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diff --git a/18320-0.txt b/18320-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57cad15 --- /dev/null +++ b/18320-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4635 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Marine Protozoa from Woods Hole, by Gary N. +Galkins + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Marine Protozoa from Woods Hole + Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 21:415-468, 1901 + + +Author: Gary N. Galkins + + + +Release Date: May 5, 2006 [eBook #18320] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARINE PROTOZOA FROM WOODS HOLE*** + + +E-text prepared by Ronald Calvin Huber, while serving as Penobscot Bay +Watch, Rockland, Maine, and Joseph E. Loewenstein, M.D. + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 18320-h.htm or 18320-h.zip: + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/3/2/18320/18320-h/18320-h.htm) + or + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/3/2/18320/18320-h.zip) + + + + + +Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the U. S. Fish +Commission, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. + +MARINE PROTOZOA FROM WOODS HOLE. + +by + +GARY N. GALKINS, +Department of Zoology, Columbia University. + +_Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission_ 21:415-468, 1901 + + + + + + +Comparatively little has been done in this country upon marine +Protozoa. A few observations have been made by Kellicott, Stokes, and +Peck, but these have not been at all complete. With the exception of +Miss Stevens's excellent description of species of _Lichnophora_ I +am aware of no single papers on individual forms. Peck ('93 and '95) +clearly stated the economic position of marine Protozoa as sources of +food, and I need not add to his arguments. It is of interest to know +the actual species of various groups in any locality and to compare +them with European forms. The present contribution is only the +beginning of a series upon the marine Protozoa at Woods Hole, and +the species here enumerated are those which were found with the algæ +along the edge of the floating wharf in front of the Fish Commission +building and within a space of about 20 feet. Many of them were +observed in the water and algæ taken fresh from the sea; others +were found only after the water had been allowed to stand for a few +days in the laboratory. The tow-net was not used, the free surface +Protozoa were not studied, nor was the dredge called into play. Both +of these means of collecting promise excellent results, and at some +future time I hope to take advantage of them. + +My observations cover a period of two months, from the 1st of July +to the 1st of September. During that time I was able to study and +describe 72 species representing 55 genera, all from the limited +space mentioned above. In addition to these there are a few genera +and species upon which I have insufficient notes, and these I shall +reserve until opportunity comes to study them further. + +I take this opportunity to express my thanks to Dr. Hugh M. Smith +for many favors shown me while at Woods Hole. + +In dealing with these marine forms from the systematic standpoint, +two courses are open to the investigator. He may make numerous new +species based upon minor differences in structure, or he may extend +previous descriptions until they are elastic enough to cover the +variations. The great majority of marine protozoa have been described +from European waters, and the descriptions are usually not elastic +enough to embrace the forms found at Woods Hole. I have chosen, +however, to hold to the conservative plan of systematic work, and to +make as few new species as possible, extending the older descriptions +to include the new forms. + +The different classes of Protozoa, and orders within the classes, +are distributed more or less in zones. Thus the Infusoria, including +the Ciliata and the Suctoria, are usually littoral in their habitat, +living upon the shore-dwelling, or attached, water plants and upon +the animals frequenting them. It is to be expected, therefore, +that in forms here considered there should be a preponderance of +Infusoria. Flagellated forms are also found in similar localities, +but on the Surface of the sea as well; hence the number described +in these pages is probably only a small proportion of the total +number of Mastigophora in this region. The Sarcodina, including the +Foraminifera and the Radiolaria, are typically deep-sea forms and +would not be represented by many types in the restricted locality +examined at Woods Hole. Two species, _Gromia lagenoides_ and +_Truncatulina lobatula_, alone represent the great order of +Foraminifera, while the still larger group of Radiolaria is not +represented at all. + +The Protozoa described are distributed among the different orders as +follows:* + + +Class SARCODINA. + Subclass RHIZOPODA. + Order AMOEBIDA. + 1. _Amoeba guttula_ Duj + 2. _Amoeba_ sp. + 3. _Trichosphærium sieboldi_ Schn. + Order RETICULARIIDA. + Suborder IMPERFORINA. + 4. _Gromia lagenoides_ Gruber. + Suborder PERFORINA. + 5. _Truncatulina lobatula_ Walker & Jacob. + Subclass HELIOZOA. + Order APHROTHORACIDA. + 6. _Actinophrys sol_ Ehr. + Order CHLAMYDOPHORIDA. + 7. _Heterophrys myriapoda_ Archer. +Class MASTIGOPHORA. + Subclass FLAGELLIDIA. + Order MONADIDA. + 8. _Mastigamoeba simplex_, n. sp. + 9. _Codonoeca gracilis_, n. sp. + 10. _Monas_ sp. + Order CHOANOFLAGELLIDA. + 11. _Monosiga ovata_ S. Kent. + 12. _Monosiga fusiformis_ S. Kent. + 13. _Codonosiga botrytis_ (Ehr.) J. Cl. + Order HETEROMASTIGIDA. + 14. _Bodo globosus_ Stein. + 15. _Bodo caudatus_ (Duj.) Stein. + 16. _Oxyrrhis marina_ Duj. + Order EUGLENIDA. + 17. _Astasia contorta_ Duj. + 18. _Anisonema vitrea_ Duj. + Order SILICOFLAGELLIDA. + 19. _Distephanus speculum_ Stöhr. + Subclass DINOFLAGELLIDIA. + Order ADINIDA. + 20. _Exuviælla lima_ Clenk. + 21. _Exuviælla marina_ Clenk. + Order DINIFERIDA. + 22. _Gymnodinium gracile_ Bergh. + 23. _Glenodinium cinctum_ Ehr. + 24. _Glenodinium compressa_, n. sp. + 25. _Peridinium digitale_ Pouchet. + 26. _Peridinium divergens_ Ehr. + 27. _Ceratium tripos_ Nitsch. + 28. _Ceratium fusus_ Ehr. + 29. _Amphidinium operculatum_ Clap. & Lach. +Class INFUSORIA. + Subclass CILIATA. + Order HOLOTRICHIDA. + Family ENCHELINIDÆ. + 30. _Lacrymaria lagenula_ Cl. & Lach. + 31. _Lacrymaria coronata_ Cl. & Lach. + 32. _Trachelocerca phoenicopterus_ Cohn. + 33. _Tiarina fusus_ Cl. & Lach. + 34. _Mesodinium cinctum_, n. sp. + Family TRACHYLINIDÆ. + 35. _Lionotus fasciola_ Ehr. + 36. _Loxophyllum setigerum_ Quenn. + Family CHLAMYDODONTIDÆ. + 37. _Nassula microstoma_ Cohn. + 38. _Chilodon cucullulus_ Müll. + 39. _Dysteria lanceolata_ Cl. & Lach. + Family CHILIFERIDÆ. + 40. _Frontonia leucas_ Ehr. + 41. _Colpidium colpoda_ Ehr. + 42. _Uronema marina_ Duj. + Family PLEURONEMIDÆ. + 43. _Pleuronema chrysalis_ Ehr. + 44. _Pleuronema setigera_, n. sp. + 45. _Lembus infusionum_, n. sp. + 46. _Lembus pusillus_ Quenn. + Family OPALINIDÆ. + 47. _Anoplophrya branchiarum_ Stein. + Order HETEROTRICHIDA. + Family BURSARIDÆ. + 48. _Condylostoma patens_ Müll. + Family HALTERIDÆ. + 49. _Strombidium caudatum_ From. + Family TINTINNIDÆ. + 50. _Tintinnopsis beroidea_ Stein. + 51. _Tintinnopsis davidoffi_ Daday. + Order HYPOTRICHIDA. + Family PERITROMIDÆ. + 52. _Peritromus emmæ_ Stein. + Family OXYTRICHIDÆ. + 53. _Epiclintes radiosa_ Quenn. + 54. _Amphisia kessleri_ Wrzes. + Family EUPLOTIDÆ. + 55. _Euplotes charon_ Ehr. + 56. _Euplotes harpa_ Stein. + 57. _Diophrys appendiculatus_ Stein. + 58. _Uronychia setigera_, n. sp. + 59. _Aspidisca hexeris_ Quenn. + 60. _Aspidisca polystyla_ Stein. + Order PERITRICHIDA. + Family LICHNOPHORIDÆ. + 61. _Lichnophora macfarlandi_ Stevens. + Family VORTICELLIDÆ. + 62. _Vorticella marina_ Greeff. + 63. _Vorticella patellina_ Müller. + 64. _Zoothamnium elegans_ D'Udek. + 65. _Cothurnia crystallina_ Ehr. + 66. _Cothurnia nodosa_ Cl. & Lach. + 67. _Cothurnia imberbis_ Ehr. + Subclass SUCTORIA. + Family PODOPHRYIDÆ. + 68. _Podophrya gracilis_, n. sp. + 69. _Ephelota coronata_ Wright. + Family ACINETIDÆ. + 70. _Acineta divisa_ Fraip. + 71. _Acineta tuberosa_ Ehr. + Family DENDROSOMIDÆ. + 72. _Trichophrya salparum_ Entz. + +* This classification includes only the orders and families + represented at Woods Hole + + + +Genus AMOEBA Auct. + +The pseudopodia are lobose, sometimes absent, the body then +progressing by a flowing movement; the body consists of ectoplasm and +endoplasm, the latter being granular and internal, the former hyaline +and external. There is always one nucleus and one vacuole, but both +may be more numerous. Reproduction takes place by division or by +spore-formation. Fresh-water and marine. + + +Amoeba guttala Duj. Fig. 1. + +A minute form without pseudopodial processes, extremely hyaline in +appearance, and characterized by rapid flowing in one direction. +The body is club-shape and moves with the swollen end in advance. +A comparatively small number of large granules are found in the +swollen portion, while the smaller posterior end is quite hyaline. +Contractile vacuole absent, and a nucleus was not seen. Frequent in +decomposing vegetable matter. Length 37µ. Traverses a distance of +160µ in one minute. + +The fresh-water form of _A. guttula_ has a vacuole, otherwise +Dujardin's description agrees perfectly with the Woods Hole forms. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 1.--_Amoeba guttala_.] + + +Amoeba? Fig. 2. + +A more sluggish form than the preceding, distinguished by its larger +size, its dense granulation, and by short, rounded pseudopodia, +which, as in _Amoeba proteus_, may come from any part of the body. +A delicate layer of ectoplasm surrounds the granular endoplasm, and +pseudopodia formation is eruptive, beginning with the accumulation +of ectoplasm. Movement rapid, usually in one direction, but may be +backwards or sideways, etc. Contractile vacuole absent; the nucleus +is spherical and contains many large chromatin granules. Length 80µ; +diameter 56µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 2.--_Amoeba_ sp.] + + +Genus TRICHOSPHÆRIUM Schneider '78 + +Synonym: _Pachymyxa hystrix_ Gruber. + +Marine rhizopods, globular or irregular in form, and slow to change +shape. Dimorphic. Both forms multinucleate during vegetative life. +Pseudopodia are long, thin, and thread-form, with rounded ends. +Their function is neither food-getting nor locomotion, but probably +tasting. The plasm of both forms is inclosed in a soft gelatinous +membrane. In one form the jelly is impregnated with needles of +magnesium carbonate (Schaudinn), but these are absent in the other +form. The membrane is perforated by clearly defined and permanent +holes for the exit of the pseudopodia. Reproduction occurs by +division, by budding or by fragmentation, but the parts are +invariably multinucleate. At the end of vegetative life the +needle-bearing form fragments into numerous mononucleate parts; these +develop into adults similar to the parent, but without the spines. +At the end of its vegetative life this new individual fragments into +biflagellated swarm-spores which may conjugate, reproducing the form +with needles. Size up to 2 mm. + + +Trichosphærium sieboldi Schneider. Fig. 3. + +With the characters of the genus. A form which I have taken to be a +young stage of this interesting rhizopod is described as follows: + +A minute, almost quiescent, form which changes its contour very +slowly. The membrane is cap-like and extends over the dome-shaped +body, fitting the latter closely. The endoplasm is granular and +contains foreign food-bodies. Nucleus single, spherical, and +centrally located. Pseudopodia short and finger-form, emerging from +the edge of the mantle-opening and swaying slowly from side to side +or quiescent. The most characteristic feature is the presence of a +broad, creeping sole, membranous in nature and hyaline in appearance. +This membrane is the only evidence of ectoplasm, and it frequently +shows folds and wrinkles, while its contour slowly changes with +movements of body. The pseudopodia emerge from the body between this +membrane and the shell margin. Contractile vacuole absent. Length +42µ, width 35µ. In decomposing seaweeds, etc. + +Only one specimen of this interesting form was seen, and I hesitate +somewhat in placing it on such a meager basis. It is so peculiar, +however, that attention should be called to it in the hope of getting +further light upon its structure and mode of life. Its membranous +disk recalls the genus _Plakopus_; its mononucleate condition, its +membranous disk, and the short, sometimes branched, pseudopodia +make it difficult to identify with any phase in the life-history of +_Trichosphærium_. I shall leave it here provisionally, with the hope +that it may be found more abundantly another time. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 3.--_Trichosphærium sieboldi_] + + +Genus GROMIA Dujardin '35. + +(Dujardin 1835; M. Schultze '62; F. E. Schultze '74; Leidy '77; +Bütschli '83; Gruber '84.) + +The form is ovoid or globular, and the body is covered by a tightly +fitting, plastic, chitin shell, which, in turn, is covered by a fine +layer of protoplasm. The flexibility of the shell makes the form +variable as in the amoeboid types. The thickness of the shell is +quite variable. The pseudopodial opening is single and terminal. The +pseudopodia are very fine, reticulate, granular, and sharply pointed, +and form a loose network outside of the shell opening. Nucleus single +or multiple. Contractile vacuole is usually absent. Fresh and salt +water. + + +Gromia lagenoides Gruber '84. Fig. 4. + +This species is not uncommon about Woods Hole, where it is found upon +the branches of various types of algæ. The body is pyriform, with the +shell opening at the larger end. The chitinous shell is hyaline and +plastic to a slight extent, so that the body is capable of some +change in shape. The shell is thin and turned inwards at the +mouth-opening, forming a tube (seen in optical section in fig. 4) +through which the protoplasm passes to the outside. The walls of this +tube are thicker than the rest of the shell, and in optical section +the effect is that of two hyaline bars extending into the body +protoplasm. A thin layer of protoplasm surrounds the shell and +fine, branching, pseudopodia are given off in every direction. The +protoplasm becomes massed outside of the mouth-opening and from here +a dense network of pseudopodia forms a trap for diatoms and smaller +Protozoa. The nucleus is spherical and contains one or two large +karyosomes. The protoplasm is densely and evenly granular, without +regional differentiation. I have never observed an external layer of +foreign particles, such as Gruber described in the original species. + +Length of shell 245µ; largest diameter 125µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 4.--_Gromia lagenoides_.] + + +Genus TRUNCATULINA D'Orbigny. + +A group of extremely variable foraminifera in which the shell is +rotaline; i. e., involute on the lower side and revolute on the upper +(Brady). The shell is calcareous and coarsely porous in older forms. +The characters are very inconstant, and Brady gives up the attempt to +distinguish the group by precise and constant characters. + + +Truncatulina lobatula Walker & Jacob. + +Synonyms: See Brady '84 for a long list. + +"It is impossible to define by any precise characters the +morphological range of the present species. Its variations are +infinite." (Brady, p. 660.) + +This very common form, which occurs in all latitudes, was found +frequently among the algæ at Woods Hole. Its characters are so +difficult to define that for the present I shall limit my record to +this brief notice. Size of shell 230µ by 270µ. + + +Genus ACTINOPHRYS Ehr. + + +The body is spherical and differentiated into granular endoplasm and +vacuolated ectoplasm, but the zones are not definitely separated. +There is one central nucleus and usually one contractile vacuole. The +pseudopodia have axial filaments that can be traced to the periphery +of the nucleus. Fresh and salt water. + +Actinophrys sol Ehr., variety. Fig. 5. + +Synonyms: See Schaudinn '95. + +The diameter is about 50µ; the vacuolated ectoplasm passes gradually +into the granular endoplasm. This is the characterization given _A. +sol_ by Schaudinn, and it applies perfectly to the freshwater forms. +If I am correct, however, in placing an _Actinophrys_-like form +found at Woods Hole in this species, the description will have to +be somewhat modified. In this form (fig. 5) there is no distinction +between ectoplasm and endoplasm, and there is an entire absence of +vacuoles. The nucleus is central, and axial filaments were not seen. +The single specimen that I found looked much like a Suctorian of +the genus _Sphærophrya_, but the absence of a firm cuticle and the +presence of food-taking pseudopodia with granule-streaming makes it a +very questionable Suctorian, and 1 place it here until further study +throws more light upon it. + +Diameter of body 40µ; length of pseudopodia 120 to 140µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 5.--_Actinophrys sol_.] + + + +Genus HETEROPHRYS Archer. + +The body is globular with but slight differentiation into ectoplasm +and endoplasm; one nucleus in the latter; contractile vacuoles +one or many; pseudopodia on all sides, thin, and with peripheral +granule-streaming; surrounded by a globular, rather thick coat of +jelly, which is hyaline inside and granular on the periphery. Fresh +and salt water. + + +Heterophrys myriapoda Archer. Fig. 6. + +Synonym: _H. marina_ Hert. & Less. '74. + +Diameter 25 to 80µ; pseudopodia twice as long as the body diameter; +the plasm often contains chlorophyll bodies (Zoochlorella). The +granular part of the gelatinous layer is thick (up to 10µ). The +spine-like processes are very thin and short. (Schaudinn '95.) The +marine form found at Woods Hole probably belongs to this species, +as described by Schaudinn. The short pseudopodia which give to +the periphery a fringed appearance are quite regularly placed in +connection with the pseudopodia. The latter are not so long as twice +the body diameter, the longest being not more than equal to the +diameter of the sphere. The body inside of the gelatinous covering +is thickly coated with bright yellow cells similar to those +on Radiolaria. The animal moves slowly along with a rolling +motion similar to that described by Pènard '90, in the case of +_Acanthocystis_. Diameter of entire globe 35µ; of the body without +the jelly 18µ. The extremely fine granular pseudopodia are 8 to 35µ +long. Common among algæ. + +This form was probably meant by Peck '95, when be figured "a +heliozoön." + + +[Illustration: Fig. 6.--_Heterophrys myriapoda_.] + + +KEY TO ORDERS OF FLAGELLIDIA. + +Small, body usually amoeboid; 1 or more Order MONADIDA. +flagella; no mouth + +Small; plasmic collar around the Order CHOANOFLAGELLIDA. +flagellum + +With 2 or more flagella; one trails Order HETEROMASTIGIDA. +behind + +With 3 or more flagella, none of which Order POLYMASTIGIDA. +trails + +Large; firm body wall; 1 or 2 flagella; Order EUGLENIDA. +mouth or pharynx, or both + +Medium size; with chlorophyll, Order PHYTOFLAGELLIDA. +no mouth, usually colonial + +Small; silicious skeleton; parasitic Order SILICOFLAGELLIDA. +on Radiolaria or free (One genus, + _Distephanus_ Stöhr) + + +KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF MONADIDA. + +No mouth; 1 or 2 flagella: amoeboid Family _Rhizomastigidæ_ +with lobose or ray-like pseudopodia + +Mouth at base of single flagellum; Family _Cercomonadidæ_ +plastic; no pseudopodia + +One flagellum; inclosed in gelatinous Family _Codonoecidæ_ +or membranous cups + +One flagellum; tentacle like process Family _Bikoecidæ_ +at base of flagellum; inclosed in cup + +One main flagellum and 1 or 2 Family _Heteromonadidæ_ +accessory flagella + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF MONADIDA.