have very large and good, and several Sorts, as the Golden, + Green, Guinea, and Orange. Cucumbers long, short, and prickly, all these + from the Natural Ground, and great Increase, without any Helps of Dung or + Reflection. Pompions yellow and very large, Burmillions, Cashaws, an + excellent Fruit boil'd; Squashes, Simnals, Horns, and Gourds; besides many + other Species, of less Value, too tedious to name. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pot-herbs, and others for Physick. + </p> + <p> + Our Pot-herbs and others of use, which we already possess, are Angelica + wild and tame, Balm, Bugloss, Borage, Burnet, Clary, Marigold, + Pot-Marjoram, and other Marjorams, Summer and Winter Savory, Columbines, + Tansey, Wormwood, Nep, Mallows several Sorts, Drage red and white, Lambs + Quarters, Thyme, Hyssop of a very large Growth, sweet Bazil, Rosemary, + Lavender: The more Physical, are Carduus Benedictus, the Scurvy-grass of + America, I never here met any of the European sort; Tobacco of many sorts, + Dill, Carawa, Cummin, Anise, Coriander, all sorts of Plantain of England, + and two sorts spontaneous, good Vulneraries; Elecampane, Comfrey, Nettle, + the Seed from England, none Native; Monks Rhubarb, Burdock, Asarum wild in + the Woods, reckon'd one of the Snake-Roots; Poppies in the Garden, none + wild yet discover'd; Wormseed, Feverfew, Rue, Ground-Ivy spontaneous, but + very small and scarce, Aurea virga, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rattle-Snakes. + </p> + <p> + four sorts of Snake-Roots, besides the common Species, which are great + Antidotes against that Serpent's Bite, and are easily rais'd in the + Garden; Mint; + </p> + <p class="side"> + James-Town-Weed, the Seed like Onion Seed. + </p> + <p> + James-Town-Weed, so called from Virginia, the Seed it bears is very like + that of an Onion; it is excellent for curing Burns, and asswaging + Inflammations, but taken inwardly brings on a sort of drunken Madness. One + of our Marsh-Weeds, like a Dock, has the same Effect, and possesses the + Party with Fear and Watchings. The Red-Root whose Leaf is like Spear-Mint, + is good for Thrushes and sore Mouths; Camomil, but it must be kept in the + Shade, otherwise it will not thrive; Housleek first from England; Vervin; + Night-Shade, several kinds; Harts-Tongue; Yarrow abundance, Mullein the + same, both of the Country; Sarsaparilla, and abundance more I could name, + yet not the hundredth part of what remains, a Catalogue of which is a Work + of many Years, and without any other Subject, would swell to a large + Volume, and requires the Abilities of a skilful Botanist: Had not the + ingenious Mr. Banister (the greatest Virtuoso we ever had on the + Continent) been unfortunately taken out of this World, he would have given + the best Account of the Plants of America, of any that ever yet made such + an Attempt in these Parts. Not but we are satisfy'd, the Species of + Vegetables in Carolina, are so numerous, that it requires more than one + Man's Age to bring the chiefest Part of them into regular Classes; the + Country being so different in its Situation and Soil, that what one place + plentifully affords, another is absolutely a stranger to; yet we generally + observe, that the greatest Variety is found in the Low Grounds, and + Savanna's. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Flowers. + </p> + <p> + The Flower-Garden in Carolina is as yet arriv'd but to a very poor and + jejune Perfection. We have only two sorts of Roses; the + Clove-July-Flowers, Violets, Princes Feather, and Tres Colores. There has + been nothing more cultivated in the Flower-Garden, which, at present, + occurs to my Memory; but as for the wild spontaneous Flowers of this + Country, Nature has been so liberal, that I cannot name one tenth part of + the valuable ones; And since, to give Specimens, would only swell the + Volume, and give little Satisfaction to the Reader, I shall therefore + proceed to the Present State of Carolina, and refer the Shrubs and other + Vegetables of larger Growth, till hereafter, and then shall deliver them + and the other Species in their Order. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE PRESENT STATE OF CAROLINA. + </h2> + <p> + When we consider the Latitude and convenient Situation of Carolina, had we + no farther Confirmation thereof, our Reason would inform us, that such a + Place lay fairly to be a delicious Country, being placed in that Girdle of + the World which affords Wine, Oil, Fruit, Grain, and Silk, with other rich + Commodities, besides a sweet Air, moderate Climate, and fertile Soil; + these are the Blessings (under Heaven's Protection) that spin out the + Thread of Life to its utmost Extent, and crown our Days with the Sweets of + Health and Plenty, which, when join'd with Content, renders the Possessors + the happiest Race of Men upon Earth. + </p> + <p class="side"> + The Present State of Carolina. + </p> + <p> + The Inhabitants of Carolina, thro' the Richness of the Soil, live an easy + and pleasant Life. The Land being of several sorts of Compost, some stiff, + others light, some marl, others rich black Mould; here barren of Pine, but + affording Pitch, Tar, and Masts; there vastly rich, especially on the + Freshes of the Rivers, one part bearing great Timbers, others being + Savanna's or natural Meads, where no Trees grow for several Miles, adorn'd + by Nature with a pleasant Verdure, and beautiful Flowers, frequent in no + other Places, yielding abundance of Herbage for Cattle, Sheep, and Horse. + The Country in general affords pleasant Seats, the Land (except in some + few Places) being dry and high Banks, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Necks of Land. + </p> + <p> + parcell'd out into most convenient Necks, (by the Creeks) easy to be + fenced in for securing their Stocks to more strict Boundaries, whereby, + with a small trouble of fencing, almost every Man may enjoy, to himself, + an entire Plantation, or rather Park. These, with the other Benefits of + Plenty of Fish, Wild-Fowl, Venison, and the other Conveniencies which this + Summer-Country naturally furnishes, has induc'd a great many Families to + leave the more Northerly Plantations, and sit down under one of the + mildest Governments in the World; in a Country that, with moderate + Industry, will afford all the Necessaries of Life. We have yearly + abundance of Strangers come among us, who chiefly strive to go Southerly + to settle, because there is a vast Tract of rich Land betwixt the Place we + are seated in, and Cape-Fair, and upon that River, and more Southerly, + which is inhabited by none but a few Indians, who are at this time well + affected to the English, and very desirous of their coming to live among + them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Purchase of Land. + </p> + <p> + The more Southerly, the milder Winters, with the Advantages of purchasing + the Lords Land at the most easy and moderate Rate of any Lands in America, + nay (allowing all Advantages thereto annex'd) I may say, the Universe does + not afford such another; Besides, Men have a great Advantage of choosing + good and commodious Tracts of Land at the first Seating of a Country or + River, whereas the later Settlers are forced to purchase smaller Dividends + of the old Standers, and sometimes at very considerable Rates; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Land in Virginia and Maryland. + </p> + <p> + as now in Virginia and Maryland, where a thousand Acres of good Land + cannot be bought under twenty Shillings an Acre, besides two Shillings + yearly Acknowledgment for every hundred Acres; which Sum, be it more or + less, will serve to put the Merchant or Planter here into a good posture + of Buildings, Slaves, and other Necessaries, when the Purchase of his Land + comes to him on such easy Terms. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Stocks Increase. + </p> + <p> + And as our Grain and Pulse thrives with us to admiration, no less do our + Stocks of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, and Swine multiply. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Beef. + </p> + <p> + The Beef of Carolina equalizes the best that our neighbouring Colonies + afford; the Oxen are of a great size when they are suffer'd to live to a + fit Age. I have seen fat and good Beef at all times of the Year, but + October and the cool Months are the Seasons we kill our Beeves in, when we + intend them for Salting or Exportation; for then they are in their prime + of Flesh, all coming from Grass, we never using any other Food for our + Cattle. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Heifers. + </p> + <p> + The Heifers bring Calves at eighteen or twenty Months old, which makes + such a wonderful Increase, that many of our Planters, from very mean + Beginnings, have rais'd themselves, and are now Masters of hundreds of fat + Beeves, and other Cattle. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Veal. + </p> + <p> + The Veal is very good and white, so is the Milk very pleasant and rich, + there being, at present, considerable Quantities of Butter and Cheese + made, that is very good, not only serving our own Necessities, but we send + out a great deal among our Neighbours. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sheep. + </p> + <p> + The Sheep thrive very well at present, having most commonly two Lambs at + one yeaning: As the Country comes to be open'd, they prove still better, + Change of Pasture being agreeable to that useful Creature. Mutton is + (generally) exceeding Fat, and of a good Relish; their Wool is very fine, + and proves a good Staple. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Horses. + </p> + <p> + The Horses are well-shap'd and swift; the best of them would sell for ten + or twelve Pounds in England. They prove excellent Drudges, and will travel + incredible Journeys. They are troubled with very few Distempers, neither + do the cloudy-fac'd grey Horses go blind here, as in Europe. As for + Spavins, Splints, and Ring-Bones, they are here never met withal, as I can + learn. Were we to have our Stallions and choice of Mares from England, or + any other of a good Sort, and careful to keep them on the Highlands, we + could not fail of a good Breed; but having been supply'd with our first + Horses from the neighbouring Plantations, which were but mean, they do not + as yet come up to the Excellency of the English Horses; tho' we generally + find, that the Colt exceeds, in Beauty and Strength, its Sire and Dam. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Swine. + </p> + <p> + The Pork exceeds any in Europe; the great Diversity and Goodness of the + Acorns and Nuts which the Woods afford, making that Flesh of an excellent + Taste, and produces great Quantities; so that Carolina (if not the chief) + is not inferior, in this one Commodity, to any Colony in the hands of the + English. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Goats. + </p> + <p> + As for Goats, they have been found to thrive and increase well, but being + mischievous to Orchards and other Trees, makes People decline keeping + them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Produce. + </p> + <p> + Our Produce for Exportation to Europe and the Islands in America, are + Beef, Pork, Tallow, Hides, Deer-Skins, Furs, Pitch, Tar, Wheat, + Indian-Corn, Pease, Masts, Staves, Heading, Boards, and all sorts of + Timber and Lumber for Madera and the West-Indies; Rozin, Turpentine, and + several sorts of Gums and Tears, with some medicinal Drugs, are here + produc'd; Besides Rice, and several other foreign Grains, which thrive + very well. Good Bricks and Tiles are made, and several sorts of useful + Earths, as Bole, Fullers-Earth, Oaker, and Tobacco-pipe-Clay, in great + plenty; Earths for the Potters Trade, and fine Sand for the Glass-makers. + In building with Bricks, we make our Lime of Oyster-Shells, tho' we have + great Store of Lime-stone, towards the Heads of our Rivers, where are + Stones of all sorts that are useful, besides vast Quantities of excellent + Marble. Iron-Stone we have plenty of, both in the Low-Grounds and on the + Hills; Lead and Copper has been found, so has Antimony heretofore; But no + Endeavours have been us'd to discover those Subteraneous Species; + otherwise we might, in all probability, find out the best of Minerals, + which are not wanting in Carolina. Hot Baths we have an account of from + the Indians that frequent the Hill-Country, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Salt-peter. + </p> + <p> + where a great likelihood appears of making Salt-peter, because the Earth, + in many places, is strongly mix'd with a nitrous Salt, which is much + coveted by the Beasts, who come at some Seasons in great Droves and Herds, + and by their much licking of this Earth, make great Holes in those Banks, + which sometimes lie at the heads of great Precipices, where their + Eagerness after this Salt hastens their End, by falling down the high + Banks, so that they are dash'd in Pieces. It must be confess'd, that the + most noble and sweetest Part of this Country, is not inhabited by any but + the Savages; and a great deal of the richest Part thereof, has no + Inhabitants but the Beasts of the Wilderness: For, the Indians are not + inclinable to settle in the richest Land, because the Timbers are too + large for them to cut down, and too much burthen'd with Wood for their + Labourers to make Plantations of; besides, the Healthfulness of those + Hills is apparent, by the Gigantick Stature, and Gray-Heads, so common + amongst the Savages that dwell near the Mountains. The great Creator of + all things, having most wisely diffus'd his Blessings, by parcelling out + the Vintages of the World, into such Lots, as his wonderful Foresight saw + most proper, requisite, and convenient for the Habitations of his + Creatures. Towards the Sea, we have the Conveniency of Trade, + Transportation, and other Helps the Water affords; but oftentimes, those + Advantages are attended with indifferent Land, a thick Air, and other + Inconveniences; when backwards, near the Mountains, you meet with the + richest Soil, a sweet, thin Air, dry Roads, pleasant small murmuring + Streams, and several beneficial Productions and Species, which are unknown + in the European World. One Part of this Country affords what the other is + wholly a Stranger to. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Chalybeate Waters. + </p> + <p> + We have Chalybeate Waters of several Tastes and different Qualities; some + purge, others work by the other Emunctories. We have, amongst the + Inhabitants, a Water, that is, inwardly, a great Apersive, and, outwardly, + cures Ulcers, Tettars, and Sores, by washing therewith. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Coal-Mine in Virginia. + </p> + <p> + There has been a Coal-Mine lately found near the Mannakin Town, above the + Falls of James-River in Virginia, which proves very good, and is us'd by + the Smiths, for their Forges; and we need not doubt of the same amongst + us, towards the Heads of our Rivers; but the Plenty of Wood (which is much + the better Fuel) makes us not inquisitive after Coal-Mines. + </p> + <p class="side"> + French Refugees. + </p> + <p> + Most of the French, who lived at that Town on James-River, are remov'd to + Trent-River, in North-Carolina, where the rest were expected daily to come + to them, when I came away, which was in August, 1708. They are much taken + with the Pleasantness of that Country, and, indeed, are a very industrious + People. At present, they make very good Linnen-Cloath and Thread, and are + very well vers'd in cultivating Hemp and Flax, of both which they raise + very considerable Quantities; and design to try an Essay of the Grape, for + making of Wine. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Planters. + </p> + <p> + As for those of our own Country in Carolina, some of the Men are very + laborious, and make great Improvements in their Way; but I dare hardly + give 'em that Character in general. The easy Way of living in that + plentiful Country, makes a great many Planters very negligent, which, were + they otherwise, that Colony might now have been in a far better Condition + than it is, (as to Trade, and other Advantages) which an universal + Industry would have led them into. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Women good Houswives. + </p> + <p> + The Women are the most industrious Sex in that Place, and, by their good + Houswifry, make a great deal of Cloath of their own Cotton, Wool and Flax; + some of them keeping their Families (though large) very decently + apparel'd, both with Linnens and Woollens, so that they have no occasion + to run into the Merchant's Debt, or lay their Money out on Stores for + Cloathing. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Natives of Carolina. + </p> + <p> + The Christian Natives of Carolina are a straight, clean-limb'd People; the + Children being seldom or never troubled with Rickets, or those other + Distempers, that the Europeans are visited withal. 'Tis next to a Miracle, + to see one of them deform'd in Body. The Vicinity of the Sun makes + Impression on the Men, who labour out of doors, or use the Water. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Beautiful. + </p> + <p> + As for those Women, that do not expose themselves to the Weather, they are + often very fair, and generally as well featur'd, as you shall see any + where, and have very brisk charming Eyes, which sets them off to + Advantage. They marry very young; some at Thirteen or Fourteen; and She + that stays till Twenty, is reckon'd a stale Maid; which is a very + indifferent Character in that warm Country. The Women are very fruitful; + most Houses being full of Little Ones. It has been observ'd, that Women + long marry'd, and without Children, in other Places, have remov'd to + Carolina, and become joyful Mothers. They have very easy Travail in their + Child-bearing, in which they are so happy, as seldom to miscarry. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Not Passionate. + </p> + <p> + Both Sexes are generally spare of Body, and not Cholerick, nor easily cast + down at Disappointments and Losses, seldom immoderately grieving at + Misfortunes, unless for the Loss of their nearest Relations and Friends, + which seems to make a more than ordinary Impression upon them. Many of the + Women are very handy in Canoes, and will manage them with great Dexterity + and Skill, which they become accustomed to in this watry Country. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Good Wives. + </p> + <p> + They are ready to help their Husbands in any servile Work, as Planting, + when the Season of the Weather requires Expedition; Pride seldom banishing + good Houswifry. The Girls are not bred up to the Wheel, and Sewing only; + but the Dairy and Affairs of the House they are very well acquainted + withal; so that you shall see them, whilst very young, manage their + Business with a great deal of Conduct and Alacrity. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Natives are docile. + </p> + <p> + The Children of both Sexes are very docile, and learn any thing with a + great deal of Ease and Method; and those that have the Advantages of + Education, write good Hands, and prove good Accountants, which is most + coveted, and indeed most necessary in these Parts. The young Men are + commonly of a bashful, sober Behaviour; + </p> + <p class="side"> + No Prodigals. + </p> + <p> + few proving Prodigals, to consume what the Industry of their Parents has + left them, but commonly improve it. The marrying so young, carries a + double Advantage with it, and that is, that the Parents see their Children + provided for in Marriage, and the young married People are taught by their + Parents, how to get their Living; for their Admonitions make great + Impressions on their Children. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Great Age of Americans. + </p> + <p> + I had heard (before I knew this new World) that the Natives of America + were a short-liv'd People, which, by all the Observations I could ever + make, proves quite contrary; for those who are born here, and in other + Colonies, live to as great Ages as any of the Europeans, the Climate being + free from Consumptions, which Distemper, fatal to England, they are + Strangers to. And as the Country becomes more clear'd of Wood, it still + becomes more healthful to the Inhabitants, and less addicted to the Ague; + which is incident to most new Comers into America from Europe, yet not + mortal. A gentle Emetick seldom misses of driving it away, but if it is + not too troublesome, 'tis better to let the Seasoning have its own Course, + in which case, the Party is commonly free from it ever after, and very + healthful. + </p> + <p> + And now, as to the other Advantages the Country affords, we cannot guess + at them at present, because, as I said before, the best Part of this + Country is not inhabited by the English, from whence probably will + hereafter spring Productions that this Age does not dream of, and of much + more Advantage to the Inhabitants than any things we are yet acquainted + withal: And as for several Productions of other Countries, much in the + same Latitude, we may expect, with good Management, they will become + familiar to us, as Wine, Oil, Fruit, Silk, and other profitable + Commodities, such as Drugs, Dyes, &c. And at present the Curious may + have a large Field to satisfy and divert themselves in, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Collections. + </p> + <p> + as Collections of strange Beasts, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, Shells, + Fishes, Minerals, Herbs, Flowers, Plants, Shrubs, intricate Roots, Gums, + Tears, Rozins, Dyes, and Stones, with several other that yield + Satisfaction and Profit to those, whose Inclinations tend that Way. And as + for what may be hop'd for, towards a happy Life and Being, by such as + design to remove thither, I shall add this; That with prudent Management, + I can affirm, by Experience, not by Hear-say, That any Person, with a + small Beginning, may live very comfortably, and not only provide for the + Necessaries of Life, but likewise for those that are to succeed him; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Provisions very cheap. + </p> + <p> + Provisions being very plentiful, and of good Variety, to accommodate + genteel House-keeping; and the neighbouring Indians are friendly, and in + many Cases serviceable to us, in making us Wares to catch Fish in, for a + small matter, which proves of great Advantage to large Families, because + those Engines take great Quantities of many Sorts of Fish, that are very + good and nourishing: + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians Hunters. + </p> + <p> + Some of them hunt and fowl for us at reasonable Rates, the Country being + as plentifully provided with all Sorts of Game, as any Part of America; + the poorer Sort of Planters often get them to plant for them, by hiring + them for that Season, or for so much Work, which commonly comes very + reasonable. Moreover, it is remarkable, That no Place on the Continent of + America, has seated an English Colony so free from Blood-shed, as + Carolina; but all the others have been more damag'd and disturb'd by the + Indians, than they have; which is worthy Notice, when we consider how + oddly it was first planted with Inhabitants. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fishing-Trade. + </p> + <p> + The Fishing-Trade in Carolina might be carried on to great Advantage, + considering how many Sorts of excellent Fish our Sound and Rivers afford, + which cure very well with Salt, as has been experienced by some small + Quantities, which have been sent abroad, and yielded a good Price. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Whale-Fishing. + </p> + <p> + As for the Whale-fishing, it is no otherwise regarded than by a few People + who live on the Sand-Banks; and those only work on dead Fish cast on + shoar, none being struck on our Coast, as they are to the Northward; + altho' we have Plenty of Whales there. Great Plenty is generally the Ruin + of Industry. Thus our Merchants are not many, nor have those few there be, + apply'd themselves to the European Trade. The Planter sits contented at + home, whilst his Oxen thrive and grow fat, and his Stocks daily increase; + The fatted Porkets and Poultry are easily rais'd to his Table, and his + Orchard affords him Liquor, so that he eats, and drinks away the Cares of + the World, and desires no greater Happiness, than that which he daily + enjoys. Whereas, not only the European, but also the Indian-Trade, might + be carried on to a great Profit, because we lie as fairly for the Body of + Indians, as any Settlement in English-America; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian-Trade. + </p> + <p> + And for the small Trade that has been carried on in that Way, the Dealers + therein have throve as fast as any Men, and the soonest rais'd themselves + of any People I have known in Carolina. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Climate. + </p> + <p> + Lastly, As to the Climate, it is very healthful; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Summer. + </p> + <p> + our Summer is not so hot as in other places to the Eastward in the same + Latitude; + </p> + <p class="side"> + No Earthquakes. + </p> + <p> + neither are we ever visited by Earthquakes, as many places in Italy and + other Summer-Countries are. Our Northerly Winds, in Summer, cool the Air, + and free us from pestilential Fevers, which Spain, Barbary, and the + neighbouring Countries in Europe, &c. are visited withal. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Serene. + </p> + <p> + Our Sky is generally serene and clear, and the Air very thin, in + comparison of many Parts of Europe, where Consumptions and Catarrhs reign + amongst the Inhabitants. The Winter has several Fitts of sharp Weather, + especially when the Wind is at N.W. which always clears the Sky, though + never so thick before. However, such Weather is very agreeable to European + Bodies, and makes them healthy. The N.E. Winds blowing in Winter, bring + with them thick Weather, and, in the Spring, sometimes, blight the Fruits; + but they very seldom endure long, being blown away by Westerly Winds, and + then all becomes fair and clear again. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Spring. + </p> + <p> + Our Spring, in Carolina, is very beautiful, and the most pleasant Weather + a Country can enjoy. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fall. + </p> + <p> + The Fall is accompanied with cool Mornings, which come in towards the + latter end of August, and so continue (most commonly) very moderate + Weather till about Christmas; then Winter comes on apace. Tho' these + Seasons are very piercing, yet the Cold is of no continuance. Perhaps, you + will have cold Weather for three or four days at a time; then pleasant + warm Weather follows, such as you have in England, about the latter end of + April or beginning of May. In the Year 1707, we had the severest Winter in + Carolina, that ever was known since the English came to settle there; for + our Rivers, that were not above half a Mile wide, and fresh Water, were + frozen over; and some of them, in the North-part of this Country, were + passable for People to walk over. + </p> + <p class="side"> + No Frontier. + </p> + <p> + One great Advantage of North-Carolina is, That we are not a Frontier, and + near the Enemy; which proves very chargeable and troublesome, in time of + War, to those Colonies that are so seated. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Near Virginia. + </p> + <p> + Another great Advantage comes from its being near Virginia, where we come + often to a good Market, at the Return of the Guinea-Ships for Negro's, and + the Remnant of their Stores, which is very commodious for the + Indian-Trade; besides, in War-time, we lie near at hand to go under their + Convoy, and to sell our Provisions to the Tobacco-fleets; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mariland. + </p> + <p> + for the Planting of Tobacco generally in those Colonies, prevents their + being supplyed with Stores, sufficient for victualling their Ships. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Necessaries for Carolina. + </p> + <p> + As for the Commodities, which are necessary to carry over to this + Plantation, for Use and Merchandize, and are, therefore, requisite for + those to have along with them, that intend to transport themselves + thither, they are Guns, Powder and Shot, Flints, Linnens of all sorts, but + chiefly ordinary Blues, Osnabrugs, Scotch and Irish Linnen, and some fine: + Mens and Womens Cloaths ready made up, some few Broad-Cloaths, Kerseys and + Druggets; to which you must add Haberdashers-Wares, Hats about Five or Six + Shillings apiece, and a few finer; a few Wiggs, not long, and pretty thin + of Hair; thin Stuffs for Women; Iron-Work, as Nails, Spades, Axes, broad + and narrow Hoes, Frows, Wedges, and Saws of all sorts, with other Tools + for Carpenters, Joiners, Coopers, Shoemakers, Shave-locks, &c. all + which, and others which are necessary for the Plantations, you may be + inform'd of, and buy at very reasonable Rates, of Mr. James Gilbert, + Ironmonger, in Mitre-Tavern-Yard, near Aldgate. You may also be used very + kindly, for your Cuttlery-Ware, and other advantageous Merchandizes, and + your Cargo's well sorted, by Capt. Sharp, at the Blue-gate in + Cannon-street; and for Earthen-Ware, Window-Glass, Grind-Stones, + Mill-Stones, Paper, Ink-Powder, Saddles, Bridles, and what other things + you are minded to take with you, for Pleasure or Ornament. + </p> + <p> + And now, I shall proceed to the rest of the Vegetables, that are common in + Carolina, in reference to the Place where I left off, which is the Natural + History of that Country. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CAROLINA. + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + OF THE VEGETABLES OF CAROLINA. + </h2> + <p> + The spontaneous Shrubs of this Country, are, the Lark-heel-Tree; three + sorts of Hony-Suckle-Tree, the first of which grows in Branches, as our + Piemento-Tree does, that is, always in low, moist Ground; the other grows + in clear, dry Land, the Flower more cut and lacerated; the third, which is + the most beautiful, and, I think, the most charming Flower of its Colour, + I ever saw, grows betwixt two and three Foot high, and for the most part, + by the side of a swampy Wood, or on the Banks of our Rivers, but never + near the Salt-Water. All the Sorts are white; the last grows in a great + Bunch of these small Hony-Suckles set upon one chief Stem, and is commonly + the Bigness of a large Turnep. Nothing can appear more beautiful than + these Bushes, when in their Splendour, which is in April and May. The next + is the Honey-Suckle of the Forest; it grows about a Foot high, bearing its + Flowers on small Pedestals, several of them standing on the main Stock, + which is the Thickness of a Wheat-Straw. We have also the Wood-bind, much + the same as in England; Princes-feather, very large and beautiful in the + Garden; Tres-Colores, branch'd Sun-flower, Double Poppies, Lupines, of + several pretty sorts, spontaneous; and the Sensible Plant is said to be + near the Mountains, which I have not yet seen. Saf-Flower; (and I believe, + the Saffron of England would thrive here, if planted) the yellow Jessamin + is wild in our Woods, of a pleasant Smell. Ever-Greens are here + plentifully found, of a very quick Growth, and pleasant Shade; Cypress, or + white Cedar, the Pitch Pine, the yellow Pine, the white Pine with long + Leaves; and the smaller Almond-Pine, which last bears Kernels in the + Apple, tasting much like an Almond; and in some years there falls such + plenty, as to make the Hogs fat. Horn-Beam; Cedar, two sorts; Holly, two + sorts; Bay-Tree, two sorts; one the Dwarf-Bay, about twelve Foot high; the + other the Bigness of a middling Pine-Tree, about two Foot and half + Diameter; Laurel-Trees, in Height equalizing the lofty Oaks; the Berries + and Leaves of this Tree dyes a Yellow; the Bay-Berries yield a Wax, which + besides its Use in Chirurgery, makes Candles that, in burning, give a + fragrant Smell. The Cedar-Berries are infused, and made Beer of, by the + Bermudians, they are Carminative, and much of the Quality of + Juniper-Berries; Yew and Box I never saw or heard of in this Country: + There are two sorts of Myrtles, different in Leaf and Berry; the Berry + yields Wax that makes Candles, the most lasting, and of the sweetest Smell + imaginable. Some mix half Tallow with this Wax, others use it without + Mixture; and these are fit for a Lady's Chamber, and incomparable to pass + the Line withal, and other hot Countries, because they will stand, when + others will melt, by the excessive Heat, down in the Binacles. Ever-green + Oak, two sorts; Gall-Berry-Tree, bearing a black Berry, with which the + Women dye their Cloaths and Yarn black; 'tis a pretty Ever-green, and very + plentiful, growing always in low swampy Grounds, and amongst Ponds. We + have a Prim or Privet, which grows on the dry, barren, sandy Hills, by the + Sound side; it bears a smaller sort than that in England, and grows into a + round Bush, very beautiful. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Yaupon. + </p> + <p> + Last of Bushes, (except Savine, which grows every where wild) is the + famous Yaupon, of which I find two sorts, if not three. I shall speak + first of the Nature of this Plant, and afterwards account for the + different Sorts. This Yaupon, call'd by the South-Carolina Indians, + Cassena, is a Bush, that grows chiefly on the Sand-Banks and Islands, + bordering on the Sea of Carolina; on this Coast it is plentifully found, + and in no other Place that I know of. It grows the most like Box, of any + Vegetable that I know, being very like it in Leaf, only dented exactly + like Tea, but the Leaf somewhat fatter. I cannot say, whether it bears any + Flower, but a Berry it does, about the Bigness of a Grain of Pepper, being + first red, then brown when ripe, which is in December; Some of these + Bushes grow to be twelve Foot high, others are three or four. The Wood + thereof is brittle as Myrtle, and affords a light ash-colour'd Bark. There + is sometimes found of it in Swamps and rich low Grounds, which has the + same figured Leaf, only it is larger, and of a deeper Green; This may be + occasion'd by the Richness that attends the low Grounds thus situated. The + third Sort has the same kind of Leaf, but never grows a Foot high, and is + found both in rich, low Land, and on the Sand-Hills. I don't know that + ever I found any Seed, or Berries on the dwarfish Sort, yet I find no + Difference in Taste, when Infusion is made: Cattle and Sheep delight in + this Plant very much, and so do the Deer, all which crop it very short, + and browze thereon, wheresoever they meet with it. I have transplanted the + Sand-Bank and dwarfish Yaupon, and find that the first Year, the Shrubs + stood at a stand; but the second Year they throve as well as in their + native Soil. This Plant is the Indian Tea, us'd and approv'd by all the + Savages on the Coast of Carolina, and from them sent to the Westward + Indians, and sold at a considerable Price. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Curing the Yaupon. + </p> + <p> + All which they cure after the same way, as they do for themselves; which + is thus: They take this Plant (not only the Leaves, but the smaller Twigs + along with them) and bruise it in a Mortar, till it becomes blackish, the + Leaf being wholly defaced: Then they take it out, put it into one of their + earthen Pots which is over the Fire, till it smoaks; stirring it all the + time, till it is cur'd. Others take it, after it is bruis'd, and put it + into a Bowl, to which they put live Coals, and cover them with the Yaupon, + till they have done smoaking, often turning them over. After all, they + spread it upon their Mats, and dry it in the Sun to keep for Use. The + Spaniards in New-Spain have this Plant very plentifully on the Coast of + Florida, and hold it in great Esteem. Sometimes they cure it as the + Indians do; or else beat it to a Powder, so mix it, as Coffee; yet before + they drink it, they filter the same. They prefer it above all Liquids, to + drink with Physick, to carry the same safely and speedily thro' the + Passages, for which it is admirable, as I myself have experimented. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Timber. + </p> + <p> + In the next Place, I shall speak of the Timber that Carolina affords, + which is as follows. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Chesnut-Oak. + </p> + <p> + Chesnut-Oak, is a very lofty Tree, clear of Boughs and Limbs, for fifty or + 60 Foot. They bear sometimes four or five Foot through all clear Timber; + and are the largest Oaks we have, yielding the fairest Plank. They grow + chiefly in low Land, that is stiff and rich. I have seen of them so high, + that a good Gun could not reach a Turkey, tho' loaded with Swan-Shot. They + are call'd Chesnut, because of the Largeness and Sweetness of the Acorns. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Scaly Oaks. + </p> + <p> + White, Scaly-bark Oak; This is used, as the former, in building Sloops and + Ships. Tho' it bears a large Acorn, yet it never grows to the Bulk and + Height of the Chesnut Oak. It is so call'd, because of a scaly, broken, + white Bark, that covers this Tree, growing on dry Land. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red Oak. + </p> + <p> + We have Red Oak, sometimes, in good Land, very large, and lofty. 'Tis a + porous Wood, and used to rive into Rails for Fences. 'Tis not very + durable; yet some use this, as well as the two former, for Pipe and + Barrel-Staves. It makes good Clap-boards. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Spanish Oak. + </p> + <p> + Spanish Oak is free to rive, bears a whitish, smooth Bark; and rives very + well into Clap-boards. It is accounted durable, therefore some use to + build Vessels with it for the Sea; it proving well and durable. These all + bear good Mast for the Swine. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bastard Spanish. + </p> + <p> + Bastard-Spanish is an Oak betwixt the Spanish and Red Oak; the chief Use + is for Fencing and Clap-boards. It bears good Acorns. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Black Oak. + </p> + <p> + The next is Black Oak, which is esteem'd a durable Wood, under Water; but + sometimes it is used in House-work. It bears a good Mast for Hogs. + </p> + <p class="side"> + White Iron. + </p> + <p> + White Iron, or Ring-Oak, is so call'd, from the Durability and lasting + Quality of this Wood. It chiefly grows on dry, lean Land, and seldom fails + of bearing a plentiful Crop of Acorns. This Wood is found to be very + durable, and is esteem'd the best Oak for Ship-work that we have in + Carolina; for tho' Live Oak be more lasting, yet it seldom allows Planks + of any considerable Length. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Turkey Oak. + </p> + <p> + Turkey-Oak is so call'd from a small Acorn it bears, which the wild + Turkeys feed on. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Live Oak. + </p> + <p> + Live-Oak chiefly grows on dry, sandy Knolls. This is an Ever-green, and + the most durable Oak all America affords. The Shortness of this Wood's + Bowl, or Trunk, makes it unfit for Plank to build Ships withal. There are + some few Trees, that would allow a Stock of twelve Foot, but the Firmness + and great Weight thereof, frightens our Sawyers from the Fatigue that + attends the cutting of this Timber. A Nail once driven therein, 'tis next + to an Impossibility to draw it out. The Limbs thereof are so cur'd, that + they serve for excellent Timbers, Knees, &c. for Vessels of any sort. + The Acorns thereof are as sweet as Chesnuts, and the Indians draw an Oil + from them, as sweet as that from the Olive, tho' of an Amber-Colour. With + these Nuts, or Acorns, some have counterfeited the Cocoa, whereof they + have made Chocolate, not to be distinguish'd by a good Palate. + Window-Frames, Mallets, and Pins for Blocks, are made thereof, to an + excellent Purpose. I knew two Trees of this Wood among the Indians, which + were planted from the Acorn, and grew in the Freshes, and never saw any + thing more beautiful of that kind. They are of an indifferent quick + Growth; of which there are two sorts. The Acorns make very fine Pork. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Willow Oak. + </p> + <p> + Willow-Oak is a sort of Water-Oak. It grows in Ponds and Branches, and is + useful for many things. It is so call'd, from the Leaf, which very much + resembles a Willow. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fresh-water Oak. + </p> + <p> + The Live Oak grows in the fresh Water Ponds and Swamps, by the River + sides, and in low Ground overflown with Water; and is a perennial Green. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Ash. + </p> + <p> + Of Ash we have two sorts, agreeing nearly with the English in the Grain. + One of our sorts is tough, like the English, but differs something in the + Leaf, and much more in the Bark. Neither of them bears Keys. The Water-Ash + is brittle. The Bark is Food for the Bevers. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Elm. + </p> + <p> + There are two sorts of Elm; the first grows on our High-Land, and + approaches our English. The Indians take the Bark of its Root, and beat + it, whilst green, to a Pulp; and then dry it in the Chimney, where it + becomes of a reddish Colour. This they use as a Sovereign Remedy to heal a + Cut or green Wound, or any thing that is not corrupted. It is of a very + glutinous Quality. The other Elm grows in low Ground, of whose Bark the + English and Indians make Ropes; for as soon as the Sap rises, it strips + off, with the greatest ease imaginable. It runs in March, or thereabouts. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tulip-Tree. + </p> + <p> + The Tulip-Trees, which are, by the Planters, call'd Poplars, as nearest + approaching that Wood in Grain, grow to a prodigious Bigness, some of them + having been found One and twenty Foot in Circumference. I have been + inform'd of a Tulip-Tree, that was ten Foot Diameter; and another, wherein + a lusty Man had his Bed and Houshold Furniture, and liv'd in it, till his + Labour got him a more fashionable Mansion. He afterwards became a noted + Man, in his Country, for Wealth and Conduct. One of these sorts bears a + white Tulip; the other a party-colour'd, mottled one. The Wood makes very + pretty Wainscot, Shingles for Houses, and Planks for several Uses. It is + reckon'd very lasting; especially, under Ground, for Mill-Work. The Buds, + made into an Ointment, cure Scalds, Inflammations, and Burns. I saw + several Bushels thereon. The Cattle are apt to eat of these Buds, which + give a very odd Taste to the Milk. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Beech. + </p> + <p> + Beech is here frequent, and very large. The Grain seems exactly the same + as that in Europe. We make little Use thereof, save for Fire-Wood. 'Tis + not a durable Timber. It affords a very sweet Nut, yet the Pork fed + thereon (tho' sweet) is very oily, and ought to be harden'd with Indian + Corn, before it is kill'd. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Buck Beech. + </p> + <p> + Another sort call'd Buck-Beech is here found. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Horn-Beam. + </p> + <p> + Horn-Beam grows, in some Places, very plentifully; yet the Plenty of other + Wood makes it unregarded. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sassafras. + </p> + <p> + The Vertues of Sassafras are well known in Europe. This Wood sometimes + grows to be above two Foot over, and is very durable and lasting, used for + Bowls, Timbers, Posts for Houses, and other Things that require standing + in the Ground. 'Tis very light. It bears a white Flower, which is very + cleansing to the Blood, being eaten in the Spring, with other Sallating. + The Berry, when ripe, is black; 'tis very oily, Carminative, and extremely + prevalent in Clysters for the Colick. The Bark of the Root is a Specifick + to those afflicted with the Gripes. The same in Powder, and a Lotion made + thereof, is much used by the Savages, to mundify old Ulcers, and for + several other Uses; being highly esteem'd among them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Dog-wood. + </p> + <p> + Dog-Wood is plentiful on our light Land, inclining to a rich Soil. It + flowers the first in the Woods; its white Blossom making the Forest very + beautiful. It has a fine Grain, and serves for several Uses within doors; + but is not durable. The Bark of this Root infused, is held an infallible + Remedy against the Worms. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Laurel. + </p> + <p> + Laurel, before-mention'd; as to its Bigness and Use, I have seen Planks + sawn of this Wood; but 'tis not found durable in the Weather; yet pretty + enough for many other Uses. + </p> + <p> + Bay and Laurel generally delight in a low, swampy Ground. I know no Use + they make of them, but for Fire-Wood, excepting what I spoke of before, + amongst the Ever-Greens. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Ever-green. + </p> + <p> + A famous Ever-Green I must now mention, which was forgotten amongst the + rest. It is in Leaf like a Jessamine, but larger, and of a harder Nature. + This grows up to a large Vine, and twists itself round the Trees it grows + near, making a very fine Shade. I never saw any thing of that Nature outdo + it, and if it be cut away close to the Ground, it will presently spring up + again, it being impossible to destroy it, when once it has got Root. 'Tis + an ornamental Plant, and worth the Transplanting. Its Seed is a black + Berry. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Trumpet-Vine. + </p> + <p> + The Scarlet Trumpet-Vine bears a glorious red Flower, like a Bell, or + Trumpet, and makes a Shade inferiour to none that I ever saw; yet it + leaves us, when the Winter comes, and remains naked till the next Spring. + It bears a large Cod, that holds its Seed. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Maycock. + </p> + <p> + The Maycock bears a glorious Flower, and Apple of an agreeable Sweet, mixt + with an acid Taste. This is also a Summer-Vine. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indico-Trees. + </p> + <p> + The Indico grows plentifully in our Quarters. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bay-Tulips. + </p> + <p> + The Bay-Tulip-Tree is a fine Ever-green which grows frequently here. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sweet Gum. + </p> + <p> + The sweet Gum-Tree, so call'd, because of the fragrant Gum it yields in + the Spring-time, upon Incision of the Bark, or Wood. It cures the Herpes + and Inflammations; being apply'd to the Morphew and Tettars. 'Tis an + extraordinary Balsam, and of great Value to those who know how to use it. + No Wood has scarce a better Grain; whereof fine Tables, Drawers, and other + Furniture might be made. Some of it is curiously curl'd. It bears a round + Bur, with a sort of Prickle, which is the Seed. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Black Gums. + </p> + <p> + Of the Black Gum there grows, with us, two sorts; both fit for Cart-Naves. + The one bears a black, well-tasted Berry, which the Indians mix with their + Pulse and Soups, it giving 'em a pretty Flavour, and scarlet Colour. The + Bears crop these Trees for the Berries, which they mightily covet, yet + kill'd in that Season, they eat very unsavory; which must be occasion'd by + this Fruit, because, at other times, when they feed on Mast, Bears-Flesh + is a very well-tasted Food. The other Gum bears a Berry in shape like the + other, tho' bitter and ill-tasted. This Tree (the Indians report) is never + wounded by Lightning. It has no certain Grain; and it is almost impossible + to split or rive it. + </p> + <p class="side"> + White Gum. + </p> + <p> + The white Gum, bearing a sort of long bunch'd Flowers, is the most curled + and knotted Wood I ever saw, which would make curious Furniture, in case + it was handled by a good Workman. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red Cedar. + </p> + <p> + The red sort of Cedar is an Ever-green, of which Carolina affords Plenty. + That on the Salts, grows generally on the Sand-banks; and that in the + Freshes is found in the Swamps. Of this Wood, Tables, Wainscot, and other + Necessaries, are made, and esteemed for its sweet Smell. It is as durable + a Wood as any we have, therefore much used in Posts for Houses and Sills; + likewise to build Sloops, Boats, &c. by reason the Worm will not touch + it, for several Years. The Vessels built thereof are very durable, and + good Swimmers. Of this Cedar, Ship-loads may be exported. It has been + heretofore so plentiful in this Settlement, that they have fenced in + Plantations with it, and the Coffins of the Dead are generally made + thereof. + </p> + <p class="side"> + White Cedar. + </p> + <p> + White Cedar, so call'd, because it nearly approaches the other Cedar, in + Smell, Bark, and Leaf; only this grows taller, being as strait as an + Arrow. It is extraordinary light, and free to rive. 'Tis good for Yard, + Top-Masts, Booms and Boltsprits, being very tough. The best Shingles for + Houses are made of this Wood, it being no Strain to the Roof, and never + rots. Good Pails and other Vessels, free from Leakage, are likewise made + thereof. The Bark of this and the red Cedar, the Indians use to make their + Cabins of, which prove firm, and resist all Weathers. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cypress. + </p> + <p> + Cypress is not an Ever-green with us, and is therefore call'd the bald + Cypress, because the Leaves, during the Winter-Season, turn red, not + recovering their Verdure till the Spring. These Trees are the largest for + Height and Thickness, that we have in this Part of the World; some of them + holding thirty-six Foot in Circumference. Upon Incision, they yield a + sweet-smelling Grain, tho' not in great Quantities; and the Nuts which + these Trees bear plentifully, yield a most odoriferous Balsam, that + infallibly cures all new and green Wounds, which the Inhabitants are well + acquainted withal. Of these great Trees the Pereaugers and Canoes are + scoop'd and made; which sort of Vessels are chiefly to pass over the + Rivers, Creeks, and Bays; and to transport Goods and Lumber from one River + to another. Some are so large, as to carry thirty Barrels, tho' of one + entire Piece of Timber. Others, that are split down the Bottom, and a + piece added thereto, will carry eighty, or an hundred. Several have gone + out of our Inlets on the Ocean to Virginia, laden with Pork, and other + Produce of the Country. Of these Trees curious Boats for Pleasure may be + made, and other necessary Craft. Some Years ago, a foolish Man in Albemarl + and his Son, had got one of these Canoes deck'd. She held, as I take it, + sixteen Barrels. He brought her to the Collectors, to be clear'd for + Barbados; but the Officer took him for a Man that had lost his Senses, and + argu'd the Danger and Impossibility of performing such a Voyage, in a + hollow Tree; but the Fellow would hearken to no Advice of that kind, till + the Gentleman told him, if he did not value his own Life, he valu'd his + Reputation and Honesty, and so flatly refus'd clearing him; Upon which, + the Canoe was sold, and, I think, remains in being still. This Wood is + very lasting, and free from the Rot. A Canoe of it will outlast four + Boats, and seldom wants Repair. They say, that a Chest made of this Wood, + will suffer no Moth, or Vermine, to abide therein. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Two sorts of Locust white and yellow, is rare if varnish'd. + </p> + <p> + The Locust, for its enduring the Weather, is chosen for all sorts of Works + that are exposed thereto. It bears a Leaf nearest the Liquorice-Plant. + 'Tis a pretty tall Tree. Of this the Indians make their choicest Bows, it + being very tough and flexible. We have little or none of this Wood in + Pampticough. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Honey Tree a Locust. + </p> + <p> + The Honey-Tree bears as great a Resemblance to the Locust, as a Shallot + does to an Onion. It is of that Species, but more prickly. They bear a + Cod, one side whereof contains the Seed, the other the Honey; They will + bear in five Years, from the Kernel. They were first brought (by the + Indian Traders) and propagated, by their Seed, at the Apamaticks in + Virginia. Last Year, I planted the Seed, and had them sprung up before I + came from thence, which was in August. Of the Honey, very good Metheglin + is made, there being Orchards planted in Virginia for that intent. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sowr Wood. + </p> + <p> + The Sorrel, or Sowr-Wood-Tree, is so call'd, because the Leaves taste like + Sorrel. Some are about a Foot or ten Inches Diameter. I am unacquainted + with its Vertues at present. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pine. + </p> + <p> + Of Pines, there are, in Carolina, at least, four sorts. The Pitch-Pine, + growing to a great Bigness, most commonly has but a short Leaf. Its Wood + (being replete with abundance of Bitumen) is so durable, that it seems to + suffer no Decay, tho' exposed to all Weathers, for many Ages; and is used + in several Domestick and Plantation Uses. This Tree affords the four great + Necessaries, Pitch, Tar, Rozin, and Turpentine; which two last are + extracted by tapping, and the Heat of the Sun, the other two by the Heat + of the Fire. + </p> + <p> + The white and yellow Pines are saw'd into Planks for several Uses. They + make Masts, Yards, and a great many other Necessaries therewith, the Pine + being the most useful Tree in the Woods. + </p> + <p> + The Almond-Pine serves for Masts very well. As for the Dwarf-Pine, it is + for Shew alone, being an Ever-green, as they all are. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Hiccory the best Fire-wood. + </p> + <p> + The Hiccory is of the Walnut-kind, and bears a Nut as they do, of which + there are found three sorts. The first is that which we call the common + white Hiccory. It is not a durable Wood; for if cut down, and exposed to + the Weather, it will be quite rotten, and spoil'd in three Years; as will + likewise the Beech of this Country. Hiccory Nuts have very hard Shells, + but excellent sweet Kernels, with which, in a plentiful Year, the old + Hogs, that can crack them, fatten themselves, and make excellent Pork. + These Nuts are gotten, in great Quantities, by the Savages, and laid up + for Stores, of which they make several Dishes and Banquets. One of these I + cannot forbear mentioning; it is this: They take these Nuts, and break + them very small betwixt two Stones, till the Shells and Kernels are + indifferent small; And this Powder you are presented withal in their + Cabins, in little wooden Dishes; the Kernel dissolves in your Mouth, and + the Shell is spit out. This tastes as well as any Almond. Another Dish is + the Soup which they make of these Nuts, beaten, and put into + Venison-Broth, which dissolves the Nut, and thickens, whilst the Shell + precipitates, and remains at the bottom. This Broth tastes very rich. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red Hiccory. + </p> + <p> + There is another sort, which we call red Hiccory, the Heart thereof being + very red, firm and durable; of which Walking-Sticks, Mortars, Pestils, and + several other fine Turnery-wares are made. The third is call'd the + Flying-bark'd Hiccory, from its brittle and scaly Bark. It bears a Nut + with a bitter Kernel and a soft Shell, like a French Walnut. Of this Wood, + Coggs for Mills are made, &c. The Leaves smell very fragrant. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Walnut. + </p> + <p> + The Walnut-Tree of America is call'd Black Walnut. I suppose, that Name + was, at first, to distinguish it from the Hiccories, it having a blacker + Bark. This Tree grows, in good Land, to a prodigious Bigness. The Wood is + very firm and durable, of which Tables and Chests of Drawers are made, and + prove very well. Some of this is very knotty, which would make the best + Returns for England, tho' the Masters of Vessels refuse it, not + understanding its Goodness. 'Tis a very good and durable Wood, to bottom + Vessels for the Sea withal; and they say, that it is never eaten by the + Worm. The Nuts have a large Kernel, which is very oily, except lain by, a + long time, to mellow. The Shell is very thick, as all the native Nuts of + America are. When it has its yellow outward Coat on, it looks and smells + much like a Lemon. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Maple. + </p> + <p> + The Maple, of which we have two sorts, is used to make Trenchers, + Spinning-wheels, &c. withal. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Chinkapin. + </p> + <p> + Chinkapin is a sort of Chesnut, whose Nuts are most commonly very + plentiful; insomuch that the Hogs get fat with them. They are rounder and + smaller than a Chesnut, but much sweeter. The Wood is much of the Nature + of Chesnut, having a Leaf and Grain almost like it. It is used to timber + Boats, Shallops, &c. and makes any thing that is to endure the + Weather. This and the Hiccory are very tough Rods used to whip Horses + withal; yet their Wood, in Substance, is very brittle. This Tree the Vine + much delights to twist about. It's good Fire-Wood, but very sparkling, as + well as Sassafras. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Birch. + </p> + <p> + The Birch grows all on the Banks of our Rivers, very high up. I never saw + a Tree on the Salts. It differs something, in Bark, from the European + Birch. Its Buds in April are eaten by the Parrakeetos, which resort, from + all Parts, at that Season, to feed thereon. Where this Wood grows, we are + not yet seated; and as to the Wine, or other Profits it would yield, we + are, at present, Strangers to. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Willow. + </p> + <p> + The Willow, here, likewise differs both in Bark and Leaf. It is frequently + found on the Banks of fresh Water, as the Birch is. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sycamore. + </p> + <p> + The Sycamore, in these Parts, grows in a low, swampy Land, by River-sides. + Its Bark is quite different from the English, and the most beautiful I + ever saw, being mottled and clowded with several Colours, as white, blue, + &c. It bears no Keys but a Bur like the sweet Gum. Its Uses I am + ignorant of. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Aspin. + </p> + <p> + I never saw any Aspin, but in Rapahannock-River, from whence I brought + one, (that was presented me there as a great Present) but it died by the + way. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Holly. + </p> + <p> + Of Holly we have two sorts; one having a large Leaf, the other a smaller. + They grow very thick in our low Woods. Many of them are very strait, and + two Foot Diameter. They make good Trenchers, and other Turnery-Ware. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red-Bud. + </p> + <p> + The Red-Bud-Tree bears a purple Lark-Heel, and is the best Sallad, of any + Flower I ever saw. It is ripe in April and May. They grow in Trees, + generally small, but some are a Foot Diameter. