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+Project Gutenberg's Great Indian Chief of the West, by Benjamin Drake
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Great Indian Chief of the West
+       Or, Life and Adventures of Black Hawk
+
+Author: Benjamin Drake
+
+Release Date: April 30, 2006 [EBook #18290]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT INDIAN CHIEF OF THE WEST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by richyfourtytwo Janet Blenkinship and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BLACK HAWK.]
+
+  THE
+
+  GREAT INDIAN CHIEF
+
+  OF
+
+  THE WEST:
+
+  OR,
+
+  LIFE AND ADVENTURES
+
+  OF
+
+  BLACK HAWK.
+
+
+  CINCINNATI:
+  APPLEGATE & COMPANY
+  43 MAIN STREET.
+  1854.
+
+  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843,
+  BY GEORGE CONCLIN,
+  In the Clerk's Office of the District of Ohio.
+
++-------------------------------------------------------------+
+|Transcriber's Note: There are inconsistencies in the Index   |
+|and in the spelling of tribal names.                         |
+|These have been left as originally printed.                  |
++-------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+In presenting to the public the life and adventures of Black Hawk, some
+account of the Sac and Fox Indians--of Keokuk, their distinguished
+chief--and of the causes which led to the late contest between these
+tribes and the United States, was necessarily involved. The introduction
+of these collateral subjects, may possibly impart additional interest to
+this volume.
+
+In speaking of the policy of the government towards the fragment of Sacs
+and Foxes, with whom Black Hawk was associated, it has been necessary to
+censure some of its acts, and to comment with freedom upon the official
+conduct of a few public officers.
+
+The Indians are frequently denounced as faithless, ferocious and
+untameable. Without going into the inquiry, how far this charge is
+founded in truth, the question may be asked, has not the policy of our
+government contributed, essentially, to impart to them that character?
+Have we not more frequently met them in bad faith, than in a Christian
+spirit? and sustained our relations with them, more by the power of the
+sword than the law of kindness? In the inscrutable ways of Providence,
+the Indians are walking in ignorance and moral darkness. It is the
+solemn duty, and should be the highest glory of this nation, to bring
+them out of that condition, and elevate them in the scale of social and
+intellectual being. But, how is this duty performed? We gravely
+recognize them as an independent people, and treat them as vassals: We
+make solemn compacts with them, which we interpret as our interest
+dictates, but punish them if they follow the example: We admit their
+title to the land which they occupy, and at the same time literally
+compel them to sell it to us upon our own terms: We send agents and
+missionaries to reclaim them from the error of their ways--to bring them
+from the hunter to the pastoral life; and yet permit our citizens to
+debase them by spirituous liquors, and cheat them out of their property:
+We make war upon them without any adequate cause--pursue them without
+mercy--and put them to death, without regard to age, sex or condition:
+And, then deliberately proclaim to the world, that they are
+savages--cruel and untameable--degraded and faithless.
+
+If the present volume shall, in any degree, contribute to awaken the
+public mind to a sense of the wrongs inflicted upon the Indians, and to
+arouse the Christian statesmen of this land, to the adoption of a more
+liberal, upright and benevolent course of policy towards them,
+something will have been gained to the cause of humanity and of national
+honor.
+
+The author takes this opportunity of acknowledging his obligations to
+James Hall, Esq., for the valuable assistance received from him, in the
+preparation of this volume. In collecting the materials for that
+magnificent work, on which he is now engaged, "The History of the
+Indians of North America," this gentleman has become possessed of much
+interesting matter, in regard to the Sacs and Foxes, and especially the
+chief Keokuk; to all of which he has kindly permitted the author to have
+access.
+
+  Cincinnati, May, 1838.
+
+
+
+
+  CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+
+  Origin of the Sac and Fox Indians--Removal to Green Bay--Their
+  subjugation of the Illini confederacy--Their attack upon St. Louis
+  in 1779--Col. George Rogers Clark relieves the town--Governor
+  Harrison's letter--Maj. Forsyth's account of the conquest of the
+  Illini--Death of the Sac chief Pontiac--Sac and Fox village on
+  Rock river--Description of the surrounding country--Civil polity
+  of the Sacs and Foxes--Legend about their chiefs--Division of
+  the tribes into families--Mode of burying their dead--Idea of a future
+  state--Their account of the creation of the world--Marriages--Social
+  relations--Music and musical instruments--Pike's visit to
+  them in 1805--Population--Character for courage                     13
+
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+
+  Treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians in 1789--treaty and cession of
+  land to the United States at St. Louis in 1804--Black Hawk's account
+  of this treaty--Erection of Fort Madison--The British excite
+  the Sac and Fox Indians to make war upon the United States--A
+  party under Black Hawk join the British standard in 1812--Treaty at
+  Portage des Sioux in 1815--Treaty of peace with Black Hawk and his
+  band at same place in 1816--Treaty for part of their lands in Missouri
+  in 1824--Treaty of Prairie des Chiens in 1825--Treaty for the mineral
+  region in 1829--Treaty of peace in 1832, after the "Black
+  Hawk war"--Present residence of the Sacs and Foxes                  49
+
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+
+  Birth of Black Hawk--Early adventures--Battles with the Osages and
+  Cherokees--Death of his father--Interview with Lieutenant Pike--Attack
+  upon Fort Madison--Joins the British in the late war--Marches
+  to lake Erie--Returns home after the attack upon Fort
+  Stephenson--Murder of his adopted son--Battle of the Sink-hole near
+  Cap au Gris--Treaty of peace at Portage des Sioux in 1816           74
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+
+  Building of Fort Armstrong--The good Spirit of Rock Island--Death
+  of Black Hawk's children--Young Sac offers to die in place of his
+  brother--Black Hawk's visit to Malden--Whipped by some whites--Whites
+  settle at his village--Black Hawk's talk with Governor Coles
+  and Judge Hall--Sale of the lands on Rock river--Indians ordered to
+  remove--Agreement to remove for six thousand dollars--Memorial of
+  the white settlers to Governor Reynolds--The Governor's letters to
+  General Clark and General Gaines--The latter leaves Jefferson Barracks
+  with six companies of the United States troops for Rock Island--His
+  interview with Black Hawk--Calls upon the Governor of Illinois
+  for militia--The Indians abandon their village--treaty of peace made
+  with them--Official letters to the war department--Summary of the
+  causes which brought on this disturbance--Black Hawk's attempt to
+  form an alliance with other tribes                                  91
+
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+
+  Keokuk's birth--Kills a Sioux when fifteen years old--Prevents the
+  abandonment of the Sac village--Bold manoeuvre with the Sioux--Perils
+  his life for the safety of his people--Speech to the Menominies
+  at Prairie des Chiens--Called upon to lead his braves to join
+  in the Black Hawk war--Allays the excitement of his people on this
+  subject--Deposed from his post as head chief and a young man elected
+  in his place--Re-established in power--Delivers up his nephew to
+  the whites to be tried for murder--Letter to the Governor of
+  Illinois--Council at Washington in 1837--Retorts upon the Sioux--His
+  visit to Boston--His return home--His personal appearance--And
+  his character as a war and peace chief                             118
+
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+
+  Murder of twenty-eight Menominies by the Foxes of Black Hawk's
+  band--Naopope's visit to Malden--Black Hawk recrosses the
+  Mississippi--General Atkinson orders him to return--Stillman's
+  attack--Defeated by Black Hawk--His white flag fired upon--He sends
+  out war parties upon the frontier--Attack upon Fort Buffalo--General
+  Dodge's battle on the Wisconsin--Black Hawk and his band leave the
+  Four Lakes and fly to the Mississippi--Pursued by General Atkinson--Black
+  Hawk's flag of truce fired upon by the Captain of the
+  Warrior--Twenty-three Indians killed                               143
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+
+  General Atkinson overtakes Black Hawk--Battle of the Bad Axe--Atkinson's
+  official report--Incidents of the Battle--Capture of
+  Black Hawk and the prophet--Naopope's statement to General Scott--General
+  Scott and Governor Reynolds conclude a treaty with the
+  Sacs, Foxes and Winnebagoes--Causes which led to the war--Motives
+  for getting up Indian wars--First attack made by the Illinois
+  militia--Report of the Secretary at War in regard to this
+  campaign--General Macomb's letter to General Atkinson--Secretary
+  Cass' statement of the causes which led to this war--Comments upon
+  this statement, and its omissions pointed out                      166
+
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  Black Hawk, Naopope, the Prophet and others confined at Jefferson
+  Barracks--In April 1833 sent to Washington--Interview with the
+  President--sent to Fortress Monroe--Their release--Visit the eastern
+  cities--Return to the Mississippi--Conference at Rock island between
+  Maj. Garland, Keokuk, Black Hawk and other chiefs--speeches
+  of Keokuk, Pashshepaho and Black Hawk--Final discharge of the
+  hostages--Their return to their families--Black Hawk's visit to
+  Washington in 1837--His return--His personal appearance--Military
+  talents--Intellectual and moral character                          200
+
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+
+  Black Hawk at the capture of Fort Erie--At the battle
+  of the Thames--His account of the death of Tecumthe--His
+  residence and mode of life after his last visit to the
+  east--His Fourth of July speech at fort Madison--His death
+  and burial                                                         234
+
+
+  APPENDIX--Sketches of the Sioux                                    222
+                     Colonization of the Indians                     228
+                     Indian Dancing Ceremonies                       237
+                     Sale of Whiskey to the Indians                  245
+
+  INDEX                                                              285
+
+
+
+
+  HISTORY
+
+  OF THE
+
+  SAUKEE AND MUSQUAKEE NATIONS,
+
+  USUALLY CALLED THE
+
+  SAC AND FOX INDIANS.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Origin of the Sac and Fox Indians--Removal to Green Bay--Their
+  subjugation of the Illini confederacy--Their attack upon St. Louis in
+  1779--Col. George Rogers Clark relieves the town--Governor Harrison's
+  letter--Maj. Forsyth's account of the conquest of the Illini--Death of
+  the Sac chief Pontiac--Sac and Fox village on Rock river--Description
+  of the surrounding country--Civil polity of the Sacs and Foxes--Legend
+  about their chiefs--Division of the tribes into families--Mode of
+  burying their dead--Idea of a future state--Their account of the
+  creation of the world--Marriages--Social relations--Music and musical
+  instruments--Pike's visit to them in 1805--Population--Character for
+  courage.
+
+
+The word Saukee, or O-sau-kee, now written Sauk or more commonly Sac, is
+derived from a compound in the Algonquin or Chippeway language,
+a-saw-we-kee, which means "yellow earth." Mus-qua-kee, the name of the
+Fox Indians, signifies "red earth." These two tribes have long resided
+together, and now constitute one people, although there are some
+internal regulations among them which tend to preserve a distinctive
+name and lineage. The chiefs, on ceremonial occasions, claim to be
+representatives of independent tribes, but this distinction is nominal.
+For many years past the principal chief of the Sacs, has been, in fact,
+the chief of the Foxes likewise. They are united in peace and war, speak
+the same language, claim the same territory, have similar manners and
+customs, and possess traditions which represent them as descended from
+the one common origin--the great Chippeway nation.
+
+Both tribes originally resided upon the waters of the St. Lawrence. The
+Foxes removed first to the west, and established themselves in the
+region of Green Bay. Upon a river bearing their name, which empties into
+the head of this Bay, they suffered a signal defeat by a combined body
+of French and Indians, at a place, since known as La Butte de Mort, or
+the Hill of the Dead.[1] Subsequently to this battle, they were joined
+by the Sacs, who having become involved in a war with the Iroquois or
+Six Nations, were also driven to the westward. They found their
+relatives, the Foxes, upon Green Bay, but so far reduced in numbers, by
+the attacks of other tribes, that they were no longer able to sustain
+themselves as an independent people. The union between these two tribes,
+which then took place, and continues to this day, was as much a matter
+of necessity as of feeling. The period of their migration from the St.
+Lawrence to the upper Lakes cannot be satisfactorily ascertained. La
+Hontan speaks of a Sac village on Fox river, as early as 1689; and
+Father Hennepin, in 1680, mentions the Ontagamies or Fox Indians, as
+residents on the bay of Puants, now Green Bay.
+
+From this place, the Sauks and Foxes, crossed over to the eastern bank
+of the Mississippi, and combining with other tribes, began to act on the
+offensive. The period of this irruption from the north, it is not easy
+to determine. Major Thomas Forsyth, who resided for near twenty years
+among the Sauks and Foxes, in a manuscript account of those tribes, now
+before us, says:
+
+"More than a century ago, all the country, commencing above Rock river,
+and running down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio, up that river
+to the mouth of the Wabash, thence up that river to Fort Wayne, thence
+down the Miami of the Lake some distance, thence north to the St.
+Joseph's and Chicago; also the country lying south of the Des Moines,
+down perhaps, to the Mississippi, was inhabited by a numerous nation of
+Indians, who called themselves Linneway, and were called by others,
+Minneway, signifying "men." This great nation was divided into several
+bands, and inhabited different parts of this extensive region, as
+follows: The Michigamies, the country south of the Des Moines; the
+Cohakias that east of the present village of Cohokia in Illinois; the
+Kaskaskias that east of the town of that name; the Tamarois had their
+village nearly central between Cahokia and Kaskaskia; the Piankeshaws
+near Vincennes; the Weas up the Wabash; the Miamies on the head waters
+of the Miami of the Lakes, on St. Joseph's river and at Chicago. The
+Piankeshaws, Weas and Miamies, must at this time have hunted south
+towards and on the Ohio. The Peorias, another band of the same nation,
+lived and hunted on the Illinois river: The Mascos or Mascontins, called
+by the French _gens des prairies_, lived and hunted on the great
+prairies, between the Wabash and Illinois rivers. All these different
+bands of the Minneway nation, spoke the language of the present Miamies,
+and the whole considered themselves as one and the same people; yet from
+their local situation, and having no standard to go by, their language
+became broken up into different dialects. These Indians, the Minneways,
+were attacked by a general confederacy of other nations, such as the
+Sauks and Foxes, resident at Green Bay and on the Ouisconsin; the Sioux,
+whose frontiers extended south to the river des Moines: the Chippeways,
+Ottoways, and Potawatimies from the lakes, and also the Cherokees and
+Choctaws from the south. The war continued for a great many years and
+until that great nation the Minneways were destroyed, except a few
+Miamies and Weas on the Wabash, and a few who are scattered among
+strangers. Of the Kaskaskias, owing to their wars and their fondness for
+spiritous liquors, there now (1826) remain but thirty or forty
+souls;--of the Peorias near St. Genevieve ten or fifteen; of the
+Piankeshaws forty or fifty. The Miamies are the most numerous; a few
+years ago they consisted of about four hundred souls. There do not exist
+at the present day (1826) more than five hundred souls of the once great
+and powerful Minneway or Illini nation. These Indians, the Minneways,
+are said to have been very cruel to their prisoners, not unfrequently
+burning them. I have heard of a certain family among the Miamies who
+were called man-eaters, as they were accustomed to make a feast of human
+flesh when a prisoner was killed. For these enormities, the Sauks and
+Foxes, when they took any of the Minneways prisoners, gave them up to
+their women to be buffeted to death. They speak also of the Mascontins
+with abhorrence, on account of their cruelties. The Sauks and Foxes have
+a historical legend of a severe battle having been fought opposite the
+mouth of the Iowa river, about fifty or sixty miles above the mouth of
+Rock river. The Sauks and Foxes descended the Mississippi in canoes, and
+landing at the place above described, started east, towards the enemy:
+they had not gone far before they were attacked by a party of the
+Mascontins. The battle continued nearly all day; the Sauks and Foxes,
+for want of ammunition, finally gave way and fled to their canoes; the
+Mascontins pursued them and fought desperately, and left but few of the
+Sauks and Foxes to carry home the story of their defeat. Some forty or
+fifty years ago, the Sauks and Foxes attacked a small village of
+Peorias, about a mile below St. Louis and were there defeated. At a
+place on the Illinois river, called Little Rock, there were formerly
+killed by the Chippeways and Ottowas, a number of men, women and
+children of the Minneway nation. In 1800 the Kickapoos made a great
+slaughter of the Kaskaskia Indians. The Main-Pogue, or Potawatimie
+juggler, in 1801, killed a great many of the Piankeshaws on the Wabash."
+
+The land on which St. Louis stands, as well as the surrounding country,
+was claimed by the Illini confederacy, which had acquiesced in the
+intrusion of the whites. This circumstance, it is supposed, led the
+northern confederacy to the attempt, which they made in 1779, to destroy
+the village of St. Louis, then occupied by the Spaniards. As the Sacs
+and Foxes were active participators in this attack, no apology is
+necessary for introducing the following graphic account of it, from the
+pen of Wilson Primm, Esqr. of St. Louis.[2]
+
+"In the mean time numerous bands of the Indians living on the lakes and
+the Mississippi--the Ojibeways, Menomonies, Winnebagoes, Sioux, Sacs,
+&c. together with a large number of Canadians, amounting in all to
+upwards of fourteen hundred, had assembled on the eastern shore of the
+Mississippi, a little above St. Louis, awaiting the sixth of May, the
+day fixed for the attack. The fifth of May was the feast of _Corpus
+Christi_, a day highly venerated by the inhabitants, who were all
+Catholics. Had the assault taken place then, it would have been fatal to
+them, for, after divine service, all the men, women and children had
+flocked to the prairie to gather strawberries, which were that season
+very abundant and fine. The town being left perfectly unguarded, could
+have been taken with ease, and the unsuspecting inhabitants, who were
+roaming about in search of fruit, have been massacred without
+resistance. Fortunately, however, a few only of the enemy had crossed
+the river and ambushed themselves in the prairie. The villagers,
+frequently came so near them, in the course of the day, that the Indians
+from their places of concealment, could have reached them with their
+hands. But they knew not how many of the whites were still remaining in
+the town, and in the absence of their co-adjutors, feared to attack,
+lest their preconcerted plan might be defeated."
+
+On the sixth, the main body of the Indians crossed, and marched directly
+towards the fields, expecting to find the greater part of the villagers
+there; but in this they were disappointed, a few only having gone out to
+view their crops. These perceived the approach of the savage foe, and
+immediately commenced a retreat towards the town, the most of them
+taking the road that led to the upper gate, nearly through the mass of
+Indians, and followed by a shower of bullets. The firing alarmed those
+who were in town, and the cry "to arms! to arms!" was heard in every
+direction. They rushed towards the works and threw open the gates to
+their brethren. The Indians advanced slowly but steadily towards the
+town, and the inhabitants, though almost deprived of hope, by the vast
+superiority in number of the assailants, determined to defend themselves
+to the last.
+
+"In expectation of an attack, Silvio Francisco Cartabona, a governmental
+officer, had gone to St. Genevieve for a company of militia to aid in
+defending the town, in case of necessity, and had at the beginning of
+the month returned with sixty men, who were quartered on the citizens.
+As soon as the attack commenced, however, neither Cartabona nor his men
+could be seen. Either through fear or treachery, they concealed
+themselves in a garret, and there remained until the Indians had
+retired. The assailed being deprived of a considerable force, by this
+shameful defection, were still resolute and determined. About fifteen
+men were posted at each gate; the rest were scattered along the line of
+defence, in the most advantageous manner.
+
+"When within a proper distance, the Indians began an irregular fire,
+which was answered with showers of grape shot from the artillery. The
+firing, for a while, was warm; but the Indians perceived that all their
+efforts would be ineffectual on account of the intrenchments, and
+deterred by the cannon, to which they were unaccustomed, from making a
+nearer approach, suffered their zeal to abate, and deliberately retired.
+At this stage of affairs, the Lieutenant Governor made his appearance.
+The first intimation that he received of what was going on, was by the
+discharge of artillery, on the part of the inhabitants. He immediately
+ordered several pieces of cannon, which were posted in front of the
+government house, to be spiked and filled with sand, and went, or rather
+was rolled in a wheelbarrow, to the scene of action. In a very
+peremptory tone, he commanded the inhabitants to cease firing and return
+to their houses. Those posted at the lower gate, did not receive the
+order, and consequently kept their stations. The commandant perceived
+this and ordered a cannon to be fired at them. They had barely time to
+throw themselves on the ground, when the volley passed over them, and
+struck the wall, tearing a great part of it down. These proceedings, as
+well as the whole tenor of his conduct, since the first rumor of an
+attack, gave rise to suspicions very unfavorable to the Lieutenant
+Governor. It was bruited about, that he was the cause of the attack,
+that he was connected with the British, and that he had been bribed into
+a dereliction of duty, which, had not providence averted, would have
+doomed them to destruction. Under pretext of proving to them that there
+was no danger of an attack, he had a few days before it occurred, sold
+to the traders, all the ammunition belonging to the government; and they
+would have been left perfectly destitute and defenceless, had they not
+found, in a private house, eight barrels of powder, belonging to a
+trader, which they seized in the name of the King, upon the first alarm.
+Colonel George Rogers Clark, who was at this time at Kaskaskia, with a
+few men under his command, understanding that an attack was meditated on
+the town, offered all the assistance in his power, to aid in the
+defence. This offer was rejected by the Lieutenant Governor. All these
+circumstances gave birth to a strong aversion to the commandant, which
+evinces itself, at this day, in execrations of his character, whenever
+his name is mentioned to those who have known him. Representations of
+his conduct, together with a detailed account of the attack, were sent
+to New Orleans by a special messenger, and the result was that the
+Governor General appointed Mr. Francisco Cruzat, to the office of
+Lieutenant Governor.
+
+"As soon as it was ascertained that the Indians had retired from the
+neighborhood, the inhabitants proceeded to gather the dead, that lay
+scattered in all parts of the prairie. Seven were at first found and
+buried in one grave. Ten or twelve others, in the course of a fortnight,
+were discovered in the long grass that bordered the marshes. The acts of
+the Indians were accompanied by their characteristic ferocity. Some of
+their victims were horribly mangled. With the exception of one
+individual, the whites who accompanied the Indians, did not take part in
+the butcheries that were committed. A young man by the name of Calve,
+was found dead, his skull split open, and a tomahawk, on the blade of
+which was written the word Calve, sticking in his brain. He was supposed
+to have fallen by the hand of his uncle. Had those who discovered the
+Indians in the prairie, fled to the lower gate, they would have escaped;
+but the greater part of them took the road that led to the upper gate,
+through the very ranks of the enemy, and were thus exposed to the whole
+of their fire. About twenty persons, it is computed, met their death in
+endeavoring to get within the entrenchments. None of those within were
+injured, and none of the Indians were killed, at least none of them were
+found. Their object was not plunder, for they did not attempt, in their
+retreat, to take away with them any of the cattle or the horses that
+were in the prairie, and that they might have taken; nor did they attack
+any of the neighboring towns, where danger would have been less, and the
+prospect of success greater. The only object they had in view was the
+destruction of St. Louis; and this would seem to favor the idea that
+they were instigated by the English, and gives good ground, when
+connected with other circumstances, to believe that Leyba was their
+aider and abettor.  *   *   *   *
+
+"A Mr. Chancellier had gone on the day of attack, to the prairie for
+strawberries, with his wife, two daughters and an American, the first
+that had ever been in the country, in a cart drawn by two horses. When
+they perceived the Indians, they immediately fled towards the town in
+the cart; Mr. Chancellier being seated before, and the American behind,
+in order to protect the women, who were in the middle. In their flight
+the American was mortally wounded. As he was falling out, Mr.
+Chancellier seized him and threw him into the midst of the women,
+exclaiming, "they shan't get the scalp of my American." He was at the
+same time struck by two balls, which broke his arm in as many places,
+above the elbow. His wife received a bullet through the middle of her
+hand, the elder daughter was shot through the shoulder, immediately
+above the breast, and the younger was struck on the forehead, but the
+ball glanced aside and merely stunned her. The moment Mr. Chancellier
+arrived at the gate, his horses dropped dead, pierced with a hundred
+wounds, but his family was saved."
+
+Mr. Primm, the writer of this interesting narrative, has probably not
+been fully informed in regard to the extent of Colonel George Rogers
+Clark's participation in this affair. In a written memorandum now before
+us, made on the authority of his brother, General William Clark of St.
+Louis, who it is presumed has possession of his father's official
+papers, it is stated, in reference to this affair, that although the
+Spanish Governor could not be made to believe that an attack was
+intended, the principal inhabitants sent over an express to Colonel
+Clark, who was then at Kaskaskia with five hundred men, to come and
+protect them. He accordingly marched his force up opposite the town and
+encamped a little distance from the river. He did not send over any
+troops, but was to do so, in case of an attack; when it was actually
+made Colonel Clark crossed the river; and upon seeing the "long knives,"
+as the Indians called his troops, they hastily retreated, having killed
+seventy-two or seventy-three of the Spaniards, before his arrival. This
+sudden appearance of Colonel Clark, upon the scene of action, explains
+the conduct of the Indians. So large a body of warriors, making a
+preconcerted attack, upon a town but badly protected, would not, it is
+thought, have given up the assault so suddenly and before they had lost
+a single man, unless alarmed by the presence of a superior force. On the
+supposition that Colonel Clark actually crossed the river with his
+troops, the flight of the Indians is easily explained. They were
+probably apprised of Colonel Clark's being at Kaskaskia, and his name
+was every where a terror to the Indians. As an evidence of this, a short
+time afterwards, he sent a detachment of one hundred and fifty men, as
+far up the country as Prairie des Chiens, and from thence across Rock
+and Illinois rivers and down to Kaskaskia, meeting with no molestation
+from the Indians, who were struck with terror at the boldness of the
+enterprise, saying that if so few dared to come, they "would fight like
+devils."
+
+General William H. Harrison, long familiar with the North West Indians,
+in an official letter to the secretary at War, dated H.Q. Cincinnati,
+March 22d, 1814, giving an able view of the Indian tribes, makes the
+following remarks on the descent of this northern confederacy, upon the
+great Illini nation.