* + +Family _Rhizomastigidæ_: + + 1. Flagellum repeatedly thrown off Genus *_Mastigamoeba_ + and reassumed in part + + 2. Flagellum never thrown off 3 + + 3. a. Pseudopodia lobose Genus _Mastigamoeba_ + + b. Pseudopodia ray-like Genus _Mastigophrys_ + +Family _Codonoecidæ_: + + 1. Goblet-shaped cups adherent Genus *_Codonoeca_ + by stalk + +Family _Heteromonadidæ_: + + 1. The long flagellum vibratory Genus *_Monas_ + + 2. The long flagellum rigid; Genus _Sterromonas_ + shorter one vibrates + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +KEY TO MARINE QENERA OF CHOANOFLAGELLIDA. + + 1. Without gelatinous 3 + or membranous test + + 2. With gelatinous 4 + or membranous test + + 3. a. Attached forms: + + 1. Without a stalk, or with Genus *_Monosiga_ + a very short one + + 2. With a long, simple, stalk Genus *_Codonosiga_ + + 3. With a long, branched, stalk Genus _Codonocladium_ + + b. Free-swimming Genus _Desmarella_ + + 4. Colonial, and with a gelatinous Genus _Proterospongia_ + covering + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +KEY TO FAMILIES AND MARINE GENERA OF HETEROMASTIGIDA. + + 1. Two flagella nearly equal in size Family _Bodonidæ_ + + One main and 2 accessory flagella Family _Trimastigidæ_ + +Family _Bodonidæ_: + + 1. Body very plastic, Genus *_Bodo_ + almost amoeboid + + Body not plastic; with large Genus *_Oxyrrhis_ + anterior cavity, holding flagella + +Family _Trimastigidæ_: + + 1. With an undulatory membrane Genus _Trimastix_ + between accessory flagella + + Without such membrane; flagella Genus _Costia_ + contained in a ventral groove + while at rest + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF POLYMASTIGIDA. + + 1. Body flattened; ends rounded; Genus _Trepomonas_ + sides hollowed; often with + wing-like processes; cross + section S-shaped + + 2. Body pyriform; one large Genus _Tetramitus_ + asymmetrical groove; 4 flagella + + 3. Body spherical; many flagella Genus _Multicilia_ + equally distributed + + +KEY TO FAMILIES AND MARINE GENERA OF EUGLENIDA. + + 1. With deeply-insunk pharynx; 2 + no mouth + + With pharynx and distinct mouth Family _Peranemidæ_ + + 2. Body plastic; usually with Family _Euglenidæ_ + chromatophores and eye-spot + + Body plastic; no chromatophores; Family _Astastidæ_ + no eye-spot + +Family _Euglenidæ_: + + Body _Euglena_-like, inclosed Genus _Trachelomonas_ + in shell with round opening for + exit of flagellum + +Family _Astastidæ_: + + Body with one flagellum Genus *_Astasia_ + +Family _Peranemidæ_: + + 1. Body striped; plastic; Genus _Heteronema_ + two diverse flagella + + 2. Body striped; not plastic; Genus *_Anisonema_ + posterior flagellum longer + than the other + + 3. Body striped; not plastic; Genus _Entosiphon_ + with rod-like organ in pharynx + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus MASTIGAMOEBA F. E. Schultze '75. + +(Kent '81; Bütschli '86; Klebs '92; Senn 1900.) + +In general the form is oval and either regular in outline or +irregular through the presence of many pseudopodia. One flagellum +usually quite large and distinct. Differentiation of ectoplasm and +endoplasm distinct or wanting. One to several contractile vacuoles. +The pseudopodia are occasionally withdrawn, and the flagellum is the +sole means of locomotion. In some cases the flagellum turns into a +pseudopodium, and, conversely, the pseudopodium at one end may become +a flagellum (see below). In some rare cases the ectoplasm secretes a +gelatinous mantle. Reproduction not observed. + +Fresh and salt water. + + +Mastigamoeba simplex, n. sp. Fig. 7. + +A very small form, first seen in the flagellated stage, aroused my +interest by reason of the fact that its flagellum lost its regular +outline and became amoeboid, turning to a pseudopodium, while at the +same time other pseudopodia were protruded from different parts of +the periphery. In this condition ectoplasm and endoplasm could be +made out with the clearest definition. After the pseudopodia were +well formed, the body became flat and closely attached to the glass +slide. In a short time one of the pseudopodia became longer than the +rest; the body became more swollen; the pseudopodia were gradually +drawn in, with the exception of the more elongate one; this became +active in movement and finer in diameter, until ultimately it formed +a single flagellum at the anterior of a small monadiform flagellate. +The process was repeated two or three times under my observation, +so that I am convinced that it was not a developmental form of +some rhizopod. Several of them were seen at different times during +the summer, and they were always of the same size and form in +the flagellated or amoeboid condition. I did not make out their +reproduction, and I shall not be satisfied that this is a good +species until their life history is known. + +In decaying algæ. Length 10µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 7.--_Mastigamoeba simplex_.] + + +Genus CODONOECA James Clark '66. + +(Kent '81.) + +Small forms inclosed in cup or "house" of ovoid or goblet shape, +colorless and probably gelatinous (chitin?) in texture, and borne +upon a stalk. The monad does not completely fill the test. +Contractile vacuole single, posterior. + + +Codonoeca gracilis, n. sp. Fig. 8. + +The cup is urn-shaped with a well-defined neck or collar borne upon a +shoulder-like end of the body. It is hyaline, colorless, and carried +upon a stalk equal in length to the cup or shorter than this. The +animal does not fill the cup, nor is it attached by a filament to +the latter. There is a single flagellum. The nucleus is minute and +lateral in position; the contractile vacuole is in the posterior end +of the body. Total length of cup and stalk 21µ; of cup alone 12µ. +This minute form looked so much like a choanoflagellate that I +supposed it to be one until I discovered an empty case (Fig. 8). + + +[Illustration: Fig. 8.--_Codonoecea gracilis_.] + + + +Genus MONAS (Ehr.) Stein '78 + +(Kent '81; Bütschli '86; Klebs '97; Senn 1900.) + +The body is small, globular or oval and either free-swimming or +fastened by one of the two flagella. The body is sometimes a little +amoeboid, with short pseudopodial processes. In addition to the main +flagellum, there are usually one or two small flagella at the basis +of the larger one. The nucleus is usually anterior, and one or two +contractile vacuoles are present. + + +Monas sp. Fig. 9. + +An extremely small form (3µ) attached by a thread of +protoplasm--perhaps a flagellum, to algæ. The body is ovoid and +the main flagellum is about four times the length of the body. The +contractile vacuole is posterior. Only one specimen was seen and +upon this I shall not attempt to name the species. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 9.--_Monas_ sp.] + + +Genus MONOSIGA Kent '81. + +(Bütschli '86; Francé '97; Senn 1900.) + +Small colorless forms of Choanoflagellida, always naked and solitary. +The posterior end is attached directly to the substratum, or +there is a short stalk not exceeding the body in length. Kent '81 +distinguished nine species, but Bütschli questioned the accuracy +of many of these, and in this he was followed by Francé '97, who +recognized three species--_Monosiga ovata_, _M. fusiformis_, and _M. +augustata_. Fresh and salt water. + + +Monosiga ovata S. Kent '81. Fig. 10. + +Synonyms: _M. brevipes_ S. K.; _M. consociata_ S. K.; _M. limnobia_ +Stokes. + +The individuals are unstalked or provided with a very short stalk +less than the body in length. The form is spherical or ovate, +broadest at the base and tapering to the extremity. The collar is +somewhat variable in size. In the Woods Hole forms it was about +the length of the body. Oil particles present. Contractile vacuole +posterior, nucleus anterior. + +Fresh and salt water. Length of body without the collar 5µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig.10.--_Monosiga ovata_.] + + +Monosiga fusiformis S. K. Fig. 11. + +Synonyms: _M. steinii_ S. K.; _M. longicollis_ S. K. + +The individuals are unstalked, minute, and of a general flask-shape. +The body is swollen centrally and tapers slightly at each end. There +is no stalk, the body being fixed by the attenuate posterior end. +There are two contractile vacuoles and one nucleus, which is situated +a little above the body center. Fresh and salt water. Length without +collar 9µ; length of collar 3µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 11.--_M. fusiformis_.] + + +Genus CODONOSIGA (Jas. Clark '67). + +(Bütschli '78; Kent '81; Francé '97; Senn 1900.) + +This genus, as modified by Francé, is distinguished from the +preceding by the possession of an unbranched stalk much longer than +the body length. The body is naked and of various shapes, and the +individuals are solitary or colonial upon a single stalk. Kent '81 +enumerates no less than 10 species, which were cut down by Bütschli +to 1. Francé admits 4--_C. botrytis_ Jas. Clark; _C. grossularia_; +_C. pyriformis_, and _C. furcata_, all S. Kent--but regards the +second and third as merely form varieties of the first. + + +Codonosiga botrytis (Ehr. sp.) Jas. Clark '67. Fig. 12. + +Francé gives the following synonyms: _Epistylia botrytis_ Ehr.; +_E. digitalis_ Stein, _Zoothamnium parasitica_ Stein; _Anthophysa +solitaria_ Fresenius; _Codonosiga pulcherrima_ Jas. Clark; _Monosiga +gracilis_ S. Kent; _M. globulosa_ S. Kent; _Codonosiga pyriformis_ +Kent; _C. grossularia_ Kent; (Francé). + +The individuals are small and provided with a long unbranched, or +terminal, simply split stalk. The individuals are single or colonial. +The Woods Hole form measured 22µ over all; the body was 5µ, the +collar 3µ, and the stalk 14µ. No colonies were seen, and only a few +individuals upon red algæ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 12.--_Codonosiga botrytis_.] + + +Genus BODO (Ehr.) Stein. + +(Stein '59, Bütschli '83; Klebs '92; Senn 1900.) + +The body is naked, usually amoeboid in its changes, and provided with +two flagella, one of which is usually trailed along under and behind +the animal. The anterior end is usually pointed, with the flagella +arising from a minute depression; the posterior end is rounded. +Specific characters very difficult to analyze. Fresh and salt water. + + +Bodo globosus Stein. Fig. 13. + +The body during movement is globular or ovoid, without any anterior +process. The trailing flagellum is invariably much longer than the +vibratory one. The contractile vacuole lies in the anterior half of +the body. Solid food particles are taken in near base of flagella. + +Length of body 9 to 12µ; diameter 8 to 11µ. Common. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 13.--_Bodo globosus_.] + + +Bodo caudatus (Duj.) Stein. Fig. 14. + +Synonyms: _Amphimonas caudatus_ Duj.; _Diptomastix caudata_ Kent. + +The body is variable in shape, but usually flattened and pointed +posteriorly. An anterior process is almost always present, and +below this the flagella are inserted in a minute depression. The +contractile vacuole is close to the base of the flagella. The +flagella are about the same size, the anterior one usually somewhat +longer. Common. Length 12 to 18µ. + +This species was seen by Peck '95 and described as a small +flagellate. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 14.--_Bodo caudatus_.] + + +Genus OXYRRHIS Duj. + +(Kent '81; Bütschli '86; Klebs '92; Senn 1900.) + +Medium-sized forms, somewhat oval in shape, with a rounded posterior +end. The anterior end is continued dorsally in a somewhat attenuate +pointed process. At the base of this process is a large cavity or +funnel, on the dorsal wall of which, or on a projection from this +wall, are two equal-size flagella. When at rest, the flagella are +directed backwards. The nucleus is central. In moving, the posterior +end is invariably in advance. This genus is exceptional among +Mastigophora in that division is transverse instead of longitudinal. + + +Oxyrrhis marina Duj. Fig. 15. + +With the characters of the genus. Contractile vacuole not seen. +Length 28 to 40µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 15.--_Oxyrrhis marina_.] + + +Genus ASTASIA Ehr. + +Flagellates with one flagellum, a spindle-form body and a high +degree of plasticity, the contour constantly changing. A distinct, +usually striped cuticle is invariably present. "Eye-spots" are +absent. Fresh and salt water. + + +Astasia contorta Duj. Fig. 16. + +_Astasia inflata_ Duj. '41. + +The body is colorless, transparent, and flexible. It is largest in +the center, thence tapering at the two extremities. The surface of +the cuticle is obliquely striated, giving to the animal a distinctly +twisted appearance. The contractile vacuole is in the anterior +neck-like portion of the body. The flagellum is inserted in a +distinct oesophageal tube, into which the contractile vacuole +empties. This tube is continued into a deeper pharyngeal apparatus of +unknown function. + +Common in decaying algæ. Length 60µ; greatest diameter 30µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 16.--Two aspects of _Astasia contorta_.] + + +Genus ANISONEMA Bütschli + +Flagellates with two flagella, of which one is directed forwards and +is concerned with the locomotion of the animal, while the other is +directed backwards and drags after the animal when in motion. Body +slightly compressed dorso-ventrally (fig. 17, section). An oral +furrow is present on the ventral side and the two flagella originate +in it (fig. 17, at left). The vacuole is on the left side. Food +vacuoles are present in the posterior part. The nucleus is central. +Movement creeping. + +Fresh and salt water. + + +Anisonema vitrea (Duj.) Fig. 17. + +Synonyms: _Tropidoscyphus octocostatus_ Stein '83; _Sphenomonas_ Kent +'81; _Ploeotia vitrea_ Senn 1900. + +With the characteristics of the genus. It differs from freshwater +forms in having eight furrowed surfaces running somewhat spirally +from the posterior to the oral end. Length 50µ; width 23µ. This +attractive flagellate was quite common in decaying algæ at Woods +Hole; its shaking movement, its peculiar furrowed surfaces, and, +above all, its perfectly transparent, vitreous appearance, were well +described by Dujardin. Stein's _Tropidoscyphus octocostatus_ is a +fresh-water form which may possibly be a distinct species, especially +as it is described with both flagella directed forwards. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 17.--_Anisonema vitrea_.] + + +Genus DISTEPHANUS Stöhr. + +An aberrant flagellate bearing a single flagellum and a silicious +skeleton resembling those of the Radiolaria. The skeleton consists +of two rings of different diameter parallel with one another and +connected by silicious bars. From the wider ring half a dozen bars +radiate outwards and a similar number of short thorn-like bars point +inwards obliquely. The color is yellow, and except for the flagellum +the form might easily be mistaken for a Radiolarian, as has been the +case repeatedly. + + +Distephanus speculum Stöhr. + +_Dictyocha speculum_ Stöhr; _Dictyocha_ Auc. + +With the characters of the genus. + +A single specimen only of this very interesting form was seen at +Woods Hole. It occurred in a collection of tow made near the end of +the wharf during the evening. + + +KEY TO FAMILIES OF DINOFLAGELLIDIA. + + 1. No crossfurrow; two free flagella Family _Prorocentridæ_ + + 2. One or more cross-furrows 3 + + 3. Cross-furrow nearly central Family _Peridinidæ_ + (cf. _Oxytoxum_) + + Cross-furrow close to Family _Dinophysidæ_ + anterior end + + Several cross-furrows Family _Polydinidæ_ + and flagella (One genus, _Polykrikos_.) + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF PROROCENTRIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: The transverse furrow is absent and the two +flagella arise from the anterior end of the body. The shell may be +bivalved. + + 1. No tooth-like process dorsal Genus *_Exuviælla_ + to the flagellum + + 2. With tooth-like process dorsal Genus _Prorocentrum_ + to the flagellum + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF PERIDINIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: The cross-furrow is nearly central (see, +however, _Oxytoxum_); the body may or may not have a shell; the +shell may or may not be composed of distinct plates; the plates are +distinguished as _equatorial_ (_i.e._, bordering the cross-furrow), +_apical_, and _antapical_, while still another, the "rhombic plate", +may be present, extending from the cross-furrow to the apex. + + 1. Without distinct shell Genus *_Gymnodinium_ + + With a distinct shell 2 + + 2. Shell not composed of definite 3 + plates + + Shell composed of definite plates 4 + + 3. Cross-furrow replaced by Genus _Ptychodiscus_ + thin-skinned band + + Cross-furrow well defined; Genus _Protoceratium_ + reticulate markings raised + on shell-surface + + Cross-furrow well defined; Genus *_Glenodinium_ + no markings + + 4. Two parts of shell equal or 5 + nearly equal + + Two parts of shell very unequal 11 + + 5. With transverse flagellum in 6 + a distinct furrow + + Transverse flagellum not in a 10 + furrow + + 6. With horns, or with wing-like 7 + processes + + Without processes of any kind 9 + + 7. Processes small, wing-like, Genus _Diplopsalis_ + around flagellum-fissure + + Processes horn-like 8 + + 8. Anterior part with 7 equatorial Genus *_Peridinium_ + and 1 rhombic plates + + Anterior part with 5 equatorial Genus _Gonyaulax_ + and no rhombic plates + + Anterior part with 3 equatorial Genus *_Ceratium_ + and no rhombic plates + + 9. Anterior part with 14 equatorial Genus _Pyrophacus_ + and 1 rhombic plates + + Anterior part with 7 equatorial Genus _Goniodoma_ + plates + + Anterior part with 4 equatorial Genus _Amphidoma_ + plates + + 10. Apical extremity drawn out Genus _Podolampas_ + into a tube + + Apical extremity not drawn out Genus _Blepharocysta_ + into a tube + + 11. Cross-furrow deep, with great Genus _Ceratocorys_ + ledge-like walls + + + Cross-furrow wide, no ledge-like Genus _Oxytoxum_ + walls + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF DINOPHYSIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: The cross-furrow is above the center of the +body, and its edges, as well as the left edge of the longitudinal +furrow, are usually produced into characteristic ledges; those of +the cross-furrow usually form great funnel-like anterior processes, +while those of the longitudinal furrow usually form great, lateral, +wing-like processes ornamented by ribs and other markings. + + 1. Without shell; longitudinal Genus *_Amphidinium_ + furrow may open & close + + 2. With shell; longitudinal furrow 3 + unchangeable + + 3. With distinct apical funnel 4 + + No apical funnel Genus _Phalacroma_ + + 4. With great wing-like ledge 5 + + Ledges very small; body long, Genus _Amphisolenia_ + needle-like + + 5. Ledge of longitudinal furrow 6 + extends to posterior end + + Ledge of longitudinal furrow Genus _Dinophysis_ + does not extend to posterior end + (Recorded by Peck ('93-'95) as very abundant at Woods Hole + and in Buzzards Bay.) + + 6. Ledge is continued dorsally to Genus _Ornithocercus_ + the cross-furrow + + Ledge is not continued dorsally 7 + + 7. With deep dorsal cavity; Genus _Citharistes_ + secondary funnel not notched + + No dorsal cavity; secondary Genus _Histioneis_ + funnel deeply notched + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus EXUVIÆLLA Cienkowsky '82. + +(Klebs '81; Pouchet '83, '86.) + +The form varies from globular to ovoid, with occasionally a sharp +posterior end. Shells are usually somewhat compressed, and consist +of two valves, which frequently slide one over the other in such a +manner as to show the structure with great clearness. The right shell +may have a distinct indentation in the anterior edge. There are two +lateral, discoid, brown chromatophores, each of which possesses a +central amylum granule. The nucleus is posterior. Salt water. + + +Exuviælla lima Ehr. Fig. 18. + +Synonyms _Pyxidicula_ Ehr.; _Cryptomonas_ Ehr.; _Prorocentrum lima_ +Kent; _Amphidinium_ Pouchet. + +The shell is ovate, rounded and swollen posteriorly. The anterior +border of both shells is slightly indented. The shell is quite thick. +The animal moves through the water very slowly. Dark brown in color. +Length 48µ; width 44µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 18.--_Exuviælla lima_.] + + +Exuviaella marina Cienkowsky. Fig. 19. + +A smaller form than the preceding, more elliptical in outline, with +a thinner shell and with large granules throughout the endoplasm. +The nucleus is spherical and subcentral in position and possesses a +distinct central granule. This may be a small variety of _E. lima_. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 19.