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pelletory. + </p> + <p> + Pelletory grows on the Sand-Banks and Islands. It is used to cure the + Tooth-ach, by putting a Piece of the Bark in the Mouth, which being very + hot, draws a Rhume from the Mouth, and causes much Spittle. The Indians + use it to make their Composition, which they give to their young Men and + Boys, when they are husquenaw'd, of which you shall hear farther, when I + come to treat of the Customs, &c. of that People. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Arrow-Wood. + </p> + <p> + Arrow-Wood, growing on the Banks, is used, by the Indians, for Arrows and + Gun-Sticks. It grows as strait, as if plain'd, and is of all Sizes. 'Tis + as tough and pliable, as the smallest Canes. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Chesnut. + </p> + <p> + The Chesnut-Tree of Carolina, grows up towards the hilly Part thereof, is + a very large and durable Wood, and fit for House-Frames, Palisado's, + Sills, and many other Uses. The Nut is smaller than those from Portugal, + but sweeter. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Oak-Vine. + </p> + <p> + This is no Tree, but call'd the Oak-Vine, by reason it bears a sort of Bur + as the Oak does, and generally runs up those Trees. It's so porous, that + you suck Liquors thro' a Length of two Foot. + </p> + <p> + Prickly-Ash grows up like a Pole; of which the Indians and English make + Poles to set their Canoes along in Shoal-Water. It's very light, and full + of Thorns or Prickles, bearing Berries in large Clusters, of a purple + Colour, not much unlike the Alder. The Root of this Tree is Cathartick and + Emetick, used in Cachexies. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Poison Vine. + </p> + <p> + The Poison Vine is so called, because it colours the Hands of those who + handle it. What the Effects of it may be, I cannot relate; neither do I + believe, that any has made an Experiment thereof. The Juice of this will + stain Linnen, never to wash out. It marks a blackish blue Colour, which is + done only by breaking a bit of the Vine off, and writing what you please + therewith. I have thought, that the East-India Natives set their Colours, + by some such Means, into their finest Callicoes. It runs up any Tree it + meets withal, and clasps round about it. The Leaves are like Hemlock, and + fall off in Winter. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Canes and Reeds. + </p> + <p> + Of Canes and Reeds we have many sorts. The hollow Reed, or Cane, such as + Angling-Rods are made of, and Weavers use, we have great Plenty of, though + none to the Northward of James-River in Virginia. They always grow in + Branches and low Ground. Their Leaves endure the Winter, in which Season + our Cattle eat them greedily. We have them (towards the Heads of our + Rivers) so large, that one Joint will hold above a pint of Liquor. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bamboo. + </p> + <p> + The small Bamboo is next, which is a certain Vine, like the rest of these + Species, growing in low Land. They seldom, with us, grow thicker than a + Man's little Finger, and are very tough. Their Root is a round Ball, which + the Indians boil as we do Garden-Roots, and eat them. When these Roots + have been some time out of the Ground, they become hard, and make good + Heads to the Canes, on which several pretty Figures may be cut. There are + several others of this kind, not thoroughly discover'd. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Palmeto. + </p> + <p> + That Palmeto grows with us, which we call the dwarfish sort; but the + Palmeto-Tree I have not yet met withal in North-Carolina, of which you + have a Description elsewhere. We shall next treat of the Spontaneous + Fruits of this Country; and then proceed to those that have been + transplanted from Europe, and other Parts. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Natural Vines. + </p> + <p> + Among the natural Fruits, the Vine first takes place, of which I find six + sorts, very well known. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bunch-Grapes. + </p> + <p> + The first is the black Bunch-Grapes, which yield a Crimson Juice. These + grow common, and bear plentifully. They are of a good Relish, though not + large, yet well knit in the Clusters. They have a thickish Skin, and large + Stone, which makes them not yield much Juice. There is another sort of + Black-Grapes like the former, in all respects, save that their Juice is of + a light Flesh-Colour, inclining to a White. I once saw a Spontaneous white + Bunch-Grape in Carolina; but the Cattle browzing on the Sprouts thereof in + the Spring, it died. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fox-Grapes. + </p> + <p> + Of those which we call Fox-Grapes, we have four sorts; two whereof are + called Summer-Grapes, because ripe in July; the other two Winter-Fruit, + because not ripe till September or October. The Summer Fox-Grapes grow not + in Clusters, or great Bunches, but are about five or six in a Bunch, about + the Bigness of a Damson, or larger. The black sort are frequent, the white + not so commonly found. They always grow in Swamps, and low moist Lands, + running sometimes very high, and being shady, and therefore proper for + Arbours. They afford the largest Leaf I ever saw, to my remembrance, the + Back of which is of a white Horse-flesh Colour. This Fruit always ripens + in the Shade. I have transplanted them into my Orchard, and find they + thrive well, if manured: A Neighbour of mine has done the same; mine were + by Slips, his from the Roots, which thrive to Admiration, and bear Fruit, + tho' not so juicy as the European Grape, but of a glutinous Nature. + However, it is pleasant enough to eat. + </p> + <p> + The other Winter Fox-Grapes, are much of the same Bigness. These refuse no + Ground, swampy or dry, but grow plentifully on the Sand-Hills along the + Sea-Coast, and elsewhere, and are great Bearers. I have seen near twelve + Bushels upon one Vine of the black sort. Some of these, when thoroughly + ripe, have a very pretty vinous Taste, and eat very well, yet are + glutinous. The white sort are clear and transparent, and indifferent small + Stones. Being removed by the Slip or Root, they thrive well in our + Gardens, and make pleasant Shades. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Persimmons. + </p> + <p> + Persimmon is a Tree, that agrees with all Lands and Soils. Their Fruit, + when ripe, is nearest our Medlar; if eaten before, draws your Mouth up + like a Purse, being the greatest Astringent I ever met withal, therefore + very useful in some Cases. The Fruit, if ripe, will presently cleanse a + foul Wound, but causes Pain. The Fruit is rotten, when ripe, and commonly + contains four flat Kernels, call'd Stones, which is the Seed. 'Tis said, + the Cortex Peruvianus comes from a Persimmon-Tree, that grows in + New-Spain. I have try'd the Drying of this Bark, to imitate it, which it + does tolerably well, and agrees therewith. It is binding enough to work + the same Effect. The Tree, in extraordinary Land, comes sometimes to two + Foot Diameter, though not often. There are two sorts of this Fruit; one + ripe in Summer, the other when the Frost visits us. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mulberry. + </p> + <p> + We have three sorts of Mulberries, besides the different Bigness of some + Trees Fruit. The first is the common red Mulberry, whose Fruit is the + earliest we have, (except the Strawberries) and very sweet. These Trees + make a very fine Shade, to sit under in Summer-time. They are found wild + in great Quantities, wherever the Land is light and rich; yet their Fruit + is much better when they stand open. They are used instead of Raisins and + Currants, and make several pretty Kickshaws. They yield a transparent + Crimson Liquor, which would make good Wine; but few Peoples Inclinations + in this Country tend that way. The others are a smooth-leav'd Mulberry, + fit for the Silk-Worm. One bears a white Fruit, which is common; the other + bears a small black Berry, very sweet. They would persuade me there, that + the black Mulberry with the Silk-Worm smooth Leaf, was a white Mulberry, + and changed its Fruit. The Wood hereof is very durable, and where the + Indians cannot get Locust, they make use of this to make their Bows. This + Tree grows extraordinary round and pleasant to the Eye. + </p> + <p> + The Hiccory, Walnut, Chinkapin and Chesnut, with their Fruits, we have + mention'd before. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Hazle-Nut. + </p> + <p> + The Hazle-Nut grows plentifully in some places of this Country; + especially, towards the Mountains; but ours are not so good as the English + Nuts, having a much thicker Shell (like all the Fruits of America, that I + ever met withal) which in Hardness exceeds those of Europe. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Black-Cherries. + </p> + <p> + The Cherries of the Woods grow to be very large Trees. One sort, which is + rarely found, is red, and not much unlike the Cornel-Berry. But the common + Cherry grows high, and in Bunches, like English Currants, but much larger. + They are of a bitterish sweet Relish, and are equally valuable with our + small Black-Cherries, for an Infusion in Spirits. They yield a crimson + Liquor, and are great Bearers. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rasberries. + </p> + <p> + Our Rasberries are of a purple Colour, and agreeable Relish, almost like + the English; but I reckon them not quite so rich. When once planted, 'tis + hard to root them out. They run wild all over the Country, and will bear + the same Year you transplant them, as I have found by Experience. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Hurts. + </p> + <p> + The Hurts, Huckle-Berries, or Blues of this Country, are four sorts, which + we are well acquainted withal; but more Species of this sort, and all + others, Time and Enquiry must discover. The first sort is the same Blue or + Bilberry, that grows plentifully in the North of England, and in other + Places, commonly on your Heaths, Commons, and Woods, where Brakes or Fern + grows. + </p> + <p> + The second sort grows on a small Bush in our Savannas and Meads, and in + the Woods. They are larger than the common Fruit, and have larger Seed. + </p> + <p> + The third grows on the single Stem of a Stick that grows in low good Land, + and on the Banks of Rivers. They grow three or four Foot high, and are + very pleasant like the first sort, but larger. + </p> + <p> + The fourth sort grows upon Trees, some ten and twelve Foot high, and the + Thickness of a Man's Arm; these are found in the Runs and low Grounds, and + are very pleasant, and bear wonderfully. The English sometimes dry them in + the Sun, and keep them to use in the Winter, instead of Currants. The + Indians get many Bushels, and dry them on Mats, whereof they make + Plum-Bread, and many other Eatables. They are good in Tarts, or infused in + Liquors. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Piemento. + </p> + <p> + In the same Ground, commonly grows the Piemento, or All-Spice-Tree, whose + Berries differ in shape from those in the West-Indies, being Taper or + Conick, yet not inferiour, to any of that sort. This Tree grows much like + the Hurts, and is of the same Bigness. I have known it transplanted to + high Land, where it thrives. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Dews. Black-Berries. + </p> + <p> + Our Dew-Berries are very good. But the Black-Berries are bitterish, and + not so palatable, as in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sugar Tree. + </p> + <p> + The Sugar-Tree ought to have taken place before. It is found in no other + parts of Carolina or America, that I ever learnt, but in Places that are + near the Mountains. It's most like one sort of Maple, of any Tree, and may + be rank'd amongst that kind. This Tree, which, I am told, is of a very + tedious Growth, is found very plentifully towards the Heads of some of our + Rivers. The Indians tap it, and make Gourds to receive the Liquor, which + Operation is done at distinct and proper times, when it best yields its + Juice, of which, when the Indians have gotten enough, they carry it home, + and boil it to a just Consistence of Sugar, which grains of itself, and + serves for the same Uses, as other Sugar does. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Papau. + </p> + <p> + The Papau is not a large Tree. I think, I never saw one a Foot through; + but has the broadest Leaf of any Tree in the Woods, and bears an Apple + about the Bigness of a Hen's Egg, yellow, soft, and as sweet, as any thing + can well be. They make rare Puddings of this Fruit. The Apple contains a + large Stone. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wild Fig. + </p> + <p> + The wild Fig grows in Virginia, up in the Mountains, as I am inform'd by a + Gentleman of my acquaintance, who is a Person of Credit, and a great + Traveller in America. I shall be glad to have an Opportunity to make Tryal + what Improvement might be made of this wild Fruit. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Plum red. + </p> + <p> + The wild Plums of America are of several sorts. Those which I can give an + account of from my own Knowledge, I will, and leave the others till a + farther Discovery. The most frequent is that which we call the common + Indian Plum, of which there are two sorts, if not more. One of these is + ripe much sooner than the other, and differs in the Bark; one of the Barks + being very scaly, like our American Birch. These Trees, when in Blossom, + smell as sweet as any Jessamine, and look as white as a Sheet, being + something prickly. You may make it grow to what Shape you please; they are + very ornamental about a House, and make a wonderful fine Shew at a + Distance, in the Spring, because of their white Livery. Their Fruit is + red, and very palatable to the sick. They are of a quick Growth, and will + bear from the Stone in five Years, on their Stock. The English large black + Plum thrives well, as does the Cherry, being grafted thereon. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Damsons of America. + </p> + <p> + The American Damsons are both black and white, and about the Bigness of an + European Damson. They grow any where, if planted from the Stone or Slip; + bear a white Blossom, and are a good Fruit. They are found on the + Sand-Banks all along the Coast of America. I have planted several in my + Orchard, that came from the Stone, which thrive well amongst the rest of + my Trees. But they never grow to the Bigness of the other Trees now spoken + of. These are plentiful Bearers. + </p> + <p> + There is a third sort of Plum about the Bigness of the Damson. The Tree is + taller, seldom exceeding ten Inches in Thickness. The Plum seems to taste + physically, yet I never found any Operation it had, except to make their + Lips sore, that eat them. The Wood is something porous, but exceeds any + Box, for a beautiful Yellow. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Winter Currant. + </p> + <p> + There is a very pretty, bushy Tree, about seven or eight Foot high, very + spreading, which bears a Winter-Fruit, that is ripe in October. They call + 'em Currants, but they are nearer a Hurt. I have eaten very pretty Tarts + made thereof. They dry them instead of Currants. This Bush is very + beautiful. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bermudas Currants. + </p> + <p> + The Bermudas Currants grow in the Woods on a Bush, much like the European + Currant. Some People eat them very much; but for my part, I can see + nothing inviting in them, and reckon them a very indifferent Fruit. + </p> + <p class="side"> + April Currants. + </p> + <p> + We have another Currant, which grows on the Banks of Rivers, or where only + Clay hath been thrown up. This Fruit is red, and gone almost as soon as + come. They are a pretty Fruit whilst they last, and the Tree (for 'tis not + a Bush) they grow upon, is a very pleasant Vegetable. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red Haws. + </p> + <p> + The Haw-thorn grows plentifully in some parts of this Country. The Haws + are quite different from those in England, being four times as big, and of + a very pleasant agreeable Taste. We make no use of this Plant, nor any + other, for Hedges, because Timber is so plentiful at present. In my + Judgment, the Honey-Locust would be the fittest for Hedges; because it is + very apt to shoot forth many Sprouts and Succours from the Roots; besides, + it is of a quick Growth, and very prickly. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Black-Haws. + </p> + <p> + The Black Haw grows on a slender Tree, about the Height of a Quince-Tree, + or something higher, and bears the black Haw, which People eat, and the + Birds covet also. What Vertues the Fruit or Wood is of, I cannot resolve + you, at present. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Services. + </p> + <p> + Thus have I given an Account of all the Spontaneous Fruits of Carolina, + that have come to my Knowledge, excepting Services, which I have seen in + the Indians Hands, and eat of them, but never saw, how nor where they + grew. There may very well be expected a great many more Fruits, which are + the natural Product of this Country, when we consider the Fruitfulness of + the Soil and Climate, and account for the vast Tract of Land, (great part + of which is not yet found out) according to the Product of that which is + already discover'd, which (as I once hinted before) is not as yet arriv'd + to our Knowledge, we having very little or no Correspondence amongst the + mountainous Parts of this Province, and towards the Country of + Messiasippi, all which we have strange Accounts of, and some very large + ones, with respect to the different and noble Fruits, and several other + Ornaments and Blessings of Nature which Messiasippi possesses; more to be + coveted, than any of those we enjoy, to the Eastward of the Mountains: Yet + when I came to discourse some of the Idolizers of that Country, I found it + to be rather Novelty, than Truth and Reality, that induced those Persons + to allow it such Excellencies above others. It may be a brave and fertile + Country, as I believe it is; but I cannot be persuaded, that it can be + near so advantageous as ours, which is much better situated for Trade, + being faced all along with the Ocean, as the English America is; when the + other is only a direct River, in the midst of a wild unknown Land, + greatest part of whose Product must be fetch'd, or brought a great way, + before it can come to a Market. Moreover, such great Rivers commonly allow + of more Princes Territories than one; and thus nothing but War and + Contention accompanies the Inhabitants thereof. + </p> + <p> + But not to trouble our Readers with any more of this, we will proceed, in + the next place, to shew, what Exotick Fruits we have, that thrive well in + Carolina; and what others, it may reasonably be suppos'd, would do there, + were they brought thither and planted. In pursuance of which, I will set + down a Catalogue of what Fruits we have; I mean Species: For should I + pretend to give a regular Name to every one; it's neither possible for me + to do it, nor for any one to understand it, when done; if we consider, + that the chiefest part of our Fruit came from the Kernel, and some others + from the Succours, or Sprouts of the Tree. First, we will begin with + Apples; which are the + </p> + <p class="side"> + Apples. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Golden Russet. + Pearmain | Winter. + | Summer. + Harvey-Apple, I cannot tell, whether the same as in England. + Winter Queening. + Leather Coat. + Juniting. + Codlin. + Redstreak. + Long-stalk. + Lady-Finger. +</pre> + <p> + The Golden Russet thrives well. + </p> + <p> + The Pearmains, of both sorts, are apt to speck, and rot on the Trees; and + the Trees are damaged and cut off by the Worm, which breeds in the Forks, + and other parts thereof; and often makes a Circumposition, by destroying + the Bark round the Branches, till it dies. + </p> + <p> + Harvey-Apple; that which we call so, is esteem'd very good to make Cider + of. + </p> + <p> + Winter Queening is a durable Apple, and makes good Cider. + </p> + <p> + Leather-Coat; both Apple and Tree stand well. + </p> + <p> + The Juniting is early ripe, and soon gone, in these warm Countries. + </p> + <p> + Codlin; no better, and fairer Fruit in the World; yet the Tree suffers the + same Distemper, as the Pearmains, or rather worse; the Trees always dying + before they come to their Growth. + </p> + <p> + The Redstreak thrives very well. + </p> + <p> + Long-stalk is a large Apple, with a long Stalk, and makes good Summer + Cider. + </p> + <p> + We beat the first of our Codlin Cider, against reaping our Wheat, which is + from the tenth of June, to the five and twentieth. + </p> + <p> + Lady-Finger, the long Apple, the same as in England, and full as good. We + have innumerable sorts; some call'd Rope-Apples which are small Apples, + hanging like Ropes of Onions; Flattings, Grigsons, Cheese-Apples, and a + great number of Names, given according to every ones Discretion. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pears. + </p> + <p> + The Warden-Pear here proves a good eating Pear; and is not so long + ripening as in England. + </p> + <p> + Katharine excellent. + </p> + <p> + Sugar-pear. + </p> + <p> + And several others without Name, The Bergamot we have not, nor either of + the Bonne Chrestiennes, though I hear, they are all three in Virginia. + Those sorts of Pears which we have, are as well relisht, as ever I eat any + where; but that Fruit is of very short Continuance with us, for they are + gone almost as soon as ripe. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Quinces. + </p> + <p> + I am not a Judge of the different sorts of Quinces, which they call + Brunswick, Portugal, and Barbary; But as to the Fruit, in general, I + believe no Place has fairer and better relisht. They are very pleasant + eaten raw. Of this Fruit, they make a Wine, or Liquor, which they call + Quince-Drink, and which I approve of beyond any Drink which that Country + affords, though a great deal of Cider and some Perry is there made. The + Quince-Drink most commonly purges those that first drink it, and cleanses + the Body very well. The Argument of the Physicians, that they bind People, + is hereby contradicted, unless we allow the Quinces to differ in the two + Countries. The least Slip of this Tree stuck in the Ground, comes to bear + in three years. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Peaches. + </p> + <p> + All Peaches, with us, are standing; neither have we any Wall-Fruit in + Carolina; for we have Heat enough, and therefore do not require it. We + have a great many sorts of this Fruit, which all thrive to Admiration, + Peach-Trees coming to Perfection (with us) as easily as the Weeds. A Peach + falling on the Ground, brings a Peach-Tree that shall bear in three years, + or sometimes sooner. Eating Peaches in our Orchards makes them come up so + thick from the Kernel, that we are forced to take a great deal of Care to + weed them out; otherwise they make our Land a Wilderness of Peach-Trees. + They generally bear so full, that they break great part of their Limbs + down. We have likewise very fair Nectarines, especially the red, that + clings to the Stone, the other yellow Fruit, that leaves the Stone; of the + last, I have a Tree, that, most Years, brings me fifteen or twenty + Bushels. I see no Foreign Fruit like this, for thriving in all sorts of + Land, and bearing its Fruit to Admiration. I want to be satisfy'd about + one sort of this Fruit, which the Indians claim as their own, and affirm, + they had it growing amongst them, before any Europeans came to America. + The Fruit I will describe, as exactly as I can. The Tree grows very large, + most commonly as big as a handsome Apple-tree; the Flowers are of a + reddish, murrey Colour; the Fruit is rather more downy, than the yellow + Peach, and commonly very large and soft, being very full of Juice. They + part freely from the Stone, and the Stone is much thicker than all the + other Peach Stones we have, which seems to me, that it is a Spontaneous + Fruit of America; yet in those Parts of America that we inhabit, I never + could hear that any Peach-Trees were ever found growing in the Woods; + neither have the foreign Indians, that live remote from the English, any + other sort. And those living amongst us have a hundred of this sort for + one other; they are a hardy Fruit, and are seldom damaged by the + North-East Blasts, as others are. Of this sort we make Vinegar; wherefore + we call them Vinegar-Peaches, and sometimes Indian-Peaches. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Apricock. + </p> + <p> + This Tree grows to a vast Bigness, exceeding most Apple-Trees. They bear + well, tho' sometimes an early Spring comes on in February, and perhaps, + when the Tree is fully blown the Cloudy North-East-Winds which attend the + end of, that Month, or the beginning of March, destroy most of the Fruit. + The biggest Apricock-Tree I ever saw, as they told me, was grafted on a + Peach-Stock, in the Ground. I know of no other sort with us, than the + Common. We generally raise this Fruit from the Stone, which never fails to + bring the same Fruit. Likewise our Peach-Stones effect the same, without + so much as once missing, to produce the same sort that the Stone came + from. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Plum. + </p> + <p> + Damson, Damazeen, and a large round black Plum are all I have met withal + in Carolina. They thrive well enough; the last to Admiration, and becomes + a very large Tree, if in stiff Ground; otherwise they will not do well. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Figs. + </p> + <p> + Of Figs we have two sorts; One is the low Bush-Fig, which bears a large + Fruit. If the Winter happens to have much Frost, the tops thereof die, and + in the Spring sprout again, and bear two or three good Crops. + </p> + <p> + The Tree-Fig is a lesser Fig, though very sweet. The Tree grows to a large + Body and Shade, and generally brings a good Burden; especially, if in + light Land. This Tree thrives no where better, than on the Sand-Banks by + the Sea. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cherries. + </p> + <p> + We have the common red and black Cherry, which bear well. I never saw any + grafted in this Country, the common excepted, which was grafted on an + Indian Plum-stock, and bore well. This is a good way, because our common + Cherry-Trees are very apt to put Scions all round the Tree, for a great + Distance, which must needs be prejudicial to the Tree and Fruit. Not only + our Cherries are apt to do so, but our Apples and most other Fruit-Trees, + which may chiefly be imputed to the Negligence and Unskilfulness of the + Gardener. Our Cherries are ripe a Month sooner than in Virginia. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Goosberry. + </p> + <p> + Goosberries I have seen of the smaller sort, but find they do not do so + well as in England, and to the Northward. Want of Dressing may be some + Reason for this. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Currants. + </p> + <p> + Currants, White, Red, and Black, thrive here, as well as any where. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rasps. + </p> + <p> + Rasberries, the red and white, I never saw any Trial made of. But there is + no doubt of their thriving to Admiration, since those of the Country do so + well. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mulberry. + </p> + <p> + The Mulberries are spontaneous. We have no others, than what I have + already mentioned in the Class of Natural Fruits of Carolina. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Barberry. + </p> + <p> + Barberry red, with Stones, and without Stones, grow here. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Strawberry. + </p> + <p> + Strawberries, not Foreign, but those of the Country, grow here in great + Plenty. Last April I planted a Bed of two hundred Foot in Length, which + bore the same Year. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Medlar. + </p> + <p> + Medlars we have none. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Walnut. + </p> + <p> + All sorts of Walnuts from England, France, and Maderas, thrive well from + the Nut. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Filbert. + </p> + <p> + No Filberts, but Hazle-Nuts; the Filbert-Nut planted, becomes a good + Hazle-Nut, and no better. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Vines. + </p> + <p> + As for that noble Vegetable the Vine, without doubt, it may (in this + Country) be improved, and brought to the same Perfection, as it is, at + this Day, in the same Latitude in Europe, since the chiefest part of this + Country is a deep, rich, black Mould, which is up towards the Freshes and + Heads of our Rivers, being very rich and mix'd with Flint, Pebbles, and + other Stones. And this sort of Soil is approv'd of (by all knowing + Gardeners and Vigneroons) as a proper Earth, in which the Grape chiefly + delights; and what seems to give a farther Confirmation hereof, is, that + the largest Vines, that were ever discover'd to grow wild, are found in + those Parts, oftentimes in such Plenty, and are so interwoven with one + another, that 'tis impossible to pass through them. Moreover, in these + Freshes, towards the Hills, the Vines are above five times bigger than + those generally with us, who are seated in the Front-parts of this + Country, adjoining to the Salts. Of the wild Vines, which are most of them + great Bearers, some Wine has been made, which I drank of. It was very + strong and well relisht; but what detains them all from offering at great + quantities, they add, that this Grape has a large Stone, and a thick Skin, + and consequently yields but a small Quantity of Wine. Some Essays of this + Nature have been made by that Honourable Knight, Sir Nathanael Johnson, in + South Carolina, who, as I am inform'd, has rejected all Exotick Vines, and + makes his Wine from the natural black Grape of Carolina, by grafting it + upon its own Stock. What Improvement this may arrive to, I cannot tell; + but in other Species, I own Grafting and Imbudding yields speedy Fruit, + tho' I never found that it made them better. + </p> + <p> + New planted Colonies are generally attended with a Force and Necessity of + Planting the known and approved Staple and Product of the Country, as well + as all the Provisions their Families spend. Therefore we can entertain but + small hopes of the Improvement of the Vine, till some skilful in dressing + Vines shall appear amongst us, and go about it, with a Resolution, that + Ordering the Vineyard shall be one half of their Employment. If this be + begun and carried on, with that Assiduity and Resolution which it + requires, then we may reasonably hope to see this a Wine-Country; for + then, when it becomes a general Undertaking, every one will be capable to + add something to the common Stock, of that which he has gain'd by his own + Experience. This way would soon make the Burden light, and a great many + shorter and exacter Curiosities, and real Truths would be found out in a + short time. The trimming of Vines, as they do in France, that is, to a + Stump, must either here be not follow'd, or we are not sensible of the + exact time, when they ought to be thus pruned; for Experience has taught + us, that the European Grape, suffer'd to run and expand itself at large, + has been found to bear as well in America, as it does in Europe; when, at + the same time, the same sort of Vine trimm'd to a Stump, as before spoken + of, has born a poor Crop for one Year or two; and by its spilling, after + cutting, emaciated, and in three or four Years, died. This Experiment, I + believe, has never fail'd; for I have trimm'd the natural Vine the French + way, which has been attended, at last, with the same Fate. Wherefore, it + seems most expedient, to leave the Vines more Branches here, than in + Europe, or let them run up Trees, as some do, in Lombardy, upon Elms. The + Mulberries and Chinkapin are tough, and trimm'd to what you please, + therefore fit Supporters of the Vines. Gelding and plucking away the + Leaves, to hasten the ripening of this Fruit, may not be unnecessary, yet + we see the natural wild Grape generally ripens in the Shade. Nature in + this, and many others, may prove a sure Guide. The Twisting of the Stems + to make the Grapes ripe together, loses no Juice, and may be beneficial, + if done in Season. A very ingenious French Gentleman, and another from + Switzerland, with whom I frequently converse, exclaim against that strict + cutting of Vines, the generally approved Method of France and Germany, and + say, that they were both out in their Judgment, till of late, Experience + has taught them otherwise. Moreover, the French in North Carolina assure + me, that if we should trim our Apple and other Fruit-Trees, as they do in + Europe, we should spoil them. As for Apples and Plums, I have found by + Experience, what they affirm to be true. The French, from the Mannakin + Town on the Freshes of James River in Virginia, had, for the most part, + removed themselves to Carolina, to live there, before I came away; and the + rest were following, as their Minister, (Monsieur Philip de Rixbourg) told + me, who was at Bath-Town, when I was taking my leave of my Friends. He + assur'd me, that their Intent was to propagate Vines, as far as their + present Circumstances would permit; provided they could get any Slips of + Vines, that would do. At the same time, I had gotten some Grape-Seed, + which was of the Jesuits white Grape from Madera. The Seed came up very + plentifully, and, I hope, will not degenerate, which if it happens not to + do, the Seed may prove the best way to raise a Vineyard, as certainly it + is most easy for Transportation. Yet I reckon we should have our Seed from + a Country, where the Grape arrives to the utmost Perfection of Ripeness. + These French Refugees have had small Encouragement in Virginia, because, + at their first coming over, they took their Measures of Living, from + Europe; which was all wrong; for the small Quantities of ten, fifteen, and + twenty Acres to a Family did not hold out according to their way of + Reckoning, by Reason they made very little or no Fodder; and the Winter + there being much harder than with us, their Cattle fail'd; chiefly, + because the English took up and survey'd all the Land round about them; so + that they were hemm'd in on all Hands from providing more Land for + themselves or their Children, all which is highly prejudicial in America, + where the generality are bred up to Planting. One of these French Men + being a Fowling, shot a Fowl in the River, upon which his Dog went down + the Bank to bring it to his Master; but the Bank was so high and steep, + that he could not get up again. Thereupon, the French Man went down, to + help his Dog up, and breaking the Mould away, accidentally, with his Feet, + he discover'd a very rich Coal-Mine. This Adventure he gave an Account of + amongst the Neighbourhood, and presently one of the Gentlemen of that Part + survey'd the Land, and the poor French Man got nothing by his Discovery. + The French are good Neighbours amongst us, and give Examples of Industry, + which is much wanted in this Country. They make good Flax, Hemp, + Linnen-Cloth and Thread; which they exchange amongst the Neighbourhood for + other Commodities, for which they have occasion. + </p> + <p> + We have hitherto made no Tryal of foreign Herbage; but, doubtless, it + would thrive well; especially, Sanfoin, and those Grasses, that endure + Heat, and dry Grounds. As for our Low Lands, such as Marshes, Savannas and + Percoarson-Ground, which lies low, all of them naturally afford good Land + for Pasturage. + </p> + <p> + We will next treat of the Beasts, which you shall have an Account of, as + they have been discover'd. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0011" id="link2H_4_0011"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE BEASTS OF CAROLINA ARE THE + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Buffelo, or wild Beef. + Bear. + Panther. + Cat-a-mount. + Wild Cat. + Wolf. + Tyger. + Polcat. + Otter. + Bever. + Musk-Rat. + Possum. + Raccoon. + Minx. + Water-Rat. + Rabbet, two sorts. + Elks. + Stags. + Fallow-Deer. + Squirrel, four sorts. + Fox. + Lion, and Jackall on the Lake. + Rats, two sorts. + Mice, two sorts. + Moles. + Weasel, Dormouse. + Bearmouse. +</pre> + <p> + The Buffelo is a wild Beast of America, which has a Bunch on his Back, as + the Cattle of St. Laurence are said to have. He seldom appears amongst the + English Inhabitants, his chief Haunt being in the Land of Messiasippi, + which is, for the most part, a plain Country; yet I have known some kill'd + on the Hilly Part of Cape-Fair-River, they passing the Ledges of vast + Mountains from the said Messiasippi, before they can come near us. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Two killed one year in Virginia at Appamaticks. + </p> + <p> + I have eaten of their Meat, but do not think it so good as our Beef; yet + the younger Calves are cry'd up for excellent Food, as very likely they + may be. It is conjectured, that these Buffelos, mixt in Breed with our + tame Cattle, would much better the Breed for Largeness and Milk, which + seems very probable. Of the wild Bull's Skin, Buff is made. The Indians + cut the Skins into Quarters for the Ease of their Transportation, and make + Beds to lie on. They spin the Hair into Garters, Girdles, Sashes, and the + like, it being long and curled, and often of a chesnut or red Colour. + These Monsters are found to weigh (as I am informed by a Traveller of + Credit) from 1600 to 2400 Weight. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bear. + </p> + <p> + The Bears here are very common, though not so large as in Greenland, and + the more Northern Countries of Russia. The Flesh of this Beast is very + good, and nourishing, and not inferiour to the best Pork in Taste. It + stands betwixt Beef and Pork, and the young Cubs are a Dish for the + greatest Epicure living. I prefer their Flesh before any Beef, Veal, Pork, + or Mutton; and they look as well as they eat, their fat being as white as + Snow, and the sweetest of any Creature's in the World. If a Man drink a + Quart thereof melted, it never will rise in his Stomach. We prefer it + above all things, to fry Fish and other things in. Those that are + Strangers to it, may judge otherwise; But I who have eaten a great deal of + Bears Flesh in my Life-time (since my being an Inhabitant in America) do + think it equalizes, if not excels, any Meat I ever eat in Europe. The + Bacon made thereof is extraordinary Meat; but it must be well saved, + otherwise it will rust. This Creature feeds upon all sorts of wild Fruits. + When Herrings run, which is in March, the Flesh of such of those Bears as + eat thereof, is nought, all that Season, and eats filthily. Neither is it + good, when he feeds on Gum-berries, as I intimated before. They are great + Devourers of Acorns, and oftentimes meet the Swine in the Woods, which + they kill and eat, especially when they are hungry, and can find no other + Food. Now and then they get into the Fields of Indian Corn, or Maiz, where + they make a sad Havock, spoiling ten times as much as they eat. The + Potatos of this Country are so agreeable to them, that they never fail to + sweep 'em all clean, if they chance to come in their way. They are + seemingly a very clumsy Creature, yet are very nimble in running up Trees, + and traversing every Limb thereof. When they come down, they run Tail + foremost. At catching of Herrings, they are most expert Fishers. They sit + by the Creek-sides, (which are very narrow) where the Fish run in; and + there they take them up, as fast as it's possible they can dip their Paws + into the Water. There is one thing more to be consider'd of this Creature, + which is, that no Man, either Christian or Indian, has ever kill'd a + She-bear with Young. + </p> + <p> + It is supposed, that the She-Bears, after Conception, hide themselves in + some secret and undiscoverable Place, till they bring forth their Young, + which, in all Probability, cannot be long; otherwise, the Indians, who + hunt the Woods like Dogs, would, at some time or other, have found them + out. Bear-Hunting is a great Sport in America, both with the English and + Indians. Some Years ago, there were kill'd five hundred Bears, in two + Counties of Virginia, in one Winter; and but two She-Bears amongst them + all, which were not with Young, as I told you of the rest. The English + have a breed of Dogs fit for this sport, about the size of Farmers Curs, + and, by Practice, come to know the Scent of a Bear, which as soon as they + have found, they run him, by the Nose, till they come up with him, and + then bark and snap at him, till he trees, when the Huntsman shoots him out + of the Trees, there being, for the most part, two or three with Guns, lest + the first should miss, or not quite kill him. Though they are not + naturally voracious, yet they are very fierce when wounded. The Dogs often + bring him to a Bay, when wounded, and then the Huntsmen make other Shots, + perhaps with the Pistols that are stuck in their Girdles. If a Dog is apt + to fasten, and run into a Bear, he is not good, for the best Dog in Europe + is nothing in their Paws; but if ever they get him in their Clutches, they + blow his Skin from his Flesh, like a Bladder, and often kill him; or if he + recovers it, he is never good for any thing after. As the Paws of this + Creature, are held for the best bit about him, so is the Head esteem'd the + worst, and always thrown away, for what reason I know not. I believe, none + ever made Trial thereof, to know how it eats. The Oil of the Bear is very + Sovereign for Strains, Aches, and old Pains. The fine Fur at the bottom of + the Belly, is used for making Hats, in some places. The Fur itself is fit + for several Uses; as for making Muffs, facing Caps, &c. but the black + Cub-skin is preferable to all sorts of that kind, for Muffs. Its Grain is + like Hog-Skin. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Panther. + </p> + <p> + The Panther is of the Cat's kind; about the height of a very large + Greyhound of a reddish Colour, the same as a Lion. He climbs Trees with + the greatest Agility imaginable, is very strong-limb'd, catching a piece + of Meat from any Creature he strikes at. His Tail is exceeding long; his + Eyes look very fierce and lively, are large, and of a grayish Colour; his + Prey is, Swines-flesh, Deer, or any thing he can take; no Creature is so + nice and clean, as this, in his Food. When he has got his Prey, he fills + his Belly with the Slaughter, and carefully lays up the Remainder, + covering it very neatly with Leaves, which if any thing touches, he never + eats any more of it. He purrs as Cats do; if taken when Young, is never to + be reclaim'd from his wild Nature. He hollows like a Man in the Woods, + when kill'd, which is by making him take a Tree, as the least Cur will + presently do; then the Huntsmen shoot him; if they do not kill him + outright, he is a dangerous Enemy, when wounded, especially to the Dogs + that approach him. This Beast is the greatest Enemy to the Planter, of any + Vermine in Carolina. His Flesh looks as well as any Shambles-Meat + whatsoever; a great many People eat him, as choice Food; but I never + tasted of a Panther, so cannot commend the Meat, by my own Experience. His + Skin is a warm Covering for the Indians in Winter, though not esteem'd + amongst the choice Furs. This Skin dress'd, makes fine Womens Shooes, or + Mens Gloves. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cat-a-Mount. + </p> + <p> + The Mountain-Cat, so call'd, because he lives in the Mountainous Parts of + America. He is a Beast of Prey, as the Panther is, and nearest to him in + Bigness and Nature. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wild Cat. + </p> + <p> + This Cat is quite different from those in Europe; being more nimble and + fierce, and larger; his Tail does not exceed four Inches. He makes a very + odd sort of Cry in the Woods, in the Night. He is spotted as the Leopard + is, tho' some of them are not, (which may happen, when their Furs are out + of Season) he climbs a Tree very dexterously, and preys as the Panther + does. He is a great Destroyer of young Swine. I knew an Island, which was + possess'd by these Vermine, unknown to the Planter, who put thereon a + considerable Stock of Swine; but never took one back; for the wild Cats + destroy'd them all. He takes most of his Prey by Surprize, getting up the + Trees, which they pass by or under, and thence leaping directly upon them. + Thus he takes Deer (which he cannot catch by running) and fastens his + Teeth into their Shoulders and sucks them. They run with him, till they + fall down for want of strength, and become a Prey to the Enemy. Hares, + Birds, and all he meets, that he can conquer, he destroys. The Fur is + approv'd to wear as a Stomacher, for weak and cold Stomachs. They are + likewise used to line Muffs, and Coats withal, in cold Climates. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wolf. + </p> + <p> + The Wolf of Carolina, is the Dog of the Woods. The Indians had no other + Curs, before the Christians came amongst them. They are made domestick. + When wild, they are neither so large, nor fierce, as the European Wolf. + They are not Man-slayers; neither is any Creature in Carolina, unless + wounded. They go in great Droves in the Night, to hunt Deer, which they do + as well as the best Pack of Hounds. Nay, one of these will hunt down a + Deer. They are often so poor, that they can hardly run. When they catch no + Prey, they go to a Swamp, and fill their Belly full of Mud; if afterwards + they chance to get any thing of Flesh, they will disgorge the Mud, and eat + the other. When they hunt in the Night, that there is a great many + together, they make the most hideous and frightful Noise, that ever was + heard. The Fur makes good Muffs. The Skin dress'd to a Parchment makes the + best Drum-Heads, and if tann'd makes the best sort of Shooes for the + Summer-Countries. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tyger. + </p> + <p> + Tygers are never met withal in the Settlement; but are more to the + Westward, and are not numerous on this Side the Chain of Mountains. I once + saw one, that was larger that a Panther, and seem'd to be a very bold + Creature. The Indians that hunt in those Quarters, say, they are seldom + met withal. It seems to differ from the Tyger of Asia and Africa. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Polcat. + </p> + <p> + Polcats or Skunks in America, are different from those in Europe. They are + thicker, and of a great many Colours; not all alike, but each differing + from another in the particular Colour. They smell like a Fox, but ten + times stronger. When a Dog encounters them, they piss upon him, and he + will not be sweet again in a Fortnight or more. The Indians love to eat + their Flesh, which has no manner of ill Smell, when the Bladder is out. I + know no use their Furs are put to. They are easily brought up tame. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Otters. + </p> + <p> + There have been seen some Otters from the Westward of Carolina, which were + of a white Colour, a little inclining to a yellow. They live on the same + Prey here, as in Europe, and are the same in all other Respects; so I + shall insist no farther on that Creature. Their Furs, if black, are + valuable. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bevers. + </p> + <p> + Bevers are very numerous in Carolina, their being abundance of their Dams + in all Parts of the Country, where I have travel'd. They are the most + industrious and greatest Artificers (in building their Dams and Houses) of + any four-footed Creatures in the World. Their Food is chiefly the Barks of + Trees and Shrubs, viz. Sassafras, Ash, Sweet-Gum, and several others. If + you take them young, they become very tame and domestick, but are very + mischievous in spoiling Orchards, by breaking the Trees, and blocking up + your Doors in the Night, with the Sticks and Wood they bring thither. If + they eat any thing that is salt, it kills them. Their Flesh is a sweet + Food; especially, their Tail, which is held very dainty. Their Fore-Feet + are open, like a Dog's; their Hind-Feet webb'd like a Water-Fowl's. The + Skins are good Furs for several Uses, which every one knows. The Leather + is very thick; I have known Shooes made thereof in Carolina, which lasted + well. It makes the best Hedgers Mittens that can be used. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Musk Rat. + </p> + <p> + Musk Rats frequent fresh Streams and no other; as the Bever does. He has a + Cod of Musk, which is valuable, as is likewise his Fur. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Possum. + </p> + <p> + The Possum is found no where but in America. He is the Wonder of all the + Land Animals, being the size of a Badger, and near that Colour. The Male's + Pizzle is placed retrograde; and in time of Coition, they differ from all + other Animals, turning Tail to Tail, as Dog and Bitch when ty'd. The + Female, doubtless, breeds her Young at her Teats; for I have seen them + stick fast thereto, when they have been no bigger than a small Rasberry, + and seemingly inanimate. She has a Paunch, or false Belly, wherein she + carries her Young, after they are from those Teats, till they can shift + for themselves. Their Food is Roots, Poultry, or wild Fruits. They have no + Hair on their Tails, but a sort of a Scale, or hard Crust, as the Bevers + have. If a Cat has nine Lives, this Creature surely has nineteen; for if + you break every Bone in their Skin, and mash their Skull, leaving them for + Dead, you may come an hour after, and they will be gone quite away, or + perhaps you meet them creeping away. They are a very stupid Creature, + utterly neglecting their Safety. They are most like Rats of any thing. I + have, for Necessity in the Wilderness, eaten of them. Their Flesh is very + white, and well tasted; but their ugly Tails put me out of Conceit with + that Fare. They climb Trees, as the Raccoons do. Their Fur is not esteem'd + nor used, save that the Indians spin it into Girdles and Garters. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Raccoon. + </p> + <p> + The Raccoon is of a dark-gray Colour; if taken young, is easily made tame, + but is the drunkenest Creature living, if he can get any Liquor that is + sweet and strong. They are rather more unlucky than a Monkey. When wild, + they are very subtle in catching their Prey. Those that live in the + Salt-Water, feed much on Oysters which they love. They watch the Oyster + when it opens, and nimbly put in their Paw, and pluck out the Fish. + Sometimes the Oyster shuts, and holds fast their Paw till the Tide comes + in, that they are drown'd, tho' they swim very well. The way that this + Animal catches Crabs, which he greatly admires, and which are plenty in + Carolina, is worthy of Remark. When he intends to make a Prey of these + Fish, he goes to a Marsh, where standing on the Land, he lets his Tail + hang in the Water. This the Crab takes for a Bait, and fastens his Claws + therein, which as soon as the Raccoon perceives, he, of a sudden, springs + forward, a considerable way, on the Land, and brings the Crab along with + him. As soon as the Fish finds himself out of his Element, he presently + lets go his hold; and then the Raccoon encounters him, by getting him + cross-wise in his Mouth, and devours him. There is a sort of small + Land-Crab, which we call a Fiddler, that runs into a Hole when any thing + pursues him. This Crab the Raccoon takes by putting his Fore-Foot in the + Hole, and pulling him out. With a tame Raccoon, this Sport is very + diverting. The Chief of his other Food is all sorts of wild Fruits, green + Corn, and such as the Bear delights in. This and the Possum are much of a + Bigness. The Fur makes good Hats and Linings. The Skin dress'd makes fine + Womens Shooes. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Minx. + </p> + <p> + The Minx is an Animal much like the English Fillimart or Polcat. He is + long, slender, and every way shap'd like him. His Haunts are chiefly in + the Marshes, by the Sea-side and Salt-Waters, where he lives on Fish, + Fowl, Mice, and Insects. They are bold Thieves, and will steal any thing + from you in the Night, when asleep, as I can tell by Experience; for one + Winter, by Misfortune, I ran my Vessel a-ground, and went often to the + Banks, to kill wild Fowl, which we did a great many. One Night, we had a + mind to sleep on the Banks (the Weather being fair) and wrapt up the Geese + which we had kill'd, and not eaten, very carefully, in the Sail of a + Canoe, and folded it several Doubles, and for their better Security, laid + 'em all Night under my Head. In the Morning when I wak'd, a Minx had eaten + thro' every Fold of the Canoe's Sail, and thro' one of the Geese, most + part of which was gone. These are likewise found high up in the Rivers, in + whose sides they live; which is known by the abundance of Fresh-Water + Muscle-Shells (such as you have in England) that lie at the Mouth of their + Holes. This is an Enemy to the Tortois, whose Holes in the Sand, where + they hide their Eggs, the Minx finds out, and scratches up and eats. The + Raccoons and Crows do the same. The Minx may be made domestick, and were + it not for his paying a Visit now and then to the Poultry, they are the + greatest Destroyers of Rats and Mice, that are in the World. Their Skins, + if good of that kind, are valuable, provided they are kill'd in Season. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Water-Rats. + </p> + <p> + The Water-Rat is found here the same as in England. The Water-Snakes are + often found to have of these Rats in their Bellies. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Coneys. + </p> + <p> + That which the People of Carolina call a Hare, is nothing but a + Hedge-Coney. They never borough in the Ground, but much frequent Marshes + and Meadow-Land. They hide their Young in some Place secure from the + Discovery of the Buck, as the European Rabbets do, and are of the same + Colour; but if you start one of them, and pursue her, she takes into a + hollow Tree, and there runs up as far as she can, in which Case the Hunter + makes a Fire, and smoaks the Tree, which brings her down, and smothers + her. At one time of the Year, great Bots or Maggots breed betwixt the Skin + and the Flesh of these Creatures. They eat just as the English ones do; + but I never saw one of them fat. We fire the Marshes, and then kill + abundance. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rabbet English. + </p> + <p> + The English, or European Coneys are here found, tho' but in one place that + I ever knew of, which was in Trent-River, where they borough'd among the + Rocks. I cannot believe, these are Natives of the Country, any otherwise + than that they might come from aboard some Wreck; the Sea not being far + off. I was told of several that were upon Bodies Island by Ronoak, which + came from that Ship of Bodies; but I never saw any. However the Banks are + no proper Abode of Safety, because of the many Minxes in those Quarters. I + carried over some of the tame sort from England to South-Carolina, which + bred three times going over, we having a long Passage. I turn'd them loose + in a Plantation, and the young ones, and some of the old ones bred great + Maggots in their Testicles. At last, the great Gust in September, 1700, + brought a great deal of Rain, and drown'd them all in their Holes. I + intend to make a second Tryal of them in North Carolina, and doubt not but + to secure them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Elks. + </p> + <p> + The Elk is a Monster of the Venison sort. His Skin is used almost in the + same Nature as the Buffelo's. Some take him for the red Deer of America; + but he is not: For, if brought and kept in Company with one of that sort, + of the contrary Sex, he will never couple. His Flesh is not so sweet as + the lesser Deers. His Horns exceed (in Weight) all Creatures which the new + World affords. They will often resort and feed with the Buffelo, + delighting in the same Range as they do. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Stags. + </p> + <p> + The Stags of Carolina are lodg'd in the Mountains. They are not so large + as in Europe, but much larger than any Fallow-Deer. They are always fat, I + believe, with some delicate Herbage that grows on the Hills; for we find + all Creatures that graze much fatter and better Meat on the Hills, than + those in the Valleys: I mean towards and near the Sea. Some Deer on these + Mountains afford the occidental Bezoar, not coming from a Goat, as some + report. What sort of Beast affords the oriental Bezoar, I know not. The + Tallow of the Harts make incomparable Candles. Their Horns and Hides are + of the same Value, as others of their kind. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fallow-Deer. + </p> + <p> + Fallow-Deer in Carolina, are taller and longer-legg'd, than in Europe; but + neither run so fast, nor are so well haunch'd. Their Singles are much + longer, and their Horns stand forward, as the others incline backward; + neither do they beam, or bear their Antlers, as the English Deer do. + Towards the Salts, they are not generally so fat and good Meat, as on the + Hills. I have known some kill'd on the Salts in January, that have had + abundance of Bots in their Throat, which keep them very poor. As the + Summer approaches, these Bots come out, and turn into the finest Butterfly + imaginable, being very large, and having black, white, and yellow Stripes. + Deer-Skins are one of the best Commodities Carolina affords, to ship off + for England, provided they be large. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fox Squirrel. + </p> + <p> + Of Squirrels we have four Sorts. The first is the Fox-Squirrel, so call'd, + because of his large Size, which is the Bigness of a Rabbet of two or + three Months old. His Colour is commonly gray; yet I have seen several + pied ones, and some reddish, and black; his chiefest Haunts are in the + Piny Land, where the Almond-Pine grows. There he provides his + Winter-Store; they being a Nut that never fails of bearing. He may be made + tame, and is very good Meat, when killed. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Small gray Squirrel. + </p> + <p> + The next sort of Squirrel is much of the Nature of the English, only + differing in Colour. Their Food is Nuts (of all sorts the Country affords) + and Acorns. They eat well; and, like the Bear, are never found with young. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Flying-Squirrel. + </p> + <p> + This Squirrel is gray, as well as the others. He is the least of the + Three. His Food is much the same with the small gray Squirrels. He has not + Wings, as Birds or Bats have, there being a fine thin Skin cover'd with + Hair, as the rest of the parts are. This is from the Fore-Feet to the + Hinder-Feet, which is extended and holds so much Air, as buoys him up, + from one Tree to another, that are greater distances asunder, than other + Squirrels can reach by jumping or springing. He is made very tame, is an + Enemy to a Cornfield, (as all Squirrels are) and eats only the germinating + Eye of that Grain, which is very sweet. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Ground Squirrel. + </p> + <p> + Ground Squirrels are so call'd, because they never delight in running up + Trees, and leaping from Tree to Tree. They are the smallest of all + Squirrels. Their Tail is neither so long not bushy; but flattish. They are + of a reddish Colour, and striped down each Side with black Rows, which + make them very beautiful. They may be kept tame, in a little Box with + Cotton. They and the Flying-Squirrels seldom stir out in Cold Weather, + being tender Animals. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fox. + </p> + <p> + The Fox of Carolina is gray, but smells not as the Foxes in Great-Britain, + and elsewhere. They have reddish Hair about their Ears, and are generally + very fat; yet I never saw any one eat them. When hunted, they make a sorry + Chace, because they run up Trees, when pursued. They are never to be made + familiar and tame, as the Raccoon is. Their Furs, if in Season, are used + for Muffs and other Ornaments. They live chiefly on Birds and Fowls, and + such small Prey. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Supposed Lion and Jackall. + </p> + <p> + I have been inform'd by the Indians, that on a Lake of Water towards the + Head of Neus River, there haunts a Creature, which frightens them all from + Hunting thereabouts. They say, he is the Colour of a Panther, but cannot + run up Trees; and that there abides with him a Creature like an + Englishman's Dog, which runs faster than he can, and gets his Prey for + him. They add, that there is no other of that Kind that ever they met + withal; and that they have no other way to avoid him, but by running up a + Tree. The Certainty of this I cannot affirm by my own Knowledge, yet they + all agree in this Story. As for Lions, I never saw any in America; neither + can I imagine, how they should come there. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rats. + </p> + <p> + Of Rats we have two sorts; the House-Rat, as in Europe; and the Marsh-Rat, + which differs very much from the other, being more hairy, and has several + other Distinctions, too long here to name. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mice. + </p> + <p> + Mice are the same here, as those in England, that belong to the House. + There is one sort that poisons a Cat, as soon as she eats of them, which + has sometimes happen'd. These Mice resort not to Houses. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Dormouse. + </p> + <p> + The Dormouse is the same as in England; and so is the Weasel, which is + very scarce. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rearmouse. + </p> + <p> + The Bat or Rearmouse, the same as in England. The Indian Children are much + addicted to eat Dirt, and so are some of the Christians. But roast a Bat + on a Skewer, then pull the Skin off, and make the Child that eats Dirt, + eat the roasted Rearmouse; and he will never eat Dirt again. This is held + as an infallible Remedy. I have put this amongst the Beasts, as partaking + of both Natures; of the Bird, and Mouse-Kind. + </p> + <p> + Having mention'd all the sorts of terrestrial or Land-Animals, which + Carolina affords and are yet known to us, except the Tame and Domestick + Creatures (of which I shall give an Account hereafter, when I come to + treat of the Ways and Manners of Agriculture in that Province) I shall now + proceed to the known Insects of that Place. Not that I pretend to give an + ample Account of the whole Tribe, which is too numerous, and contains too + great a Diversity of Species, many not yet discovered, and others that + have slipt my Memory at present; But those which I can remember, I here + present my Readers withal. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + INSECTS OF CAROLINA. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Allegators. + Rattle-Snakes. + Ground Rattle-Snakes. + Horn-Snakes. + Water-Snakes, four sorts. + Swamp Snakes three sorts. + Red-bellied Land-Snakes. + Red-back'd Snake. + Black Truncheon Snake. + Scorpion-Lizard. + Green Lizard. + Frogs, many sorts. + Long black Snake. + King-Snake. + Green Snake. + Corn Snake. + Vipers black and gray. + Tortois. + Terebin Land and Water. + Brimstone-Snake. + Egg, or Chicken-Snake. + Eel-Snake, or great Loach. + Brown Lizard. + Rotten-wood Worm, &c. +</pre> + <p class="side"> + Strange Genitors. + </p> + <p> + The Allegator is the same, as the Crocodile, and differs only in Name. + They frequent the sides of Rivers, in the Banks of which they make their + Dwellings a great way under Ground; the Hole or Mouth of their Dens lying + commonly two Foot under Water, after which it rises till it be + considerably above the Surface thereof. Here it is, that this amphibious + Monster dwells all the Winter, sleeping away his time till the Spring + appears, when he comes from his Cave, and daily swims up and down the + Streams. He always breeds in some fresh Stream, or clear Fountain of + Water, yet seeks his Prey in the broad Salt Waters, that are brackish, not + on the Sea-side, where I never met with any. He never devours Men in + Carolina, but uses all ways to avoid them, yet he kills Swine and Dogs, + the former as they come to feed in the Marshes, the others as they swim + over the Creeks and Waters. They are very mischievous to the Wares made + for taking Fish, into which they come to prey on the Fish that are caught + in the Ware, from whence they cannot readily extricate themselves, and so + break the Ware in Pieces, being a very strong Creature. This Animal, in + these Parts, sometimes exceeds seventeen Foot long. It is impossible to + kill them with a Gun, unless you chance to hit them about the Eyes, which + is a much softer Place, than the rest of their impenetrable Armour. They + roar, and make a hideous Noise against bad Weather, and before they come + out of their Dens in the Spring. I was pretty much frightened with one of + these once; which happened thus: I had built a House about half a Mile + from an Indian Town, on the Fork of Neus-River, where I dwelt by my self, + excepting a young Indian Fellow, and a Bull-Dog, that I had along with me. + I had not then been so long a Sojourner in America, as to be throughly + acquainted with this Creature. One of them had got his Nest directly under + my House, which stood on pretty high Land, and by a Creek-side, in whose + Banks his Entring-place was, his Den reaching the Ground directly on which + my House stood. I was sitting alone by the Fire-side (about nine a Clock + at Night, some time in March) the Indian Fellow being gone to the Town, to + see his Relations; so that there was no body in the House but my self and + my Dog; when, all of a sudden, this ill-favour'd Neighbour of mine, set up + such a Roaring, that he made the House shake about my Ears, and so + continued, like a Bittern, (but a hundred times louder, if possible) for + four or five times. The Dog stared, as if he was frightned out of his + Senses; nor indeed, could I imagine what it was, having never heard one of + them before. Immediately again I had another Lesson; and so a third. Being + at that time amongst none but Savages, I began to suspect, they were + working some Piece of Conjuration under my House, to get away my Goods; + not but that, at another time, I have as little Faith in their, or any + others working Miracles, by diabolical Means, as any Person living. At + last, my Man came in, to whom when I had told the Story, he laugh'd at me, + and presently undeceiv'd me, by telling me what it was that made that + Noise. These Allegators lay Eggs, as the Ducks do; only they are longer + shap'd, larger, and a thicker Shell, than they have. How long they are in + hatching, I cannot tell; but, as the Indians say, it is most part of the + Summer, they always lay by a Spring-Side, the young living in and about + the same, as soon as hatch'd. Their Eggs are laid in Nests made in the + Marshes, and contain twenty or thirty Eggs. Some of these Creatures afford + a great deal of Musk. Their Tail, when cut of, looks very fair and white, + seemingly like the best of Veal. Some People have eaten thereof, and say, + it is delicate Meat, when they happen not to be musky. Their Flesh is + accounted proper for such as are troubled with the lame Distemper, (a sort + of Rhumatism) so is the Fat very prevailing to remove Aches and Pains, by + Unction. The Teeth of this Creature, when dead, are taken out, to make + Chargers for Guns, being of several Sizes, fit for all Loads. They are + white, and would make pretty Snuff-Boxes, if wrought by an Artist. After + the Tail of the Allegator is separated from the Body, it will move very + freely for four days. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rattle-Snake. + </p> + <p> + The Rattle-Snakes are found on all the Main of America, that I ever had + any Account of; being so call'd from the Rattle at the end of their Tails, + which is a Connexion of jointed Coverings, of an excrementitious Matter, + betwixt the Substance of a Nail, and a Horn, though each Tegmen is very + thin. Nature seems to have design'd these, on purpose to give Warning of + such an approaching Danger, as the venomous Bite of these Snakes is. Some + of them grow to a very great Bigness, as six Foot in Length, their Middle + being the Thickness of the Small of a lusty Man's Leg. We have an Account + of much larger Serpents of this Kind; but I never met them yet, although I + have seen and kill'd abundance in my time. They are of an Orange, tawny, + and blackish Colour, on the Back; differing (as all Snakes do) in Colour, + on the Belly; being of an Ash-Colour, inclining to Lead. The Male is + easily distinguish'd from the Female, by a black Velvet-Spot on his Head; + and besides, his Head is smaller shaped, and long. Their Bite is venomous, + if not speedily remedied; especially, if the Wound be in a Vein, Nerve, + Tendon, or Sinew; when it is very difficult to cure. The Indians are the + best Physicians for the Bite of these and all other venomous Creatures of + this Country. There are four sorts of Snake-Roots already discover'd, + which Knowledge came from the Indians, who have perform'd several great + Cures. The Rattle-Snakes are accounted the peaceablest in the World; for + they never attack any one, or injure them, unless they are trod upon, or + molested. The most Danger of being bit by these Snakes, is for those that + survey Land in Carolina; yet I never heard of any Surveyor that was + kill'd, or hurt by them. I have myself gone over several of this Sort, and + others; yet it pleased God, I never came to any harm. They have the Power, + or Art (I know not which to call it) to charm Squirrels, Hares, + Partridges, or any such thing, in such a manner, that they run directly + into their Mouths. This I have seen by a Squirrel and one of these + Rattle-Snakes; and other Snakes have, in some measure, the same Power. The + Rattle-Snakes have many small Teeth, of which I cannot see they make any + use; for they swallow every thing whole; but the Teeth which poison, are + only four; two on each side of their Upper-Jaws. These are bent like a + Sickle, and hang loose as if by a Joint. Towards the setting on of these, + there is, in each Tooth, a little Hole, wherein you may just get in the + Point of a small Needle. And here it is, that the Poison comes out, (which + is as green as Grass) and follows the Wound, made by the Point of their + Teeth. They are much more venomous in the Months of June and July, than + they are in March, April or September. The hotter the Weather, the more + poisonous. Neither may we suppose, that they can renew their Poison as oft + as they will; for we have had a Person bit by one of these, who never + rightly recover'd it, and very hardly escaped with Life; a second Person + bit in the same Place by the same Snake, and receiv'd no more Harm, that + if bitten with a Rat. They cast their Skins every Year, and commonly abide + near the Place where the old Skin lies. These cast Skins are used in + Physick, and the Rattles are reckon'd good to expedite the Birth. The Gall + is made up into Pills, with Clay, and kept for Use; being given in + Pestilential Fevers and the Small-Pox. It is accounted a noble Remedy, + known to few, and held as a great Arcanum. This Snake has two Nostrils on + each side of his Nose. Their Venom, I have Reason to believe, effects no + Harm, any otherwise than when darted into the Wound by the Serpents Teeth. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Ground Rattle-Snakes. + </p> + <p> + The Ground Rattle-Snake, wrong nam'd, because it has nothing like Rattles. + It resembles the Rattle-Snake a little in Colour, but is darker, and never + grows to any considerable Bigness, not exceeding a Foot, or sixteen + Inches. He is reckon'd amongst the worst of Snakes; and stays out the + longest of any Snake I know, before he returns (in the Fall of the Leaf) + to his Hole. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Horn-Snake. + </p> + <p> + Of the Horn-Snakes I never saw but two, that I remember. They are like the + Rattle-Snake in Colour, but rather lighter. They hiss exactly like a + Goose, when any thing approaches them. They strike at their Enemy with + their Tail, and kill whatsoever they wound with it, which is arm'd at the + End with a horny Substance, like a Cock's Spur. This is their Weapon. I + have heard it credibly reported, by those who said they were + Eye-Witnesses, that a small Locust-Tree, about the Thickness of a Man's + Arm, being struck by one of these Snakes, at Ten a Clock in the Morning, + then verdant and flourishing, at four in the Afternoon was dead, and the + Leaves red and wither'd. Doubtless, be it how it will, they are very + venomous. I think, the Indians do not pretend to cure their Wound. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Water-Snakes. + </p> + <p> + Of Water-Snakes there are four sorts. The first is of the Horn-Snakes + Colour, though less. The next is a very long Snake, differing in Colour, + and will make nothing to swim over a River a League wide. They hang upon + Birches and other Trees by the Water-Side. I had the Fortune once to have + one of them leap into my Boat, as I was going up a narrow River; the Boat + was full of Mats, which I was glad to take out, to get rid of him. They + are reckon'd poisonous. A third is much of an English Adder's Colour, but + always frequents the Salts, and lies under the Drift Seaweed, where they + are in abundance, and are accounted mischievous, when they bite. The last + is of a sooty black Colour, and frequents Ponds and Ditches. What his + Qualities are, I cannot tell. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Swamp-Snakes. + </p> + <p> + Of the Swamp-Snakes there are three sorts, which are very near akin to the + Water-Snakes, and may be rank'd amongst them. + </p> + <p> + The Belly of the first is of a Carnation or Pink Colour; his Back a dirty + brown; they are large, but have not much Venom in them, as ever I learnt. + The next is a large Snake, of a brown Dirt Colour, and always abides in + the Marshes. + </p> + <p> + The last is mottled, and very poisonous. They dwell in Swamps Sides, and + Ponds, and have prodigious wide Mouths, and (though not long) arrive to + the Thickness of the Calf of a Man's Leg. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red-Belly Land-Snakes. + </p> + <p> + These frequent the Land altogether, and are so call'd, because of their + red Bellies, which incline to an Orange-Colour. Some have been bitten with + these sort of Snakes, and not hurt; when others have suffer'd very much by + them. Whether there be two sorts of these Snakes, which we make no + Difference of, I cannot at present determine. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red-Back Snakes. + </p> + <p> + I never saw but one of these, which I stept over, and did not see him; + till he that brought the Chain after me, spy'd him. He has a red Back, as + the last has a red Belly. They are a long, slender Snake, and very rare to + be met withal. I enquired of the Indian that was along with me, whether + they were very venomous, who made Answer, that if he had bitten me, even + the Indians could not have cured it. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Black Truncheon-Snake. + </p> + <p> + This sort of Snake might very well have been rank'd with the Water-Snakes. + They lie under Roots of Trees, and on the Banks of Rivers. When any thing + disturbs them, they dart into the Water (which is Salt) like an Arrow out + of a Bow. They are thick, and the shortest Snake I ever saw. What Good, or + Harm, there is in them, I know not. Some of these Water-Snakes will + swallow a black Land-Snake, half as long again as themselves. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Scorpion Lizard. + </p> + <p> + The Scorpion Lizard, is no more like a Scorpion, than a Hedge-Hog; but + they very commonly call him a Scorpion. He is of the Lizard Kind, but much + bigger; his Back is of a dark Copper-Colour; his Belly an Orange; he is + very nimble in running up Trees, or on the Land, and is accounted very + poisonous. He has the most Sets of Teeth in his Mouth and Throat, that + ever I saw. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Green Lizard. + </p> + <p> + Green Lizards are very harmless and beautiful, having a little Bladder + under their Throat, which they fill with Wind, and evacuate the same at + Pleasure. They are of a most glorious Green, and very tame. They resort to + the Walls of Houses in the Summer Season, and stand gazing on a Man, + without any Concern or Fear. There are several other Colours of these + Lizards; but none so beautiful as the green ones are. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Frogs. + </p> + <p> + Of Frogs we have several sorts; the most famous is the Bull-Frog, so + call'd, because he lows exactly like that Beast, which makes Strangers + wonder (when by the side of a Marsh) what's the matter, for they hear the + Frogs low, and can see no Cattle; he is very large. I believe, I have seen + one with as much Meat on him, as a Pullet, if he had been dress'd. The + small green Frogs get upon Trees, and make a Noise. There are several + other colour'd small Frogs; but the Common Land-Frog is likest a Toad, + only he leaps, and is not poisonous. He is a great Devourer of Ants, and + the Snakes devour him. These Frogs baked and beat to Powder, and taken + with Orrice-Root cures a Tympany. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Long black Snake. + </p> + <p> + The long, black Snake frequents the Land altogether, and is the nimblest + Creature living. His Bite has no more Venom, than a Prick with a Pin. He + is the best Mouser that can be; for he leaves not one of that Vermine + alive, where he comes. He also kills the Rattle-Snake, wheresoever he + meets him, by twisting his Head about the Neck of the Rattle-Snake, and + whipping him to Death with his Tail. This Whipster haunts the Dairies of + careless Housewives, and never misses to skim the Milk clear of the Cream. + He is an excellent Egg-Merchant, for he does not suck the Eggs, but + swallows them whole (as all Snakes do.) He will often swallow all the Eggs + from under a Hen that sits, and coil himself under the Hen, in the Nest, + where sometimes the Housewife finds him. This Snake, for all his Agility, + is so brittle, that when he is pursued, and gets his Head into the Hole of + a Tree, if any body gets hold of the other end, he will twist, and break + himself off in the middle. One of these Snakes, whose Neck is no thicker + that a Woman's little Finger, will swallow a Squirrel; so much does that + part stretch, in all these Creatures. + </p> + <p class="side"> + King Snake. + </p> + <p> + The King-Snake is the longest of all others, and not common; no Snake + (they say) will meddle with them. I think they are not accounted very + venomous. The Indians make Girdles and Sashes of their Skins. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Green Snake. + </p> + <p> + Green-Snakes are very small, tho' pretty (if any Beauty be allow'd to + Snakes.) Every one makes himself very familiar with them, and puts them in + their Bosom, because there is no manner of Harm in them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Corn-Snake. + </p> + <p> + The Corn-Snakes are but small ones; they are of a brown Colour, mixed with + tawny. There is no more hurt in this, than in the green Snake. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Vipers. + </p> + <p> + Of those we call Vipers, there are two sorts. People call these Vipers, + because they spread a very flat Head at any time when they are vex'd. One + of these is a grayish like the Italian Viper, the other black and short; + and is reckon'd amongst the worst of Snakes, for Venom. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tortois. + </p> + <p> + Tortois, vulgarly call'd Turtle; I have rank'd these among the Insects, + because they lay Eggs, and I did not know well where to put them. Among us + there are three sorts. The first is the green Turtle, which is not common, + but is sometimes found on our Coast. The next is the Hawks-bill, which is + common. These two sorts are extraordinary Meat. The third is Logger-Head, + which Kind scarce any one covets, except it be for the Eggs, which of this + and all other Turtles, are very good Food. None of these sorts of + Creatures Eggs will ever admit the White to be harder than a Jelly; yet + the Yolk, with boiling, becomes as hard as any other Egg. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Terebin. + </p> + <p> + Of Terebins there are divers sorts, all which, to be brief, we will + comprehend under the Distinction of Land and Water-Terebins. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Land-Terebin. + </p> + <p> + The Land-Terebin is of several Sizes, but generally Round-Mouth'd, and not + Hawks-Bill'd, as some are. The Indians eat them. Most of them are good + Meat, except the very large ones; and they are good Food too, provided + they are not Musky. They are an utter Enemy to the Rattle-Snake, for when + the Terebin meets him, he catches hold of him a little below his Neck, and + draws his Head into his Shell, which makes the Snake beat his Tail, and + twist about with all the Strength and Violence imaginable, to get away; + but the Terebin soon dispatches him, and there leaves him. These they call + in Europe the Land Tortois; their Food is Snails, Tad-pools, or young + Frogs, Mushrooms, and the Dew and Slime of the Earth and Ponds. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Water-Terebin. + </p> + <p> + Water Terebins are small; containing about as much Meat as a Pullet, and + are extraordinary Food; especially, in May and June. When they lay, their + Eggs are very good; but they have so many Enemies that find them out, that + the hundredth part never comes to Perfection. The Sun and Sand hatch them, + which come out the Bigness of a small Chesnut, and seek their own Living. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Brimstone-Snake. + </p> + <p> + We now come again to the Snakes. The Brimstone is so call'd, I believe, + because it is almost of a Brimstone Colour. They might as well have call'd + it a Glass-Snake, for it is as brittle as a Tobacco-Pipe, so that if you + give it the least Touch of a small Twigg, it immediately breaks into + several Pieces. Some affirm, that if you let it remain where you broke it, + it will come together again. What Harm there is in this brittle Ware, I + cannot tell; but I never knew any body hurt by them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Chicken-Snake. + </p> + <p> + The Egg or Chicken-Snake is so call'd, because it is frequent about the + Hen-Yard, and eats Eggs and Chickens, they are of a dusky Soot Colour, and + will roll themselves round, and stick eighteen, or twenty Foot high, by + the side of a smooth-bark'd Pine, where there is no manner of Hold, and + there sun themselves, and sleep all the Sunny Part of the Day. There is no + great matter of Poison in them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wood-Worm. + </p> + <p> + The Wood-Worms are of a Copper, shining Colour, scarce so thick as your + little Finger; are often found in Rotten-Trees. They are accounted + venomous, in case they bite, though I never knew any thing hurt by them. + They never exceed four or five Inches in length. + </p> + <p> + The Reptiles, or smaller Insects, are too numerous to relate here, this + Country affording innumerable Quantities thereof; as the Flying-Stags with + Horns, Beetles, Butterflies, Grashoppers, Locust, and several hundreds of + uncouth Shapes, which in the Summer-Season are discovered here in + Carolina, the Description of which requires a large Volume, which is not + my Intent at present. Besides, what the Mountainous Part of this Land may + hereafter lay open to our View, Time and Industry will discover, for we + that have settled but a small Share of this large Province, cannot + imagine, but there will be a great number of Discoveries made by those + that shall come hereafter into the Back-part of this Land, and make + Enquiries therein, when, at least, we consider that the Westward of + Carolina is quite different in Soil, Air, Weather, Growth of Vegetables, + and several Animals too, which we at present are wholly Strangers to, and + to seek for. As to a right Knowledge thereof, I say, when another Age is + come, the Ingenious then in being may stand upon the Shoulders of those + that went before them, adding their own Experiments to what was delivered + down to them by their Predecessors, and then there will be something + towards a complete Natural History, which (in these days) would be no + easie Undertaking to any Author that writes truly and compendiously, as he + ought to do. It is sufficient at present, to write an honest and fair + Account of any of the Settlements, in this new World, without wandring out + of the Path of Truth, or bespattering any Man's Reputation any wise + concern'd in the Government of the Colony; he that mixes Invectives with + Relations of this Nature rendering himself suspected of Partiality in + whatever he writes. For my part, I wish all well, and he that has received + any severe Dealings from the Magistrate or his Superiours, had best + examine himself well, if he was not first in the Fault; if so, then he can + justly blame none but himself for what has happen'd to him. + </p> + <p> + Having thus gone thro' the Insects, as in the Table, except the Eel-Snake, + (so call'd, though very improperly, because he is nothing but a Loach, + that sucks, and cannot bite, as the Snakes do.) He is very large, commonly + sixteen Inches, or a Foot and half long; having all the Properties that + other Loaches have, and dwells in Pools and Waters, as they do. + Notwithstanding, we have the same Loach as you have, in Bigness. + </p> + <p> + This is all that at present I shall mention, touching the Insects, and so + go on to give an Account of the Fowls and Birds, that are properly found + in Carolina, which are these. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + BIRDS OF CAROLINA. + </h2> + <p class="side"> + Birds in America more beautiful than in Europe. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Eagle bald. + Eagle gray. + Fishing Hawk. + Turkey Buzzard, or Vulture. + Herring-tail'd Hawk. + Goshawk. + Falcon. + Merlin. + Sparrow-hawk. + Hobby. + Ring-tail. + Raven. + Crow. + Black Birds, two sorts. + Buntings two sorts. + Pheasant. + Woodcock. + Snipe. + Partridge. + Moorhen. + Jay. + Green Plover. + Plover gray or whistling. + Pigeon. + Turtle Dove. + Parrakeeto. + Thrush. + Wood-Peckers, five sorts. + Mocking-birds, two sorts. + Cat-Bird. + Cuckoo. + Blue-Bird. + Bulfinch. + Nightingale. + Hedge-Sparrow. + Wren. + Sparrows, two sorts. + Lark. + Red Bird. + East-India Bat. + Martins, two sorts. + Diveling, or Swift. + Swallow. + Humming Bird. + The Tom-Tit, or Ox-Eye. + Owls, two sorts. + Scritch Owl. + Baltimore bird. + Throstle, no Singer. + Whippoo Will. + Reed Sparrow. + Weet bird. + Rice bird. + Cranes and Storks. + Snow-birds. + Yellow-wings. +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0014" id="link2H_4_0014"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + WATER FOWL ARE, + </h2> + <p class="side"> + Water Fowl. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Swans, called Trompeters. + Swans, called Hoopers. + Geese, three sorts. + Brant gray. + Brant white. + Sea-pies or pied Curlues. + Will Willets. + Great Gray Gulls. + Old Wives. + Sea Cock. + Curlues, three sorts. + Coots. + Kings-fisher. + Loons, two sorts. + Bitterns, three sorts. + Hern gray. + Hern white. + Water Pheasant. + Little gray Gull. + Little Fisher, or Dipper. + Ducks, as in England. + Ducks black, all Summer. + Ducks pied, build on Trees. + Ducks whistling, at Sapona. + Ducks scarlet-eye at Esaw. + Blue-wings. + Widgeon. + Teal, two sorts. + Shovelers. + Whistlers. + Black Flusterers, or bald Coot. + Turkeys wild. + Fishermen. + Divers. + Raft Fowl. + Bull-necks. + Redheads. + Tropick-birds. + Pellican. + Cormorant. + Gannet. + Shear-water. + Great black pied Gull. + Marsh-hens. + Blue Peter's. + Sand-birds. + Runners. + Tutcocks. + Swaddle-bills. + Mew. + Sheldrakes. + Bald Faces. + Water Witch, or Ware Coot. +</pre> + <p class="side"> + Bald-Eagle. + </p> + <p> + As the Eagle is reckon'd the King of Birds I have begun with him. The + first I shall speak of, is the bald Eagle; so call'd, because his Head, to + the middle of his Neck, and his Tail, is as white as Snow. These Birds + continually breed the Year round; for when the young Eagles are just + down'd, with a sort of white woolly Feathers, the Hen-Eagle lays again, + which Eggs are hatch'd by the Warmth of the young ones in the Nest, so + that the Flight of one Brood makes Room for the next, that are but just + hatch'd. They prey on any living thing they can catch. They are heavy of + Flight, and cannot get their Food by Swiftness, to help which there is a + Fishawk that catches Fishes, and suffers the Eagle to take them from her, + although she is long-wing'd and a swift Flyer, and can make far better way + in her Flight than the Eagle can. The bald Eagle attends the Gunners in + Winter, with all the Obsequiousness imaginable, and when he shoots and + kills any Fowl, the Eagle surely comes in for his Bird; and besides, those + that are wounded, and escape the Fowler, fall to the Eagle's share. He is + an excellent Artist at stealing young Pigs, which Prey he carries alive to + his Nest, at which time the poor Pig makes such a Noise over Head, that + Strangers that have heard them cry, and not seen the Bird and his Prey, + have thought there were Flying Sows and Pigs in that Country. The Eagle's + Nest is made of Twigs, Sticks and Rubbish. It is big enough to fill a + handsome Carts Body, and commonly so full of nasty Bones and Carcasses + that it stinks most offensively. This Eagle is not bald, till he is one or + two years old. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Gray Eagle. + </p> + <p> + The gray Eagle is altogether the same sort of Bird, as the Eagle in + Europe; therefore, we shall treat no farther of him. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fishing-Hawk. + </p> + <p> + The Fishing-Hawk is the Eagle's Jackal, which most commonly (though not + always) takes his Prey for him. He is a large Bird, being above two thirds + as big as the Eagle. He builds his Nest as the Eagles do; that is, in a + dead Cypress-Tree, either standing in, or hard by, the Water. The Eagle + and this Bird seldom sit on a living Tree. He is of a gray pied Colour, + and the most dexterous Fowl in Nature at Catching of Fish, which he wholly + lives on, never eating any Flesh. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Turkey-Buzzard. + </p> + <p> + The Turkey-Buzzard of Carolina is a small Vulture, which lives on any dead + Carcasses. They are about the Bigness of the Fishing-Hawk, and have a + nasty Smell with them. They are of the Kites Colour, and are reported to + be an Enemy to Snakes, by killing all they meet withal of that Kind. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Herring-tail'd Hawk. + </p> + <p> + The Herring, or Swallow-tail'd Hawk, is about the Bigness of a Falcon, but + a much longer Bird. He is of a delicate Aurora-Colour; the Pinions of his + Wings, and End of his Tail are black. He is a very beautiful Fowl, and + never appears abroad but in the Summer. His Prey is chiefly on Snakes, and + will kill the biggest we have, with a great deal of Dexterity and Ease. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Goshawk. + </p> + <p> + Goshawks are very plentiful in Carolina. They are not seemingly so large + as those from Muscovy; but appear to be a very brisk Bird. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Falcon. + </p> + <p> + The Falcon is much the same as in Europe, and promises to be a brave Bird, + tho' I never had any of them in my Hand; neither did I ever see any of + them in any other Posture than on the Wing, which always happen'd to be in + an Evening, and flying to the Westward; therefore, I believe, they have + their Abode and Nest among the Mountains, where we may expect to find + them, and several other Species that we are at present Strangers to. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Merlin. + </p> + <p> + The Merlin is a small Bird in Europe, but much smaller here; yet he very + nimbly kills the smaller sorts of Birds, and sometimes the Partridge; if + caught alive, he would be a great Rarity, because of his Beauty and + Smalness. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sparrow-Hawk. + </p> + <p> + The Sparrow-Hawk in Carolina is no bigger than a Field-fare in England. He + flies at the Bush and sometimes kills a small Bird, but his chiefest Food + is Reptiles, as Beetles, Grashoppers, and such small things. He is exactly + of the same Colour, as the Sparrow-Hawk in England, only has a blackish + Hood by his Eyes. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Hobby. + </p> + <p> + Hobbies are the same here as in England, and are not often met withal. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Ring Tail. + </p> + <p> + The Ring-tail is a short-wing'd Hawk, preying on Mice, and such Vermine in + the Marshes, as in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Ravens. + </p> + <p> + Ravens, the same as in England, though very few. I have not seen above six + in eight Years time. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Crows. + </p> + <p> + Crows are here less than in England. They are as good Meat as a Pigeon; + and never feed on any Carrion. They are great Enemies to the Corn-Fields; + and cry and build almost like Rooks. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Black-Birds. + </p> + <p> + Of these we have two sorts, which are the worst Vermine in America. They + fly sometimes in such Flocks, that they destroy every thing before them. + They (both sorts) build in hollow Trees, as Starlings do. The first sort + is near as big as a Dove, and is very white and delicate Food. The other + sort is very beautiful, and about the Bigness of the Owsel. Part of their + Head, next to the Bill, and the Pinions of their Wings, are of an Orange, + and glorious Crimson Colour. They are as good Meat as the former, tho' + very few here (where large Fowl are so plenty) ever trouble themselves to + kill or dress them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bunting two sorts. + </p> + <p> + Of the Bunting-Larks we have two sorts, though the Heel of this Bird is + not so long as in Europe. The first of these often accompany the + Black-birds, and sing as the Bunting-Larks in England do, differing very + little. The first sort has an Orange-Colour on the Tops of their Wings, + and are as good Meat as those in Europe. The other sort is something less, + of a lighter Colour; nothing differing therein from those in England, as + to Feathers, Bigness, and Meat. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pheasant. + </p> + <p> + The Pheasant of Carolina differs some small matter from the English + Pheasant, being not so big, and having some difference in Feather; yet he + is not any wise inferiour in Delicacy, but is as good Meat, or rather + finer. He haunts the back Woods, and is seldom found near the Inhabitants. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Woodcock. + </p> + <p> + The Woodcocks live and breed here, though they are not in great plenty, as + I have seen them in some Parts of England, and other Places. They want one + third of the English Woodcock in Bigness; but differ not in Shape, or + Feather, save that their Breast is of a Carnation Colour; and they make a + Noise (when they are on the Wing) like the Bells about a Hawk's Legs. They + are certainly as dainty Meat, as any in the World. Their Abode is in all + Parts of this Country, in low, boggy Ground, Springs, Swamps, and + Percoarsons. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Snipe. + </p> + <p> + The Snipes here frequent the same Places, as they do in England, and + differ nothing from them. They are the only wild Bird that is nothing + different from the Species of Europe, and keeps with us all the Year. In + some Places, there are a great many of these Snipes. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Partridge. + </p> + <p> + Our Partridges in Carolina, very often take upon Trees, and have a sort of + Whistle and Call, quite different from those in England. They are a very + beautiful Bird, and great Destroyers of the Pease in Plantations; + wherefore, they set Traps, and catch many of them. They have the same + Feather, as in Europe; only the Cock wants the Horse-Shooe, in lieu of + which he has a fair Half-Circle over each Eye. These (as well as the + Woodcock) are less than the European Bird; but far finer Meat. They might + be easily transported to any Place, because they take to eating, after + caught. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Moorhen. + </p> + <p> + The Moorhens are of the black Game. I am inform'd, that the gray Game + haunts the Hills. They never come into the Settlement, but keep in the + hilly Parts. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Jay. + </p> + <p> + Jays are here common, and very mischievous, in devouring our Fruit, and + spoiling more than they eat. They are abundantly more beautiful, and finer + feather'd than those in Europe, and not above half so big. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Green-Plover. + </p> + <p> + The Lap-wing or Green-Plover are here very common. They cry pretty much, + as the English Plovers do; and differ not much in Feather, but want a + third of their Bigness. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Gray-Plover. + </p> + <p> + The gray or whistling Plover, are very scarce amongst us. I never saw any + but three times, that fell and settled on the Ground. They differ very + little from those in Europe, as far as I could discern. I have seen + several great Flocks of them fly over head; therefore, believe, they + inhabit the Valleys near the Mountains. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pigeons. + </p> + <p> + Our wild Pigeons, are like the Wood-Queese or Stock-Doves, only have a + longer Tail. They leave us in the Summer. This sort of Pigeon (as I said + before) is the most like our Stock-Doves, or Wood-Pigeons that we have in + England; only these differ in their Tails, which are very long, much like + a Parrakeeto's? You must understand, that these Birds do not breed amongst + us, (who are settled at, and near the Mouths of the Rivers, as I have + intimated to you before) but come down (especially in hard Winters) + amongst the Inhabitants, in great Flocks, as they were seen to do in the + Year 1707, which was the hardest Winter that ever was known, since + Carolina has been seated by the Christians. And if that Country had such + hard Weather, what must be expected of the severe Winters in Pensylvania, + New-York, and New-England, where Winters are ten times (if possible) + colder than with us. Although the Flocks are, in such Extremities, very + numerous; yet they are not to be mention'd in Comparison with the great + and infinite Numbers of these Fowl, that are met withal about a hundred, + or a hundred and fifty, Miles to the Westward of the Places where we at + present live; and where these Pigeons come down, in quest of a small sort + of Acorns, which in those Parts are plentifully found. They are the same + we call Turky-Acorns, because the wild Turkies feed very much thereon; And + for the same Reason, those Trees that bear them, are call'd Turky-Oaks. I + saw such prodigious Flocks of these Pigeons, in January or February, + 1701-2, (which were in the hilly Country, between the great Nation of the + Esaw Indians, and the pleasant Stream of Sapona, which is the West-Branch + of Clarendon, or Cape-Fair River) that they had broke down the Limbs of a + great many large Trees all over those Woods, whereon they chanced to sit + and roost; especially the great Pines, which are a more brittle Wood, than + our sorts of Oak are. These Pigeons, about Sun-Rise, when we were + preparing to march on our Journey, would fly by us in such vast Flocks, + that they would be near a Quarter of an Hour, before they were all pass'd + by; and as soon as that Flock was gone, another would come; and so + successively one after another, for great part of the Morning. It is + observable, that whereever these Fowl come in such Numbers, as I saw them + then, they clear all before them, scarce leaving one Acorn upon the + Ground, which would, doubtless, be a great Prejudice to the Planters that + should seat there, because their Swine would be thereby depriv'd of their + Mast. When I saw such Flocks of the Pigeons I now speak of, none of our + Company had any other sort of Shot, than that which is cast in Moulds, and + was so very large, that we could not put above ten or a dozen of them into + our largest Pieces; Wherefore, we made but an indifferent Hand of shooting + them; although we commonly kill'd a Pigeon for every Shot. They were very + fat, and as good Pigeons, as ever I eat. I enquired of the Indians that + dwell'd in those Parts, where it was that those Pigeons bred, and they + pointed towards the vast Ridge of Mountains, and said, they bred there. + Now, whether they make their Nests in the Holes in the Rocks of those + Mountains, or build in Trees, I could not learn; but they seem to me to be + a Wood-Pigeon, that build in Trees, because of their frequent sitting + thereon, and their Roosting on Trees always at Night, under which their + Dung commonly lies half a Foot thick, and kills every thing that grows + where it falls. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Turtle Doves. + </p> + <p> + Turtle Doves are here very plentiful; they devour the Pease; for which + Reason, People make Traps and catch them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Parrakeetos. + </p> + <p> + The Parrakeetos are of a green Colour, and Orange-Colour'd half way their + Head. Of these and the Allegators, there is none found to the Northward of + this Province. They visit us first, when Mulberries are ripe, which Fruit + they love extremely. They peck the Apples, to eat the Kernels, so that the + Fruit rots and perishes. They are mischievous to Orchards. They are often + taken alive, and will become familiar and tame in two days. They have + their Nests in hollow Trees, in low, swampy Ground. They devour the + Birch-Buds in April, and lie hidden when the Weather is frosty and hard. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thrushes. + </p> + <p> + The Thrushes in America, are the same as in England, and red under the + Wings. They never appear amongst us but in hard Weather, and presently + leave us again. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wood-Peckers. + </p> + <p> + Of Wood-peckers, we have four sorts. The first is as big as a Pigeon, + being of a dark brown Colour, with a white Cross on his Back, his Eyes + circled with white, and on his Head stands a Tuft of beautiful Scarlet + Feathers. His Cry is heard a long way; and he flies from one rotten Tree + to another, to get Grubs, which is the Food he lives on. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Second. + </p> + <p> + The second sort are of an Olive-Colour, striped with yellow. They eat + Worms as well as Grubs, and are about the Bigness of those in Europe. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Third. + </p> + <p> + The third is the same Bigness as the last; he is pied with black and + white, has a Crimson Head, without a Topping, and is a Plague to the Corn + and Fruit; especially the Apples. He opens the Covering of the young Corn, + so that the Rain gets in, and rots it. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fourth. + </p> + <p> + The fourth sort of these Wood-peckers, is a black and white speckled, or + mottled; the finest I ever saw. The Cock has a red Crown; he is not near + so big as the others; his Food is Grubs, Corn, and other creeping Insects. + He is not very wild, but will let one come up to him, then shifts on the + other side the Tree, from your sight; and so dodges you for a long time + together. He is about the size of an English Lark. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mocking-Birds. + </p> + <p> + The Mocking-Bird is about as big as a Throstle in England, but longer; + they are of a white, and gray Colour, and are held to be the Choristers of + America, as indeed they are. They sing with the greatest Diversity of + Notes, that is possible for a Bird to change to. They may be bred up, and + will sing with us tame in Cages; yet I never take any of their Nests, + altho' they build yearly in my Fruit-Trees, because I have their Company, + as much as if tame, as to the singing Part. They often sit upon our + Chimneys in Summer, there being then no Fire in them, and sing the whole + Evening and most part of the Night. They are always attending our + Dwellings; and feed upon Mulberries and other Berries and Fruits; + especially the Mechoacan-berry, which grows here very plentifully. + </p> + <p class="side"> + 2d. sort. + </p> + <p> + There is another sort call'd the Ground-Mocking-Bird. She is the same + bigness, and of a Cinnamon Colour. This Bird sings excellently well, but + is not so common amongst us as the former. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cat-Bird. + </p> + <p> + The Cat-Bird, so nam'd, because it makes a Noise exactly like young Cats. + They have a blackish Head, and an Ash-coloured Body, and have no other + Note that I know of. They are no bigger than a Lark, yet will fight a Crow + or any other great Bird. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cuckoo. + </p> + <p> + The Cuckoo of Carolina may not properly be so call'd, because she never + uses that Cry; yet she is of the same Bigness and Feather, and sucks the + Small-Birds Eggs, as the English Cuckoo does. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Blue-Bird. + </p> + <p> + A Blue-Bird is the exact Bigness of a Robin-red-breast. The Cock has the + same colour'd Breast as the Robin has, and his Back, and all the other + Parts of him, are of as fine a Blue, as can possibly be seen in any thing + in the World. He has a Cry, and a Whistle. They hide themselves all the + Winter. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bulfinch. + </p> + <p> + Bulfinches, in America, differ something from those in Europe, in their + Feathers, tho' not in their Bigness. I never knew any one tame, therefore + know not, what they might be brought to. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Nightingale. + </p> + <p> + The Nightingales are different in Plumes from those in Europe. They always + frequent the low Groves, where they sing very prettily all Night. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Hedge-Sparrow. + </p> + <p> + Hedge-Sparrows are here, though few Hedges. They differ scarce any thing + in Plume or Bigness, only I never heard this Whistle, as the English one + does; especially after Rain. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wren. + </p> + <p> + The Wren is the same as in Europe, yet I never heard any Note she has in + Carolina. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sparrow. + </p> + <p> + Sparrows here differ in Feather from the English. We have several Species + of Birds call'd Sparrows, one of them much resembling the Bird call'd a + Corinthian Sparrow. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Lark. + </p> + <p> + The Lark with us resorts to the Savannas, or natural Meads, and green + Marshes. He is colour'd and heel'd as the Lark is; but his Breast is of a + glittering fair Lemon-Colour, and he is as big as a Fieldfare, and very + fine Food. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red-Birds. + </p> + <p> + The Red-Birds (whose Cock is all over of a rich Scarlet Feather, with a + tufted Crown on his Head, of the same Colour) are the Bigness of a + Bunting-Lark, and very hardy, having a strong thick Bill. They will sing + very prettily, when taken old, and put in a Cage. They are good Birds to + turn a Cage with Bells; or if taught, as the Bulfinch is, I believe, would + prove very docible. + </p> + <p class="side"> + East-India Bats. + </p> + <p> + East-India Bats or Musqueto Hawks, are the Bigness of a Cuckoo, and much + of the same Colour. They are so call'd, because the same sort is found in + the East-Indies. They appear only in the Summer, and live on Flies, which + they catch in the Air, as Gnats, Musquetos, &c. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Martins. + </p> + <p> + Martins are here of two sorts. The first is the same as in England; the + other as big as a Black-Bird. They have white Throats and Breasts, with + black Backs. The Planters put Gourds on standing Poles, on purpose for + these Fowl to build in, because they are a very Warlike Bird, and beat the + Crows from the Plantations. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Swift. + </p> + <p> + The Swift, or Diveling, the same as in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Swallow. + </p> + <p> + Swallows, the same as in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Humming-Bird. + </p> + <p> + The Humming-Bird is the Miracle of all our wing'd Animals; He is feather'd + as a Bird, and gets his Living as the Bees, by sucking the Honey from each + Flower. In some of the larger sort of Flowers, he will bury himself, by + diving to suck the bottom of it, so that he is quite cover'd, and + oftentimes Children catch them in those Flowers, and keep them alive for + five or six days. They are of different Colours, the Cock differing from + the Hen. The Cock is of a green, red, Aurora, and other Colours mixt. He + is much less than a Wren, and very nimble. His Nest is one of the greatest + Pieces of Workmanship the whole Tribe of wing'd Animals can shew, it + commonly hanging on a single Bryar, most artificially woven, a small Hole + being left to go in and out at. The Eggs are the Bigness of Pease. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tom-Tit. + </p> + <p> + The Tom-Tit, or Ox-Eyes, as in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Owls. + </p> + <p> + Of Owls we have two sorts; the smaller sort is like ours in England; the + other sort is as big as a middling Goose, and has a prodigious Head. They + make a fearful Hollowing in the Night-time, like a Man, whereby they often + make Strangers lose their way in the Woods. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Scritch Owls. + </p> + <p> + Scritch Owls, much the same as in Europe. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Baltimore-Bird. + </p> + <p> + The Baltimore-Bird, so call'd from the Lord Baltimore, Proprietor of all + Maryland, in which Province many of them are found. They are the Bigness + of a Linnet, with yellow Wings, and beautiful in other Colours. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Throstle. + </p> + <p> + Throstle, the same Size and Feather as in Europe, but I never could hear + any of them sing. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Weet Bird. + </p> + <p> + The Weet, so call'd because he cries always before Rain; he resembles + nearest the Fire-tail. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cranes and Storks. + </p> + <p> + Cranes use the Savannas, low Ground, and Frogs; they are above five + Foot-high, when extended; are of a Cream Colour, and have a Crimson Spot + on the Crown of their Heads. Their Quills are excellent for Pens; their + Flesh makes the best Broth, yet is very hard to digest. Among them often + frequent Storks, which are here seen, and no where besides in America, + that I have yet heard of. The Cranes are easily bred up tame, and are + excellent in a Garden to destroy Frogs, Worms, and other Vermine. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Snow-Birds. + </p> + <p> + The Snow-Birds are most numerous in the North Parts of America, where + there are great Snows. They visit us sometimes in Carolina, when the + Weather is harder than ordinary. They are like the Stones Smach, or + Wheat-Ears, and are delicate Meat. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Yellow Wings. + </p> + <p> + These Yellow-Wings are a very small Bird, of a Linnet's Colour, but Wings + as yellow as Gold. They frequent high up in our Rivers, and Creeks, and + keep themselves in the thick Bushes, very difficult to be seen in the + Spring. They sing very prettily. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Whippoo-Will. + </p> + <p> + Whippoo-Will, so nam'd, because it makes those Words exactly. They are the + Bigness of a Thrush, and call their Note under a Bush, on the Ground, hard + to be seen, though you hear them never so plain. They are more plentiful + in Virginia, than with us in Carolina; for I never heard but one that was + near the Settlement, and that was hard-by an Indian Town. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red Sparrow. + </p> + <p> + This nearest resembles a Sparrow, and is the most common Small-Bird we + have, therefore we call them so. They are brown, and red, cinnamon Colour, + striped. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Water Fowl. + </p> + <p> + Of the Swans we have two sorts; the one we call Trompeters; because of a + sort of trompeting Noise they make. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Swans. + </p> + <p> + These are the largest sort we have, which come in great Flocks in the + Winter, and stay, commonly, in the fresh Rivers till February, that the + Spring comes on, when they go to the Lakes to breed. A Cygnet, that is, a + last Year's Swan, is accounted a delicate Dish, as indeed it is. They are + known by their Head and Feathers, which are not so white as Old ones. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Hooper. + </p> + <p> + The sort of Swans call'd Hoopers, are the least. They abide more in the + Salt-Water, and are equally valuable, for Food, with the former. It is + observable, that neither of these have a black Piece of horny Flesh down + the Head, and Bill, as they have in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wild Geese. + </p> + <p> + Of Geese we have three sorts, differing from each other only in size. Ours + are not the common Geese that are in the Fens in England, but the other + sorts, with black Heads and Necks. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Gray Brants. + </p> + <p> + The gray Brant, or Barnicle, is here very plentiful, as all other + Water-Fowl are, in the Winter-Season. They are the same which they call + Barnicles in Great-Britain, and are a very good Fowl, and eat well. + </p> + <p class="side"> + White Brant. + </p> + <p> + There is also a white Brant, very plentiful in America. This Bird is all + over as white as Snow, except the Tips of his Wings, and those are black. + They eat the Roots of Sedge and Grass in the Marshes and Savannas, which + they tear up like Hogs. The best way to kill these Fowl is, to burn a + Piece of Marsh, or Savanna, and as soon as it is burnt, they will come in + great Flocks to get the Roots, where you kill what you please of them. + They are as good Meat as the other, only their Feathers are stubbed, and + good for little. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sea-Pie, or Curlue. + </p> + <p> + The Sea-Pie, or gray Curlue, is about the Bigness of a very large Pigeon, + but longer. He has a long Bill as other Curlues have, which is the Colour + of an English Owsel's, that is, yellow; as are his Legs. He frequents the + Sand-beaches on the Sea-side, and when kill'd, is inferiour to no Fowl I + ever eat of. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Will Willet. + </p> + <p> + Will Willet is so called from his Cry, which he very exactly calls Will + Willet, as he flies. His Bill is like a Curlue's, or Woodcock's, and has + much such a Body as the other, yet not so tall. He is good Meat. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Great gray Gull. + </p> + <p> + The great gray Gulls are good Meat, and as large as a Pullet. They lay + large Eggs, which are found in very great Quantities, on the Islands in + our Sound, in the Months of June, and July. The young Squabs are very good + Victuals, and often prove a Relief to Travellers by Water, that have spent + their Provisions. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Old Wives. + </p> + <p> + Old Wives are a black and white pied Gull with extraordinary long Wings, + and a golden colour'd Bill and Feet. He makes a dismal Noise, as he flies, + and ever and anon dips his Bill in the Salt-Water. I never knew him eaten. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sea-Cock. + </p> + <p> + The Sea-Cock is a Gull that crows at Break of Day, and in the Morning, + exactly like a Dunghil Cock, which Cry seems very pleasant in those + uninhabited Places. He is never eaten. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Curlues. Coots, Kingfisher, Loons, two sorts. + </p> + <p> + Of Curlues there are three sorts, and vast Numbers of each. They have all + long Bills, and differ neither in Colour, nor Shape, only in Size. The + largest is as big as a good Hen, the smaller the Bigness of a Snipe, or + something bigger. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bitterns, three sorts. + </p> + <p> + We have three sorts of Bitterns in Carolina. The first is the same as in + England; the second of a deep brown, with a great Topping, and yellowish + white Throat and Breast, and is lesser than the former; the last is no + bigger than a Wood-cock, and near the Colour of the second. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Herns. + </p> + <p> + We have the same Herns, as in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + White-Herns. + </p> + <p> + White Herns are here very plentiful. I have seen above thirty sit on one + Tree, at a time. They are as white as Milk, and fly very slowly. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Water-Pheasant. + </p> + <p> + The Water-Pheasant (very improperly call'd so) are a Water-Fowl of the + Duck-Kind, having a Topping, of pretty Feathers, which sets them out. They + are very good Meat. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Little gray Gull. + </p> + <p> + The little Gray-Gull is of a curious gray Colour, and abides near the Sea. + He is about the Bigness of a Whistling-Plover, and delicate Food. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Dipper. + </p> + <p> + We have the little Dipper or Fisher, that catches Fish so dexterously, the + same as you have in the Islands of Scilly. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Duck and Mallard. + </p> + <p> + We have of the same Ducks, and Mallards with green Heads, in great Flocks. + They are accounted the coarsest sort of our Water-Fowl. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Black Duck. + </p> + <p> + The black Duck is full as large as the other, and good Meat. She stays + with us all the Summer, and breeds. These are made tame by some, and prove + good Domesticks. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Summer Duck. + </p> + <p> + We have another Duck that stays with us all the Summer. She has a great + Topping, is pied, and very beautiful. She builds her Nest in a + Wood-pecker's Hole, very often sixty or seventy Foot high. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Whistling Duck. + </p> + <p> + Towards the Mountains in the hilly Country, on the West-Branch of + Caip-Fair Inlet, we saw great Flocks of pretty pied Ducks, that whistled + as they flew, or as they fed. I did not kill any of them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Scarlet Ey'd Duck. + </p> + <p> + We kill'd a curious sort of Ducks, in the Country of the Esaw-Indians, + which were of many beautiful Colours. Their Eyes were red, having a red + Circle of Flesh for their Eye-lids; and were very good to eat. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Blue-Wings. + </p> + <p> + The Blue-Wings are less than a Duck, but fine Meat. These are the first + Fowls that appear to us in the Fall of the Leaf, coming then in great + Flocks, as we suppose, from Canada, and the Lakes that lie behind us. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Widgeon. + </p> + <p> + Widgeons, the same as in Europe, are here in great Plenty. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Teal two sorts. + </p> + <p> + We have the same Teal, as in England, and another sort that frequents the + Fresh-Water, and are always nodding their Heads. They are smaller than the + common Teal, and dainty Meat. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Shovellers. + </p> + <p> + Shovellers (a sort of Duck) are gray, with a black Head. They are a very + good Fowl. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Whistlers. + </p> + <p> + These are called Whistlers, from the whistling Noise they make, as they + fly. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Black-Flusterers, or Bald-Coot. + </p> + <p> + Black Flusterers; some call these Old Wives. They are as black as Ink. The + Cocks have white Faces. They always remain in the midst of Rivers, and + feed upon drift Grass, Carnels or Sea-Nettles. They are the fattest Fowl I + ever saw, and sometimes so heavy with Flesh, that they cannot rise out of + the Water. They make an odd sort of Noise when they fly. What Meat they + are, I could never learn. Some call these the great bald Coot. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Turkeys. + </p> + <p> + The wild Turkeys I should have spoken of, when I treated of the Land-Fowl. + There are great Flocks of these in Carolina. I have seen about five + hundred in a Flock; some of them are very large. I never weigh'd any + myself, but have been inform'd of one that weigh'd near sixty Pound + Weight. I have seen half a Turkey feed eight hungry Men two Meals. + Sometimes the wild breed with the tame ones, which, they reckon, makes + them very hardy, as I believe it must. I see no manner of Difference + betwixt the wild Turkeys and the tame ones; only the wild are ever of one + Colour, (viz.) a dark gray, or brown, and are excellent Food. They feed on + Acorns, Huckle-Berries, and many other sorts of Berries that Carolina + affords. The Eggs taken from the Nest, and hatch'd under a Hen, will yet + retain a wild Nature, and commonly leave you, and run wild at last, and + will never be got into a House to roost, but always pearch on some high + Tree, hard-by the House, and separate themselves from the tame sort, + although (at the same time) they tread and breed together. I have been + inform'd, that if you take these wild Eggs, when just on the point of + being hatch'd, and dip them (for some small time) in a Bowl of Milk-warm + Water, it will take off their wild Nature, and make them as tame and + domestick as the others. Some Indians have brought these wild Breed + hatch'd at home, to be a Decoy to bring others to roost near their Cabins, + which they have shot. But to return to the Water-Fowl. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fishermen. + </p> + <p> + Fishermen are like a Duck, but have a narrow Bill, with Setts of Teeth. + They live on very small Fish, which they catch as they swim along. They + taste Fishy. The best way to order them, is, upon occasion, to pull out + the Oil-Box from the Rump, and then bury them five or six Hours under + Ground. Then they become tolerable. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Divers. + </p> + <p> + Of Divers there are two sorts; the one pied, the other gray; both good + Meat. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Raft-Fowl. + </p> + <p> + Raft-Fowl includes all the sorts of small Ducks and Teal, that go in Rafts + along the Shoar, and are of several sorts, that we know no Name for. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bull-Necks. + </p> + <p> + These are a whitish Fowl, about the Bigness of a Brant; they come to us + after Christmas, in very great Flocks, in all our Rivers. They are a very + good Meat, but hard to kill, because hard to come near. They will dive and + endure a great deal of Shot. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red-Heads. + </p> + <p> + Red-Heads, a lesser Fowl than Bull-Necks, are very sweet Food, and + plentiful in our Rivers and Creeks. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tropick-Birds. + </p> + <p> + Tropick-Birds are a white Mew, with a forked Tail. They are so call'd, + because they are plentifully met withal under the Tropicks, and + thereabouts. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pellican. + </p> + <p> + The Pellican of the Wilderness cannot be the same as ours; this being a + Water-Fowl, with a great natural Wen or Pouch under his Throat, in which + he keeps his Prey of Fish, which is what he lives on. He is Web-footed, + like a Goose, and shap'd like a Duck, but is a very large Fowl, bigger + than a Goose. He is never eaten as Food; They make Tobacco-pouches of his + Maw. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cormorant. + </p> + <p> + Cormorants are very well known in some Parts of England; we have great + Flocks of them with us, especially against the Herrings run, which is in + March and April; then they sit upon Logs of dry Wood in the Water, and + catch the Fish. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Gannet. + </p> + <p> + The Gannet is a large white Fowl, having one Part of his Wings black; he + lives on Fish, as the Pellican. His Fat or Grease, is as yellow as + Saffron, and the best thing known, to preserve Fire-Arms, from Rust. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Shear-Water. + </p> + <p> + Shear-Waters are a longer Fowl than a Duck; some of them lie on the Coast, + whilst others range the Seas all over. Sometimes they are met five hundred + Leagues from Land. They live without drinking any fresh Water. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pied-Gull. + </p> + <p> + We have a great pied Gull, black and white, which seems to have a black + Hood on his Head; these lay very fair Eggs which are good; as are the + young ones in the Season. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Marsh-Hen. + </p> + <p> + Marsh-Hen, much the same as in Europe, only she makes another sort of + Noise, and much shriller. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Blue-Peters. + </p> + <p> + The same as you call Water-Hens in England, are here very numerous, and + not regarded for eating. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sand-Birds. + </p> + <p> + The Sand-Birds are about the Bigness of a Lark, and frequent our + Sand-Beaches; they are a dainty Food, if you will bestow Time and + Ammunition to kill them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Runners. + </p> + <p> + These are called Runners; because if you run after them, they will run + along the Sands and not offer to get up; so that you may often drive them + together to shoot as you please. They are a pleasant small Bird. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tutcocks. + </p> + <p> + A sort of Snipe, but sucks not his Food; they are almost the same as in + England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Swaddle-Bills. + </p> + <p> + Swaddle-Bills are a sort of an ash-colour'd Duck, which have an + extraordinary broad Bill, and are good Meat; they are not common as the + others are. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mew. + </p> + <p> + The same Mew as in England, being a white, slender Bird, with red Feet. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Shel-Drakes. + </p> + <p> + The same as in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bald-Faces. + </p> + <p> + The bald, or white Faces are a good Fowl. They cannot dive, and are easily + shotten. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Water-Witch. + </p> + <p> + Water-Witch, or Ware-Coots, are a Fowl with Down and no Feathers; they + dive incomparably, so that no Fowler can hit them. They can neither fly, + nor go; but get into the Fish-wares, and cannot fly over the Rods, and so + are taken. + </p> + <p> + Thus have we given an Account of what Fowl has come to our Knowledge, + since our Abode in Carolina; except some that, perhaps, have slipt our + Memory, and so are left out of our Catalogue. Proceed we now to treat of + the Inhabitants of the Watry Element, which tho' we can as yet do but very + imperfectly; yet we are willing to oblige the Curious with the best + Account that is in our Power to present them withal. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0015" id="link2H_4_0015"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE FISH IN THE SALT, AND FRESH WATERS OF CAROLINA, ARE, + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Whales, several sorts. + Thrashers. + Divel-Fish. + Sword-Fish. + Crampois. + Bottle-Noses. + Porpoises. + Sharks, two sorts. + Dog-Fish. + Spanish-Mackarel. + Cavallies. + Boneto's. + Blue-Fish. + Drum, red. + Drum-Fish, black. + Angel-Fish. + Bass, or Rock-Fish. + Sheeps-Heads. + Plaice. + Flounder. + Soles. + Mullets. + Shad. + Eat-Backs. + Guard, white. + Guard, green. + Scate or Stingray. + Thornback. + Congar-Eels. + Lamprey-Eels. + Eels. + Sun-Fish. + Toad-Fish. + Sea-Tench. + Trouts of the Salt Water. + Crocus. + Herring. + Smelts. + Shads. + Breams. + Taylors. +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0016" id="link2H_4_0016"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FRESH-WATER FISH ARE, + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Sturgeon. + Pike. + Trouts. + Gudgeon. + Pearch English. + Pearch, white. + Pearch, brown, or Welch-men. + Pearch, flat, and mottled, or Irishmen. + Pearch small and flat, with red Spots, call'd round Robins. + Carp. + Roach. + Dace. + Loaches. + Sucking-Fish. + Cat-Fish. + Grindals. + Old-Wives. + Fountain-Fish. + White-Fish. +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0017" id="link2H_4_0017"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE SHELL-FISH ARE, + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Large Crabs, call'd Stone-Crabs. + Smaller flat Crabs. + Oysters great and small. + Cockles. + Clams. + Muscles. + Conks. + Skellop. + Man of Noses. + Periwinkles, or Wilks. + Sea-Snail-Horns. + Fidlars. + Runners. + Spanish or Pearl-Oysters. + Flattings. + Tortois and Terebin, accounted for among the Insects. + Finger-Fish. + Shrimps. + + Fresh Water. + Craw-Fish. + Muscles. +</pre> + <p class="side"> + Whale. + </p> + <p> + Whales are very numerous, on the Coast of North Carolina, from which they + make Oil, Bone, &c. to the great Advantage of those inhabiting the + Sand-Banks, along the Ocean, where these Whales come ashore, none being + struck or kill'd with a Harpoon in this Place, as they are to the + Northward, and elsewhere; all those Fish being found dead on the Shoar, + most commonly by those that inhabit the Banks, and Sea-side, where they + dwell, for that Intent, and for the Benefit of Wrecks, which sometimes + fall in upon that Shoar. + </p> + <p> + Of these Monsters there are four sorts; the first, which is most choice + and rich, is the Sperma Caeti Whale, from which the Sperma Caeti is taken. + These are rich Prizes; but I never heard but of one found on this Coast, + which was near Currituck-Inlet. + </p> + <p> + The other sorts are of a prodigious Bigness. Of these the Bone and Oil is + made; the Oil being the Blubber, or oily Flesh, or Fat of that Fish + boil'd. These differ not only in Colour, some being pied, others not, but + very much in shape, one being call'd a Bottle-Nosed Whale, the other a + Shovel-Nose, which is as different as a Salmon from a Sturgeon. These Fish + seldom come ashoar with their Tongues in their Heads, the Thrasher (which + is the Whale's mortal Enemy, wheresoever he meets him) eating that out of + his Head, as soon as he and the Sword-Fish have kill'd him. For when the + Whale-catchers (in other Parts) kill any of these Fish, they eat the + Tongue, and esteem it an excellent Dish. + </p> + <p> + There is another sort of these Whales, or great Fish, though not common. I + never knew of above one of that sort, found on the Coast of North + Carolina, and he was contrary, in Shape, to all others ever found before + him; being sixty Foot in Length, and not above three or four Foot + Diameter. Some Indians in America will go out to Sea, and get upon a + Whales Back, and peg or plug up his Spouts, and so kill him. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thrashers. + </p> + <p> + The Thrashers are large Fish, and mortal Enemies to the Whale, as I said + before. They make good Oil; but are seldom found. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Divel-Fish. + </p> + <p> + The Divel-Fish lies at some of our Inlets, and, as near as I can describe + him, is shap'd like a Scate, or Stingray; only he has on his Head a Pair + of very thick strong Horns, and is of a monstrous Size, and Strength; for + this Fish has been known to weigh a Sloop's Anchor, and run with the + Vessel a League or two, and bring her back, against Tide, to almost the + same Place. Doubtless, they may afford good Oil; but I have no Experience + of any Profits which arise from them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sword-Fish. + </p> + <p> + The Sword-Fish is the other of the Whale's Enemies, and joins with the + Thrasher to destroy that Monster. After they have overcome him, they eat + his Tongue, as I said before, and the Whale drives ashoar. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Crampois. + </p> + <p> + Crampois is a large Fish, and by some accounted a young Whale; but it is + not so; neither is it more than twenty five or thirty Foot long. They + spout as the Whale does, and when taken yield good Oil. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bottle-Noses. + </p> + <p> + Bottle-Noses are between the Crampois and Porpois, and lie near the + Soundings. They are never seen to swim leisurely, as sometimes all other + Fish do, but are continually running after their Prey in Great Shoals, + like wild Horses, leaping now and then above the Water. The French esteem + them good Food, and eat them both fresh and salt. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Porpoises. + </p> + <p> + Porpoises are frequent, all over the Ocean and Rivers that are salt; nay, + we have a Fresh-Water Lake in the great Sound of North Carolina that has + Porpoises in it. And several sorts of other unknown Fish, as the Indians + say, that we are wholly Strangers to. As to the Porpoises, they make good + Oil; they prey upon other Fish as Drums, yet never are known to take a + Bait, so as to be catch'd with a Hook. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sharks. + </p> + <p> + Of these there are two sorts; one call'd Paracooda-Noses; the other + Shovel-Noses; they cannot take their Prey before they turn themselves on + their Backs; wherefore some Negro's, and others, that can swim and dive + well, go naked into the Water, with a Knife in their Hand, and fight the + Shark, and very commonly kill him, or wound him so, that he turns Tail, + and runs away. Their Livors make good Oil to dress Leather withal; the + Bones found in their Head are said to hasten the Birth, and ease the + Stone, by bringing it away. Their Meat is eaten in scarce times; but I + never could away with it, though a great Lover of Fish. Their Back-Bone is + of one entire Thickness. Of the Bones, or Joints, I have known Buttons + made, which serve well enough in scarce Times, and remote Places. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Dog-Fish. + </p> + <p> + The Dog-Fish are a small sort of the Shark Kind; and are caught with Hook + and Line, fishing for Drums. They say, they are good Meat; but we have so + many other sorts of delicate Fish, that I shall hardly ever make Tryal + what they are. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Spanish-Mackarel. + </p> + <p> + Spanish Mackarel are, in Colour and Shape, like the common Mackarel, only + much thicker. They are caught with Hook and Line at the Inlets, and + sometimes out a little way at Sea. They are a very fine hard Fish, and of + good Taste. They are about two Foot long, or better. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cavallies. + </p> + <p> + Cavallies are taken in the same Places. They are of a brownish Colour, + have exceeding small Scales, and a very thick Skin; they are as firm a + Fish as ever I saw; therefore will keep sweet (in the hot Weather) two + days, when others will stink in half a day, unless salted. They ought to + be scaled as soon as taken; otherwise you must pull off the Skin and + Scales, when boiled; the Skin being the choicest of the Fish. The Meat, + which is white and large, is dress'd with this Fish. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Boneto's. + </p> + <p> + Boneto's are a very palatable Fish, and near a Yard long. They haunt the + Inlets and Water near the Ocean; and are killed with the Harpoon, and + Fishgig. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Blue-Fish. + </p> + <p> + The Blue Fish is one of our best Fishes, and always very fat. They are as + long as a Salmon, and indeed, I think, full as good Meat. These Fish come + (in the Fall of the Year) generally after there has been one black Frost, + when there appear great Shoals of them. The Hatteras Indians, and others, + run into the Sands of the Sea, and strike them, though some of these Fish + have caused Sickness and violent Burnings after eating of them, which is + found to proceed from the Gall that is broken in some of them, and is + hurtful. Sometimes, many Cart-loads of these are thrown and left dry on + the Sea side, which comes by their eager Pursuit of the small Fish, in + which they run themselves ashoar, and the Tide leaving them, they cannot + recover the Water again. They are called Blue-Fish, because they are of + that Colour, and have a forked Tail, and are shaped like a Dolphin. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Red-Drum. + </p> + <p> + The Red Drum is a large Fish much bigger than the Blue-Fish. The Body of + this is good firm Meat, but the Head is beyond all the Fish I ever met + withal for an excellent Dish. We have greater Numbers of these Fish, than + of any other sort. People go down and catch as many Barrels full as they + please, with Hook and Line, especially every young Flood, when they bite. + These are salted up, and transported to other Colonies, that are bare of + Provisions. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Black-Drum. + </p> + <p> + Black Drums are a thicker-made Fish than the Red Drum, being shap'd like a + fat Pig; they are a very good Fish, but not so common with us as to the + Northward. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Angel-Fish. + </p> + <p> + The Angel-Fish is shaped like an English Bream. He is so call'd, from his + golden Colour, which shines all about his Head and Belly. This is + accounted a very good Fish, as are most in these Parts. The Bermudians + have the same sort of Fish, and esteem them very much. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rock-Fish. + </p> + <p> + Bass or Rock is both in Salt and Fresh-Water; when young, he much + resembles a Grayling, but grows to the size of the large Cod-Fish. They + are a very good firm Fish. Their Heads are souced, and make a noble Dish, + if large. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sheeps-Head. + </p> + <p> + Sheeps-Head has the general Vogue of being the choicest Fish in this + Place. Indeed, it is a very delicate Fish, and well relish'd; yet I think, + there are several others full as good as the Sheeps-Head. He is much of + the Bigness of the Angel-Fish, and flat as he is; they sometimes weigh two + or three Pound Weight. This Fish hath Teeth like a Sheep, and is therefore + so call'd. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Plaice. + </p> + <p> + Plaice are here very large, and plentiful, being the same as in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Flounder. + </p> + <p> + Flounders should have gone amongst the Fresh-Water Fish, because they are + caught there, in great Plenty. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Soles. + </p> + <p> + Soles are a Fish we have but lately discover'd; they are as good, as in + any other Part. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mullets. + </p> + <p> + Mullets, the same as in England, and great Plenty in all Places where the + Water is salt or brackish. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Shads. + </p> + <p> + Shads are a sweet Fish, but very bony; they are very plentiful at some + Seasons. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fat-Backs. + </p> + <p> + Fat-Backs are a small Fish, like Mullets, but the fattest ever known. They + put nothing into the Pan, to fry these. They are excellent sweet Food. + </p> + <p class="side"> + White Guard-Fish. + </p> + <p> + The white Guard-Fish is shaped almost like a Pike, but slenderer; his + Mouth has a long small Bill set with Teeth, in which he catches small + Fish; his Scales are knit together like Armour. When they dress him, they + strip him, taking off Scales and Skin together. His Meat is very white, + and rather looks like Flesh than Fish. The English account them no good + Fish; but the Indians do. The Gall of this Fish is green, and a violent + Cathartick, if taken inwardly. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Green-Guard. + </p> + <p> + The green Guard is shaped, in all respects, like the other, save that his + Scales are very small and fine. He is indifferent good Meat; his Bones, + when boil'd or fry'd, remain as green as Grass. The same sort of Fish come + before the Mackarel in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Scate. + </p> + <p> + Scate, or Stingray, the same as in England, and very common; but the great + Plenty of other Fish makes these not regarded; for few or none eat them in + Carolina, though they are almost at every ones Door. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Thornback. + </p> + <p> + Thornbacks are the same as in England. They are not so common as the Scate + and Whip-Rays. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Congar-Eels. + </p> + <p> + Congar-Eels always remain in the Salt-Water; they are much more known in + the Northward Parts of America, than with us. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Lamprey. + </p> + <p> + Lampreys are not common; I never saw but one, which was large, and caught + by the Indians, in a Ware. They would not eat him, but gave him to me. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Eels. + </p> + <p> + Eels are no where in the World better, or more plentiful, than in + Carolina. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sun-Fish. + </p> + <p> + Sun-Fish are flat and rounder than a Bream, and are reckon'd a fine-tasted + Fish, and not without Reason. They are much the size of Angel-Fish. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Toad-Fish. + </p> + <p> + Toad-Fish are nothing but a Skin full of Prickles, and a few Bones; they + are as ugly as a Toad, and preserv'd to look upon, and good for nothing + else. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sea-Tench. + </p> + <p> + They are taken by a Bait, near the Inlet, or out at Sea a little way. They + are blackish, and exactly like a Tench, except in the Back-fins, which + have Prickles like a Pearch. They are as good, if not better than any + Tench. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Salt-Water Trouts. + </p> + <p> + Trouts of the Salt-Water are exactly shaped like the Trouts in Europe, + having blackish, not red Spots. They are in the Salts, and are not red + within, but white, yet a very good Fish. They are so tender, that if they + are in or near fresh Water, and a sudden Frost come, they are benumm'd, + and float on the Surface of the Water, as if dead; and then they take up + Canoe-Loads of them. If you put them into warm Water, they presently + recover. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Crocus. + </p> + <p> + The Crocus is a Fish, in Shape like a Pearch, and in Taste like a Whiting. + They croke and make a Noise in your Hand, when taken with Hook or Net. + They are very good. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Herring. + </p> + <p> + The Herrings in Carolina are not so large as in Europe. They spawn there + in March and April, running up the fresh Rivers and small fresh Runs of + Water in great Shoals, where they are taken. They become red if salted; + and, drest with Vinegar and Oil, resemble an Anchovy very much; for they + are far beyond an English Herring, when pickled. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Smelts. + </p> + <p> + The same as in England; they lie down a great way in the Sound, towards + the Ocean, where (at some certain Seasons) are a great many very fine + ones. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Breams. + </p> + <p> + The fresh Water affords no such Bream as in England, that I have as yet + discover'd; yet there is a Sea-Bream, which is a flat and thin Fish, as + the European Breams are. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Taylors. + </p> + <p> + The Taylor is a Fish about the Bigness of a Trout, but of a bluish and + green Colour, with a forked Tail, as a Mackarel has. They are a delicate + Fish, and plentiful in our Salt-Waters. Infinite numbers of other Species + will be hereafter discover'd as yet unknown to us; although I have seen + and eaten of several other sorts of Fish, which are not here mention'd, + because, as yet, they have no certain Names assign'd them. Therefore, I + shall treat no farther of our Salt-Water Fish, but proceed to the Fresh. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fresh Water Sturgeon. + </p> + <p> + The first of these is the Sturgeon, of which we have Plenty, all the fresh + Parts of our Rivers being well stor'd therewith. The Indians upon and + towards the Heads and Falls of our Rivers, strike a great many of these, + and eat them; yet the Indians near the Salt-Waters will not eat them. I + have seen an Indian strike one of these Fish, seven Foot long, and leave + him on the Sands to be eaten by the Gulls. In May, they run up towards the + Heads of the Rivers, where you see several hundreds of them in one day. + The Indians have another way to take them, which is by Nets at the end of + a Pole. The Bones of these Fish make good Nutmeg-Graters. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pike. + </p> + <p> + The Jack, Pike, or Pickerel, is exactly the same, in Carolina, as they are + in England. Indeed, I never saw this Fish so big and large in America, as + I have in Europe, these with us being seldom above two Foot long, as far + as I have yet seen. They are very plentiful with us in Carolina, all our + Creeks and Ponds being full of them. I once took out of a Ware, above + three hundred of these Fish, at a time. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Trouts. + </p> + <p> + The same in England as in Carolina; but ours are a great way up the Rivers + and Brooks, that are fresh, having swift Currents, and stony, and gravelly + Bottoms. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Gudgeon. + </p> + <p> + The same Gudgeons as in Europe are found in America. + </p> + <p class="side"> + First Pearch. + </p> + <p> + The same sort of Pearch as are in England, we have likewise in Carolina, + though, I think, ours never rise to be so large as in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Second Pearch. + </p> + <p> + We have a white Pearch, so call'd, because he is of a Silver Colour, + otherwise like the English Pearch. These we have in great Plenty, and they + are preferable to the red ones. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Third Pearch. + </p> + <p> + The brown Pearch, which some call Welch-men, are the largest sort of + Pearches that we have, and very firm, white and sweet Fish. These grow to + be larger than any Carp, and are very frequent in every Creek and Pond. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fourth flat. + </p> + <p> + The flat or mottled Pearch are shaped almost like a Bream. They are called + Irish-men, being freckled or mottled with black, and blue Spots. They are + never taken any where, but in the fresh Water. They are good Fish; but I + do not approve of them, no more than of the other sorts of Pearch. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fifth Pearch, or Round Robin. + </p> + <p> + We have another sort of Pearch, which is the least sort of all, but as + good Meat as any. These are distinguish'd from the other sorts, by the + Name of Round-Robins; being flat, and very round-shap'd; they are spotted + with red Spots very beautiful, and are easily caught with an Angle, as all + the other sort of Pearches are. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Carp. + </p> + <p> + We have the same Carp as you have in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Roach. + </p> + <p> + And the same Roach; only scarce so large. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Dace. + </p> + <p> + Dace are the same as yours too; but neither are these so large nor + plentiful, as with you. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Loach. + </p> + <p> + The same as in England. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sucking-Fish. + </p> + <p> + Sucking-Fish are the nearest in Taste and Shape to a Barbel, only they + have no Barbs. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cat-Fish. + </p> + <p> + Cat-Fish are a round blackish Fish, with a great flat Head, a wide Mouth, + and no Scales; they something resemble Eels in Taste. Both this sort, and + another that frequents the Salt Water, are very plentiful. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Grindals. + </p> + <p> + Grindals are a long scaled Fish with small Eyes; and frequent Ponds, + Lakes, and slow-running Creeks and Swamps. They are a soft sorry Fish, and + good for nothing; though some eat them for good Fish. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Old-Wives. + </p> + <p> + These are a bright scaly Fish, which frequent the Swamps, and fresh Runs; + they seem to be between an English Roach and a Bream, and eat much like + the latter. The Indians kill abundance of these, and barbakue them, till + they are crisp, then transport them, in wooden Hurdles, to their Towns and + Quarters. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fountain-Fish. + </p> + <p> + The Fountain-Fish are a white sort which breed in the clear Running + Springs and Fountains of Water, where the Clearness thereof makes them + very difficult to be taken. I cannot say how good they are; because I have + not as yet tasted of them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + White-Fish. + </p> + <p> + The white Fish are very large; some being two Foot and a half long and + more. They are found a great way up in the Freshes of the Rivers; and are + firm Meat, and an extraordinary well-relish'd Fish. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Barbouts Millers Thumbs. + </p> + <p> + Barbouts and Millers-Thumbs, are the very same here, in all respects, as + they are in England. What more are in the fresh Waters we have not + discover'd, but are satisfied, that we are not acquainted with one third + part thereof; for we are told by the Indians, of a great many strange and + uncouth shapes and sorts of Fish, which they have found in the Lakes laid + down in my Chart. However as we can give no farther Account of these than + by Hear-say; I proceed to treat of the Shell-Fish that are found in the + Salt-Water, so far as they have already come to our Knowledge. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Large Crabs. + </p> + <p> + The large Crabs, which we call Stone-Crabs, are the same sort as in + England, having black Tips at the end of their Claws. These are + plentifully met withal, down in Core Sound, and the South Parts of + North-Carolina. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Small flat Crabs. + </p> + <p> + The smaller flat Crabs I look upon to be the sweetest of all the Species. + They are the Breadth of a lusty Man's Hand, or rather larger. These are + innumerable, lying in most prodigious quantities, all over the Salts of + Carolina. They are taken not only to eat, but are the best Bait for all + sorts of Fish, that live in the Salt-Water. These Fish are mischievous to + Night-Hooks, because they get away all the Bait from the Hooks. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Oysters. + </p> + <p> + Oysters, great and small, are found almost in every Creek and Gut of + Salt-Water, and are very good and well-relish'd. The large Oysters are + excellent, pickled. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cockles. + </p> + <p> + One Cockle in Carolina is as big as five or six in England. They are often + thrown upon the Sands on the Sound-Side, where the Gulls are always ready + to open and eat them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Clams. + </p> + <p> + Clams are a sort of Cockles, only differing in Shell, which is thicker and + not streak'd, or ribb'd. These are found throughout all the Sound and + Salt-Water-Ponds. The Meat is the same for Look and Taste as the Cockle. + These make an excellent strong Broth, and eat well, either roasted or + pickled. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Muscles. + </p> + <p> + The Muscles in Carolina have a very large Shell, striped with Dents. They + grow by the side of Ponds and Creeks, in Salt-Water, wherein you may get + as many of them as you please. I do not like them so well as the English + Muscle, which is no good Shell-Fish. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Conks. + </p> + <p> + Some of the Shells of these are as large as a Man's Hand, but the lesser + sort are the best Meat, and those not extraordinary. They are shap'd like + the end of a Horses Yard. Of their Shells, the Peak or Wampum is made, + which is the richest Commodity amongst the Indians. They breed like a long + Thing shap'd like a Snake, but containing a sort of Joints, in the + Hollowness whereof are thousands of small Coaks, no bigger then small + Grains of Pepper. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Skellops. + </p> + <p> + The Skellops, if well dress'd, are a pretty Shell-Fish; but to eat them + only roasted, without any other Addition, in my Judgment, are too + luscious. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Man of Noses. + </p> + <p> + Man of Noses are a Shell-Fish commonly found amongst us. They are valued + for increasing Vigour in Men, and making barren Women fruitful; but I + think they have no need of that Fish; for the Women in Carolina are + fruitful enough without their Helps. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wilks. + </p> + <p> + Wilks, or Periwinkles, are not so large here, as in the Islands of Scilly, + and in other Parts of Europe, though very sweet. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Snail-Horn. + </p> + <p> + The Sea-Snail-Horn is large, and very good Meat; they are exactly shaped + as other Snail-Horns are. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fidlar. + </p> + <p> + Fidlars are a sort of small Crabs, that lie in Holes in the Marshes. The + Raccoons eat them very much. I never knew any one try, whether they were + good Meat or no. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Runner. + </p> + <p> + Runners live chiefly on the Sands, but sometimes run into the Sea. They + have Holes in the Sand-Beaches and are a whitish sort of a Crab. Tho' + small, they run as fast as a Man, and are good for nothing but to look at. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Spanish-Oysters. + </p> + <p> + Spanish Oysters have a very thin Shell, and rough on the outside. They are + very good Shell-Fish, and so large, that half a dozen are enow to satisfy + an hungry Stomach. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Flattings. + </p> + <p> + The Flattings are inclosed in a broad, thin Shell, the whole Fish being + flat. They are inferiour to no Shell-Fish this Country affords. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Finger-Fish. + </p> + <p> + Finger-Fish are very plentiful in this Country; they are of the Length of + a Man's Finger, and lie in the Bottom of the Water about one or two Foot + deep. They are very good. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Shrimps. + </p> + <p> + Shrimps are here very plentiful and good, and are to be taken with a + Small-Bow-Net, in great Quantities. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Small-Cockles. + </p> + <p> + The small Cockles are about the Bigness of the largest English Cockles, + and differ nothing from them, unless in the Shells, which are striped + cross-wise as well as long-wise. + </p> + <p> + The Fresh-Water Shell-Fish are, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Muscles. + </p> + <p> + Muscles, which are eaten by the Indians, after five or six hours Boiling, + to make them tender, and then are good for nothing. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Craw-Fish. + </p> + <p> + Craw-Fish, in the Brooks, and small Rivers of Water, amongst the Tuskeruro + Indians, and up higher, are found very plentifully, and as good as any in + the World. + </p> + <p> + And thus I have gone through the several Species of Fish, so far as they + have come to my Knowledge, in the eight Years that I have lived in + Carolina. I should have made a larger Discovery, when travelling so far + towards the Mountains, and amongst the Hills, had it not been in the + Winter-Season, which was improper to make any Enquiry into any of the + Species before recited. Therefore, as my Intent was, I proceed to what + remains of the Present State of Carolina, having already accounted for the + Animals, and Vegetables, as far as this Volume would allow of; whereby the + Remainder, though not exactly known, may yet be guess'd at, if we consider + what Latitude Carolina lies in, which reaches from 29 to 36 deg. 30 min. + Northern Latitude, as I have before observ'd. Which Latitude is as fertile + and pleasant, as any in the World, as well for the Produce of Minerals, + Fruit, Grain, and Wine, as other rich Commodities. And indeed, all the + Experiments that have been made in Carolina, of the Fertility and natural + Advantages of the Country, have exceeded all Expectation, as affording + some Commodities, which other Places, in the same Latitude, do not. As for + Minerals, as they are subterraneous Products, so, in all new Countries, + they are the Species that are last discover'd; and especially, in + Carolina, where the Indians never look for any thing lower than the + Superficies of the Earth, being a Race of Men the least addicted to + delving of any People that inhabit so fine a Country as Carolina is. As + good if not better Mines than those the Spaniards possess in America, lie + full West from us; and I am certain, we have as Mountainous Land, and as + great Probability of having rich Minerals in Carolina, as any of those + Parts that are already found to be so rich therein. But, waving this + Subject, till some other Opportunity, I shall now give you some + Observations in general, concerning Carolina, which are, first, that it + lies as convenient for Trade as any of the Plantations in America; that we + have Plenty of Pitch, Tar, Skins of Deer, and Beeves, Furs, Rice, Wheat, + Rie, Indian Grain, sundry sorts of Pulse, Turpentine, Rozin, Masts, Yards, + Planks and Boards, Staves and Lumber, Timber of many common sorts, fit for + any Uses; Hemp, Flax, Barley, Oats, Buck-Wheat, Beef, Pork, Tallow, Hides, + Whale-Bone and Oil, Wax, Cheese, Butter, &c. besides Drugs, Dyes, + Fruit, Silk, Cotton, Indico, Oil, and Wine that we need not doubt of, as + soon as we make a regular Essay, the Country being adorn'd with pleasant + Meadows, Rivers, Mountains, Valleys, Hills, and rich Pastures, and blessed + with wholesome pure Air; especially a little backwards from the Sea, where + the wild Beasts inhabit, none of which are voracious. The Men are active, + the Women fruitful to Admiration, every House being full of Children, and + several Women that have come hither barren, having presently prov'd + fruitful. There cannot be a richer Soil; no Place abounding more in Flesh + and Fowl, both wild and tame, besides Fish, Fruit, Grain, Cider, and many + other pleasant Liquors; together with several other Necessaries for Life + and Trade, that are daily found out, as new Discoveries are made. The + Stone and Gout seldom trouble us; the Consumption we are wholly Strangers + to, no Place affording a better Remedy for that Distemper, than Carolina. + For Trade, we lie so near to Virginia, that we have the Advantage of their + Convoys; as also Letters from thence, in two or three Days at most, in + some Places in as few Hours. Add to this, that the great Number of Ships + which come within those Capes, for Virginia and Maryland, take off our + Provisions, and give us Bills of Exchange for England, which is Sterling + Money. The Planters in Virginia and Maryland are forc'd to do the same, + the great Quantities of Tobacco that are planted there, making Provisions + scarce; and Tobacco is a Commodity oftentimes so low, as to bring nothing, + whereas Provisions and Naval Stores never fail of a Market. Besides, where + these are raised, in such Plenty as in Carolina, there always appears good + Housekeeping, and Plenty of all manner of delicate Eatables. For Instance, + the Pork of Carolina is very good, the younger Hogs fed on Peaches, Maiz, + and such other natural Produce; being some of the sweetest Meat that the + World affords, as is acknowledged by all Strangers that have been there. + And as for the Beef, in Pampticough, and the Southward Parts, it proves + extraordinary. We have not only Provisions plentiful, but Cloaths of our + own Manufactures, which are made, and daily increase; Cotton, Wool, Hemp, + and Flax, being of our own Growth; and the Women to be highly commended + for their Industry in Spinning, and ordering their Houswifry to so great + Advantage as they generally do; which is much more easy, by reason this + happy Climate, visited with so mild Winters, is much warmer than the + Northern Plantations, which saves abundance of Cloaths; fewer serving our + Necessities, and those of our Servants. But this is not all; for we can go + out with our Commodities, to any other Part of the West-Indies, or + elsewhere, in the Depth of Winter; whereas, those in New-England, + New-York, Pensylvania, and the Colonies to the Northward of us, cannot + stir for Ice, but are fast lock'd into their Harbours. Besides, we can + trade with South-Carolina, and pay no Duties or Customs, no more than + their own Vessels, both North and South being under the same + Lords-Proprietors. We have, as I observ'd before, another great Advantage, + in not being a Frontier, and so continually alarm'd by the Enemy; and what + has been accounted a Detriment to us, proves one of the greatest + Advantages any People could wish; which is, our Country's being faced with + a Sound near ten Leagues over in some Places, through which, although + there be Water enough for as large Ships to come in at, as in any part + hitherto seated in both Carolinas; yet the Difficulty of that Sound to + Strangers, hinders them from attempting any Hostilities against us; and, + at the same time, if we consider the Advantages thereof, nothing can + appear to be a better Situation, than to be fronted with such a Bulwark, + which secures us from our Enemies. Furthermore, our Distance from the Sea + rids us of two Curses, which attend most other Parts of America, viz. + Muskeetos, and the Worm-biting, which eats Ships Bottoms out; whereas at + Bath-Town, there is no such thing known; and as for Muskeetos, they hinder + us of as little Rest, as they do you in England. Add to this, the + unaccountable Quantities of Fish this great Water, or Sound, supplies us + withal, whenever we take the Pains to fish for them; Advantages I have no + where met withal in America, except here. As for the Climate, we enjoy a + very wholsome and serene Sky, and a pure and thin Air, the Sun seldom + missing to give us his daily Blessing, unless now and then on a Winters + Day, which is not often; and when cloudy, the first Appearance of a + North-West Wind clears the Horizon, and restores the Light of the Sun. The + Weather, in Summer, is very pleasant; the hotter Months being refresh'd + with continual Breezes of cool reviving Air; and the Spring being as + pleasant, and beautiful, as in any Place I ever was in. The Winter, most + commonly, is so mild, that it looks like an Autumn, being now and then + attended with clear and thin North-West Winds, that are sharp enough to + regulate English Constitutions, and free them from a great many dangerous + Distempers, that a continual Summer afflicts them withal, nothing being + wanting, as to the natural Ornaments and Blessings of a Country, that + conduce to make reasonable Men happy. And, for those that are otherwise, + they are so much their own Enemies, where they are, that they will scarce + ever be any ones Friends, or their own, when they are transplanted; so, + it's much better for all sides, that they remain as they are. Not but that + there are several good People, that, upon just Grounds, may be uneasy + under their present Burdens; and such I would advise to remove to the + Place I have been treating of, where they may enjoy their Liberty and + Religion, and peaceably eat the Fruits of their Labour, and drink the Wine + of their own Vineyards, without the Alarms of a troublesome worldly Life. + If a Man be a Botanist, here is a plentiful Field of Plants to divert him + in; If he be a Gardner, and delight in that pleasant and happy Life, he + will meet with a Climate and Soil, that will further and promote his + Designs, in as great a Measure, as any Man can wish for; and as for the + Constitution of this Government, it is so mild and easy, in respect to the + Properties and Liberties of a Subject, that without rehearsing the + Particulars, I say once for all, it is the mildest and best establish'd + Government in the World, and the Place where any Man may peaceably enjoy + his own, without being invaded by another; Rank and Superiority ever + giving Place to Justice and Equity, which is the Golden Rule that every + Government ought to be built upon, and regulated by. Besides, it is worthy + our Notice, that this Province has been settled, and continued the most + free from the Insults and Barbarities of the Indians, of any Colony that + was ever yet seated in America; which must be esteem'd as a particular + Providence of God handed down from Heaven, to these People; especially, + when we consider, how irregularly they settled North-Carolina, and yet how + undisturb'd they have ever remain'd, free from any foreign Danger or Loss, + even to this very Day. And what may well be look'd upon for as great a + Miracle, this is a Place, where no Malefactors are found, deserving Death, + or even a Prison for Debtors; there being no more than two Persons, that, + as far as I have been able to learn, ever suffer'd as Criminals, although + it has been a Settlement near sixty Years; One of whom was a Turk that + committed Murder; the other, an old Woman, for Witchcraft. These, 'tis + true, were on the Stage, and acted many Years, before I knew the Place; + but as for the last, I wish it had been undone to this day; although they + give a great many Arguments, to justifie the Deed, which I had rather they + should have a Hand in, than myself; seeing I could never approve of taking + Life away upon such Accusations, the Justice whereof I could never yet + understand. + </p> + <p> + But, to return to the Subject in Hand; we there make extraordinary good + Bricks throughout the Settlement. All sorts of Handicrafts, as Carpenters, + Joiners, Masons, Plaisterers, Shooemakers, Tanners, Taylors, Weavers, and + most others, may, with small Beginnings, and God's Blessing, thrive very + well in this Place, and provide Estates for their Children, Land being + sold at a much cheaper Rate there, than in any other Place in America, and + may, as I suppose, be purchased of the Lords-Proprietors here in England, + or of the Governour there for the time being, by any that shall have a + mind to transport themselves to that Country. The Farmers that go thither + (for which sort of Men it is a very thriving Place) should take with them + some particular Seeds of Grass, as Trefoil, Clover-grass all sorts, + Sanfoin, and Common Grass, or that which is a Rarity in Europe; + especially, what has sprung and rose first from a warm Climate, and will + endure the Sun without flinching. Likewise, if there be any extraordinary + sort of Grain for Increase or Hardiness, and some Fruit-Trees of choice + Kinds, they will be both profitable and pleasant to have with you, where + you may see the Fruits of your Labour in Perfection, in a few Years. The + necessary Instruments of Husbandry I need not acquaint the Husbandman + withal; Hoes of all sorts, and Axes must be had, with Saws, Wedges, + Augurs, Nails, Hammers, and what other Things may be necessary for + building with Brick, or Stone, which sort your Inclination and Conveniency + lead you to. For, after having look'd over this Treatise, you must needs + be acquainted with the Nature of the Country, and therefore cannot but be + Judges, what it is that you will chiefly want. As for Land, none need want + it for taking up, even in the Places there seated on the Navigable Creeks, + Rivers, and Harbours, without being driven into remoter Holes and Corners + of the Country, for Settlements, which all are forced to do, who, at this + day, settle in most or all of the other English Plantations in America; + which are already become so populous, that a New-Comer cannot get a + beneficial and commodious Seat, unless he purchases, when, in most Places + in Virginia and Maryland, a thousand Acres of good Land, seated on a + Navigable Water, will cost a thousand Pounds; whereas, with us, it is at + present obtain'd for the fiftieth Part of the Money. Besides, our Land + pays to the Lords, but an easy Quit-Rent, or yearly Acknowledgement; and + the other Settlements pay two Shillings per hundred. All these things duly + weighed, any rational Man that has a mind to purchase Land in the + Plantations for a Settlement of himself and Family, will soon discover the + Advantages that attend the Settlers and Purchasers of Land in Carolina, + above all other Colonies in the English Dominions in America. And as there + is a free Exercise of all Persuasions amongst Christians, the + Lords-Proprietors, to encourage Ministers of the Church of England, have + given free Land towards the Maintenance of a Church, and especially, for + the Parish of S. Thomas in Pampticough, over-against the Town, is already + laid out for a Glebe of two hundred and twenty three Acres of rich + well-situated Land, that a Parsonage-House may be built upon. And now I + shall proceed to give an Account of the Indians, their Customs and Ways of + Living, with a short Dictionary of their Speech. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0018" id="link2H_4_0018"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + AN ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS OF NORTH-CAROLINA. + </h2> + <p> + The Indians, which were the Inhabitants of America, when the Spaniards and + other Europeans discover'd the several Parts of that Country, are the + People which we reckon the Natives thereof; as indeed they were, when we + first found out those Parts, and appear'd therein. Yet this has not + wrought in me a full Satisfaction, to allow these People to have been the + Ancient Dwellers of the New-World, or Tract of Land we call America. The + Reasons that I have to think otherwise, are too many to set down here; but + I shall give the Reader a few, before I proceed; and some others he will + find scatter'd in my Writings elsewhere. + </p> + <p> + In Carolina (the Part I now treat of) are the fairest Marks of a Deluge, + (that at some time has probably made strange Alterations, as to the + Station that Country was then in) that ever I saw, or, I think, read of, + in any History. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Wood under Ground. + </p> + <p> + Amongst the other Subterraneous Matters, that have been discover'd, we + found, in digging of a Well that was twenty six foot deep, at the Bottom + thereof, many large Pieces of the Tulip-Tree, and several other sorts of + Wood, some of which were cut and notch'd, and some squared, as the Joices + of a House are, which appear'd (in the Judgment of all that saw them) to + be wrought with Iron Instruments; it seeming impossible for any thing made + of Stone, or what they were found to make use of, to cut Wood in that + manner. It cannot be argu'd, that the Wood so cut, might float from some + other Continent; because Hiccory and the Tulip-Tree are spontaneous in + America, and in no other Places, that I could ever learn. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Shells some Fathoms in the Earth, the Sea probably has thrown up in part + of this Country. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mexico Buildings. + </p> + <p> + It is to be acknowledg'd, that the Spaniards give us Relations of + magnificent Buildings, which were raised by the Indians of Mexico and + other Parts, which they discover'd, and conquer'd; amongst whom no Iron + Instruments were found: But 'tis a great Misfortune, that no Person in + that Expedition was so curious, as to take an exact Draught of the + Fabricks of those People, which would have been a Discovery of great + Value, and very acceptable to the Ingenious; for, as to the Politeness of + Stones, it may be effected by Collision, and Grinding, which is of a + contrary Nature, on several Accounts, and disproves not my Arguments, in + the least. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Earthen Pots under Ground. + </p> + <p> + The next is, the Earthen Pots that are often found under Ground, and at + the Foot of the Banks where the Water has wash'd them away. They are for + the most part broken in pieces; but we find them of a different sort, in + Comparison of those the Indians use at this day, who have had no other, + ever since the English discover'd America. The Bowels of the Earth cannot + have alter'd them, since they are thicker, of another Shape, and + Composition, and nearly approach to the Urns of the Ancient Romans. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Peaches. + </p> + <p> + Again, the Peaches, which are the only tame Fruit, or what is Foreign, + that these People enjoy, which is an Eastern Product, and will keep and + retain its vegetative and growing Faculty, the longest of any thing of + that Nature, that I know of. + </p> + <p class="side"> + The Stone. Water-Melon and Gourds the Indians have always had. + </p> + <p> + The Stone, as I elsewhere have remark'd, is thicker than any other sort of + the Peaches in Europe, or of the European sort, now growing in America, + and is observed to grow if planted, after it has been for several Years + laid by; and it seems very probable, that these People might come from + some Eastern Country; for when you ask them whence their Fore-Fathers + came, that first inhabited the Country, they will point to the Westward + and say, `Where the Sun sleeps, our Forefathers came thence', which, at + that distance, may be reckon'd amongst the Eastern Parts of the World. And + to this day, they are a shifting, wandring People; for I know some Indian + Nations, that have chang'd their Settlements, many hundred Miles; + sometimes no less than a thousand, as is prov'd by the Savanna Indians, + who formerly lived on the Banks of the Messiasippi, and remov'd thence to + the Head of one of the Rivers of South-Carolina; since which, (for some + Dislike) most of them are remov'd to live in the Quarters of the Iroquois + or Sinnagars, which are on the Heads of the Rivers that disgorge + themselves into the Bay of Chesapeak. I once met with a young Indian + Woman, that had been brought from beyond the Mountains, and was sold a + Slave into Virginia. She spoke the same Language, as the Coranine Indians, + that dwell near Cape-Look-out, allowing for some few Words, which were + different, yet no otherwise, than that they might understand one another + very well. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian well shap'd People. + </p> + <p> + The Indians of North-Carolina are a well-shap'd clean-made People, of + different Statures, as the Europeans are, yet chiefly inclin'd to be tall. + They are a very streight People, and never bend forwards, or stoop in the + Shoulders, unless much overpower'd by old Age. Their Limbs are exceeding + well-shap'd. As for their Legs and Feet, they are generally the handsomest + in the World. Their Bodies are a little flat, which is occasion'd, by + being laced hard down to a Board, in their Infancy. This is all the Cradle + they have, which I shall describe at large elsewhere. Their Eyes are + black, or of a dark Hazle; The White is marbled with red Streaks, which is + ever common to these People, unless when sprung from a white Father or + Mother. Their Colour is of a tawny, which would not be so dark, did they + not dawb themselves with Bears Oil, and a Colour like burnt Cork. This is + begun in their Infancy, and continued for a long time, which fills the + Pores, and enables them better to endure the Extremity of the Weather. + They are never bald on their Heads, although never so old, which, I + believe, proceeds from their Heads being always uncover'd, and the + greasing their Hair (so often as they do) with Bears Fat, which is a great + Nourisher of the Hair, and causes it to grow very fast. Amongst the Bears + Oil (when they intend to be fine) they mix a certain red Powder, that + comes from a Scarlet Root which they get in the hilly Country, near the + Foot of the great Ridge of Mountains, and it is no where else to be found. + They have this Scarlet Root in great Esteem, and sell it for a very great + Price, one to another. The Reason of its Value is, because they not only + go a long way for it, but are in great Danger of the Sinnagars or + Iroquois, who are mortal Enemies to all our Indians, and very often take + them Captives, or kill them, before they return from this Voyage. The + Tuskeruros and other Indians have often brought this Seed with them from + the Mountains; but it would never grow in our Land. With this and Bears + Grease they anoint their Heads and Temples, which is esteem'd as + ornamental, as sweet Powder to our Hair. Besides, this Root has the Virtue + of killing Lice, and suffers none to abide or breed in their Heads. For + want of this Root, they sometimes use Pecoon-Root, which is of a Crimson + Colour, but it is apt to die the Hair of an ugly Hue. + </p> + <p> + Their Eyes are commonly full and manly, and their Gate sedate and + majestick. They never walk backward and forward as we do, nor contemplate + on the Affairs of Loss and Gain; the things which daily perplex us. They + are dexterous and steady both as to their Hands and Feet, to Admiration. + They will walk over deep Brooks, and Creeks, on the smallest Poles, and + that without any Fear or Concern. Nay, an Indian will walk on the Ridge of + a Barn or House and look down the Gable-end, and spit upon the Ground, as + unconcern'd, as if he was walking on Terra firma. In Running, Leaping, or + any such other Exercise, their Legs seldom miscarry, and give them a Fall; + and as for letting any thing fall out of their Hands, I never yet knew one + Example. They are no Inventers of any Arts or Trades worthy mention; the + Reason of which I take to be, that they are not possess'd with that Care + and Thoughtfulness, how to provide for the Necessaries of Life, as the + Europeans are; yet they will learn any thing very soon. I have known an + Indian stock Guns better than most of our Joiners, although he never saw + one stock'd before; and besides, his Working-Tool was only a sorry Knife. + I have also known several of them that were Slaves to the English, learn + Handicraft-Trades very well and speedily. + </p> + <p class="side"> + No Dwarf. + </p> + <p> + I never saw a Dwarf amongst them, nor but one that was Hump-back'd. Their + Teeth are yellow with Smoaking Tobacco, which both Men and Women are much + addicted to. They tell us, that they had Tobacco amongst them, before the + Europeans made any Discovery of that Continent. It differs in the Leaf + from the sweet-scented, and Oroonoko, which are the Plants we raise and + cultivate in America. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Tobacco. + </p> + <p> + Theirs differs likewise much in the Smell, when green, from our Tobacco, + before cured. They do not use the same way to cure it as we do; and + therefore, the Difference must be very considerable in Taste; for all Men + (that know Tobacco) must allow, that it is the Ordering thereof which + gives a Hogoo to that Weed, rather than any Natural Relish it possesses, + when green. Although they are great Smokers, yet they never are seen to + take it in Snuff, or chew it. + </p> + <p> + They have no Hairs on their Faces (except some few) and those but little, + nor is there often found any Hair under their Arm-Pits. They are + continually plucking it away from their Faces, by the Roots. As for their + Privities, since they wore Tail-Clouts, to cover their Nakedness, several + of the Men have a deal of Hair thereon. It is to be observ'd, that the + Head of the Penis is cover'd (throughout all the Nations of the Indians I + ever saw) both in Old and Young. Although we reckon these a very smooth + People, and free from Hair; yet I once saw a middle-aged Man, that was + hairy all down his Back; the Hairs being above an Inch long. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Few Cripples. + </p> + <p> + As there are found very few, or scarce any, Deformed, or Cripples, amongst + them, so neither did I ever see but one blind Man; and then they would + give me no Account how his Blindness came. They had a Use for him, which + was, to lead him with a Girl, Woman, or Boy, by a String; so they put what + Burdens they pleased upon his Back, and made him very serviceable upon all + such Occasions. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians good Eyes. + </p> + <p> + No People have better Eyes, or see better in the Night or Day, than the + Indians. Some alledge, that the Smoke of the Pitch-Pine, which they + chiefly burn, does both preserve and strengthen the Eyes; as, perhaps, it + may do, because that Smoak never offends the Eyes, though you hold your + Face over a great Fire thereof. This is occasion'd by the volatile Part of + the Turpentine, which rises with the Smoke, and is of a friendly, + balsamick Nature; for the Ashes of the Pine-Tree afford no fix'd Salt in + them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Not pair their Nails. + </p> + <p> + They let their Nails grow very long, which, they reckon, is the Use Nails + are design'd for, and laugh at the Europeans for pairing theirs, which, + they say, disarms them of that which Nature design'd them for. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians not robust. + </p> + <p> + They are not of so robust and strong Bodies, as to lift great Burdens, and + endure Labour and slavish Work, as the Europeans are; yet some that are + Slaves, prove very good and laborious: + </p> + <p class="side"> + No hard Workers. + </p> + <p> + But, of themselves, they never work as the English do, taking care for no + farther than what is absolutely necessary to support Life. In Travelling + and Hunting, they are very indefatigable; because that carries a Pleasure + along with the Profit. I have known some of them very strong; and as for + Running and Leaping, they are extraordinary Fellows, and will dance for + several Nights together, with the greatest Briskness imaginable, their + Wind never failing them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians Dance of War. On what Account they make War. + </p> + <p> + Their Dances are of different Natures; and for every sort of Dance, they + have a Tune, which is allotted for that Dance; as, if it be a War-Dance, + they have a warlike Song, wherein they express, with all the Passion and + Vehemence imaginable, what they intend to do with their Enemies; how they + will kill, roast, sculp, beat, and make Captive, such and such Numbers of + them; and how many they have destroy'd before. All these Songs are made + new for every Feast; nor is one and the same Song sung at two several + Festivals. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Poet. + </p> + <p> + Some one of the Nation (which has the best Gift of expressing their + Designs) is appointed by their King, and War-Captains, to make these + Songs. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Dance of Peace. + </p> + <p> + Others are made for Feasts of another Nature; as, when several Towns, or + sometimes, different Nations have made Peace with one another; then the + Song suits both Nations, and relates, how the bad Spirit made them go to + War, and destroy one another; but it shall never be so again; but that + their Sons and Daughters shall marry together, and the two Nations love + one another, and become as one People. + </p> + <p> + They have a third sort of Feasts and Dances, which are always when the + Harvest of Corn is ended, and in the Spring. The one, to return Thanks to + the good Spirit, for the Fruits of the Earth; the other, to beg the same + Blessings for the succeeding Year. And, to encourage the young Men to + labour stoutly, in planting their Maiz and Pulse, they set a sort of an + Idol in the Field, which is dress'd up exactly like an Indian, having all + the Indians Habit, besides abundance of Wampum, and their Money, made of + Shells, that hangs about his Neck. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Plantation Idol. + </p> + <p> + The Image none of the young Men dare approach; for the old ones will not + suffer them to come near him, but tell them, that he is some famous Indian + Warriour, that died a great while ago, and now is come amongst them, to + see if they work well, which if they do, he will go to the good Spirit, + and speak to him to send them Plenty of Corn, and to make the young Men + all expert Hunters and mighty Warriours. All this while, the King and old + Men sit round the Image, and seemingly pay a profound Respect to the same. + One great Help to these Indians, in carrying on these Cheats, and inducing + Youth to do what they please, is, the uninterrupted Silence, which is ever + kept and observ'd, with all the Respect and Veneration imaginable. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Masquerade. + </p> + <p> + At these Feasts, which are set out with all the Magnificence their Fare + allows of, the Masquerades begin at Night, and not before. There is + commonly a Fire made in the middle of the House, which is the largest in + the Town, and is very often the Dwelling of their King, or War-Captain; + where sit two Men on the Ground, upon a Mat; one with a Rattle, made of a + Gourd, with some Beans in it; the other with a Drum, made of an earthen + Pot, cover'd with a dress'd-Deer-Skin, and one Stick in his Hand to beat + thereon; and so they both begin the Song appointed. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Musicians. + </p> + <p> + At the same time, one drums, and the other rattles, which is all the + artificial Musick of their own making I ever saw amongst them. To these + two Instruments they sing, which carries no Air with it, but is a sort of + unsavoury Jargon; yet their Cadences and Raising of their Voices are + form'd with that Equality and Exactness, that (to us Europeans) it seems + admirable, how they should continue these Songs, without once missing to + agree, each with the others Note and Tune. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Dancing. + </p> + <p> + As for their Dancing, were there Masters of that Profession amongst them, + as there are with us, they would dearly earn their Money; for these + Creatures take the most Pains at it, that Men are able to endure. I have + seen thirty odd together a dancing, and every one dropp'd down with Sweat, + as if Water had been poured down their Backs. They use those hard Labours, + to make them able to endure Fatigue, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians long winded. + </p> + <p> + and improve their Wind, which indeed is very long and durable, it being a + hard matter, in any Exercise, to dispossess them of it. + </p> + <p> + At these Feasts, they meet from all the Towns within fifty or sixty Miles + round, where they buy and sell several Commodities, as we do at Fairs and + Markets. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Gaming. + </p> + <p> + Besides, they game very much, and often strip one another of all they have + in the World; and what is more, I have known several of them play + themselves away, so that they have remain'd the Winners Servants, till + their Relations or themselves could pay the Money to redeem them; and when + this happens, the Loser is never dejected or melancholy at the Loss, but + laughs, and seems no less contented than if he had won. They never differ + at Gaming, neither did I ever see a Dispute, about the Legality thereof, + so much as rise amongst them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Cards. + </p> + <p> + Their chiefest Game is a sort of Arithmetick, which is managed by a Parcel + of small split Reeds, the Thickness of a small Bent; these are made very + nicely, so that they part, and are tractable in their Hands. They are + fifty one in Number, their Length about seven Inches; when they play, they + throw part of them to their Antagonist; the Art is, to discover, upon + sight, how many you have, and what you throw to him that plays with you. + Some are so expert at their Numbers, that they will tell ten times + together, what they throw out of their Hands. Although the whole Play is + carried on with the quickest Motion it's possible to use, yet some are so + expert at this Game, as to win great Indian Estates by this Play. A good + Sett of these Reeds, fit to play withal, are valued and sold for a dress'd + Doe-Skin. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Dice. + </p> + <p> + They have several other Plays and Games; as, with the Kernels or Stones of + Persimmons, which are in effect the same as our Dice, because Winning or + Losing depend on which side appear uppermost, and how they happen to fall + together. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Trap-Ball. + </p> + <p> + Another Game is managed with a Batoon and a Ball, and resembles our + Trap-ball; besides, several Nations have several Games and Pastimes, which + are not used by others. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Cabins. + </p> + <p> + These Savages live in Wigwams, or Cabins built of Bark, which are made + round like an Oven, to prevent any Damage by hard Gales of Wind. They make + the Fire in the middle of the House, and have a Hole at the Top of the + Roof right above the Fire, to let out the Smoke. These Dwellings are as + hot as Stoves, where the Indians sleep and sweat all Night. The Floors + thereof are never paved nor swept, so that they have always a loose Earth + on them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fleas. + </p> + <p> + They are often troubled with a multitude of Fleas, especially near the + Places where they dress their Deer-Skins, because that Hair harbours them; + yet I never felt any ill, unsavory Smell in their Cabins, whereas, should + we live in our Houses, as they do, we should be poison'd with our own + Nastiness; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians a sweet People. + </p> + <p> + which confirms these Indians to be, as they really are, some of the + sweetest People in the World. + </p> + <p> + The Bark they make their Cabins withal, is generally Cypress, or red or + white Cedar; and sometimes, when they are a great way from any of these + Woods, they make use of Pine-Bark, which is the worser sort. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Making Cabins. + </p> + <p> + In building these Fabricks, they get very long Poles, of Pine, Cedar, + Hiccory, or any Wood that will bend; these are the Thickness of the Small + of a Man's Leg, at the thickest end, which they generally strip of the + Bark, and warm them well in the Fire, which makes them tough and fit to + bend; afterwards, they stick the thickest ends of them in the Ground, + about two Yards asunder, in a Circular Form, the distance they design the + Cabin to be, (which is not always round, but sometimes oval) then they + bend the Tops and bring them together, and bind their ends with Bark of + Trees, that is proper for that use, as Elm is, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Black Moss. + </p> + <p> + or sometimes the Moss that grows on the Trees, and is a Yard or two long, + and never rots; then they brace them with other Poles, to make them + strong; afterwards, cover them all over with Bark, so that they are very + warm and tight, and will keep firm against all the Weathers that blow. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians Store-Houses. + </p> + <p> + They have other sorts of Cabins without Windows, which are for their + Granaries, Skins, and Merchandizes; and others that are cover'd over head; + the rest left open for the Air. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians Banqueting Houses. + </p> + <p> + These have Reed-Hurdles, like Tables, to lie and sit on, in Summer, and + serve for pleasant Banqueting-Houses in the hot Season of the Year. The + Cabins they dwell in have Benches all round, except where the Door stands; + on these they lay Beasts-Skins, and Mats made of Rushes, whereon they + sleep and loll. In one of these, several Families commonly live, though + all related to one another. + </p> + <p> + As to the Indians Food, it is of several sorts, which are as follows. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Food. + </p> + <p> + Venison, and Fawns in the Bags, cut out of the Doe's Belly; Fish of all + sorts, the Lamprey-Eel excepted, and the Sturgeon our Salt-Water Indians + will not touch; Bear and Bever; Panther; Pole-cat; Wild-cat; Possum; + Raccoon; Hares, and Squirrels, roasted with their Guts in; Snakes, all + Indians will not eat them, tho' some do; All wild Fruits that are + palatable, some of which they dry and keep against Winter, as all sort of + Fruits, and Peaches, which they dry, and make Quiddonies, and Cakes, that + are very pleasant, and a little tartish; young Wasps, when they are white + in the Combs, before they can fly, this is esteemed a Dainty; All sorts of + Tortois and Terebins; Shell-Fish, and Stingray, or Scate, dry'd; Gourds; + Melons; Cucumbers; Squashes; Pulse of all sorts; Rockahomine Meal, which + is their Maiz, parch'd and pounded into Powder; Fowl of all sorts, that + are eatable; Ground-Nuts, or wild Potato's; Acorns and Acorn Oil; + Wild-Bulls, Beef, Mutton, Pork, &c. from the English; Indian Corn, or + Maiz, made into several sorts of Bread; Ears of Corn roasted in the + Summer, or preserv'd against Winter. + </p> + <p> + The Victuals is common, throughout the whole Kindred Relations, and often + to the whole Town; especially, when they are in Hunting-Quarters, then + they all fare alike, whichsoever of them kills the Game. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Feasts of Charity. Indians discern not between fat and lean Meat. + </p> + <p> + They are very kind, and charitable to one another, but more especially to + those of their own Nation; for if any one of them has suffer'd any Loss, + by Fire or otherwise, they order the griev'd Person to make a Feast, and + invite them all thereto, which, on the day appointed, they come to, and + after every Man's Mess of Victuals is dealt to him, one of their Speakers, + or grave old Men, makes an Harangue, and acquaints the Company, That that + Man's House has been burnt, wherein all his Goods were destroy'd; That he, + and his Family, very narrowly escaped; That he is every Man's Friend in + that Company; and, That it is all their Duties to help him, as he would do + to any of them, had the like Misfortune befallen them. After this Oration + is over, every Man, according to his Quality, throws him down upon the + Ground some Present, which is commonly Beads, Ronoak, Peak, Skins or Furs, + and which very often amounts to treble the Loss he has suffer'd. The same + Assistance they give to any Man that wants to build a Cabin, or make a + Canoe. They say, it is our Duty thus to do; for there are several Works + that one Man cannot effect, therefore we must give him our Help, otherwise + our Society will fall, and we shall be depriv'd of those urgent + Necessities which Life requires. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians no Fences. + </p> + <p> + They have no Fence to part one anothers Lots in their Corn-Fields; but + every Man knows his own, and it scarce ever happens, that they rob one + another of so much as an Ear of Corn, which if any is found to do, he is + sentenced by the Elders to work and plant for him that was robb'd, till he + is recompensed for all the Damage he has suffer'd in his Corn-Field; and + this is punctually perform'd, and the Thief held in Disgrace, that steals + from any of his Country-Folks. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians Charity to Widows. + </p> + <p> + It often happens, that a Woman is destitute of her Husband, and has a + great many Children to maintain; such a Person they always help, and make + their young men plant, reap, and do every thing that she is not capable of + doing herself; yet they do not allow any one to be idle, but to employ + themselves in some Work or other. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Women no Scolds. + </p> + <p> + They never fight with one another, unless drunk, nor do you ever hear any + Scolding amongst them. They say, the Europeans are always rangling and + uneasy, and wonder they do not go out of this World, since they are so + uneasy and discontented in it. All their Misfortunes and Losses end in + Laughter; for if their Cabins take Fire, and all their Goods are burnt + therein, (indeed, all will strive to prevent farther Damage, whilst there + is any Possibility) yet such a Misfortune ends in a hearty Fitt of + Laughter, unless some of their Kinsfolks and Friends have lost their + Lives; but then the Case is alter'd, and they become very pensive, and go + into deep Mourning, which is continued for a considerable Time; sometimes + longer, or shorter, according to the Dignity of the Person, and the Number + of Relations he had near him. + </p> + <p> + The Burial of their Dead is perform'd with a great deal of Ceremony, in + which one Nation differs, in some few Circumstances, from another, yet not + so much but we may, by a general Relation, pretty nearly account for them + all. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Burial of their Dead. + </p> + <p> + When an Indian is dead, the greater Person he was, the more expensive is + his Funeral. The first thing which is done, is, to place the nearest + Relations near the Corps, who mourn and weep very much, having their Hair + hanging down their Shoulders, in a very forlorn manner. After the dead + Person has lain a Day and a Night, in one of their Hurdles of Canes, + commonly in some Out-House made for that purpose, those that officiate + about the Funeral, go into the Town, and the first young Men they meet + withal, that have Blankets or Match Coats on, whom they think fit for + their Turn, they strip them from their Backs, who suffer them so to do, + without any Resistance. In these they wrap the dead Bodies, and cover them + with two or three Mats, which the Indians make of Rushes or Cane; and last + of all, they have a long Web of woven Reeds, or hollow Canes, which is the + Coffin of the Indians, and is brought round several times, and tied fast + at both ends, which indeed, looks very decent and well. Then the Corps is + brought out of the House, into the Orchard of Peach-Trees, where another + Hurdle is made to receive it, about which comes all the Relations and + Nation that the dead Person belong'd to, besides several from other + Nations in Alliance with them; all which sit down on the Ground, upon Mats + spread there, for that purpose; where the Doctor or Conjurer appears; and, + after some time, makes a Sort of `O-yes', at which all are very silent; + then he begins to give an Account, who the dead Person was, and how stout + a Man he approv'd himself; how many Enemies and Captives he had kill'd and + taken; how strong, tall, and nimble he was; that he was a great Hunter, a + Lover of his Country, and possess'd of a great many beautiful Wives and + Children, esteem'd the greatest of Blessings among these Savages, in which + they have a true Notion. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Funeral Sermon. + </p> + <p> + Thus this Orator runs on, highly extolling the dead Man, for his Valour, + Conduct, Strength, Riches, and Good-Humour; and enumerating his Guns, + Slaves and almost every thing he was possess'd of, when living. After + which, he addresses himself to the People of that Town or Nation, and bids + them supply the dead Man's Place, by following his steps, who, he assures + them, is gone into the Country of Souls, (which they think lies a great + way off, in this World, which the Sun visits, in his ordinary Course) and + that he will have the Enjoyment of handsome young Women, great Store of + Deer to hunt, never meet with Hunger, Cold or Fatigue, but every thing to + answer his Expectation and Desire. This is the Heaven they propose to + themselves; but, on the contrary, for those Indians that are lazy, + thievish amongst themselves, bad Hunters, and no Warriours, nor of much + Use to the Nation, to such they allot, in the next World, Hunger, Cold, + Troubles, old ugly Women for their Companions, with Snakes, and all sorts + of nasty Victuals to feed on. Thus is mark'd out their Heaven and Hell. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Traditions. + </p> + <p> + After all this Harangue, he diverts the People with some of their + Traditions, as when there was a violent hot Summer, or very hard Winter; + when any notable Distempers rag'd amongst them; when they were at War with + such and such Nations; how victorious they were; and what were the Names + of their War-Captains. To prove the times more exactly, he produces the + Records of the Country, which are a Parcel of Reeds, of different Lengths, + with several distinct Marks, known to none but themselves; by which they + seem to guess, very exactly, at Accidents that happen'd many Years ago; + nay two or three Ages or more. The Reason I have to believe what they tell + me, on this Account, is, because I have been at the Meetings of several + Indian Nations; and they agreed, in relating the same Circumstances, as to + Time, very exactly; + </p> + <p class="side"> + A hard Winter. + </p> + <p> + as, for Example, they say, there was so hard a Winter in Carolina, 105 + years ago, that the great Sound was frozen over, and the Wild Geese came + into the Woods to eat Acorns, and that they were so tame, (I suppose, + through Want) that they kill'd abundance in the Woods, by knocking them on + the Head with Sticks. + </p> + <p> + But, to return to the dead Man. When this long Tale is ended, by him that + spoke first; perhaps, a second begins another long Story; so a third, and + fourth, if there be so many Doctors present; which all tell one and the + same thing. At last, the Corps is brought away from that Hurdle to the + Grave, by four young Men, attended by the Relations, the King, old Men, + and all the Nation. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Interment in the Grave. + </p> + <p> + When they come to the Sepulcre, which is about six Foot deep, and eight + Foot long, having at each end (that is, at the Head and Foot) a + Light-Wood, or Pitch-Pine Fork driven close down the sides of the Grave, + firmly into the Ground; (these two Forks are to contain a Ridge-Pole, as + you shall understand presently) before they lay the Corps into the Grave, + they cover the bottom two or three times over with Bark of Trees, then + they let down the Corps (with two Belts, that the Indians carry their + Burdens withal) very leisurely, upon the said Barks; then they lay over a + Pole of the same Wood, in the two Forks, and having a great many Pieces of + Pitch-Pine Logs, about two Foot and a half long, they stick them in the + sides of the Grave down each End, and near the Top thereof, where the + other Ends lie on the Ridge-Pole, so that they are declining like the Roof + of a House. These being very thick-plac'd, they cover them (many times + double) with Bark; then they throw the Earth thereon, that came out of the + Grave, and beat it down very firm; by this Means, the dead Body lies in a + Vault, nothing touching him; so that when I saw this way of Burial, I was + mightily pleas'd with it, esteeming it very decent and pretty, as having + seen a great many Christians buried without the tenth Part of that + Ceremony and Decency. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Quiogozon Idols. + </p> + <p> + Now, when the Flesh is rotted and moulder'd from the Bone, they take up + the Carcass, and clean the Bones, and joint them together; afterwards, + they dress them up in pure white dress'd Deer-Skins, and lay them amongst + their Grandees and Kings in the Quiogozon, which is their Royal Tomb or + Burial-Place of their Kings and War-Captains. This is a very large + magnificent Cabin, (according to their Building) which is rais'd at the + Publick Charge of the Nation, and maintain'd in a great deal of Form and + Neatness. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Idols at the Beds. + </p> + <p> + About seven foot high, is a Floor or Loft made, on which lie all their + Princes, and Great Men, that have died for several hundred Years, all + attir'd in the Dress I before told you of. No Person is to have his Bones + lie here, and to be thus dress'd, unless he gives a round Sum of their + Money to the Rulers, for Admittance. If they remove never so far, to live + in a Foreign Country, they never fail to take all these dead Bones along + with them, though the Tediousness of their short daily Marches keeps them + never so long on their Journey. They reverence and adore this Quiogozon, + with all the Veneration and Respect that is possible for such a People to + discharge, and had rather lose all, than have any Violence or Injury + offer'd thereto. These Savages differ some small matter in their Burials; + some burying right upwards, and otherwise, as you are acquainted withal in + my Journal from South to North Carolina; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mourning for the Dead. + </p> + <p> + Yet they all agree in their Mourning, which is, to appear every Night, at + the Sepulcre, and howl and weep in a very dismal manner, having their + Faces dawb'd over with Light-wood Soot, (which is the same as Lamp-black) + and Bears Oil. This renders them as black as it is possible to make + themselves, so that theirs very much resemble the Faces of Executed Men + boil'd in Tar. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians hired to mourn. + </p> + <p> + If the dead Person was a Grandee, to carry on the Funeral Ceremonies, they + hire People to cry and lament over the dead Man. Of this sort there are + several, that practise it for a Livelihood, and are very expert at + Shedding abundance of Tears, and howling like Wolves, and so discharging + their Office with abundance of Hypocrisy and Art. The Women are never + accompanied with these Ceremonies after Death; and to what World they + allot that Sex, I never understood, unless, to wait on their dead + Husbands; but they have more Wit, than some of the Eastern Nations, who + sacrifice themselves to accompany their Husbands into the next World. It + is the dead Man's Relations, by Blood, as his Uncles, Brothers, Sisters, + Cousins, Sons, and Daughters, that mourn in good earnest, the Wives + thinking their Duty is discharg'd, and that they are become free, when + their Husband is dead; so, as fast as they can, look out for another, to + supply his Place. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Women handsome. + </p> + <p> + As for the Indian Women, which now happen in my Way; when young, and at + Maturity, they are as fine-shap'd Creatures (take them generally) as any + in the Universe. They are of a tawny Complexion; their Eyes very brisk and + amorous; their Smiles afford the finest Composure a Face can possess; + their Hands are of the finest Make, with small long Fingers, and as soft + as their Cheeks; and their whole Bodies of a smooth Nature. They are not + so uncouth or unlikely, as we suppose them; nor are they Strangers or not + Proficients in the soft Passion. They are most of them mercenary, except + the married Women, who sometimes bestow their Favours also to some or + other, in their Husbands Absence. For which they never ask any Reward. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Married Women unconstant. + </p> + <p> + As for the Report, that they are never found unconstant, like the + Europeans, it is wholly false; for were the old World and the new one put + into a Pair of Scales (in point of Constancy) it would be a hard Matter to + discern which was the heavier. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Trading Girls. + </p> + <p> + As for the Trading Girls, which are those design'd to get Money by their + Natural Parts, these are discernable, by the Cut of their Hair; their + Tonsure differing from all others, of that Nation, who are not of their + Profession; which Method is intended to prevent Mistakes; for the Savages + of America are desirous (if possible) to keep their Wives to themselves, + as well as those in other Parts of the World. When any Addresses are made + to one of these Girls, she immediately acquaints her Parents therewith, + and they tell the King of it, (provided he that courts her be a Stranger) + his Majesty commonly being the principal Bawd of the Nation he rules over, + and there seldom being any of these Winchester-Weddings agreed on, without + his Royal Consent. He likewise advises her what Bargain to make, and if it + happens to be an Indian Trader that wants a Bed-fellow, and has got Rum to + sell, be sure, the King must have a large Dram for a Fee, to confirm the + Match. These Indians, that are of the elder sort, when any such Question + is put to them, will debate the Matter amongst themselves with all the + Sobriety and Seriousness imaginable, every one of the Girl's Relations + arguing the Advantage or Detriment that may ensue such a Night's + Encounter; all which is done with as much Steadiness and Reality, as if it + was the greatest Concern in the World, and not so much as one Person shall + be seen to smile, so long as the Debate holds, making no Difference + betwixt an Agreement of this Nature, and a Bargain of any other. If they + comply with the Men's Desire, then a particular Bed is provided for them, + either in a Cabin by themselves, or else all the young people turn out, to + another Lodging, that they may not spoil Sport; and if the old People are + in the same Cabin along with them all Night, they lie as unconcern'd, as + if they were so many Logs of Wood. If it be an Indian of their own Town or + Neighbourhood, that wants a Mistress, he comes to none but the Girl, who + receives what she thinks fit to ask him, and so lies all Night with him, + without the Consent of her Parents. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Traders. + </p> + <p> + The Indian Traders are those which travel and abide amongst the Indians + for a long space of time; sometimes for a Year, two, or three. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Wives. + </p> + <p> + These Men have commonly their Indian Wives, whereby they soon learn the + Indian Tongue, keep a Friendship with the Savages; and, besides the + Satisfaction of a She-Bed-Fellow, they find these Indian Girls very + serviceable to them, on Account of dressing their Victuals, and + instructing 'em in the Affairs and Customs of the Country. Moreover, such + a Man gets a great Trade with the Savages; for when a Person that lives + amongst them, is reserv'd from the Conversation of their Women, 'tis + impossible for him ever to accomplish his Designs amongst that People. + </p> + <p> + But one great Misfortune which oftentimes attends those that converse with + these Savage Women, is, that they get Children by them, which are seldom + educated any otherwise than in a State of Infidelity; for it is a certain + Rule and Custom, amongst all the Savages of America, that I was ever + acquainted withal, to let the Children always fall to the Woman's Lot; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Children go with the Women. + </p> + <p> + for it often happens, that two Indians that have liv'd together, as Man + and Wife, in which Time they have had several Children; if they part, and + another Man possesses her, all the Children go along with the Mother, and + none with the Father. And therefore, on this Score, it ever seems + impossible for the Christians to get their Children (which they have by + these Indian Women) away from them; whereby they might bring them up in + the Knowledge of the Christian Principles. Nevertheless, we often find, + that English Men, and other Europeans that have been accustom'd to the + Conversation of these savage Women, and their Way of Living, have been so + allur'd with that careless sort of Life, as to be constant to their Indian + Wife, and her Relations, so long as they liv'd, without ever desiring to + return again amongst the English, although they had very fair + Opportunities of Advantages amongst their Countrymen; of which sort I have + known several. + </p> + <p> + As for the Indian Marriages, I have read and heard of a great deal of Form + and Ceremony used, which I never saw, nor yet could learn in the Time I + have been amongst them, any otherwise than I shall here give you an + Account of; which is as follows. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Marriage. + </p> + <p> + When any young Indian has a Mind for such a Girl to his Wife, he, or some + one for him, goes to the young Woman's Parents, if living; if not, to her + nearest Relations; where they make Offers of the Match betwixt the Couple. + The Relations reply, they will consider of it, which serves for a + sufficient Answer, till there be a second Meeting about the Marriage, + which is generally brought into Debate before all the Relations (that are + old People) on both Sides; and sometimes the King, with all his great Men, + give their Opinions therein. If it be agreed on, and the young Woman + approve thereof, (for these Savages never give their Children in Marriage, + without their own Consent) + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians buy their Wives. + </p> + <p> + the Man pays so much for his Wife; and the handsomer she is, the greater + Price she bears. Now, it often happens, that the Man has not so much of + their Money ready, as he is to pay for his Wife; but if they know him to + be a good Hunter, and that he can raise the Sum agreed for, in some few + Moons, or any little time, they agree, she shall go along with him, as + betroth'd, but he is not to have any Knowledge of her, till the utmost + Payment is discharg'd; all which is punctually observ'd. Thus, they lie + together under one Covering for several Months, and the Woman remains the + same as she was when she first came to him. I doubt, our Europeans would + be apt to break this Custom, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Men not vigorous. + </p> + <p> + but the Indian Men are not so vigorous and impatient in their Love as we + are. Yet the Women are quite contrary, and those Indian Girls that have + convers'd with the English and other Europeans, never care for the + Conversation of their own Countrymen afterwards. + </p> + <p> + They never marry so near as a first Cousin; and although there is nothing + more coveted amongst them, than to marry a Woman of their own Nation, yet + when the Nation consists of a very few People (as now adays it often + happens) so that they are all of them related to one another, then they + look out for Husbands and Wives amongst Strangers. For if an Indian lies + with his Sister, or any very near Relation, his Body is burnt, and his + Ashes thrown into the River, as unworthy to remain on Earth; yet an Indian + is allow'd to marry two Sisters, or his Brothers Wife. Although these + People are call'd Savages, yet Sodomy is never heard of amongst them, and + they are so far from the Practice of that beastly and loathsome Sin, that + they have no Name for it in all their Language. + </p> + <p> + The Marriages of these Indians are no farther binding, than the Man and + Woman agree together. Either of them has Liberty to leave the other, upon + any frivolous Excuse they can make; yet whosoever takes the Woman that was + another Man's before, and bought by him, as they all are, must certainly + pay to her former Husband, whatsoever he gave for her. Nay, if she be a + Widow, and her Husband died in Debt, whosoever takes her to Wife, pays all + her Husband's Obligations, though never so many; yet the Woman is not + required to pay any thing (unless she is willing) that was owing from her + Husband, so long as she keeps Single. But if a Man courts her for a Nights + Lodging, and obtains it, the Creditors will make him pay her Husband's + Debts, and he may, if he will, take her for his Money, or sell her to + another for his Wife. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Selling Wives. + </p> + <p> + I have seen several of these Bargains driven in a day; for you may see Men + selling their Wives as Men do Horses in a Fair, a Man being allow'd not + only to change as often as he pleases, but likewise to have as many Wives + as he is able to maintain. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian many Wives. + </p> + <p> + I have often seen, that very old Indian Men (that have been Grandees in + their own Nation) have had three or four very likely young Indian Wives, + which I have much wondered at, because to me they seem'd incapacitated to + make good Use of one of them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Night Rambles. + </p> + <p> + The young Men will go in the Night from one House to another, to visit the + young Women, in which sort of Rambles they will spend the whole Night. In + their Addresses they find no Delays, for if she is willing to entertain + the Man, she gives him Encouragement and grants him Admittance; otherwise + she withdraws her Face from him, and says, I cannot see you, either you or + I must leave this Cabin, and sleep somewhere else this Night. + </p> + <p> + They are never to boast of their Intrigues with the Women. If they do, + none of the Girls value them ever after, or admit of their Company in + their Beds. This proceeds not on the score of Reputation, for there is no + such thing (on that account) known amongst them; and although we may + reckon them the greatest Libertines and most extravagant in their + Embraces, yet they retain and possess a Modesty that requires those + Passions never to be divulged. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Trading Girls marry at last. + </p> + <p> + The Trading Girls, after they have led that Course of Life, for several + Years, in which time they scarce ever have a Child; (for they have an Art + to destroy the Conception, and she that brings a Child in this Station, is + accounted a Fool, and her Reputation is lessen'd thereby) at last they + grow weary of so many, and betake themselves to a married State, or to the + Company of one Man; neither does their having been common to so many any + wise lessen their Fortunes, but rather augment them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Women not punish'd for Adultery. + </p> + <p> + The Woman is not punish'd for Adultery, but 'tis the Man that makes the + injur'd Person Satisfaction, which is the Law of Nations practis'd amongst + them all; and he that strives to evade such Satisfaction as the Husband + demands, lives daily in Danger of his Life; yet when discharg'd, all + Animosity is laid aside, and the Cuckold is very well pleased with his + Bargain, whilst the Rival is laugh'd at by the whole Nation, for carrying + on his Intrigue with no better Conduct, than to be discover'd and pay so + dear for his Pleasure. + </p> + <p> + The Indians say, that the Woman is a weak Creature, and easily drawn away + by the Man's Persuasion; for which Reason, they lay no Blame upon her, but + the Man (that ought to be Master of his Passion) for persuading her to it. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Never Love-mad. + </p> + <p> + They are of a very hale Constitution; their Breaths are as sweet as the + Air they breathe in, and the Woman seems to be of that tender Composition, + as if they were design'd rather for the Bed than Bondage. Yet their Love + is never of that Force and Continuance, that any of them ever runs Mad, or + makes away with themselves on that score. They never love beyond + Retrieving their first Indifferency, and when slighted, are as ready to + untie the Knot at one end, as you are at the other. + </p> + <p> + Yet I knew an European Man that had a Child or two by one of these Indian + Women, and afterwards married a Christian, after which he came to pass + away a Night with his Indian Mistress; but she made Answer that she then + had forgot she ever knew him, and that she never lay with another Woman's + Husband, so fell a crying, and took up the Child she had by him, and went + out of the Cabin (away from him) in great Disorder. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Women what they do. + </p> + <p> + The Indian Womens Work is to cook the Victuals for the whole Family, and + to make Mats, Baskets, Girdles of Possum-Hair, and such-like. They never + plant the Corn amongst us, as they do amongst the Iroquois, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Iroquois great Warriours. + </p> + <p> + who are always at War and Hunting; therefore, the Plantation Work is left + for the Women and Slaves to perform, and look after; whilst they are + wandring all over the Continent betwixt the two Bays of Mexico and St. + Laurence. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mats how made. + </p> + <p> + The Mats the Indian Women make, are of Rushes, and about five Foot high, + and two Fathom long, and sew'd double, that is, two together; whereby they + become very commodious to lay under our Beds, or to sleep on in the Summer + Season in the Day-time, and for our Slaves in the Night. + </p> + <p> + There are other Mats made of Flags, which the Tuskeruro Indians make, and + sell to the Inhabitants. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Baskets. + </p> + <p> + The Baskets our Neighbouring Indians make, are all made of a very fine + sort of Bulrushes, and sometimes of Silk-grass, which they work with + Figures of Beasts, Birds, Fishes, &c. + </p> + <p> + A great way up in the Country, both Baskets and Mats are made of the split + Reeds, which are only the outward shining Part of the Cane. Of these I + have seen Mats, Baskets, and Dressing-Boxes, very artificially done. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Wives. + </p> + <p> + The Savage Women of America, have very easy Travail with their Children; + sometimes they bring Twins, and are brought to bed by themselves, when + took at a Disadvantage; not but that they have Midwives amongst them, as + well as Doctors, who make it their Profession (for Gain) to assist and + deliver Women, and some of these Midwives are very knowing in several + Medicines that Carolina affords, which certainly expedite, and make easy + Births. Besides, they are unacquainted with those severe Pains which + follow the Birth in our European Women. Their Remedies are a great Cause + of this Easiness in that State; for the Indian Women will run up and down + the Plantation, the same day, very briskly, and without any sign of Pain + or Sickness; yet they look very meager and thin. Not but that we must + allow a great deal owing to the Climate, and the natural Constitution of + these Women, whose Course of Nature never visits them in such Quantities, + as the European Women have. And tho' they never want Plenty of Milk, yet I + never saw an Indian Woman with very large Breasts; neither does the + youngest Wife ever fail of proving so good a Nurse, as to bring her Child + up free from the Rickets and Disasters that proceed from the Teeth, with + many other Distempers which attack our Infants in England, and other Parts + of Europe. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Nurse Children how. + </p> + <p> + They let their Children suck till they are well grown, unless they prove + big with Child sooner. They always nurse their own Children themselves, + unless Sickness or Death prevents. I once saw a Nurse hired to give Suck + to an Indian Woman's Child, which you have in my Journal. After Delivery, + they absent the Company of a Man for forty days. As soon as the Child is + born, they wash it in cold Water at the next Stream, and then bedawb it, + as I have mention'd before. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cradle. + </p> + <p> + After which, the Husband takes care to provide a Cradle, which is soon + made, consisting of a Piece of flat Wood, which they hew with their + Hatchets to the Likeness of a Board; it is about two Foot long, and a Foot + broad; to this they brace and tie the Child down very close, having, near + the middle, a Stick fasten'd about two Inches from the Board, which is for + the Child's Breech to rest on, under which they put a Wad of Moss, that + receives the Child's Excrements, by which means they can shift the Moss, + and keep all clean and sweet. Some Nations have very flat Heads, as you + have heard in my Journal, which is made whilst tied on this Cradle, as + that Relation informs you. These Cradles are apt to make the Body flat; + yet they are the most portable things that can be invented; for there is a + String which goes from one Corner of the Board to the other, whereby the + Mother flings her Child on her Back; so the Infant's Back is towards hers, + and its Face looks up towards the Sky. If it rains, she throws her Leather + or Woollen Match-coat, over her Head, which covers the Child all over, and + secures her and it from the Injuries of rainy Weather. The Savage Women + quit all Company, and dress not their own Victuals, during their + Purgations. + </p> + <p> + After they have had several Children, they grow strangely out of Shape in + their Bodies; As for Barrenness, I never knew any of their Women, that + have not Children when marry'd. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Womens Habit. + </p> + <p> + The Womens Dress is, in severe Weather, a hairy Match-coat in the Nature + of a Plad, which keeps out the Cold, and (as I said before) defends their + Children from the Prejudices of the Weather. At other times, they have + only a sort of Flap or Apron containing two Yards in Length, and better + than half a Yard deep. Sometimes, it is a Deer-Skin dress'd white, and + pointed or slit at the bottom, like Fringe. When this is clean, it becomes + them very well. Others wear blue or red Flaps made of Bays and Plains, + which they buy of the English, of both which they tuck in the Corners, to + fasten the Garment, and sometimes make it fast with a Belt. All of them, + when ripe, have a small String round the Waste, to which another is tied + and comes between their Legs, where always is a Wad of Moss against the Os + pubis; but never any Hair is there to be found: Sometimes, they wear + Indian Shooes, or Moggizons, which are made after the same manner, as the + Mens are. + </p> + <p> + The Hair of their Heads is made into a long Roll like a Horses Tail, and + bound round with Ronoak or Porcelan, which is a sort of Beads they make of + the Conk-Shells. Others that have not this, make a Leather-String serve. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Mens Habit. + </p> + <p> + The Indian Men have a Match-Coat of Hair, Furs, Feathers, or Cloth, as the + Women have. Their Hair is roll'd up, on each Ear, as the Womens, only much + shorter, and oftentimes a Roll on the Crown of the Head, or Temples, which + is just as they fancy; there being no Strictness in their Dress. Betwixt + their Legs comes a Piece of Cloth, that is tuck'd in by a Belt both before + and behind. This is to hide their Nakedness, of which Decency they are + very strict Observers, although never practised before the Christians came + amongst them. They wear Shooes, of Bucks, and sometimes Bears Skin, which + they tan in an Hour or two; with the Bark of Trees boil'd, wherein they + put the Leather whilst hot, and let it remain a little while, whereby it + becomes so qualify'd, as to endure Water and Dirt, without growing hard. + These have no Heels, and are made as fit for the Feet, as a Glove is for + the Hand, and are very easie to travel in, when one is a little us'd to + them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians washing in the River. + </p> + <p> + When these Savages live near the Water, they frequent the Rivers in + Summer-time very much, where both Men and Women very often in a day go in + naked to wash themselves, though not both Sexes together. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Match-Coats how made. + </p> + <p> + Their Feather Match-Coats are very pretty, especially some of them, which + are made extraordinary charming, containing several pretty Figures wrought + in Feathers, making them seem like a fine Flower Silk-Shag; and when new + and fresh, they become a Bed very well, instead of a Quilt. Some of + another sort are made of Hare, Raccoon, Bever, or Squirrel-Skins, which + are very warm. Others again are made of the green Part of the Skin of a + Mallard's Head, which they sew perfectly well together, their Thread being + either the Sinews of a Deer divided very small, or Silk-Grass. When these + are finish'd, they look very finely, though they must needs be very + troublesome to make. Some of their great Men, as Rulers and such, that + have Plenty of Deer Skins by them, will often buy the English-made Coats, + which they wear on Festivals and other Days of Visiting. Yet none ever buy + any Breeches, saying, that they are too much confin'd in them, which + prevents their Speed in running, &c. + </p> + <p> + We have some Indians, that are more civilized than the rest, which wear + Hats, Shooes, Stockings, and Breeches, with very tolerable Linnen Shirts, + which is not common amongst these Heathens. The Paspitank Indians did + formerly keep Cattle, and make Butter. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Civiliz'd Indians. Hatteras Indians. + </p> + <p> + These are them that wear the English Dress. Whether they have Cattle now + or no, I am not certain; but I am of the Opinion, that such Inclinations + in the Savages should meet with Encouragement, and every Englishman ought + to do them Justice, and not defraud them of their Land, which has been + allotted them formerly by the Government; for if we do not shew them + Examples of Justice and Vertue, we can never bring them to believe us to + be a worthier Race of Men than themselves. + </p> + <p> + The Dresses of these People are so different, according to the Nation that + they belong to, that it is impossible to recount all the whimsical Figures + that they sometimes make by their Antick Dresses. Besides, Carolina is a + warm Country, and very mild in its Winters, to what Virginia, Maryland, + Pensylvania, New-York, the Jerseys, and New-England are; wherefore, our + Indians Habit very much differs from the Dresses that appear amongst the + Savages who inhabit those cold Countries; in regard their chiefest + Cloathing for the Winter-Season is made of the Furs of Bever, Raccoon, and + other Northern Furs, that our Climate is not acquainted withal, they + producing some Furs, as the Monack, Moor, Marten, Black Fox, and others to + us unknown. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Painting for War. + </p> + <p> + Their Dress in Peace and War, is quite different. Besides, when they go to + War, their Hair is comb'd out by the Women, and done over very much with + Bears Grease, and red Root; with Feathers, Wings, Rings, Copper, and Peak, + or Wampum in their Ears. Moreover, they buy Vermillion of the Indian + Traders, wherewith they paint their Faces all over red, and commonly make + a Circle of Black about one Eye, and another Circle of White about the + other, whilst others bedawb their Faces with Tobacco-Pipe Clay, + Lamp-black, black Lead, and divers other Colours, which they make with the + several sorts of Minerals and Earths that they get in different Parts of + the Country, where they hunt and travel. When these Creatures are thus + painted, they make the most frightful Figures that can be imitated by Men, + and seem more like Devils than Humane Creatures. You may be sure, that + they are about some Mischief, when you see them thus painted; for in all + the Hostilities which have ever been acted against the English at any + time, in several of the Plantations of America, the Savages always + appear'd in this Disguize, whereby they might never after be discover'd, + or known by any of the Christians that should happen to see them after + they had made their Escape; for it is impossible, ever to know an Indian + under these Colours, although he has been at your House a thousand times, + and you know him, at other times, as well as you do any Person living. As + for their Women, they never use any Paint on their Faces; neither do they + ever carry them along with them into the Field, when they intend any + Expedition, leaving them at home with the old Men and Children. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Ear Bobs. + </p> + <p> + Some of the Indians wear great Bobs in their Ears, and sometimes in the + Holes thereof they put Eagles and other Birds, Feathers, for a Trophy. + When they kill any Fowl, they commonly pluck off the downy Feathers, and + stick them all over their Heads. Some (both Men and Women) wear great + Necklaces of their Money made of Shells. They often wear Bracelets made of + Brass, and sometimes of Iron Wire. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Money. + </p> + <p> + Their Money is of different sorts, but all made of Shells, which are found + on the Coast of Carolina, which are very large and hard, so that they are + very difficult to cut. Some English Smiths have try'd to drill this sort + of Shell-Money, and thereby thought to get an Advantage; but it prov'd so + hard, that nothing could be gain'd. They oftentimes make, of this Shell, a + sort of Gorge, which they wear about their Neck in a string; so it hangs + on their Collar, whereon sometimes is engraven a Cross, or some odd sort + of Figure, which comes next in their Fancy. There are other sorts valued + at a Doe-Skin, yet the Gorges will sometimes sell for three or four + Buck-Skins ready drest. There be others, that eight of them go readily for + a Doe Skin; but the general and current Species of all the Indians in + Carolina, and, I believe, all over the Continent, as far as the Bay of + Mexico, is that which we call Peak, and Ronoak; but Peak more especially. + This is that which at New-York, they call Wampum, and have used it as + current Money amongst the Inhabitants for a great many Years. This is what + many Writers call Porcelan, and is made at New-York in great Quantities, + and with us in some measure. Five Cubits of this purchase a dress'd + Doe-Skin, and seven or eight purchase a dress'd Buck-Skin. An English-man + could not afford to make so much of this Wampum for five or ten times the + Value; for it is made out of a vast great Shell, of which that Country + affords Plenty; where it is ground smaller than the small End of a + Tobacco-Pipe, or a large Wheat-Straw. Four or five of these make an Inch, + and every one is to be drill'd through, and made as smooth as Glass, and + so strung, as Beads are, and a Cubit of the Indian Measure contains as + much in Length, as will reach from the Elbow to the End of the little + Finger. They never stand to question, whether it is a tall Man, or a short + one, that measures it; but if this Wampum Peak be black or purple, as some + Part of that Shell is, then it is twice the Value. This the Indians grind + on Stones and other things, till they make it current, but the Drilling is + the most difficult to the English-men, which the Indians manage with a + Nail stuck in a Cane or Reed. Thus they roll it continually on their + Thighs, with their Right-hand, holding the Bit of Shell with their Left, + so in time they drill a Hole quite through it, which is a very tedious + Work; but especially in making their Ronoak, four of which will scarce + make one Length of Wampum. The Indians are a People that never value their + time, so that they can afford to make them, and never need to fear the + English will take the Trade out of their Hands. This is the Money with + which you may buy Skins, Furs, Slaves, or any thing the Indians have; it + being the Mammon (as our Money is to us) that entices and persuades them + to do any thing, and part with every thing they possess, except their + Children for Slaves. As for their Wives, they are often sold, and their + Daughters violated for it. With this they buy off Murders; and whatsoever + a Man can do that is ill, this Wampum will quit him of, and make him, in + their Opinion, good and vertuous, though never so black before. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians how named. + </p> + <p> + All the Indians give a Name to their Children, which is not the same as + the Father or Mother, but what they fancy. This Name they keep, (if Boys) + till they arrive to the Age of a Warriour, which is sixteen or seventeen + Years; then they take a Name to themselves, sometimes, Eagle, Panther, + Allegator, or some such wild Creature; esteeming nothing on Earth worthy + to give them a Name, but these Wild-Fowl, and Beasts. Some again take the + Name of a Fish, which they keep as long as they live. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian King and Counsellors. Every Town a Ruler, yet one over all the + Nation. + </p> + <p> + The King is the Ruler of the Nation, and has others under him, to assist + him, as his War-Captains, and Counsellors, who are pick'd out and chosen + from among the ancientest Men of the Nation he is King of. These meet him + in all general Councils and Debates, concerning War, Peace, Trade, + Hunting, and all the Adventures and Accidents of Humane Affairs, which + appear within their Verge; where all Affairs are discoursed of and argued + pro and con, very deliberately (without making any manner of Parties or + Divisions) for the Good of the Publick; for, as they meet there to treat, + they discharge their Duty with all the Integrity imaginable, never looking + towards their Own Interest, before the Publick Good. After every Man has + given his Opinion, that which has most Voices, or, in Summing up, is found + the most reasonable, that they make use of without any Jars and Wrangling, + and put it in Execution, the first Opportunity that offers. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Succession how. + </p> + <p> + The Succession falls not to the King's Son, but to his Sister's Son, which + is a sure way to prevent Impostors in the Succession. Sometimes they + poison the Heir to make way for another, which is not seldom done, when + they do not approve of the Youth that is to succeed them. The King himself + is commonly chief Doctor in that Cure. + </p> + <p> + They are so well versed in Poison, that they are often found to poison + whole Families; nay, most of a Town; and which is most to be admired, they + will poison a running Spring, or Fountain of Water, so that whosoever + drinks thereof, shall infallible die. When the Offender is discover'd, his + very Relations urge for Death, whom nothing will appease, but the most + cruel Torment imaginable, which is executed in the most publick Manner + that it's possible to act such a Tragedy in. For all the whole Nation, and + all the Indians within a hundred Mile (if it is possible to send for them) + are summon'd to come and appear at such a Place and Time, to see and + rejoyce at the Torments and Death of such a Person, who is the common and + profess'd Enemy to all the friendly Indians thereabouts, who now lies + under the Condemnation of the whole Nation, and accordingly is to be put + to Death. Then all appear (young and old) from all the adjacent Parts, and + meet, with all the Expressions of Joy, to consummate this horrid and + barbarous Feast, which is carried on after this dismal Manner. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Poisoning Indians how punished. + </p> + <p> + First, they bring the Prisoner to the Place appointed for the Execution, + where he is set down on his Breech on the Ground. Then they all get about + him, and you shall not see one sorrowful or dejected Countenance amongst + them, but all very merrily dispos'd, as if some Comedy was to be acted, + instead of a Tragedy. He that is appointed to be the chief Executioner, + takes a Knife, and bids him hold out his Hands, which he does, and then + cuts round the Wrist through the Skin, which is drawn off like a Glove, + and flead quite off at the Fingers Ends; then they break his Joints and + Bones, and buffet and torment him after a very inhumane Manner, till some + violent Blow perhaps ends his Days; then they burn him to Ashes, and throw + them down the River. Afterwards they eat, drink and are merry, repeating + all the Actions of the Tormentors and the Prisoner, with a great deal of + Mirth and Satisfaction. This Accusation is laid against an Indian Heroe + sometimes wrongfully, or when they have a mind to get rid of a Man that + has more Courage and Conduct than his neighbouring Kings or great Men; + then they alledge the Practice of poisoning Indians against him, and make + a Rehearsal of every Indian that died for a year or two, and say, that + they were poison'd by such an Indian; which Reports stir up all the + Relations of the deceased against the said Person, and by such means make + him away presently. In some Affairs, these Savages are very reserv'd and + politick, and will attend a long time with a great deal of Patience, to + bring about their Designs; they being never impatient or hasty in + executing any of their Designs of Revenge. + </p> + <p> + Now I am gone so far in giving an Account of the Indians Temper, I will + proceed; and can give you no other Character of them, but that they are a + very wary People, and are never hasty or impatient. They will endure a + great many Misfortunes, Losses, and Disapointments without shewing + themselves, in the least, vex'd or uneasy. When they go by Water, if there + proves a Head-Wind, they never vex and fret, as the Europeans do, and let + what Misfortune come to them, as will or can happen, they never relent. + Besides, there is one Vice very common every where, which I never found + amongst them, which is Envying other Mens Happiness, because their Station + is not equal to, or above, their Neighbours. Of this Sin I cannot say I + ever saw an Example, though they are a People that set as great a Value + upon themselves, as any sort of Men in the World; upon which Account they + find something Valuable in themselves above Riches. Thus, he that is a + good Warriour, is the proudest Creature living; and he that is an expert + Hunter, is esteem'd by the People and himself; yet all these are natural + Vertues and Gifts, and not Riches, which are as often in the Possession of + a Fool as a Wise-man. Several of the Indians are possess'd of a great many + Skins, Wampum, Ammunition, and what other things are esteem'd Riches + amongst them; yet such an Indian is no more esteem'd amongst them, than + any other ordinary Fellow, provided he has no personal Endowments, which + are the Ornaments that must gain him an Esteem among them; for a great + Dealer, amongst the Indians, is no otherwise respected and esteemed, than + as a Man that strains his Wits, and fatigues himself, to furnish others + with Necessaries of Life, that live much easier and enjoy more of the + World, than he himself does, with all his Pelf. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians not afraid to die. + </p> + <p> + If they are taken Captives, and expect a miserable Exit, they sing; if + Death approach them in Sickness, they are not afraid of it; nor are ever + heard to say, Grant me some time. They know by Instinct, and daily + Example, that they must die; wherefore, they have that great and noble + Gift, to submit to every thing that happens, and value nothing that + attacks them. + </p> + <p> + Their Cruelty to their Prisoners of War is what they are seemingly guilty + of an Error in, (I mean as to a natural Failing) because they strive to + invent the most inhumane Butcheries for them, that the Devils themselves + could invent, or hammer out of Hell; they esteeming Death no Punishment, + but rather an Advantage to him, that is exported out of this into another + World. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians Cruelty to Prisoners of War. + </p> + <p> + Therefore, they inflict on them Torments, wherein they prolong Life in + that miserable state as long as they can, and never miss Skulping of them, + as they call it, which is, to cut off the Skin from the Temples, and + taking the whole Head of Hair along with it, as if it was a Night-cap. + Sometimes, they take the Top of the Skull along with it; all which they + preserve, and carefully keep by them, for a Trophy of their Conquest over + their Enemies. Others keep their Enemies Teeth, which are taken in War, + whilst others split the Pitch-Pine into Splinters, and stick them into the + Prisoners Body yet alive. Thus they light them, which burn like so many + Torches; and in this manner, they make him dance round a great Fire, every + one buffeting and deriding him, till he expires, when every one strives to + get a Bone or some Relick of this unfortunate Captive. One of the young + Fellows, that has been at the Wars, and has had the Fortune to take a + Captive, returns the proudest Creature on Earth, and sets such a Value on + himself, that he knows not how to contain himself in his Senses. The + Iroquois, or Sinnagers, are the most Warlike Indians that we know of, + being always at War, and not to be persuaded from that Way of Living, by + any Argument that can be used. If you go to persuade them to live + peaceably with the Tuskeruros, and let them be one People, and in case + those Indians desire it, and will submit to them, they will answer you, + that they cannot live without War, which they have ever been used to; and + that if Peace be made with the Indians they now war withal, they must find + out some others to wage War against; for, for them to live in Peace, is to + live out of their Element, War, Conquest, and Murder, being what they + delight in, and value themselves for. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians flea and cut off part of the Feet. + </p> + <p> + When they take a Slave, and intend to keep him to Work in their Fields, + they flea the Skin from the Setting on of his Toes to the middle of his + Foot, so cut off one half of his Feet, wrapping the Skin over the Wounds, + and healing them. By this cruel Method, the Indian Captive is hinder'd + from making his Escape, for he can neither run fast or go any where, but + his Feet are more easily traced and discover'd. Yet I know one Man who + made his Escape from them, tho' they had thus disabled him, as you may see + in my Journal. + </p> + <p> + The Indians ground their Wars on Enmity, not on Interest, as the Europeans + generally do; for the Loss of the meanest Person in the Nation, they will + go to War and lay all at Stake, and prosecute their Design to the utmost; + till the Nation they were injur'd by, be wholly destroy'd, or make them + that Satisfaction which they demand. They are very politick, in waging, + and carrying on their War, first by advising with all the ancient Men of + Conduct and Reason, that belong to their Nation; such as superannuated + War-Captains, and those that have been Counsellors for many Years, and + whose Advice has commonly succeeded very well. They have likewise their + Field Counsellors, who are accustomed to Ambuscades, and Surprizes, which + Methods are commonly used by the Savages; for I scarce ever heard of a + Field-Battle fought amongst them. + </p> + <p> + One of their Expeditions afforded an Instance, worthy mention, which was + thus; Two Nations of Indians here in Carolina were at War together, and a + Party of each were in the Forest ranging to see what Enemies they could + take. The lesser Number found they were discover'd, and could not well get + over a River (that lay betwixt them and their home) without engaging the + other Party, whose Numbers were much the greater; so they call'd a + Council, which met, and having weigh'd their present Circumstances with a + great deal of Argument and Debate, for a considerable time, and found + their Enemies Advantage, and that they could expect no Success in Engaging + such an unequal Number; they, at last, concluded on this Stratagem, which, + in my Opinion, carried a great deal of Policy along with it. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Politicks. + </p> + <p> + It was, That the same Night, they should make a great Fire, which they + were certain would be discover'd by the adverse Party, and there dress up + Logs of Wood in their Cloaths, and make them exactly seem like Indians, + that were asleep by the Fireside; (which is their Way, when in the Woods) + so, said they, our Enemies will fire upon these Images, supposing them to + be us, who will lie in Ambuscade, and, after their Guns are unloaded, + shall deal well enough with them. This Result was immediately put in + Execution, and the Fire was made by the side of a Valley, where they lay + perdu very advantageously. Thus, a little before Break of Day, (which + commonly is the Hour they surprize their Enemies in) the Indians came down + to their Fire, and at once fired in upon those Logs in the Indians + Cloaths, and run up to them, expecting they had kill'd every Man dead; but + they found themselves mistaken, for then the other Indians, who had lain + all the Night stark-naked in the Bottom, attack'd them with their loaded + Pieces, which so surprized them, that every Man was taken Prisoner, and + brought in bound to their Town. + </p> + <p> + Another Instance was betwixt the Machapunga Indians, and the Coranine's, + on the Sand-Banks; which was as follows. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Machapunga King Charles. + </p> + <p> + The Machapungas were invited to a Feast, by the Coranines; (which two + Nations had been a long time at War together, and had lately concluded a + Peace.) Thereupon, the Machapunga Indians took the Advantage of coming to + the Coranines Feast, which was to avoid all Suspicion, and their King, + who, of a Savage, is a great Politician and very stout, order'd all his + Men to carry their Tamahauks along with them, hidden under their + Match-Coats, which they did; and being acquainted when to fall on, by the + Word given, they all (upon this Design) set forward for the Feast, and + came to the Coranine Town, where they had gotten Victuals, Fruit, and such + things as make an Indian Entertainment, all ready to make these new + Friends welcome, which they did; and, after Dinner, towards the Evening, + (as it is customary amongst them) they went to Dancing, all together; so + when the Machapunga King saw the best Opportunity offer, he gave the Word, + and his Men pull'd their Tamahauks or Hatchets from under their + Match-Coats, and kill'd several, and took the rest Prisoners, except some + few that were not present, and about four or five that escap'd. The + Prisoners they sold Slaves to the English. At the time this was done, + those Indians had nothing but Bows and Arrows, neither side having Guns. + </p> + <p> + The Indians are very revengeful, and never forget an Injury done, till + they have receiv'd Satisfaction. Yet they are the freest People from Heats + and Passions (which possess the Europeans) of any I ever heard of. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Drunkenness in Indians. + </p> + <p> + They never call any Man to account for what he did, when he was drunk; but + say, it was the Drink that caused his Misbehaviour, therefore he ought to + be forgiven: They never frequent a Christian's House that is given to + Passion, nor will they ever buy or sell with him, if they can get the same + Commodities of any other Person; for they say, such Men are mad Wolves, + and no more Men. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians not Jealous. + </p> + <p> + They know not what Jealousy is, because they never think their Wives are + unconstant, unless they are Eye-witnesses thereof. They are generally very + bashful, especially the young Maids, who when they come into a strange + Cabin, where they are not acquainted, never ask for any thing, though + never so hungry or thirsty, but sit down, without speaking a Word (be it + never so long) till some of the House asks them a Question, or falls into + Discourse, with the Stranger. I never saw a Scold amongst them, and to + their Children they are extraordinary tender and indulgent; neither did I + ever see a Parent correct a Child, excepting one Woman, that was the + King's Wife, and she (indeed) did possess a Temper that is not commonly + found amongst them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians Complements. + </p> + <p> + They are free from all manner of Compliments, except Shaking of Hands, and + Scratching on the Shoulder, which two are the greatest Marks of Sincerity + and Friendship, that can be shew'd one to another. They cannot express + fare you well; but when they leave the House, will say, I go straightway, + which is to intimate their Departure; and if the Man of the House has any + Message to send by the going Man, he may acquaint him therewith. Their + Tongue allows not to say, Sir, I am your Servant; because they have no + different Titles for Man, only King, War-Captain, Old Man, or Young Man, + which respect the Stations and Circumstances Men are employ'd in, and + arriv'd to, and not Ceremony. As for Servant, they have no such thing, + except Slave, and their Dogs, Cats, tame or domestick Beasts, and Birds, + are call'd by the same Name: For the Indian Word for Slave includes them + all. So when an Indian tells you he has got a Slave for you, it may (in + general Terms, as they use) be a young Eagle, a Dog, Otter, or any other + thing of that Nature, which is obsequiously to depend on the Master for + its Sustenance. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians not afraid of Spirits. + </p> + <p> + They are never fearful in the Night, nor do the Thoughts of Spirits ever + trouble them; such as the many Hobgoblins and Bugbears that we suck in + with our Milk, and the Foolery of our Nurses and Servants suggest to us; + who by their idle Tales of Fairies, and Witches, make such Impressions on + our tender Years, that at Maturity, we carry Pigmies Souls, in Giants + Bodies, and ever after are thereby so much depriv'd of Reason, and + unman'd, as never to be Masters of half the Bravery Nature design'd for + us. + </p> + <p> + Not but that the Indians have as many Lying Stories of Spirits and + Conjurers, as any People in the World; but they tell it with no + Disadvantage to themselves; for the great Esteem which the Old Men bring + themselves to, is by making the others believe their Familiarity with + Devils and Spirits, and how great a Correspondence they have therewith, + which if it once gains Credit, they ever after are held in the greatest + Veneration imaginable, and whatever they after impose upon the People, is + receiv'd as infallible. They are so little startled at the Thoughts of + another World, that they not seldom murder themselves; as for Instance, a + Bear-River Indian, a very likely young Fellow, about twenty Years of Age, + whose Mother was angry at his drinking of too much Rum, and chid him for + it, thereupon reply'd, he would have her satisfied, and he would do the + like no more; upon which he made his Words good; for he went aside, and + shot himself dead. This was a Son of the politick King of the Machapunga, + I spoke of before, and has the most Cunning of any Indian I ever met + withal. + </p> + <p> + Most of the Savages are much addicted to Drunkenness, a Vice they never + were acquainted with, till the Christians came amongst them. Some of them + refrain drinking strong Liquors, but very few of that sort are found + amongst them. Their chief Liquor is Rum, without any Mixture. This the + English bring amongst them, and buy Skins, Furs, Slaves and other of their + Commodities therewith. They never are contented with a little, but when + once begun, they must make themselves quite drunk; otherwise they will + never rest, but sell all they have in the World, rather than not have + their full Dose. In these drunken Frolicks, (which are always carried on + in the Night) they sometimes murder one another, fall into the Fire, fall + down Precipices, and break their Necks, with several other Misfortunes + which this drinking of Rum brings upon them; and tho' they are sensible of + it, yet they have no Power to refrain this Enemy. About five years ago, + when Landgrave Daniel was Governour, he summon'd in all the Indian Kings + and Rulers to meet, and in a full Meeting of the Government and Council, + with those Indians, they agreed upon a firm Peace, and the Indian Rulers + desired no Rum might be sold to them, which was granted, and a Law made, + that inflicted a Penalty on those that sold Rum to the Heathens; but it + was never strictly observ'd, and besides, the young Indians were so + disgusted at that Article, that they threatned to kill the Indians that + made it, unless it was laid aside, and they might have Rum sold them, when + they went to the Englishmens Houses to buy it. + </p> + <p> + Some of the Heathens are so very poor, that they have no Manner of + Cloaths, save a Wad of Moss to hide their Nakedness. These are either + lusty and will not work; otherwise, they are given to Gaming or + Drunkenness; yet these get Victuals as well as the rest, because that is + common amongst them. If they are caught in theft they are Slaves till they + repay the Person, (as I mention'd before) but to steal from the English + they reckon no Harm. Not but that I have known some few Savages that have + been as free from Theft as any of the Christians. When they have a Design + to lie with a Woman, which they cannot obtain any otherwise than by a + larger Reward than they are able to give, they then strive to make her + drunk, which a great many of them will be; then they take the Advantage, + to do with them what they please, and sometimes in their Drunkenness, cut + off their Hair and sell it to the English, which is the greatest Affront + can be offer'd them. They never value Time; for if they be going out to + hunt, fish, or any other indifferent Business, you may keep them in talk + as long as you please, so you but keep them in Discourse, and seem pleased + with their Company; yet none are more expeditious and safer Messengers + than they, when any extraordinary Business that they are sent about + requires it. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Not pass over a Tree. + </p> + <p> + When they are upon travelling the Woods, they keep a constant Pace, + neither will they stride over a Tree that lies cross the Path, but always + go round it, which is quite contrary to the Custom of the English, and + other Europeans. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cut with a Knife how. A Knife of Reed. + </p> + <p> + When they cut with a Knife, the Edge is towards them, whereas we always + cut and whittle from us. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Not left-handed. + </p> + <p> + Nor did I ever see one of them left-handed. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Get Fire how. + </p> + <p> + Before the Christians came amongst them, not knowing the Use of Steel and + Flints, they got their Fire with Sticks, which by vehement Collision, or + Rubbing together, take Fire. This Method they will sometimes practise now, + when it has happen'd thro' rainy Weather, or some other Accident, that + they have wet their Spunk, which is a sort of soft corky Substance, + generally of a Cinnamon Colour, and grows in the concave part of an Oak, + Hiccory, and several other Woods, being dug out with an Ax, and always + kept by the Indians, instead of Tinder or Touch-wood, both which it + exceeds. You are to understand, that the two Sticks they use to strike + Fire withal, are never of one sort of Wood, but always differ from each + other. + </p> + <p> + They are expert Travellers, and though they have not the Use of our + artificial Compass, yet they understand the North-point exactly, let them + be in never so great a Wilderness. One Guide is a short Moss, that grows + upon some Trees, exactly on the North-Side thereof. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Compass. + </p> + <p> + Besides, they have Names for eight of the thirty two Points, and call the + Winds by their several Names, as we do; but indeed more properly, for the + North-West Wind is called the cold Wind; the North-East the wet Wind; the + South the warm Wind; and so agreeably of the rest. Sometimes it happens, + that they have a large River or Lake to pass over, and the Weather is very + foggy, as it often happens in the Spring and Fall of the Leaf; so that + they cannot see which Course to steer: In such a Case, they being on one + side of the River, or Lake, they know well enough what Course such a Place + (which they intend for) bears from them. Therefore, they get a great many + Sticks and Chunks of Wood in their Canoe, and then set off directly for + their Port, and now and then throw over a Piece of Wood, which directs + them, by seeing how the Stick bears from the Canoes Stern, which they + always observe to keep right aft; and this is the Indian Compass by which + they will go over a broad Water of ten or twenty Leagues wide. They will + find the Head of any River, though it is five, six or seven hundred miles + off, and they never were there, in their Lives before; as is often prov'd, + by their appointing to meet on the Head of such a River, where perhaps, + none of them ever was before, but where they shall rendezvous exactly at + the prefixt time; and if they meet with any Obstruction, they leave + certain Marks in the Way, where they that come after will understand how + many have pass'd by already, and which way they are gone. Besides, in + their War Expeditions, they have very certain Hieroglyphicks, whereby each + Party informs the other of the Success or Losses they have met withal; all + which is so exactly perform'd by their Sylvian Marks and Characters, that + they are never at a Loss to understand one another. Yet there was never + found any Letters amongst the Savages of Carolina; nor, I believe, among + any other Natives in America, that were possess'd with any manner of + Writing or Learning throughout all the Discoveries of the New-World. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians make Maps. + </p> + <p> + They will draw Maps, very exactly, of all the Rivers, Towns, Mountains, + and Roads, or what you shall enquire of them, which you may draw by their + Directions, and come to a small matter of Latitude, reckoning by their + Days Journeys. These Maps they will draw in the Ashes of the Fire, and + sometimes upon a Mat or Piece of Bark. I have put a Pen and Ink into a + Savage's Hand, and he has drawn me the Rivers, Bays, and other Parts of a + Country, which afterwards I have found to agree with a great deal of + Nicety: But you must be very much in their Favour, otherwise they will + never make these Discoveries to you; especially, if it be in their own + Quarters. + </p> + <p class="side"> + No Discovery of Mines. + </p> + <p> + And as for Mines of Silver and other Metals, we are satisfied we have + enow, and those very rich, in Carolina and its adjacent Parts; some of + which the Indians are acquainted withal, although no Enquirers thereafter, + but what came, and were discover'd, by Chance; yet they say, it is this + Metal that the English covet, as they do their Peak and Ronoak; and that + we have gain'd Ground of them wherever we have come. Now, say they, if we + should discover these Minerals to the English, they would settle at or + near these Mountains, and bereave us of the best Hunting-Quarters we have, + as they have already done wherever they have inhabited; so by that means, + we shall be driven to some unknown Country, to live, hunt, and get our + Bread in. These are the Reasons that the Savages give, for not making + known what they are acquainted withal, of that Nature. And indeed, all Men + that have ever gone upon those Discoveries, allow them to be good; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Mr. Mitchell. + </p> + <p> + more especially, my ingenious Friend Mr. Francis-Louis Mitchell, of Bern + in Switzerland, who has been, for several Years, very indefatigable and + strict in his Discoveries amongst those vast Ledges of Mountains, and + spacious Tracts of Land, lying towards the Heads of the great Bays and + Rivers of Virginia, Maryland, and Pensylvania, where he has discover'd a + spacious Country inhabited by none but the Savages, and not many of them; + who yet are of a very friendly Nature to the Christians. This Gentleman + has been employ'd by the Canton of Bern, to find out a Tract of Land in + the English America, where that Republick might settle some of their + People; which Proposal, I believe, is now in a fair way towards a + Conclusion, between her Majesty of Great-Britain and that Canton. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Switzers Settlement in America. + </p> + <p> + Which must needs be of great Advantage to both; and as for ourselves, I + believe, no Man that is in his Wits, and understands the Situation and + Affairs of America, but will allow, nothing can be of more Security and + Advantage to the Crown and Subjects of Great-Britain, than to have our + Frontiers secured by a warlike People, and our Friends, as the Switzers + are; especially when we have more Indians than we can civilize, and so + many Christian Enemies lying on the back of us, that we do not know how + long or short a time it may be, before they visit us. Add to these, the + Effects and Product that may be expected from those Mountains; which may + hereafter prove of great Advantage to the British Monarchy, and none more + fit than an industrious People, bred in a mountainous Country, and inur'd + to all the Fatigues of War and Travel, to improve a Country. Thus we have + no room to doubt, but as soon as any of those Parts are seated by the + Switzers, a great many Britains will strive to live amongst them, for the + Benefit of the sweet Air and healthful Climate, which that Country + affords, were it only for the Cultivating of Hemp, Flax, Wine, and other + valuable Staples, which those People are fully acquainted withal: Not to + mention the Advantages already discover'd by that worthy Gentleman I just + now spoke of, who is highly deserving of the Conduct and Management of + such an Affair, as that wise Canton has entrusted him withal. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Hunting of the Savages. + </p> + <p> + When these Savages go a hunting, they commonly go out in great Numbers, + and oftentimes a great many Days Journey from home, beginning at the + coming in of the Winter; that is, when the Leaves are fallen from the + Trees, and are become dry. 'Tis then they burn the Woods, by setting Fire + to the Leaves, and wither'd Bent and Grass, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Moss Match. + </p> + <p> + which they do with a Match made of the black Moss that hangs on the Trees + in Carolina, and is sometimes above six Foot long. This, when dead, + becomes black, (tho' of an Ash-Colour before) and will then hold Fire as + well as the best Match we have in Europe. In Places, where this Moss is + not found, (as towards the Mountains) they make Lintels of the Bark of + Cypress beaten, which serve as well. Thus they go and fire the Woods for + many Miles, and drive the Deer and other Game into small Necks of Land and + Isthmus's, where they kill and destroy what they please. In these + Hunting-Quarters, they have their Wives and Ladies of the Camp, where they + eat all the Fruits and Dainties of that Country, and live in all the Mirth + and Jollity, which it is possible for such People to entertain themselves + withal. Here it is, that they get their Complement of Deer-Skins and Furs + to trade with the English, (the Deer-Skins being in Season in Winter, + which is contrary to England.) All small Game, as Turkeys, Ducks, and + small Vermine, they commonly kill with Bow and Arrow, thinking it not + worth throwing Powder and Shot after them. Of Turkeys they have abundance; + especially, in Oak-Land, as most of it is, that lies any distance + backwards. I have been often in their Hunting-Quarters, where a roasted or + barbakued Turkey, eaten with Bears Fat, is held a good Dish; and indeed, I + approve of it very well; for the Bears Grease is the sweetest and least + offensive to the Stomach (as I said before) of any Fat of Animals I ever + tasted. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Beating of Corn. + </p> + <p> + The Savage Men never beat their Corn to make Bread; but that is the Womens + Work, especially the Girls, of whom you shall see four beating with long + great Pestils in a narrow wooden Mortar; and every one keeps her Stroke so + exactly, that 'tis worthy of Admiration. Their Cookery continues from + Morning till Night. The Hunting makes them hungry; and the Indians are a + People that always eat very often, not seldom getting up at Midnight, to + eat. They plant a great many sorts of Pulse, Part of which they eat green + in the Summer, keeping great Quantities for their Winter-Store, which they + carry along with them into the Hunting-Quarters, and eat them. + </p> + <p> + The small red Pease is very common with them, and they eat a great deal of + that and other sorts boil'd with their Meat, or eaten with Bears Fat, + which Food makes them break Wind backwards, which the Men frequently do, + and laugh heartily at it, it being accounted no ill Manners amongst the + Indians: Yet the Women are more modest, than to follow that ill Custom. At + their setting out, they have Indians to attend their Hunting-Camp, that + are not good and expert Hunters; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Servile Indians. + </p> + <p> + therefore are employ'd to carry Burdens, to get Bark for the Cabins, and + other Servile Work; also to go backward and forward, to their Towns, to + carry News to the old People, whom they leave behind them. The Women are + forced to carry their Loads of Grain and other Provisions, and get + Fire-Wood; for a good Hunter, or Warriour in these Expeditions, is + employ'd in no other Business, than the Affairs of Game and Battle. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Dry'd Fruits. + </p> + <p> + The wild Fruits which are dry'd in the Summer, over Fires, on Hurdles and + in the Sun, are now brought into the Field; as are likewise the Cakes and + Quiddonies of Peaches, and that Fruit and Bilberries dry'd, of which they + stew and make Fruit-Bread and Cakes. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pigeons Fat. + </p> + <p> + In some parts, where Pigeons are plentiful, they get of their Fat enough + to supply their Winter Stores. Thus they abide in these Quarters, all the + Winter long, till the Time approach for planting their Maiz and other + Fruits. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bowls and Tobacco-Pipes to make. Dress Skins. + </p> + <p> + In these quarters, at Spare-hours, the Women make Baskets and Mats to lie + upon, and those that are not extraordinary Hunters, make Bowls, Dishes, + and Spoons, of Gum-wood, and the Tulip-Tree; others (where they find a + Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpose) make Tobacco-pipes, all which + are often transported to other Indians, that perhaps have greater Plenty + of Deer and other Game; so they buy (with these Manufactures) their raw + Skins, with the Hair on, which our neighbouring Indians bring to their + Towns, and, in the Summer-time, make the Slaves and sorry Hunters dress + them, the Winter-Sun being not strong enough to dry them; and those that + are dry'd in the Cabins are black and nasty with the Lightwood Smoke, + which they commonly burn. Their Way of dressing their Skins is by soaking + them in Water, so they get the Hair off, with an Instrument made of the + Bone of a Deer's Foot; yet some use a sort of Iron Drawing-Knife, which + they purchase of the English, and after the Hair is off, they dissolve + Deers Brains, (which beforehand are made in a Cake and baked in the + Embers) in a Bowl of Water, so soak the Skins therein, till the Brains + have suck'd up the Water; then they dry it gently, and keep working it + with an Oyster-Shell, or some such thing, to scrape withal, till it is + dry; whereby it becomes soft and pliable. Yet these so dress'd will not + endure wet, but become hard thereby; which to prevent, they either cure + them in the Smoke, or tan them with Bark, as before observ'd; not but that + young Indian Corn, beaten to a Pulp, will effect the same as the Brains. + They are not only good Hunters of the wild Beasts and Game of the Forest, + but very expert in taking the Fish of the Rivers and Waters near which + they inhabit, and are acquainted withal. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Fish to strike. + </p> + <p> + Thus they that live a great way up the Rivers practise Striking Sturgeon + and Rock-fish, or Bass, when they come up the Rivers to spawn; besides the + vast Shoals of Sturgeon which they kill and take with Snares, as we do + Pike in Europe. The Herrings in March and April run a great way up the + Rivers and fresh Streams to spawn, where the Savages make great Wares, + with Hedges that hinder their Passage only in the Middle, where an + artificial Pound is made to take them in; so that they cannot return. This + Method is in use all over the fresh Streams, to catch Trout and the other + Species of Fish which those Parts afford. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Craw-fish to take. + </p> + <p> + Their taking of Craw-fish is so pleasant, that I cannot pass it by without + mention; When they have a mind to get these Shell-fish, they take a Piece + of Venison, and half-barbakue or roast it; then they cut it into thin + Slices, which Slices they stick through with Reeds about six Inches + asunder, betwixt Piece and Piece; then the Reeds are made sharp at one + end; and so they stick a great many of them down in the bottom of the + Water (thus baited) in the small Brooks and Runs, which the Craw-fish + frequent. Thus the Indians sit by, and tend those baited Sticks, every now + and then taking them up, to see how many are at the Bait; where they + generally find abundance; so take them off, and put them in a Basket for + the purpose, and stick the Reeds down again. By this Method, they will, in + a little time, catch several Bushels, which are as good, as any I ever + eat. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Hatteras Indians. + </p> + <p> + Those Indians that frequent the Salt-Waters, take abundance of Fish, some + very large, and of several sorts, which to preserve, they first barbakue, + then pull the Fish to Pieces, so dry it in the Sun, whereby it keeps for + Transportation; as for Scate, Oysters, Cockles, and several sorts of + Shell-fish, they open and dry them upon Hurdles, having a constant Fire + under them. The Hurdles are made of Reeds or Canes in the shape of a + Gridiron. Thus they dry several Bushels of these Fish, and keep them for + their Necessities. At the time when they are on the Salts, and Sea Coasts, + they have another Fishery, that is for a little Shell-fish, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Blackmoor Teeth. + </p> + <p> + which those in England call Blackmoors Teeth. These they catch by tying + Bits of Oysters to a long String, which they lay in such places, as, they + know, those Shell-Fish haunt. These Fish get hold of the Oysters, and suck + them in, so that they pull up those long Strings, and take great + Quantities of them, which they carry a great way into the main Land, to + trade with the remote Indians, where they are of great Value; but never + near the Sea, by reason they are common, therefore not esteem'd. Besides, + the Youth and Indian Boys go in the Night, and one holding a Lightwood + Torch, the other has a Bow and Arrows, and the Fire directing him to see + the Fish, he shoots them with the Arrows; and thus they kill a great many + of the smaller Fry, and sometimes pretty large ones. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians not eat of the first he kills. + </p> + <p> + It is an establish'd Custom amongst all these Natives, that the young + Hunter never eats of that Buck, Bear, Fish, or any other Game, which + happens to be the first they kill of that sort; because they believe, if + he should eat thereof, he would never after be fortunate in Hunting. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Big bellied Woman never eat of the first Fish caught in a Ware. + </p> + <p> + The like foolish Ceremony they hold, when they have made a Ware to take + Fish withal; if a big-belly'd Woman eat of the first Dish that is caught + in it, they say, that Ware will never take much Fish; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians not kill Snakes why. + </p> + <p> + and as for killing of Snakes, they avoid it, if they lie in their way, + because their Opinion is, that some of the Serpents Kindred would kill + some of the Savages Relations, that should destroy him: They have + thousands of these foolish Ceremonies and Beliefs, which they are strict + Observers of. Moreover, several Customs are found in some Families, which + others keep not; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Circumcision. + </p> + <p> + as for Example, two Families of the Machapunga Indians, use the Jewish + Custom of Circumcision, and the rest do not; neither did I ever know any + others amongst the Indians, that practis'd any such thing; and perhaps, if + you ask them, what is the Reason they do so, they will make you no Manner + of Answer; which is as much as to say, I will not tell you. Many other + Customs they have, for which they will render no Reason or Account; and to + pretend to give a true Description of their Religion, it is impossible; + for there are a great many of their Absurdities, which, for some Reason, + they reserve as a Secret amongst themselves; or otherwise, they are + jealous of their Weakness in the practising them; so that they never + acquaint any Christian with the Knowledge thereof, let Writers pretend + what they will; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Idols give an account of. + </p> + <p> + for I have known them amongst their Idols and dead Kings in their + Quiogozon for several Days, where I could never get Admittance, to see + what they were doing, though I was at great Friendship with the King and + great Men; but all my Persuasions avail'd me nothing. Neither were any but + the King, with the Conjurer, and some few old Men, in that House; as for + the young Men, and chiefest Numbers of the Indians, they were kept as + ignorant of what the Elders were doing, as myself. + </p> + <p class="side"> + The World is round. + </p> + <p> + They all believe, that this World is round, and that there are two + Spirits; the one good, the other bad: + </p> + <p class="side"> + What they believe of God. Their offering Idols. + </p> + <p> + The good one they reckon to be the Author and Maker of every thing, and + say, that it is he, that gives them the Fruits of the Earth, and has + taught them to hunt, fish, and be wise enough to overpower the Beasts of + the Wilderness, and all other Creatures, that they may be assistant, and + beneficial to Man; to which they add, that the Quera, or good Spirit, has + been very kind to the English Men, to teach them to make Guns, and + Ammunition, besides a great many other Necessaries, that are helpful to + Man, all which, they say, will be deliver'd to them, when that good Spirit + sees fit. They do not believe, that God punishes any Man either in this + Life, or that to come; but that he delights in doing good, and in giving + the Fruits of the Earth, and instructing us in making several useful and + ornamental things. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Devil what. + </p> + <p> + They say, it is a bad Spirit (who lives separate from the good one) that + torments us with Sicknesses, Disappointments, Losses, Hunger, Travel, and + all the Misfortunes, that Humane Life is incident to. How they are treated + in the next World, I have already mention'd, and, as I said before, they + are very resolute in dying, when in the Hands of Savage Enemies; yet I saw + one of their young Men, a very likely Person, condemn'd, on a Sunday, for + Killing a Negro, and burning the House. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian condemn'd. + </p> + <p> + I took good Notice of his Behaviour, when he was brought out of the House + to die, which was the next Morning after Sentence, but he chang'd his + Countenance with Trembling, and was in the greatest Fear and Agony. I + never saw any Person under his Circumstances, which, perhaps, might be + occasion'd by his being deliver'd up by his own Nation (which was the + Tuskeruro's) and executed by us, that are not their common Enemies, though + he met with more Favour than he would have receiv'd at the Hands of + Savages; for he was only hang'd on a Tree, near the Place where the Murder + was committed; and the three Kings, that but the day before shew'd such a + Reluctancy to deliver him up, (but would have given another in his Room) + when he was hang'd, pull'd him by the Hand, and said, `Thou wilt never + play any more Rogues Tricks in this World; whither art thou gone to shew + thy Tricks now?' Which shews these Savages to be what they really are, + (viz) a People that will save their own Men if they can, but if the Safety + of all the People lies at Stake, they will deliver up the most innocent + Person living, and be so far from Concern, when they have made themselves + easy thereby, that they will laugh at their Misfortunes, and never pity or + think of them more. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Conjurers. + </p> + <p> + Their Priests are the Conjurers and Doctors of the Nation. I shall mention + some of their Methods, and Practices; and so leave them to the Judgment of + the Reader. As I told you before, the Priests make their Orations at every + Feast, or other great Meeting of the Indians. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Lightning, at Chattooka, at a Feast for rebuilding a King's House + burnt. + </p> + <p> + I happen'd to be at one of these great Meetings, which was at the Funeral + of a Tuskeruro Indian, that was slain with Lightning at a Feast, the day + before, where I was amongst the rest; it was in July, and a very fair day, + where, in the Afternoon, about six or seven a Clock, as they were dealing + out their Victuals, there appear'd a little black Cloud to the North West, + which spread and brought with it Rain, Wind and Lightning; so we went out + from the Place where we were all at Victuals, and went down to the Cabins + where I left the Indians, and went to lie in my Canoe, which was + convenient enough to keep me dry. The Lightning came so terrible, and down + in long Streams, that I was afraid it would have taken hold of a Barrel of + Powder I had in my Vessel, and so blown me up; but it pleas'd God, that it + did me no Harm; yet the Violence of the Wind had blown all the Water away, + where I rid at Anchor, so that my Canoe lay dry, and some Indian Women + came with Torches in their Hands to the side of the Canoe, and told me, an + Indian was kill'd with Lightning. The next day, (I think) he was buried, + and I stay'd to see the Ceremony, and was very tractable to help the + Indians to trim their Reeds, and make the Coffin, which pleased them very + much, because I had a mind to see the Interment. Before he was Interr'd + according to their Custom, they dealt every one some hot Victuals, which + he took and did what he would with: Then the Doctor began to talk, and + told the People what Lightning was, and that it kill'd every thing that + dwelt upon the Earth; nay, the very Fishes did not escape; for it often + reach'd the Porpoises and other Fish, and destroy'd them; that every thing + strove to shun it, except the Mice, who, he said, were the busiest in + eating their Corn in the Fields, when it lightned the most. He added, that + no Wood or Tree could withstand it, except the black Gum, and that it + would run round that Tree a great many times, to enter therein, but could + not effect it. Now you must understand, that sort of Gum will not split or + rive; therefore, I suppose, the Story might arise from thence. At last, he + began to tell the most ridiculous absurd Parcel of Lyes about Lightning, + that could be; as that an Indian of that Nation had once got Lightning in + the Likeness of a Partridge; That no other Lightning could harm him, + whilst he had that about him; and that after he had kept it for several + Years, it got away from him; so that he then became as liable to be struck + with Lightning, as any other Person. There was present at the same time, + an Indian that had liv'd from his Youth, chiefly in an English House; so I + call'd to him, and told him, what a Parcel of Lyes the Conjurer told, not + doubting but he thought so, as well as I, but I found to the contrary; for + he reply'd, that I was much mistaken, for that old Man (who, I believe was + upwards of an hundred Years old) did never tell Lyes; and as for what he + said, it was very true; for he knew it himself to be so. + </p> + <p class="side"> + How hard it is to bring the Indians from their Superstition. + </p> + <p> + Thereupon, seeing the Fellow's Ignorance, I talk'd no more about it. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rattle-Snake kill Indians in Canoes. Eagles kill it. + </p> + <p> + Then the Doctor proceeded to tell a long Tale of a great Rattle-Snake, + which, a great while ago, liv'd by a Creek in that River (which was Neus) + and that it kill'd abundance of Indians; but at last, a bald Eagle kill'd + it, and they were rid of a Serpent, that us'd to devour whole Canoes full + of Indians, at a time. I have been something tedious upon this Subject, on + purpose to shew what strange ridiculous Stories these Wretches are + inclinable to believe. I suppose, these Doctors understand a little better + themselves, than to give Credit to any such Fooleries; for I reckon them + the cunningest Knaves in all the Pack. I will therefore begin with their + Physick and Surgery, which is next: + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Physick and Surgery. + </p> + <p> + You must know, that the Doctors or Conjurers, to gain a greater Credit + amongst these People, tell them, that all Distempers are the Effects of + evil Spirits, or the bad Spirit, which has struck them with this or that + Malady; therefore, none of these Physicians undertakes any Distemper, but + that he comes to an Exorcism, to effect the Cure, and acquaints the sick + Party's Friends, that he must converse with the good Spirit, to know + whether the Patient will recover or not; if so, then he will drive out the + bad Spirit, and the Patient will become well. Now, the general way of + their Behaviour in curing the Sick, (a great deal of which I have seen, + and shall give some Account thereof, in as brief a manner as possible) is, + when an Indian is sick, if they think there is much Danger of Life, and + that he is a great Man or hath good Friends, the Doctor is sent for. As + soon as the Doctor comes into the Cabin, the sick Person is sat on a Mat + or Skin, stark-naked, lying on his Back, and all uncover'd, except some + small Trifle that covers their Nakedness when ripe, otherwise in very + young Children, there is nothing about them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Conjuring over the Sick. + </p> + <p> + In this manner, the Patient lies, when the Conjurer appears; and the King + of that Nation comes to attend him with a Rattle made of a Gourd with + Pease in it. This the King delivers into the Doctor's Hand, whilst another + brings a Bowl of Water, and sets it down: Then the Doctor begins, and + utters some few Words very softly; afterwards he smells of the Patient's + Navel and Belly, and sometimes scarifies him a little with a Flint, or an + Instrument made of Rattle-Snakes Teeth for that purpose; then he sucks the + Patient, and gets out a Mouthful of Blood and Serum, but Serum chiefly; + which, perhaps, may be a better Method in many Cases, than to take away + great Quantities of Blood, as is commonly practis'd; which he spits in the + Bowl of Water. Then he begins to mutter, and talk apace, and, at last, to + cut Capers, and clap his Hands on his Breech and Sides, till he gets into + a Sweat, so that a Stranger would think he was running mad; now and then + sucking the Patient, and so, at times, keeps sucking, till he has got a + great Quantity of very ill-coloured Matter out of the Belly, Arms, Breast, + Forehead, Temples, Neck, and most Parts, still continuing his Grimaces, + and antick Postures, which are not to be match'd in Bedlam: At last, you + will see the Doctor all over of a dropping Sweat, and scarce able to utter + one Word, having quite spent himself; then he will cease for a while, and + so begin again, till he comes in the same Pitch of Raving and seeming + Madness, as before, (all this time the sick Body never so much as moves, + although, doubtless, the Lancing and Sucking must be a great Punishment to + them; but they, certainly, are the patientest and most steady People under + any Burden, that I ever saw in my Life.) + </p> + <p class="side"> + Whether live or die. + </p> + <p> + At last, the Conjurer makes an end, and tells the Patient's Friends, + whether the Person will live or die; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Bury the Serum. + </p> + <p> + and then one that waits at this Ceremony, takes the Blood away, (which + remains in a Lump, in the middle of the Water) and buries it in the + Ground, in a Place unknown to any one, but he that inters it. Now, I + believe a great deal of Imposture in these Fellows; yet I never knew their + Judgment fail, though I have seen them give their Opinion after this + Manner, several times: Some affirm, that there is a smell of Brimstone in + the Cabins, when they are Conjuring, which I cannot contradict. Which way + it may come, I will not argue, but proceed to a Relation or two, which I + have from a great many Persons, and some of them worthy of Credit. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian Robbery. + </p> + <p> + The first is, of a certain Indian, that one rainy Night, undermin'd a + House made of Logs, (such as the Swedes in America very often make, and + are very strong) which belong'd to Seth Southwell, Esq; Governor of + North-Carolina, and one of the Proprietors. There was but one place the + Indian could get in at, which was very narrow; the rest was secur'd, by + having Barrels of Pork and other Provisions set against the side of the + House, so that if this Indian had not exactly hit the very Place he + undermin'd, it had been impossible for him to have got therein, because of + the full Barrels that stood round the House, and barricadoed it within. + The Indian stole sixty or eighty dress'd Deer-Skins, besides Blankets, + Powder, Shot and Rum, (this being the Indian Store-House, where the + Trading Goods were kept.) Now, the Indian had made his Escape, but dropt + some of the Skins by the way, and they track'd his Foot-steps, and found + him to be an Indian; then they guess'd who it was, because none but that + Indian had lately been near the House. Thereupon, the Governor sent to the + Indian Town that he belong'd to, which was the Tuskeruro's, and acquainted + them that if they did not deliver up the Indian, who had committed the + Robbery, he would take a Course with them, that would not be very + agreeable. Upon this, the Indians of the Town he belong'd to, brought him + in bound, and deliver'd him up to the Governor, who laid him in Irons. At + the same time, it happen'd, that a Robbery was committed amongst + themselves, at the Indian Town, and this Prisoner was one of their + Conjurers; so the Indians came down to the Governor's House, and + acquainted him with what had happen'd amongst them, and that a great + Quantity of Peak, was stoln away out of one of their Cabins, and no one + could find out the Thief, unless he would let the Prisoner conjure for it, + who was the only Man they had at making such Discoveries. The Governor was + content he should try his Skill for them, but not to have the Prisoners + Irons taken off, which was very well approved of. The Indian was brought + out in his Fetters, where were the Governor's Family, and several others + of the Neighbourhood, now living, to see this Experiment; which he + perform'd thus: + </p> + <p class="side"> + Conjuring for stoln Goods. + </p> + <p> + The Conjurer order'd three Fires to be made in a triangular Form, which + was accordingly done; then he was hoodwink'd very securely, with a dress'd + Deer-Skin, two or three doubles, over his Face. After he had made some + Motions, as they always do, he went directly out of one of the three Gaps, + as exactly as if he had not been blindfolded, and kept muttering to + himself, having a Stick in his Hand, with which, after some time, he + struck two Strokes very hard upon the Ground, and made thereon a Cross, + after which he told the Indian's Name that had stoln the Goods, and said, + that he would have a Cross on his Back; which prov'd true; for when they + took and search'd him, there appear'd two great Wheals on his Back, one + cross the other; for the Thief was at Governor Southwell's House, and was + under no Apprehension of being discover'd. The Indians proffer'd to sell + him as a Slave to the Governor, but he refused to buy him; so they took + him bound away. + </p> + <p> + Another Instance, of the like Nature, happen'd at the same House. One of + the Tuskeruro Kings had brought in a Slave to the same Governor, to whom + he had sold him; and before he return'd, fell sick at the Governor's + House; upon which, the Doctor that belong'd to this King's Nation, was + sent for, being a Man that was held to be the greatest Conjurer amongst + them. It was three Days, before he could arrive, and he appear'd (when he + came) to be a very little Man, and so old, that his Hair was as white as + ever was seen. When he approach'd the sick King, he order'd a Bowl of + Water to be brought him, and three Chunks of Wood, which was immediately + done. Then he took the Water, and set it by him, and spurted a little on + him, and with the three Pieces of Wood, he made a Place to stand on, + whereby he was rais'd higher; (he being a very low statur'd Man) then he + took a String of Ronoak, which is the same as a String of small Beads; + this he held by one End, between his Fingers; the other End touch'd the + King's Stomach, as he stood on the Logs. Then he began to talk, and at + length, the By-standers thought really, that they heard somebody talk to + him, but saw no more than what first came in. At last, this String of + Beads, which hung thus perpendicular, turn'd up as an Eel would do, and + without any Motion of his, they came all up (in a lump) under his Hand, + and hung so for a considerable time, he never closing his Hand, and at + length return'd to their pristine Length and Shape, at which the + Spectators were much frightned. Then he told the Company, that he would + recover, and that his Distemper would remove into his Leg, all which + happen'd to be exactly as the Indian Doctor had told. These are Matters of + Fact, and I can, at this day, prove the Truth thereof by several + substantial Evidences, that are Men of Reputation, there being more than a + dozen People present, when this was perform'd; most of whom are now alive. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Salmon-Creek. + </p> + <p> + There are a great many other Stories, of this Nature, which are seemingly + true, being told by Persons that affirm they were Eye-Witnesses thereof; + as, that they have seen one Roncommock (a Chuwou Indian, and a great + Conjurer) take a Reed about two Foot long in his Mouth, and stand by a + Creek-side, where he call'd twice or thrice with the Reed in his Mouth; + and, at last, has open'd his Arms, and fled over the Creek, which might be + near a quarter of a Mile wide or more; but I shall urge no Man's Belief, + but tell my own; which is, that I believe the two first Accounts, which + were acted at Mr. Southwell's Plantation, as firmly as any Man can believe + any thing of that which is told him by honest Men, and he has not seen; + not at all doubting the Credit of my Authors. + </p> + <p> + The Cures I have seen perform'd by the Indians, are too many to repeat + here; so I shall only mention some few, and their Method. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Scald Head cured. + </p> + <p> + They cure Scald-heads infallibly, and never miss. Their chief Remedy as I + have seen them make use of, is, the Oil of Acorns, but from which sort of + Oak I am not certain. They cure Burns beyond Credit. I have seen a Man + burnt in such a manner, (when drunk) by falling into a Fire, that I did + not think he could recover; yet they cur'd him in ten Days, so that he + went about. I knew another blown up with Powder, that was cured to + Admiration. + </p> + <p class="side"> + No ulcerated Wounds. + </p> + <p> + I never saw an Indian have an Ulcer, or foul Wound in my Life; neither is + there any such thing to be found amongst them. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Pox to cure. + </p> + <p> + They cure the Pox, by a Berry that salivates, as Mercury does; yet they + use Sweating and Decoctions very much with it; as they do, almost on every + Occasion; and when they are thoroughly heated, they leap into the River. + The Pox is frequent in some of these Nations; amongst which I knew one + Woman die of it; and they could not, or would not, cure her. Before she + died, she was worn away to a Skeleton, yet walk'd up and down to the last. + We had a Planter in Carolina, who had got an Ulcer in his Leg, which had + troubled him a great many Years; at last, he apply'd himself to one of + these Indian Conjurers, who was a Pampticough Indian, and was not to give + the Value of fifteen Shillings for the Cure. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indian cure an Ulcer. + </p> + <p> + Now, I am not positive, whether he wash'd the Ulcer with any thing, before + he used what I am now going to speak of, which was nothing but the rotten + doated Grains of Indian Corn, beaten to Powder, and the soft Down growing + on a Turkey's Rump. This dry'd the Ulcer up immediately, and no other + Fontanel was made to discharge the Matter, he remaining a healthful Man, + till the time he had the Misfortune to be drown'd, which was many Years + after. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cure in Maryland. + </p> + <p> + Another Instance (not of my own Knowledge, but I had it confirm'd by + several Dwellers in Maryland, where it was done) was, of an honest Planter + that had been possess'd with a strange Lingring Distemper, not usual + amongst them, under which he emaciated, and grew every Month worse than + another, it having held him several Years, in which time he had made Tryal + of several Doctors, as they call them, which, I suppose, were + Ship-Surgeons. In the beginning of this Distemper, the Patient was very + well to pass, and was possess'd of several Slaves, which the Doctors + purged all away, and the poor Man was so far from mending, that he grew + worse and worse every day. But it happen'd, that, one day, as his Wife and + he were commiserating his miserable Condition, and that he could not + expect to recover, but look'd for Death very speedily, and condoling the + Misery he should leave his Wife and Family in, since all his Negro's were + gone. At that time, I say, it happen'd, that an Indian was in the same + Room, who had frequented the House for many Years, and so was become as + one of the Family, and would sometimes be at this Planter's House, and at + other times amongst the Indians. + </p> + <p> + This Savage, hearing what they talk'd of, and having a great Love for the + Sick Man, made this Reply to what he had heard. `Brother, you have been a + long time Sick; and, I know, you have given away your Slaves to your + English Doctors: What made you do so, and now become poor? They do not + know how to cure you; for it is an Indian Distemper, which your People + know not the Nature of. If it had been an English Disease, probably they + could have cured you; and had you come to me at first, I would have cured + you for a small matter, without taking away your Servants that made Corn + for you and your Family to eat; and yet, if you will give me a Blanket to + keep me warm, and some Powder and Shot to kill Deer withal, I will do my + best to make you well still.' The Man was low in Courage and Pocket too, + and made the Indian this Reply. `Jack, my Distemper is past Cure, and if + our English Doctors cannot cure it, I am sure, the Indians cannot.' But + his Wife accosted her Husband in very mild terms, and told him, he did not + know, but God might be pleased to give a Blessing to that Indian's + Undertaking more than he had done to the English; and farther added; `if + you die, I cannot be much more miserable, by giving this small matter to + the Indian; so I pray you, my Dear, take my Advice, and try him;' to + which, by her Persuasions, he consented. After the Bargain was concluded, + the Indian went into the Woods, and brought in both Herbs and Roots, of + which he made a Decoction, and gave it the Man to drink, and bad him go to + bed, saying, it should not be long, before he came again, which the + Patient perform'd as he had ordered; and the Potion he had administred + made him sweat after the most violent manner that could be, whereby he + smell'd very offensively both to himself, and they that were about him; + but in the Evening, towards Night, Jack came, with a great Rattle-Snake in + his Hand alive, which frightned the People almost out of their Senses; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Cure by a Snake. + </p> + <p> + and he told his Patient, that he must take that to Bed to him; at which + the Man was in a great Consternation, and told the Indian, he was + resolv'd, to let no Snake come into his Bed, for he might as well die of + the Distemper he had, as be kill'd with the Bite of that Serpent. To which + the Indian reply'd, he could not bite him now, nor do him any Harm; for he + had taken out his Poison-teeth, and shew'd him, that they were gone. At + last, with much Persuasion, he admitted the Snake's Company, which the + Indian put about his Middle, and order'd nobody to take him away upon any + account, which was strictly observ'd, although the Snake girded him as + hard for a great while, as if he had been drawn in by a Belt, which one + pull'd at, with all his strength. At last, the Snake's Twitches grew + weaker and weaker, till, by degrees, he felt him not; and opening the Bed, + he was found dead, and the Man thought himself better. The Indian came in + the Morning, and seeing the Snake dead, told the Man, that his Distemper + was dead along with that Snake, which prov'd so as he said; for the Man + speedily recover'd his Health, and became perfectly well. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Spleen how cure. + </p> + <p> + They cure the Spleen (which they are much addicted to) by burning with a + Reed. They lay the Patient on his Back, so put a hollow Cane into the + Fire, where they burn the End thereof, till it is very hot, and on Fire at + the end. Then they lay a Piece of thin Leather on the Patient's Belly, + between the Pit of the Stomach and the Navel, so press the hot Reed on the + Leather, which burns the Patient so that you may ever after see the + Impression of the Reed where it was laid on, which Mark never goes off so + long as he lives. This is used for the Belly-Ach sometimes. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Colouring of the Hair. + </p> + <p> + They can colour their Hair black, though sometimes it is reddish, which + they do with the Seed of a Flower that grows commonly in their + Plantations. I believe this would change the reddest Hair into perfect + black. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Not many Tears, Rozins. + </p> + <p> + They make use of no Minerals in their Physick, and not much of Animals; + but chiefly rely on Vegetables. They have several Remedies for the + Tooth-ach, which often drive away the Pain; but if they fail, they have + Recourse to punching out the Tooth, with a small Cane set against the + same, on a Bit of Leather. Then they strike the Reed, and so drive out the + Tooth; and howsoever it may seem to the Europeans, I prefer it before the + common way of drawing Teeth by those Instruments than endanger the Jaw, + and a Flux of Blood often follows, which this Method of a Punch never is + attended withal; neither is it half the Pain. The Spontaneous Plants of + America the Savages are well acquainted withal; and a Flux of Blood never + follows any of their Operations. They are wholly Strangers to Amputation, + and for what natural Issues of Blood happen immoderately, they are not to + seek for a certain and speedy Cure. Tears, Rozins, and Gums, I have not + discover'd that they make much use of; And as for Purging and Emeticks, so + much in fashion with us, they never apply themselves to, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Yaupon. + </p> + <p> + unless in drinking vast Quantities of their Yaupon or Tea, and vomiting it + up again, as clear as they drink it. This is a Custom amongst all those + that can procure that Plant, in which manner they take it every other + Morning, or oftner; by which Method they keep their Stomachs clean, + without pricking the Coats, and straining Nature, as every Purge is an + Enemy to. Besides, the great Diuretick Quality of their Tea carries off a + great deal, that perhaps might prejudice their Health, by Agues, and + Fevers, which all watry Countries are addicted to; for which reason, I + believe, it is, that the Indians are not so much addicted to that + Distemper, as we are, they preventing its seizing upon them, by this Plant + alone. Moreover, I have remark'd, that it is only those Places bordering + on the Ocean and great Rivers, that this Distemper is frequent in, and + only on and near the same Places this Evergreen is to be found; and none + up towards the Mountains, where these Agues seldom or never appear; Nature + having provided suitable Remedies, in all Countries, proper for the + Maladies that are common thereto. The Savages of Carolina have this Tea in + Veneration, above all the Plants they are acquainted withal, and tell you, + the Discovery thereof was by an infirm Indian, that labour'd under the + Burden of many rugged Distempers, and could not be cured by all their + Doctors; so, one day, he fell asleep, and dreamt, that if he took a + Decoction of the Tree that grew at his Head, he would certainly be cured; + upon which he awoke, and saw the Yaupon or Cassena-Tree, which was not + there when he fell asleep. He follow'd the Direction of his Dream, and + became perfectly well in a short time. Now, I suppose, no Man has so + little Sense as to believe this Fable; yet it lets us see what they intend + thereby, and that it has, doubtless, work'd Feats enough, to gain it such + an Esteem amongst these Savages, who are too well versed in Vegetables, to + be brought to a continual use of any one of them, upon a meer Conceit or + Fancy, without some apparent Benefit they found thereby; especially, when + we are sensible, they drink the Juices of Plants, to free Nature of her + Burdens, and not out of Foppery and Fashion, as other Nations are + oftentimes found to do. Amongst all the Discoveries of America, by the + Missionaries of the French and Spaniards, I wonder none of them was so + kind to the World, as to have kept a Catalogue of the Distempers they + found the Savages capable of curing, and their Method of Cure; which might + have been of some Advantage to our Materia Medica at home, when deliver'd + by Men of Learning, and other Qualifications, as most of them are. Authors + generally tell us, that the Savages are well enough acquainted with those + Plants which their Climate affords, and that some of them effect great + Cures, but by what Means, and in what Form, we are left in the dark. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Sassafras. + </p> + <p> + The Bark of the Root of the Sassafras-Tree, I have observ'd, is much used + by them. They generally torrefy it in the Embers, so strip off the Bark + from the Root, beating it to a Consistence fit to spread, so lay it on the + griev'd Part; which both cleanses a fowl Ulcer; and after Scarrification, + being apply'd to a Contusion, or Swelling, draws forth the Pain, and + reduces the Part to its pristine State of Health, as I have often seen + effected. Fats and Unguents never appear in their Chirurgery, when the + Skin is once broke. The Fats of Animals are used by them, to render their + Limbs pliable, and when wearied, to relieve the Joints, and this not + often, because they approve of the Sweating-House (in such cases) above + all things. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Make Bread, how. Alkali Salts. + </p> + <p> + The Salts they mix with their Bread and Soupe, to give them a Relish, are + Alkalis, (viz.) Ashes, and calcined Bones of Deer, and other Animals. + </p> + <p class="side"> + No Sallads, Pepper, or Mustard. + </p> + <p> + Sallads, they never eat any; as for Pepper and Mustard, they reckon us + little better than Madmen, to make use of it amongst our Victuals. They + are never troubled with the Scurvy, Dropsy, nor Stone. The Phthisick, + Asthma, and Diabetes, they are wholly Strangers to; neither do I remember + I ever saw one Paralytick amongst them. The Gout, I cannot be certain + whether they know what it is, or not. Indeed, I never saw any Nodes or + Swellings, which attend the Gout in Europe; + </p> + <p class="side"> + Rhumatick Pains. + </p> + <p> + yet they have a sort of Rhumatism or Burning of the Limbs, which tortures + them grievously, at which time their Legs are so hot, that they employ the + young People continually to pour Water down them. I never saw but one or + two thus afflicted. The Struma is not uncommon amongst these Savages, and + another Distemper, which is, in some respects, like the Pox, but is + attended with no Gonorrhoea. This not seldom bereaves them of their Nose. + I have seen three or four of them render'd most miserable Spectacles by + this Distemper. Yet, when they have been so negligent, as to let it run on + so far without curbing of it; at last, they make shift to patch themselves + up, and live for many years after; and such Men commonly turn Doctors. I + have known two or three of these no-nose Doctors in great Esteem amongst + these Savages. The Juice of the Tulip-Tree is used as a proper Remedy for + this Distemper. What Knowledge they have in Anatomy, I cannot tell, + neither did I ever see them employ themselves therein, unless, as I told + you before, when they make the Skeletons of their Kings and great Mens + Bones. + </p> + <p> + The Indians are very careless and negligent of their Health; as, by + Drunkenness, Wading in the Water, irregular Diet and Lodging, and a + thousand other Disorders, (that would kill an European) which they daily + use. They boil and roast their Meat extraordinary much, and eat abundance + of Broth, + </p> + <p class="side"> + Naked Indians. + </p> + <p> + except the Savages whom we call the naked Indians, who never eat any + Soupe. They travel from the Banks of the Messiasippi, to war against the + Sinnagars or Iroquois, and are (if equal Numbers) commonly too hard for + them. They will lie and sleep in the Woods without Fire, being inur'd + thereto. They are the hardiest of all Indians, and run so fast, that they + are never taken, neither do any Indians outrun them, if they are pursu'd. + Their Savage Enemies say, their Nimbleness and Wind proceeds from their + never eating any Broth. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Small-Pox. + </p> + <p> + The Small-Pox has been fatal to them; they do not often escape, when they + are seiz'd with that Distemper, which is a contrary Fever to what they + ever knew. Most certain, it had never visited America, before the + Discovery thereof by the Christians. Their running into the Water, in the + Extremity of this Disease, strikes it in, and kills all that use it. Now + they are become a little wiser; but formerly it destroy'd whole Towns, + without leaving one Indian alive in the Village. The Plague was never + known amongst them, that I could learn by what Enquiry I have made: These + Savages use Scarrification almost in all Distempers. Their chief + Instruments for that Operation is the Teeth of Rattle-Snakes, which they + poison withal. They take them out of the Snake's Head, and suck out the + Poison with their Mouths, (and so keep them for use) and spit out the + Venom, which is green, and are never damag'd thereby. The Small-Pox and + Rum have made such a Destruction amongst them, that, on good grounds, I do + believe, there is not the sixth Savage living within two hundred Miles of + all our Settlements, as there were fifty Years ago. These poor Creatures + have so many Enemies to destroy them, that it's a wonder one of them is + left alive near us. The Small-pox I have acquainted you withal above, and + so I have of Rum, and shall only add, that they have got a way to carry it + back to the Westward Indians, who never knew what it was, till within very + few Years. Now they have it brought them by the Tuskeruro's, and other + Neighbour-Indians, but the Tuskeruro's chiefly, who carry it in Rundlets + several hundred Miles, amongst other Indians. Sometimes they cannot + forbear breaking their Cargo, but sit down in the Woods, and drink it all + up, and then hollow and shout like so many Bedlamites. I accidentally once + met with one of these drunken Crews, and was amaz'd to see a Parcel of + drunken Savages so far from any Englishman's House; but the Indians I had + in Company inform'd me, that they were Merchants, and had drunk all their + Stock, as is very common for them to do. But when they happen to carry it + safe, (which is seldom, without drinking some part of it, and filling it + up with Water) and come to an Indian Town, those that buy Rum of them have + so many Mouthfuls for a Buck-Skin, they never using any other Measure; and + for this purpose, the Buyer always makes Choice of his Man, which is one + that has the greatest Mouth, whom he brings to the Market with a Bowl to + put it in. The Seller looks narrowly to the Man's Mouth that measures it, + and if he happens to swallow any down, either through Wilfulness or + otherwise, the Merchant or some of his Party, does not scruple to knock + the Fellow down, exclaiming against him for false Measure. Thereupon, the + Buyer finds another Mouthpiece to measure the Rum by; so that this Trading + is very agreeable to the Spectators, to see such a deal of Quarrelling and + Controversy, as often happens, about it, and is very diverting. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Poisoning of Taylor. + </p> + <p> + Another Destroyer of them, is, the Art they have, and often practise, of + poisoning one another; which is done by a large, white, spungy Root, that + grows in the Fresh-Marshes, which is one of their Poisons; not but that + they have many other Drugs, which they poison one another withal. + </p> + <p class="side"> + How the Indians war. + </p> + <p> + Lastly, the continual Wars these Savages maintain, one Nation against + another, which sometimes hold for some Ages, killing and making Captives, + till they become so weak thereby, that they are forced to make Peace for + want of Recruits, to supply their Wars; and the Difference of Languages, + that is found amongst these Heathens, seems altogether strange. For it + often appears, that every dozen Miles, you meet with an Indian Town, that + is quite different from the others you last parted withal; and what a + little supplies this Defect is, that the most powerful Nation of these + Savages scorns to treat or trade with any others (of fewer Numbers and + less Power) in any other Tongue but their own, which serves for the Lingua + of the Country, with which we travel and deal; as for Example, we see that + the Tuskeruro's are most numerous in North-Carolina, therefore their + Tongue is understood by some in every Town of all the Indians near us. And + here I shall insert a small Dictionary of every Tongue, though not + Alphabetically digested. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + English. Tuskeruro. Pampticough. Woccon. + One Unche Weembot Tonne + Two Necte Neshinnauh Num-perra (rra?) + Three Ohs-sah Nish-wonner Nam-mee + Four Untoc Yau-Ooner Punnum-punne (e?) + Five Ouch-who Umperren Webtau + Six Houeyoc Who-yeoc Is-sto (st?) + Seven Chauh-noc Top-po-osh Nommis-sau + Eight Nec-kara Nau-haush-shoo Nupsau + Nine Wearah Pach-ic-conk Weihere + Ten Wartsauh Cosh Soone noponne + Eleven Unche scauwhau Tonne hauk pea + Twelve Nectec scaukhau Soone nomme + Twenty Wartsau scauhau Winnop + Thirty Ossa te wartsau + Hundred Youch se + Thousand Ki you se + + Rum Oonaquod Weesaccon Yup-se + Blankets Oorewa Mattosh Roo-iune + White Ware-occa Wop-poshaumosh Waurraupa + Red Cotcoo-rea Mish-cock (ck?) Yauta + Black or Caw-hunshe Mow-cottowosh Yah-testea + Blue, idem + Gunpowder Ou-ku Pungue Rooeyam + Shot Cauna Ar-rounser Week + Axe Au-nuka Tomma-hick Tau-unta winnik + Knife Oosocke nauh Rig-cosq Wee + Tobacco Charho Hooh-pau Uu-coone + Shirt Ough-tre's Tacca pitteneer + Shoes Oo-ross-soo Wee-kessoo + Hat Trossa Mottau-quahan Intome-posswa + Fire Utchar Tinda Yau + Water Awoo Umpe Ejau + Coat Ouswox Taus-won Rummissau + Kawhitchra + Awl or Oose-waure Moc-cose Wonsh-shee + Needle + A Hoe Wauche-wocnoc Rosh-shocquon Rooe-pau + Salt Cheek-ha + Paint Quaunt Chuwon Whooyeonne + Ronoak Nauh-houreot Mis-kis-'su Rummaer + Peak Chu-teche Ronoak Erroco + Gun Auk-noc Gau hooptop Wittape + Gun-Lock Oo-teste Gun tock Seike Noonkosso + Flints Ou-negh-ra Hinds Matt-teer + A Flap Oukhaure Rappatoc Rhooeyau + Belt Oona-teste Maachone Wee-kau + Scissors and Cheh-ra Toc-koor + Tobacco-Tongues + A Kettle Oowaiana Tooseawau + A Pot Ocnock + Acorns Kooawa Roosomme + A Pine-Tree Heigta Oonossa Hooheh + Englishman Nickreruroh Tosh shonte Wintsohore + Indians Unqua Nuppin Yauh-he + English. Tuskeruro. Woccon. + A Horse A hots Yenwetoa + Swine Watsquerre Nommewarraupau + Moss Auoona hau Itto + Raw skin undrest Ootahawa Teep + Buckskin Ocques Rookau + Fawn-skin Ottea Wisto + Bear-skin Oochehara Ourka + Fox-skin Che-chou Hannatockore + Raccoon-skin Roo-sotto Auher + Squirrel-skin Sost Yehau + Wildcat-skin Cauhauweana + Panther-skin Caunerex Wattau + Wolf Squarrena Tire kiro + Minx Chac-kauene Soccon + Otter Chaunoc Wetkes + A Mat Ooyethne Soppepepor + Basket Ooyaura Rookeppa + Feathers Oosnooqua Soppe + Drest-skin Cotcoo Rauhau + A Turkey Coona Yauta + A Duck Sooeau Welka + A King Teethha Roamore + Fat Ootsaure Yendare + Soft Utsauwanne Roosomme + Hard or heavy Waucots ne Itte teraugh + A Rope Utsera Trauhe + A Possum Che-ra + Day Ootauh-ne + A Pestel Tic-caugh-ne Miyau + A Mortar Ootic caugh-ne Yossoo + Stockings Way haushe + A Creek Wackena + A River Ahunt wackena + A Man Entequos + Old Man Occooahawa + Young Man Quottis + Woman Con-noowa + Old Woman Cusquerre Yicau + Wife Kateocca Yecauau + A Child Woccanookne + A Boy Wariaugh + Infant Utserosta + Ears Ooethnat + Fishgig Ootosne Weetipsa + A Comb Oonaquitchra Sacketoome posswa + A Cake bak't Ooneck + A Head Ootaure Poppe + Hair Oowaara Tumme + Brother Caunotka Yenrauhe + I Ee + Thou Eets + There Ka + Homine Cotquerre Roocauwa + Bread Ootocnare Ikettau + Broath Ook-hoo + Corn Oonaha Cose + Oonave + Oosare + Oosha + Pease Saugh-he Coosauk + A Bag Uttaqua Ekoocromon + Fish Cunshe Yacunne + A Louse Cheecq; Eppesyau + A Flea Nauocq; + Potato's Untone Wauk + A Stick Chinqua + Wood Ouyunkgue Yonne + House Ounouse (Oin?) Ouke + A Cow Ous-sarunt Nappinjure + A Snake Us-quauh-ne Yau-hauk + A Rat Rusquiane Wittau + A Goose Au-hoohaha Auhaun + A Swan Oorhast Atter + Allegator Utsererauh Monwittetau + A Crab Rouare cou Wunneau + A Canoe Ooshunnawa Watt + A Box Ooanoo Yopoonitsa + A Bowl Ortse Cotsoe + A Spoon Oughquere Cotsau + A Path Wauh-hauhne Yauh + Sun or Moon Heita Wittapare + Wind Hoonoch Yuncor + A Star Uttewiraratse Wattapi untakeer + Rain Untuch Yawowa + Auhuntwood + Night Oosottoo Yantoha + A Rundlet Oohunawa Ynpyupseunne (Yup?) + An Eel Cuhn-na + A T—-d Utquera Pulawa + A F—-t Uttena Pautyau + A Cable Utquichra + Small Ropes Utsera utquichra + A Button Tic-hah Rummissauwoune + Breeches Wahunshe Rooeyaukitte + Stockings Oowissera Rooesoo possoo + Day Wauwoc-hook Waukhaway + Mad Cosserunte Rockcumne + Angry Cotcheroore Roocheha + Afraid Werricauna Reheshiwau + Smoak Oo-teighne Too-she + A Thief or Rogue Katichhei + A Dog Cheeth Tauh-he + A Reed Cauna Weekwonne + Lightwood Kakoo Sek + To morrow Jureha Kittape + Now Kahunk + To day Kawa + A little while ago Kakoowa Yauka + English. Tuskeruro. Woccon. + Yesterday Oousotto Yottoha + How many Ut-tewots Tontarinte + How far Untateawa + Will you go along with me Unta hah Quauke + Go you Its warko Yuppa me + Give it me Cotshau Mothei + That's all Ut chat Cuttaune + A Cubit length Kihoosocca Ishewounaup + Dead Whaharia Caure + A Gourd or Bottle Utchaawa Wattape + A lazy Fellow Wattattoo watse Tontaunete + Englishman is thirsty Oukwockaninniwock + I will sell you Goods very cheap Wausthanocha Nau hou hoore-ene + All the Indians are drunk Connaugh jost twane Nonnupper + Have you got any thing to eat Utta-ana-wox Noccoo Eraute + I am sick Connauwox Waurepa + A Fish-Hook Oos-skinna + Don't lose it Oon est nonne it quost + A Tobacco-pipe Oosquaana Intom + I remember it Oonutsauka Aucummato + Let it alone Tnotsaurauweek (Tout?) Sauhau + Peaches Roo-ooe Yonne + Walnuts Rootau-ooe + Hickery Nuts Rootau Nimmia + A Jew's-Harp Ooratsa Wottiyau + I forget it Merrauka + Northwest-Wind Hothooka + Snow. Acaunque. Wawawa. +</pre> + <p class="side"> + Indian Speech. + </p> + <p> + To repeat more of this Indian Jargon, would be to trouble the Reader; and + as an Account how imperfect they are in their Moods and Tenses, has been + given by several already, I shall only add, that their Languages or + Tongues are so deficient, that you cannot suppose the Indians ever could + express themselves in such a Flight of Stile, as Authors would have you + believe. They are so far from it, that they are but just able to make one + another understand readily what they talk about. As for the two Consonants + `L' and `F', I never knew them in any Indian Speech I have met withal; yet + I must tell you, that they have such a Way of abbreviating their Speech, + when in their great Councils and Debates, that the young Men do not + understand what they treat about, when they hear them argue. It is + wonderful, what has occasion'd so many different Speeches as the Savages + have. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Tartarian Hurds. + </p> + <p> + The three Nations I now mention'd, do not live above ten Leagues distant, + and two of them, viz. the Tuskeruro's and the Woccon, are not two Leagues + asunder; yet their Speech differs in every Word thereof, except one, which + is Tsaure, Cockles, which is in both Tongues the same, and nothing else. + Now this Difference of Speech causes Jealousies and Fears amongst them, + which bring Wars, wherein they destroy one another; otherwise the + Christians had not (in all Probability) settled America so easily, as they + have done, had these Tribes of Savages united themselves into one People + or general Interest, or were they so but every hundred Miles. In short, + they are an odd sort of People under the Circumstances they are at + present, and have some such uncouth Ways in their Management and Course of + Living, that it seems a Miracle to us, how they bring about their Designs, + as they do, when their Ways are commonly quite contrary to ours. I + believe, they are (as to this Life) a very happy People; and were it not + for the Feuds amongst themselves, they would enjoy the happiest State (in + this World) of all Mankind. They met with Enemies when we came amongst + them; for they are no nearer Christianity now, than they were at the first + Discovery, to all Appearance. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians learn of the Europeans. + </p> + <p> + They have learnt several Vices of the Europeans, but not one Vertue, as I + know of. Drunkenness was a Stranger, when we found them out, and Swearing + their Speech cannot express; yet those that speak English, learn to swear + the first thing they talk of. It's true, they have some Vertues and some + Vices; but how the Christians can bring these People into the Bosom of the + Church, is a Proposal that ought to be form'd and follow'd by the wisest + Heads and best Christians. After I have given one Remark or two farther, + of some of their strange Practices and Notions, I will give my Opinion, + how I think, in probability, it may be (if possible) effected, and so + shall conclude this Treatise of Carolina. + </p> + <p> + They are a very craving People, and if a Man give them any thing of a + Present, they think it obliges him to give them another; and so on, till + he has given them all he has; for they have no Bounds of Satisfaction in + that way; and if they give you any thing, it is to receive twice the Value + of it. They have no Consideration that you will want what you give them; + for their way of Living is so contrary to ours, that neither we nor they + can fathom one anothers Designs and Methods. They call Rum and Physick by + one Name, which implies that Rum make People sick, as when they have taken + any poisonous Plant; yet they cannot forbear Rum. They make Offerings of + their First-Fruits, and the more serious sort of them throw into the + Ashes, near the Fire, the first Bit or Spoonful of every Meal they sit + down to, which, they say, is the same to them, as the pulling off our + Hats, and talking, when we go to Victuals, is to us. They name the Months + very agreeably, as one is the Herring-Month, another the Strawberry-Month, + another the Mulberry-Month. Others name them by the Trees that blossom; + especially, the Dogwood-Tree; or they say, we will return when + Turkey-Cocks gobble, that is in March and April. The Age of the Moon they + understand, but know no different Name for Sun and Moon. They can guess + well at the time of the Day, by the Sun's Height. Their Age they number by + Winters, and say, such a Man or Woman is so many Winters old. They have no + Sabbath, or Day of Rest. Their Slaves are not over-burden'd with Work, and + so not driven by Severity to seek for that Relief. Those that are + acquainted with the English, and speak the Tongue, know when Sunday comes; + besides, the Indians have a distinct Name for Christmas which they call + Winnick Keshuse, or the Englishmans Gods Moon. There is one most + abominable Custom amongst them, which they call Husquenawing their young + Men; which I have not made any Mention of as yet, so will give you an + Account of it here. You must know, that most commonly, once a Year, or, at + farthest, once in two Years, these People take up so many of their young + Men, as they think are able to undergo it, and husquenaugh them, which is + to make them obedient and respective to their Superiors, and (as they say) + is the same to them, as it is to us to send our Children to School, to be + taught good Breeding and Letters. This House of Correction is a large + strong Cabin, made on purpose for the Reception of the young Men and Boys, + that have not passed this Graduation already; and it is always at + Christmas that they husquenaugh their Youth, which is by bringing them + into this House, and keeping them dark all the time, where they more than + half-starve them. Besides, they give them Pellitory-Bark, and several + intoxicating Plants, that make them go raving mad as ever were any People + in the World; and you may hear them make the most dismal and hellish + Cries, and Howlings, that ever humane Creatures express'd; all which + continues about five or six Weeks, and the little Meat they eat, is the + nastiest, loathsome stuff, and mixt with all manner of Filth it's possible + to get. After the Time is expired, they are brought out of the Cabin, + which never is in the Town, but always a distance off, and guarded by a + Jaylor or two, who watch by Turns. Now, when they first come out, they are + as poor as ever any Creatures were; for you must know several die under + this diabolical Purgation. Moreover, they either really are, or pretend to + be dumb, and do not speak for several Days; I think, twenty or thirty; and + look so gastly, and are so chang'd, that it's next to an Impossibility to + know them again, although you was never so well acquainted with them + before. I would fain have gone into the mad House, and have seen them in + their time of Purgatory, but the King would not suffer it, because, he + told me, they would do me, or any other white Man, an Injury, that + ventured in amongst them; so I desisted. They play this Prank with Girls + as well as Boys, and I believe it a miserable Life they endure, because I + have known several of them run away, at that time, to avoid it. Now, the + Savages say, if it was not for this, they could never keep their Youth in + Subjection, besides that it hardens them ever after to the Fatigues of + War, Hunting, and all manner of Hardship, which their way of living + exposes them to. Besides, they add, that it carries off those infirm weak + Bodies, that would have been only a Burden and Disgrace to their Nation, + and saves the Victuals and Cloathing for better People, that would have + been expended on such useless Creatures. These Savages are described in + their proper Colours, but by a very few; for those that generally write + Histories of this new World, are such as Interest, Preferment, and + Merchandize, drew thither, and know no more of that People than I do of + the Laplanders, which is only by Hear-say. And if we will make just + Remarks, how near such Relations generally approach Truth and Nicety, we + shall find very few of them worthy of Entertainment; and as for the other + part of the Volume, it is generally stufft with Invectives against the + Government they lived under, on which Stage is commonly acted greater + Barbarities, in Murdering worthy Mens Reputations, than all the Savages in + the new World are capable of equalizing, or so much as imitating. + </p> + <p> + And since I hinted at a Regulation of the Savages, and to propose a way to + convert them to Christianity, I will first particularize the several + Nations of Indians that are our Neighbours, and then proceed to what I + promis'd. + </p> + <p> + Tuskeruro Indians are fifteen Towns, viz. Haruta, Waqui, Contah-nah, Anna + Ooka, Conauh-Kare Harooka, Una Nauhan, Kentanuska, Chunaneets, Kenta, Eno, + Naur-hegh-ne, Oonossoora, Tosneoc, Nonawharitse, Nursoorooka; Fighting Men + 1200. Waccon, Towns 2, Yupwauremau, Tooptatmeer, Fighting Men 120. + Machapunga, Town 1, Maramiskeet, Fighting Men 30. Bear River, Town 1, + Raudauqua-quank, Fighting Men 50. Maherring Indians, Town 1, Maherring + River, Fighting Men 50. Chuwon Indians, Town 1, Bennets Creek, Fighting + Men 15. Paspatank Indians, Town 1, Paspatank River, Fighting Men 10. + Poteskeit, Town 1, North River, Fighting Men 30. Nottaway Indians, Town 1, + Winoack Creek, Fighting Men 30. Hatteras Town 1, Sand Banks, Fighting Men + 16. Connamox Indians, Towns 2, Coranine, Raruta, Fighting Men 25. Neus + Indians, Towns 2, Chattooka, Rouconk, Fighting Men 15. Pampticough + Indians, Town 1, Island, Fighting Men 15. Jaupim Indians, 6 People. These + five Nations of the Totero's, Sapona's, Keiauwee's, Aconechos, and + Schoccories, are lately come amongst us, and may contain, in all, about + 750 Men, Women and Children. Total 4780. + </p> + <p> + Now, there appears to be one thousand six hundred and twelve Fighting Men, + of our Neighbouring Indians; and probably, there are three Fifths of Women + and Children, not including Old Men, which amounts to four thousand and + thirty Savages, besides the five Nations lately come. Now, as I before + hinted, we will see what grounds there are to make these People + serviceable to us, and better themselves thereby. + </p> + <p> + On a fair Scheme, we must first allow these Savages what really belongs to + them, that is, what good Qualities, and natural Endowments, they possess, + whereby they being in their proper Colours, the Event may be better + guess'd at, and fathom'd. + </p> + <p> + First, they are as apt to learn any Handicraft, as any People that the + World affords; I will except none; as is seen by their Canoes and Stauking + Heads, which they make of themselves; but to my purpose, the Indian Slaves + in South Carolina, and elsewhere, make my Argument good. + </p> + <p> + Secondly, we have no disciplin'd Men in Europe, but what have, at one time + or other, been branded with Mutining, and Murmuring against their Chiefs. + These Savages are never found guilty of that great Crime in a Soldier; I + challenge all Mankind to tell me of one Instance of it; besides, they + never prove Traitors to their Native Country, but rather chuse Death than + partake and side with the Enemy. + </p> + <p> + They naturally possess the Righteous Man's Gift; they are Patient under + all Afflictions, and have a great many other Natural Vertues, which I have + slightly touch'd throughout the Account of these Savages. + </p> + <p> + They are really better to us, than we are to them; they always give us + Victuals at their Quarters, and take care we are arm'd against Hunger and + Thirst: We do not so by them (generally speaking) but let them walk by our + Doors Hungry, and do not often relieve them. We look upon them with Scorn + and Disdain, and think them little better than Beasts in Humane Shape, + though if well examined, we shall find that, for all our Religion and + Education, we possess more Moral Deformities, and Evils than these Savages + do, or are acquainted withal. + </p> + <p> + We reckon them Slaves in Comparison to us, and Intruders, as oft as they + enter our Houses, or hunt near our Dwellings. But if we will admit Reason + to be our Guide, she will inform us, that these Indians are the freest + People in the World, and so far from being Intruders upon us, that we have + abandon'd our own Native Soil, to drive them out, and possess theirs; + neither have we any true Balance, in Judging of these poor Heathens, + because we neither give Allowance for their Natural Disposition, nor the + Sylvian Education, and strange Customs, (uncouth to us) they lie under and + have ever been train'd up to; these are false Measures for Christians to + take, and indeed no Man can be reckon'd a Moralist only, who will not make + choice and use, of better Rules to walk and act by: We trade with them, + it's true, but to what End? Not to shew them the Steps of Vertue, and the + Golden Rule, to do as we would be done by. No, we have furnished them with + the Vice of Drunkenness, which is the open Road to all others, and daily + cheat them in every thing we sell, and esteem it a Gift of Christianity, + not to sell to them so cheap as we do to the Christians, as we call our + selves. Pray let me know where is there to be found one Sacred Command or + Precept of our Master, that counsels us to such Behaviour? Besides, I + believe it will not appear, but that all the Wars, which we have had with + the Savages, were occasion'd by the unjust Dealings of the Christians + towards them. I can name more than a few, which my own Enquiry has given + me a right Understanding of, and I am afraid the remainder (if they come + to the test) will prove themselves Birds of the same Feather. + </p> + <p class="side"> + Indians Aversion to Christianity. + </p> + <p> + As we are in Christian Duty bound, so we must act and behave ourselves to + these Savages, if we either intend to be serviceable in converting them to + the Knowledge of the Gospel, or discharge the Duty which every Man, within + the Pale of the Christian Church, is bound to do. Upon this Score, we + ought to shew a Tenderness for these Heathens under the weight of + Infidelity; let us cherish their good Deeds, and, with Mildness and + Clemency, make them sensible and forwarn them of their ill ones; let our + Dealings be just to them in every Respect, and shew no ill Example, + whereby they may think we advise them to practise that which we will not + be conformable to ourselves: Let them have cheap Penniworths (without + Guile in our Trading with them) and learn them the Mysteries of our + Handicrafts, as well as our Religion, otherwise we deal unjustly by them. + But it is highly necessary to be brought in Practice, which is, to give + Encouragement to the ordinary People, and those of a lower Rank, that they + might marry with these Indians, and come into Plantations, and Houses, + where so many Acres of Land and some Gratuity of Money, (out of a publick + Stock) are given to the new-married Couple; and that the Indians might + have Encouragement to send their Children Apprentices to proper Masters, + that would be kind to them, and make them Masters of a Trade, whereby they + would be drawn to live amongst us, and become Members of the same + Ecclesiastical and Civil Government we are under; then we should have + great Advantages to make daily Conversions amongst them, when they saw + that we were kind and just to them in all our Dealings. Moreover, by the + Indians Marrying with the Christians, and coming into Plantations with + their English Husbands, or Wives, they would become Christians, and their + Idolatry would be quite forgotten, and, in all probability, a better + Worship come in its Stead; for were the Jews engrafted thus, and alienated + from the Worship and Conversation of Jews, their Abominations would + vanish, and be no more. + </p> + <p> + Thus we should be let into a better Understanding of the Indian Tongue, by + our new Converts; and the whole Body of these People would arrive to the + Knowledge of our Religion and Customs, and become as one People with us. + By this Method also, we should have a true Knowledge of all the Indians + Skill in Medicine and Surgery; they would inform us of the Situation of + our Rivers, Lakes, and Tracts of Land in the Lords Dominions, where by + their Assistance, greater Discoveries may be made than has been hitherto + found out, and by their Accompanying us in our Expeditions, we might + civilize a great many other Nations of the Savages, and daily add to our + Strength in Trade, and Interest; so that we might be sufficiently enabled + to conquer, or maintain our Ground, against all the Enemies to the Crown + of England in America, both Christian and Savage. + </p> + <p> + What Children we have of theirs, to learn Trades, &c. ought to be put + into those Hands that are Men of the best Lives and Characters, and that + are not only strict Observers of their Religion, but also of a mild, + winning and sweet Disposition, that these Indian Parents may often go and + see how well their Children are dealt with, which would much win them to + our Ways of Living, Mildness being a Vertue the Indians are in love + withal, for they do not practise beating and correcting their Children, as + we do. A general Complaint is, that it seems impossible to convert these + People to Christianity, as, at first sight, it does; and as for those in + New Spain, they have the Prayer of that Church in Latin by Rote, and know + the external Behaviour at Mass and Sermons; yet scarce any of them are + steady and abide with constancy in good Works, and the Duties of the + Christian Church. We find that the Fuentes and several other of the noted + Indian Families about Mexico, and in other parts of New Spain, had given + several large Gifts to the Altar, and outwardly seem'd fond of their new + Religion; yet those that were the greatest Zealots outwards, on a strict + Enquiry, were found guilty of Idolatry and Witchcraft; and this seems to + proceed from their Cohabiting, which, as I have noted before, gives + Opportunities of Cabals to recal their ancient pristine Infidelity and + Superstitions. They never argue against our Religion, but with all + imaginable Indifference own, that it is most proper for us that have been + brought up in it. + </p> + <p> + In my opinion, it's better for Christians of a mean Fortune to marry with + the Civiliz'd Indians, than to suffer the Hardships of four or five years + Servitude, in which they meet with Sickness and Seasonings amidst a Crowd + of other Afflictions, which the Tyranny of a bad Master lays upon such + poor Souls, all which those acquainted with our Tobacco Plantations are + not Strangers to. + </p> + <p> + This seems to be a more reasonable Method of converting the Indians, than + to set up our Christian Banner in a Field of Blood, as the Spaniards have + done in New Spain, and baptize one hundred with the Sword for one at the + Font. Whilst we make way for a Christian Colony through a Field of Blood, + and defraud, and make away with those that one day may be wanted in this + World, and in the next appear against us, we make way for a more potent + Christian Enemy to invade us hereafter, of which we may repent, when too + late. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0019" id="link2H_4_0019"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE SECOND CHARTER GRANTED BY KING CHARLES II. TO THE PROPRIETORS OF + CAROLINA + </h2> + <p> + Charles II. by the Grace of God, &c. Whereas by Our Letters Patents, + bearing Date the Four and Twentieth Day of March, in the Fifteenth Year of + Our Reign, We were Graciously Pleas'd to Grant unto Our right Trusty, and + right Well-beloved Cousin and Counsellor Edward Earl of Clarendon, our + High Chancellor of England, Our right Trusty, and right entirely Beloved + Cousin and Counsellor, George Duke of Albemarle, Master of our Horse, Our + right Trusty and Well Beloved William, now Earl of Craven, our right + Trusty and well-beloved Counsellor, John Lord Berkeley, our right Trusty, + and well-beloved Counsellor, Anthony Lord Ashley, Chancellor of our + Exchequer, our right Trusty and Well-beloved Counsellor Sir George + Carterett Knight and Baronet, Vice-Chamberlain of our Houshold, Our right + Trusty and well-beloved, Sir John Colleton Knight and Baronet, and Sir + William Berkeley Knight, all that Province, Territory, or Tract of Ground, + called Carolina, situate, lying and being within our Dominions of America, + Extending from the North End of the Island, called Luke Island, which + lyeth in the Southern Virginia Seas, and within six and thirty Degrees of + the Northern Latitude; and to the West, as far as the South Seas; and so + respectively as far as the River of Mathias, which bordereth upon the + Coast of Florida, and within One and Thirty Degrees of the Northern + Latitude, and so West in a direct Line, as far as the South Seas + aforesaid. + </p> + <p> + Now, know Ye, that We, at the Humble Request of the said Grandees in the + aforesaid Letters Patents named, and as a farther Mark of Our especial + Favour towards them, We are Graciously Pleased to Enlarge Our said Grant + unto them, according to the Bounds and Limits hereafter Specifyed, and in + Favour to the Pious and Noble Purpose of the said Edward Earl of + Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord + Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, + and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, all that Province, + Territory, or Tract of Ground, situate, lying, and being within Our + Dominions of America aforesaid, extending North and Westward, as far as + the North End of Carahtuke River, or Gulet, upon a streight Westerly Line, + to Wyonoake Creek, which lies within, or about the Degrees of Thirty Six, + and Thirty Minutes Northern Latitude, and so West, in a direct Line, as + far as the South Seas; and South and Westward, as far as the Degrees of + Twenty Nine Inclusive Northern Latitude, and so West in a direct Line, as + far as the South Seas; together with all and singular Ports, Harbours, + Bays, Rivers and Islets, belonging unto the Province or Territory, + aforesaid. And also, all the Soil, Lands, Fields, Woods, Mountains, Ferms, + Lakes, Rivers, Bays and Islets, situate, or being within the Bounds, or + Limits, last before mentioned; with the Fishing of all sorts of Fish, + Whales, Sturgeons, and all other Royal Fishes in the Sea, Bays, Islets and + Rivers, within the Premises, and the Fish therein taken; together with the + Royalty of the Sea, upon the Coast within the Limits aforesaid. And + moreover, all Veins, Mines and Quarries, as well discovered as not + discover'd, of Gold, Silver, Gems and Precious Stones, and all other + whatsoever; be it of Stones, Metal, or any other thing found, or to be + found within the Province, Territory, Islets and Limits aforesaid. + </p> + <p> + And furthermore, the Patronage and Advowsons of all the Churches and + Chappels, which as the Christian Religion shall encrease within the + Province, Territory, Isles and Limits aforesaid, shall happen hereafter to + be erected; together with Licence and Power to build and found Churches, + Chappels and Oratories in convenient and fit places, within the said + Bounds and Limits; and to cause them to be Dedicated and Consecrated, + according to the Ecclesiastical Laws of Our Kingdom of England; together + with all and singular, the like, and as ample Rights, Jurisdictions, + Privileges, Prerogatives, Royalties, Liberties, Immunities and Franchises, + of what Kind soever, within the Territory, Isles, Islets and Limits + aforesaid. To have, hold, use, exercise and enjoy the same, as amply, + fully, and in as ample Manner, as any Bishop of Durham in Our Kingdom of + England, ever heretofore had, held, used, or enjoyed, or of right ought, + or could have, use, or enjoy; and them the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, + George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, + Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir + William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns; We do by these Presents, for + Us, Our Heirs and Successors, make, create and constitute the true and + absolute Lords and Proprietors of the said Province, or Territory, and of + all other the Premises, saving always the Faith, Allegiance and Sovereign + Dominion due to Us, our Heirs and Successors, for the same; to have, hold, + possess and enjoy the said Province, Territory, Islets, and all and + singular, other the Premises, to them the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, + George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, + Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton and Sir + William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, for Ever, to be holden of Us, + Our Heirs and Successors, as of Our Mannor of East Greenwich, in Kent, in + free and common Soccage, and not in Capite, or by Knights Service, + yielding and paying yearly to Us, Our Heirs and Successors, for the same, + the fourth Part of all Goods and Silver Oar, which within the Limits + hereby Granted, shall from Time to Time, happen to be found, over and + besides the Yearly Rent of Twenty Marks and the fourth part of the Gold + and Silver Oar, in and by the said recited Letters Patents reserved and + payable. + </p> + <p> + And that the Province, or Territory hereby granted and described, may be + dignifyed with as large Titles and Privileges, as any other Parts of our + Dominions and Territories in that Region; Know ye, That We, of our farther + Grace, certain Knowledge and meer Motion, have thought fit to annex the + same Tract of Ground and Territory, unto the same Province of Carolina; + and out of the Fulness of our Royal Power and Prerogative, We do for Us, + our Heirs and Successors, annex and unite the same to the said Province of + Carolina. And forasmuch as We have made and ordained the aforesaid Edward + Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John + Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John + Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, the true + Lords and Proprietors of all the Province or Territory aforesaid; Know ye + therefore moreover, that We reposing especial Trust and Confidence in + their Fidelity, Wisdom, Justice and provident Circumspection for Us, our + Heirs and Successors, do grant full and absolute Power, by virtue of these + Presents, to them the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of + Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord + Ashley, Sir George Catterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, + and their Heirs and Assigns, for the good and happy Government of the said + whole Province or Territory, full Power and Authority to erect, + constitute, and make several Counties, Baronies, and Colonies, of and + within the said Provinces, Territories, Lands and Hereditaments, in and by + the said recited Letters Patents, and these Presents, granted, or + mentioned to be granted, as aforesaid, with several and distinct + Jurisdictions, Powers, Liberties and Privileges. And also, to ordain, make + and enact, and under their Seals, to publish any Laws and Constitutions + whatsoever, either appertaining to the publick State of the said whole + Province or Territory, or of any distinct or particular County, Barony or + Colony, of or within the same, or to the private Utility of particular + Persons, according to their best Discretion, by and with the Advice, + Assent and Approbation of the Freemen of the said Province or Territory, + or of the Freemen of the County, Barony or Colony, for which such Law or + Constitution shall be made, or the greatest Part of them, or of their + Delegates or Deputies, whom for enacting of the said Laws, when, and as + often as need shall require, We will that the said Edward Earl of + Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord + Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton and + Sir William Berkeley, and their Heirs or Assigns, shall from Time to Time, + assemble in such Manner and Form as to them shall seem best: And the same + Laws duly to execute upon all People within the said Province or + Territory, County, Barony or Colony, and the Limits thereof, for the Time + being, which shall be constituted under the Power and Government of them, + or any of them, either sailing towards the said Province or Territory of + Carolina, or returning from thence towards England, or any other of our, + or foreign Dominions, by Imposition of Penalties, Imprisonment, or any + other Punishment: Yea, if it shall be needful, and the Quality of the + Offence require it, by taking away Member and Life, either by them, the + said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of + Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir + John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, and their Heirs, or by them or + their Deputies, Lieutenants, Judges, Justices, Magistrates, or Officers + whatsoever, as well within the said Province, as at Sea, in such Manner + and Form, as unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of + Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord + Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, + and their Heirs, shall seem most convenient: Also, to remit, release, + pardon and abolish, whether before Judgment or after, all Crimes and + Offences whatsoever, against the said Laws; and to do all and every other + Thing and Things, which unto the compleat Establishment of Justice, unto + Courts, Sessions and Forms of Judicature, and Manners of proceedings + therein, do belong, altho' in these Presents, express Mention is not made + thereof; and by Judges, to him or them delegated to award, process, hold + Please, and determine in all the said Courts and Places of Judicature, all + Actions, Suits and Causes whatsoever, as well criminal as civil, real, + mixt, personal, or of any other Kind or Nature whatsoever: Which Laws so + as aforesaid, to be published, Our Pleasure is, and We do enjoyn, require + and command, shall be absolutely firm and available in Law; and that all + the Leige People of Us, our Heirs and Successors, within the said Province + or Territory, do observe and keep the same inviolably in those Parts, so + far as they concern them, under the Pains and Penalties therein expressed; + or to be expressed; provided nevertheless, that the said Laws be consonant + to Reason, and as near as may be conveniently, agreeable to the Laws and + Customs of this our Realm of England. + </p> + <p> + And because such Assemblies of Free-holders cannot be so suddenly called, + as there may be Occasion to require the same; We do therefore by these + Presents, give and grant unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George + Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony + Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William + Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, by themselves or their Magistrates in + that Behalf, lawfully authorized, full Power and Authority from Time to + Time, to make and ordain fit and wholsome Orders and Ordinances, within + the Province or Territory aforesaid, or any County, Barony or Province, of + or within the same, to be kept and observed, as well for the keeping of + the Peace, as for the better Government of the People there abiding, and + to publish the same to all to whom it may concern: Which Ordinances we do, + by these Presents, streightly charge and command to be inviolably observed + within the same Province, Counties, Territories, Baronies, and Provinces, + under the Penalties therein expressed; so as such Ordinances be reasonable + and not repugnant or contrary, but as near as may be agreeable to the Laws + and Statutes of this our Kingdom of England; and so as the same Ordinances + do not extend to the binding, charging or taking away of the Right or + Interest of any Person or Persons, in their freehold Goods, or Chattels, + whatsoever. + </p> + <p> + And to the end the said Province or Territory, may be the more happily + encreased by the Multitude of People resorting thither, and may likewise + be the more strongly defended from the Incursions of Savages and other + Enemies, Pirates, and Robbers. + </p> + <p> + Therefore, We for Us, Our Heirs and Successors, do give and grant by these + Presents, Power, License and Liberty unto all the Leige People of Us, our + Heirs and Successors in our Kingdom of England, or elsewhere, within any + other our Dominions, Islands, Colonies or Plantations; (excepting those + who shall be especially forbidden) to transport themselves and Families + into the said Province or Territory, with convenient Shipping, and fitting + Provisions; and there to settle themselves, dwell and inhabit, any Law, + Act, Statute, Ordinance, or other Thing to the contrary in any wise, + notwithstanding. + </p> + <p> + And we will also, and of Our especial Grace, for Us, our Heirs and + Successors, do streightly enjoyn, ordain, constitute and demand, That the + said Province or Territory, shall be of our Allegiance; and that all and + singular, the Subjects and Leige People of Us, our Heirs and Successors, + transported, or to be transported into the said Province, and the Children + of them, and such as shall descend from them, there born, or hereafter to + be born, be, and shall be Denizens and Lieges of Us, our Heirs and + Successors of this our Kingdom of England, and be in all Things, held, + treated and reputed as the Liege faithful People of Us, our Heirs and + Successors, born within this our said Kingdom, or any other of our + Dominions; and may inherit, or otherwise purchase and receive, take, hold, + buy and possess any Lands, Tenements or Hereditaments, within the said + Places, and them may occupy, and enjoy, sell, alien and bequeath; as + likewise, all Liberties, Franchises and Privileges of this our Kingdom, + and of other our Dominions aforesaid, may freely and quietly have, possess + and enjoy, as our Liege People born within the same, without the + Molestation, Vexation, Trouble or Grievance of Us, Our Heirs and + Successors, any Act, Statute, Ordinance, or Provision to the contrary, + notwithstanding. + </p> + <p> + And furthermore, That Our Subjects of this Our said Kingdom of England, + and other our Dominions, may be the rather encouraged to undertake this + Expedition, with ready and chearful Minds; Know Ye, That We, of Our + especial Grace, certain Knowledge and meer Motion, do give and grant, by + virtue of these Presents, as well to the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, + George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, + Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir + William Berkeley, and their Heirs, as unto all others as shall, from time + to time, repair unto the said Province or Territory, with a Purpose to + inhabit there, or to trade with the Natives thereof; Full Liberty and + License to lade and freight in every Port whatsoever, of Us, our Heirs and + Successors; and into the said Province of Carolina, by them, their + Servants and Assigns, to transport all and singular, their Goods, Wares + and Merchandizes; as likewise, all sort of Grain whatsoever, and any other + Thing whatsoever, necessary for their Food and Cloathing, not prohibited + by the Laws and Statutes of our Kingdom and Dominions, to be carried out + of the same, without any Lett or Molestation of Us, our Heirs and + Successors, or of any other our Officers or Ministers whatsoever; saving + also to Us, our Heirs and Successors, the Customs, and other Duties and + Payments due for the said Wares and Merchandizes, according to the several + Rates of the Place from whence the same shall be transported. + </p> + <p> + We will also, and by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs and Successors, do + give and grant License by this our Charter, unto the said Edward Earl of + Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord + Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, + and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, and to all the + Inhabitants and Dwellers in the Province or Territory aforesaid, both + present and to come, full Power and Authority to import or unlade by + themselves, or their Servants, Factors or Assigns, all Merchandizes and + Goods whatsoever, that shall arise of the Fruits and Commodities of the + said Province or Territory, either by Land or Sea, into any the Ports of + Us, our Heirs and Successors, in our Kingdom of Engl. Scotl. or Ireland, + or otherwise, to dispose of the said Goods, in the said Ports. And if need + be, within one year next after the unlading, to lade the said Merchandizes + and Goods again in the same, or other Ships; and to export the same into + any other Countries, either of our Dominions or foreign, being in Amity + with Us, our Heirs and Successors, so as they pay such Customs, Subsidies + and other Duties for the same to Us, our Heirs and Successors, as the rest + of our Subjects of this our Kingdom, for the Time being, shall be bound to + pay. Beyond which We will not that the Inhabitants of the said Province or + Territory, shall be any ways charged. Provided, nevertheless, and our Will + and Pleasure is, and we have further, for the Considerations aforesaid, of + our special Grace, certain Knowledge and meer Motion, given and granted, + and by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs and Successors, do give and grant + unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William + Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George + Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and + Assigns, full and free License, Liberty, Power and Authority, at any Time + or Times, from and after the Feast of St. Michael the Arch-Angel, which + shall be in the Year of our Lord Christ, One Thousand, Six Hundred, Sixty + and Seven; as well to import and bring into any our Dominions from the + said Province of Carolina, or any Part thereof, the several Goods and + Commodities herein after mentioned; That is to say, Silks, Wines, + Currants, Raisons, Capers, Wax, Almonds, Oil and Olives, without paying or + answering to Us, our Heirs and Successors, any Custom, Impost, or other + Duty, for, or in respect thereof, for and during the Time and Space of + Seven Years to commence and be accompted from and after the first + Importation of Four Tons of any the said Goods, in any one Bottom Ship or + Vessel, from the said Province or Territory, into any of our Dominions; as + also, to export and carry out of any of our Dominions into the said + Province or Territory, Custom-free, all sorts of Tools, which shall be + useful or necessary for the Planters there, in the Accommodation and + Improvement of the Premises, any thing before in these Presents contained, + or any Law, Act, Statute, Prohibition, or other Matter or Thing, + heretofore had, made, enacted or provided, or hereafter to be had, made, + enacted or provided, in any wise notwithstanding. + </p> + <p> + And furthermore, of our more ample and especial Grace, certain Knowledge + and meer Motion, We do for Us, our Heirs and Successors, grant unto the + said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of + Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir + John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, full and + absolute Power and Authority to make, erect and constitute within the said + Province or Territory, and the Isles and Islets aforesaid, such and so + many Sea-Ports, Harbours, Creeks and other Places for discharge and + unlading of Goods and Merchandizes out of Ships, Boats, and other Vessels, + and for lading of them in such and so many Places, as with such + Jurisdictions, Privileges and Franchises, unto the said Ports belonging, + as to them shall seem most expedient; And that all and singular, the + Ships, Boats and other Vessels, which shall come for Merchandizes, and + trade into the said Province or Territory, or shall depart out of the + same, shall be laden and unladen at such Ports only, as shall be erected + and constituted by the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of + Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord + Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, + their Heirs and Assigns, and not elsewhere, any Use, Custom, or any thing + to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding. + </p> + <p> + And we do furthermore will, appoint and ordain, and by these Presents, for + Us, our Heirs and Successors, do grant unto the said Edward Earl of + Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord + Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton and + Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, That they the said Edward + Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John + Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John + Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, may from Time + to Time, for ever, have and enjoy the Customs and Subsidies in the Ports, + Harbours, Creeks and other Places, within the Province aforesaid, payable + for the Goods, Merchandizes and Wares there laded, or to be laded or + unladed, the said Customs to be reasonably assessed upon any Occasion by + themselves, and by and with the Consent of the free People, or the greater + Part of them, as aforesaid; to whom We give Power by these Presents, for + Us, our Heirs and Successors, upon just Cause and in a due Proportion to + assess and impose the same. + </p> + <p> + And further, of our especial Grace, certain Knowledge and meer Motion, we + have given, granted and confirmed, and by these Presents, for Us, our + Heirs and Successors, do give, grant and confirm unto the said Edward Earl + of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord + Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, + and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, full and absolute + Power, License and Authority, that they the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, + George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, + Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir + William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, from Time to Time, hereafter + for ever, at his and their Will and Pleasure, may assign, alien, grant, + demise or enfeoff the Premises or any Part or Parcel thereof to him or + them, that shall be willing to purchase the same; and to such Person and + Persons, as they shall think fit, to have, and to hold to them the said + Person or Persons, their Heirs and Assigns, in Fee simple or in Fee Tayle, + or for the Term of Life or Lives, or Years to be held of them, the said + Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of + Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir + John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, by such + Rents, Services and Customs, as shall seem fit to them the said Edward + Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John + Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John + Colleton, and William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, and not of Us, + our Heirs and Successors: And to the same Person and Persons, and to all + and every of them, We do give and grant by these Presents, for Us, our + Heirs and Successors, License, Authority and Power, that such Person or + Persons, may have and take the Premises, or any Parcel thereof, of the + said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of + Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir + John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, and the + same to hold to themselves, their Heirs or Assigns, in what Estate of + Inheritance soever, in Fee simple, or in Fee Tayle, or otherwise, as to + them the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William + Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George + Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and + Assigns, shall seem expedient; The Statute in the Parliament of Edward, + Son of King Henry, heretofore King of England, our Predecessor, commonly + called, The Statute of Quia Emptores Terrar; or any other Statute, Act, + Ordinance, Use, Law, Custom, any other Matter, Cause or Thing heretofore + published or provided to the contrary, in any wise notwithstanding. + </p> + <p> + And because many Persons born and inhabiting in the said Province for + their Deserts and Services may expect, and be capable of Marks of Honour + and Favour, which, in respect of the great Distance cannot conveniently be + conferred by Us; our Will and Pleasure therefore is, and We do by these + Presents, give and grant unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George + Duke of Albemarle, William Lord Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord + Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, + their Heirs and Assigns, full Power and Authority to give and confer unto, + and upon such of the Inhabitants of the said Province, or Territory, as + they shall think, do, or shall merit the same, such Marks of Favour, and + Titles of Honour, as they shall think fit, so as their Titles of Honours + be not the same as are enjoyed by, or conferred upon any of the Subjects + of this Our Kingdom of England. + </p> + <p> + And further also, We do by these Presents, for Us, Our Heirs and + Successors, give and Grant, License to them the Edward Earl of Clarendon, + George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, + Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton and Sir + William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, full Power, Liberty and + License, to Erect, Raise and Build within the said Province and Places + aforesaid, or any Part or Parts thereof, such and so many Forts, + Fortresses, Castles, Cities, Boroughs, Towns, Villages and other + Fortifications whatsoever; and the same or any of them to Fortify and + Furnish with Ordnance, Powder, Shot, Armour and all other Weapons, + Ammunition and Habiliments of War, both Defensive and Offensive, as shall + be thought fit and convenient for the Safety and Welfare of the said + Province, and Places, or any Part thereof; and the same, or any of them, + from Time to Time, as Occasion shall require, to Dismantle, Disfurnish, + Demolish and Pull down; And also to Place, Constitute and Appoint in, or + over all, or any of the said Castles, Forts, Fortifications, Cities, Towns + and Places aforesaid, Governours, Deputy Governours, Magistrates, Sheriffs + and other Officers, Civil and Military, as to them shall seem meet; and to + the said Cities, Boroughs, Towns, Villages, or any other Place or Places, + within the said Province or Territory, to Grant Letters or Charters of + Incorporation, with all Liberties, Franchises and Privileges requisite, or + usual, to, or within this our Kingdom of England granted, or belonging; + And in the same Cities, Boroughs, Towns and other Places, to Constitute, + Erect and Appoint such, and so many Markets, Marts and Fairs as shall in + that Behalf be thought fit and necessary; And further also, to Erect and + Make in the Province or Territory aforesaid, or any Part thereof, so many + Mannors with such Signories as to them shall seem meet and convenient, and + in every of the same Mannors to have and to hold a Court-Baron, with all + Things whatsoever, which to a Court-Baron do belong, and to have and to + hold Views of Frank Pledge, and Court-Leet, for the Conservation of the + Peace, and better Government of those Parts, with such Limits, + Jurisdiction and Precincts, as by the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, + George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, + Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir + William Berkeley, or their Heirs, shall be appointed for that purpose, + with all things whatsoever, which to a Court-Leet, or view of Franck + Pledge, do belong; the same Courts to be holden by Stewards, to be Deputed + and Authorized by the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of + Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord + Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, + or their Heirs, by the Lords of the Mannors and Leets, for the Time being, + when the same shall be Erected. + </p> + <p> + And because that in so remote a Country, and Situate among so many + Barbarous Nations, the Invasions as well of Savages as other Enemies, + Pirates, and Robbers may probably be feared; Therefore We have Given, and + for Us, Our Heirs and Successors do give Power by these Presents, unto the + said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of + Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir + John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs or Assigns by + themselves, or their Captains, or their Officers to Levy, Muster and Train + up all sorts of Men, of what Condition soever, or wheresoever Born, + whether in the said Province, or elsewhere, for the Time being; and to + make War and pursue the Enemies aforesaid, as well by Sea, as by Land; + yea, even without the Limits of the said Province, and by God's + Assistance, to Vanquish and Take them, and being Taken, to put them to + Death by the Law of War, and to save them at their Pleasure; And to do all + and every other thing, which to the Charge and Office of a Captain General + of an Army belongeth, or hath accustomed to belong, as fully and freely as + any Captain General of an Army hath had the same. + </p> + <p> + Also, Our Will and Pleasure is, and by this Our Charter, We do give and + grant unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, + William Lord Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George + Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and + Assigns, full Power, Liberty and Authority, in Case of Rebellion, Tumult, + or Sedition (if any should happen, which God forbid) either upon the Land + within the Province aforesaid, or upon the main Sea, in making a Voyage + thither, or returning from thence, by him and themselves, their Captains, + Deputies or Officers, to be authorized under his or their Seals, for that + purpose: To whom also for Us, our Heirs and Successors, We do give and + grant by these Presents, full Power and Authority to exercise Martial Law + against mutinous and seditious Persons of those Parts; such as shall + refuse to submit themselves to their Government, or shall refuse to serve + in the Wars, or shall fly to the Enemy, or forsake their Colours or + Ensigns, or be Loiterers or Stragglers, or otherwise howsoever offending + against Law, Custom, or Military Discipline, as freely, and in as ample + Manner and Form as any Captain General of an Army, by virtue of his + Office, might, or hath accustomed to use the same. + </p> + <p> + And Our further Pleasure is, and by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs and + Successors, We do grant unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George + Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony + Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William + Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, and to the Tenants and Inhabitants of + the said Province, or Territory, both present and to come, and to every of + them, that the said Province, or Territory, and the Tenants and + Inhabitants thereof, shall not from henceforth, be held or reputed any + Member, or Part of any Colony whatsoever, in America or elsewhere, now + transported or made, or hereafter to be transported or made; nor shall be + depending on, or subject to their Government in any Thing, but be + absolutely separated and divided from the same: And our Pleasure is, by + these Presents, That they may be separated, and that they be subject + immediately to our Crown of England, as depending thereof for ever. And + that the Inhabitants of the said Province or Territory, or any of them, + shall at any Time hereafter, be compelled or compellible, or be any ways + subject, or liable to appear or answer to any Matter, Suit, Cause, or + Plaint whatsoever, out of the Province or Territory aforesaid, in any + other of our Islands, Colonies or Dominions in America, or elsewhere, + other than in our Realm of England and Dominion of Wales. + </p> + <p> + And because it may happen, That some of the People and Inhabitants of the + said Province, cannot in their private Opinions conform to the Publick + Exercise of Religion according to the Liturgy, Forms and Ceremonies of the + Church of England, or take or subscribe the Oaths and Articles made and + established in that Behalf: And for that the same, by reason of the remote + Distances of those Places, will, as we hope, be no Breach of the Unity, + and Conformity, Established in this Nation; Our Will and Pleasure + therefore is, and We do by these Presents for Us, Our Heirs, and + Successors, Give and Grant unto the said Edward Earl of Clarendon, George + Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony + Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William + Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, full and free Licence, Liberty and + Authority, by such Ways and Means as they shall think fit, To Give and + Grant unto such Person and Persons, Inhabiting, and being within the said + Province or Territory, hereby or by the said recited Letters Patents, + mentioned to be granted as aforesaid, or any Part thereof, such + Indulgencies and Dispensations, in that Behalf, for, and during such Time + and Times, and with such Limitations and Restrictions, as they the said + Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of + Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir + John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs, or Assigns, shall in + their Discretion think fit and reasonable. And that no Person or Persons, + unto whom such Liberty shall be given, shall be any way molested, + punished, disquieted, or called in question for any Differences in Opinion + or Practice, in Matters of Religious Concernment, who do not actually + disturb the civil Peace of the Province, County or Colony, that they shall + make their abode in. But all and every such Person and Persons, may from + Time to Time, and at all Times, freely and quietly have and enjoy his and + their Judgment and Consciences, in Matters of Religion, throughout all the + said Province, or Colony, they behaving themselves peaceably, and not + using this Liberty to Licentiousness, nor to the Civil Injury or outward + Disturbance of others. Any Law, Statute or Clause contained, or to be + contained, Usage or Customs of our Realm of England to the contrary hereof + in any wise, notwithstanding. + </p> + <p> + And in Case it shall happen, that any Doubts or Questions should arise + concerning the True Sense and Understanding of any Word, Clause, or + Sentence, contained in this Our present Charter, We Will, Ordain, and + Command, that at all Times, and in all Things, such Interpretations be + made thereof, and allow'd in all and every of Our Courts whatsoever, as + Lawfully may be Adjudged most Advantageous and Favourable to the said + Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of + Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carterett, Sir + John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Assigns, although + Express Mention, &c. + </p> + <p> + Witness our Self at Westminster, the Thirtieth Day of June, in the + Seventeenth Year of our Reign. + </p> + <h3> + PER IPSUM REGEM. + </h3> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0020" id="link2H_4_0020"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + An ABSTRACT of the CONSTITUTION of CAROLINA. + </h2> + <p> + As to the Government of Carolina, the Laws of England are there in Force; + yet the Lords-Proprietors, by their Deputies, have Power, with the Consent + of the Inhabitants, to make By-Laws for the better Government of the said + Province; so that no Law can be made, or Money rais'd, unless the + Inhabitants, or their Representatives, consent thereto: One Law which they + have in South-Carolina deserves particular Mention, which is, their Method + of chusing Juries, it being done by making a considerable Number of + Paper-Billets, on which are written the Names of as many of the most + substantial Freeholders. These Billets are put into a Hat, out of which + Twenty-four are chosen by the next Child that appears. Then, out of those + Twenty-four, Twelve are chosen at the next Court, after the same manner; + which is an infallible way to prevent all Manner of Fraud. + </p> + <p> + North and South-Carolina Settlements are distant from one another some + hundreds of Miles; so that Necessity compels each Colony to keep to + themselves, a Governour, Council and Assembly. The Governor represents the + Lord-Palatine; the rest of the Counsellors are the Lord-Deputies; who, of + themselves, make a Palatines Court, and a Court of Chancery; wherein they + pass several Orders of Council, much of the Nature of the Prince's + Proclamation; which continues no longer in Force, than the next Assembly. + Likewise, they grant several sorts of Commissions, Warrants, &c. yet + Military Commissions lie wholly in the Governor's Power; but Making of War + or Peace, in all, or the Majority of the Lords-Deputies; by whom (the + Governor being one) it is determin'd, and by whose Commissions all other + Magistrates act. On these Heads they have settled, and maintain an + admirable Constitution of Government, for the lasting Peace, Security, and + Well-being of all the Inhabitants. The way of any ones taking up his Land + in Carolina, due to him either by Purchasing it of the Lords Proprietors + here in England, who keep their Board at Craven-House in Drury-Lane, + London, the first Thursday in every Month; or if purchas'd in Carolina, is + after this manner: He first looks out for a Place to his Mind, that is not + already possess'd by any other; then applies himself to the Governor and + Lords Proprietors Deputies, and shews what Right he hath to such a Tract + of Land, either by Purchase of the Lords in England, or by an Entry in the + Surveyor-General's Office, in order to purchase of the Governor and Lords + Deputies there in Carolina, who thereupon issue out their Warrant-Land as + is due to him. Who making Certificate, that he had measured out so much + Land and the Bounds, a Deed is prepared of Course, by the Secretary, which + is sign'd by the Governor and the Lords Proprietors Deputies, and the + Proprietors Seal affix'd to it, and register'd in the Secretaries Office, + which is a good Coveyance in Law of the Land therein mention'd, to the + Party and his Heirs for ever. + </p> + <p> + Thus have I given you as large and exact an Account of Carolina, as the + Discovery of so few Years (in this great and extensive Land) would permit. + Which flourishing Country will, doubtless, in time, increase the Number of + its Productions, and afford us plentifully those Necessaries and rich + Commodities, which the Streights, Turky and other Countries supply us + withal at present, and not seldom in their own Shipping; whereas, were + those Merchandizes the Produce of an English Plantation, and brought us + home by our own Hands and Bottoms, of what Advantage such an Improvement + would be to the Crown of Great-Britain, and the People in general, I leave + to Men of Reason and Experience to judge. I do intend (if God permit) by + future Voyages (after my Arrival in Carolina) to pierce into the Body of + the Continent, and what Discoveries and Observations I shall, at any time + hereafter, make, will be communicated to my Correspondents in England, to + be publish'd, having furnish'd myself with Instruments and other + Necessaries for such Voyages. + </p> + <p> + For the better Understanding of this Country, I have already drawn a very + large and exact Map thereof, as far as any Discoveries have been yet made, + either by others or my self, and have spared neither Cost nor Pains, to + procure the most correct Maps and Journals thereof, that are extant in + Print, or in Manuscript. This Map containing nine Sheets of Imperial + Paper, and now fit for engraving, begins at Cape Henry in Virginia, 37 + deg. N. Lat. and contains all the Coasts of Carolina, or Florida, with the + Bahama Islands, great Part of the Bay of Mexico, and the Island of Cuba, + to the Southward, and several Degrees to the Westward of the Messiasippi + River, with all the Indian Nations and Villages, and their Numbers, which + of them are subject to Carolina, and trade with their People, what Places + are convenient Factories and Forts, to increase and secure our Trade on + the Messiasippi, and what Forts and Factories the French and Spaniards + have gain'd in those Latitudes, especially on the great River and the + Neighbouring Streams; all which they illegally possess, since the very + Mouth of the River Messiasippi is in the King of England's Grant to the + Lords Proprietors of Carolina, it falling something to the Northward of 29 + Degr. North Lat. whose Claim and Right I question not, but a Peace will + adjust, and restore, which every Englishman is bound in Duty and Interest, + to wish for; if we consider how advantageously they have seated + themselves, whereby to disturb the Peace and Interest of all the English + Plantations on the Continent of America. + </p> + <h3> + FINIS. + </h3> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0021" id="link2H_4_0021"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + ORIGINAL ADVERTISEMENT, INCLUDED FOR HISTORICAL CONTEXT. + </h2> + <p> + Lately publish'd, in the Collections for December, January, February, and + March, + </p> + <p> + The Discovery and Conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands; + containing their History, Ancient and Modern, Natural and Political: Their + Description, Product, Religion, Government, Laws, Languages, Customs, + Manners, Habits, Shape, and Inclinations of the Natives. With an Account + of many other adjacent Islands, and several remarkable Voyages through the + Streights of Magellan, and in other Parts. Written in Spanish by + Bartholomew Leonardo Argensola, Chaplain to the Empress, and Rector of + Villahermosa. Now translated into English; and illustrated with a Map and + several Cuts. + </p> + <p> + [End of Original Advertisement. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0022" id="link2H_4_0022"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES TO ETEXT: + </h2> + <p> + This book was originally published in London in 1709. This text follows + the original spellings, which are somewhat irregular, though still quite + readable. + </p> + <p> + A footnote from William Gilmore Simms' "Life of Francis Marion" (online): + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Lawson's "Journal of a Thousand Miles' Travel among the Indians, + from South to North Carolina", is a work equally rare and interesting. + This unfortunate man fell a victim to his official duties. + He was confounded, by the savages, with the government which he represented, + and sacrificed to their fury, under the charge of depriving them, + by his surveys, of their land. He was made captive + with the Baron de Graffenreid. The latter escaped, + but Lawson was subjected to the fire-torture. +</pre> + <p> + Simms, however, was never a stickler for details. Other accounts differ as + to John Lawson's exact fate, and no one is sure how he died. + </p> + <p> + Mike Lawson, (MIKE<i>LAWSON@intertec.com, http://www.mixbooks.com), a + direct descendant of the author, contacted me while I was working on + putting this book online, and sent me some interesting information, which + is summarized below. Baron de Graffenreid = Degraffenreid, etc. </i> + </p> + <p> + From about 1705 to 1708 John Lawson had lived in Bath Town, NC, where his + primary interests were his orchards and vines. When he went to England to + have his book published, he was "called upon by the Lord Proprietors to + assist DeGraffenreid" who was trying to settle a colony of Palatines in + North Carolina. Franz Louis Michel, of Bern, Switzerland, (Lawson refers + to him as Francis-Louis Mitchell) had come to America in 1702, and + discovered evidence of silver in the mountains. He returned to Europe to + start a company to found a colony in America, and met Degraffenreid, who + had similar plans, and had already contracted with the city of Bern to + remove some Anabaptists to America — they formed a partnership, and + intended to search for silver. After the course of events which included + John Lawson's death and a massacre of these colonists, they had a falling + out, and that plan never came off. + </p> + <p> + According to De Graffenreid, some days before the New Bern massacre John + Lawson proposed that they go up the Neuse River, where there were plenty + of wild grapes. They were assured "that no savages lived on that branch of + the river. But to feel safer we took two Indians to guide, which we knew + well, with two negroes to row." Two days out, near the village of Coram, + they were overtaken by a large number of Tuscaroras, and captured. + </p> + <p> + There was a trial of sorts, where their intentions were examined, and Mr. + Lawson was charged with being too severe, and for selling their land. + After a lengthy debate, it was decided that they should be released the + next day, but the following morning, one Cor Tom reproached Mr. Lawson, + and they quarrelled. "I made every effort to get Lawson to quit + quarrelling. I did not succeed. All at once three or four Indians fell + upon us in a furious manner. . . . They took our hats and periwigs and + threw them into the fire, and a council of war being held we were + immediately sentenced to death." One of the Indians, a relation of King + Taylor, from whom De Graffenreid had bought the land for New Bern, + appealed in his behalf. "The Indians whispered in my ear that I had + nothing to fear, but that Lawson would die, what affected me much. They + also liberated my negro, but I never saw him since. . . . As to his death, + I know nothing. Some said he was hung, some said he was burnt. The Indians + kept that execution very secret." + </p> + <p> + The Tuscaroras then informed De Graffenreid that they were going to war, + but would not harm Chattooka (New Bern), but that the people of New Bern + ought to stay in the town — unfortunately, there was no way to + inform the people of New Bern. Several days later prisoners were brought + back, and De Graffenreid tells of recognizing some of them as his tenants, + including a boy who reported that his whole family had been killed. After + six weeks imprisonment at Catechna, he was released, and returned to New + Bern, where the people were surprised to find him alive. + </p> + <p> + (The relevant passages from De Graffenreid's journal were printed in the + North Carolina Booklet, Vol. I, No. 2, June 10, 1901, `Colonial New Bern', + by Mrs. Sara Beaumont Kennedy, pp. 7-13. Issued by the North Carolina + Society of the Daughters of the Revolution. Raleigh: Capital Printing + Company, 1901.) + </p> + <p> + Due to the age of this book, there are a number of nonstandard spellings, + and the font used in the original, with the s's much like f's, has surely + led to an error or two in the transcription, though every effort was made + to minimize this factor. The standards of printing at the time were also + somewhat low, and combine all this with those instances where Indian names + and words are given, and some of the material is doubtless inaccurate + — though Lawson's comments on zoology should make that quite clear. + Nonetheless, this account remains one of our best sources for information + on the Indians of North Carolina in and about the year 1700. + </p> + <p> + Sidenotes, throughout, are presented in squiggly brackets. + </p> + <p class="side"> + As here. + </p> + <p> + Where the sidenote precedes a paragraph, it is given on a separate line. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0023" id="link2H_4_0023"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CORRECTIONS + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 11) +[ and become Cripples all ther Life-time; ] + changed to: +[ and become Cripples all their Life-time; ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 13) +[ to satisfy the Apppetite of the Rich alone. ] + changed to: +[ to satisfy the Appetite of the Rich alone. ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 14) +[ so we got that Night to Mons. Gallian's the elder, ] + changed to: +[ so we got that Night to Mons. Galliar's the elder, ] + As the difference between "n" and "r" is significant, + other evidence (William Dobein James) suggests the real name was Gaillard, + and "Mons. Galliar's, jun'," is mentioned on the next page. + + (In giving the background of Marion, in his "Life of Gen. Francis Marion", + Judge William Dobein James quotes from "A New Voyage to Carolina", + and in his footnotes gives some additional commentary on the area + in relation to Lawson's description. This text is online.) +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 19) +[ which was s Parrade of all Nations, ] + changed to: +[ which was a Parrade of all Nations, ] + and: +[ most Natious of the known World. ] + changed to: +[ most Nations of the known World. ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 21) +[ about it is hung Gourds Feathers, and other such like Trophies, ] + changed to: +[ about it is hung Gourds, Feathers, and other such like Trophies, ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p.28) +[ for tho' this most bears a Seed in a Sort of a small Cod, ] + changed to: +[ for tho' this Moss bears a Seed in a Sort of a small Cod, ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 44) +[ the Sinnagers, or Troquois. ] + changed to: +[ the Sinnagers, or Iroquois. ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 47-48) +[ At that, time these Toteros Saponas, and the Keyauwees, ] + changed to: +[ At that time these Toteros, Saponas, and the Keyauwees, ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 73) +[ on the 6th of February, 166(3/4) came to an Anchor ] + changed to: +[ on the 6th of February, 1664, came to an Anchor ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 75) +[ to more Certainty, and greater Anvantage; whereby they might arrive ] + changed to: +[ to more Certainty, and greater Advantage; whereby they might arrive ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 80) +[ to leave the more Northerly Platations, and sit down under ] + changed to: +[ to leave the more Northerly Plantations, and sit down under ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 87) +[ In the Year 1707. we had the severest Winter ] + changed to: +[ In the Year 1707, we had the severest Winter ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 91) +[ and dry it in the Sun. to keep for Use. ] + changed to: +[ and dry it in the Sun to keep for Use. ] +</pre> + <p> + (p. 111) [ + </p> + <p class="side"> + Plum. + </p> + <p> + ] inserted before: [Damson, Damazeen, and a large round black Plum are all + I have met withal ] (This follows the paragraph on Apricots ["Apricock"], + and the absence of this or similar side-note seems to be accidental.) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 118) +[ This Beast is the greatast Enemy to the Planter, ] + changed to: +[ This Beast is the greatest Enemy to the Planter, ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 120) +[ There Fore-Feet are open, like a Dog's; ] + changed to: +[ Their Fore-Feet are open, like a Dog's; ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 120) +[ great Gust in September. 1700. brought ] + changed to: +[ great Gust in September, 1700. brought ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 134) +[ and make Euquiries therein, when, at least, ] + changed to: +[ and make Enquiries therein, when, at least, ] + (the ol' upside-down "n" error.) +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 136) + (from the list of Water Fowl) +[ Whifflers. ] + changed to: +[ Whistlers. ] + (in accordance with the text about them that follows.) +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 137) + (from the list of Water Fowl) +[ Men. ] + changed to: +[ Mew. ] + (in accordance with the text about them that follows.) +</pre> + <p> + (p. 151) [ + </p> + <p class="side"> + Swaddle-Bills. + </p> + <p> + ] inserted before: [ Swaddle-Bills are a sort of an ash-colour'd Duck, ] + (This follows the paragraph on Tutcocks, precedes that on Mew, and the + absence of this or similar side-note seems to be accidental.) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 165) +[ although their be Water enough for as large Ships ] + changed to: +[ although there be Water enough for as large Ships ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 189) +[ Their Remedies area great Cause of this Easiness ] + changed to: +[ Their Remedies are a great Cause of this Easiness ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 194) +[ and so strung, as Beds are, and a Cubit ] + changed to: +[ and so strung, as Beads are, and a Cubit ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 203) +[ that is common amongst them, If they are caught in theft ] + changed to: +[ that is common amongst them. If they are caught in theft ] +</pre> + <p> + In "An Account of the Indians of North-Carolina", the side-notes do not + always perfectly match the text in the original. In this edition, an + attempt has been made to match them to the relevent text. The most notable + changes are: + </p> + <p> + p. 204, side note + </p> + <p class="side"> + Get Fire. + </p> + <p> + has been omitted, as at the end of p. 203 there is the note + </p> + <p class="side"> + Get Fire how. + </p> + <p> + which refers to the same text, which is only broken by the turn of a page. + The second note appears to serve no other purpose than continuity, which + is no longer needed. + </p> + <p> + p. 207, the side note + </p> + <p class="side"> + Moss Match. + </p> + <p> + actually refers to text that begins at the end of p. 206, and in this + edition the side note has been inserted at the beginning of the relevant + text. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 208) +[ others (where they find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpose, ] + changed to: +[ others (where they find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpose) ] + (Closing parenthesis was missing.) +</pre> + <p> + (pp. 212-213) Throughout the book, a curious device is used — at the + end of each page, on a separate line, and right-justified, appears the + first word of the next page. This does not generally need comment, but at + the junction of pages 212 and 213, an error occurs, in that at the bottom + of page 212 the next-word-to-come is given as "being", but the first word + on page 213 is "because". The latter is retained, and the former omitted, + as seeming best to fit the context. It is a possibility that both should + have been retained, i.e., "being because". + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 214) +[ is a great Man or hath good Frieds, the Doctor is sent for. ] + changed to: +[ is a great Man or hath good Friends, the Doctor is sent for. ] + also: +[ keeps sucking. till he has got a great Quaatity of very ] + changed to: +[ keeps sucking, till he has got a great Quantity of very ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 220) +[ girded him as hard for a great while) as if he had ] + changed to: +[ girded him as hard for a great while, as if he had ] + (No opening parenthesis.) +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 226) +[ Mif-kis-'su ] + changed to: +[ Mis-kis-'su ] + as Lawson notes the Indian languages have no "f" sound, + and the old `s' and `f' are very similar in shape. +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 227) + (In the Dictionary of Indian terms, the translations for "Minx" [Mink]) +[ Min ] + changed to: +[ Minx ] + (in accordance with context and the preferred spelling in the text) +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 231) +[ settled America so easily, at they have done, ] + changed to: +[ settled America so easily, as they have done, ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 246) +[ into any other Countries, either of our Dominins or foreign, ] + changed to: +[ into any other Countries, either of our Dominions or foreign, ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 248) +[ such Ports only, as shall be erected and constitued by the said ] + changed to: +[ such Ports only, as shall be erected and constituted by the said ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 253) +[ To Give and Grant unto such Person any Persons, Inhabiting, ] + changed to: +[ To Give and Grant unto such Person and Persons, Inhabiting, ] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +(p. 257) +[ to the Westward of of the Messiasippi River, ] + changed to: +[ to the Westward of the Messiasippi River, ] +</pre> + <p> + I am unable to match all of Lawson's spellings with modern versions, + especially when it comes to the names of people, places, and tribes. + </p> + <p> + However, quite likely: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Tuscarora: Tuskeruro, and probably Turkeiruro also. + Roanoke: Ronoack. + Neuse River: Neus-River. + Falls-of-Neuse (north of Raleigh): Falls of Neus-Creek. + Deep River: Sapona-River (possible — given as the West Branch of Cape Fair). + Cape Fear: Cape Fair. + Haw River: Hau River. + Congaree: Congeree + Wateree: Waterree + Catawba: Kadapau (possible — the location seems correct) + Waxhaw: Waxsaw + Seneca: Sinnager +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +"Rocky-River" is probably still "Rocky River", but there are two by that name + in North Carolina, and the one in question is doubtless the larger one, + situated between Haw River and Deep River. +</pre> + <p> + Other non-standard spellings follow, but first some notes on how + nonstandard items were handled in the text: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1. It seems as if "off" is occasionally spelled "of", + but almost always in conjunction with "far" or the like: + i.e., "not far of", "when farthest of". On p. 128, "when cut of" + may also be an example. In all these examples, though, + "of" *could* be the correct word, if used in the sense of "from". + If is difficult to ascertain if the difference is spelling or usage. + 2. Where modern English would always use "than", Lawson sometimes + uses "that". This instance is repeated, so it is not conclusively + an error. One example is on p. 119, "larger that a Panther". + 3. Abbreviated words often end with an apostrophe, rather than a period, + which is now the standard. "Through" is usually abbreviated as "thro'". + 4. Italics have been kept throughout, with these notable exceptions: + in the original, every case of "&c." was italicized; + the side-notes were entirely italicized, except those words + generally italicized in the text, which were rendered in normal type — + this has been reversed. (Where "&c." appeared in an italicized section, + it was presented in normal type. This too was ignored.) + 5. Printing was not as exact an art in 1709 as it is now, + and this should be kept in mind throughout the text. + As spelling was also not as standardized as it is now, + it is difficult to tell sometimes whether a word has an old spelling, + has a typographical error, or refers to something entirely different + from what the first impression would suggest. In addition to this, + there is a problem of battered type, which seems especially common + in italic text — which, unfortunately, is commonly used here + for words in Indian languages, which makes reading the text + extremely difficult at times. And even without broken type, + as in Lawson's dictionary entry for "A Rundlet" (perhaps a Roundlet, + a small round object?) he gives `Ynpyupseunne' as the Woccon term, + which remains unclear on several accounts, as `u' and `n' + were not infrequently accidentally inverted in old texts — + i.e., it might be `Yupyupseunne', but where can we check it? + No exact answers can be given here, but all these factors + should be kept in mind when attempting to read this text. + Also in Lawson's Dictionary, occur the Indian words + Pulawa and Mif-kis-'su — the latter has been rendered Mis-kis-'su, + as the old `s' and `f' were nearly identical, and were probably + inadvertently switched — which according to his own notes on p. 231, + cannot happen, there being no `l' or `f' sounds in the languages. + (In this old type, `s' has an f-like appearance in most cases, + but a modern `s' was used if it was the last letter in a word, + which follows a similar usage with the `s' sound in the Greek alphabet.) + It is much harder to guess what Pulawa ought to have been. +</pre> + <p> + Modern Spelling is listed first: alternate spelling(s) follow: (More or + less in the order they appear in the text.) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 1. When multiple spellings in text include the modern spelling, + it is not noted. + 2. Any word ending in -ed, such as "viewed", may end in -'d, + as "view'd". This gets a little complicated in such cases + as "accompany'd" (accompanied), "try'd" (tried), "supply'd" (supplied), + "carry'd" (carried), "hurry'd" (hurried), and the like. + Also cases where the root word originally ended with an "e", + such as "us'd" and "continu'd". These cases are not always noted. +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + them: 'em + Mississippi: Missisipi, Messiasippi (older concept — seems to refer + to a vast area, probably everything drained by that river.) + New York: New-York + spacious: spatious + public: publick + style: stile + fur: furr + situate: soituate + price: prize + privilege: priviledge + show: shew + frontier: fronteer + enterprise: enterprize + scalp: sculp + flay: flea + allege: alledge (applies also to alleging, alleged, etc.) + mountainous: mountanous + gulf: gulph + lemon: limon + trial: tryal + palmetto: palmeto + mosquitoes: musketoes, musquetos + troublesome: troblesome (p. 8) + tried: try'd + vegetable: vegitable + buckets or boquets?: bokeets + Pennsylvania: Pensilvania, Pensylvania + isthmus: istmus + Glasgow: Glasco + corpses: corps + o'clock: a Clock + cattle: cattel + deer (plural): deers + beach: beech + clam: clann (probable — may be a textual error) + curlew: curleu + pelican: pellican + Cyprus: Ciprus + alarm: allarm + turkey: turkie, turky + morbific: morbifick + complement: compliment (warning: compliment is also spelled this way) + specific: specifick + most impatient (impatientest): impatients (textual error?) + Mons. Huger: Mons. Eugee + (according to `Life of Gen. Francis Marion', by Judge William Dobein James, + "Huger, who lived in the fork between South Santee and Wambaw Creek.") + splendid: splended + continued: continu'd + courses: coarses + crowded: crouded + Ashley River: Ashley-River, Ashly-River + clothe or cloth: cloath + tribe: trible (textual error?) + rejoice: rejoyce + Mons. Gendron: Mons. L'Jandro + ???: Mons. L'Grand + Mons. Gaillard: Mons. Galliar + affirmed: affir'm'd + knoll: knowl (possible) + paddling: padling + fabrics (fabrication, a structure): fabricks + loam: loom + hut: hutt + used: us'd + oil: oyl + chinquapin, chinkapin, chincapin: chinkapin, thinkapin (error?) + quiddany (a confection of quinces made with sugar): quiddony + barbecued: barbacu'd + loaves: loves + creoles: criolo's + courtesan: curtesan + monsieur: mounsieur + Leaguer-Ladies (soldier's wives — Scottish term): Leager Ladies + parade: parrade + physic (medicine): physick + surgery: chirurgery + expense: expence + retaliation: retalliation + villainy: villany + balsamic: balsamick + belly-ache: belly-ach + crutches (i.e., props): crotches + smoke: smoak + straight: strait (probable), streight + complete: compleat + scraped: scrapt + fatigue: fatiegue (textual error?) + maize: maiz + over-flowed: over-flown + Stroud-water-Blue?: Stroud-water-Blew + [From the American Encyclopaedic Dictionary, 1896 (AED): + stroud: (Etym. doubtful: perhaps from Stroud, in Gloucester, England, + where flannel and cloth are manufactured in large quantities.) + A kind of coarse blanket or garment of strouding (a coarse kind of cloth + employed in trade with North American Indians) worn by the Indians + of North America. +</pre> + <p> + medley: medly ragout: ragoo burden: burthen (archaic) availing (useful): + eviling [possible, but questionable] [Note also that the "e" in the print + is badly formed, and there is a slim chance it might be an "a" or another + letter. + </p> + <p> + chalybeate: chalybid most dismal (dismallest): dismall'st surprisal: + surprizal threatening: threatning music: musick tiger: tyger (note that in + 1709 "tyger" and "panther" were generic terms) drizzly: drisly acorns: + acrons (textual error?) polecat (skunk): polcat arithmetic: arithmetick + straggling: stragling hickory: hiccory, hickery, hickerie broth: broath + loblolly [AED: 1. water-gruel or spoon-meat. 2. a sweet. + </p> + <p> + brunette: brounetto (probable) [Probably in the older sense of a woman of + brownish complexion; i.e., skin, eyes, and hair. + </p> + <p> + squaw: squah swaddling-cloths: swadling-clouts rive: reave (possible + — not a common word) pigged: pig'd [AED: To be huddled together with + several others in a single room by night as well as by day; to live like + pigs. + </p> + <p> + tetter (generic term, skin disease): tettar colic: cholick gourd: goard + saddled: sadl'd Brussels, Bruxelles: Bruxels (probable) fuller's-earth: + fullers-earth stopped: stopt portion: potion (possible — or textual + error?) wondering: wondring mechanics: mechanicks domestic: domestick + passed: past cornuted [horned. These references to horns reflect the time + this book was written, when a man whose wife was unfaithful was said to + have horns. + </p> + <p> + stews [archaic: a brothel. + </p> + <p> + barbecues: barbakues fusil: fusee, fuzee (probable) [a fusee can be one of + several things, but the context here suggests that it was a fusil, which + was a type of small, firelock musket. + </p> + <p> + festination [haste, hurry, expedition. + </p> + <p> + human: humane fuel: fewel ankle: ancle wondered: wondred cully [several + senses, including a dupe or fool, especially one imposed upon by a + prostitute. + </p> + <p> + caddis: cadis Winchester-wedding [The AED had no entry for this, but notes + that "Winchester-goose" is "a cant term for a venereal sore, said to have + originated from the public stews (brothels) in Southwark, England, being + under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester." It is probable that a + Winchester-wedding would be of the type (or non-type) performed in these + same institutions. + </p> + <p> + bachelor: batchelor widower: widdower shoes: shooes moccasins: moggisons, + moggizons merchandise: merchandize valleys: vallies chestnut: chesnut + perch: pearch soup: soop, soupe Appalachian: Appallatche desert: desart + Cape Fear: Cape-Fair, Caip-Fair befall: befal beaver: bever buffalo: + buffelo palisades: palisadoes necromantic: necromantick Cologne, Koeln: + Cologn (possible) cliff or cleft?: clift mustaches: mustachoes alligator: + allegator (despite Lawson's claim, NOT a crocodile) turnip: turnep + biscuit: bisket (probable) wholesome: wholsome basin: bason percoarson = + perkoson, but I can not find any external references to either certify: + certifie threatened: threatned hindrance: hinderance Atlantic: Atlantick + honeysuckle: honysuckle, hony-suckle molasses: molosses Roanoke: Ronoack, + Ronoak shore: shoar moored: mor'd parakeet: parrakeeto (doubtless the + Carolina Parakeet, now extinct.) inferior: inferiour tie: tye ashore: + ashoar peas: pease garlic: garlick chives: cives salad: sallad lettuce: + lettice spinach: spinage cauliflower: colly-flower watermelon: water-melon + basil: bazil assuaging: asswaging chamomile, camomile: camomil houseleek: + housleek conveniences: conveniencies rounceval: rouncival (in the text, a + type of pea, now called a marrowfat) rosin: rozin subterranean, + subterraneous: subteraneous gigantic: gigantick linen: linnen + housewife/housewives: houswife/houswives housewifery: houswifry woolens: + woollens choleric: cholerick watery: watry emetic: emetick weirs: wares + (probable — pp. 86, 127. Can also be "wares", however.) whaling: + whale-fishing porket: a young pig or hog. thrived: throve fit: fitt + Maryland: Mariland supplied: supplyed wig: wigg cutlery: cuttlery jasmine, + jessamine: jessamin browse/browsing: browze/browzing evergreen: ever-green + household: houshold virtue: vertue vermin: vermine Appamattox: Apamaticks, + Appamaticks (probable) cloud: clowd aspen: aspin ache: ach burr, bur. + (Both are still used, but "burr" is now more common, where John Lawson + tends towards "bur".) cathartic: cathartick cachexia (plural): cachexies + ("cachexy" is an English form of the word, now rarely, if ever, used.) + calico: callico hazelnut: hazle-nut conic/conical: conick exotic: exotick + serviceberry/Juneberry/shadblow: service (given as the name of a fruit), + the plant it grows on is called the shadbush. (probable) relished?: + relisht apricot: apricock gooseberry: goosberry vinedresser/vine + dresser/vine-dresser: vigneroon (French "vigneron") Madeira: Madera + rabbit: rabbet jackal: jackall havoc: havock holler: hollow (Not all + cases. Of the Panther, "He hollows like a Man" should be "He hollers like + a Man".) sourwood tree: sowr-wood-tree, sowr wood, sorrel surprise: + surprize raspberry: rasberry mink: minx mussel: muscle (in cases such as + "muscle-shell") rheum/rheumatism: rhume/rhumatism rheumatic: rhumatick + tortoise: tortois burrow: borough chipmunk: ground squirrel (probable) + chase: chace insect: reptile reptile: insect ("Insect" is used strangely, + to include reptiles and amphibians. Conversely, Lawson uses "Reptile" to + refer to insects.) thoroughly: throughly (possible, p. 127) entering: + entring frightened: frightned connection: connexion (spelling in common + use through the 19th century) excrementitious (spelling still technically + correct, but rare enough that "excrescent" is suggested as an alternative, + yet even that has the wrong connotation in modern usage.) terrapin: + terebin tadpole: tad-pool easy: easie wandering: wandring leech: loach + Screech Owl: Scritch Owl (probable) Trumpeter Swan: Swans, called + Trompeters (probable) fish hawk: fishawk smallness: smalness grasshopper: + grashopper set: sett shot (past tense of shoot): shotten (see case on p. + 151) livor: liver waiving: waving (??? — p. 163) rye: rie indigo: + indico (??? — p. 164) plasterers: plaisterers governor: governour + joists: joices (probably this or a related word) hazel: hazle dye: die (p. + 172) gait: gate (p. 172) inventor: inventer (both spellings acceptable, + but "inventer" non-standard) pare: pair (p. 173) warrior: warriour + Trap-Ball (from Sense 8 of "Trap" in the AED) A game and also one of the + instruments used in playing the game, the others being a small bat and a + ball. The trap is of wood, made like a slipper, with a hollow at the heel + end, and a kind of wooden spoon working on a pivot, in which the ball is + placed. By striking the handle or end of the spoon the ball is projected + up into the air, and the striker endeavors to hit it as far as possible + with the bat before it falls to the ground. The opponents endeavor to + catch the ball, or to bowl it so as to hit the trap. Also called Trap-bat + and Trap-bat and ball. baton, bat: batoon (a variant spelling of baton, + with a meaning closer to that of bat. See Trap-Ball) worse: worser + wrangling: rangling sepulchre: sepulcre hominy (grits): Rockahomine Meal + (conjecture: Lawson gives Roocauwa as the Woccon word for homine + [hominy].), homine nowadays: now adays flag (p. 189) is another word for + rushes or reeds. artificially (p. 189) has changed meaning over the years. + Means "artfully". plaid: plad (in the sense of the garment, not the + pattern) porcelain: porcelan (used in a very old sense, referring to a + cowry shell) antic: antick hero: heroe disappointment: disapointment + relic: relick tomahawk: tamahauk unmanned: unman'd frolic: frolick + prefixed: prefixt (obsolete sense) enough: enow (correct but obsolete) + hieroglyphic: hieroglyphick republic: republick pestle: pestil, pestel + lightninged: lightned (the strict conversion to modern spelling would be + "lightened", but "lightninged" adheres to modern usage) lie: lye dripping: + dropping (probable) barricaded: barricadoed stolen: stoln frightened: + frightned lingering: lingring mere: meer (at least in one case — + "meer Motion" may mean something else.) foul: fowl (p. 222 — same + spelling used elsewhere for "fowl".) phthisis, phthisic: phthisick (may be + the old sense of the term, designating any waste, decay, or emaciation; + including tuberculosis, which it now designates.) torrefy: To dry, roast, + scorch, or parch by a fire. AED. This dictionary also notes that "torrefy" + is a formation from the French, whereas "torrify" (meaning the same thing) + is an English formation, from "torrid". Waccon & Woccon used + interchangeably baked: bak't Mongolian Hordes: Tartarian Hurds (`Tartar' + or `Tatar' is still in use, but in this context, `Mongolian Hordes' is now + used almost exclusively. What is curious is why Lawson has this sidenote + in the first place — apparently he is comparing the Indians to the + Tatars, though on what grounds is unclear.) jailor: jaylor ghastly: gastly + stuffed: stufft stalking: stauking choose: chuse mutinying: mutining + sylvan: sylvian forewarn: forwarn recall: recal lies, lieth: lyeth chapel: + chappel manor: mannor (possible) ore: oar dignified: dignifyed enjoin: + enjoyn increase: encrease liege: leige (may be an error in one case) + cheerful: chearful let: lett (p. 246) (not sure if this is the same type + of `let') twig: twigg brier: bryar wherever: whereever (p.141 — may + be an error resulting from being broken at the end of a line — i.e., + where-ever.) red clay?: "A marl as red as blood" (p. 40) aperitive?: + apersive (a laxative — it fits the context. p. 83) + </p> + <div style="height: 6em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Voyage to Carolina, by John Lawson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW VOYAGE TO CAROLINA *** + +***** This file should be named 1838-h.htm or 1838-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/3/1838/ + + +Text file produced by Alan R. 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