+
+"The Miamies have their principal settlements on the forks of the
+Wabash, thirty miles from fort Wayne; and at Mississineway, thirty miles
+lower down. A band of them, under the name of Weas, have resided on the
+Wabash, sixty miles above Vincennes; and another under the Turtle, on
+Eel river, a branch of the Wabash, twenty miles north west of Fort
+Wayne. By an artifice of the Little Turtle, these three bands were
+passed on General Wayne as distinct tribes, and an annuity was granted
+to each. The Eel river and Weas however to this day call themselves
+Miamies, and are recognized as such by the Mississineway band. The
+Miamies, Maumees, or Tewicktovies are the undoubted proprietors of all
+that beautiful country which is watered by the Wabash and its branches;
+and there is as little doubt, that their claim extended as far east as
+the Sciota. They have no tradition of removing from any other quarter of
+the country; whereas all the neighboring tribes, the Piankeshaws
+excepted, who are a branch of the Miamies, are either intruders upon
+them, or have been permitted to settle in their country. The Wyandots
+emigrated first from Lake Ontario and subsequently from lake Huron, the
+Delawares from Pennsylvania and Maryland, the Shawanies from Georgia,
+the Kickapoos and Pottawatamies from the country between lake Michigan
+and the Mississippi, and the Ottawas and Chippeways, from the peninsula
+formed by lakes Michigan, Huron and St. Clair, and the strait connecting
+the latter with Erie. The claims of the Miamies were bounded on the
+north and west by those of the Illinois confederacy, consisting
+originally of five tribes, called Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Peorians,
+Michiganians, and Temorias speaking the Miami language, and no doubt
+branches of that nation.
+
+"When I was first appointed governor of Indiana Territory, these once
+powerful tribes were reduced to about thirty warriors, of whom twenty
+five were Kaskaskias, four Peorians, and a single Michiganian. There was
+an individual lately alive at St. Louis, who saw the enumeration of them
+made by the Jesuits in 1745, making the number of their warriors four
+thousand. A furious war between them and the Sacs and Kickapoos reduced
+them to that miserable remnant, which had taken refuge amongst the white
+people of Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. The Kickapoos had fixed their
+principal village at Peoria, upon the south bank of the Illinois river,
+whilst the Sacks remained masters of the country to the north."
+
+These historical facts are interesting, as showing the manner in which
+the Sauks and Foxes obtained possession of the fertile plains of
+Illinois; and, as adding another to the many instances on record, in
+which hordes of northern invaders have overrun and subjugated the people
+of more southern regions. The causes are obvious for this descent of the
+Sauks and Foxes, upon their southern neighbors. They reached a more
+genial climate, a country where game was more abundant than in the
+region they left behind, and in which they could, with greater facility,
+raise their corn, beans and pumpkins. Other causes than these might have
+had their influence. The Illini confederacy may have provoked the
+descent of the northern tribes upon them. On this point, Lieutenant Pike
+in his travels to the sources of the Mississippi, has the following
+remark.
+
+"By killing the celebrated Sauk chief, Pontiac, the Illinois, Cahokias,
+Kaskaskias and Peorias, kindled a war with the allied nations of the
+Sauks and Reynards, which has been the cause of the almost entire
+destruction of the former nations."
+
+The death of Pontiac may have been the immediate exciting cause of the
+war, but it is more than probable that the love of conquest and the
+hope of obtaining a more fruitful and genial country, than is to be
+found upon the shore of the lakes, were the principal reasons which
+impelled the northern confederacy to the subjugation of the Illini.
+
+The principal village of the Sacs and Foxes, for a long period of time,
+was on the north side of Rock river, near its junction with the
+Mississippi. It contained at one time upwards of sixty lodges, and was
+among the largest and most populous Indian villages on the continent.
+The country around it is fertile and picturesque, finely watered, and
+studded with groves and prairies. It is described in the following
+graphic manner, by a gentleman[3] who travelled over it in 1829.
+
+"The Mississippi, which below its junction with the Missouri, is a
+troubled stream, meandering through low grounds, and margined by muddy
+banks, is here a clear and rapid river, flowing over beds of rock and
+gravel, and bordered by the most lovely shores. Nothing of the kind can
+be more attractive, than the scenery at the upper rapids. On the western
+shore, a series of slopes are seen, commencing at the gravelly margin of
+the water, and rising one above another, with a barely perceptible
+acclivity, for a considerable distance, until the back ground is
+terminated by a chain of beautifully rounded hills, over which trees are
+thinly scattered, as if planted to embellish the scene. This is the
+singular charm of prairie scenery. Although it is a wilderness, just as
+nature made it, the verdant carpet, the gracefully waving outline of the
+surface, the clumps and groves and scattered trees, give it the
+appearance of a noble park, boundless in extent, and adorned with
+exquisite taste. It is a wild but not a savage wild, that awes by its
+gloom. It is a gay and cheerful wilderness, winning by its social aspect
+as well as its variety and intrinsic gracefulness. The eastern shore is
+not less beautiful: a broad flat plain of rich alluvion, extending from
+the water's edge, is terminated by a range of wooded hills. A small
+collection of the lodges of the Saukies and Foxes stood on this plain
+when the writer last saw it, but their chief village was about three
+miles distant. In the front of the landscape, and presenting its most
+prominent feature, is Rock Island, on the southern point of which,
+elevated upon a parapet of rock, is Fort Armstrong. The region around is
+healthy and amazingly fruitful. The grape, the plum, the gooseberry and
+various other native fruits abound,--the wild honeysuckle gives its
+perfume to the air, and a thousand indigenous flowers mingle their
+diversified hues with the verdure of the plain. But all this fertility
+of soil and scenic beauty has produced no ameliorating effect upon the
+savages. The Sauks of Illinois, when first visited by the French
+missionaries were as they are now. They are still savages, as much so as
+the Osages, Comanches and Seminoles, and not superior to the wandering
+Chippeways."
+
+The civil polity of these two tribes bears much resemblance to that of
+the north western Indians generally. The peace chiefs are partly
+elective and partly hereditary. The son succeeds the father by the
+assent of the tribe, if worthy of the office, and if not, a successor,
+of a more meritorious character, is chosen by them from some collateral
+branch of the family. There is a legend among them relating to the
+relative rank of their chiefs, which, although perhaps purely
+figurative, may not be uninteresting to the reader. They say that a
+great while ago, their fathers had a long lodge, in the centre of which
+were ranged four fires. By the first fire stood two chiefs, one on the
+right, who was called the great Bear, and one on the left, called the
+little Bear: these were the village or peace chiefs: they were the
+rulers of the band, and held the authority corresponding to that of the
+chief magistrate. At the second fire stood two chiefs: one on the right,
+called the great Fox, and one on the left, called the little Fox: these
+were the war chiefs or generals. At the third fire stood two warriors,
+who were called respectively the Wolf and the Owl. And at the other
+fire, two others who were the Eagle and the Tortoise. These four last
+named were not chiefs but braves of distinction, who held honorable
+places in the council, and were persons of influence in peace and in
+war. This lodge of four fires may have existed among these tribes. It is
+true that their chiefs remain as described in the legend.
+
+The peace chief or head-man presides in council, and all important
+public acts are done in his name; but unless he be a man of popular
+talents and great energy of character his place confers more of honor
+than power. If a weak or irresolute man, although he nominally retain
+his authority, the war chiefs actually exercise it. It is very seldom
+that he acquires property, for he is expected to make feasts and
+presents, and is compelled to be hospitable and liberal as a means of
+sustaining his power among his people.
+
+The office of war chief is never hereditary, but results from skill and
+intrepidity in battle, and is held so long as those qualities are
+successfully retained. It may readily be conceived that among such a
+race the war chiefs, having the braves and young men of the nation under
+their command, would generally maintain a controlling influence. The
+leading war chief is always better known than the principal peace chief,
+is often confounded with him, and still oftener exercises his authority.
+
+The Sauks are, at the present time, divided into twelve families, and
+the Foxes into eight, each known by the name of some animal. Among the
+Sauks there is another division peculiar to it. The males are all
+classed in two parties or bands--one called Kish-ko-guis, or long hairs;
+the other Osh-cushis or braves, the former being considered something
+more than brave. In 1819 each party numbered about four hundred members,
+and in 1826, the number was increased to five hundred in each. The
+standard of the Kish-ko-guis or long hairs, is red, and that of the
+Osh-cushis or braves, blue. Every male child, soon after its birth, is
+marked with white or black paint, and is classed in one of these two
+parties, the mother being careful to apply the two colors alternately,
+so that if the number of males in a family be even, each band will
+receive an equal number of members, and the whole nation will thus be
+nearly equally divided into the two colors of black and white. These
+distinctive marks are permanently retained through life, and in painting
+themselves for any ceremonies or public occasions, those of one party
+use white, the others black paint, in addition to other colors which may
+suit their fancy. The reason of this singular custom is for the purpose
+of creating and keeping alive a spirit of emulation in the tribe. In
+their games, sham-battles and other pastimes, the whites and blacks are
+opposed to each other; and in war, each party is ambitious of bringing
+home a greater number of scalps than the other.
+
+The chiefs have the management of public affairs, but as we have already
+seen are more or less influenced, especially in matters of war or peace,
+by the braves. In their councils, questions are not considered,
+generally, as decided, unless there be unanimity of opinion. Their laws
+are few and simple. Debts are but seldom contracted by them, and there
+is no mode of enforcing their collection. For redress of civil injuries,
+an appeal is usually made to some of the old men of the tribe, mutually
+selected by the parties concerned; and their decision is considered as
+binding. A murder among them is seldom punished capitally. The relatives
+of the deceased may take revenge in that way, but it is much more common
+to receive compensation in property. If the relatives cannot agree upon
+the amount of the compensation, the old men of the tribe interfere and
+settle it. The kinsfolk of the deceased say, that by killing the
+murderer, it will not bring the dead to life, and that it is better to
+take the customary presents, which often amount in value to a
+considerable sum. Occasionally the murderer arranges the whole matter,
+by marrying the widow of the man he has killed. There is but one offence
+that is considered of a national character, and that is of rare
+occurrence. It consists in aiding the enemies of the tribe, in times of
+war, and is punishable with death. A sentinel who has been placed on
+duty by a chief, but who neglects it, is publicly whipped by the women.
+The Sauks and Foxes have no established mode of declaring war. If
+injured by a neighboring tribe they wait a reasonable time for
+reparation to be made, and if it is not, they avail themselves of the
+first fitting opportunity of taking revenge. The young Indians manifest,
+at an early age, a love of war. They hear the old warriors recounting
+their exploits, and as the battle-field is the only road to distinction,
+they embrace the first chance of killing an enemy. When the question of
+going to war is under consideration, some one or a number of them,
+undertake to consult the Great Spirit by fasting and dreams. These
+latter are related by them in public, and often have their influence,
+being generally so interpreted as to inspire confidence in those who may
+join the war party. If a party is victorious in battle, the individual
+who killed the first enemy, leads them back, and on the way, if they
+have prisoners with them, it is not uncommon to kill those who are old.
+The young ones are generally adopted into the families of such as have
+lost relatives in the battle, or whose children have died a natural
+death. Upon the return of the victorious party to their village, a war
+dance is held round their captives by way of celebrating their triumph.
+Prisoners are sometimes held as slaves, and as such are bought and sold.
+If they go to war, which they are encouraged to do, and succeed in
+killing one of the enemy, the slave changes his name and from that time
+becomes a freeman. The Sauks and Foxes treat their prisoners with
+humanity, and if they succeed in getting to the village alive, they are
+safe, and their persons are held sacred. But one instance is known of
+their having burned a prisoner, and that was in a war with the
+Menominies, and in retaliation for a similar act, first committed by
+that tribe. The young Indians go to war generally between the age of
+seventeen and twenty, but sometimes as early as fifteen. Many of them at
+the age of forty and forty-five, look old and are broken down in their
+physical constitution, in consequence of the hardships which they have
+endured in war and the chase. In old age they are usually provided for,
+and live in peace at their villages. When one of them is sick, and
+thinks he is about to go to the land of spirits, he not unfrequently
+directs the manner in which he wishes to be buried, and his instructions
+are complied with. The Sauks and Foxes bury their dead in the ground,
+and have preferences for particular places of interment. The graves are
+not dug to any great depth, and a little bark from a tree is made to
+answer the purpose of a coffin. The body is usually carried to the grave
+by old women, who howl at intervals, during the ceremony, most
+piteously. Before closing the grave, one of the Indians present at the
+funeral will wave a stick or war-club, called "puc-ca waw-gun," saying
+in an audible voice, "I have killed many men in war, and I give their
+spirits to my dead friend who lies here, to serve him as slaves in the
+other world:" after which the grave is filled up with earth, and in a
+day or two a rude cabin or shed is made over it of rough boards or bark.
+If the deceased was a brave, a post is planted at the head of the grave,
+on which, in a rude manner, the number of scalps and prisoners he has
+taken in war, is represented by red paint. Upon the death of an adult,
+his property is usually distributed among his relatives, and his widow
+returns to her own family or nearest kinfolks. The widow is the
+principal mourner for the deceased and her grief seems to be sincere.
+Her countenance becomes dejected--she seldom smiles--clothes herself in
+rags, and with disheveled hair and spots of black paint on her cheeks,
+wanders about in a pensive mood, seldom shedding tears, except when
+alone in the woods. They generally cease mourning at the suggestion of
+some friend, wash, paint themselves red and put on their best clothes
+and ornaments. Some of the Sauks and Foxes entertain the opinion that
+the spirit of the deceased hovers about the village or lodge, for a few
+days, and then takes its flight to the land of repose. On its way, they
+suppose it passes over an extensive prairie, beyond which the woods
+appear like a blue cloud. Between this woodland and the prairie, there
+is a deep and rapid stream of water, across which there is a pole, kept
+in continual motion by the force of the current. This stream, the spirit
+must cross on the pole, and if it has belonged to a good person, it will
+get over safe and find all its good relations that have gone before it.
+In this woodland, game of all kinds is abundant, and there the spirits
+of the good live in everlasting happiness. If on the contrary, the
+spirit has belonged to a bad or wicked person in this world, it will
+fall off the pole into the stream, and the current will sweep it down to
+the land of evil spirits, where it will forever remain in poverty and
+misery. There is nothing very peculiar in the religious opinions of the
+Sauks and Foxes, to distinguish them from the aborigines of this
+country, generally. They believe in one Great and Good Spirit, who
+controls and governs all things, and in supernatural agents who are
+permitted to interfere in their concerns. They are of opinion that there
+is also a bad spirit, subordinate, however, to the great Manito, who is
+permitted to annoy and perplex the Indians, by means of bad medicines,
+by poisonous reptiles, and by killing their horses and sinking their
+canoes. All their misfortunes are attributed to the influence of this
+bad spirit, but they have some vague idea that it is in part permitted
+as a punishment for their bad deeds. They all believe in ghosts, and
+when they fancy that they have seen one, the friends of the deceased
+give a feast and hang up some clothing as an offering to appease the
+troubled spirit. So far as the ceremonials are concerned, the Sauks and
+Foxes may be called a religious people. They rarely pass any
+extraordinary cave, rock, hill or other object, with out leaving behind
+them some tobacco for the use of the spirit who they suppose lives
+there. They have some kind of prayers, consisting of words which they
+sing over in the evening and at sunrise in the morning.
+
+Their tradition in regard to the creation of the world, the deluge and
+the re-peopling of the earth, is a singular mixture of truth and
+fiction. If anterior in its origin, to the arrival of the whites on this
+continent, it presents matter of curious speculation. The following
+account of it, entitled the Cosmogony of the Saukee and Musquakee
+Indians, is taken from Doctor Galland's Chronicles of the North American
+Savages.
+
+"In the beginning the Gods created every living being which was intended
+to have life upon the face of the whole earth; and then were formed
+every species of living animal. After this the gods also formed man,
+whom they perceived to be both cruel and foolish: they then put into man
+the heart of the best beast they had created; but they beheld that man
+still continued cruel and foolish. After this it came to pass that the
+Almighty took a piece of himself, of which he made a heart for the man;
+and when the man received it, he immediately became wise above every
+other animal on the earth.
+
+"And it came to pass in the process of much time, that the earth
+produced its first fruits in abundance, and all the living beasts were
+greatly multiplied. The earth about this time, was also inhabited by an
+innumerable host of I-am-woi (giants) and gods. And the gods whose
+habitation is under the seas, made war upon We-suk-kah, (the chief god
+upon the earth) and leagued themselves with the I-am-woi upon the earth,
+against him. Nevertheless, they were still afraid of We-suk-kah and his
+immense host of gods; therefore they called a council upon the earth;
+and when they were assembled upon the earth, at the council, both the
+I-am-woi and the gods from under the seas, after much debate, and long
+consultation, they resolved to make a great feast upon the earth, and to
+invite We-suk-kah, that they might thus beguile him, and at the feast
+lay hands upon him and slay him.
+
+"And when the council had appointed a delegate to visit We-suk-kah, and
+commanded him to invite We-suk-kah to the great feast, which they were
+preparing upon the earth for him; behold, the younger brother of
+We-suk-kah, was in the midst of the council, and being confused in the
+whole assembly, they said unto him, "Where is thy brother We-suk-kah."
+And he answering said unto them "I know not; am I my brother's keeper?"
+And the council perceiving that all their devices were known unto him,
+they were sorely vexed; therefore, with one accord, the whole assembly
+rushed violently upon him and slew him: and thus was slain the younger
+brother of We-suk-kah.
+
+"Now when We-suk-kah had heard of the death of his younger brother, he
+was extremely sorrowful and wept aloud; and the gods whose habitations
+are above the clouds, heard the voice of his lamentations, and they
+leagued with him to avenge the blood of his brother. At this time the
+lower gods had fled from the face of the earth, to their own habitations
+under the seas; and the I-am-woi were thus forsaken, and left alone to
+defend themselves against We-suk-kah and his allies.
+
+"Now the scene of battle, where We-suk-kah and his allies fought the
+I-am-woi, was in a flame of fire; and the whole race of the I-am-woi
+were destroyed with a great slaughter, that there was not one left upon
+the face of the whole earth. And when the gods under the sea, knew the
+dreadful fate of their allies, the I-am-woi, whom they had deserted,
+they were sore afraid and they cried aloud to Na-nam-a-keh (god of
+thunder) to come to their assistance. And Na-nam-a-keh heard their cry
+and accepted their request, and sent his subaltern, No-tah-tes-se-ah,
+(god of the wind) to Pa-poan-a-tesse-ah, (god of the cold) to invite him
+to come with all his dreadful host of frost, snow, hail, ice and
+north-wind, to their relief. When this destroying army came from the
+north, they smote the whole earth with frost, converting the waters of
+every river, lake, and sea into solid masses of ice, and covering the
+whole earth with an immense sheet of snow and hail. Thus perished all
+the first inhabitants of the earth both men, beasts and gods, except a
+few choice ones of each kind, which We-suk-kah preserved with himself
+upon the earth.
+
+"And again it came to pass in the process of a long time, that the gods
+under the sea came forth again, upon the earth; and when they saw
+We-suk-kah, that he was almost alone on the earth, they rejoiced in
+assurance of being able to destroy him. But when they had exhausted
+every scheme, attempted every plan, and executed every effort to no
+effect, perceiving that all their councils and designs were well known
+to We-suk-kah as soon as they were formed, they became mad with despair,
+and resolved to destroy We-suk-kah, by spoiling forever the whole face
+of the earth, which they so much desired to inhabit. To this end,
+therefore, they retired to their former habitations under the sea and
+intreated Na-nam-a-keh (the god of thunder) to drown the whole earth
+with a flood.
+
+"And Na-nam-a-keh again hearkened to their cries, and calling all the
+clouds to gather themselves together, they obeyed his voice and came;
+and when all the clouds were assembled, he commanded them and they
+poured down water upon the earth, a tremendous torrent, until the whole
+surface of the earth, even the tops of the highest mountains were
+covered with water. But it came to pass, when We-suk-kah saw the water
+coming upon the earth, he took some air, and made an o-pes-quie,
+(vessel, boat or shell) and getting into it himself, he took with him
+all sorts of living beasts, and man; and when the waters rose upon the
+earth the o-pes-quie was lifted up and floated upon the surface, until
+the tops of the highest mountains were covered with the flood. And when
+the o-pes-quie had remained for a long time upon the surface of the
+flood, We-suk-kah called one of the animals, which was with him in the
+o-pes-quie, and commanded it to go down through the water to the earth,
+to bring from thence some earth; and after many repeated efforts and
+with great difficulty, the animal at length returned, bringing in its
+mouth, some earth; of which, when We-suk-kah had received it, he formed
+this earth, and spread it forth upon the surface of the water; and went
+forth himself and all that were with him in the o-pes-quie, and occupied
+the dry land."
+
+In the social or family relations of the Sauks and Foxes, it is
+considered the duty of the men to hunt and clothe their wives and
+children--to purchase arms and the implements of husbandry so far as
+they use them--to make canoes and assist in rowing them--to hunt and
+drive their horses, make saddles, &c. &c. The duties of the women, are
+to skin the game when brought home and prepare the skins for market, to
+cook, to make the camp, cut and carry wood, make moccasins, plant and
+gather the corn, beans and pumpkins, and do all the drudgery connected
+with the domestic affairs. It is the commonly received opinion among the
+whites that the female Indians are the slaves of their husbands. This is
+not literally true. The men seldom make their wives feel their
+authority: as a general rule among the Sauks and Foxes, they live
+happily together. The wives take the liberty of scolding their
+husbands, very frequently, and it is considered by both parties that
+every thing in the family, except the war and hunting implements,
+belongs to the wife, and she may do with it as she pleases. The men may
+each have two or three, or even more wives. They generally prefer to
+take sisters, as they agree better together in the same lodge: the
+eldest usually regulates all the domestic affairs of the family and has
+charge of the property belonging to it. The men turn off their wives and
+the latter leave their husbands whenever they become discontented. While
+living together, the women are generally faithful to their husbands. The
+daughters seldom leave their mothers until they are married, which
+usually occurs when they are about fourteen or fifteen years of age. The
+parents of an Indian girl are generally conciliated by presents from her
+lover, but they may insist upon servitude from him, which sometimes runs
+throughout one, two or three years. There is no particular marriage
+ceremony among them, beyond that of the contract between the parents or
+parties. A young Sauk lover is represented as a silly looking fellow,
+who can neither eat, drink or sleep--he appears to be deranged, and with
+all the pains he takes to conceal his passion, his malady is still
+apparent to his friends. The faithfulness of this sketch, will hardly be
+questioned, when the close analogy which it bears to a pale-faced lover,
+is recalled to mind. The Sauks and Foxes, when pinched with hunger, will
+eat almost any kind of meat, but prefer venison and bear's meat to all
+other; they never eat it unless cooked. They make much use of corn,
+beans and pumpkins, and annually raise considerable quantities. They are
+not fond of fish and seldom eat them if they can procure other kinds of
+food.
+
+There are but three kinds of musical instruments used among these
+tribes. The drum, which is beat at their feasts, dances and games, the
+tambourin, and a kind of flageolet, made of cane or two pieces of soft
+wood hollowed out and fastened together with strips of leather. Their
+tunes are always on a flat key, have but few variations and are mostly
+of a melancholy character. According to Mr. Atwater, who visited those
+residing near Rock Island, in 1829, the Sacs and Foxes have "tunes
+evidently of French origin, and some songs of considerable length."
+"These Indians have among them, what answers to the Italian
+Improvisatori who make songs for particular occasions." The same writer
+says, "the Sauks and Foxes have a considerable number of songs, suited
+to a great many occasions in their own language." He further adds,
+"Among the Indians of the Upper Mississippi, the Sauks and Foxes are
+decidedly the best actors, and have the greatest variety of plays among
+them." In common with the Indian tribes generally, they have a variety
+of athletic games, in which both the men and women join. They are
+addicted to cards and other games of chance, and often bet very high.
+
+Touching the condition of these tribes in 1805, Lieutenant Pike, in his
+travels to the sources of the Mississippi, says, "The first nation of
+Indians whom we met with, were the Sauks, who principally reside in
+four villages. The first at the head of the rapids des Moyens, on the
+west shore, containing thirteen lodges. The second on a prairie on the
+east shore about sixty miles above. The third on the river De Roche
+[Rock river] about three miles from the entrance, and the last on the
+river Iowa. They hunt on the Mississippi and its confluent streams from
+the Illinois to the river Des Iowa; and on the plains west of them which
+border the Mississippi. They are so perfectly consolidated with the
+Reynards (the Foxes) that they can scarcely be termed a distinct nation;
+but recently there appears to be a schism between the two nations: the
+latter not approving of the insolence and ill-will, which has marked the
+conduct of the former towards the United States, on many late
+occurrences. They have for many years past made war (under the auspices
+of the Sioux) on the Santeaux, Osages and Missouries; but as recently a
+peace has been (through the influence of the United States) made between
+them and the nations of the Missouri, and by the same means between the
+Sioux and the Santeaux (their principal allies) it appears it would be
+by no means a difficult matter to induce them to make a general peace,
+and pay still greater attention to the cultivation of the earth: as they
+now raise a considerable quantity of corn, beans and melons. The
+character which they bear with their savage brethren, is, that they are
+much more to be dreaded for their deceit and inclination for stratagem,
+than for open courage.
+
+"The Reynards reside in three villages. The first on the west side of
+the Mississippi six miles above the rapids of the river de Roche. The
+second about twelve miles in the rear of the lead mines, and the third
+on Turkey river, half a league from its entrance. They are engaged in
+the same wars, and have the same alliances as the Sauks, with whom they
+must be considered as indissoluble in war and peace. They hunt on both
+sides of the Mississippi, from the river Iowa (below the prairie des
+Chiens) to a river of that name, above said village. They raise a great
+quantity of corn, beans and melons; the former of those articles in such
+quantities, as to sell many hundred bushels per annum."
+
+At this period, 1805, according to Lieutenant Pike, the total number of
+souls in the Sauk nation was 2850, of whom 1400 were children, seven
+hundred and fifty women, and seven hundred warriors. They resided in
+their villages and had about seven hundred stand of arms. Their trade
+was principally in deer skins, with some bear and a few otter, beaver
+and raccoon skins. The total number of the Foxes was 1750, of whom eight
+hundred and fifty were children, five hundred women and four hundred
+warriors, with about four hundred stand of arms. Their number of
+villages and their trade being the same with the Sauks.