--_Exuviælla marina_.] + + +Genus GYMNODINIUM Stein '78. + +(Bergh '81; Kent '81; Pouchet '83, '85; Entz '84; Schütt '95.) + +The general structure of these forms is similar to that of +_Glenodinium_; the most striking and positive difference is the +absence of a shell. The animals are, as a rule, spherical, yet they +may be pointed at the two ends or at one of them. They are also +frequently flattened dorso-ventrally. The transverse furrow may +be either circular and straight around the body or may describe a +spiral course, passing even twice around the body. The flagella +arise near cross-furrow or, in some cases, in longitudinal furrow. +Chromatophores may or may not be present and food-taking is holozoic, +in many cases at least. In some cases ectoplasm and endoplasm can be +distinguished. Fresh and salt water. + + +Gymnodinium gracile Bergh '82, var. sphærica, n. Fig. 20. + +The body is divided by the transverse furrow into a shorter anterior +and a longer posterior part. The longitudinal furrow is broader at +the posterior extremity than at the cross-furrow. The structural +feature upon which this new variety is made is the unvarying +plumpness of the body, making it almost spherical, except for +a slight flattening dorso-ventrally. The nucleus is large and +ellipsoidal, with characteristic longitudinal markings of chromatin. +The endoplasm is evenly granular, with a number of large ingested +food bodies. The color is brown, not rose-red as in Bergh's species, +nor is the Woods Hole form as large as the latter. Length of body +68µ; width 55µ. Common. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 20.--_Gymnodinium gracile_, var. _sphærica_.] + + +Genus GLENODINIUM (Ehr.), Stein '83. + +(Bergh '82; Bütschli '86; Pouchet '85; Daday '86.) + +Small globular forms with two distinct furrows, one transverse around +the body, the other longitudinal upon the face only. The shell is +soft and structureless with a distinct aperture near the meeting +point of the two furrows. The endoplasm usually, but not always, +contains a bright red eye-spot. + +Fresh and salt water. + + +Glenodinium compressa, n. sp. Fig. 21, a, b, c. + +This species resembles _G. acuminata_ of Ehrenberg except that it is +strongly compressed laterally. The longitudinal furrow extends nearly +to the extremity of the animal. It begins as a narrow slit and widens +as it progresses upon the left side; it also becomes much deeper +on this side and at the bottom of the depression the longitudinal +flagellum is inserted. The transverse furrow runs evenly around the +body near the upper pole, giving to the shell almost the aspect of +an _Amphidinium_. Brown chromatophores may or may not be arranged +radially about a central amylum granule. One striking characteristic +is the depth of the two furrows. The nucleus is elongate and somewhat +curved; it lies against the posterior wall of the rather thick shell. +Not uncommon. + +Length 40µ; breadth 32µ; width 18µ. + +The posterior end of the animal is often somewhat pointed and this +point frequently becomes attached, so that the animal whirls around +upon it as upon a pivot. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 21 a, b, c.--_Glenodinium compressa_, n. sp.] + + +Glenodinium cinctum Ehr. Fig. 22. + +The body is globular, smooth, and homogeneous. Brown chromatophores +arranged radially, each in the form of a cone, the base of which +rests against the shell while the points turn inward. A bright-red +eye-spot may or may not be present; when present it is placed near +the junction of the two furrows. The longitudinal furrow is small. +Fresh water and salt. + +Length and diameter the same, 21µ. + +This species was observed by Peck '93. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 22.--_Glenodinium cinctum_.] + + +Genus PERIDINIUM Ehr. '32, Stein '83. + +(Claparède & Lachmann '58; Bergh '81; Pouchet '83; '85; Gourret '88; +Bütschli '86.) + +The form is globular, ovoid or elongate, the apex frequently drawn +out into a long tube. The transverse and longitudinal furrows are +quite distinct, the former having often a spiral course about the +body. The two halves of the body are similar, the posterior being +somewhat shorter; the anterior half has seven equatorial plates, an +oral plate, two lateral apical plates, and one or two dorsal plates. +The two antapical plates frequently have a tooth-like process. The +bodies are colorless, green or brown. + +Fresh and salt water. + + +Peridinium digitale Pouchet. Fig. 23. + +Synonyms: _Protoperidinium digitale_ Pouchet; _Protoperidinium_ Bergh +p. p.; _P. divergens_ Peck. + +The shell is covered with pits of large size. The posterior part +is hemispherical and surmounted by a single horn or spine. The +transverse furrow is very oblique, and its two extremities are united +by a sigmoid longitudinal furrow. The anterior half bears two spines +or horns of different size, and variable. The nucleus is spherical +or ellipsoidal and placed in the posterior half of the shell. + +Length 68µ; diameter 54µ. Common. + +Although the description of Pouchet's _P. digitale_ differs in some +respects from a careful description of the Woods Hole form, I think +the species are the same. The chief difference is in the single horn +of the posterior half; in Pouchet's form this is furrowed by a narrow +groove which runs to the S-shaped longitudinal furrow. In the Woods +Hole form I was unable to make out such a furrow. The flagella, also, +were not seen. This same form was pictured by Peck '95 as _P. +divergens_. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 23.--_Peridinium digitale_.] + + +Peridinium divergens Ehr. Fig. 24. + +Synonym: _Ceratium divergens_ Kent. + +The shell is spheroidal, widest centrally, attenuate and pointed +posteriorly; the anterior portion is armed with two short, pointed +horns, each of them having a toothed process at the basal portion +of the inner margin. They are frequently colorless and beautifully +transparent, the body being free from large opaque granules; again +they are colored brown or yellow. The nucleus is large and elongate +and finely granular. 75µ long and 68µ in diameter. Common. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 24.--Ventral and dorsal aspects of _Peridinium +divergens_.] + + +Genus CERATIUM (Schrank). + +(Stein '78; Perty '52; Clap & Lach. '58; Bergh '82; Pouchet '83; +Gourret & Roeser '88; Bütschli '85; Kent '81; Senn 1900; Schütt '98.) + +The general shape is a flattened sphere with three long processes +or horns. The cross-furrow is either spiral or circular; the +longitudinal furrow is usually wide and occupies the greater part of +the anterior half of the shell. The shell is thick, reticulate or +striped, and sometimes provided with short spines; often distinctly +porous. The anterior half is composed of 3 equatorial and 3 apical +plates, the latter being continued into the horn-like process. The +posterior half is composed of 3 equatorial and one apical plate +continued into the posterior horn. The right posterior plate is +continued into a similar horn which may remain rudimentary or be +continued into a considerable process. Similarly the left posterior +horn is usually developed, but remains small. There may be from 2 to +3, 4, and 5 horns. Chromatophores usually present, green to yellow +brown. + +Fresh and salt water. + + +Ceratium tripos Ehr. Fig. 25. + +The body is somewhat triangular and bears three horns, two of which +are shorter than the other one and slightly curved upward. + +Length, including the horns, 290µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 25.--_Ceratium tripos_.] + + +Ceratium fusus Ehr. Fig. 26. + +Synonym: _Peridinium fusus_ Ehr. + +The animal is very elongate, due to the presence of two long horns +at the extremities of the body. Color, yellow with chromatophores. +Length 285µ; width 23µ. + +Both of these species are common in the tow and in the algæ at the +edge of the wharf. Both of them are mentioned by Peck in '93 and '95. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 26.--_Ceratium fusus_.] + + +Genus AMPHIDINIUM Clap. & Lach. + +The body is ovoid to globular and usually much flattened +dorso-ventrally. The anterior portion is very much reduced and is +somewhat head-like or cap-like. The longitudinal furrow extends +through the entire posterior body length and is apparently capable +of widening and narrowing. It is probably naked (see here Klebs, +Pouchet, Bütschli), although Stein maintained that there is a +delicate cuticle-like shell. Chromatophores of brown or green colors +present and usually grouped radially about a central amylum granule. +The nucleus is posterior. + +Fresh and salt water. + + +Amphidinium operculatum Clap. & Lach. Fig. 27. + +The body is oval and flattened. The transverse furrow is at the +extremity (posterior) of the body and the small portion, which is +thus apparently cut off, is the cap-like or operculum-like structure +which gives the name to the species. Klebs maintains that the two +furrows are not connected, but in this he is certainly mistaken, +provided we have the same species under consideration. Very common +about Woods Hole. + +Length from 40 to 50µ; width 30µ; thickness 15µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 27.--_Amphidinium operculatum_.] + + + +KEY TO INFUSORIA. + +1. With cilia Subclass _Ciliata_. 3 + +2. Without cilia (in adult state) Subclass _Suctoria_ + tentacles + +3. a. Without a specialized fringe of Order _Holotrichida_ + large cilia (ad. zone) + + b. With general covering of cilia Order _Heterotrichida_ + + adoral zone + + c. With cilia on ventral side Order _Hypotrichida_ + + adoral zone + + d. With cilia in region of adoral Order _Peritrichida_ + zone, and about mouth only + + +KEY TO FAMILIES OF THE HOLOTRICHIDA. + +A. Mouth closed except during food 1 + ingestion; no undulating membrane + + Mouth always open; with undulating 2 + membrane + + 1. _Gymnostomina_. + + a. Mouth terminal or subterminal. Family _Enchelinidæ_ + Food is swallowed and not + introduced by currents + + b. Mouth terminal or subterminal; Family _Trachelinidæ_ + body frequently drawn out into + long process; mouth may have + specialized framework. + + c. Mouth central or posterior; Family _Chlamydodontidæ_ + pharynx with supporting + framework + + 2. _Trichostomina_. + + a. Mouth anterior or central; Family _Chiliferidæ_ + pharynx short or absent; + peristomial depression faint + or absent + + b. Mouth central; pharynx long, Family _Urocentridæ_ + tubular; cilia in two broad + zones + + c. Mouth posterior; form Family _Microthoracidæ_ + asymmetrical; cilia dispersed + or limited to oral region + + d. Mouth anterior or central. _Paramoecidæ_ + Peristomial depression (One genus, _Paramoecium_) + clearly marked. + + e. Mouth at end of long peristome Family _Pleuronemidæ_ + running along ventral side; + body dorso-ventrally or + laterally compressed; left edge + of peristome with great, sail- + like undulating membrane + + f. Mouth and pharynx distinct, Family _Isotrichidæ_ + posterior; cilia uniform. + Parasites in ruminants. + + g. Mouth absent; body vermiform, Family _Opalinidæ_ + cilia uniform. Usually + parasites. + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF ENCHELINIDÆ + +Diagnostic characters: Form ellipsoid or ovoid; the mouth is +invariably terminal and is usually round--more rarely slit-formed; it +is closed except when food is taken. An oesophagus when present is a +short, invariably non-ciliated tube which is usually surrounded by +a more or less clearly defined buccal armature. The anus is usually +terminal. Large food particles are swallowed, never introduced by +currents. + + 1. Body naked 3 + + 2. Body inclosed in a shell or coat 7 + + 3. a. Cilia uniform about the entire 4 + body; body symmetrical + + b. Cilia in the mouth region 5 + longer than the others; body + symmetrical + + c. Bristles, or tentacles, in 6 + addition to cilia + + 4. Mouth terminal; body ellipsoidal Genus _Holophrya_ + to ovoid + + 5. a. Mouth terminal; body elongate, Genus _Chænia_ + flexible, and elastic + + b. Mouth terminal; "neck" highly Genus *_Lacrymaria_ + elastic; entire body + flexible; conical "head" + + c. Mouth terminal; "neck" highly Genus *_Trachelocerca_ + elastic; entire body + flexible; "head" square + + d. Mouth terminal; "neck" highly Genus _Lagynus_ + elastic; no separate + mouth-bearing portion + + 6. a. Body asymmetrical; bristles Genus _Stephanopogon_ + in addition to cilia + + b. Body symmetrical; 4 small Genus *_Mesodinium_ + tentacles from mouth; cilia + and cirri in girdles + + 7. Shell composed of small Genus *_Tiarina_ + sculptured pieces; cilia long, + uniform + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus LACRYMARIA Ehr. '30. + +(Ehrenberg, C. G., 1838; Perty '52; Claparède & Lachmann '58; Stein +59-83; Quennerstedt '66, '67; Fromentel '74; Kent '81; Gruber '84; +Gourret & Roeser '86; Bütschli '88; Schewiakoff '89.) + +Body short to very long flask-shape; for the most part contractile, +especially in the neck region. The posterior end is rounded or +pointed. The main character is the mouth-bearing apex, which "sets +like a cork in the neck of the flask." One or more circles of long +cilia at the base of the mouth portion or upon it. The body is +spirally striped. Contractile vacuole terminal, with sometimes one +or two further forward. Macronucleus central, globular to elongate, +sometimes double. Food mainly bacteria. Fresh and salt water. + + +Lacrymaria lagenula Clap. & Lach. Fig. 28, a, b. + +Synonym: _L. tenuicula_ Fromentel '74. + +Body more or less flask-shape, two or three times as long as broad, +with conical apex, which is slightly elastic and protrusible; surface +obliquely striate, with well-defined lines, 14 to 16 in number; cilia +uniform on the body, with a crown of longer ones at the base of the +conical proboscis. The body cilia are not thickly placed except +around the proboscis. The endoplasm is thickly packed with large +granules (food particles) in the anterior half and with finely +granular particles in the posterior half. The elongate macronucleus +lies a little above the center among the larger granules; the +contractile vacuole is double, one on each side of the median line +and at the posterior end of the body among the finer granules. The +anus is posterior. Length 90µ to 160µ; greatest width assumed 65µ. +When fully expanded the posterior end assumes a curious polyhedral +form. (Fig. 28 b.) + +This form differs slightly from others of the same species as +described by different observers, the most striking difference being +the presence of two contractile vacuoles in place of the usual one. +These are very slow to fill and grow to a large size before diastole. +The membrane is very tough and retains its form easily under pressure +of the cover glass. Another characteristic feature is the flattening +of the surfaces between the striæ. Decaying algæ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 28.--_Lacrymaria lagenula_.] + + +Lacrymaria coronata Cl. & Lach. '58. Fig. 29. + +Synonyms: _L. lagenula_ Cohn '66; Möbius '88; _L. cohnii_ ? Kent '81; +_L. versatilis_ Quen. '67. + +Form flask-like and similar to _L. lagenula_, contractile but tough. +The contractile vacuole is terminal, the proboscis is short, slightly +raised and separated from the body by a deep cleft; the buccal cilia +are inserted part way up on the proboscis. Form changeable, from +short, sac-like to elongate and vermiform. Length 85µ. + +This species is not very different from _L. lagenula_, but I noted +that in addition to the elongate nucleus, the body striæ are much +more apparent here and seem to sink into the cuticle, giving the +periphery, especially at the collar region, a curious crenulated +effect. The endoplasm is very densely granular and colored a +blue-green, probably from food particles. The number of striæ is much +larger than in the preceding species. The membrane is very tough and +retains the shape of the body, even with the full pressure of the +cover glass. Micronucleus and trichocysts were not observed. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 29.--_Lacrymaria coronata_.] + + +Genus TRACHELOCERCA (Ehr. '83) Cohn '66. + +(Quennerstedt '67; Gruber '87; Entz '84; Kent '81; Gourret & Roeser +'88; Bütschli '88; Schewiakoff '89; Shevyakov '96.) + +The only well-known representative is very elongate, large (up +to 3 mm. Van Beneden), and very contractile. The main feature of +importance in distinguishing it is the 4-part structure of the mouth +region, which, however, may not be obvious. Pharynx faint and smooth. +Contractile vacuole terminal. Macronucleus in one central body or in +numerous pieces scattered throughout the cell. Salt water. + + +Trachelocerca phoenicopterus Cohn '66. Fig. 30. + +Synonyms: _T. sagitta_ Ehr. '40, Stein '59; _T. tenuicollis_ +Quennerstedt '67, Kent '81; _T. minor_ Gruber '87, Shevyakov '96. + +The body is extremely elongate and ribbon-like, and this, combined +with its wonderful power of extension and retraction, makes it one of +the most curious and interesting of microscopic forms. The anterior +end is square or cylindrical; the type species has a four-sided +mouth, but many specimens may be found which have a plain cylindrical +mouth region. One reason for this may be the fact that the extremity +gets broken off. In one instance I noticed a very large form with the +anterior end under some debris, which evidently held it tight, for +the body of the ciliate was thrashing back and forth and twisting +itself into knots, etc., like a nematode worm. Finally, the anterior +end broke off with about one-tenth of the body; the remainder, in an +hour, had regenerated a new anterior end with long cilia, but with +no indication of four sides. The small anterior piece was also very +lively, moving about and eating like the normal animal; its history, +however; was not followed. This species appears to be variable in +other ways as well; thus, in some cases the posterior end is rounded +(cf. Entz '84); in others it is pointed (cf. Kent '81, Cohn '66, et +al.). + +Again, the macronucleus may be a single round body (Entz '84, +Bütschli '88) or in two parts (Kent '81), or in many parts scattered +about the body (Gruber). In the Woods Hole forms the tail is +distinctly pointed and turned back sharply, forming an angle at the +extremity. The cilia on this angular part are distinctly longer than +the rest. The function of this posterior part is apparently to anchor +the animal while it darts here and there upon the tail as a pivot, +contracting and expanding the while. The body is finely striated +with longitudinal markings; when contracted there are no transverse +markings nor annulations. The nucleus is in the form of many +fragments scattered throughout. Length of large specimen 1.7 mm. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 30.--_Trachelocerca phoenicopterus_.] + + +Genus MESODINIUM Stein '62. + +(Maupas '82, '84; Entz '84; Shevyakov '96.) + +The main part of the body is globular or conical, with a short, +platform-like oral region, and a deep annular groove about the +middle of the body. The oesophagus is rather long, and smooth or +longitudinally striped. One or more rings of cirri rise in the +groove. If more than one ring of cirri are present, the anterior set +usually point forward and lie close to the anterior part of the body. +The posterior set, on the other hand, cling close to the posterior +region of the body and give to it a peculiar encapsuled appearance. +The most characteristic feature is the presence of four short +tentacle-like processes which can be protracted and retracted from +the oral region. (Mereschowsky says that the entire anterior half +is more or less contractile.) The macronucleus is horseshoe-shaped +or ovoid and is situated in the posterior half of the body. The +contractile vacuole is also posterior. + +Movement consists in rapid swimming, with rotation on its axis, or +in creeping by means of its anterior cirri, or in sudden jumping, by +which it apparently clears a distance of 20 times its diameter in one +bound. Mouth parts may also be used for attachment to foreign bodies. +The moving periods alternate with quiescent periods, during which the +organisms with their outstretched and radiating cirri resemble the +heliozoön _Actinophrys_. + + +Mesodinium cinctum, n. sp. Fig. 31. + +Body spherical to pyriform, constricted near the middle, the +constriction dividing the body into dissimilar parts. The anterior +part is broadly pyriform, somewhat plastic and hyaline, with an oral +extremity which is sometimes hollow, sometimes evaginated and convex. +Upon this flexible anterior part there are four short but distensible +tentacles. The posterior part is granular and usually filled with +food particles; it is well rounded and holds the nucleus and +contractile vacuole. The entire body is surrounded by a fine cuticle. +The nucleus is elongate and extends through the greater part of the +posterior half. The contractile vacuole lies on one side, near the +girdle. The mouth is on the anterior pole in the tentacle region. The +motile organs are cirri and cilia, all inserted in the constriction. +There are two sets of cirri and one of cilia; the latter stand out +radially from the girdle and are usually in motion. The cirri of +one set, the anterior, extend forward about twice the length of the +anterior half; those of the posterior set closely engirdle the lower +half, reaching not quite to the posterior extremity. These are +somewhat hyaline and are closely approximated, giving the impression +of a tight-fitting crenulate casing about the lower half. The cirri +are sharply pointed, much broader at the base, and the two sets are +so placed that, looked at from above, they have the appearance of a +twisted cord. (Fig. 31 b.) Movement erratic; sometimes the animal +swims steadily forward with mouth in front; again it shoots across +the field of the microscope, either backward or forward or sideways, +through the action of its powerful cirri. It is often quiet, usually +mouth downward, and is held in place by adhesion of the tentacles. In +this position it looks strikingly like a heliozoön. + +Length 35µ; greatest width 30µ. Not uncommon. + +The chief features by which this species is distinguished from the +frequently described _M. pulex_ of Europe are the number of anterior +cirri and the ring of true cilia in place of the central girdle of +cirri. The European form is described with four anterior bristles; +the present form has from 28 to 32. The radial cilia differ decidedly +from the more powerful cirri and they are not in one plane, so that +counting is difficult; they are not closely set. The presence of +tentacles makes these forms of especial theoretical interest, +especially in the light of the origin of _Suctoria_. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 31.--Side and top views of _Mesodinium cinctum_.] + + +Genus TIARINA R. S. Bergh '79. + +(Claparède & Lachmann '58.) + +Body subcylindrical, pointed posteriorly, two and one-half times +as long as broad; encased in covering composed of separate pieces +arranged in five girdles. The pieces bear processes which rest +against neighboring pieces of the girdle. Mouth large, anus terminal +near contractile vacuole. The macronucleus is simple and round. Salt +water. + + +Tiarina fusus (Cl. & Lach.) emend R. S. Bergh. + +Synonyms: _Coleps fusus_ Cl. & Lach. '58; Daday '86; Möbius '88, +Lauterborn '94; Shevyakov '86. + +This form, which resembles _Coleps_ rather closely, was placed as a +separate genus by R. S. Bergh. The skeletal parts consist of five +zones of needles composed of an organized substance and embedded in +the cortical plasm, the last zone coming to a point at the posterior +end. The needles have lateral processes, which give a latticed +appearance to the casing. The cilia are long, with a specialized +crown of still longer ones at the oral end; they arise outside of the +skeletal elements and do not pass between them, as in _Coleps_. + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF TRACHELINIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: Body bilateral, or asymmetrical by local +prolongations; usually compressed or flattened laterally, the left +side more convex than the right. The essential feature is the +position and character of the mouth. This is either a long slit +extending from the anterior end well down the ventral surface, or the +posterior part only of a ventral furrow remains open as a round or +elongate mouth some distance from the anterior end. The entire mouth +region of the body is usually drawn out into an elongate tapering +proboscis which is generally curved dorsally at the extremity. +An oesophagus is short or absent altogether; when present it is +supported by a stiff buccal armature. Cilia are uniform about entire +body or limited to the flat right side. Food is swallowed. + +1. a. Proboscis easily distinguished 2 + from the main body + + b. Proboscis not marked off from Genus *_Loxophyllum_ + main body; body flat; + both surfaces striated + +2. a. Mouth runs the entire length Genus _Amphileptus_ + of proboscis; entire body + uniformly ciliated + + b. Mouth runs the entire length Genus *_Lionotus_ + of proboscis; body flat; right + side only is ciliated + + c. Proboscis much drawn out, Genus _Dileptus_ + flexible; mouth at its base + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus LOXOPHYLLUM Dujardin '41. + +(Duj. '41; Wrzesniowski '69; Quennerstedt '65; '67; Cohn '66; Entz +'84; Gourret & Roeser '88; Bütschli '88; Shevyakov '96.) + +The body is flat and somewhat leaf-shape, flexible, and elastic. The +anterior end is somewhat proboscis-like and flexible, but is not +sharply demarcated as in _Lionotus_. The central portion of the body +is developed into a more or less arched dorsal mass, which usually +contains the nuclei and contractile vacuoles. As a result of this +local thickening, the body is surrounded by a thin hyaline margin. +This, however, may be absent on the right side in some species. The +mouth reaches from the anterior extremity to a short distance from +the end, and usually approaches the left edge. An anus is present +near the posterior end of the dorsal swelling. Trichocysts are +numerous on the ventral surface, and often on the dorsal surface, +where they are inclosed in minute papilla-like swellings. +Cilia-distribution controverted. Maupas and Bütschli hold that +ventral surface alone is ciliated; others (Kent and Dujardin) that +cilia are uniformly distributed. The entire body, dorsal and ventral +surfaces alike, are uniformly striated. The contractile vacuole lies +posteriorly, on the right side and in the dorsal swelling. In the +fresh-water form _L. meleagris_, it is connected with a long canal +whose swellings are frequently taken for additional contractile +vesicles (Bütschli); in the marine form described below the canal is +not developed and a series of vacuoles takes its place; these are +all contractile. The macronucleus may be single, double, quadruple, +band-formed, or rosette-formed. Movement is steadily progressive and +peculiarly gliding. Fresh and salt water. + + +Loxophyllum setigerum Quenn. '67. + +Synonyms: _Litosolenus armatus_ Stokes '93; _Litosolenus verrucosa_ +Stokes '93. + +The body is flattened, irregular in outline, obtusely pointed +anteriorly, the point being turned to the right; rounded posteriorly. +The left edge is nearly straight, the right considerably arched with +a few setæ on the posterior half. Contractile vacuoles are numerous, +dorsal in position and on the right side. The macronueleus is beaded, +the several spheres connected. + + +Variety armatum (Cl. & Lach.) Fig. 32. + +Under the name _Litosolenus armatus_, Stokes described a form from +brackish water near New York, which should unquestionably be referred +to the genus _Loxophyllum_, and I believe to Quennerstedt's species +_setigerum_. While the latter possesses only a few setæ, the former +has a number of them, and Stokes described his species as having a +variable number. For this reason I include the Woods Hole form under +the tentative name _armatum_, as a variety of Quennerstedt's _L. +setigerum_. The flat margins are distinctly striated longitudinally, +and faintly marked radially, on the dorsal surface. Longitudinal +elevated striæ also run the length of the dorsal hump and upon the +entire ventral surface. The ventral surface is alone ciliated. Upon +the edges of the flat border are sharp-pointed, colorless, spine-like +processes, situated at equal distances around the entire periphery +except at the anterior end. Each spine is thick at the base and +tapers to a full point which is curved upward--_i. e._, dorsally +(fig. 32, a, b). The entire body is plastic and contractile, turning +its leaf-like edge readily over objects upon which it creeps. The +cilia are fine and uniform, with a tendency to lengthen in the oral +region. + +Length 100µ; greatest width assumed on contraction 85µ; when normal +about 50µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 32.--_Loxophyllum setigerum_, var. _armatum_. a, +b, c, ventral, dorsal, and lateral aspects.] + + +Genus LIONOTUS Wrzesniowski '70. + +(Incorrectly called _Litonotus_ by many. Entz '84; Gruber '84; +Bütschli '88; Kent '81; Schewiakoff '89; Shevyakov '96.) + +The body is elongate and somewhat lance-shaped, widest at the central +part and tapering to a point at the anterior end. The posterior end +may be similarly tapered or rounded. The anterior end frequently +proboscis-like, flat, and flexible, while the entire body is more or +less elastic and contractile. The right side is flattened and alone +provided with cilia, while the left side of the body proper is +arched; on the left side of the proboscis is a row of coarse cilia +resembling an adoral zone, and a row of trichocysts. A long peristome +stretches down the thin, ventral side of the proboscis, and the mouth +proper is situated at the junction of the proboscis and body; the +mouth, as a rule, is invisible. The ciliated right side alone is +striated in the majority of species. The contractile vacuole may be +single or multiple, usually in the posterior region of the body and +dorsal in position. The macronucleus is usually double, rarely single +or quadruple, but may occasionally break into numerous smaller +pieces. Movement, free-swimming or gliding, with especial tendency +to get under clumps of foreign matter. + +Fresh and salt water. + + +Lionotus fasciola Ehr. Fig. 33. + +Synonyms. _Amphileptus fasciola_ Ehr. '38; Dujardin '41; Lachmann + '56; Cohn '66, Diesing '65. + _Loxophyllum fasciola_ Claparède & Lachmann '58; + Balbiani '61. + _Loxophyllum duplostriatum_ Maupas '83. Shevyakov '96. + +Body frequently brown or brilliant yellow in color, somewhat sigmoid +in form with tapering anterior end, the extremity of which is turned +dorsally. The proboscis is about half the entire length and is not +sharply marked from the rest of the body but tapers gradually, its +base being equal to the diameter of the body at its middle point. The +body is slightly contractile and the posterior end is carried to a +rounded point, but not into a distinct tail. Unlike the fresh-water +variety, this one has no hyaline margin nor hyaline caudal region, +and the contractile vacuole is double or multiple on the dorsal side +near the posterior end. Cilia are present only on the under (right) +side, with, however, a row of large cilia marking the course of the +elongate mouth, upon its left side. The right side is striated, the +left arched and without markings. The endoplasm is finely granular +with, however, larger food particles in the process of digestion, +while specimens are occasionally seen with the natural form +completely lost through distortion caused by over-large captures (Cf. +also Wrzesniowski '70, p. XXIII, fig. 32). Movement continuous, slow, +and gliding; very little tendency to jerking movements. Macronucleus +double, both parts spherical, and placed in about the center of the +larger part of the body; closely approximated but not, as Schewiakoff +described, connected. In conjugation, a large form unites with a +smaller one, the mouth parts being connected. Details of conjugation +and macronuclei not made out. Length 200µ to 600µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 33.--_Lionotus fasciola_.] + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF CHLAMYDODONTIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: Form usually ellipsoid, never very elongate. +Transverse section of body circular or elliptical. The mouth is +usually some distance from the anterior end and may be in the +posterior part. Sometimes it is in the center of the ventral +surface, again on the right side. The oesophagus invariably has +a well-developed buccal armature, or a smooth peculiarly built +oesophageal tube. Food particles of large size. + +1. Body cylindrical. Cilia about Genus *_Nassula_ + entire body + + Body flat 2 + +2. a. Without a caudal process 3 + + b. With a caudal process 5 + +3. a. Anterior end angular 4 + on left side + + b. Anterior end rounded Genus _Chlamydodon_ + +4. a. Dorsal striæ and cilia present, Genus _Orthodon_ + ventral cilia longer + + b. Dorsal striæ and cilia absent; Genus *_Chilodon_ + posterior end not pointed + + c. Dorsal striæ and cilia absent; Genus _Scaphidiodon_ + posterior end pointed + +5. a. Caudal spine with posterior 6 + bristle-like cilia + + b. Caudal spine without posterior Genus _Trochilia_ + bristle-like cilia; + ventral cilia reduced + +6. a. With pigment spot on anterior Genus _Ægyria_ + angle + + b. Without such pigment spot Genus _Onychodactylus_ + + c. Cilia on right edge only of Genus *_Dysteria_ + greatly reduced ventral surface + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus NASSULA Ehr. '33 + +(Dujardin '41; Stein '67; Cienkowsky '55; Cohn '66; Clap. et Lach. +'58; Kent '81; Maupas '83; Entz '84; Fabre-Domergue '88; Bütschli +'88; Shevyakov '96.) + +The body is ovoid or cylindrical, with well-rounded ends, and in +some cases slightly flattened. The mouth is ventral and placed some +distance from anterior end (1/4 to 1/3 total length). A slight +depression on the ventral surface marks the mouth region, which is +further indicated by larger and more powerful cilia. The rest of the +body is uniformly ciliated. The entire body is marked by clearly +defined spiral stripes. The mouth is circular and the oesophagus is +supported by a considerable armature, which usually extends dorsally +and to the left, rarely to the right. In some cases the structure of +this armature is indistinct; again it can be clearly seen to consist +of definite rods (Stäbchen). The anus is probably always terminal. +Contractile vacuoles are variable in different species. In some cases +there is but one, which is placed at the posterior end or centrally +on the ventral side; in others there may be four--two dorsal and +two ventral. In many cases trichocysts are uniformly distributed. +Sometimes the body is colorless; again, and more often, it is +brightly colored with red, blue, brown, or black pigment. The +macronucleus is globular and central, occasionally band-form and +with numerous attached micronuclei. Food substance varied, usually +vegetable matter, see, however, below. Cysts are globular. Movement +is a steady progression, combined with rolling. + + +Nassula microstoma Cohn '66. Fig. 34. + +Synonyms: _Paramoecium microstomum_ Cl. et Lach. '58, Gourret et +Roeser '88; _Isotricha microstomum_ Kent '81. + +Body subcylindrical, rounded at each extremity, not quite twice as +long as broad. A slight depression on one surface marks the position +of the mouth, this depression being indicated by a row of longer +cilia. The mouth is extremely small and is surrounded by a curious +buccal armature. This is not made up of bars or rods, as in most +species of _Nassula_, but appears perfectly smooth and uniform +except for the considerable swelling at the inner end. The cuticle is +firm and unyielding and marked by longitudinal and somewhat spiral +rows of cilia and trichocysts. Under the microscope this is one of +the most pleasing forms found at Woods Hole. Its color is yellowish +brown from the presence of brilliant particles of coloring matter +held in the cortical plasm, and, as it slowly rolls along, these +particles and the black trichocysts give to the organism a peculiar +sparkling effect. The macronucleus is almost central; the contractile +vacuole posterior. The endoplasm appears well filled with food +bodies, some of which could be distinguished as _Amphidinium_ and +_Glenodinium_. + +Length 55µ; greatest diameter 30µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 34.--_Nassula microstoma_.] + + +Genus CHILODON Ehr. + +(Dujardin '41; Engelmann '78; Stein '54, '58; Kent '81; Bütschli '88; +Gruber '83; Cienkowsky '55; Möbius '88; Clap. et Lach '58; +Wrzesniowksi '65; Shevyakov '96.) + +Small forms, greatly flattened dorso-ventrally and almost egg-form in +outline. The anterior end is bent distinctly to the left and forms a +characteristic process, which, together with the entire margin of the +body, is soft and flexible. The posterior end is, as a rule, broadly +rounded. The ventral surface is finely striate, and this surface +alone is ciliated. The lines of cilia converge at the mouth, and at +this region the cilia are somewhat larger and more distinct, thus +forming a functional adoral zone. The mouth is median and is situated +in the anterior half of the body. It is surrounded by a well-defined +armature, composed usually of from 10 to 16 rods. The contractile +vacuoles are quite varied and from one to many in number, the +number increasing with the size of the individual. The macronucleus +is usually single, elliptical in form, and centrally placed; +one micronucleus. Reddish granular pigment and trichocysts are +occasionally present. + + +Chilodon cucullulus Müll., sp. Fig. 35. + +Synonyms; _Colpoda cucullus_ O. F. Müller; _Loxodes cucullulus_; +_Chilodon uncinatus_ Ehr. '58, Perty '52, Dujardin '41; _L. dentatus_ +Duj., etc. + +This extremely variable form has received so many different names +that it hardly pays to enumerate them. It is one of the commonest +and most widely spread ciliates known, although at Woods Hole I was +surprised to see it so rarely. It is the type species of the genus +and needs no further description. The specimens observed at Woods +Hole had numerous contractile vacuoles and were 42 to 45µ long and +from 28 to 32µ wide. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 35.--Ventral and dorsal aspects of _Chilodon +cucullulus_.] + + +Genus DYSTERIA Huxley '57. + +(Cl. et Lach. '58; Entz '84; Möbius '88; Shevyakov '96.) + +Small forms, firm in outline, and colorless or slightly colored. The +body is somewhat clam-shaped, flattened, slightly curved or straight +on the right side, the other more convex. The true ventral side is +only a narrow strip along the right and anterior edge of the body, +the apparent ventral side being a fold of the very large dorsal +surface which comes around ventrally, forming a valved structure +somewhat analogous to a clam shell. Cilia are limited to the outer +edge of the small ventral surface, which also bears a peculiar spine +at the posterior end. Behind this spine are larger cilia. The mouth +opening lies in the anterior widened portion of the ventral surface +and is connected with a smooth tubular pharynx. The right half of the +dorsal side, _i.e._, the apparent dorsal side, is arched and bears +longitudinal ridges. Two to four contractile vacuoles are placed on +the ventral side. The macronucleus is usually dorsal, elliptical, and +cleft, with one micronucleus attached. Fresh and salt water. + + +Dysteria lanceolata Cl. et Lach. Fig. 36. + +Synonym: _Cypridium lanceolatum_ Kent '81. + +Outline of the flattened body ovoid; body consists of two valve-like +portions; the edge of the right valve is nearly straight, that of the +left valve more or less sinuous; anteriorly it is cut away, obliquely +and posteriorly it has a deep indentation in which the seizing spine +rests. The cilia are confined to the ventral surface, here reaching, +however, from the anterior dorsal extremity to below the posterior +indentation. Posteriorly the cilia become larger, corresponding to +the larger cirri of _D. armata_, which are posterior to the spine. +The mouth lies between the two valves and is surrounded by a long +and smooth buccal armature which passes downward and backward to +the left a distance equal to about half the entire body length. The +macronucleus is situated in the dorsal region in the central part of +the body. There are two contractile vacuoles, one behind the center +of the buccal armature, the other near the inner end of this organ. +Movement is in circles, the animal moving around quite rapidly when +not attached by its posterior process. It is colorless and measures +45µ in length by 27µ in width. Claparède & Lachmann and Shevyakov +describe it as 70µ long. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 36.--_Dysteria lanceolata_.] + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF CHILIFERIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: Mouth never lies behind the middle of the +body; the oesophagus is but slightly developed. The undulating +membranes are placed either on the edge of the mouth or in the +oesophagus. A peristomial depression leading to the mouth is absent +or very slightly indicated. + +1. Mouth in the anterior half, Genus *_Frontonia_ + undulating membrane on left edge + only; right edge continued in a + long ventral furrow + +2. Two undulating membranes; mouth Genus *_Colpidium_ + central; no caudal bristles + +3. Two undulating membranes; caudal Genus *_Uronema_ + bristle + + +Genus FRONTONIA Ehr. (Cl. & Lach. '58?). + +(Ehrenberg, subgenus of _Bursaria_ '38; Claparède & Lachmann '58; +Bütschli '88; Shevyakov '96.) + +Form elongate and cylindrical, or often flattened dorso-ventrally, +with round or pointed ends. It is usually plastic and contractile. +Cilia are evenly distributed about the body and are similar in +length. The large, open mouth lies on the anterior half of the +ventral surface, and is elongate and oval in outline. On its left +edge is a well-defined membrane which stretches across to the right +side of the mouth. On the right edge is a small, longitudinally +striped tract which is free from trichocysts and smooth in +appearance. This tract is continued posteriorly in a long furrow, +which in some cases reaches the posterior end of the animal. A few +rows of cilia in this furrow vibrate differently from the others and +give the effect of a membrane (Bütschli). The oesophagus is extremely +short and hard to make out. The body is usually covered uniformly +with trichocysts, often of considerable size. There are 1 or 2 +vacuoles with long canals radiating throughout the endoplasm. The +macronucleus is oval and centrally placed. Micronuclei vary from +one to many. An anal opening is placed at the end of the long +ventral furrow. The plasm is colorless or green by the presence of +Zoochlorella, or colored brown or black by pigments. In these cases +there is a considerable pigment mass on the anterior end. Movement +is regular, forward, and combined with rotation. Food consists of +foreign objects, diatoms, other protozoa and the like. Fresh and salt +water. + + +Frontonia leucas Ehr. Fig. 37. + +Synonyms: _Frontonia vernalis_ Ehr. '38; _Bursaria leucas_ Allman +'55, Carter '56; _Panophrys leucas_ Duj. '41, Stein '67; _Panophrys +vernalis_ Dujardin '41, Stein '67; _P. chrysalis_ Duj. '41, Fromentel +'74; _Cyrtostomum leucas_ Stein '67, Kent '81. + +Form ovoid, elongate, occasionally a little flattened +dorso-ventrally. Mouth in the anterior third of the body. The left +edge of the mouth carries a distinct undulating membrane; the right +edge is plain, longitudinally striated and bears cilia. It is +slightly depressed and the depression is carried posteriorly in the +form of a shallow furrow which reaches to the posterior end. The +contractile vacuole is on the left side, the spheroidal nucleus on +the right side of the furrow. The body is uniformly covered with fine +cilia, and the periphery is uniformly studded with large trichocysts, +except along the furrow. Food consists of dinoflagellates and other +small forms. Color dark brown to black. + +Length 330µ; width 200µ. + +This form differs considerably from the fresh-water _Frontonia +leucas_ as described by Schewiakoff '89, especially in the extreme +length of the peristomial furrow, in the position of the nucleus and +contractile vacuole, and in the nature of the water canals. These +in the Woods Hole form are very irregular in size and very much +branched, not uniform as in Lieberkühn's (see Bütschli) figure of +_Frontonia leucas_, nor radiating as in Schewiakoff's description. +This may be the same species as _Frontonia marina_, of Fabre-Domergue +'91, whose description and figure I have not seen. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 37.--_Frontonia Leucas_.] + + +Genus COLPIDIUM Stein '60 + +(Bütschli '88; Maupas '83.) + +The general form is oval, slightly compressed laterally with the +dorsal side strongly arched. The ventral side is slightly incurved. +The anterior end is somewhat smaller than the posterior end, which is +broadly rounded. The mouth is placed some distance from the anterior +end in an oral depression and opens into a tubular oesophagus. There +are usually two undulating membranes which do not extend beyond the +mouth borders. The right undulating membrane extends down into the +oesophagus and appears to be attached to the walls of the latter. The +body stripes in front of the mouth are twisted to the left. The anus +is terminal and the contractile vacuole may be terminal or situated +forwards in the dorsal region. The macronucleus is spherical and +has one micronucleus attached. Food consists mainly of bacteria. +Movement rapid, but interrupted. + +Fresh and salt water, common in infusions. + + +Colpidium colpoda Ehr., sp. Fig. 38. + +Synonyms: _Colpidium cucullus_ Kent '81; _C. striatus_ Stokes '85; +_Kolpoda cucullus_ Duj. '41; _Paramoecium colpoda_ Ehr. '38, +Quennerstedt '67; _Plagyiopyla nasula_ Kent '81, G. & R. '86; +_Glaucoma pyriformis_ G. & R. '86; _Tillina campyla_ Stokes '85, '88. + +The body is oval, somewhat larger posteriorly, and a little +compressed dorso-ventrally. The anterior end is twisted a little from +the right to the left (more evident in fresh-water forms), and leans +somewhat toward the ventral side. Under this portion, on the ventral +side, lies the mouth in a large depression just above the middle of +the body. The entire body is covered with uniform and delicate cilia, +which are placed in longitudinal rows. These rows are almost straight +on the dorsal side, but bend on the ventral surface, following +the contour of the twisted anterior portion. The endoplasm is +finely granular; the oesophagus leading into it is very distinct. +Schewiakoff ('89) describes two membranes, an inner and an outer; +Maupas ('83) describes them as right and left. In the present species +I was able to make out only one. The macronucleus is central, +spherical in form, and bears a single minute micronucleus. The +contractile vacuole is posterior and dorsal to the long axis of the +body. The anus is ventral to this axis and also posterior. Length +45µ, width 20µ. Common. + +This marine variety is much smaller than the fresh-water form and the +form differs in a number of respects, viz, in the anterior torsion +and in the structure of the mouth. These may be, however, only +individual variations of a widely spread species, and I believe it is +perfectly safe to describe this as _Colpidium colpoda_. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 38.--_Colpidium colpoda_.] + + +Genus URONEMA Duj. '41. + +(Quennerstedt '69; Cohn '66; Kent '81; Bütschli '81; Schewiakoff '89; +Shevyakov '96.) + +Minute forms; colorless and constant in body form. The form is oval, +slightly compressed on the ventral side, while the dorsal side is +distinctly arched. The membrane is distinctly marked by rather widely +separated striæ. These occasionally have a spiral course about the +body; in all cases they can be easily counted. The mouth is large +and placed near the center of the ventral surface. It is sometimes +approached by a very shallow depression or peristome from the +anterior end, and marked by two rows of cilia. An undulating membrane +extends down the mouth. Oesophagus absent. A long, stiff bristle +extends outwards from the posterior end. The contractile vacuole is +terminal or subterminal and near the anal opening. The macronucleus +is spherical, centrally placed, and with one micronucleus closely +applied. Movement is rapid and usual forwards in a straight line, +often found resting, however, with outstretched cilia in contact with +some foreign body. Food mainly bacteria. Fresh and saltwater, usually +in decomposing vegetable substances. + + +Uronema marina Duj. Fig. 39. + +Synonyms: _Enchelys triquetra_ Dujardin; _E. corrugata_ Duj.; +_Cryptochilum griseolum_ Maupas '83; _Philaster digitiformis_ +Fabre-Domergue '85. + +Small animals with ellipsoidal form and about twice as long as +broad. The mouth lies in the upper half of the body and bears a +well-developed undulating membrane upon its left edge. The membrane +is longitudinally striped and covered with long and vibratile cilia. +The right edge of the mouth bears cilia which are about the same in +size as the body cilia, but are more closely inserted (Schewiakoff). +The most characteristic feature is the long caudal bristle, which +is extremely delicate and about two-thirds the length of the body. +Schewiakoff thinks this bristle has a sensory function. I could not +make this out, for although other protozoa ran against this bristle, +often bending it well over to one side, the animal showed no sign +of irritability but lay quiescent. A spherical macronucleus with +attached micronucleus lies in the center of the body. The contractile +vacuole is posterior in front of the bristle. The macronucleus was +found to be double, as though just divided, in a large percentage of +cases. This may be a precocious division of the nucleus long before +signs of the body division are evident. Such a phenomenon, however, +is rare, the macronucleus usually dividing at a late stage of cell +division. Length 30 to 50µ; width 15 to 20µ. Common in decomposing +algæ. + + +[Illustration: FIG. 39.--_Uronema marina_.] + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF PLEURONEMIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: The mouth is at the end of a long peristome +running along the ventral side; the body is dorso-ventrally or +laterally compressed. The entire left edge of the peristome is +provided with an undulating membrane which occasionally runs around +the posterior end of the peristome to form a "pocket" leading to +the mouth. The right edge of the peristome is provided with a +less-developed membrane. There may or may not be a well-developed +pharynx. + +Body small; not produced into Genus *_Pleuronema_ + neck-like elongation + +Body medium-sized; anterior end Genus *_Lembus_ +produced into neck-like elongation + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus PLEURONEMA Dujardin '41. + +(Perty '52; Clap. & Lach. '58; Stein '59, vol. I; Quennerstedt '67; +Kent '81; Bütschli '88; Schewiakoff '89; Shevyakov '96.) + +Small to medium-sized ciliates, with an unchanging form. They are +somewhat lens-shape and laterally compressed, the two surfaces +about equally arched. The ventral surface is nearly straight or +but slightly arched; the dorsal is quite convex. The anterior and +posterior extremities are equally rounded. The peristome begins as +a small depression, but becomes larger until it takes in nearly all +of the ventral surface. The depression becomes much deeper at about +the center of the body, and is especially marked on the left side of +the peristome. In this deeper portion is the mouth, with an almost +imperceptible oesophagus. Upon the left edge of the peristome is a +high, undulating membrane, sail-like in appearance when extended. +This may stretch around the posterior edge of the peristome and upon +the right aide, thus forming a pocket by means of which the food +particles are directed into the mouth. The rest of the right edge +of the peristome is occupied by closely approximated powerful cilia +(Bütschli) or a second undulating membrane (Stein). The body cilia +are relatively long. Trichocysts and caudal bristles may be present. +The contractile vacuole is subterminal and dorsal; it is questionable +whether there are canals leading to it. A round macronucleus with +one micronucleus is in the anterior half of the body. The anus is +terminal. Food is chiefly bacteria. Movement combines springing with +swimming and rotation. Fresh and salt water. + + +Pleuronema chrysalis Ehr., sp. Fig. 40. + +Synonyms: _Pleuronema crassa_ Dujardin '41; _P. marina_ Duj. '41; +Fabre-Domergue '85; _P. coronata_ Kent '81; _Paramoecium chrysalis_ +Ehr. '38; _Lembadion orale_ G. & R. '88; _Histiobalantium agile_ +Stokes '85, '88. + +The body is ovoid, slightly flattened, rounded at both ends, the +anterior end sharper than the posterior. The ventral surface is +almost entirely taken up by a peristome which extends from the +anterior end posteriorly three-quarters of the body length. The +posterior end of the peristome is straight, the left curved, +following the depressed portion. The body is covered with fine cilia +in longitudinal lines, except on the peristome. The mouth is small +and situated in the hollow of the peristome near the left border. On +the left peristome edge is a large undulating membrane. It begins +near the anterior end of the body and increases in height posteriorly +following the peristome edge around on the right side. This posterior +bend of the membrane causes the appearance of a full sail, so +often seen. It can be entirely withdrawn and folded together in +the peristome. On the right edge of the peristome are large, +powerful cilia. The contractile vacuole is central and dorsal; the +macronucleus is in the anterior half of the body, with one attached +micronucleus. Food consists of bacteria. Not very common. Fresh +and salt water. It often remains quiet, with membrane and cilia +outstretched, as though dead, but suddenly gives a spring and is +gone. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 40.--_Pleuronema chrysalis_.] + + +Pleuronema setigera, n. sp. Fig. 41. + +Body colorless, elongate, and with the general form of a cucumber, +the posterior end being somewhat pointed. The mouth and relatively +small peristome are situated in the lower third of the body. The +peristome begins as a shallow furrow at the center of the ventral +surface and dips sharply into the buccal depression, which is deep +and turned toward the posterior end. The left edge of the peristome +bears a high undulating membrane, which extends anteriorly only +as far as the center of the body; posteriorly it passes around to +the right edge of the peristome, thus forming the characteristic +membranous pocket. Inside the oral depression is a second undulating +membrane, running down to the mouth. This is small and without an +oesophagus. The body is clothed with long setose cilia which are +frequently fully outstretched when the animal is resting, a slight +tremor of the large membrane alone indicating vitality. Posteriorly +these appendages are drawn out into long filiform setæ, the number +varying in different individuals from three to nine or ten. These +are extremely fine and difficult to see without a high power (_e.g._ +1/12 oil) and careful focussing of the substage condensor. Like _P. +chrysalis_, the resting periods are terminated by sudden springs, +otherwise the movements are steady and forward. The macronucleus is +central, and the contractile vacuole posterior and terminal. Length +45µ to 50µ; greatest diameter 17µ. In decaying algæ. + +It was this form, I believe, that Peck '95 described as a "ciliate." + + +[Illustration: Fig. 41.--_Pleuronema setigera_.] + + +Genus LEMBUS Cohn '66. + +(Cohn '66; Quennerstedt '69; Kent '81; Fabre-Domergue '85; Gourret & +Roeser '88; Bütschli '88; Shevyakov '96.) + +Free-swimming animals of elongate form, more or less elastic, and +flexible, bending readily to avoid obstacles, etc. The anterior half +is usually drawn out into a slightly curved neck-like portion. The +peristome is a small groove leading from the anterior end to the +mouth about midway down the ventral side of the body. Bütschli, +following Quennerstedt, describes an undulating membrane on each side +of the peristome groove. Other observers, however, usually describe +but one, the left, which is clearly defined and stretches out some +distance from the body, while the right border is described as having +smaller but very active cilia. The general body surface is clothed +with fine, uniform cilia, and body striæ are usually absent. One +or more caudal bristles may be present. The contractile vacuole is +posterior and terminal, and may be multiple. The macronucleus is +spherical and perhaps double (Kent). Food is chiefly bacteria, and +the animals are frequently found with the anterior end embedded in +zoogloea masses. Salt water, usually in infusions. + + +Lembus infusionum, n. sp. Fig. 42. + +The body is elongate, lancet-shaped, with a tapering anterior +extremity. The dorsal outline is concave through the bending of the +anterior end, while the ventral outline presents an even, convex +curve. The mouth lies slightly above the center of the body and marks +the posterior limit of the ventral peristomial groove, which curves +slightly from the anterior extremity. Each side of this groove bears +an undulating membrane, the left being much larger and conspicuously +striated. The general form of this left membrane is triangular, +the widest part is anterior, the narrowest at the mouth. The +right membrane is similar in form, but smaller and more active. +The endoplasm is colorless and finely granular, not regionally +differentiated. The ectoplasm consists of a relatively thick cortical +plasm specially noticeable in the posterior half of the body and +a delicate cuticle which bears almost imperceptible longitudinal +markings--the insertion points of the fine cilia. The body is covered +with uniform cilia except at the anterior extremity. Here they are +much larger and bristle-like. I was unable to find any cilia in the +peristome. One long caudal bristle, one-quarter of the length of the +body, trails out behind. The macronucleus is spheroidal and placed +near the center of the body; a conspicuous micronucleus lies near it. +A row of contractile vacuoles extends from the posterior end. I have +seen as many as six of nearly equal size and one or two smaller ones. +The intervals of contraction are quite long. Length 70 to 75µ; +greatest diameter 10 to 12µ. + +_L. infusionum_ resembles _L. elongatus_ in its general form and in +its mode of life, for it excavates a retreat in zoogloea masses and +lies there for considerable periods perfectly quiet. It differs +from _L. elongatus_ and from _L. velifer_ (probably the same as _L. +elongatus_ of Claparède & Lachmann) in the presence of the caudal +bristle, in the absence of annular markings, number of contractile +vacuoles, and in the slightly smaller size. It resembles _Lembus +verminus_ (Müller) as described by Kent (_Proboscella vermina_), and +_L. intermedius_ as described by Gourret & Roeser (_Lembus verminus_ +syn.)in the absence of annular markings and in the presence of a +caudal bristle. It differs from the former, however, in the absence +of a tentacle-like process, and from both in the absence of a double +nucleus and in the presence of many vacuoles. These features are so +characteristic of all the specimens examined that I have concluded, +somewhat reluctantly, to give it a specific name. It is common in old +infusions of algæ, especially after decomposition is well advanced. +Its food consists of bacteria. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 42.--_Lembus infusionum_.] + + +Lembus pusillus Quennerstedt 1869. Fig. 43. + +Synonym: _L. subulatus_ Kent 81. + +This species is much smaller than the preceding, and might easily +be mistaken for _Uronema marina_. It is subcylindrical in form, the +anterior end bluntly pointed, the posterior end rounded. The oral +apparatus is quite different from _Uronema_. The mouth, as in the +preceding species, is at the end of a long peristomial groove +extending from the anterior end to the middle of the body. The edges +of the peristome bear undulating membranes as in _L. infusionum_. +Like the latter, there is one caudal bristle, but unlike it there is +only one posterior contractile vacuole, while the endoplasm is filled +with large granules or food balls. The cuticle is distinctly striated +with longitudinal markings, and the cilia are uniform in length. + +Habitat similar to that of _L. infusionum_, in zoogloea masses. +Length 26 to 30µ; diameter 7 to 8µ. + +Although Quennerstedt's description of _L. pusillus_ makes no mention +of a caudal bristle, the size and other characters are so closely +similar that I hesitate to make a new species. The bristle is +extremely delicate, scarcely thicker than a cilium, and easily +overlooked, yet with proper focussing of the condenser I found it on +every specimen examined. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 43.