+
+Some further items of information about these tribes may be gleaned from
+the statistical view of the Indian nations furnished by Lewis and
+Clark's Expedition. It is there stated that the Saukee, or O-sau-kee,
+speak a primitive language, dwell principally in two villages, have
+about five hundred warriors and 2000 souls in the tribe, were at war
+with the Osage, Chippeway and Sioux. The Foxes or Ot-tar-gar-me, in the
+Saukee language, number not more than 1200 souls, and about three
+hundred warriors. These nations, the Sauks and Foxes, says Mr. Lewis,
+are so perfectly consolidated that they may in fact be considered as one
+nation only: "they are extremely friendly to the whites and seldom
+injure their traders; but they are the most implacable enemies to the
+Indian nations with whom they are at war; to them is justly attributed
+the almost entire destruction of the Missouries, the Illinois, the
+Cahokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias."
+
+In 1825, the Secretary at War, estimated the entire number of Sacs and
+Foxes at 4,600 souls, and in 1826, the warriors were supposed to amount
+to between twelve and fourteen hundred. Supposing these estimates to
+approximate the truth, it appears that during the twenty years between
+1805 and 1825, these tribes had increased very considerably in numbers.
+
+The traders generally and those who have had most intercourse with the
+Sauks and Foxes, speak of them as honest in their dealings, and feel
+safe among them, seldom locking their doors by day or night, and
+allowing them free ingress to their stores and houses. Their reputation
+for courage, it appears, does not stand quite so fair. Lieutenant Pike
+speaks of them as being more dreaded by their savage brethren for "their
+deceit and inclination for stratagem, than for their open courage."
+Major Thomas Forsyth, late U.S. agent among the Sacs and Foxes, calls
+them a dastardly and cowardly set of Indians. The correctness of these
+charges may be questioned. Mr. Schoolcraft, in speaking of the Foxes
+says, "the history of their migrations and wars, shows them to have been
+a restless and spirited people, erratic in their dispositions, having a
+great contempt for agriculture, and a predominant passion for war." He
+adds, "they still retain their ancient character, and are constantly
+embroiled in wars and disputes with their neighbors, the results of
+which show, that they have more courage in battle, than wisdom in
+council." In a report of the war department to the President, made by
+the secretary Mr. Cass, in 1832, the Sacs and Foxes are spoken of as
+being distinguished for their "daring spirit of adventure and for their
+natural courage."
+
+The truth appears to be, that the Sacs and Foxes fought their way from
+the waters of the St. Lawrence to Green Bay, and after reaching that
+place, not only sustained themselves against hostile tribes, but were
+among the most active and courageous in the subjugation or rather
+extermination of the numerous and powerful Illini confederacy. They have
+had many wars, offensive and defensive, with the Sioux, the Pawnees, the
+Osages and other tribes, some of whom are ranked among the most fierce
+and ferocious warriors on the continent; and, it does not appear, that
+in these conflicts, running through a long period of years, they were
+found wanting in this greatest of savage virtues. In the late war with
+Great Britain, a party from the Sacs and Foxes, fought under the British
+standard as a matter of choice: and in the recent contest between a
+fragment of these tribes and the United States, although defeated and
+literally cut to pieces by an overwhelming force, it is very
+questionable whether their reputation as braves, would suffer by a
+comparison with that of their victors. It is believed that a careful
+review of their history, from the period when they first established
+themselves on the waters of the Mississippi, down to the present time,
+will lead the inquirer to the conclusion, that the Sacs and Foxes are
+truly a courageous people, shrewd, politic, and enterprising, with not
+more of ferocity and treachery of character, than is common among the
+tribes by whom they are surrounded.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians in 1789--treaty and cession of land
+  to the United States at St. Louis in 1804--Black Hawk's account of
+  this treaty--Erection of Fort Madison--The British excite the Sac and
+  Fox Indians to make war upon the United States--A party under Black
+  Hawk join the British standard in 1812--Treaty at Portage des Sioux in
+  1815--Treaty of peace with Black Hawk and his band at same place in
+  1816--Treaty for part of their lands in Missouri in 1824--Treaty of
+  Prairie des Chiens in 1825--Treaty for the mineral region in
+  1829--Treaty of peace in 1832, after the "Black Hawk war"--Present
+  residence of the Sacs and Foxes.
+
+
+The first treaty between the United States and the Sacs, was made at
+Fort Harmar, on the Muskingum river, on the 9th of January 1789. It was
+concluded by Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Territory north west of
+the Ohio, on the part of the United States, and the sachems and warriors
+of the Chippeway, Ottawa, Pottawatamie, Delaware, Wyandotte and Sac
+tribes of Indians. The object of this treaty seems to have been the
+confirmation of former treaties and the adjustment of boundary lines of
+previous cessions of land. By the fourteenth article of this treaty, it
+is provided, that the United States, "do also receive into their
+friendship and protection, the nations of the Pottawatamies, and Sacs;
+and do hereby establish a league of peace and amity between them
+respectively; and all the articles of this treaty, so far as they apply
+to these nations, are to be considered as made and concluded, in all and
+every part, expressly with them and each of them."
+
+On the 27th of June 1804, the President, Mr. Jefferson, directed
+Governor William H. Harrison, to make a treaty with the Sacs, and
+obtain, if possible, cessions of land on both sides of the Illinois
+river, and to give them, in lieu thereof, an annual compensation. In
+November following, Governor Harrison concluded a treaty with the Sacs
+and Foxes, under his instructions. As this treaty has formed the basis
+of all the subsequent ones made with these tribes, and as its validity,
+has been disputed by some of the Sac nation, it is deemed expedient, to
+copy it entire, in this place, more especially as it will be matter of
+frequent reference in the subsequent pages of this work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Articles of a treaty, made at Saint Louis, in the district of
+Louisiana, between William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana
+Territory and of the district of Louisiana, superintendent of Indian
+affairs for the said territory and district, and commissioner
+plenipotentiary of the United States, for concluding any treaty, or
+treaties which may be found necessary with any of the north western
+tribes of Indians, of the one part; and the chiefs and head men of the
+united Sac and Fox tribes of the other part."
+
+Article 1. The United States receive the united Sac and Fox tribes into
+their friendship and protection; and the said tribes agree to consider
+themselves under the protection of the United States, and of no other
+power whatsoever.
+
+Art. 2. The general boundary line between the lands of the United
+States and of the said Indian tribes shall be as follows, viz: Beginning
+at a point on the Missouri river, opposite to the mouth of the Gasconade
+river; thence, in a direct course so as to strike the river Jeffreon, at
+the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down the said Jeffreon
+to the Mississippi; thence, up the Mississippi to the mouth of the
+Ouisconsin river, and up the same to a point which shall be thirty-six
+miles, in a direct line from the mouth of said river; thence, by a
+direct line to a point where the Fox river (a branch of the Illinois)
+leaves the small lake called Sakaegan; thence down the Fox river to the
+Illinois river, and down the same to the Mississippi. And the said
+tribes, for and in consideration of the friendship and protection of the
+United States, which is now extended to them, of the goods (to the value
+of two thousand, two hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents)
+which are now delivered, and of the annuity hereinafter stipulated to be
+paid, do hereby cede and relinquish forever, to the United States, all
+the lands included within the above described boundary.
+
+Art. 3. In consideration of the cession and relinquishment of land made
+in the preceding article, the United States will deliver to the said
+tribes, at the town of St. Louis, or some other convenient place on the
+Mississippi, yearly and every year, goods suited to the circumstances of
+the Indians, of the value of one thousand dollars (six hundred of which
+are intended for the Sacs, and four hundred for the Foxes,) reckoning
+that value at the first cost of the goods in the city or place in the
+United States, where they shall be procured. And if the said tribes
+shall hereafter, at an annual delivery of the goods aforesaid, desire
+that a part of their annuity should be furnished in domestic animals,
+implements of husbandry, and other utensils, convenient for them, the
+same shall at the subsequent annual delivery, be furnished accordingly.
+
+Art. 4. The United States will never interrupt the said tribes, in the
+possession of the lands which they rightfully claim; but will on the
+contrary, protect them in the quiet enjoyment of the same, against their
+own citizens, and against all other white persons, who may intrude upon
+them. And the said tribes do hereby engage, that they will never sell
+their land, or any part thereof, to any sovereign power but the United
+States; nor to the citizens or subjects of any other sovereign power,
+nor to the citizens of the United States.
+
+Art. 5. Lest the friendship which is now established between the United
+States and the said Indian tribes, should be interrupted by the
+misconduct of individuals, it is hereby agreed, that for injuries done
+by individuals, no private revenge or retaliation shall take place; but,
+instead thereof, complaint shall be made by the party injured to the
+other; by the said tribes, or either of them, to the superintendent of
+Indian affairs, or one of his deputies; and by the superintendent, or
+other person appointed by the President, to the chiefs of the said
+tribes. And it shall be the duty of the said chiefs, upon complaint
+being made, as aforesaid, to deliver up the person, or persons, against
+whom the complaint is made, to the end that he, or they, may be
+punished agreeably to the laws of the state or territory where the
+offence may have been committed. And, in like manner, if any robbery,
+violence or murder shall be committed on any Indian, or Indians,
+belonging to the said tribes, or either of them, the person or persons
+so offending, shall be tried, and if found guilty, punished, in like
+manner as if the injury had been done to a white man. And it is further
+agreed, that the chiefs of the said tribes shall, to the utmost of their
+power, exert themselves to recover horses, or other property which may
+be stolen from any citizen or citizens of the United States by any
+individual or individuals of their tribes. And the property so
+recovered, shall be forthwith delivered to the superintendent, or other
+person authorized to receive it, that it may be restored to the proper
+owner. And in cases where the exertions of the chiefs shall be
+ineffectual in recovering the property stolen, as aforesaid, if
+sufficient proof can be obtained, that such property was actually stolen
+by any Indian, or Indians, belonging to the said tribes or either of
+them, the United States may deduct from the annuity of the said tribes,
+a sum equal to the value of the property which was stolen. And the
+United States hereby guaranty to any Indian or Indians, of the said
+tribes, a full indemnification for any horses, or other property, which
+may be stolen from them, by any of their citizens: _Provided_, that the
+property so stolen cannot be recovered, and that sufficient proof is
+produced that it was actually stolen by a citizen of the United States.
+
+Art. 6. If any citizen of the United States, or any other white person,
+should form a settlement, upon the lands which are the property of the
+Sac and Fox tribes, upon complaint being made thereof, to the
+Superintendent, or other person having charge of the affairs of the
+Indians, such intruder shall forthwith be removed.
+
+Art. 7. As long as the lands which are now ceded to the United States
+remain their property, the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall
+enjoy the privilege of living and hunting upon them.
+
+Art. 8. As the laws of the United States regulating trade and
+intercourse with the Indian tribes, are already extended to the country
+inhabited by the Sacs and Foxes, and as it is provided by those laws,
+that no person shall reside, as a trader, in the Indian country, without
+a licence under the hand and seal of the Superintendent of Indian
+affairs, or other person appointed for the purpose by the President, the
+said tribes do promise and agree, that they will not suffer any trader
+to reside among them, without such licence, and that they will, from
+time to time, give notice to the Superintendent, or to the agent for
+their tribes, of all the traders that may be in their country.
+
+Art. 9. In order to put a stop to the abuses and impositions which are
+practised upon the said tribes, by the private traders, the United
+States will, at a convenient time, establish a trading house, or
+factory, where the individuals of the said tribes can be supplied with
+goods at a more reasonable rate, than they have been accustomed to
+procure them.
+
+Art. 10. In order to evince the sincerity of their friendship and
+affection for the United States, and a respectful deference for their
+advice, by an act which will not only be acceptable to them, but to the
+common father of all the nations of the earth, the said tribes do,
+hereby, promise and agree that they will put an end to the bloody war
+which has heretofore raged between their tribe and the Great and Little
+Osages. And for the purpose of burying the tomahawk, and renewing the
+friendly intercourse between themselves and the Osages, a meeting of
+their respective chiefs shall take place, at which, under the direction
+of the above named commissioner, or the agent of Indian affairs residing
+at St. Louis, an adjustment of all their differences shall be made, and
+peace established upon a firm and lasting basis.
+
+Art. 11. As it is probable that the government of the United States will
+establish a military post at, or near the mouth of the Ouisconsin river,
+and as the land on the lower side of the river may not be suitable for
+that purpose, the said tribes hereby agree, that a fort may be built,
+either on the upper side of the Ouisconsin, or on the right bank of the
+Mississippi, as the one or the other may be found most convenient; and a
+tract of land not exceeding two miles square, shall be given for that
+purpose; and the said tribes do further agree, that they will at all
+times, allow to traders and other persons travelling through their
+country, under the authority of the United States, a free and safe
+passage for themselves and their property of every description; and
+that for such passage, they shall at no time, and on no account
+whatever, be subject to any toll or exaction.
+
+Art. 12. This treaty shall take effect and be obligatory on the
+contracting parties, as soon as the same shall be ratified by the
+President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the
+United States.
+
+In testimony whereof, the said William Henry Harrison, and the chiefs
+and head men of said Sac and Fox tribes, have hereunto set their hands
+and affixed their seals. Done at St. Louis, in the district of
+Louisiana, on the third day of November, one thousand, eight hundred and
+four, and of the independence of the United States the twenty-ninth.
+
+  Additional article.
+
+It is agreed that nothing in this treaty contained shall affect the
+claim of any individual or individuals, who may have obtained grants of
+land from the Spanish government, and which are not included within the
+general boundary line, laid down in this treaty: _Provided_, that such
+grant have at any time been made known to the said tribes and recognized
+by them.
+
+    WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.                   L.S.
+    LAYOWVOIS, or Laiyuva, his X mark.        L.S.
+    PASHEPAHO, or the Stabber, his X mark.    L.S.
+    QUASHQUAME, or jumping fish, his X mark.  L.S.
+    OUTCHEQUAHA, or sun fish, his X mark.     L.S.
+    HASHEQUARHIQUA, or the bear, his X mark.  L.S.
+
+  In presence of
+
+    William Prince, Secretary to the Commissioner.
+    John Griffin, one of the Judges of the Indiana Territory.
+    J. Bruff, Maj. Art'y. U.S.
+    Amos Stoddard, Capt. corps of Artillerists.
+    P. Choteau, Agent de la haute Louisiana, pour le department sauvage.
+    Ch. Gratiot.
+    Aug. Choteau. Vigo.
+    S. Warrel, Lieut. U. States Artillery.
+    D. Delaunay.
+    Joseph Barren.                } sworn
+    H'polite Bolen, his X mark.   } Interpreters.
+
+On the 31st of December 1804, the President of the United States,
+submitted this treaty to the Senate for their advice and consent, and it
+was by that body duly ratified.
+
+In a Life of Black Hawk, dictated by himself and written by J.B.
+Patterson, to which there is a certificate of authenticity appended from
+Antoine Le Clair. U.S. interpreter, for the Sacs and Foxes, under date
+of 16th October 1833, there is the following statement concerning the
+manner in which this treaty was made.
+
+"Some moons after this young chief (Lieutenant Pike) descended the
+Mississippi, one of our people killed an American, and was confined, in
+the prison at St. Louis for the offence. We held a council at our
+village to see what could be done for him--which determined that
+Quash-qua-me, Pa-she-pa-ho, Ou-che-qua-ha, and Ha-she-quar-hi-qua,
+should go down to St. Louis, and see our American father, and do all
+they could to have our friend released; by paying for the person killed,
+thus covering the blood and satisfying the relations of the man
+murdered! This being the only means with us of saving a person who had
+killed another, and we _then_ thought it was the same way with the
+whites.
+
+"The party started with the good wishes of the whole nation, hoping they
+would accomplish the object of their mission. The relations of the
+prisoner blacked their faces and fasted, hoping the Great Spirit would
+take pity on them, and return the husband and the father to his wife and
+children.
+
+"Quash-qua-me and party remained a long time absent. They at length
+returned and encamped a short distance below the village, but did not
+come up that day, nor did any person approach their camp. They appeared
+to be dressed in fine coats and had medals. From these circumstances, we
+were in hopes they had brought us good news. Early the next morning, the
+council lodge was crowded--Quash-qua-me and party came up, and gave us
+the following account of their mission.
+
+"On their arrival at St. Louis, they met their American father, and
+explained to him their business, and urged the release of their friend.
+The American chief told them he wanted land, and they agreed to give him
+some on the west side of the Mississippi, and some on the Illinois side
+opposite the Jeffreon. When the business was all arranged, they expected
+to have their friend released to come home with them.--But about the
+time they were ready to start, their friend was led out of prison, who
+ran a short distance and was _shot dead_. This is all they could
+recollect of what was said and done. They had been drunk the greater
+part of the time they were in St. Louis.
+
+"This is all myself or nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has been
+explained to me since. I find by that treaty, all our country east of
+the Mississippi, and south of the Jeffreon was ceded to the United
+States for one thousand dollars a year! I will leave it to the people of
+the United States to say, whether our nation was properly represented in
+this treaty? or whether we received a fair compensation for the extent
+of country ceded by those four individuals. I could say much more about
+this treaty but I will not at this time. It has been the origin of all
+our difficulties." p. 27.
+
+The power among the Indian tribes of this country to sell their lands,
+has always been considered as vested in the chiefs. They, however, are
+accustomed to consult the whole nation, and, possibly, it may be
+necessary, in all cases, that its assent should be obtained. It has not
+been the practice of our government, it is believed, in its negotiations
+with the Indians, to institute particular enquiries for the purpose of
+ascertaining, how far the chiefs were authorized to act by their people.
+A number of treaties have been formed, at different times, in which the
+chiefs must have acted under the general authority with which they are
+clothed on this point; the circumstances of the case being such, as to
+have precluded all opportunity of their ascertaining the sense of the
+tribes, after the negotiations had been commenced.
+
+In the case under consideration, notwithstanding the statement of Black
+Hawk, there was every reason, especially on the part of the
+Commissioner, for believing, that the chiefs who signed the treaty, were
+fully authorized to act. In the first place, Government, in its
+instructions to the Commissioner, to make a purchase of lands, of the
+Sacs and Foxes, had given as a reason for it, that it was a matter of
+complaint, on the part of these two tribes, that they were not, like
+their neighbors, receiving an annuity from the United States. They owned
+a very large extent of territory, and had, comparatively, but a limited
+population. It was natural that they should wish to dispose of some
+portion of it, for the purpose of receiving an annual supply of goods
+and money. In the second place, five chiefs of the Sacs and Foxes,
+united in the treaty, one of them, Pah-she-pa-ho, being at the time the
+great head-chief of the Sac nation. It is admitted by Black Hawk that a
+council had been held by these two tribes, and that Pah-she-pa-ho and
+his associates had been authorized to visit St. Louis to purchase the
+release of a prisoner. It is probable that the sale of a part of their
+territory may have been agreed upon by this council. In the third place,
+there must have been a prevailing opinion in St. Louis, that these
+chiefs were authorized to act in the case. The treaty was publicly made,
+and a number of high-minded and honorable men, are parties to it, in the
+character of commissioner, secretary, and witnesses. Among them are
+several officers of the army; the first governor of the territory of
+Louisiana; and Pierre Chouteau, at that time Agent for the Sac and Fox
+Indians, and well acquainted with them. These circumstances forbid the
+idea of the treaty having been formed under circumstances in which there
+were not satisfactory reasons for believing, that the Indians, parties
+to it were fully authorized to act.
+
+Black Hawk is mistaken in some things about this treaty, and it may be
+that he has been misinformed in regard to the authority of his chiefs to
+make this sale of their lands. He says, for instance, that the treaty
+was made some moons after the return of Lieutenant Pike from the sources
+of the Mississippi; when in fact Pike did not leave St. Louis upon his
+expedition, until the 9th of August 1805, nearly a year after the date
+of the treaty. Again, he says, it was made by four of the chiefs. The
+treaty is signed by five. But admitting that the deputation of chiefs
+transcended their authority in the sale of the lands, made at that time,
+it would seem that the Sacs and Foxes acquiesced in it. They never
+disavowed the treaty, but have regularly received their annuity, and, on
+more than one occasion, have recognized it, as binding. Even Black Hawk
+and his band, made this recognition, in the treaty of peace which they
+signed with the United States, at Portage des Sioux, in 1816.
+
+It may be questioned, however, whether good faith towards the Indians
+and a due regard to national honor, do not make it expedient that our
+government should invariably hold its treaties with them, in their own
+country, and in the midst of the tribe owning the lands proposed to be
+purchased. In such case, the assent of all the Indians might be
+obtained, and the charge of having formed a fraudulent treaty, with
+unauthorized individuals, could never be raised. The peculiar relation
+subsisting between the government of the United States and the Indian
+tribes, within its territory, demands on on the part of the former,
+great delicacy of action, liberality and perfect good faith. By such a
+course, alone, can our national honor be preserved untarnished.
+
+Subsequently to the treaty of 1804, the erection by the government of
+the United States, of Fort Madison on the Mississippi, above the Des
+Moines rapids, gave some dissatisfaction to the Sacs and Foxes. This was
+increased by the British agents and traders, who instigated them to
+resist the encroachments of the Americans, now beginning to press upon
+their hunting grounds. Of this interference on the part of the British,
+with the Indians, there can be no doubt. Governor Harrison in a letter
+to the secretary of war, dated Vincennes, July 15th, 1810, says, "a
+considerable number of the Sacs went some time since to see the British
+superintendent, and on the first instant, more passed Chicago, for the
+same destination." General Clark, under date of St. Louis, July 20th,
+1810, says, in writing to the same department, "One hundred and fifty
+Sacs are on a visit to the British agent by invitation, and a smaller
+party on a visit to the island of St. Joseph, in lake Huron." John
+Johnson, Esq. the Indian agent, at Fort Wayne, under date of August 7th,
+1810, says, to the secretary at war, "About one hundred Saukees have
+returned from the British agent, who supplied them liberally with every
+thing they stood in need of. The party received forty-seven rifles, and
+a number of fusils with plenty of powder and lead."
+
+McKee, Dixon, and Girty were open and active agents in exciting the
+Indians to attack the American frontiers. They held frequent talks with
+them and supplied them liberally with goods and munitions of war. In
+1811, there being a strong probability of a war with Great Britain, a
+deputation of the Sauks and Foxes, visited Washington city, to see the
+President, by whom they were told that in the event of a war taking
+place with England, their great father did not wish them to interfere on
+either side, but to remain neutral: He did not want their assistance but
+desired them to hunt and support their families and live in peace.
+Immediately after the war of 1812, the Sacs and Foxes, with whom, as
+with Indians generally, war is the great business of life, felt that
+they ought, as a matter of course, to take sides with one party or the
+other, and went to St. Louis, to offer their services to the United
+States agent, to fight against the British; but the offer was declined,
+on the ground that the government of the United States had resolved not
+to employ the Indians in that capacity. The machinations of the British,
+were successfully continued. The Sacs and Foxes divided upon the
+question of taking up arms against the United States. A part of them
+claimed the protection of the American government and received it; a
+part joined the British standard, Black Hawk among the number, and
+fought against the Americans until the peace of 1815. The number of
+warriors who joined the British is supposed to have been about two
+hundred, and they have ever since been known as the "British Band," at
+the head of which has been "General Black Hawk."
+
+On the 14th September, 1815, William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste
+Choteau, commissioners on behalf of the United States, concluded a
+treaty with the chiefs and warriors of the Fox tribe, by which all
+injuries and acts of hostility, committed by either party during the
+late war, were to be forgiven, and peace and friendship established
+between the two nations. The fourth article of the treaty contains a
+recognition of the former treaty in these words. "The said Fox tribe or
+nation do hereby, assent to, recognize, re-establish and confirm the
+treaty of St. Louis, which was concluded on the 3rd of November, 1804,
+to the full extent of their interest in the same, as well as all other
+contracts and agreements between the parties." This treaty was made at
+Portage des Sioux.
+
+On the 13th of September, 1815, the same commissioners, at the same
+place, concluded a treaty of peace and friendship with the chiefs and
+warriors of that part of Sac nation of Indians residing on the
+Mississippi river. The first article recognizes the treaty of 1804 in
+the following words. "The undersigned chiefs and warriors for
+themselves and that portion of the Sacs which they represent, do hereby
+assent to the treaty between the United States of America and the united
+tribes of Sacs and Foxes, which was concluded at St. Louis on the third
+of November 1804; and they moreover promise to do all in their power to
+re-establish and enforce the same." There is a further provision that
+they will remain distinct and separate from the Sacs of Rock river,
+giving them no assistance whatever, until peace shall be established
+between them and the United States. The Sacs on Rock river were that
+part of the tribe which had been engaged in the late war, and who now
+declined making a treaty with the United States, and continued, although
+officially notified of the peace, to commit occasional depredations on
+the frontiers; and, it was not until the following spring that
+hostilities on their part actually ceased.
+
+On the 13th of May, 1816, the same commissioners effected a treaty with
+the chiefs and warriors of the Sacs of Rock river, and the adjacent
+country. The first article of this treaty provides, that, "The Sacs of
+Rock river and the adjacent country, do hereby unconditionally assent
+to, recognize, re-establish and confirm the treaty between the United
+States of America and the united tribes of Sacs and Foxes, which was
+concluded at St. Louis on the 3d November 1804, as well as all other
+contracts and agreements, heretofore made between the Sac tribe and the
+United States." Under the 9th article of the treaty of Ghent, concluded
+24th December 1814, between the United States and Great Britain, it was
+stipulated, that each party should put an end to Indian hostilities
+within their respective territory, and place the tribes on the same
+footing upon which they stood before the war. Under this provision, the
+second article of the treaty with the Sacs of Rock river, stipulated
+that they are placed upon the same footing which they occupied before
+the late war, upon the single condition of their restoring the property
+stolen by them, from the whites, subsequent to their notification that
+peace had been made between the United States and Great Britain.
+
+Under the 9th article of the treaty of 1804, the United States agreed to
+establish a trading-house to supply the Sacs and Foxes with goods at a
+more reasonable rate than they had been accustomed to procure them. On
+the third of September 1822, Maj. Thomas Forsyth, the U.S. Indian agent,
+made a treaty at Fort Armstrong, with the chiefs, warriors and head men
+of the Sacs and Foxes, by which, in consideration of the sum of one
+thousand dollars, they forever released the United States from all
+obligation contained in said ninth article of the treaty of 1804.
+
+On the fourth of August 1824, at Washington city, William Clark, Indian
+agent and sole commissioner of the United States, effected a treaty with
+the Sacs and Foxes through their chiefs and head men, by which, for the
+sum of one thousand dollars per annum for ten years, they ceded all
+their interest and title to any lands claimed by them in the state of
+Missouri, which are situated, lying and being between the Mississippi
+and Missouri rivers, and a line running from the Missouri at the
+entrance of Kansas river, north one hundred miles, to the north west
+corner of the state of Missouri, and from thence east to the
+Mississippi. By this treaty, these tribes acknowledged the land east and
+south of the lines above described, so far as the Indians claim the
+same, to belong to the United States, and that none of their tribes
+shall be permitted to settle or hunt upon any part of it, after the
+first day of January 1826, without permission from the Superintendent of
+Indian affairs.
+
+Upon the 19th of August 1825, William Clark and Lewis Cass,
+Commissioners on behalf of the United States, concluded a treaty at
+Prairie du Chien, in the territory of Michigan, with the chiefs and
+warriors of the Sioux, Winnebagoes, Menominees, Chippewas, Ottawas,
+Pottawatamies, Sacs, Foxes and Ioways. The objects of this treaty were
+the restoration of peace among the Indian tribes, several of whom had
+been for some time waging war against each other; the settlement of
+boundary lines between these tribes respectively, and between them and
+the United States. The Commissioners succeeded in effecting a peace
+between the Sioux and Chippeways, and between the Sacs, Foxes and Ioways
+on the one part, and the Sioux on the other; and also in adjusting the
+boundary lines of the territory of each tribe to the satisfaction of all
+parties. Under this treaty nothing was asked by the United States nor
+was any thing granted to them: the character in which the government
+presented itself, being simply that of a pacificator.
+
+The concourse of Indians assembled at this council was very great. About
+3000 came to the council ground, clothed in their war dresses, and armed
+with bows, war-clubs and tomahawks. The Sacs and Foxes were the last to
+arrive, but were very imposing and warlike in their appearance when they
+reached the ground. They ascended the Mississippi, to Prairie du Chien,
+in a fleet of canoes, lashed together. They passed and repassed the town
+in a connected squadron, standing erect, in their canoes, in full dress,
+singing their war songs. Upon landing, they drew up in martial order, as
+if in warlike defiance of their bitter enemies, the Sioux, who were
+encamped near the shore, and who in turn shot back the fierce look of
+hostility upon their ancient foe. An eye witness describes this scene as
+one unique and singularly magnificent. The council was held under a
+spacious booth of green boughs, and lasted for several days. Keokuk was
+present on this occasion, as the head chief of the Sacs, and took an
+active part in the council; his course being marked by that moderation
+and sound policy, for which he is eminently distinguished.
+
+[Illustration: COUNCIL GROUND AT PRAIRIE DU CHIENS]
+
+In the early part of the year 1828, the President of the United States,
+appointed Governor Cass and Colonel Pierre Menard, to treat with certain
+tribes of Indians for the cession of what is called the "mineral region"
+lying on the Mississippi, south of the Wisconsin. The commissioners
+arrived at Green Bay late in the summer of that year, and on the 25th
+of August, made a temporary agreement with the Indians, by which the
+whites were allowed to occupy the country where the lead mines were
+worked; and in the ensuing year a treaty was to be held with the Indians
+for the purchase of the mineral country: in the mean time, no white was
+to cross a certain line, described in said agreement, to dig for ore;
+and finally the Indians were paid twenty thousand dollars in goods, for
+the trespasses already committed on their lands by the miners. This
+agreement was ratified by the President and senate of the United States
+on the 7th January, 1829. Soon after President Jackson came into office
+in 1829, he appointed General McNeil of the army, to fill the place of
+Governor Cass in the said commission, which was to meet at St. Louis and
+under the agreement above described, proceed to the mineral region, to
+effect by treaty, its purchase. In consequence of some disagreement in
+opinion between these two commissioners, the President subsequently
+united with them, Caleb Atwater, Esq. of Ohio. They reached Prairie du
+Chien about the middle of July, where they met deputies on the part of
+the Winnebagoes, Chippeways, Ottowas, Pottawatimies, Sioux, Sauks, Foxes
+and Menominees; and on the first of August, a treaty was concluded for
+about eight millions of acres, extending from the upper end of Rock
+island to the mouth of the Wisconsin, from latitude 41° 15' to latitude
+43° 15' on the Mississippi. Following the meanderings of the river the
+tract is about two hundred and forty miles from south to north. It
+extends along the Wisconsin and Fox rivers from west to east so as to
+give a passage across the country from the Mississippi to lake Michigan.
+At this treaty Keokuk and Morgan, with two hundred warriors of the Sac
+and Fox tribes were present, and according to the statement of one of
+the commissioners, rendered essential service to them, by intimidating
+the Winebagoes, who from some dissatisfaction, threatened to assassinate
+the commissioners and those associated with them.
+
+On the 21st Sept. 1832, after the conclusion of the Black Hawk war,
+General Scott and Governor Reynolds concluded a treaty with the Sacs and
+Foxes, by which about six million acres of land were acquired, for which
+the United States were to pay them the sum of twenty thousand dollars
+per annum for thirty years, to pay off the debts of the tribes and to
+support, at the discretion of the President, a black and gun smith among
+them. A reservation was made of forty miles square, on the Ioway river
+in favor of Keokuk, (since purchased,) including his village, as a
+reward for his fidelity to the United Slates. Black Hawk, his son and
+the Prophet were to be held as hostages during the pleasure of the
+President. This is known as the "Black Hawk purchase." The whole of the
+six millions lie upon the west side of the Mississippi and are included
+within the following boundaries: Beginning on the Mississippi river at
+the point where the Sac and Fox northern boundary line is established,
+by the second article of the treaty of Prairie des Chiens of 15th July,
+1830, strikes said river; thence up said boundary line to a point fifty
+miles from the Mississippi, measured on said line to the nearest point
+on the Red Cedar of Iowa, forty miles from the Mississippi river; thence
+in a right line to a point in the northern boundary of the state of
+Missouri fifty miles measured on said boundary from the Mississippi
+river; thence by the last mentioned boundary to the Mississippi river,
+and by the western shore of said river to the place of beginning.
+
+The Sac and Fox tribes are now residing on the west side of the
+Mississippi, and are living upon friendly terms with the United States.
+As a general remark, it may be said, that their intercourse with the
+United States has been of a pacific character. They took no part in the
+war of the Revolution: they were not parties to the Indian disturbances
+which terminated in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. Tecumseh and the
+Prophet failed to enlist them in their grand confederacy against the
+Americans, which was nearly broken up by the premature battle of
+Tippecanoe. The machinations of the British agents and traders, backed
+by the most liberal distribution of goods and fire arms, induced but a
+small party of them, not exceeding two hundred, to join the British
+standard in the late war with England. In the still more recent
+disturbance, on the frontiers of Illinois, called the "Black Hawk war,"
+but a portion of these tribes, took up arms against the United States,
+the great mass of them refusing to take any part in it; while Keokuk,
+their principal chief, exerted all his influence to dissuade the
+"British Band" from engaging in so hopeless a contest.
+
+
+
+
+MA-KA-TAI-ME-SHE-KIA-KIAH,
+
+OR
+
+BLACK HAWK.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Birth of Black Hawk--Early adventures--Battles with the Osages and
+  Cherokees--Death of his father--Interview with Lieutenant Pike--Attack
+  upon Fort Madison--Joins the British in the late war--Marches to lake
+  Erie--Returns home after the attack upon Fort Stephenson--Murder of
+  his adopted son--Battle of the Sink-hole near Cap au Gris--Treaty of
+  peace at Portage des Sioux in 1816.
+
+
+Black Hawk is a remarkable instance of an individual, in no
+wise gifted with any uncommon physical, moral or intellectual
+endowments, obtaining, by the force of circumstances, the most
+extraordinary celebrity. Since the year 1831, his name has been
+familiarly known to the people of the United States; and the terror,
+which for a brief period, it excited upon the frontiers of Illinois,
+Missouri and Indiana, was only surpassed by the curiosity which pervaded
+every part of the union, to behold this notable chief of the woods,
+after he had been conquered, and was carried a prisoner of state, from
+the wilds of the West to the Atlantic sea-board. His tour through the
+United States, partook largely of the triumphal march of a successful
+hero. In the number of persons who flocked around him, the honors which
+he received were scarcely less flattering than those awarded to the
+illustrious Lafayette, while the "nation's guest." In the one case there
+was curiosity alone, in the other, curiosity and gratitude blended. To
+the casual observer, the distinction between the two cases is not very
+apparent.
+
+The causes which created a desire so universal, to behold this
+aboriginal chief, have awakened a corresponding interest in the public
+mind, to learn more of his history, than was revealed in the events of
+the campaign of 1832. To gratify this curiosity, is the object of the
+present volume. The author has carefully consulted all the sources of
+information, touching the life and character of Black Hawk, that were
+within his reach; and has studiously avoided the presentation of any
+fact which did not seem to be well authenticated. Should the incidents
+here narrated, in the life of this celebrated Indian, not prove as rich
+and amusing as might be anticipated, from the wide spread notoriety
+which he has obtained, the work will still be found of some value. It
+presents in a connected form, and as the author trusts, with historic
+accuracy, one link in the great chain of political relations between the
+United States and the Indian tribes of North America. Every day is
+increasing the interest and magnitude of these relations, and any effort
+to preserve the facts with which they are associated, would seem to be
+worthy of public consideration. Black Hawk may die, his name be
+forgotten, and the smoke of his wigwam be seen no more, but the "Black
+Hawk war" will long form a page of deep interest, in the history of
+this country.
+
+The subject of this memoir is by birth a Sac, having been born at the
+principal Sac village, on Rock River, in the year, as he himself states,
+1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa, his grandfather's Na-na-ma-kee or
+Thunder. Black Hawk was not by birth a chief, but at the early age of
+fifteen, having distinguished himself by wounding an enemy, he was
+permitted to paint and wear feathers; and was placed in the rank of the
+Braves. About the year 1783, he united in an expedition against the
+Osages, and had the good fortune to kill and scalp one of the enemy: for
+this act of youthful valor, he was, for the first time, permitted to
+mingle in the scalp-dance. This triumph was followed shortly afterwards
+by two more excursions against the same tribe. In the first, Black Hawk
+was the leader of seven men, who suddenly attacked a party of one
+hundred Osages, killed one of them, and as suddenly retreated without
+loss. This exploit, so far increased the number of his followers, that
+he soon afterwards started with a party of one hundred and eighty
+braves, and marched to an Osage village, on the Missouri; but found it
+deserted. Most of the party being disappointed, left their leader and
+returned home. Black Hawk, however, with but five followers, pursued the
+trail of the enemy, and after some days succeeded in killing one man and
+a boy; and, securing their scalps, returned home. In the year 1786,
+having recovered from the effect of his late unsuccessful excursion,
+Black Hawk found himself once more at the head of two hundred braves,
+and again set off to avenge the repeated outrages of the Osages upon the
+Sac nation. Soon after he reached the enemy's country, he met a party
+about equal in number to his own. A battle ensued. The Osages lost near
+one hundred men, and Black Hawk nineteen. He claims, in the attack, to
+have killed five of the enemy, with his own hand. This severe engagement
+had the effect, for some time, of keeping the Osages upon their own
+lands and arresting their depredations upon the Sacs. This cessation of
+hostilities gave the latter an opportunity of redressing the wrongs
+which the Cherokees had committed upon them, by murdering some of their
+women and children. A party was raised for this purpose, and met the
+Cherokees upon the Merrimack river, below St. Louis, the latter being
+most numerous. In this battle Py-e-sa, the father of Black Hawk was
+killed. The Cherokees were compelled to retreat with the loss of
+twenty-eight men, the Sacs having but seven killed. Upon the fall of
+Py-e-sa, Black Hawk assumed the command and also took possession of the
+"medicine bag," then in the keeping of his father. Owing to the
+disasters of this expedition, and especially the death of his father,
+Black Hawk, for the ensuing five years, refrained from all warlike
+operations, and spent his time in fishing and hunting. At the end of
+this period, being about the year 1800, he made another excursion,
+against the Osages, at the head of about five hundred Sacs and Foxes and
+a hundred Ioways, who had joined him as allies. After a long march they
+reached and destroyed about forty lodges of the enemy, killing many of
+their bravest warriors, five of whom were slain by the leader of the
+invading army. In the year 1802, he terminated a severe and protracted
+campaign against the Chippewas, Kaskaskias and Osages, during which six
+or seven battles were fought and more than one hundred of the enemy
+killed. The following summer Black Hawk made one of his periodical
+visits to St. Louis to see his Spanish father, by whom he was well
+received. Upon his next visit to this Spanish dignitary, he found many
+sad and gloomy faces, because the United States were about to take
+possession of the town and country around it. "Soon after the Americans
+arrived," says Black Hawk, "I took my band and went to take leave, for
+the last time, of our father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing
+them approach, we passed out at one door, as they entered at
+another--and immediately started, in our canoes, for our village on Rock
+river--not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at
+St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange
+people had taken St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish
+father again. This information made all our people sorry. Sometime
+afterwards (1805) a boat came up the river with a young American chief
+(Lieutenant, afterwards General Pike,) and a small party of soldiers. We
+heard of them, soon after he had passed Salt river. Some of our young
+braves watched him every day, to see what sort of people he had on
+board. The boat at length arrived at Rock river, and the young chief
+came on shore with his interpreter--made a speech, and gave us some
+presents. We, in return, presented him with meat and such provisions as
+we could spare. We were well pleased with the speech of the young chief.
+He gave us good advice; said our American father would treat us well. He
+presented us an American flag, which was hoisted. He then requested us
+to pull down our British flags, and give him our British
+medals--promising to send us others on his return to St. Louis. This we
+declined as we wished to have _two fathers_."
+
+Subsequently to this period, the building of Fort Edwards, near the head
+of the Des Moyens rapids, gave much uneasiness to the Sacs. Some of the
+chiefs and a party of their followers went down to this point, and had
+an interview with the war chief who had command of the troops engaged in
+constructing the fort. The Indians became satisfied and returned home.
+Not long afterwards a party, of which Black Hawk was one, determined to
+attack and take Fort Madison, standing upon the west side of the
+Mississippi, above the mouth of the Des Moyens, which was then
+garrisoned with about fifty men. Their spies having ascertained that the
+troops marched out of the fort every morning to exercise, they concealed
+themselves near it, with an agreement to fire upon them when they came
+out. About sun rise, on the morning of the proposed attack, the gate
+opened, and a young man made his appearance, but was suffered to return
+without being molested. The gate was again opened and four soldiers came
+out. They were followed by a fifth, who was instantly killed. The others
+then ran for the fort, but two of them were shot down before they
+reached it. The Indians continued for two days, shooting into the fort,
+and endeavoring to set fire to it. Finding their efforts unavailing,
+they gave up the attack and returned home.
+
+The period had now arrived when the difficulties between this country
+and Great Britain, were to be settled by an appeal to arms. Some
+discontent had prevailed among the Sacs, in regard to the encroachments
+of the Americans upon their hunting grounds. They, however, offered
+their services to the United States, to fight against the British, but
+their offer was declined. They had not been as liberally supplied with
+presents and goods at Fort Madison, as they had anticipated, and in the
+mean time, the British agents had artfully fomented their discontent,
+and labored to win their confidence by the most liberal distribution
+among them of goods and ardent spirits. Shortly after the declaration of
+war, Girty, a British trader, arrived at Rock island with two boats
+loaded with goods, and the British flag was hoisted. He informed the
+Indians that he had been sent to them by Colonel Dixon, with presents, a
+large silk flag and a keg of rum. The day after his arrival, the goods
+were divided among the Indians, they promising to pay for them, in furs,
+in the following spring. Girty informed Black Hawk that Colonel Dixon
+was then at Green Bay, with a large quantity of goods, arms and
+ammunition, and was desirous that he should raise a party of warriors
+and join him. Black Hawk succeeded in collecting about two hundred
+braves, and soon reached Green Bay, where he found Dixon encamped, with
+a large body of Indians, assembled from other tribes, who had been
+already furnished with clothing and with arms. Black Hawk had an
+interview with Dixon, two other war chiefs and the interpreter. "He
+received me," says Black Hawk, "with a hearty shake of the hand, and
+presented me to the other chiefs, who shook my hand cordially, and
+seemed much pleased to see me. After I was seated, Colonel Dixon said,
+"General Black Hawk, I sent for you, to explain to you, what we are
+going to do, and the reasons that have brought us here. Our friend
+Girty, informs us in the letter you brought from him, what has taken
+place. You will now have to hold us fast by the hand. Your English
+father has found out that the Americans want to take your country from
+you, and has sent me and his braves to drive them back to their own
+country. He has likewise sent a large quantity of arms and ammunition,
+and we want all your warriors to join us." He then placed a medal round
+my neck, and gave me a paper, (which I lost in the late war,) and a silk
+flag, saying, "You are to command all the braves that will leave here
+the day after to-morrow, to join our braves near Detroit."
+
+On the following day, arms, clothing, knives and tomahawks, were
+distributed to Black Hawk's band, and upon the succeeding morning, they
+started, in all near five hundred braves, to join the British army.
+This was in August, 1812, shortly after the surrender and massacre of
+the American troops at Chicago, which place they passed a few days after
+it had been evacuated. Of the movements of Black Hawk during his
+connection with the British upon our north west, no satisfactory
+information has been obtained. It appears that he was in two
+engagements, but seems not to have distinguished himself. The last of
+these was the attack, in August 1813, upon Fort Stephenson, then under
+the command of Major Croghan. The gallant defence of this post, and the
+fatal repulse given to the combined British and Indian forces, seem to
+have disheartened Black Hawk; for soon afterwards, tired of successive
+defeats, and disappointed in not obtaining the "spoils of victory," he
+left the army, with about twenty of his followers, and returned to his
+village on Rock river. It is probable that he would have remained
+neutral during the remainder of the war, had it not been for one of
+those border outrages, which lawless and unprincipled white men but too
+often commit upon the Indians, under pretence of self defence or
+retaliation, often a mere pretext for wanton bloodshed and murder.
+Previous to joining Colonel Dixon, Black Hawk had visited the lodge of
+an old friend, whose son he had adopted and taught to hunt. He was
+anxious that this youth should go with him and his band and join the
+British standard, but the father objected on the ground that he was
+dependent upon his son for game; and, moreover, that he did not wish him
+to fight against the Americans who had always treated him kindly. He
+had agreed to spend the following winter near a white settler, upon Salt
+river, one of the tributaries of the Mississippi which enters that
+stream below the Des Moyens, and intended to take his son with him. As
+Black Hawk was approaching his village on Rock river, after his campaign
+on the lakes with Dixon, he observed a smoke rising from a hollow in the
+bluff of the stream. He went to see who was there. Upon drawing near to
+the fire, he discovered a mat stretched, and an old man of sorrowful
+aspect sitting under it, alone, and evidently humbling himself before
+the Great Spirit, by fasting and prayer. It proved to be his old friend,
+the father of his adopted son. Black Hawk seated himself beside him and
+inquired what had happened, but received no answer, for indeed he seemed
+scarcely alive. Being revived by some water, he looked up, recognized
+the friend of his youth, and in reply to Black Hawk's second inquiry,
+said, in a feeble voice,
+
+"Soon after your departure to join the British, I descended the river
+with a small party, to winter at the place I told you the white man had
+requested me to come to. When we arrived, I found a fort built, and the
+white family that had invited me to come and hunt near them, had removed
+to it. I then paid a visit to the fort, to tell the white people that
+myself and little band were friendly, and that we wished to hunt in the
+vicinity of their fort. The war chief, who commanded it, told me that we
+might hunt on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, and no person would
+trouble us. That the horsemen only ranged on the Missouri side, and he
+had directed them not to cross the river. I was pleased with this
+assurance of safety, and immediately crossed over and made my winter's
+camp. Game was plenty: We lived happy and often talked of you. My boy
+regretted your absence, and the hardships you would have to undergo. We
+had been here about two moons, when my boy went out as usual to hunt.
+Night came on and he did not return. I was alarmed for his safety and
+passed a sleepless night. In the morning my old woman went to the other
+lodges and gave the alarm, and all turned out in pursuit. There being
+snow on the ground, they soon came upon his track, and after pursuing it
+some distance, found that he was on the trail of a deer, that led to the
+river. They soon came to the place where he had stood and fired, and
+found a deer hanging upon the branch of a tree, which had been skinned.
+But here also were found the tracks of white men. They had taken my boy
+prisoner. Their tracks led across the river, and then down towards the
+fort. My friends followed them, and soon found my boy lying dead. He had
+been most cruelly murdered. His face was shot to pieces, his body
+stabbed in several places, and his head scalped. His arms were tied
+behind him."
+
+The old man ceased his narrative, relapsed into the stupor from which he
+had been aroused and in a few minutes, expired. Black Hawk remained by
+his body during the night, and next day buried it upon the peak of the
+bluff. Shocked at the cruel fate of his adopted son, and deeply touched
+by the mournful death of his old comrade, he was roused to vengeance
+against the Americans, and after remaining a few days at the village,
+and raising a band of braves, prepared for offensive operations upon the
+frontiers.
+
+Having narrated to his band the murder of his adopted son, they began to
+thirst for blood, and agreed to follow Black Hawk wheresoever he might
+lead. The party consisted of about thirty. They descended the
+Mississippi in canoes to the place where Fort Madison had stood, but
+found it abandoned by the American troops and burnt. They continued
+their course down the river and landed near Cap au Gris, on the 10th of
+May, where they killed one of the United States Rangers, named Bernard,
+but were driven off by Lieutenant Massey, with a detachment from Fort
+Howard. The Indians, however, rallied in the woods, and on the 24th of
+May, a severe battle and of a character somewhat novel, was fought
+between the troops at Fort Howard, under Lieutenant Drakeford of the U.
+S. Rangers, and Black Hawk and his party. The former, in his official
+report of this engagement, says,
+
+"Yesterday, about twelve o'clock, five of our men went out to some
+cabins on the bluff, about one quarter of a mile below the fort, to
+bring a grind-stone. The backwater of the Mississippi, rendered it so
+they went in a canoe. On their return they were attacked by a party of
+Indians, supposed to be about fifty in number; they killed and
+tomahawked three and wounded one mortally. While about this mischief, we
+gave them as good a fire from a little below the fort, as the breadth of
+the backwater would permit. Captain Craig and myself with about forty
+men, waded across the water and pursued them: in going about half a
+mile, we came on them and commenced a fire which continued about one
+hour, part of which time at a distance of forty steps, and no part of
+the time further than a hundred and fifty steps: shortly after the
+commencement of the battle, we were reinforced by Captain Musick and
+twenty of his men; the enemy now ran; some made their escape, and others
+made to a sink-hole that is in the battle ground, and from there they
+returned a most rapid fire; it being very dangerous, to approach nearer
+than fifty steps of the sink, we at length erected a breast-work, on
+the two wheels of a wagon, and resolved upon moving it up to the edge of
+the sink, to fire from behind, down into the sink and preserve us from
+theirs. We got the moving battery finished about sunset, and moved it up
+with a sufficient number of men behind it, whilst all other posts round
+were sufficiently guarded, in case they should be put to the route.
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE OF SINK HOLE.]
+
+"We had not moved to within less than ten steps of the sink, before they
+commenced a fire, which we returned at every opportunity. Night came on
+and we were obliged to leave the ground, and decline the expectation of
+taking them out without risking man for man, which we thought not a
+good exchange on our side. During the time of the battle another
+party of Indians commenced a brisk fire on the fort. Captain Craig was
+killed in the commencement of the battle, Lieut. Edward Spears at the
+moving of the breast work to the sink. The morning of the 25th we
+returned to the ground and found five Indians killed and the sign of a
+great many wounded, that had been taken off in the night. The aggregate
+number of killed on our part is one captain, one third lieutenant, and
+five privates; three wounded, one missing, one citizen killed and two
+wounded mortally."
+
+Black Hawk states that but eighteen of his men were in the sink with
+him, and that they dug holes in the sides of the bank, with their
+knives, to protect them from the fire of the Americans: Some of his
+warriors commenced singing their death songs; but he, several times
+called out to the enemy, if brave men, to come down and fight them. He
+describes the wagon-battery, and its inefficiency in dislodging them
+from their depressed but safe situation. His retreat to the sink-hole
+under the circumstances, was a sound military movement. Lieutenant
+Drakeford having withdrawn his forces, Black Hawk and his party left
+their intrenchment and returned by land, to their village.
+
+The tribes of Indians on the Mississippi, were notified in the early
+part of this year, 1815, that peace had been concluded between the
+United States and England. Most of those who had been engaged in the
+war, ceased hostilities. Black Hawk, however, and his band, and some of
+the Pottawatamies, were not inclined to bury the tomahawk. Even as late
+as the spring of 1816, they committed depredations. Some palliation for
+these outrages may be found in the fact, that the British, on the
+north-west frontier, long after they were officially notified of the
+peace, continued to excite the Indians to acts of violence against the
+United States; and, indeed, participated in them likewise. It was in the
+spring of this year that they captured the garrison at Prairie du Chien,
+and instigated Black Hawk and his party to attack some boats, which were
+ascending the Mississippi to that point, with troops and provisions. In
+this attack, Black Hawk was the leader. One of the boats was captured
+and several of the crew killed. They were compelled to return, and
+dropped down to the fort at the mouth of the Des Moyens river. As a
+reward for their attack upon these boats, the British agents distributed
+rum among the Indians engaged in the affair, and joined with them in
+dancing and feasting.
+
+In May, Black Hawk and his party, having been again summoned by the
+Americans, to make peace, concluded to descend the Mississippi to
+Portage des Sioux, to meet the American commissioners who were there for
+that purpose. On the 13th of May, 1816, a treaty of peace was signed by
+Clark, Edwards, and Choteau on behalf of the United States, and the
+chiefs and warriors of the Sacs of Rock river and the adjacent country.