--_Lembus pusillus_.] + + +KEY TO MARINE GENERA OF OPALINIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: The form is oval, and the body may be short or +drawn out to resemble a worm. They are characterized mainly by the +absence of mouth and pharynx. + +Anterior end not pointed; body Genus *_Anoplophrya_ +cylindrical; tapering + +Anterior end pointed; body elongate; Genus _Opalinopsis_ +cylindrical; tapering + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus ANOPLOPHRYA Stein '60. + +(Stein '60; Claparède '60; Leidy '77; Vejdovsky '79; Kent '81; +Balbiani '85; Bütschli '88; Shevyakov '96.) + +The general form is elongate, cylindrical or slightly flattened, with +rounded ends, the posterior end tapering. The body is striated with +clearly defined, often depressed lines, which run longitudinally and +sometimes spirally. The contractile vacuoles are usually placed in +rows upon the edges. The macronucleus is almost always long and +band-formed, rarely oval, and generally extending through the entire +length of the body. Micronuclei have been made out in one case. +Reproduction is effected by simple cross division or by budding at +the posterior end, and is frequently combined with chain formation. +The main characteristic is the entire absence of mouth and +oesophagus, the animals being parasitic in the digestive tract of +various annelids. Parasites, salt-water forms. + + +Anoplophrya branchiarum. Stein '52. Fig. 44. + +_A. circulans_ Balbiani. + +The body is cylindrical to pyriform, in the latter case broadened +anteriorly. Cuticle distinctly marked by longitudinal striations +which take the form of depressions and give to the body a +characteristic melon shape. The endoplasm contains a number of large +refringent granules--probably body products. The nucleus is elongate, +somewhat curved, and coarsely granular. A micronucleus lies in the +concavity. The cilia are long, inserted rather widely apart along +the longitudinal markings. The contractile vacuole is single and +is located at the pointed end, which is directed backwards during +locomotion. One specimen found free swimming among some algæ. + +Length 104µ; greatest diameter 36µ. + +I was much surprised to find this form swimming about freely in the +water; its mouthless condition showed it to belong to the family of +parasites, the _Opalinidæ_. As the name indicates, however, this +species is an ectoparasite upon the gills, and Stein gave the name +_branchiarum_ to a fresh-water form parasitic upon _Gammarus pulex_. +The Woods Hole form is so strikingly similar to the figure of _G. +branchiarum_ that, although the name was given to a fresh-water form, +it obviously applies to this marine variety. One important difference +is the presence of only one contractile vacuole in the marine form. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 44.--_Anoplophrya branchiarum_.] + + +KEY TO FAMILIES OF HETEROTRICHIDA. + +Cilia cover the body 1 + +Cilia reduced to certain 2 +localized areas + +1. _Polytrichina_. + + a. The mouth terminates a long Family _Plagiotomidæ_ + peristomial furrow having an + adoral zone along the entire + left edge + + b. Peristomial area a broad Family _Bursaridæ_ + triangular area ending in mouth + + c. Peristomial depression short; Family _Stentoridæ_ + limited to the anterior end; its + plane at right angles to the + long axis of body; surface of + peristome striated and ciliated; + no undulating membranes + +2. _Oligotrichina_. + + a. Peristome without cilia; cilia Family _Halteriidæ_ + limited to one or more girdles + about body + + One marine genus *_Strombidium_ + + b. Thecate forms; the body is Family _Tintinnidæ_ + attached by a stalk to the cup; + within the adoral zone is a ring + of cilia. + + c. The peristomial depression is Family _Ophryoscolecidæ_ + deep and funnel-like; cuticle + thick, with posterior spine-like + processes. + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +KEY TO THE MARINE GENERA OF PLAGIOTOMIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: The peristome is a narrow furrow which begins, +as a rule, close to the anterior end and runs backward along the +ventral side, to the mouth, which is usually placed between the +middle of the body and the posterior end. A well-developed adoral +zone stretches along the left side of the peristome, and is usually +straight. + +1. Body cylindrical; size medium; Genus _Metopus_ + peristome long and turns sharply + to the left at the extremity + +2. No torsion in the peristome; Genus _Blepharisma_ + undulating membrane is confined + to the posterior part of peristome + +3. No peristomial torsion; Genus _Spirostomum_ + body highly contractile; + no undulating membrane + + +KEY TO THE MARINE GENERA OF BURSARIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: The body is usually short and pocket-like, but +may be elongate. The chief characteristic is the peristome, which is +not a furrow, but a broad triangular area deeply insunk and ending in +a point at the mouth. The adoral zone is usually confined to the left +peristome edge, or it may cross over to the right anterior edge. + +1. The anterior half of the body Genus _Balantidium_ + tapers to nearly a point in front; + the peristome is narrowest at the + apex; the mouth is the entire + peristome base. + +2. The anterior end does not taper; Genus *_Condylostoma_ + the peristome is widest at the end + of the body; the mouth is clearly + defined. + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus CONDYLOSTOMA (KONDYLOSTOMA Bory de St. Vincent 1824) Dujardin +'41 + +(Dujardin '41; Claparède & Lachmann '58; Stein '59, '67; Cohn '66; +Quennerstedt '67; Wrzesniowski '70; Bütschli '76, '88; Kent '81; +Maupas '83; Shevyakov '96.) + +Colorless and more or less flexible animals of medium size. The +general form is elongate and cylindrical or somewhat smaller +anteriorly. The posterior end is broadly rounded, the anterior end +somewhat truncate and oblique. The peristome is broad and triangular, +the base of the triangle being the entire anterior end of the body. +The entire length of the peristome is one-fourth or less of the body +length. The mouth is large and placed at the apex of the peristomial +triangle and opens into a comparatively small oesophagus. The right +edge of the peristome is lamellate and bears a clearly defined +undulating membrane. The adoral zone is well developed upon the left +edge of the peristome, from which it passes around anteriorly to the +right edge. The surface of the peristome is free from cilia, but +the rest of the body is uniformly coated with small active cilia. +Contractile vacuoles are not safely determined. Bütschli thinks +there is probably one terminal vacuole, but some observers deny this +(_e.g._ Maupas). Others describe them on the dorsal side of the +posterior end (Quennerstedt). The macronucleus is long and beaded and +placed upon the right side. Micronuclei are numerous and scattered +along the macronucleus. The anus is terminal and dorsal. Food +consists of large and small particles. Movement rapid, free swimming, +alternating with resting periods; in some cases an undulating or +wriggling movement is seen, showing clearly the flexibility of the +body. Fresh and salt water. + + +Condylostoma patens Müller. Fig. 45. + +The body is elongate, somewhat sac-like, five or six times as long +as broad, plastic, and frequently contains brightly colored food +granules. The triangular peristome takes up the greater part of the +anterior end, and the mouth is situated at the sharper angle of the +triangle, about one-fourth of the total length from the anterior end. +The cuticle is longitudinally striated, the lines having a slightly +spiral course. They are not closely set, and fine cilia are thickly +inserted along their edges. The endoplasm is granular and viscous. +The motile organs consist of an adoral zone of membranelles, which +stretch along the left edge of the peristome and the front edge of +the body. The right edge of the peristome supports an undulating +membrane. The nucleus is moniliform and extends the full length of +the left side; a number of micronuclei are distributed along its +course (Maupas). + +Length 400µ; diameter at widest part 105µ. Maupas gives the length +from 305µ to 495µ; and Stein 376µ to 564µ. Very common. + +For a more extended account of the structures, see the excellent +description by Maupas '83. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 45.--_Condylostoma patens_.] + + +KEY TO THE MARINE GENERA OF STENTORIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: The peristome is relatively short and limited +to the front end of the animal, so that its plane is nearly at right +angles to that of the longitudinal axis of the body. The adoral zone +of cilia either passes entirely around the peristome edge or ends at +the right-hand edge. The surface of the peristome is spirally +striated and provided with cilia. Undulating membranes are absent. + +1. Peristome circular in outline; Genus _Stentor_ + limited to the anterior end + +2. The peristome is drawn out into two Genus _Folliculina_ + wing-like processes; tube-dwelling + + +Genus STROMBIDIUM Cl. & Lach. '58. + +(Stein '67; Bütschli '73; Fromentel '74; Kent '81; Gruber '84; Entz +'84; Maupas '83. Bütschli '88.) + +Small, colorless (except for ingested food) animals with +characteristic springing movements. The form is usually constant, but +in some cases may be plastic like _Astasia_; it is usually globular +or conical, the posterior end being more or less pointed, the +anterior end broadest. The latter is surrounded by a complete circle +of the adoral zone, the oral end of which passes into a peristomial +depression which extends deep into the middle of the body. The mouth, +with a very small oesophagus, lies at the bottom of the inturned +peristome. The region surrounded by the adoral zone is frequently +drawn out into an anterior process, occasionally bearing a pigment +mass. The ventral surface in some cases bears cilia, which may be +distributed or restricted to a row of large cilia. Trichocysts are +usually present and may be widely spread, limited to the posterior +region, or arranged in a girdle about the middle. The contractile +vacuole is simple, and posterior in position. The macronucleus +is spherical and usually central in position. Movement is rapid +swimming, combined with resting and floating periods, the latter +usually terminated by a sudden leap. + +Fresh and salt water; more common in the latter. + + +Strombidium caudatum Fromentel '74. Fig. 46, a, b, c. + +Fromentel described a fresh-water form of this genus with a caudal +appendage. The body is pyriform, broadly truncate on the anterior +end, in the middle of which rises a papilliform process (Schnabel). +On this process is a heap of pigment granules, which, however, are +not constant. A ring of long cirri surround the anterior end and pass +into the peristome, and from the left edge of this line of cirri a +large adoral zone continues down to the mouth. The peristome is +elongate and sac-form, and the mouth lies at the posterior extremity. +With the exception of a caudal filament there are no other motile +organs; this is about half as long as the body, structureless, +hyaline, and sharply pointed. It splits up into a bundle of fine +fibers upon treatment with caustic potash (c). The cirri emerge from +minute hollows in the edge of the anterior border. The cortical +plasm contains peculiar rod-like bodies, which look more like lines +or markings than like rods or trichocysts. The nucleus is large, +spherical, and placed in the center of the body. The contractile +vacuole is posterior. + +Length without appendage is about 35µ; greatest diameter 15 to 18µ. +In decaying vegetable matter. Common. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 46.--_Strombidium caudatum_.] + + +Although Fromentel's species is incompletely described, it is very +evident that the organism corresponds fairly well with the Woods Hole +variety. His was a fresh-water type; this is marine, but the caudal +filament and the contractile vacuole are similar. Certainly in this +case the organism can not be regarded as a Vorticella broken off its +stalk, as Kent '81 suspected. The anterior process with its pigment +spot; the cirri, the spherical nucleus, the position of the vacuole, +etc., are all opposed to such an interpretation which Kent applied to +the original species. Neither can it be a Tintinnoid. I place it +provisionally as _S. caudatum_. + + +KEY TO THE MARINE GENERA OF TINTINNIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: Body attached by a stalk to a cup. Inside the +zone of membranelles is a ring of cilia (par-oral). + +1. The test is gelatinous and more or Genus _Tintinnidium_ + less covered by foreign particles + +2. The test is chitinous and clear. Genus _Tintinnus_ + No foreign particles. + +3. The test is chitinous; covered by Genus *_Tintinnopsis_ + foreign particles, growth rings + frequent + +4. The test is chitinous, often Genus _Codonella_ + covered by foreign particles. + The test is marked by discoid, + circular, or hexagonal spots. + +5. The test is perforated by pores Genus _Dictyocysta_ + of circular or hexagonal form. + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus TINTINNOPSIS Stein '67. + +(Stein '67; Kent '81; Daday '87; Bütschli '88.) + +Medium-sized ciliates, inclosed in a chitinous lorica with embedded +sand crystals. The form of the house, or lorica, varies greatly. +In some cases the mouth opening is wide, giving the lorica a bell +form; it may be long and tubular, short and spherical, or variously +indented. The animal is attached, as in the closely allied genus +_Tintinnus_, by a peduncle to the bottom of the lorica. The anterior +end of the animal is inclosed by two complete circles of cilia; +one, the outer, forming the adoral zone, is composed of thick +tentacle-like membranelles, the other consists of shorter cilia +within the adoral zone. The mouth leads into a curved oesophagus +containing rows of downward-directed cilia (Daday). The entire body +is covered with cilia, but as the lorica is always opaque these can +be made out only when the animal is induced to leave the house. The +only difference between this genus and _Tintinnus_ is the covering +of foreign bodies--usually sand crystals. Movement is rapid and +restless, and peculiarly vibratory, owing to the apparent awkwardness +in moving the house. Salt water. + + +Tintinnopsis beroidea Stein, var. plagiostoma Daday. Fig. 47. + +Synonym: _Codonella beroidea_ Entz '84. + +The shell is colorless, thimble-shaped, with a broadly rounded +posterior end. The body is cylindrical. The internal organs were not +observed. Membranelles 24 in number. Length 50µ; greatest diameter +40µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 47.--_Tintinnopsis beroidea_.] + + +Var. compressa Daday '87. + +The posterior end of the shell is pointed, the lower third of the +shell is swollen, the upper third is uniform in diameter and without +oral inflation or depression. Nucleus not seen. + +Length 70µ; greatest diameter 48µ. + + +Tintinnopsis davidoffi Daday. Fig. 48. + +The shell is large, elongated, and provided with a considerable +spine. The chitin of the shell is covered with silicious particles of +diverse size. The internal structures were not observed. + +Length of shell and spine 230µ; diameter of the oral aperture 54µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 48.--_Tintinnopsis davidoffi_.] + + +The variations of these species are considerable, and as the internal +structures, such as the nucleus, are essential in fixing their +systematic position, I place them as above, provisionally, and until +further observations can be made. + + +KEY TO FAMILIES OF HYPOTRICHIDA. + +a. Peristome indistinct; cilia on Family _Peritromidæ_ + ventral surface uniform and not One genus, *_Peritromus_ + differentiated into cirri + +b. Peristome more or less indistinct; Family _Oxytrichidæ_ + cilia reduced to a few rows on the + ventral surface; anal and frontal + cirri present + +c. Cilia entirely reduced; frontal Family _Euplotidæ_ + and anal cirri present or reduced; + macronucleus band-formed or spherical + +d. Peristome reduced to left edge and Family _Aspidiscidæ_ + does not reach over the anterior One genus, *_Aspidisca_ + margin + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus PERITROMUS Stein '62. + +(Stein '62, '67; Maupas '83.) + +The body is flat, colorless or tinged with yellow, and contractile. +It is elliptical in outline, with broadly rounded ends; in some +cases the left edge is slightly incurved, the right edge convex. +The ventral surface is flat, the dorsal surface is arched in the +middle region of the body. The edges being flat are somewhat more +transparent than the remainder of the body. The ventral surface is +striated by longitudinal straight or slightly curved lines, the +dorsal surface is smooth and without cilia. (Maupas describes +bristles on the back, but this is not corroborated.) The adoral zone +is fairly well developed, but not distinctly marked off from the +remaining ventral surface. It begins on the right side and extends +entirely around the frontal margin and down the left side below the +middle of the body, where it turns suddenly to the right, entering +the slightly insunk peristome. The mouth leads into a short, +indistinct oesophagus. One contractile vacuole is situated in the +dorsal swelling at the posterior end of the animal. Macronucleus +double, one in each side of the dorsal swelling. Movement is slow +and creeping, with a peculiar method of contracting the more hyaline +edge, which may turn upward or around a foreign object. + +Fresh (?) and salt water. + + +Peritromus emmæ Stein. Fig. 49. + +With the characters of the genus. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 49.--_Peritromus emmæ_, ventral and lateral +aspects.] + + +KEY TO THE MARINE GENERA OF OXYTRICHIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: The peristome is not always marked off from +the frontal area. In the most primitive forms the cilia on the +ventral surface are similar to those of the preceding family +(_Peritromidæ_). Usually some of the anterior and some of the +posterior cilia are fused into cirri, distinguished as the frontal +and anal cirri, respectively. In the majority of forms all of the +cilia are thus differentiated; strong marginal cirri are formed in +perfect rows, and ventral cirri in imperfect rows. In addition to the +adoral zone there is an undulating membrane on the right side of the +peristome, and in some cases a row of cilia between the membrane +and the adoral zone. These are the par-oral cilia and they form the +par-oral zone. + +1. The posterior end is pointed or 2 + tail-like + + The posterior end is rounded; 5 + not tail-like + +2. The front end is pointed 3 + + The front end is rounded 4 + +3. Frontal and anal cirri absent; Genus _Stichotricha_ + often tube-forming + + Eight frontal and 3 caudal cirri; Genus _Gonostomum_ + not tubiculous + +4. Anal cirri present; with or Genus *_Epiclintes_ + without short lateral bristles + + Anal cirri absent; no bristles Genus _Uroleptus_ + +5. With frontal cirri 6 + + No frontal cirri; 2 to 3 rows of Genus _Holosticha_ + ventral cirri; anal cirri small + +6. Right margin of peristome straight Genus _Oxytricha_ + as far as the anterior end; 5 rows + ventral cirri; 5 anal cirri + + Right margin of peristome curved 7 + +7. Five rows or less of ventral cirri 8 + + More than 5 rows of ventral cirri Genus _Urostyla_ + +8. Membranelles normal; 5-10 anal Genus *_Amphisia_ + cirri; no caudal cirri + + Membranelles normal; 5 to 10 anal Genus _Stylonychia_ + cirri; 3 caudal cirri + + Membranelles very large and Genus _Actinotricha_ + powerful; adoral zone not + continued to mouth; 5 anal cirri + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus EPICLINTES Stein '62. + +(Stein '62, '64, '67; Mereschowsky '79; Gruber '87; Bütschli '88.) + +Very active, contractile, colorless forms of rather small size. In +the fully expanded condition the body is oval and long, with its +greatest width in the center or at the front half of the body. The +posterior end is always drawn out into a relatively long tail, which +is extremely elastic. The peristome is short and stretches around the +front end of the animal. In the frontal region are from one to three +rows of cirri. The ventral surface is covered with longitudinal rows +of cilia, the number of rows being in dispute (6 to 7 according to +Stein; 9 according to Mereschowsky and Rees) Some of these cilia +project from the lateral edges and from the posterior end, where +they are slightly elongated. The anus is dorsal and placed at the +beginning of the posterior process. Macronucleus probably double. +Movement is rapid and restless, the tail process contracting to jerk +the body backward. Salt water. + + +Epiclintes radiosa Quenn. Fig. 50. + +Synonym: _Metra radiosa_ Quenn. + +The body is elongate, slightly narrowed anteriorly, and drawn out +posteriorly into a long, retractile, tail-like portion. Five large +cirri extend outward from the anterior extremity. The caudal portion +may be extended to a distance equal to twice the length of the body +or contracted to half the length. The peculiar nervousness of this +form made it extremely difficult to study, and the oral region was +imperfectly made out. The anterior cirri appear to line the upper +left border of the peristome, which is marked by a row of large +cilia. The peristome begins upon the right side of the anterior end +and passes backward and to the left, narrowing at this point. The +mouth is very small and difficult to see. It is apt to stay in +one locality under zoogloea, switching back and forth with great +vivacity, or hanging on by the posterior cilia while the anterior +end stretches out in the surrounding medium. Nucleus and contractile +vacuole were not observed. Length 45µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 50.