+To this treaty Black Hawk was a party. It recognizes the validity of the
+treaty of St. Louis, of November 1804.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Building of Fort Armstrong--The good Spirit of Rock Island--Death of
+  Black Hawk's children--Young Sac offers to die in place of his
+  brother--Black Hawk's visit to Malden--Whipped by some whites--Whites
+  settle at his village--Black Hawk's talk with Governor Coles and Judge
+  Hall--Sale of the lands on Rock river--Indians ordered to
+  remove--Agreement to remove for six thousand dollars--Memorial of the
+  white settlers to Governor Reynolds--The Governor's letters to General
+  Clark and General Gaines--The latter leaves Jefferson Barracks with
+  six companies of the United States troops for Rock Island--His
+  interview with Black Hawk--Calls upon the Governor of Illinois for
+  militia--The Indians abandon their village--treaty of peace made with
+  them--Official letters to the war department--Summary of the causes
+  which brought on this disturbance--Black Hawk's attempt to form an
+  alliance with other tribes.
+
+
+From the treaty of peace, between the United States and the Sac Indians
+of Rock river, in 1816, to the commencement of hostilities between these
+parties in 1832, the life of Black Hawk seems to have been quiet and
+monotonous, occasionally relieved by a warlike excursion, but generally
+spent in hunting, throughout the winter, and in loitering about his
+village, during the summer. Such, indeed, is the life of most Indians.
+Having no intellectual pursuits and little desire for the acquisition of
+property, beyond the supply of their immediate wants, they have in
+reality but two sources of excitement--war and the chase. They take no
+interest in the domestic affairs of their families, have little taste
+for the pursuits of agriculture, and, if not engaged in hostile
+excursions, in following the deer, or in trapping the beaver, they sink
+into listless inactivity. It is highly probable that many of their wars
+are undertaken, more for the gratification of that love of excitement,
+which is an indestructible element of the human mind, than from any
+constitutional proneness to cruelty and bloodshed. They need both
+physical and intellectual excitation, and having none of the resources
+which mental and moral culture throws open to civilized man, they seek
+it in making war upon each other or upon the wild animals which share
+with them the woods and the prairies.
+
+Subsequently to the treaty of 1816, and perhaps in that year, the
+government of the United States built Fort Armstrong, upon Rock Island,
+in the Mississippi river, and but a few miles from the village where
+Black Hawk and his band resided. This measure, though not actually
+opposed, was by no means acceptable to them. They probably did not
+relish the gradual advances upon them, of the white population; but they
+entertained, moreover, a special regard for this beautiful island, which
+is justly considered one of the finest in the whole extent of the
+Mississippi. It is fertile, and produces many varieties of nuts and
+fruits, and being in the rapids of the stream, the waters which lave its
+shores, yield an abundance of excellent fish. In addition to all this,
+they have a traditionary belief, that the island was the favorite
+residence of a good spirit which dwelt in a cave in the rocks on which
+Fort Armstrong now stands. This spirit had often been seen by the
+Indians, but after the erection of the Fort, alarmed by the noise and
+intrusion of the white man, it spread its beautiful, swan-like wings,
+and disappeared. During the year 1817, the Sacs sent out some warriors
+against the Sioux, and succeeded in killing several of them, but Black
+Hawk was not of the party. About this time, his eldest son sickened and
+died, and within a short period afterwards, he lost his youngest
+daughter. This affliction seems to have made a deep impression upon him;
+and according to a custom common among the Indians, he blacked his face,
+and for the ensuing two years lived at home, in seclusion, drinking
+water at mid-day, and eating boiled corn but sparingly, in the evening.
+In the winter of 1819-20, there was a disturbance between the Sacs and
+Ioways, one of the latter having killed a young man belonging to the
+former. Under the agreement of a late council between these two tribes,
+the old custom of appeasing the friends of one who had been killed, by
+presents, had been abolished, and each party had promised, that in
+future, the murderer should be surrendered up, that he might be punished
+with death. A party of Sacs, of which Black Hawk was one, agreed to
+visit the Ioway village on this occasion, and when about to depart,
+called at the lodge of the young man who had committed the outrage, to
+take him along. He was sick, but still ready to accompany them. His
+brother interfered, and insisted that he was too unwell to travel; that
+he would himself go and die in his place, and finally set off with the
+party. On the seventh day, they reached the Ioway village. They
+dismounted a short distance from it, and bid farewell to their young
+brave, who went calmly forwards, alone, singing his death-song, and
+seated himself in the middle of the lodges. One of the Ioway chiefs
+went out to Black Hawk, who told him the brother had come in the place
+of the young man that had committed the murder, he being sick. Black
+Hawk and his party, now mounted their horses and set off on their
+return; and casting their eyes towards the village, saw the Ioways,
+armed with spears and clubs, gathering around the young prisoner. At
+night the returning party, having stopped and kindled a fire, were
+suddenly alarmed by the tramping of horses. They immediately stood to
+their arms, but were soon relieved, by finding, instead of a foe, their
+young brave, unhurt and in the possession of two horses. They
+ascertained that the Ioways, at first threatened him with instant death,
+but finally, changing their purpose, had given him something to eat,
+smoked the pipe with him, and presenting him with two horses, bid him
+return home in safety. The generous conduct of the Ioways is deserving
+of praise, but the genuine affection of this young brave, in nobly
+volunteering to die in place of his sick brother, presents one of those
+rare cases of self-devotion, which should be held in remembrance.
+
+In the following autumn, Black Hawk and some of his band went on a visit
+to their British father at Malden and received presents from him. A
+medal was given to Black Hawk for his fidelity to the British in the
+late war, and he was requested to come up annually, to that place, with
+his band, and receive such presents, as had been promised them by
+Colonel Dixon, when they joined the English forces. These visits were
+regularly made, it is believed, from that time down to the year 1832. It
+is owing to this circumstance that Black Hawk's party has long been
+known by the appellation of the "British Band."
+
+In the winter of 1822, Black Hawk and his party, encamped on the
+Two-rivers, for the purpose of hunting, and while there was so badly
+treated by some white men, that his prejudices against the Americans
+were greatly strengthened. He was accused of having killed the hogs of
+some settlers, who, meeting him one day in the woods, wrested his gun
+from his hands, and discharging it in the air, beat him so severely with
+sticks that for several nights he was unable to sleep. They then
+returned him his gun and ordered him to leave the neighborhood. Of the
+perpetration of this outrage, there is little doubt, while the fact of
+Black Hawk's having committed the offence charged upon him, rests, at
+best, upon suspicion. Supposing him to have been guilty, and the
+supposition is at variance with the whole tenor of his intercourse with
+the whites, it was on their part, one of those brutal appeals to _club_
+law, which are but too often practised towards the Indians; and which,
+when avenged by them, not unfrequently brings upon their nation, the
+power and the arms of the United States.
+
+The ensuing summer, the expediency of a removal of the whole of the Sacs
+and Foxes, to the west side of the Mississippi, was urged upon them by
+the agent at Fort Armstrong. The principal Fox chief, as well as
+Keokuk, assented to the removal. The latter sent a messenger through the
+village informing the Indians that it was the wish of their great
+Father, the President, that they should remove, and he pointed out the
+Ioway river as presenting a fine situation for their new village. There
+was a party, however, among the Sacs, made up principally of the
+"British Band," who were decidedly opposed to a removal; and they called
+upon their old leader, Black Hawk, for his opinion on the question. He
+took the ground that the land on which their village stood had never
+been sold; that the Americans had, therefore, no right to insist upon
+the measure, and that as a matter of policy he was opposed to it. The
+old man was probably swayed in his decision by another cause. He felt
+that his power in the tribe was waning before the rising popularity of
+Keokuk. Here was a question on which their people differed in opinion.
+By placing himself at the head of one of the parties, he might recover
+his influence, or at least sustain himself against the overshadowing
+ascendancy of his rival. He had an interview with Keokuk to see if the
+matter could not be adjusted with the President, by giving him other
+lands in exchange for those on which their village stood; and the latter
+promised to see the great chief at St. Louis, on the subject. During the
+following winter, while Black Hawk and his party were absent on a
+hunting expedition, several white families arrived at their village,
+destroyed some of their lodges and commenced making fences over their
+corn-fields. Black Hawk upon hearing of this movement, promptly
+returned to Rock river, and found his own lodge occupied by the whites.
+He went to Fort Armstrong and complained to the interpreter, the agent
+being absent. He crossed the Mississippi and travelled several days to
+converse with the Winnebago sub-agent, who concurred with the
+interpreter in advising the Sacs to remove to Keokuk's settlement on the
+Ioway. He then visited the prophet, Wabokieshiek, or White-Cloud, whose
+opinions were held in much respect by the Sacs and Winnebagoes. He urged
+Black Hawk not to remove, but to persuade Keokuk and his party to return
+to Rock river, assuring them that if they remained quietly at their
+village, the whites would not venture to disturb them. He then rejoined
+his hunting party, and in the spring when they returned to their
+village, they found the white settlers still there, and that the greater
+part of their corn-fields had been enclosed by fences. About that time
+Keokuk visited Rock river and endeavored to persuade the remainder of
+the Sacs to follow him to the Ioway. He had accomplished nothing with
+the great chief at St. Louis, in regard to their remaining at their
+village, and as a matter of policy, that peace might be preserved, he
+was warmly in favor of the proposed removal. Black Hawk considered it an
+act of cowardice to yield up their village and the graves of their
+fathers, to strangers, who had no right to the soil, and the breach
+between Keokuk and himself was widened.
+
+The white immigrants continued to increase, and the Sac village was the
+great point of attraction to them. It was situated on the neck of land
+formed by the junction of Rock river with the Mississippi, and had been
+the chief village of the tribe for sixty or seventy years. "Their women
+had broken the surface of the surrounding prairie with their hoes, and
+enclosed with a kind of flimsy pole fence, many fields, which were
+annually cultivated by them, in the raising of corn, beans, potatoes and
+squashes. They had also erected several hundred houses of various
+dimensions, some probably an hundred feet in length by forty or fifty
+broad; which were constructed of poles and forks, arranged so as to form
+a kind of frame, which was then enclosed with the bark of trees, which,
+being peeled off and dried under a weight for the purpose of keeping it
+expanded, was afterwards confined to the walls and roof by means of
+cords, composed of the bark of other trees. This indeed is a delightful
+spot:--on the north-west rolls the majestic Mississippi, while the dark
+forests which clothe the numerous islands of Rock river, with its
+several rippling streams on the south-east, form a delightful contrast,
+which is rendered still more pleasing from the general declivity of the
+surrounding country, as it sinks gradually away to the shores of these
+rivers. This ancient village had literally become the grave-yard of the
+nation. Scarcely an individual could be found in the whole nation, who
+had not deposited the remains of some relative, in or near to this
+place. Thither the mother, with mournful and melancholy step, annually
+repaired to pay a tribute of respect to her departed offspring; while
+the weeping sisters and loud lamenting widows, joined the procession of
+grief; sometimes, in accordance with their own feelings, no doubt, but
+always in pursuance of an established custom of their nation, from time
+immemorial. On these occasions they carefully clear away every spear of
+grass or other vegetable, which they find growing near the grave, and
+make such repairs as may be thought necessary. They also carry to the
+grave some kind of food, which they leave there for the spirit of the
+deceased: and before they conclude these ceremonies, they often, in a
+very melancholy and lamenting mood, address the dead, enquiring how they
+fare, and who, or whether any one performs for them the kind offices of
+mother, sister or wife; together with many other enquiries which a
+frantic imagination may happen to suggest. This being one of the most
+important religious duties, is scrupulously observed by all the better
+class of this people."[4]
+
+The whites who established themselves at this place, in violation of the
+laws of congress, and the provisions of the treaty of 1804, committed
+various aggressions upon the Indians, such as destroying their corn,
+killing their domestic animals, and whipping the women and children.
+They carried with them, as articles of traffic, whiskey and other
+intoxicating liquors, and by distributing them in the tribe, made
+drunkenness and scenes of debauchery common. Black Hawk and the other
+chiefs of the band, remonstrated against these encroachments, and
+especially in regard to the introduction of spirituous liquors among
+their people: and, upon one occasion, when a white man continued,
+openly, to sell whiskey to them, the old chief, taking with him one or
+two companions, went to his house, rolled out the barrel of whiskey,
+broke in the head, and emptied its contents upon the ground, in presence
+of the owner. This was done, as he alleges, from the fear that some of
+the white persons would be killed by his people when in a state of
+intoxication. Thus things wore on until 1827. During that winter, while
+the Indians were making their periodical hunt, some of the whites, in
+the hope of expediting their removal to the west side of the
+Mississippi, set on fire, in one day, about forty of their lodges, a
+number of which were entirely consumed. When the Indians returned in the
+spring and demanded satisfaction for the destruction of their property,
+they were met by new insults and outrages.
+
+In the summer of 1829, Black Hawk happened to meet, at Rock island, with
+the late governor Coles, of whom he had heard as a great chief of
+Illinois, in company with "another chief" as he calls him--Judge Hall.
+Having failed in his appeals to the Indian agents, for redress of the
+grievances of his people, he determined to apply to these two chiefs, on
+the subject, and accordingly waited upon them for that purpose.
+
+He spoke of the indignity perpetrated upon himself, (his having been
+beaten with sticks by the whites,) with the feeling that a respectable
+person among us would have shown under such circumstances; and pointing
+to a black mark on his face, said that he wore it as a symbol of
+disgrace. The customs of his nation required, that he should avenge the
+wrong that he had received, but he chose rather to submit to it for the
+present than involve them in a war. And this was the only alternative,
+for if an Indian should kill, or even strike a white man, the aggression
+would be eagerly seized upon and exaggerated; the whole frontier
+population would rush to war, and the Indians would be hunted from their
+houses like wild beasts. He spoke of the intrusion upon their fields,
+the destruction of their growing corn, the ploughing up of the graves of
+their fathers, and the beating of their women; and added, "we dare not
+resent any of these things. If we did, it would be said that the Indians
+were disturbing the white people, and troops would be sent out to
+destroy us." We enquired, "why do you not represent these things to our
+government?--the President is a wise and a good ruler, who would protect
+you." "Our great father is too far off, he cannot hear our voice." "But
+you could have letters written and sent to him." "So we could," was his
+reply, "but the white men would write letters, and say that we told
+lies. Our great father would not believe an Indian, in preference to his
+own children."[5] Black Hawk in reference to this interview, says,
+"Neither of them could do any thing for us; but both evidently appeared
+very sorry. It would give me great pleasure at all times, to take these
+two chiefs by the hand."
+
+Under the seventh article of the treaty made at St. Louis in 1804, it is
+provided that, "as long as the lands which are now ceded to the United
+States remain their property, the Indians, belonging to the said tribes,
+shall enjoy the privilege of living and hunting upon them." It was not
+until the year, 1829, that any part of the lands upon Rock river, were
+brought into market by the United States. It follows as a matter of
+course, that all the white settlers upon them prior to this period, were
+trespassers, being there in violation of the laws of Congress, and the
+provisions of the treaty. Although the frontier settlements of Illinois,
+had not approached within fifty or sixty miles of Rock river, and the
+lands for a still greater distance around it, had not been offered for
+sale, yet in this year, government was induced to make sale of a few
+quarter sections, at the mouth of Rock river, including the Sac village.
+The reason for this uncalled for measure, is obvious--to evade the
+provisions of the foregoing treaty of cession, and create a pretext for
+the immediate removal of the Indians to the west side of the
+Mississippi.
+
+In the spring of 1830, when Black Hawk and his band returned from their
+annual hunt, to occupy their lodges, and prepare as usual for raising
+their crop of vegetables, they found, that the land in and around their
+village, had been brought into market, and that their old friend, the
+trader at Rock Island had purchased a considerable part of it. Black
+Hawk, greatly disturbed at this new condition of things, appealed to the
+agent at that place, who informed him, that the lands having been sold
+by government to individuals, he and his party had no longer any _right_
+to remain upon them. Black Hawk was still unwilling to assent to a
+removal, and in the course of the summer, he visited Malden to consult
+his British father on the subject, and returned by Detroit to see the
+great American chief, Governor Cass, residing there. Both of these
+persons told him that if the Indians had not sold their lands and would
+remain quietly upon them, they would not be disturbed. Black Hawk,
+acting upon the assumption that the land on which their village stood,
+never had been legally sold to the United States, returned home
+determined to keep possession of it. It was late in the fall when he
+arrived: his people had gone to their hunting grounds for the winter and
+he followed them. They made an unsuccessful hunt and the season passed
+off in gloom. Keokuk again exerted his influence to induce them to
+desert Black Hawk and remove to the Ioway. Such, however, was their
+attachment to their favorite village, that the whole band returned to it
+in the spring of 1831. The agent at Rock island forthwith notified them
+that if they did not remove from the land, troops would be sent by the
+United States to drive them off. Black Hawk says, he had a conference,
+about this time, with the trader at Rock Island, who enquired of him, if
+some terms could not be made, upon which he and his party would agree
+to remove to the west side of the Mississippi. To this he replied, that
+if his great father would do justice to them and make the proposition,
+they would remove. He was asked by the trader, "if the great chief at
+St. Louis would give six thousand dollars, to purchase provisions and
+other articles," if he would give up peaceably and remove. To this he
+agreed. The trader accordingly sent a message to the agent at St. Louis,
+that Black Hawk, and his whole band, could be removed for the sum of six
+thousand dollars, but the answer was, that nothing would be given, and
+that if they did not remove immediately, an armed force would be sent to
+compel them.
+
+The squaws had now planted their corn, and it was beginning to grow,
+when the whites again commenced ploughing it up. Black Hawk at last
+determined to put a stop to these aggressions upon his people, and
+accordingly gave notice to those who were perpetrating them, that they
+must remove, forthwith, from his village. In the mean time, after the
+return of the Indians, which took place in April, eight of the white
+settlers united in a memorial to the Executive of the state of Illinois,
+in which they set forth that the Sac Indians of Rock river had
+"threatened to kill them; that they had acted in a most outrageous
+manner; threw down their fences, turned horses into their corn-fields,
+stole their potatoes, saying _the land was theirs and that they had not
+sold it_,--although said deponents had purchased the land of the United
+States' government: levelled deadly weapons at the citizens, and on some
+occasions hurt said citizens for attempting to prevent the destruction
+of their property," &c. &c. The memorial concludes with the still more
+startling outrage, that the said Indians went "to a house, rolled out a
+barrel of whiskey and destroyed it." One of these eight afflicted
+memorialists, swore the other seven to the truth of their statements,
+and with an earnest prayer for immediate relief, it was placed before
+his Excellency, on the 19th of May.
+
+This long catalogue of outrages, backed by other memorials, and divers
+rumors of border depredations, committed by "General Black Hawk" and his
+"British Band," called into immediate action the patriotism and official
+power of the Governor. Under date of Bellville, May 26, 1831, he writes
+to the superintendent of Indian affairs, General William Clark, at St.
+Louis, that in order to protect the citizens of Illinois, which he
+considered in a state of "actual invasion," he had called out seven
+hundred militia to remove a band of Sac Indians, then residing at Rock
+river, and he pledges himself to the superintendent, that in fifteen
+days he will have a force in the field, sufficient to "remove them
+_dead_ or _alive_, over to the west side of the Mississippi." But to
+save all this disagreeable business, his Excellency suggests to General
+Clark that perhaps a request from him to these Indians, to remove to the
+west side of the river, would effect the object of procuring peace to
+the citizens of the state. The letter concludes with the magnanimous
+declaration that there is no disposition on the part of the people of
+the state of Illinois to injure these unfortunate, deluded savages, "if
+they will let us alone."
+
+General Clark, under date of St. Louis, 28 May, 1831, acknowledges the
+receipt of the above letter, and says, that he had already made every
+effort in his power, to get all the Indians who had ceded their lands to
+remove.
+
+On the same day, 28th May, 1831, Governor Reynolds writes to General
+Gaines, then at St. Louis, that he had received information that Black
+Hawk and his band had invaded the state of Illinois; and that he had
+called out seven hundred troops to meet them. General Gaines, on the
+29th of May, replies to his Excellency that he had ordered six companies
+of United States troops from Jefferson Barracks to Rock Island, and that
+they would be joined by four other companies from Prairie des Chiens,
+making in all ten companies; a force which he deemed sufficient to repel
+the invasion and give security to the frontier: That if the residue of
+the Sacs and Foxes, or other tribes should unite with the band of Black
+Hawk, he would call on his Excellency for some militia, but did not then
+deem it necessary.
+
+On the 30th of May, the troops, accompanied by General Gaines, left
+Jefferson barracks, in a steam boat, for Fort Armstrong; and upon the
+7th of June, the commanding general held a council on Rock island, at
+which Black Hawk and some of his braves were present. Keokuk, Wa-pel-lo
+and other chiefs from the west side of the Mississippi were also in
+attendance. When the council was opened, General Gaines rose and stated
+that the President was displeased with the refusal of the Sacs of Rock
+river, to go to the right bank of the Mississippi, that their great
+father wanted only that which was reasonable and right, and insisted
+that they should remove. Black Hawk replied, in substance, that the Sacs
+had never sold their lands and were determined to hold on to their
+village. General Gaines inquired, "who is Black Hawk? Is he a chief? By
+what right does he appear in council?"
+
+No reply was made; Black Hawk arose, gathered his blanket around him,
+and stalked out of the council room. On the following morning he was
+again in his seat, and when the council was opened, he arose and said,
+"My father, you inquired yesterday, "who is Black Hawk? why does he sit
+among the chiefs?" I will tell you who I am. I am a Sac, my father was a
+Sac--I am a warrior and so was my father. Ask those young men, who have
+followed me to battle, and they will tell you who Black Hawk is--provoke
+our people to war, and you will learn who Black Hawk is." He then sat
+down, and nothing more was said on the subject. The result of this
+conference was, that Black Hawk refused to leave his village, and that
+General Gaines informed him and his party, if they were not on the West
+side of the Mississippi within a few days, he should be compelled to
+remove them by force. The General anxious, if possible, to effect the
+object without bloodshed, deemed it expedient to increase his forces,
+that the Indians might be intimidated, and thus induced to submit; or,
+in case of a resort to hostile measures, that he might be fully
+prepared to act with efficiency. He accordingly called upon the Governor
+of Illinois for some militia, to co-operate with the United States'
+troops under his command. On the 25th of June, Governor Reynolds, and
+General Joseph Duncan with 1600 mounted militiamen, principally
+volunteers, reached Rock river. On the morning of the 26th, General
+Gaines with his combined forces, took possession of the Sac village
+without firing a gun or finding an Indian; the whole party, with their
+wives and children, having crossed over the Mississippi the previous
+night. On the following day they were found on the west bank of that
+stream, encamped under the protection of a white flag.
+
+On the 30th of June, General Gaines and Governor Reynolds signed a
+treaty of capitulation and peace, with Black Hawk, Pa-she-pa-how,
+Wee-sheat, Kah-ke-ka-mah, and other chiefs and head men of the British
+band of Sac Indians, and their old allies of the Winnebago, Pottawatamie
+and Kickapoo nations. The preamble to this treaty is worthy of
+preservation. It is in these words.
+
+"Whereas, the British Band of Sac Indians, have in violation of the
+several treaties, entered into between the United States and the Sac and
+Fox nations, in the year 1804, 1816 and 1825, continued to remain upon
+and to cultivate the lands on Rock river, ceded to the United States by
+said treaties, after the said lands had been sold by the United States,
+to individual citizens of Illinois and other states: and whereas the
+said British Band of Sac Indians, in order to sustain their pretensions
+to continue upon said Rock river lands, have assumed the attitude of
+actual hostility towards the United States, and have had the audacity to
+drive citizens of the state of Illinois from their homes, destroy their
+corn, and invite many of their old friends of the Pottawatamies,
+Winnebagoes, and Kickapoos, to unite with them the said British band of
+Sacs, in war, to prevent their removal from said lands: and whereas many
+of the most disorderly of these several tribes of Indians, did actually
+join the said British band of Sac Indians prepared for war against the
+United States, and more particularly against the state of Illinois; from
+which purpose they confess nothing could have restrained them, but the
+apprehension of force far exceeding the combined strength of the said
+British Band of Sac Indians, with such of their aforesaid allies, as had
+actually joined them; but, being now convinced that such a war would
+tend speedily to annihilate them, they have voluntarily abandoned their
+hostile attitude and sued for peace." Therefore, &c.
+
+The first article stipulates that peace is granted by the United States
+to the British Band of Sac Indians--the second that they are required to
+submit to the chiefs of the Sac and Fox nations, who reside on the west
+side of the Mississippi--the third that the United States guaranty to
+them the integrity of their lands west of that river under the treaties
+of 1825 and 1830--the fourth that the said British Band shall not trade
+with any nation but the United States--that the United States have a
+right to establish military posts and roads within their country--the
+sixth that the chiefs and head men of the Sac and Fox nations shall
+enforce the provisions of this treaty--and finally that permanent peace
+and friendship be established between the United States and the said
+British Band of Sac Indians, and that the latter are not to return to
+the east side of the Mississippi without the permission of the former.
+
+The commanding General, under date of sixth of July, 1831, informs the
+war department, that, "The mounted volunteers, the regulars, two pieces
+of artillery, and some musquetry and riflemen, induced the Indians to
+abandon the village before our arrival, without firing a gun. Deserted
+by their allies, this disorderly band was left alone to seek security in
+a speedy flight to the right bank of the Mississippi, where they were
+found the next day, under the protection of a white flag." Governor
+Reynolds in his official despatch to the same department, under date of
+Belleville. Ill. 7th July 1831, says:
+
+"The Indians with some exceptions, from Canada to Mexico, along the
+northern frontier of the United States, are more hostile to the whites,
+than at any other period since the last war; particularly the band of
+Sac Indians, usually and truly called the "British Band," became
+extremely unfriendly to the citizens of Illinois and others. This band
+had determined for some years past to remain at all hazards, on certain
+lands which had been purchased by the United States, and afterwards some
+of them sold to private individuals by the general government. They
+also determined to drive off the citizens from this disputed territory.
+In order to effect this object, they committed various outrages on the
+persons and property of the citizens of this state. That this band might
+the more effectually resist all force that would be employed against
+them, they treated with many other tribes to combine together for the
+purpose of aiding this British Band to continue in possession of the
+country in question." General William Clark, the Indian agent at St.
+Louis, in his official communication to the department, says, "The
+disaffected Sacs were depending for an increase to their number from the
+discontented parts of the Kickapoos, Pottawatamies and Winnebagoes," and
+that they exhibited a daring opposition, &c. &c.
+
+From the tone and pomposity of these documents, commencing with Governor
+Reynold's annunciation to General Clark, that Illinois was in a state of
+"actual invasion," and ending with the letters to the war department,
+just cited, it might appear, to one not familiar with the facts in the
+case, that a powerful confederacy of warlike Indians, after years of
+secret preparation, had made a sudden and bold descent upon the state of
+Illinois, and were about to carry war and desolation throughout the
+frontiers--to make the heavens lurid with the conflagration of dwelling
+houses, and the air resonant with the wails of women and children
+sinking beneath the murderous tomahawk: and, that this banded horde of
+northern savages, had been successfully met, captured or dispersed, by
+the patriotism, valor and overwhelming power of the combined army of
+the United States and the militia of Illinois! And yet, will it be
+credited by posterity, that this "actual invasion" of the state, fierce
+and appalling as it has been represented, consisted simply in this: a
+part of the Sac tribe of Indians, residing within the boundaries of
+Illinois, at their village on Rock river, where they were born and had
+lived all their lives, refused to give up their corn-fields to some
+white men, who had purchased the same, under a sale made by the
+government of the United States for the purpose of a technical evasion
+of one of its own treaties. In short, thus far, it was little more than
+a neighborhood quarrel between the squaws of the "British Band" of
+Indians, and a few white settlers,--most of whom were there in violation
+of the laws of the country--about the occupancy of some corn-fields,
+which, from time immemorial, had been annually cultivated by the Indian
+women. Black Hawk became excited by these outrages, as he deemed them,
+upon the rights of his people; but instead of killing every white man in
+his vicinity, which he could have done in one night, he simply commanded
+them to leave his village: and threatened in case they did not, to
+remove them by force. Such is the substance of the "actual invasion" of
+the state of Illinois, by the British Band of Sac Indians.
+
+It is alledged, however, by the defenders of this memorable campaign,
+that this band of Sacs had, in violation of the treaties of 1804, 1816
+and 1825, continued to remain upon and cultivate the land on Rock
+river, ceded to the United States, after it had been sold by the United
+States to individual citizens of Illinois and other states--that they
+had refused positively to remove to the west side of the
+Mississippi--that they had endeavored to persuade some of the
+neighboring tribes to unite with them in defending this land against the
+rightful occupancy of the white purchasers--that they had "threatened to
+kill" them--"thrown down their fences"--on some occasions "hurt" said
+settlers--"stole their potatoes" saying they had not sold these
+lands--otherwise "acted in a most outrageous manner," and finally, in
+the words of the capitulation on the 30th June, 1831, "assumed the
+attitude of actual hostility towards the United States, and had the
+audacity to drive citizens of the state of Illinois, from their homes."
+Admitting these allegations to be true, what may be said in behalf of
+the party against which they are made? It may be replied, that under the
+treaty of 1804, the Indians had an undoubted right to "live and hunt"
+upon the land ceded by that treaty, so long as it remained the property
+of the United States: that as early as 1823-4 the whites had intruded
+upon the land on Rock river around the principal village of the Sacs and
+Foxes--the United States neglecting to have these intruders removed, as
+by the treaty they were solemnly bound to do: that these whites
+frequently beat the Indian men, women, and children with sticks,
+destroyed their corn fields, distributed whiskey among them, cheated
+them out of their furs and peltries and on one occasion, when the
+Indians were absent on a hunting excursion, set fire to some thirty or
+forty of their lodges, by which many of them were totally destroyed.
+
+These outrages were perpetrated before a single acre of the land upon
+Rock river, had been sold by the United States, and when in fact, the
+regular frontier settlements of Illinois, had not approached within
+fifty miles of the Sac village. Consequently they were committed in
+express violation of the most solemn treaties and of the laws of the
+United States, for the protection of the Indians. In 1829, clearly with
+a view, on the part of those who brought about the measure, of evading
+the force of that article of the treaty of 1804, which permitted the
+Indians to live and hunt upon these lands, so long as they remained the
+property of the United States, a few quarter sections were sold, on Rock
+river, including the Sac village. New insults and outrages were now
+offered to the Indians, and they were again ordered to remove, not from
+the quarter sections which had actually been sold, but to the west side
+of the Mississippi. Against this, they remonstrated and finally refused,
+positively, to be driven away. The results of this refusal have already
+been shown in the narration which has been made of the events following
+upon the "actual invasion" of the state of Illinois, in the spring of
+1831. But it has been said that these Indians endeavored to form an
+alliance with some of the neighboring tribes to defend their lands.
+There is no doubt that Black Hawk labored to persuade Keokuk and the
+Sac Indians residing with him, to return to the east side of the
+Mississippi and assist in defending their village. His effort to unite
+with him, in alliance against the United States, the Winnebagoes,
+Pottawatamies and Kickapoos, was probably for the same object, though
+the case is not so clearly made out. Mr. Schoolcraft in his "Narrative"
+speaks of a war message having been transmitted to the Torch lake
+Indians, by Black Hawk, or his counsellors, in 1830, and repeated in the
+two succeeding years; and adds that similar communications were made to
+other tribes. The message, continues Mr. Schoolcraft, was very
+equivocal. It invited these tribes to aid the Sacs in fighting their
+enemies. Whatever may have been the object, no success attended the
+effort. Other motives than that of retaining possession of these lands,
+may have prompted Black Hawk to seek this alliance. Being an ambitious,
+restless man, he may have thought it expedient to do something to keep
+himself in power with his people. A military campaign is occasionally a
+fortunate circumstance for a politician, whether his skin be red or
+white. Gunpowder-popularity is of equal importance to the chiefs of the
+Sacs and the chiefs of the Illini. An "actual invasion" of a
+state--which, in these modern times, is supposed to consist in
+"levelling deadly weapons" at the inhabitants thereof, and "stealing
+their potatoes," is quite a wind-fall to political aspirants.
+
+That the British Band of Sac Indians cherished the feeling of active
+hostility towards the whites, that has been attributed to them, may
+well be questioned. That they were provoked to a feeble assertion of
+their rights by the injustice of our government and the lawless conduct
+of the white settlers among them, is unquestionably true. But it should
+be recollected, that from the period of their treaty with the United
+States, in 1816, to their capitulation in 1831, they had not killed one
+of our people. For a number of years prior to 1831, the Americans had
+constantly passed through their country, unarmed, carrying with them
+large amounts of money and of goods, for the trade at the lead mines:
+and yet not one of these travellers, sleeping in the woods and the
+Indian lodges, had been molested in person or property. For several
+years, the whites residing at and around the Sac village on Rock river
+were trespassing upon these Indians, for the purpose of driving them to
+the west side of the Mississippi, but still the tomahawk was not raised
+for retaliation. If Black Hawk and his party, had really intended to
+resort to arms, who that understands the Indian character, can doubt for
+a moment, that they would have struck a decisive blow, and murdered
+every white settler upon Rock river, before General Gaines ascended the
+Mississippi? After our army reached Fort Armstrong and General Gaines
+had been informed by Black Hawk that he would not remove, he gave orders
+to his braves, that if the American war chief came to the village to
+force them away, not a gun should be fired, nor any resistance offered;
+but that they must remain quietly in their lodges and let the war chief
+kill them if he chose. Under these circumstances, it is as difficult to
+believe that Black Hawk and his band seriously intended to make war upon
+the whites at that time, as it is to admit that the United States had a
+right to force the Indians to remove to the west side of the
+Mississippi, because a few quarter sections of the land at the mouth of
+Rock river, had been prematurely sold; while millions of acres around,
+were still the property of the United States, and as such, under the
+treaty of 1804, the Indians were expressly permitted to live and hunt
+upon them.
+
+In the course of this narrative, frequent mention has been made of the
+leading chief of the Sac nation, who is highly distinguished by his
+influence, pacific character and fine talents. The relation he sustains
+to Black Hawk and his band, connects him directly with our narrative. On
+this account, as well as to gratify the interest which is felt in his
+history, the succeeding chapter will be occupied with a brief sketch of
+the life and adventures of Keokuk, the Watchful Fox.
+
+
+
+
+KEOKUK,
+
+THE WATCHFUL FOX
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Keokuk's birth--Kills a Sioux when fifteen years old--Prevents the
+  abandonment of the Sac village--Bold manoeuvre with the
+  Sioux--Perils his life for the safety of his people--Speech to the
+  Menominies at Prairie des Chiens--Called upon to lead his braves to
+  join in the Black Hawk war--Allays the excitement of his people on
+  this subject--Deposed from his post as head chief and a young man
+  elected in his place--Re-established in power--Delivers up his nephew
+  to the whites to be tried for murder--Letter to the Governor of
+  Illinois--Council at Washington in 1837--Retorts upon the Sioux--His
+  visit to Boston--His return home--His personal appearance--And his
+  character as a war and peace chief.
+
+
+It is no easy task to present in a satisfactory manner, a biographical
+sketch of an Indian. However eventful his life may have been, it is only
+a few of the more prominent of his deeds which become known to the
+world; while the minor incidents, those small matters, which make up the
+sum of human character, pass unobserved by his companions, or if
+noticed, are soon forgotten. The subject of the present chapter, is yet
+in the meridian of life, high in power, and in the enjoyment of a
+distinguished reputation. Yet the materials for estimating his
+character, and for tracing his progress, step by step, from the
+obscurity of a private station, to the most honorable post in the nation
+over which he now presides, are neither full nor satisfactory. Barely
+enough is known of him, throughout the United States, to create the
+desire to know more; and it is to be regretted that the means of
+gratifying this laudable curiosity, are not more abundant.
+
+Keokuk is a native of the Sac nation of Indians, and was born near or
+upon Rock river in the north western part of what now constitutes the
+state of Illinois, about the year 1780. He is not a hereditary chief,
+and consequently has risen to his present elevation by the force of
+talent and of enterprize. He began to manifest these qualities at a very
+early period of his life. While but a youth he performed an act, which
+placed him, as it were by _brevet_, in the ranks of manhood. In the
+first battle in which he engaged, he encountered and killed a Sioux
+warrior, with his spear, while on horseback; and as the Sioux are
+distinguished for their horsemanship, this was looked upon as so great
+an achievement, that a public feast was made in commemoration of it, by
+his tribe; and the youthful Keokuk, was forthwith admitted to all the
+rights and privileges of a Brave. It was further allowed, that ever
+afterwards, on all public occasions, he might appear on horseback, even
+if the rest of the chiefs and braves were not mounted.
+
+During the late war between the United States and Great Britain, and
+before Keokuk was entitled to take his seat in the councils of his
+nation, an expedition was sent by our government, to destroy the Indian
+village at Peoria, on the Illinois river. A rumor reached the Sac
+village, in which he resided, that this expedition was also to attack
+the Sacs, and the whole tribe was thrown into consternation. The
+Indians were panic stricken, and the council hastily determined to
+abandon their village. Keokuk happened to be standing near the
+council-lodge when this decision was made. It was no sooner announced
+than he boldly advanced to the door and requested admission. It was
+granted. He asked leave to speak, and permission was given him. He
+commenced by saying he had heard with deep regret, the decision of the
+council--that he himself was wholly opposed to flight, before an enemy
+still distant, and whose strength was entirely unknown. He called the
+attention of the council to the importance of meeting the enemy in their
+approach--of harassing their progress--cutting them off in detail--of
+driving them back, or of nobly dying in defence of their country and
+their homes.
+
+"Make me your leader," he boldly exclaimed; "let our young men follow
+me, and the pale-faces shall be driven back to their towns. Let the old
+men and the women, and all who are afraid to meet the white man, stay
+here, but let your braves go to battle." Such intrepid conduct, could
+not fail to produce its effect upon a race so excitable as the Indians.
+The warriors with one voice, declared they were ready to follow Keokuk;
+and he was at once chosen to lead them against the enemy. It turned out,
+however, that the alarm was false, but the eloquence of Keokuk in the
+council, and his energy in preparing for the expedition, placed him at
+once in the first rank of the braves.
+
+His military reputation, was, on another occasion, much increased, by
+the skill and promptness with which he met a sudden emergency on the
+battle field. With a party of his braves, Keokuk was hunting in the
+country which lies between the residence of the Sacs and that of the
+Sioux, betwixt whom, for many years, a deadly hatred had existed. Very
+unexpectedly, a party of the latter well mounted, came upon them. The
+Sacs were also on horseback, but their enemies being superior horsemen
+and fully equipped for war, had a decided advantage. There was no covert
+from behind which the Sacs could fight, and flight was impossible.
+Keokuk's mode of defence was as novel as ingenious. He instantly formed
+his men into a compact circle, ordered them to dismount, and take
+shelter behind their horses, by which movement they were protected from
+the missiles of the Sioux, and at the same time placed under
+circumstances in which they could avail themselves of their superiority
+as marksmen. The Sioux, raising the war-whoop, charged upon their
+entrenched foe with great fury, but were received with a fire so
+destructive that they were compelled to fall back. The attack was
+repeated but with the same result. The hordes could not be forced upon
+those whose guns were pouring forth vollies of fire and smoke, and after
+several unsuccessful attempts to break the line, the Sioux retreated
+with considerable loss.
+
+At a subsequent period, during a cessation of hostilities between these
+tribes, the Sacs had gone to the prairies to hunt buffalo, leaving their
+village but slightly protected by braves. During the hunt Keokuk and
+his band, unexpectedly approached an encampment of a large number of
+Sioux, painted for war, and evidently on their way to attack his
+village. His own braves were widely scattered over the extensive plains,
+and could not be speedily gathered together. Possessing the spirit of a
+fearless and generous mind, he instantly resolved upon the bold
+expedient of throwing himself between the impending danger and his
+people. Unattended, he deliberately rode into the camp of his enemy. In
+the midst of their lodges rose the war-pole, and around it the Sioux
+were dancing, and partaking of those fierce excitements, by means of
+which the Indians usually prepare themselves for battle. It happened
+that revenge upon the Sacs constituted the burden of their songs, at the
+moment of Keokuk's approach. He dashed into the midst of them and boldly
+demanded to see their chief. "I have come," said he, "to let you know
+that there are traitors in your camp: they have told me that you are
+preparing to attack my village: I know they told me lies, for you could
+not, after smoking the pipe of peace, be so base as to murder my women
+and children in my absence. None but cowards would be guilty of such
+conduct." When the first feeling of amazement began to subside, the
+Sioux crowded around him in a manner evincing a determination to seize
+his person, and they had already laid hold of his legs, when he added,
+in a loud voice, "I supposed they told me lies, but if what I have heard
+is true, then the Sacs are ready for you." With a sudden effort, he
+dashed aside those who had seized him, plunged his spurs into his
+gallant horse, and rode off at full speed. Several guns were discharged
+at him, but fortunately without effect: a number of the Sioux warriors
+instantly sprung upon their horses and pursued him, but in vain. Keokuk,
+on horseback, was in his element; he made the woods resound with the
+war-whoop, and brandishing his tomahawk in defiance of his foes, soon
+left them far behind, and joined his little party of braves. His
+pursuers, fearful of some stratagem, gave up the pursuit, after having
+followed him for some distance, and retired to their camp. Keokuk took
+immediate steps to call in his braves and speedily returned to protect
+his village. His enemies, however, finding themselves discovered,
+abandoned the contemplated attack and retraced their steps to their own
+country.
+
+The eloquence of Keokuk and his sagacity in the civil affairs of his
+nation, are, like his military talents, of a high order. One or two
+cases in which these have been exhibited, are worthy of being recorded.
+A few years since, some of his warriors fell in with a party of unarmed
+Menominies, at Prairie des Chiens, in sight of fort Crawford, and
+murdered the whole of them. Justly incensed at this outrage, the
+Menominies prepared to take up arms against the Sacs, and prevailed upon
+the Winnebagoes to join them. For the purpose of allaying the rising
+storm, the United States' agent, at Prairie des Chiens, General Street,
+invited the several parties to a council at that place for the purpose
+of adjusting the difficulty, without a resort to arms. They accordingly,
+out of respect to the agent, assembled at fort Crawford, but the
+Menominies refused, sternly, to hold any conference with the Sacs on the
+subject. Keokuk told the agent not to be discouraged, for he would
+adjust the difficulty with them, before they separated, in despite of
+their prejudices and their positive refusal to treat: He only asked an
+opportunity of meeting them face to face in the council-lodge. The
+tribes were brought together, but the Menominies persevered in their
+determination to hold no conference with the Sacs. The negociation
+proceeded, and a friendly feeling was re-established between the
+Winnebagoes and the Sacs. Keokuk then rose and with much deliberation,
+began his address to the Menominies. At first they averted their faces
+or listened with looks of defiance. He had commenced his speech without
+smoking the pipe or shaking hands, which was a breach of etiquette; and,
+above all, he was the chief of a tribe that had inflicted upon them an
+injury, for which blood alone could atone. Under these discouraging
+circumstances, Keokuk proceeded, in his forcible, persuasive and
+impressive manner. Such was the touching character of his appeal, such
+the power of his eloquence, that the features of his enemies gradually
+relaxed; they listened; they assented; and when he concluded by
+remarking, proudly, but in a conciliating tone, "I came here to say that
+I am sorry for the imprudence of my young men; I came to make peace; I
+now offer you the hand of Keokuk; who will refuse it?" they rose one by
+one and accepted the proffered grasp.
+
+In the late contest between the United States and Black Hawk's band,
+Keokuk and a majority of the Sacs and Foxes, took no part. Black Hawk
+made several efforts to induce them to unite against the whites, which
+they were strongly inclined to do, not only from their love of war and
+of plunder but on account of the injustice with which very many of them
+believed they had been treated by the people of the United States. It
+required all of Keokuk's influence and moderation to prevent the whole
+nation from enlisting under the Black Hawk banner. He requested the
+agent of the American Government to send to his village, on the west
+side of the Mississippi, a white man who understood the Sac language,
+and who might bear witness to his, Keokuk's sincerity and faithfulness
+to the whites. Such a person was sent. The excitement raised by Black
+Hawk and the war in which he was engaged, continued to increase among
+Keokuk's people. "He stood on a mine, liable to be exploded by a single
+spark. He was in peril of being slain as the friend of the whites. He
+remained calm and unawed, ruling his turbulent little state with
+mildness and firmness, but at the constant risk of his life. One day, a
+new emissary arrived from Black Hawk's party. Whiskey was introduced
+into the camp, and Keokuk saw that the crisis was at hand. He warned the
+white man who was his guest, of the impending danger, and advised him to
+conceal himself. A scene of tumult ensued. The emissary spoke of blood
+that had been shed--of their relations being driven from their hunting
+grounds--of recent insults--of injuries long inflicted by the
+whites--hinted at the ready vengeance that might be taken on an exposed
+frontier--of defenceless cabins--and of rich booty. The desired effect
+was produced. The braves began to dance around the war pole, to paint
+and to give other evidences of a warlike character. Keokuk watched the
+rising storm and appeared to mingle in it. He drank and listened and
+apparently assented to all that was said. At length his warriors called
+out to be led to battle, and he was asked to lead them. He arose and
+spoke with that power which had never failed him. He sympathized in
+their wrongs--their thirst for vengeance--he won their confidence by
+giving utterance to the passions by which they were moved, and echoing
+back their own thoughts with a master spirit. He then considered the
+proposition to go to war, alluded to the power of the whites--the
+hopelessness of the contest: He told them he was their chief--that it
+was his duty to rule them as a father at home: to lead them to war if
+they determined to go. But in the proposed war, there was no middle
+course: The power of the United States was such, that unless they
+conquered that great nation, they must perish; that he would lead them
+instantly against the whites on one condition, and that was, that they
+should first put all their women and children to death, and then
+resolve, that having crossed the Mississippi, they would never return,
+but perish among the graves of their fathers rather than yield them to
+the white-men. This proposal, desperate as it was, presented the true
+issue: it calmed the disturbed passions of his people, the turmoil
+subsided, order was restored, and the authority of Keokuk, became for
+the time being firmly re-established."[6]
+
+Black Hawk and his band have always been opposed to Keokuk, and since
+the late war, which proved so disastrous to them, and into which they
+were plunged, in opposition to his counsel, they have looked upon him
+with increased aversion.
+
+They have made repeated efforts to destroy his influence with the
+remainder of the tribe, and owing to the monotony of his pacific rule,
+were, on one occasion, nearly successful. A spirit of discontent
+pervaded his people--they complained of the extent of the power which he
+wielded--they needed excitement, and as his measures were all of a
+peaceful character, they sought it in a change of rulers. The matter was
+at length openly and formally discussed. The voice of the nation was
+taken, Keokuk was removed from his post of head man and a young chief
+placed in his stead. He made not the smallest opposition to this measure
+of his people, but calmly awaited the result. When his young successor
+was chosen, Keokuk was the first to salute him with the title of Father.
+But the matter did not rest here. With great courtesy, he begged to
+accompany the new chief to the agent of the United States, then at Rock
+island; and with profound respect, introduced him as his chief and his
+father--urged the agent to receive him as such, and solicited, as a
+personal favor, that the same regard that had ever been paid to him, by
+the whites, might be transferred to his worthy successor. The sequel may
+be readily inferred. The nation could not remain blind to the error they
+had committed. Keokuk as a private individual was still the first man
+among his people. His ready and noble acquiescence in their wishes, won
+both their sympathy and admiration. He rose rapidly but silently to his
+former elevated station, while the young chief sunk as rapidly to his
+former obscurity.
+
+Some time in 1832, five of the friendly Sacs belonging to Keokuk's
+party, murdered a man by the name of Martin, in Warren county, Illinois.
+One of these, proved to be a nephew of Keokuk, but by the orders of his
+uncle, he was seized and delivered over to the civil authority of that
+state to be tried for the murder. The other four made their escape. Some
+time afterwards, Keokuk was called upon to deliver up the other four
+Sacs, who had been concerned in the outrage, that they also might be
+brought to justice. He replied that they were beyond his reach, but that
+he would call a council of his head-men and take measures to give
+satisfaction to the whites. The council was held, and Keokuk stated the
+demand of their Great Father, the President; and that if satisfaction
+were not made to him, he feared an army would be sent into their
+country, and that many troubles would overtake them. Immediately four
+young warriors arose and offered to be surrendered up to the whites,
+and suffer death in place of the real offenders, to prevent their nation
+from incurring the displeasure of the President. Keokuk, supposing that
+this would satisfy the demands of justice, delivered them up as the
+murderers and they were imprisoned. Upon their trial, Keokuk was
+present, as a witness. In giving his testimony, he stated with honest
+simplicity, that the young men then arraigned in court, for the murder
+of Martin, were not the guilty ones, but they had agreed to die in place
+of the real murderers who could not be found. The prisoners were, as a
+matter of course, set at liberty.
+
+Some months after the close of the "Black Hawk war," Keokuk was informed
+that reports were in circulation, in the state of Illinois, that the
+Indians were dissatisfied and preparing for fresh hostilities. He
+dictated a letter to the Governor upon the subject, which was forwarded
+to him. It is in these words.
+
+
+                 "Raccoon Fork of Des Moines river, Nov. 30, 1832.
+      "To the Great Chief of Illinois.
+    "MY FATHER:
+
+"I have been told by a trader, that several of your village criers
+[editors] have been circulating bad news, informing the whites that the
+Indians are preparing for war, and that we are dissatisfied. My Father,
+you were present when the tomahawk was buried, and assisted me to place
+it so deep, that it will never again be raised against your white
+children of Illinois.
+
+"My Father, very few of that misguided band that entered Rock river
+last summer, remain. You have humbled them by war, and have made them
+friendly by your generous conduct to them after they were defeated.
+
+"Myself and the greater part of the Sacs and Foxes, have firmly held you
+by the hand: We followed your advice and did as you told us. My Father,
+take pity on those of my nation that you forgave, and never mention the
+disasters of last summer. I wish them to be forgotten.
+
+"I do not permit the criers of our village or camps to proclaim any bad
+news against the whites, not even the truth. Last fall an old man, a
+Fox, was hunting on an island, a short distance below Rock river for
+turkeys to carry to Fort Armstrong: he was killed by a white man. My
+Father, we passed it over: we have only spoken of it in whispers; our
+agent has not heard of it. We wish to live in friendship with the
+whites; if a white man comes to our camp or village, we give him a share
+of what we have to eat, a lodging if he wants it, and put him on the
+trail if he has lost it.
+
+"My Father, advise the criers of your villages to tell the truth
+respecting us, and assist in strengthening the chain of friendship, that
+your children may treat us friendly when they meet us: and be assured
+that we are friends, and have feelings as well as they have.
+
+  "My Father, this is all I have to say at present.
+             "KEOKUK, Chief of the Sac nation."