--_Epiclintes radiosa_.] + + +Genus AMPHISIA Sterki '78. + +(Sterki '78; Kent '81; Bütschli '88.) + +The body is plastic and soft, colorless or slightly tinged with +yellow or red. In form it is oval or elongate, the posterior end +is rounded and slightly reduced in diameter, but does not form a +distinct tail. The anterior end is also rounded and similarly reduced +in width. There are two rows of marginal cirri (_Randcirren_), which +may be placed some distance from the edge, and two or three rows of +ventral cirri between them. There are from 3 to 5 frontal cirri of +larger size than those of the ventral rows, and from 5 to 10 anal +cirri. (The genus _Holosticha_ is similar in all respects save +the presence of frontal cirri.) The macronucleus is double; the +contractile vacuole is central and on the left side. The peristome +is long and rather narrow and carries an undulating membrane on its +right margin. Fresh and salt water. + + +Amphisia kessleri Wrzes. '77. Fig. 51. + +Synonyms: _Trichoda gibba_ Müller; _Oxytricha gibba_ Stein '59; _O. +velox?_ Quen. '69; _O. kessleri_ Wrzes. '77. + +Body elongate, slightly sigmoid and swollen in the center, about +3-1/2 times as long as broad; the rounded anterior end is turned to +the left, the similarly rounded posterior end to the right; both ends +taper slightly. The peristome is long and narrow, with a distinct +adoral zone which appears broken in its course. To the right of this +adoral zone is a single line of preoral cilia. On the right border of +the peristome is an undulating membrane. The three frontal cirri form +a triangle and the five smaller anal cirri form a continuous line +with the broken row of ventral cirri. There are two and one-half rows +of ventral cirri and the marginal cirri are drawn in until they are +ventral in position. + +Length 135µ; greatest width 40µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 51.--_Amphisia kessleri_.] + + +This variety differs from _O. kessleri_ as described by Wrzesniowski +in having three frontal cirri instead of four. Another difference +is in the structure of the nuclei and in their position. These +differences are too minute to warrant a specific name. _O. velox_ of +Quennerstedt is probably the same as _0. kessleri_, but differs in +having three complete rows of ventral cirri. _O. velox_ has three +frontal cirri in a line, thus differing from the Woods Hole form. + + +KEY TO THE MARINE GENERA OF EUPLOTIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: Cilia, as well as the frontal, marginal, and +ventral cirri, very much reduced; the anal cirri, on the other hand, +are always present. The macronucleus is band-form. + +1. Frontal cirri more than 8 2 + + Frontal cirri less than 8 3 + +2. Eleven marginal cirri on the left Genus _Certesia_ + side; 11 frontal cirri + + Four marginal cirri, 2 on each Genus *_Euplotes_ + side; 9 to 10 frontal cirri + +3. Seven frontal, 5 anal, 3 right Genus *_Diophrys_ + marginal, and 2 left marginal + cirri + + No frontal, 5 anal, 3 right, Genus *_Uronychia_ + and 2 left marginal cirri + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus EUPLOTES (Ehr. 1831) Stein '59. + +(Ehrenberg '31, '38; Stein '59; Cl. & Lach. '58; Quennerstedt '65, +'67, '69; Bütschli '88; Kent '81; Gourret & Roeser '88; Möbius '88.) + +Small to medium-sized forms. Rigid in form, colorless, or green by +chlorophyl. They are quite flat on the ventral surface but decidedly +arched dorsally, and the contour is usually oval. The anterior end is +broadly rounded to truncate; the posterior end is similarly rounded, +or may be somewhat pointed. The mouth is placed centrally or near +the left margin, and from it the right edge of the peristome forms a +curved line to the left, which bends forward, thus making the greater +part of the left edge the peristomial area. In front the peristome +bends sharply to the right and extends as far as the right end of the +adoral zone. Upon the frontal and median ventral surface are 9 to 10 +great cirri (_Bauchwimpern_ of Stein). Posteriorly five great anal +cirri stretch out beyond the posterior body margin. In addition to +these there are two smaller marginal cirri upon the left body edge, +and two similar ones on the hinder part of the body. The dorsal +surface is rarely smooth, but usually is marked by longitudinal +ridges, and rows of dorsal bristles have been described. The single +contractile vacuole lies on the right side in the region of the +anal cirri, sometimes just above them, sometimes below. The anus is +posterior and on the right side. The characteristic macronucleus is +long and band-form, its main portion being usually on the left side +with an anterior and a posterior arm toward the right. Movement is +rapid swimming, which, however, is frequently broken by creeping +periods, during which the animals appear to be examining the foreign +body on which they creep. + +Fresh and salt water. + + +Euplotes charon Ehr. Fig. 52. + +Synonyms: _Trichoda charon_ Müller; _Ploesconia charon_; _P. +affinis_, _subrotunda_, _radiosa_, _longiremis_, Dujardin '41. + +The body is oval, small, and somewhat variable in length. The +carapace is strongly marked upon the dorsal side by deep longitudinal +grooves, 6 to 8 in number; the grooves may be absent, however. The +adoral zone extends to the posterior third of the body, the mouth +and oesophagus are directed anteriorly. There are 10 ventral cirri, +7 of which are on or near the frontal border and 3 near the right +edge. There are 5 posterior cirri and 4 anal cirri, of much smaller +size. The cirri may or may not be fimbriated, the latter condition +indicating the approaching disintegration of the body and is +abnormal. The macronucleus is long and band-formed or horseshoe +shape. The contractile vacuole lies on the right side dorsal to the +posterior cirri. + +Fresh and salt water. Length 45µ; diameter 25µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 52.--_Euplotes charon_, dorsal and ventral +aspects.] + + +Euplotes harpa Stein. Fig. 53. + +The body is elongate, oval, somewhat widened anteriorly, and has +rounded ends. The frontal margin is three-toothed. Ten ventral cirri. +Dorsal surface provided with 8 longitudinal markings. The peristome +is long and broad, with considerable variation. The adoral zone +consists of powerful membranelles arranged in a continuous curve +from the mouth to the extreme right frontal margin. Seven of the 10 +ventral cirri are situated at the anterior extremity; the remainder +are arranged in a triangle on the right edge. The anal cirri, 5 in +number, are long and stiff; the marginal cirri smaller and finer. The +nucleus and contractile vacuole are similar to those of the preceding +species. + +Length 95µ; width 54µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 53.--_Euplotes harpa_.] + + +Genus DIOPHRYS Dujardin '41. + +(Bütschli '88.) + +Medium size, colorless to yellow, rigid in form. The body contour +is oval, the anterior end being rounded or slightly reduced, the +posterior end usually cut in on the right side. The peristome is +broad but less extensive than in _Euplotes_, and may extend beyond +the middle of the body. Its right edge is convex toward the right +side, extends forward and does not turn again to the right. The +anterior ventral surface has 7 to 8 scattered cirri and just behind +the mouth is a transverse row of large anal cirri. In the sharp +in-cut of the posterior end are three great angular cirri. Two +lateral cirri are placed on the left of the median line between +the mouth and the anal cirri, and usually in a slight hollow. The +contractile vacuole is on the right side in the vicinity of the +anal cirri. The macronucleus is in two parts, each band-form, one +anterior, the other posterior in position. Movement is rapid and +steady. Salt water. + + +Diophrys (Styloplotes) appendiculatus Stein '59. Fig. 54. + +Synonyms: _Styloplotes appendiculatus_ Stein '59; Kent '81; +Quennerstedt '67, etc. + +The general form resembles _Euplotes_. Its outline is oval and +regular except at the posterior end on the right side, where there is +a considerable indentation. The frontal margin is characterized by a +row of powerful membranelles, which become smaller at the peristome +and at the mouth they are of characteristically small size. The +ventral cirri are 7 in number. Five of them are in one row from the +anterior end down the right side nearly to the anal cirri; 1 is on +the frontal border between the first two; 1 lies just anterior to the +second anal cirrus from the right side. The 5 anal cirri are large +and powerful and extend some distance beyond the posterior end of the +body. In all specimens observed these cirri curve to the left. Dorsal +to the anal cirri and placed deep into the dorsal pit are 3 large, +sharply curved cirri, which in most cases are fimbriated, but when +the specimens are normal these are pointed and curve abruptly to the +right. Two smaller cirri lie to the left of the group of anal cirri. +The peristome is well-marked by the adoral zone, and upon its right +border there is a row of cilia, and a similar row of cilia runs along +the base of the oral membranelle. The macronucleus is double and +consists of two elongate cylindrical masses lying parallel with +one another. One of these is in the anterior region; the other is +posterior. The contractile vacuole lies dorsal to the anal cirri +and anterior to the three dorsal cirri. The movement and general +activities resemble those of _Euplotes_. + +Length 50µ; diameter 25µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 54.--_Diophrys appendiculatus_.] + + +Genus URONYCHIA Stein '52. + +(Stein '59, '67; Quennerstedt '67; Kent '81; Bütschli '88.) + +Medium-sized colorless ciliates of usually constant body form. The +body is somewhat short and oval in outline. The anterior end is +broadly truncate, the posterior end rounded or slightly pointed. The +ventral and dorsal surfaces are considerably arched and the latter +usually has a number of rows of longitudinal stripes. The open +peristome is broad and reaches back to the middle of the ventral +surface and beyond. According to Stein, the two edges can approach +each other, thus opening and closing the peristomial area. Its right +edge forms a greater angle with the front edge than in the genus +_Euplotes_, and the left edge forms a greater angle with the front +edge than in that genus. The left edge also appears to cover over the +adoral zone slightly. There are no ventral cirri in front, but on the +posterior ventral surface are 7 great springing cirri. Five of these +are inserted on the right aide in a deep in-sinking, and the other 2 +in a similar depression on the left ventral surface. Above the 5 +right-side cirri, _i.e._, dorsal to them, but in the same depression, +are 3 angular cirri. A few edge cirri are found to the left of them +and another to the right of the 5 cirri. The contractile vacuole is +on the left side between the main groups of cirri. The macronucleus +is band-form or spherical, and is situated in the middle region of +the body. Movement consists in forward swimming with sudden springs. + +Salt water. + + +Uronychia setigera, n. sp. Fig. 55. + +This species is very common in the Woods Hole waters. It is small, +colorless, and very active. The most characteristic feature is +the posterior end with its relatively enormous cirri, which are +apparently large enough for an animal four times its size. The form +is ovoid, widened posteriorly. + +The ventral surface is flat and has two excavations in the posterior +end. The right hollow is larger and contains 5 great cirri of unequal +size, the extreme right one being the largest. The left hollow +contains 2 cirri, also of dissimilar size. Dorsal to the 5 right +cirri are 3 sickle-formed cirri, which are usually fimbriated. These +are pointed and curve regularly to the left. The peristome is wide +and open, and a small pocket-like hollow on its left border indicates +the region of the mouth. The adoral zone runs into this pocket +and the mouth is located in its lower right-hand corner. In _U. +transfuga_ the right border is generally described as having a +membrane of extreme delicacy. I was unable to see such a membrane in +this form, but in its place there are 2 flagella-like cirri extending +from the margin of the mouth-opening into the peristome, and these +vibrate slowly. I do not believe these could be the moving edge of an +undulating membrane, for they are quite distinct. The macronucleus is +spherical instead of band-form, and a single micronucleus is closely +attached. This is unlike the European species _U. transfuga_, in +which the nucleus is elongate. The contractile vacuole lies between +the two sets of posterior cirri. There are no marginal folds like +those of the European species. + +Length 40µ; width 25µ. Common. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 55.--_Uronychia setigera_.] + + +Genus ASPIDISCA Ehr. 1830. + +(Perty '52; Cl & Lach. '58; Stein '59; Quennerstedt '65, '67, '69; +Mereschowsky '79; Kent '81; Bütschli '88.) + +Small, colorless, and rigid forms, with nearly circular to oval +contour. The left side is usually straight, or at least but slightly +convex. The right side is much more convex, and the right margin is +considerably thickened. The ventral side is flat, the dorsal surface +convex, with from one to several longitudinal ridges which run more +or less parallel with the right edge. The peristome is limited to the +left edge, where it forms a small depression which may or may not +reach the anterior border, but which in no case runs around the +anterior margin. The left peristome margin in some cases grows +over the peristome depression toward the right, thus making a sort +of cover for the peristome. In the posterior region is a deep +depression, from which 5 to 12 cirri take their origin. Seven or 8 +cirri are placed in the anterior half of the ventral surface and +are arranged more or less in rows. The anus is on the right side in +the region of the anal cirri (Stein). The contractile vacuole is +generally on the right side and similarly located. The macronucleus +is a horseshoe-shaped body. Movement rapid, somewhat in circles, and +rather uniform. + +Fresh and salt water. + + +Aspidisca hexeris Quennerstedt '67. Fig. 56. + +The carapace is elliptical, about 1-1/2 times as long as broad, +rounded at the extremities. The left border of the carapace bears a +spur-like projection. The ventral cirri are short and thick, and are +very characteristic of the species. When moving slowly they look much +like nicely-pointed paint brushes, but when the animal is compressed +they quickly become fibrillated, and then look like extremely old and +worn brushes. These cirri are placed in depressions in the ventral +surface and each one appears to come from a specific shoulder. At the +posterior end an oblique hollow bears 6 unequal cirri placed side +by side. The extreme right cirrus is the largest, and they become +progressively smaller to the opposite end. Dorsal to these lies the +contractile vacuole. The peristome is in the posterior half of the +body and an undulating membrane extends from it into the oesophagus. +The dorsal surface is longitudinally striated by 5 or 6 lines, which +are usually curved. The nucleus is horseshoe-shaped and lies in the +posterior half of the body. Length 68µ; diameter 48µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 56.--_Aspidisca hexeris_.] + + +This form was incorrectly mentioned as _Mesodinium_ sp. by Peck '95: + +In the figure given by Quennerstedt there are only 7 ventral cirri. +In the Woods Hole form there are 8, 7 of which are anterior, 6 of +them about one central one. The eighth cirrus is by itself, near the +base of the largest posterior cirrus. These cirri, in spite of their +size, are easily overlooked and more easily confused, but by using +methylene blue they can be seen and counted. + + +Aspidisca polystyla Stein. Fig. 57. + +This species is similar to _A. hexeris_, but is smaller, very +transparent, and without the spur-like process on the left edge of +the carapace. The chief difference, however, lies in the number of +anal cirri. These are 10 in number and they are arranged obliquely as +in the preceding species, with the largest one on the right and the +smallest on the left. The ventral cirri are 8 in number, and are +arranged in two rows, one of which, the right, has 4 cirri closely +arranged, the other having 3 cirri close together and one at some +distance, near the largest anal cirrus. The peristome, contractile +vacuole, and nucleus are similar to the preceding. Length 36µ; width +22µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 57.--_Aspidisca polystyla_.] + + +Stein assigns only 7 ventral cirri to this species, but he also +describes 2 very fine bristle like cilia (p. 125) and pictures them +in figs. 18, 19, 20, and 21 of his Taf. III in the same relative +position as my eighth cirrus. I am positive that cilia do not occur +on the ventral face of this form, and that the characteristic cirri +are the sole locomotor organs. + + +KEY TO FAMILIES OF PERITRICHIDA. + +a. Peristome drawn out into Family _Spirochonidæ_ + funnel-like process; parasitic + +b. Adoral zone and circlet of cilia Family _Lichnophoridæ_ + at opposite end. Adoral zone (one genus, *_Lichnophora_) + left-wound. Parasitic. + +c. Adoral zone a left-wound spiral. Family _Vorticellidæ_ + Attached or unattached forms. + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus LICHNOPHORA Claparède '67. + +(Gruber '84; Fabre-Domergue '88; Bütschli '88; Wallengren '94; +Stevens 1901.) + +Small or medium-sized colorless animals, extremely elastic and +flexible. The anterior part, bearing the adoral zone, is round or +oval in ventral view, and has a flat ventral and a highly arched +dorsal surface. The posterior end of the animal is reduced to a +stalk-like structure which is broadened at the extremity to form +a sucking disk. The surface of this disk and the surface of the +peristome may be brought into the same plane by the characteristic +bending of the stalk portion. A ciliated girdle is placed at the +edge of the sucking disk. A well-developed adoral zone incloses the +peristome; it begins at the mouth on the left side and includes +nearly all of the peristome in its left-wound spiral, the extremity +approaching closely the end near the mouth. The macronucleus is a +long-beaded structure, or it may be in several parts connected by +strands (Gruber). The contractile vacuole is on the left side in the +region of the mouth. Salt water. + + +Lichnophora macfarlandi Stevens. Fig. 58. + +The body is elongate; oral disk variable in form, attachment disk +clearly defined and constant. The stalk is very contractile and +elastic, constantly changing in shape. When detached from the host +the animal moves with a very irregular and indefinite motion. When +attached it moves freely over the surface on its pedal disk. The +latter is bordered by four membranes composed of cilia. A distinct +axial fiber extends from the pedal disc to the peristome and gives +off a number of branches. This fiber is analogous to the myonemes +in _Vorticella_. An indistinct longitudinal furrow can be made out +occasionally. The nucleus is in 5 or 6 separate pieces, of which 1 +is found in the pedal disk and 1 or 2 in the neck. + +On the egg capsules of _Crepidula plana_; also reported upon annelids +at Woods Hole. + +Length 60µ from disk to extremity of the peristomial disk. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 58.