+
+
+In the autumn of the year 1837, Keokuk and a party of his warriors made
+a visit to Washington city. Black Hawk was of the party, having been
+taken along, it is supposed by the politic Keokuk, lest in his absence,
+the restless spirit of the old man should create some new difficulties
+at home. We are indebted to a gentleman[7] who happened to be at the
+capital at the time of this visit, for the following sketch of a
+council, held under the direction of the Secretary at War, Mr. Poinsett,
+for the laudable purpose of reconciling the long cherished feeling of
+hostility between the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux,--a deputation of
+chiefs from this latter nation being also at the seat of government. The
+council was held in a church. The Indians were seated on a platform
+erected for the purpose, the spectators occupying the pews. The
+Secretary, representing the President, was seated on the center of the
+platform, facing the audience--the Sioux on his right hand and the Sauks
+and Foxes on his left, forming a semi-circle. "These hostile tribes,
+presented in their appearance a remarkable contrast. The Sioux tricked
+out in blue coats, epaulettes, fur hats and various articles of finery,
+which had been presented to them, and which were now incongruously worn
+in conjunction with portions of their own proper costume; while the
+Saukies and Foxes, with a commendable pride and good taste, wore their
+national dress, without any admixture, and were studiously painted
+according to their own notions of propriety. But the most striking
+object was Keokuk, who sat at the head of his delegation, on the
+extreme left, facing his mortal enemies the Sioux, who occupied the
+opposite side of the stage; having the audience upon his left side, and
+his own people on his right, and beyond them the Secretary at War. He
+sat grasping in his right hand the war banner, the symbol of his station
+as ruling chief. His person was erect and his eye fixed calmly but
+steadily upon the enemies of his people. On the floor, and leaning upon
+the knee of the chief, sat his son, a boy of nine or ten years old,
+whose fragile figure and innocent countenance, afforded a beautiful
+contrast with the athletic and warlike form and the intellectual though
+weather-beaten features of his father. The effect was in the highest
+degree picturesque and imposing. The council was opened by smoking the
+pipe, which was passed from mouth to mouth. The Secretary then briefly
+addressed both parties, in a conciliating strain, urging them, in the
+name of their great father, the President, to abandon those sanguinary
+wars, by means of which their race was becoming extinct, and to
+cultivate the arts, the thrift and industry of the white men. The Sioux
+spoke next. The orator, on rising first stepped forward, and shook hands
+with the Secretary, and then delivered his harangue in his own tongue,
+stopping at the end of each sentence, until it was rendered into English
+by the interpreter, who stood by his side, and into the Saukie language
+by the interpreter of that tribe. Another and another followed, all
+speaking vehemently and with much acrimony. The burthen of their
+harangue was, the folly of addressing pacific language to the Sauks and
+Foxes, who were faithless and in whom no confidence could be placed. 'My
+father,' said one of them, 'you cannot make these people hear any good
+words unless you bore their ears with sticks.' 'We have often made peace
+with them,' said another speaker, an old man, who endeavored to be
+witty, 'but they would never observe any treaty. I would as soon think
+of making a treaty with that child,' pointing to Keokuk's little boy,
+'as with a Saukie or Musquakee.' The Sioux were evidently gratified and
+excited by the sarcasms of their orators, while their opponents sat
+motionless, their dark eyes flashing, but their features as composed and
+stolid, as if they did not understand that disparaging language that was
+used. We remarked a decided want of gracefulness in all these speakers.
+Each of them having shaken hands with the Secretary, who sat facing the
+audience, stood immediately before and near to him, with the interpreter
+at his elbow, both having their backs to the spectators; and in this
+awkward position, speaking low and rapidly--but little of what they said
+could be heard except by the persons near them. Not so Keokuk. When it
+came to his turn to speak, he rose deliberately, advanced to the
+Secretary, and having saluted him, returned to his place, which being at
+the foot of the stage, and on one side of it, his face was not concealed
+from any of the several parties present. His interpreter stood beside
+him. The whole arrangement was judicious, and though apparently
+unstudied, shewed the tact of an orator. He stood erect, in an easy,
+but martial posture, with his robe thrown over his left shoulder and
+arm, leaving the right arm bare, to be used in action. His voice was
+firm, his enunciation remarkably clear, distinct, and rapid. Those who
+have had the gratification of hearing a distinguished senator from South
+Carolina, now in Congress, whose rapidity of utterance, concentration of
+thought and conciseness of language are alike peculiar to himself, may
+form some idea of the style of Keokuk, the latter adding, however, an
+attention to the graces of attitude and action, to which the former
+makes no pretension. He spoke with dignity but great animation, and some
+of his retorts were excellent. 'They tell you,' said he, 'that our ears
+must be bored with sticks, but, my Father, you could not penetrate their
+thick skulls in that way--it would require hot iron.' 'They say they
+would as soon make peace with a child, as with us,--they know better,
+for when they made war upon us they found us men.' 'They tell you that
+peace has often been made, and that we have broken it. How happens it
+then that so many of their braves have been slain in our country? I will
+tell you--they invaded us; we never invaded them: none of my braves have
+been killed in their land. We have their scalps and can tell where we
+took them.
+
+"As we have given the palm to Keokuk, at this meeting, we must in
+justice to the Sioux, mention an eloquent reply, made by one of the same
+party, on a different day. The Secretary at War, met the Sioux
+delegation in council to treat for the purchase of some of their
+territory. A certain sum of money being offered them for the land, they
+demanded a greater price. They were then told that the Americans were a
+great people, who would not traffic with them like a trader--that the
+President had satisfied himself as to the value of the territory, and
+offered them the full price. Big Thunder, a son of the Little Crow,
+replied that the Sioux were a great nation, and could not, like a
+trader, ask a price and then take less: and, then to illustrate the
+equality of dignity, between the high contracting parties, he used a
+figure, which struck us as eminently beautiful--'the children of our
+white parent are very many, they possess all the country from the rising
+of the sun to noon-day:--the Sioux are very many, the land is all theirs
+from the noon-day to the setting sun.'"
+
+After leaving Washington city, Keokuk, attended by his wife and son,
+four chiefs of the united Sac and Fox tribes, and several warriors among
+whom were Black Hawk and his son, proceeded as far north as Boston, and
+attracted in all the cities through which they passed great attention.
+They were met in Boston, with distinguished honors, being received by
+governor Everett on behalf of the state, and the mayor, on behalf of the
+city. The ceremony of receiving the Indians occurred on the 30th of
+October, and no public spectacle in the history of Boston, ever
+assembled so great a number of its citizens. Between the hours of ten
+and twelve, the chiefs held a levee in Faneuil Hall, for the visits of
+the ladies, exclusively, an immense concourse of whom, thronged the old
+"cradle of liberty" to look upon the stranger guests. At 2 o'clock, P.M.
+the chiefs were escorted by the Lancers to the State House, which was
+filled with ladies, the members of the legislature, the civil
+authorities, &c. Governor Everett, first addressed the audience, by
+giving them a brief account of the different tribes represented by the
+Indian chiefs then present. Then turning to the Indians, he said,
+
+"Chiefs and warriors of the united Sac and Fox tribes, you are welcome
+to our hall of council. You have come a far way from your homes in the
+west to visit your white brethren. We are glad to take you by the hand.
+We have heard before of the Sacs and Foxes--our travellers have told us
+the names of their great men and chiefs. We are glad to see them with
+our own eyes.
+
+"We are called the Massachusetts. It is the name of the red men who once
+lived here. In former times the red man's wigwam, stood on these fields,
+and his council fires were kindled on this spot.
+
+"When our fathers came over the great waters, they were a small band.
+The red man stood on the rock by the sea side, and looked at them. He
+might have pushed them into the water and drowned them; but he took hold
+of their hands and said, welcome, white man. Our fathers were hungry,
+and the red man gave them corn and venison. Our fathers were cold, and
+the red man spread his blanket over them and made them warm.
+
+"We are now grown great and powerful, but we remember the kindness of
+the red man to our fathers.
+
+"Brothers, our faces are pale and yours are red, but our hearts are
+alike. The Great Spirit has made his children of different complexions,
+but he loves them all.
+
+"Brothers, you dwell between the Mississippi and the Missouri--they are
+mighty streams. They have great arms--one stretches out to the east and
+the other away west to the Rocky mountains. But they make one river and
+they run together into the sea.
+
+"Brothers, we dwell in the east and you in the far west, but we are one
+family, of many branches but one head.
+
+"Brothers, as you passed through the hall below, you stopped to look at
+the great image of our father Washington. It is a cold stone and cannot
+speak to you. But our great father Washington loved his red children,
+and bade us love them also. He is dead but his words have made a great
+print in our hearts, like the step of a strong buffalo on the clay in
+the prairies.
+
+"My brother, (addressing Keokuk) I perceive by your side your young
+child sitting in the council hall with you. May the Great Spirit
+preserve the life of your son. May he grow up by your side like the
+tender sapling by the side of the mighty oak. May you long flourish both
+together, and when the mighty oak is fallen in the forest, may the young
+tree take its place, and spread out its branches over the tribe.
+
+"Brothers, I make you a short talk, and bid you welcome once more to our
+council hall."
+
+Keokuk rose first in reply, and shaking hands with the Governor and
+others near to him, spoke with fine emphasis and much earnest and
+graceful gesticulation, holding his staff, which he frequently shifted
+from hand to hand.
+
+"Keokuk and his chiefs are very much gratified that they have had the
+pleasure of shaking hands with the head man or governor of this great
+state, and also with all the men that surround him.
+
+"You well say, brother, that the Great Spirit has made both of us,
+though your color is white and mine is red; but he made your heart and
+mine the same. The only difference I find is, he made you speak one
+language, and I another. He made the same sky above our heads for both.
+He gave us hands to take each other by, and eyes to see each other. I
+wish to take all present by the hand,--to shake hands with all my white
+brethren.
+
+"I am very happy to say, before I die, that I have been in the great
+house where my fathers and your fathers used to speak together as we do
+now. And I hope the Great Spirit is pleased with this sight; and will
+long continue to keep friendship between the white and red men. I hope
+that now, in this presence, he sees us; and hears our hearts proffer
+friendship to each other; and that he will aid us in what we are now
+engaged in.
+
+"My remarks are short and this is what I say to you. I take my friends
+all by the hand, and wish the Great Spirit to give them all a blessing."
+
+Several other chiefs spoke, and after them Black Hawk made a short
+address. To these several speeches the governor replied collectively.
+Presents were then distributed among them by the governor. Keokuk
+received a splendid sword and brace of pistols; his son, Musanwont, a
+handsome little rifle: The head chiefs received long swords and the
+others short ones. Black Hawk was also presented with a brace of pistols
+and a sword. When this ceremony had ended, the Indians repaired to the
+common in front of the capitol, and there, in the presence of some
+thirty thousand spectators, exhibited themselves in a war dance, for
+about half an hour; and from thence returned to their lodging.
+
+Throughout the whole of his visit in Boston, Keokuk preserved his grave
+and dignified manners, winning the respect and admiration of all who had
+an opportunity of coming in contact with him. Upon his return to the
+west, he spent a few hours in Cincinnati, and was visited by a great
+number of persons. We had the pleasure of taking him by the hand, and of
+making some inquiries in regard to his character, of those who were
+personally acquainted with him.
+
+In person, Keokuk, is stout, graceful and commanding, with fine features
+and an intelligent countenance. His broad expanded chest and muscular
+limbs, denote activity and physical power; and he is known to excel in
+dancing, horsemanship, and all athletic exercises. He has acquired
+considerable property, and lives in princely style. He is fond of
+travelling, and makes frequent visits of state to the Osages, the
+Ottaways, the Omahas and the Winnebagoes. On these occasions he is
+uniformly mounted on a fine horse, clad in a showy robe wrought by his
+six wives, equipped with his rifle, pipe, tomahawk and war-club. He is
+usually attended in these excursions by forty or fifty of his young men,
+well mounted and handsomely dressed. A man precedes the party to
+announce his approach to the tribe he is about to honor with a visit;
+and such is his popularity, that his reception is generally in a style
+corresponding with the state in which he moves. These visits are most
+frequently made in autumn, and are enlivened by hunting, feasting,
+dancing, horse-racing and various athletic games, in all of which Keokuk
+takes an active part. He moves, it is supposed, in more savage
+magnificence, than any other Indian chief upon the continent.
+
+In point of intellect, integrity of character, and the capacity for
+governing others, he is supposed to have no superior among the Indians:
+Bold, courageous, and skilful in war--mild, firm and politic in peace:
+He has great enterprize and active impulses, with a freshness and
+enthusiasm of feeling, which might readily lead him astray, but for his
+quick perception of human character, his uncommon prudence and his calm,
+sound judgment. At an early period of his life he became the chief
+warrior of his tribe, and by his superior talents, eloquence, and
+intelligence, really directed the civil affairs of his nation for many
+years, while they were nominally conducted in the name of the hereditary
+peace chief. Such is Keokuk, the Watchful Fox, who prides himself upon
+being the friend of the whiteman.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Murder of twenty-eight Menominies by the Foxes of Black Hawk's
+  band--Naopope's visit to Malden--Black Hawk recrosses the
+  Mississippi--General Atkison orders him to return--Stillman's
+  attack--Defeated by Black Hawk--His white flag fired upon--He sends
+  out war parties upon the frontier--Attack upon Fort Buffalo--General
+  Dodge's battle on the Wisconsin--Black Hawk and his band leave the
+  Four Lakes and fly to the Mississippi--Pursued by General
+  Atkinson--Black Hawk's flag of truce fired upon by the Captain of the
+  Warrior--Twenty-three Indians killed.
+
+
+Black Hawk and his band were not long upon the west side of the
+Mississippi, before new difficulties arose, calculated to disturb the
+harmony which it was hoped the treaty of the 30th of June, had
+established between them and the United States. The period of their
+removal to the west side of the Mississippi, was too late in the season
+to enable them to plant corn and beans a second time; and before autumn
+was over they were without provisions. Some of them, one night,
+recrossed the river to _steal roasting-ears from their own fields,_--to
+quote the language of Black Hawk,--and were shot at by the whites, who
+made loud complaints of this depredation. They, in turn, were highly
+exasperated at having been fired upon for attempting to carry off the
+corn which they had raised, and which they insisted, belonged to them.
+
+Shortly after this, a party of Foxes, belonging, it is believed, to
+Black Hawk's band, went up the Mississippi, to Prairie des Chiens, to
+avenge the murder of some of their tribe, which had been committed in
+the summer of 1830, by a party of the Menominies and Sioux. The Foxes
+attacked the camp of the Menominies and killed twenty-eight of them. The
+authorities at Prairie des Chiens, made a demand of the murderers, that
+they might be tried and punished under the laws of the United States,
+according to the treaty of 1825. Black Hawk, with other chiefs, took the
+ground that the United States had no right to make this demand, and
+refused to give them up. Here then was another source of difficulty.
+
+Neapope, a chief of the British band, and second in command to Black
+Hawk, prior to the removal of the Indians to the west side of the
+Mississippi, had started on a visit to Malden, to consult their British
+Father in regard to the right to retain their lands on Rock river. He
+returned late in the fall, bringing word that in his opinion, the
+Americans could not take their lands, unless by purchase; and this
+purchase, it was contended by Black Hawk had never been made. Neapope on
+his way from Malden, called to see the Prophet, who assured him that
+early the ensuing spring, not only the British, but the Ottawas,
+Chippewas, Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, would assist them to regain
+their village and the lands around it. Black Hawk believed, or affected
+to believe, this information, and began to make preparations to increase
+the number of his braves by recruiting from different villages. He sent
+a messenger to Keokuk, and to the Fox tribe, to inform them of the good
+news he had heard, and to ask their co-operation. Keokuk had too much
+sagacity to be imposed upon by tales of either British or Indian
+assistance, and sent word to Black Hawk that he was deceived and had
+better remain quiet. With a view of preventing further difficulty, he is
+said to have made application to the agent at St. Louis, that the chiefs
+of the Sacs and Foxes might be permitted to visit Washington city, to
+see the President, and if possible make a final adjustment of the matter
+in dispute. Black Hawk alledges he was anxious to make this visit to his
+Great Father, and had determined, to submit peaceably to his counsel,
+whatever it might be. But the arrangement for the visit, from some
+cause, was not perfected, and Black Hawk proceeded with his own plans.
+He established his head quarters at the point where Fort Madison
+formerly stood, on the west side of the Mississippi, and made another
+unsuccessful effort to draw into his support some of the braves under
+Keokuk. Having assembled his own party he began to ascend the
+Mississippi--the women and children in canoes with their provisions,
+camp equipage and property--his warriors armed and mounted on their
+horses. Below Rock island, they were met by the Prophet, who informed
+them that there was a great war chief then at Fort Armstrong, with a
+large body of soldiers. The Prophet stated that the agent and trader at
+Rock island, had attempted to dissuade him from joining Black Hawk, but
+he had refused to take their advice, because so long as they remained at
+peace, the Americans dare not molest them. Having reached the mouth of
+Rock river, in the early part of April 1832, the whole party rashly and
+in violation of the treaty of the previous year, crossed to the east
+side of the Mississippi, for the avowed purpose of ascending Rock river,
+to the territory of their friends, the Winnebagoes, and raising a crop
+of corn and beans with them. General Atkinson with a body of troops was
+then at Fort Armstrong, having been ordered by government to that point,
+for the purpose of preventing a war between the Menomenies and the
+Foxes, and demanding the surrender of those Indians who had committed
+the murders at Fort Crawford. After Black Hawk and his party had
+proceeded some distance up Rock river, he was overtaken by an express
+from General Atkinson, with an order for him to return and recross the
+Mississippi, which he refused to obey, on the ground that the General
+had no right to make such an order; the Indians being at peace and on
+their way to the prophet's village, at his request, to make corn. Before
+they had reached this point, they were overtaken by a second express
+from General Atkinson, with a threat, that if they did not return,
+peaceably, he would pursue and force them back. The Indians replied that
+they were determined not to be driven back, and equally so not to make
+the first attack on the whites. Black Hawk now ascertained that the
+Winnebagoes, although willing that he should raise a crop of corn with
+them, would not join in any hostile action against the United States.
+The Pottowatomies manifested the same determination, and both denied
+having given the prophet any assurances of co-operation. Black Hawk
+immediately came to the conclusion, that if pursued by General Atkinson,
+he would peaceably return with his party, and recross the Mississippi.
+He was encamped at Kish-wa-cokee, and was preparing to compliment some
+Pottowatomie chiefs, then on a visit to him, by a dog-feast.
+
+In the mean time the Illinois militia, ordered out by Governor Reynolds,
+upon his hearing of this second "invasion," of the state, had formed a
+junction with the regular troops under General Atkinson at Rock island,
+the latter assuming the command of the whole. From this point, the
+militia, being generally mounted, proceeded by land to Dixon's ferry on
+Rock river, about half way between the mouth of that stream and the
+encampment of Black Hawk. General Atkinson with three hundred regulars
+and three hundred militia ascended Rock river in boats to the same
+point. Major Stillman, having under his command a body of two hundred
+and seventy-five mounted volunteers, obtained leave of General
+Whitesides, then in command of the Illinois militia, at Dixon's ferry,
+to go out on a scouting expedition. He proceeded up Rock river about
+thirty miles, to Sycamore Creek, which empties into that river on the
+east side. This movement brought him within a few miles of the camp of
+Black Hawk and a part of his braves, at the time when the old chief was
+engaged in getting up a dog-feast in honour of his Pottowatomie
+visitors.
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE OF SYCAMORE CREEK.]
+
+It was on the 14th of May, that Black Hawk, while engaged in this
+ceremony, was informed that a large number of mounted volunteers, had
+been seen about eight miles from his camp. "I immediately started,"
+says he, "three young men, with a white flag, to meet them and conduct
+them to our camp, that we might hold a council with them, and descend
+Rock river again: and directed them in case the whites had encamped, to
+return, and I would go and see them. After this party had started, I
+sent five young men to see what might take place. The first party went
+to the encampment of the whites, and were taken prisoners. The last
+party had not proceeded far, before they saw about twenty men coming
+towards them in full gallop. They stopped and finding that the whites
+were coming so fast, in a warlike attitude, they turned and retreated,
+but were pursued and overtaken and two of them killed. The others made
+their escape. When they came in with the news, I was preparing my flags
+to meet the war chief. The alarm was given. Nearly all my young men were
+absent about ten miles off. I started with what I had left, (about
+_forty_,) and had proceeded but a short distance, before we saw a part
+of the army approaching. I raised a yell, and said to my braves; "some
+of our people have been killed, wantonly and cruelly murdered! we must
+avenge their death." In a little while we discovered the whole army
+coming towards us in full gallop! We were now confident that our first
+party had been killed. I immediately placed my men in front of some
+bushes, that we might have the first fire, when they approached close
+enough. They made a halt some distance from us. I gave another yell, and
+ordered my brave warriors to charge upon them, expecting that we
+would all be killed! they did charge--every man rushed and fired, and
+the enemy retreated in the utmost confusion, and consternation; before
+my little but brave band of warriors. After pursuing the enemy for some
+distance, I found it useless to follow them, as they rode so fast, and
+returned to my encampment with a few of my braves, (about twenty-five
+having gone in pursuit of the enemy.) I lighted my pipe, and sat down to
+thank the Great Spirit for what he had done. I had not been long
+meditating, when two of the three young men I had sent out with the
+flag, to meet the American war chief, entered. My astonishment was not
+greater than my joy to see them living and well. I eagerly listened to
+their story, which was as follows:
+
+"When we arrived near to the encampment of the whites, a number of them
+rushed out to meet us, bringing their guns with them. They took us into
+the camp, when an American who spoke the Sac language a little, told us
+that his chief wanted to know how we were, where we were going, where
+our camp was, and where Black Hawk was. We told him that we had come to
+see his chief: that our chief had directed us to conduct him to our
+camp, in case he had not encamped; and in that event to tell him, that
+he (Black Hawk) would come to see him; he wished to hold a council with
+him, as he had given up all intention of going to war. At the conclusion
+of this talk, a party of white men came in on horseback. We saw by
+their countenances that something had happened. A general tumult arose.
+They looked at us with indignation--talked among themselves for a
+moment, when several cocked their guns; in a second they fired at us in
+the crowd; our companion fell dead. We rushed through the crowd and made
+our escape. We remained in ambush but a short time, before we heard
+yelling, like Indians running an enemy. In a little while we saw some of
+the whites in full speed. One of them came near us. I threw my tomahawk
+and struck him on the head, which brought him to the ground. I ran to
+him and with his own knife took off his scalp. I took his gun, mounted
+his horse, and took my friend here behind me. We turned to follow our
+braves, who were running the enemy, and had not gone far before we
+overtook a white man, whose horse had mired in a swamp. My friend
+alighted and tomahawked the man, who was apparently fast under his
+horse. He took his scalp, horse and gun. By this time our party was some
+distance ahead. We followed on and saw several white men lying dead on
+the way. After riding about six miles, we met our party returning. We
+asked them how many of our men had been killed. They said none after the
+Americans had retreated. We inquired then how many whites had been
+killed? They replied they did not know; but said we will soon ascertain,
+as we must scalp them as we go back. On our return we found ten men,
+besides the two we had killed before we joined our friends. Seeing that
+they did not yet recognize us, it being dark, we again asked, how many
+of our braves had been killed? They said five. We asked who they were.
+They replied that the first party of three, who went out to meet the
+American war chief, had all been taken prisoners, and killed in the
+encampment; and that out of a party of five who followed to see the
+meeting of the first party and the whites, two had been killed. We were
+now certain that they did not recognize us, nor did we tell them who we
+were, until we arrived at our camp. The news of our death had reached it
+some time before, and all were surprised to see us again."[8]
+
+Such is the narrative of this defeat, as given by Black Hawk, and two of
+his men who were the bearers of his white flag and a proposition to
+surrender. The accounts given by Major Stillman's troops--for it is not
+ascertained that the commander published any official statement of the
+battle--is in substance about the following. The force under Major
+Stillman, two hundred and seventy-five in number, on the afternoon of
+the fourteenth of May, met three Indians bearing a white flag, one of
+whom, after having been taken prisoner, was shot down. The army encamped
+just before sunset, in a piece of woods, surrounded by an open prairie,
+about three miles from Sycamore creek. Soon after they had halted, five
+more Indians, with apparent pacific intentions, were seen approaching
+the camp. Captain Eades, with a party of armed troops, dashed at full
+speed towards them, when they became alarmed and commenced a retreat.
+The Captain, after following them for some distance, and killing two of
+the party, gave up the pursuit, and was on his return to the camp, when
+he was met by the whole detachment. The pursuit of the retreating
+Indians was immediately renewed, and continued until both parties had
+crossed Sycamore creek. This brought them upon the camp of Black Hawk,
+who having been apprized of the approach of the whites, had mounted his
+men and prepared for action. The Indians were concealed behind some
+bushes, and after having fired their guns, raised the war-whoop and
+resorted to the tomahawk. Their fire was returned, with but little
+effect, and then Major Stillman, instantly ordered a retreat across the
+creek, and the route became general. His troops fled through their camp,
+and did not stop until they reached Dixon's ferry, distant thirty miles.
+Some of them deemed it prudent to seek a place of still greater safety,
+than the flag of General Atkinson, and continued their flight for more
+than fifty miles, and until they reached their own fire-sides. The roll
+was called at Dixon's ferry next morning, and fifty-two were found
+missing. It was, however, subsequently ascertained that more than half
+of this number were among those who rode express to the "settlements" to
+carry the news of their gallant attack upon General Black Hawk and his
+British band. Such was the panic among the troops engaged in this
+skirmish, that they reported the Indian force at 1500 and even 2000 men!
+Black Hawk's statement has already been given, in which he places his
+number at forty; and one of the volunteers whose horse was lame, and who
+hid himself, and watched the Indians as they passed him in the pursuit
+and on their return, did not estimate them at more than a hundred. It is
+probable the real number of the Indians did not exceed fifty. It is
+painful to contemplate this whole affair, for it is alike discreditable
+to the national faith and the national arms. The violation of a flag of
+truce, and the wanton destruction of the lives of some of those who bore
+it, not only placed an indelible stigma upon the character of the
+country, but led to a war, in the prosecution of which, much blood and
+much treasure were expended. Had a conference with Black Hawk been held,
+scarcely a doubt remains, considering his failure to secure the
+co-operation of other tribes, and his utter destitution of provisions,
+that he and his band would have returned, peaceably, to the west side of
+the Mississippi. The precipitate flight of the troops under Major
+Stillman, has no justification. Supposing the panic to have been such as
+to render a retreat across Sycamore creek necessary, it should have
+terminated when the troops reached their encampment; which, being in a
+copse of woods, surrounded by a prairie, they would have been protected
+by trees, while the Indians, if they continued the attack, must have
+fought in the open plain. But no effort was made to rally at the
+encampment, and all the baggage of our troops--blankets, saddle-bags,
+camp equipage and provisions,--fell into the hands of the Indians. Black
+Hawk finding that there was now no alternative, determined to fight.
+Indignant at the attack upon his flag of peace--encouraged by his signal
+success in putting to flight, a force vastly superior in numbers to his
+own--and strengthened by the booty--especially the provisions--he had
+taken, he assembled his braves and prepared for an active border war. He
+immediately sent out spies to watch the movements of General Atkinson,
+and prepared to remove his women and children, from the seat of war to
+the head waters of Rock river, where he supposed they would be safe from
+the attacks of the whites. In passing to this point, by the sources of
+the Kish-wa-co-kee, he was met by some Winnebagoes, who had heard of his
+victory, and were now disposed to join him. Some additional war parties
+were sent out, the new recruits from the Winnebagoes, constituting one
+of them. This arrangement completed, Black Hawk proceeded with the women
+and children to the Four Lakes, in which Catfish, one of the tributaries
+to Rock river, has its origin.