--_Lichnophora macfarlandi_.] + + +This form does not agree in all respects with Stevens's species, but +the agreement is so close in other respects that I believe it can be +safely identified as _L. macfarlandi_. The mode of life is different, +and the macronucleus is different, there being from 25 to 30 +fragments in Stevens's form and only 5 or 6 in the present one. There +is, however, the same evidence of chain formation in both of them. +The length of the oral cilia in Stevens's form is 18µ in fixed and +30µ in living forms. In the Woods Hole form the cilia are not more +than half that length. + + +KEY TO THE MARINE GENERA OF VORTICELLIDÆ. + +Diagnostic characters: Attached or unattached forma of peritrichous +ciliates in which the adoral zone seen from above forms a right-wound +spiral. A secondary circlet of cilia around the posterior end may be +present either permanently or periodically. + +1. Posterior ciliated girdle 3 + permanent around an attaching disk + +2. Posterior ciliated girdle, 4 + temporary during motile stage + +3. Body cylindrical: + + (a) With ring of stiff bristles Genus _Cyclochæta_ + above the ciliated girdle + + (b) Without accessory ring of Genus _Trichodina_ + bristles; with velum + + Body conical; general Genus _Trichodinopsis_ + surface ciliated + +4. No test and no stalk Genus _Scyphidia_ + +5. No test; with stalk containing 8 + contractile thread + +6. No test; with stalk but without Genus _Epistylis_ + contractile thread + +7. With a test; with or without Genus *_Cothurnia_ + a stalk + +8. Individuals solitary Genus *_Vorticella_ + + Individuals colonial; Genus *_Zoothamnium_ + entire colony contractile + + Individuals colonial; parts Genus _Carchesium_ + only of the colony contractile + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus VORTICELLA (Linnæus 1767) Ehr. '38 + +(Bell Animalcule Leeuwenhoek 1675; Ehrenberg '38; Dujardin '41; Stein +'51; Cl. & Lach. '58; Greeff '70; Bütschli '88; Kent '81; Stokes '88; +etc.) + +Medium-sized ciliates of general bell-like form. They may be +colorless, or yellow and green through the presence of Zoochlorella. +When not contracted, the peristome end is widespread, rarely +narrowed. The adoral zone and peristome agree with the details given +in the family characteristics. The chief character is the attachment +of the posterior end by means of a single, longer or shorter, stalk, +which contains a highly contractile thread easily distinguished +in the living animal. Another character is the absence of colony +formation. Contractile vacuole, single or double, usually connected +with a sac-like reservoir. The macronucleus is invariably long and +band-formed, with attached micronucleus. Fresh and salt water. + +So many species of _Vorticella_ have been described that the task of +collecting data and of arranging the synonyms is extremely irksome +and difficult. Stokes enumerates 66 species, inhabiting fresh and +salt water, and several other new species have been added since his +work. I am impressed with the fact that new species have been created +without proper regard for the manifold variations which nearly all +of the _Ciliata_ show, and I believe the 66 species might be safely +reduced to 12 or 15. + + +Vorticella patellina Müller. Fig. 59. + +Body campanulate, widest at anterior border, from which it tapers +directly to the pedicle. The diameter of the peristome is a little +larger than the length of the body. The ciliary disk is but little +elevated. The cuticle is not striated and the body plasm is quite +transparent. Length 52µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 59.--_Vorticella patellina_.] + + +Vorticella marina Greeff. Fig. 60. + +The body is conical but variable, and may he short or elongate, so +that relative length and breadth offer no chance of identification. +In general the body is campanulate. The distinguishing feature is the +transverse annulation of the bell. + +Small, but common, and grows in small social groups. Length 35µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 60.--_Vorticella marina_.] + + +Genus ZOOTHAMNIUM (Bory de St. Vincent 1824) Stein '38, '54. + +Colorless and highly contractile forms growing in small or large +colonies. The form and structure of the individuals is not different +from _Vorticella_. The colonies are usually richly branched upon +the dichotomous plan and the entire colony is contractile. The main +character is that with each division of the individual the stalk +also divides, each daughter cell getting one-half of the parent stem. +The stems therefore remain in communication, so that a simultaneous +contraction results, and the colony as a whole is withdrawn. In some +species so-called macrogonidia, or larger sexual individuals, are +developed alongside the usual ones. Fresh and salt water. + + +Zoothamnium elegans D'Udekem '64? Fig. 61. + +The bodies are variable--peristomial border widely dilated, tapering +and attenuate posteriorly. The pedicle is slender, smooth, and +transparent, and branches sparsely at its distal extremity. There +are but few zooids (3 to 4). The ciliary disk projects conspicuously +beyond the peristomial border. The pharyngeal cleft is very distinct +and extends beyond center of body. Length of body 80µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 61.--_Zoothamnium elegans_.] + + +Genus COTHURNIA (Ehr. '31) Clap. & Lach. '58. + +Colorless forms of medium size-in some cases they may be green +by Zoochlorella. The general structure is similar to that of +_Vorticella_, but the individuals are elongate and occupy houses. The +macronucleus is invariably long and band-form. The distinguishing +character is the colorless or brownish lorica of quite variable form +but always attached. These houses may be finger-formed, with widened +center, or widened mouth, or constricted mouth, and the like. +Ring-formed swellings are frequently developed. Sometimes the mouth +becomes twisted and the lorica is therefore bilateral. The houses +are attached either directly to some foreign object or by means of +a short stalk. The animals are similarly fastened to the lorica, +sometimes directly, sometimes by means of a short stalk. When they +contract they draw back to the bottom of the lorica; when expanded +they usually stretch out of the mouth opening. In some forms there +is an operculum, by means of which the opening of the shell can be +closed when the animal is retracted. Fresh and salt water. + +The number of species of _Cothurnia_ has become so great that the +difficulty in placing forms is almost sufficient to discourage the +systematist; as Bütschli well remarks, the variations in the theca +have been made the basis of new species so many times that the +genus is almost as confused as _Difflugia_ among the rhizopods or +_Campanularia_ among the hydroids. The length of cup, of stalk, +the presence of annulations on stalk or cup, etc., have given rise +to many specific names, the majority of which I believe can be +discarded. According to such differentials the same branch of an alga +holding a hundred specimens of _Cothurnia crystallina_ yield 10 or 12 +species, whereas they are merely growth stages of one and the same +form. + + +Cothurnia crystallina Ehr. Fig. 62. + +Synonyms: _Vaginicolla crystallina_ Ehr., Perty, Eichwald; _V. +grandis_ Perty; _V. pedunculata_ Eichwald; _Cothurnia crystallina_ +Claparède & Lachmann, D'Udek.; _C. gigantea_ D'Udek; _C. maritima_, +_C. crystallina_ Cohn; _C. grandis_ Meresch. + +The form of the cup shows the greatest differences; sometimes it is +cylindrical, sometimes elongate thimble-shape, sometimes pouch-shape, +corrugated or smooth on the sides, and wavy or smooth on border. +Frequently the basal part becomes stalk-like, but this is very short. +When present, the stalk may or may not have a knob-like swelling. The +animal within the cup may or may not be borne on a stalk, and this +stalk may or may not be knobbed. The cups are colorless or brown. The +animal is very contractile and may stretch half its length out of the +cup or retract well into it. There is no operculum. The length of the +cup varies from 70µ to 200µ (_C. gigantea_; _Vag. grandis_, etc.). +From Entz. + +There is nothing to add to Entz's characterization of this species, +which is found both in fresh and salt water. The variability of the +cup and stalk is quite noticeable in the Woods Hole forms. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 62.--_Cothurnia crystallina_.] + + +Cothurnia imberbis Ehrenberg, var. curvula Entz. Fig. 63. + +Synonyms: _C. imberbis_ Kent et al.; _C. curvula_ Entz; _C. socialis_ +Gruber? + +The lorica is swollen posteriorly, narrowest at the oral margin, bent +on its axis and is supported on a short stalk. It is perfectly smooth +and without annulations. The animal itself has no definite stalk. +When fully expanded the animal emerges but slightly from the margin +of the cup. Fresh and salt water. On red algæ. Dimensions of Woods +Hole form: Cup 50 to 55µ long; greatest diameter 22µ; length of stalk +4 to 5µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 63.--_Cothurnia imberbis_.] + + +Cothurnia nodosa Claparède & Lachmann. Fig.64. + + A. Smooth cup.--_Cothurnia maritima_ Ehr., Eichwald, Stein, Kent. + + B. Cross-ringed cup.--_C. pupa_ Eichwald, Stein, Cohn; _C. nodosa_ + Cl & L.; _V. crystallina_ Entz '78; _C. pontica_ Meresch., + Kent; _C. cohnii_ and _pupa_ Kent; _C. longipes_ Kellicott '94. + +The cup is elongated, swollen centrally, tapering at oral end +and conical at base or rounded. Oral opening either circular or +elliptical. Cross rings may or may not be present, and the cup is +either smooth or annulate. Length of cup 70µ to 80µ. The stalk which +supports the cup is extremely variable in length. The animal is borne +upon a stalk of variable length within the cup. + +Entz states that the many variations which this species exhibits run +into each other so gradually that he does not believe it wise to +separate them. The Woods Hole forms which I found on algæ of various +kinds were nearly of a size, and did not vary much from the one +figured. Kellicott '94 described a _Cothurnia_ from Woods Hole under +the name of _C. longipes_, which I believe is only a long-stemmed +variety of _C. nodosa_. My form has the following dimensions: Cup +75µ; cup stalk 38µ; animal stalk 14µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 64.--_Cothurnia nodosa_.] + + +KEY TO FAMILIES OF SUCTORIA. + +a. Unattached forms; ventral cilia _Hypocomidæ_ + present; one suctorial tentacle + +b. Attached forms; thecate and _Urnulidæ_ + athecate tentacles simple, + one or two in number + +c. Thecate; posterior end of cup _Metacinetidæ_ + drawn out into stalk; walls + perforated for exit of tentacles + +d. Stalked or unstalked; globular; _Podophryidæ_ + tentacles of different kinds, some (2 genera *_Ephelota_, + knobbed, others pointed *_Podophrya_) + +e. Naked or thecate; stalked or not; _Acinetidæ_ + tentacles numerous, usually + knobbed and all alike + +f. Naked; athecate; tentacles _Dendrosomidæ_ + numerous, all alike, knobbed and + grouped in tufts. They may be + simple or branched. + +g. Sessile forms resting on basal _Dendrocometidæ_ + surface or on a portion raised + like a stalk; tentacles many; + short and knobbed; distributed + on apical surface or localized + on branched arms + +h. Stalked or sessile; tentacles _Ophryodendridæ_ + long, rarely knobbed, supported + on proboscis-like processes + + * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk. + + +Genus PODOPHRYA Ehr. '33. + +(Bütschli '88; Stein '59; Perty '52; Cienkowsky '55; Quenn. '69; +Hertwig '77; Maupas '81.) + +The body is globular, with tentacles radiating in all directions. The +tentacles may be very short or very long. The stalk also is either +short or long, and some species form stalks but rarely (_P. libera_). +The macronucleus is centrally placed and globular to ovoid in form. +The contractile vacuole is usually single. Reproduction takes +place by division; the distal half developing cilia and becoming a +swarm-spore. Fresh and salt water. + + +Podophrya gracilis, n. sp. Fig. 65. + +Of all the _Podophrya_ that have been described not one approaches +this minute form in the relative length of the stalk. The body is +spherical and is covered with short capitate tentacles. The stalk is +extremely slender, bent, and without obvious structure. There are +one or two contractile vacuoles in the distal half of the body. The +nucleus is small and is situated near the insertion-point of the +stalk. Reproduction not observed. Diameter of body 8µ; length of +stalk 40µ. Only one specimen seen. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 65.--_Podophrya gracilis_.] + + +Genus EPHELOTA Str. Wright '78. + +(Bütschli '88; Ishikawa '96; Sand '98.) + +Small to medium-sized and large forms; colorless to brown. The body +is globular or oval or wedge-shape, sometimes quadrangular. The stalk +is variable, sometimes 1 mm. in length. The diameter of the stalk +increases from the point of attachment to the body of the animal; +it is usually striated either longitudinally or transversely, or +both. The tentacles are of two kinds and are usually confined to +the anterior half of the body. Some are long and sharp-pointed +and adapted for piercing; others are short, cylindrical, usually +retracted and capitate, adapted for sucking. Contractile vacuoles +vary from one to many. The macronucleus is nearly central in position +and usually of horseshoe shape, but is frequently branched and +irregular. Reproduction is accomplished by external multiple budding, +usually from the anterior half of the body. Salt water. + + +Ephelota coronata Str. Wright. Fig. 66. + +Synonyms: _Hemiophrya gemmipara_ S. K.; _Podophrya gemmipara_ +Hertwig. + +The body is spheroidal, ovate, or pyriform, with numerous +sharp-pointed tentacles and a few straight, uniform tentacles. The +stalk is about three times the length of the body and tapers from its +widest part at the insertion in the body to the narrowest part at the +point of attachment. It may or may not be longitudinally striated. +This is one of the commonest of the _Suctoria_ found at Woods Hole. +It is usually present on Campanularian hydroids, but may be found on +algæ and Bryozoa. + +Length of body 90µ to 200µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 66.--_Ephelota coronata_.] + + +Genus ACINETA Ehr. '33, Bütschli '88. + +(Stein '54, '59; Claparède & Lachman '58; Quennerstedt '67; Hertwig +'76; Mereschowsky '79; Entz '84; Kent '81; Maupas '83; Gruber '84; +Gourret & Roeser '86, and others.) + +Small to medium-sized forms. The distinguishing feature is that the +stalk is swollen at the distal extremity to form a cup or basin in +which the animal rests. The cup may be developed until the body is +nearly inclosed. The macronucleus is spherical or band form. The +contractile vacuole is usually single. Budding, so far as known, is +endogenous. Fresh and salt water. + + +Acineta divisa Fraipont '79. Fig. 67. + +This extremely graceful form is common on Bryozoa at Woods Hole. The +cup is shaped like a wine glass and is specifically characterized by +a cup-formed membrane upon which the animal rests. The animal thus +has the appearance of being suspended on the edge of the cup. The +stalk is slender and about 4 times the length of the body. The +tentacles are all capitate and distributed, and about 2-1/2 times the +body length. They sway back and forth very slowly. The nucleus is +spherical and central in position. The contractile vacuole lies near +the periphery. + +Length of body 27µ; of stalk 100µ; of extended tentacle 65µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 67.--_Acineta divisa_.] + + +Acineta tuberosa Ehr. Fig. 68. + +Large forms of _Suctoria_ with tentacles arranged in fascicles. The +stalk is variable in length and the cup is frequently so delicate +that it can barely be made out. A specific characteristic is the +break in continuity of the cup at different points, and through these +places the tentacles emerge in bundles. The tentacles are capitate +and in the Woods Hole form, 15 in number in each of the two bundles. +The endoplasm is granular and yellowish in color. The coloring matter +is frequently arranged in patterns. The nucleus is spheroidal. The +contractile vacuole is in the anterior third of the body about midway +between the bundles of tentacles. Reproduction not observed. + +Length of body 330µ. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 68.--_Acineta tuberosa_.] + + +Genus TRICHOPHRYA Clap. & Lach. '58. + +(See Kent '81; Entz '84; Bütschli '88; Sand 1901.) + +Small forms to medium size; no cups or stalks. The body is spherical +to elongate, usually, however, more or less irregularly lobed and +changeable. The tentacles are in fascicles which are usually borne +upon lobed or swollen places. The body is always more or less spread +out. Contractile vacuoles variable. The macronucleus is spherical, +elongate, band-formed or horseshoe-shaped. Reproduction takes place +by endogenous budding, and the swarm spores are flat or lenticular +with a distinct ciliary girdle. They are frequently parasitic. Fresh +and salt water. + + +Trichophrya salparum Entz '84. Fig. 69. + +Bütschli '88; Schewiakoff '93; _Trichophrya ascidiarum_ Lachmann '59; +René Sand 1901. + +The body is somewhat cup-form, with a large, flat base. The anterior +border is rounded, each of the ends being somewhat truncate and +carrying a bundle of tentacles all capitate and similar. These may be +continued internally as far as the nucleus (Sand). The cytoplasm is +uncolored, but may contain some brilliant granules. The nucleus is +granular, and spherical, band or horseshoe formed. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 69.--_Trichophrya salparum_.] + + +This species was found by Dr. G. Hunter on the branchial bars of the +Ascidian _Molgula manhattensis_, where great numbers of them are +often parasitic. + + + + +LIST OF REFERENCES. + + + + + +AUERBACH, L. '54. Ueber Encystierung von Oxytricha pellionella. Zeit. + wiss. Zool., V, 1854. + +---- '55. Ueber die Einzelligkeit der Amoeben. Zeit. wiss. Zool., + VII, 1855. + +BALBIANI E. G. '61. Recherches sur les phénomènes sexuelles des + Infusoires. Jour. de la physiol:, IV, 1861. + +---- '85. Sur un Infusoire parasite du sang de l'Aselle aquatique. + Rec. zool. Suisse, II, 1885. + +BERGH, R. S. '79. _Tiarina fusus_ Cl. & Lach. Vid. Med. f. d. Nat. + Foren. Kjobenhavn. + +---- '82. Der Organismus der Cilioflagellaten. Morph. Jahr., VII, p. + 177. + +BRADY, H. B. '79. Report on the Foraminifera dredged by H. M. S. + _Challenger_ during the years 1873-1876. Challenger Reports, + Zoology, IX. + +BRANDT, K. '96. Die Tintinnodeen. Bibliot. Zoolog., XX, 1896. + +BÜTSCHLI, O. '76. Studien über die ersten Entwickelungsvorg. der + Eizelle, die Zelltheilung, und die Conjugation der Infusorien. + Abhand. der Senck. naturf. Ges. Freiburg, X, 1876. + +---- '83-'88. Die Protozoen. Bronn's Klassen u. Ord. des Tierreichs. + +CARPENTER, W. B. '56. Researches on the Foraminifera. Phil. Trans. + (2), p. 547. + +CARTER, H. J. '56. Notes on the fresh-water Infusoria of the island + of Bombay. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), XVIII. + +---- '63. On the coloring matter of the Red Sea. Id. (3), XI. + +---- '63a. On _Amoeba princeps_ and its reproductive cells. Id. (3), + XII. + +---- '64. On fresh-water Rhizopods of England and India. Id. (3), + XIII, p. 13. + +---- '65. On the fresh- and salt-water Rhizopods of England and + India. Id. (3), XV, p. 277. + +CIENKOWSKY, L. '55. Bemerkungen über Stein's Acinetenlehre. Bull. + Phys. Math. Acad., St. Petersburg, XIII, p. 297 (also in Ann. + Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), XIII). + +---- '55. Ueber Cystenbildung bei Infusorien. Zeit. wiss. Zool., VI, + p. 301. + +---- '61. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Monaden. Arch. f. mik. Anat., I, + 1865, p. 203. + +CLAPARÈDE, E. '54. On _Actinophrys sol_. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), + XV, 1854. + +---- '60. Recherches sur les annélides, etc., observés dans les + Hébrides. Mém. Soc. phys. d'hist. nat., Genève, XVI, 1860. + +---- '67. Miscellanées zoologiques. Ann. d. sc. nat. zool. (5), VIII, + 1867. + +CLAPARÈDE ET LACHMANN '58-'60. Etudes sur les Infusoires et les + Rhizopodes. Mém. Inst. genèvoise, V, VI, VII. + +COHN, F. '54. Beiträge z. Entwicklungsges. der Infusorien. Zeit. + wiss. Zool. III, 1851; IV, 1853. + +---- '57. Ueber Fortpflanzung von _Nassula elegans_ Ehr. Zeit. wiss. + Zool., IX, 1857, p. 143. + +COSTE, M. '64. Développement des Infusoires ciliés dans une + macération de foin. Ann. d. ac. nat. zool.(5), II. + +DADAY, E. v. '86. Ein kleiner Beitrag der Infusorien-Fauna des + Golfes v. Neapel. Mitt. Zool. St. Neap., VI, p. 481. + +---- '88. Monographie der Familie der Tintinnodeen. Mitt. Zool. St. + Neap., VIII, p. 473. + +DAVIS, J. '79. On a new species of Cothurnia. Jour. Roy. Mic. Soc., + II, 1879. + +DUJARDIN, F. '35. Recherches sur les organismes inférieures. Ann. d. + sc. nat. zool. (2), IV, p. 343. + +---- '41. Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes infusoires. Paris, 1841. + +EHRENBERG, C. G. '31. 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