+
+Stillman's defeat spread consternation throughout the state of Illinois.
+The Indian forces were greatly magnified in number, and Black Hawk's
+name carried with it associations of uncommon military talent, and of
+savage cunning and cruelty. General Atkinson proceeded to fortify his
+camp, at Dixon's ferry, and the Executive of the state made a call for
+more mounted volunteers. The Secretary at War sent about 1000 United
+States' troops from the sea-board to the scene of action; and General
+Winfield Scott was ordered to proceed to the north west, and direct the
+future operations of the campaign. A bloody border contest ensued. Many
+frontier families were massacred with savage ferocity, and some were
+carried into captivity. A party of Pottowattomies, thirty in number,
+fell upon a little settlement on Indian creek, one of the tributaries of
+Fox river, and murdered fifteen men, women and children, taking two
+prisoners, the Misses Hall; who were subsequently placed in charge of
+some Winnebagoes, and by them returned in safety, a few weeks
+afterwards, to their friends. At Kellog's grove, not far from Galena, in
+the early part of June, a party of Indians stole some horses. Captain J.
+W. Stephenson pursued them with twelve men. A skirmish ensued, which
+resulted in the death of three of our troops and five or six of the
+enemy. On the evening of the 14th of June, a party of eleven Sacs,
+killed five white men at Spafford's farm. General Dodge with twenty-nine
+men, followed and overtook them in a swamp, where the whole were shot
+down and scalped, they having first killed three of Dodge's men. The
+barbarous practice of scalping the dead, was in this case adopted by our
+troops and sanctioned by their officers.[9]
+
+On the 24th of June, the Indians made an attack upon the fort at Buffalo
+grove, twelve miles north of Dixon's ferry. It was defended by a hundred
+and fifty men, under the command of Captain Dement, some of whom, with
+about forty horses, were killed. The commander did not deem it prudent
+to march out and encounter the Indians, who finding that they could not
+take the fort, secured a quantity of provisions, some horses and cattle,
+and commenced a retreat. They had not proceeded far, before they were
+overtaken by a detachment of volunteers under Colonel Posey, who had
+come to relieve the fort. Black Hawk, who commanded the Indians in this
+affair, says, "We concealed ourselves until they came near enough, and
+then commenced yelling and firing and made a rush upon them. About this
+time their chief, with a party of men, rushed up to the rescue of those
+we had fired upon. In a little while they commenced retreating, and left
+their chief and a few braves, who seemed willing and anxious to fight.
+They acted like braves, but were forced to give way when I rushed upon
+them with my braves. In a short time, the chief returned with a larger
+party. He seemed determined to fight and anxious for battle. When he
+came near enough, I raised the yell, and firing commenced from both
+sides. The chief, who is a small man, addressed his warriors in a loud
+voice; but they soon retreated, leaving him and a few braves on the
+battle field. A great number of my warriors pursued the retreating
+party, and killed a number of their horses as they ran. The chief and
+his braves were unwilling to leave the field. I ordered my braves to
+rush upon them, and had the mortification of seeing two of my chiefs
+killed, before the enemy retreated. This young chief deserves great
+praise for his courage, but fortunately for us, his army was not all
+composed of such brave men."
+
+The Indians had about two hundred men in this engagement. The troops in
+the fort united with those under Colonel Posey, exceeded, in number
+Black Hawk's party. The loss of life was inconsiderable on either side.
+
+On the 4th of July, the main army under General Atkinson, arrived at the
+foot of lake Coshconong, formed by an expansion of Rock river, in the
+vicinity of which the Indians had been embodied. On the 9th of July,
+General Atkinson says, in a letter to General Scott, that he had not yet
+been enabled to find the Indians, who he supposes to be seven or eight
+hundred strong, his own force amounting to four hundred regulars and
+2100 mounted volunteers.
+
+Two brigades of the mounted volunteers, under General Dodge, pursued the
+Indians from this place towards Fort Winnebago. They were overtaken on
+the 21st of July, about sun down, on the banks of the Wisconsin. An
+attack was immediately made, and about forty of the Indians are supposed
+to have been killed. General Dodge lost one man and had eight wounded.
+The exact loss of the Indians in this engagement cannot be ascertained.
+One account places the number at sixteen.[10] Black Hawk says he had but
+fifty warriors with him in the engagement, the rest being engaged in
+assisting the women and children in crossing the Wisconsin to an
+island, to protect them from the fury of the whites: That he was
+compelled to fall back into a deep ravine where he continued to maintain
+his ground until dark, and until his people had had time to reach the
+island, and that he lost but six of his men. This is undoubtedly a
+mistake, owing in all probability to the interpreter in taking down his
+statement; for some of his men, subsequently, placed the number at
+sixty. The condition of the Indians at this time was most deplorable.
+Before breaking up their encampment, upon the Four Lakes, they were
+almost destitute of provisions. In pursuing their trail from this point
+to the Wisconsin, many were found literally starved to death. They were
+compelled to live upon roots, the bark of trees and horse flesh. A party
+of Black Hawk's band, including many women and children, now attempted
+to descend the Wisconsin upon rafts and in canoes, that they might
+escape, by recrossing the Mississippi. They were attacked however, in
+their descent, by troops stationed on the bank of the river, and some
+were killed, others drowned, a few taken prisoners, and the remainder,
+escaping to the woods, perished from hunger. Black Hawk, and such of his
+party as had not the means of descending the Wisconsin, having abandoned
+all idea of any farther resistance, and unwilling to trust themselves to
+a capitulation, now determined to strike across the country, and reach
+the Mississippi, some distance above the mouth of the former stream, and
+thus effect their escape. They struck it at a point opposite the Ioway,
+and about forty miles above the Wisconsin, losing on their route,
+many of their people from starvation. So soon as they reached the
+Mississippi, a part of the women and children, in such canoes as they
+could procure, undertook to descend it, to Prairie des Chiens, but many
+of them were drowned before they reached that place, and those who did
+arrive at it, were found to be in a starving condition. On the first of
+August, while in the act of crossing the Mississippi, an attack was made
+upon Black Hawk and his party by the steam boat Warrior, with an armed
+force on board. The commander of the boat, under date of Prairie des
+Chiens, 3d August 1832, gives the following account of it.
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE OF BAD-AXE.]
+
+"I arrived at this place on monday last, (July 30th) and was despatched
+with the Warrior alone, to Wapeshaws village, one hundred and twenty
+miles above, to inform them of the approach of the Sacs, and to order
+down all the friendly Indians to this place. On our way down we met one
+of the Sioux band, who informed us that the Indians, our enemies, were
+on Bad-axe river, to the number of four hundred. We stopped and cut some
+wood and prepared for action. About four o'clock on wednesday afternoon
+(August 1st) we found the _gentlemen_ [Indians] where he stated he left
+them. As we neared them, they raised a white flag, and endeavored to
+decoy us; but we were a little too old for them; for instead of landing,
+we ordered them to send a boat on board, which they declined. After
+about fifteen minutes delay, giving them time to remove a few of their
+women and children, we let slip a six-pounder, loaded with canister,
+followed by a severe fire of musketry; and if ever you saw straight
+blankets, you would have seen them there. I fought them at anchor most
+of the time and we were all very much exposed. I have a ball which came
+in close by where I was standing, and passed through the bulkhead of the
+wheel room. We fought them for about an hour or more until our wood
+began to fail, and night coming on, we left and went on to the prairie.
+This little fight cost them twenty-three killed, and of course a great
+many wounded. We never lost a man, and had but one man wounded, (shot
+through the leg.) The next morning before we could get back again, on
+account of a heavy fog, they had the whole [of General Atkinson's] army
+upon them. We found them at it, walked in, and took a hand ourselves.
+The first shot from the Warrior _laid out three_. I can hardly tell you
+any thing about it, for I am in great haste, as I am now on my way to
+the field again. The army lost eight or nine killed, and seventeen
+wounded, whom we brought down. One died on deck last night. We brought
+down thirty-six prisoners, women and children. I tell you what, _Sam_,
+there is no fun in fighting Indians, particularly at this season, when
+the grass is so very bright. Every man, and even my cabin-boy, fought
+well. We had sixteen regulars, five rifle men, and twenty of ourselves.
+Mr. How, of Platt, Mr. James G. Soulard, and one of the Rolettes, were
+with us and fought well."
+
+The flippant and vaunting style of this letter is in good keeping with
+the spirit which prompted the firing upon a flag of truce. By what
+circumstance the commander of the Warrior ascertained that this white
+flag was intended as a decoy, is left wholly unexplained. As he and his
+men, were beyond the reach of the Indians, humanity and the rules of
+war, required that he should have allowed himself more than _fifteen
+minutes_, to ascertain the true object of the Indians, in raising the
+symbol of a capitulation. Black Hawk himself, asserts that he directed
+his braves not to fire upon the Warrior, as he intended going on board
+in order to save the women and children; that he raised a white flag and
+called to the captain of the boat, desiring him to send his canoe on
+shore, that he might go on board, as he wanted to give himself up. The
+deplorable condition to which Black Hawk was at this time reduced,
+flying for safety to the west side of the Mississippi, encumbered by his
+women and children, and his whole party exhausted by fatigue and hunger,
+renders it extremely difficult to believe that any decoy was intended by
+him. Indeed, nothing can be more certain, than that he was most heartily
+desirous of ending the disastrous and fatal contest in which he had
+become involved, without the slaughter of any more of his people. If the
+thirst for blood had been less rapacious on the part of the Americans,
+or their respect for a flag of truce something greater, the further
+destruction of life would have been spared; and the nation preserved
+from the charge of having fired upon a flag, held sacred throughout the
+world.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+General Atkinson overtakes Black Hawk--Battle of the Bad Axe--Atkinson's
+  official report--Incidents of the Battle--Capture of Black Hawk and
+  the prophet--Naopope's statement to General Scott--General Scott and
+  Governor Reynolds conclude a treaty with the Sacs, Foxes and
+  Winnebagoes--Causes which led to the war--Motives for getting up
+  Indian wars--First attack made by the Illinois militia--Report of the
+  Secretary at War in regard to this campaign--General Macomb's letter
+  to General Atkinson--Secretary Cass' statement of the causes which led
+  to this war--Comments upon this statement, and its omissions pointed
+  out.
+
+
+After the battle upon the Wisconsin, the whole army, under the command
+of General Atkinson, crossed to the north side of that river, at Helena,
+and on the twenty-ninth of July, commenced the pursuit of the Indians,
+by forced marches, over a rugged and mountainous country. On the morning
+of the second of August, while ten miles from the Mississippi, it was
+ascertained that the enemy were upon the bank of that stream, near the
+Bad-axe, and in the act of crossing to the west side. Arrangements were
+immediately made for an attack. Gen. Dodge's squadron was placed in
+front, followed by the infantry, and these by the brigades of Henry,
+Alexander, and Posey. The army had proceeded in this order about five
+miles, when some Indians were discovered and fired upon. They
+immediately retreated to the main body, on the bank of the river. To
+prevent the possibility of the escape of the enemy, Generals Alexander
+and Posey, were directed to form the right wing of the army, and march
+to the river, above the Indian encampment, and then to move down along
+the bank. General Henry formed the left wing, and the United States'
+infantry and General Dodge's squadron, occupied the centre. In this
+order, the army descended a bluff bank into a river bottom, heavily
+timbered, and covered with weeds and brush-wood. General Henry first
+came upon a portion of the enemy, and commenced a heavy fire upon them,
+which was returned. General Dodge's squadron and the United States'
+troops, soon came into the action, and with General Henry's men, rushed
+upon the Indians, killing all in the way, except a few who succeeded in
+swimming a slough of the Mississippi, about a hundred and fifty yards
+wide. During this time the brigades of Alexander and Posey, in marching
+down the bank of the river, fell in with another party of Indians, and
+killed or routed the whole of them. When the Indians were driven to the
+brink of the river, a large number of men, women and children, plunged
+into the water to save themselves by swimming; but only a few escaped
+"our sharpshooters." The battle lasted about three hours. In the
+afternoon, of the same day, Generals Atkinson, Dodge and Posey,
+descended the Mississippi, to Prairie des Chiens, in the Warrior, and
+there awaited the arrival of the mounted volunteers, who reached that
+place on the fourth. Among the Indians who escaped the slaughter was
+Black Hawk. Twelve of those who effected their escape, were captured on
+the fourth, by a party of whites, from Cassville, under the command of
+Captain Price, and most of those who succeeded in reaching the west
+side of the Mississippi, were subsequently attacked by a party of
+hostile Sioux, and either killed or taken prisoners. The brief, but
+official account of this battle is given by the commanding general, in
+these words.
+
+
+  Head Quarters, First Artillery Corps, North-western Army
+                    Prairie des Chiens, Augt. 25, 1832.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to report to you that I crossed the Ouisconsin on
+the 27th and 28th ultimo, with a select body of troops, consisting of
+the regulars under Col. Taylor, four hundred in number, part of Henry's,
+Posey's and Alexander's brigades, amounting in all to 1300 men, and
+immediately fell upon the trail of the enemy, and pursued it by a forced
+march, through a mountainous and difficult country, till the morning of
+the 2d inst., when we came up with his main body on the left bank of the
+Mississippi, nearly opposite the mouth of the Ioway, which we attacked,
+defeated and dispersed, with a loss on his part of about a hundred and
+fifty men killed, thirty-nine women and children taken prisoners--the
+precise number could not be ascertained, as the greater portion was
+slain after being forced into the river. Our loss in killed and wounded,
+which is stated below, is very small in comparison with the enemy, which
+may be attributed to the enemy's being forced from his positions by a
+rapid charge at the commencement, and throughout the engagement--the
+remnant of the enemy, cut up and disheartened, crossed to the opposite
+side of the river, and has fled into the interior, with a view, it is
+supposed, of joining Keokuk and Wapello's bands of Sacs and Foxes.
+
+The horses of the volunteer troops being exhausted by long marches, and
+the regular troops without shoes, it was not thought advisable to
+continue the pursuit; indeed a stop to the further effusion of blood
+seemed to be called for, till it might be ascertained if the enemy would
+surrender.
+
+It is ascertained from our prisoners, that the enemy lost in the battle
+of the Ouisconsin sixty-eight killed and a very large number wounded;
+his whole loss does not fall short of three hundred;--after the battle
+on the Ouisconsin, those of the enemy's women and children, and some who
+were dismounted, attempted to make their escape by descending that
+river, but judicious measures being taken by Captain Loomis and Lieut.
+Street, Indian agent, thirty-two women and children and four men have
+been captured, and some fifteen men killed by the detachment under
+Lieut. Ritner.
+
+The day after the battle on this river, I fell down with the regular
+troops to this place by water, and the mounted men will join us to-day.
+It is now my purpose to direct Keokuk, to demand a surrender of the
+remaining principal men of the hostile party, which, from the large
+number of women and children we hold prisoners, I have every reason to
+believe will be complied with. Should it not, they should be pursued and
+subdued, a step Maj. Gen. Scott will take upon his arrival.
+
+I cannot speak too highly of the brave conduct of the regular and
+volunteer forces engaged in the last battle and the fatiguing march
+that preceded it, as soon as the reports of officers of the brigades and
+corps are handed in, they shall be submitted with further remarks.
+
+  5 killed, 2 wounded, 6th inft.
+            2   do.    5th inft.
+  1 captain, 5 privates Dodge's Bat. mounted.
+  1 Lieut. 6 privates Henry's
+  1 private wounded, Alexander's
+  1 private, Posey's.
+
+  I have the honor to be with great respect,
+    Yr. obt. servant,      H. ATKINSON,
+               Brevet Brig. Gen. U.S.A.
+
+  Maj. Gen. Macomb, Com. in Chief, Washington.
+
+
+The destruction of life in the battle of the Bad-axe, was not confined
+to the Indian warriors. Little discrimination seems to have been made
+between the slaughter of those in arms and the rest of the tribe. After
+they had sought refuge in the waters of the Mississippi, and the women,
+with their children on their backs, were buffeting the waves, in an
+attempt to swim to the opposite shore, numbers of them were shot by our
+troops. Many painful pictures might be recorded of the adventures and
+horrors of that day. One or two cases may be cited. A Sac woman, named
+Na-ni-sa, the sister of a warrior of some note among the Indians, found
+herself in the hottest of the fight. She succeeded at length in reaching
+the river, and keeping her infant child, close in its blanket, by force
+of her teeth, plunged into the water, seized hold upon the tail of a
+horse, whose rider was swimming him to the opposite shore, and was
+carried safely across the Mississippi. When our troops charged upon the
+Indians, in their defiles near the river, men, women and children were
+so huddled together, that the slaughter fell alike upon all of them. A
+young squaw was standing in the grass, a short distance from the
+American line, holding her child, a little girl of four years old, in
+her arms. In this position, a ball struck the right arm of the child,
+just above the elbow, and shattering the bone, passed into the breast of
+its young mother, and instantly killed her. She fell upon the child and
+confined it to the ground. When the battle was nearly over, and the
+Indians had been driven from this point, Lieutenant Anderson of the
+United States army, hearing the cries of the child, went to the spot,
+and taking it from under the dead mother, carried it to the place for
+surgical aid. The arm was amputated, and during the operation, the half
+starved child did not cry, but sat quietly eating a piece of hard
+biscuit. It was sent to Prairie des Chiens, and entirely recovered from
+its wound.
+
+When the fortunes of Black Hawk became desperate, his few straggling
+allies, from other tribes, not only deserted him, but joined his
+enemies. It is to two Winnebagoes, Decorie, and Chaetar, that the fallen
+chief is indebted for being taken captive. On the 27th of August, they
+delivered Black Hawk and the Prophet to the Indian agent, General
+Street, at Prairie des Chiens. Upon their delivery, Decorie, the
+One-eyed, rose and said:
+
+"My father, I now stand before you. When we parted, I told you I would
+return soon; but I could not come any sooner. We have had to go a great
+distance [to the Dalle, on the Wisconsin, above the portage.] You see we
+have done what you sent us to do. These, (pointing to the prisoners) are
+the two you told us to get. We have done what you told us to do. We
+always do what you tell us, because we know it is for our good. Father,
+you told us to get these men, and it would be the cause of much good to
+the Winnebagoes. We have brought them, but it has been very hard for us
+to do so. That one, Black Hawk was a great way off. You told us to bring
+them to you alive: we have done so. If you had told us to bring their
+heads alone, we would have done so, and it would have been less
+difficult than what we have done. Father, we deliver these men into your
+hands. We would not deliver them even to our brother, the chief of the
+warriors, but to you; because we know you, and we believe you are our
+friend. We want you to keep them safe; if they are to be hurt we do not
+wish to see it. Wait until we are gone before it is done. Father, many
+little birds have been flying about our ears of late, and we thought
+they whispered to us that there was evil intended for us; but now we
+hope these evil birds will let our ears alone. We know you are our
+friend, because you take our part, and that is the reason we do what you
+tell us to do. You say you love your red children: we think we love you
+as much if not more than you love us. We have confidence in you and you
+may rely on us. We have been promised a great deal if we would take
+these men--that it would do much good to our people. We now hope to see
+what will be done for us. We have come in haste; we are tired and
+hungry. We now put these men into your hands. We have done all that you
+told us to do."
+
+The agent, General Street, replied: "My children, you have done well. I
+told you to bring these men to me, and you have done so. I am pleased at
+what you have done. It is for your good, and for this reason I am
+pleased. I assured the great chief of the warriors, (General Atkinson)
+that if these men were in your country, you would find them and bring
+them to me, and now I can say much for your good. I will go down to Rock
+island with the prisoners, and I wish you who have brought these men,
+especially, to go with me, with such other chiefs and warriors as you
+may select. My children, the great chief of the warriors, when he left
+this place, directed me to deliver these and all other prisoners, to the
+chief of the warriors at this place, Col. Taylor, who is here by me.
+Some of the Winnebagoes, south of the Wisconsin, have befriended the
+Saukies, and some of the Indians of my agency have also given them aid.
+This displeases the great chief of the warriors, and your great father
+the President, and was calculated to do much harm. Your great father,
+the President at Washington, has sent a great war chief from the far
+east, General Scott, with a fresh army of soldiers. He is now at Rock
+Island. Your great father the President has sent him and the Governor
+and chief of Illinois to hold a council with the Indians. He has sent a
+speech to you, and wishes the chiefs and warriors of the Winnebagoes to
+go to Rock Island, to the council on the tenth of next month. I wish you
+to be ready in three days, when I will go with you. I am well pleased
+that you have taken the Black Hawk, the Prophet and other prisoners.
+This will enable me to say much for you to the great chief of the
+warriors, and to the president your great father. My children, I shall
+now deliver the two men, Black Hawk and the prophet, to the chief of the
+warriors here. He will take care of them till we start to Rock Island."
+
+Col. Taylor upon taking charge of the prisoners made a few remarks to
+their captors, after which Chaetar, the associate of Decorie, rose and
+said,
+
+"My father, I am young, and do not know how to make speeches. This is
+the second time I ever spoke to you before people. I am no chief; I am
+no orator; but I have been allowed to speak to you. If I should not
+speak as well as others, still you must listen to me. Father, when you
+made the speech to the chiefs, Waugh Kon Decorie Carramani, the one-eyed
+Decorie, and others, I was there. I heard you. I thought what you said
+to them, you also said to me. You said if these two, (pointing to Black
+Hawk and the prophet) were taken by us and brought to you, there would
+never more a black cloud hang over your Winnebagoes. Your words entered
+into my ear, my brains and my heart. I left here that same night, and
+you know that you have not seen me since until now. I have been a great
+way; I had much trouble; but when I remembered what you said, I knew
+what you said was right. This made me continue and do what you told me
+to do. Near the Dalle on the Wisconsin, I took Black Hawk. No one did it
+but me. I say this in the ears of all present, and they know it--and I
+now appeal to the Great Spirit, our grandfather, and the Earth, our
+grandmother, for the truth of what I say. Father, I am no chief, but
+what I have done is for the benefit of my nation, and I hope to see the
+good that has been promised us. That one, Wabokieshiek, the prophet, is
+my relation--if he is to be hurt, I do not wish to see it. Father,
+soldiers sometimes stick the ends of their guns into the backs of Indian
+prisoners, when they are going about in the hands of the guard. I hope
+this will not be done to this man."
+
+Naopope the second in command, with a few other Indians who escaped from
+the battle of the Bad-Axe, were also brought in by the Sioux, who being
+the ancient enemy of the Sacs and Foxes, seized upon this opportunity of
+waging war upon the remnant of Black Hawk's band. They were placed by
+General Street, in the custody of Colonel Taylor.
+
+On the seventh of September, the prisoners were placed on board the
+steam boat Winnebago, and sent down to Jefferson Barracks, a few miles
+below St. Louis. The arrival of General Scott at the scene of action,
+was unfortunately delayed until after the campaign was closed, in
+consequence of the Asiatic cholera having broken out, among the troops
+under his command, while ascending the lakes. The disease continued to
+rage among them, with dreadful mortality, for some time after their
+arrival at Rock island. Of course, this campaign added no new laurels to
+the military reputation of General Scott; but, by his humane and
+tireless exertions for the alleviation of the sufferings of his
+soldiers, he won for himself more true glory, than the most brilliant
+victory, over an Indian enemy, could confer.
+
+While at Rock Island, General Scott instituted some inquiries among the
+Indians, in regard to the difficulties between them and the whites.
+Among others interrogated was Naopope, the friend and counsellor of
+Black Hawk, who participated in the campaign, and on account of his
+courage and skill as a warrior, directed to a great extent, the
+movements of the band, from the period of their recrossing the
+Mississippi, until the battle of the Bad-Axe. His statement confirms the
+declaration of Black Hawk, that in coming over to the east side of the
+river, there was no intention of making war upon the frontier settlers;
+and that they really intended to surrender to Major Stillman, upon
+Sycamore creek, on the 14th of May, and actually sent a white flag, in
+evidence of their submission, which was fired upon by the American
+troops.
+
+"I always belonged to Black Hawk's band. Last summer I went to Malden;
+when I came back, I found that by the treaty with General Gaines, the
+Sacs had moved across the Mississippi. I remained during the winter
+with the Prophet, on Rock river, thirty-five miles above the mouth.
+During the winter the Prophet sent me across the Mississippi, to Black
+Hawk, with a message, to tell him and his band to cross back to his
+village and make corn: that if the Americans came and told them to
+remove again, they would shake hands with them. If the Americans had
+come and told us to move, we should have shaken hands, and immediately
+have moved peaceably. We encamped on Sycamore creek. We met some
+Pottowatomies and made a feast for them. At that time I heard there were
+some Americans [under Maj. Stillman] near us. I prepared a white flag to
+go and see them, and sent two or three young men on a hill to see what
+they were doing. Before the feast was finished, I heard my young men
+were killed. This was at sunset. Some of my young men ran out; two
+killed, and the Americans were seen rushing on to our camp. My young men
+fired a few guns, and the Americans ran off, and my young men chased
+them about six miles."
+
+Naopope further stated that the Pottowatomies immediately left them, and
+that none of the Kickapoos ever joined them. A few of the Winnebagoes
+did, and brought in scalps at different times; but so soon as they
+discovered that the whites were too powerful for the Sacks, they turned
+round and fought against them. Some of the other witnesses examined on
+this occasion, testify, that when Black Hawk saw the steam boat Warrior
+approaching them, on the first of August, he said he pitied the women
+and children; and, having determined to surrender to the commander of
+the boat, raised a white flag which was immediately fired upon. This
+fact is stated in the letter of the Captain of the Warrior, and is
+corroborated by Lieutenant Kingsbury, who had charge of the troops on
+board.
+
+Among the prisoners delivered to General Street, was the prophet
+Wabokieshiek, or the White Cloud, a stout, shrewd looking Indian about
+forty years of age. This individual exercised considerable influence
+over Black Hawk and his band. He had a village, called after him, upon
+Rock river, where he usually resided, and was recognized among the
+village chiefs. He claimed to be part Winnebago and part Sac, his father
+belonging to one and his mother to the other of these tribes. He wore a
+full suit of hair, with a white head-dress rising several inches above
+the top of his hair--a style of dress suited, it is supposed, to his
+profession. He seems to have had sagacity and cunning--two qualities
+essential to the character of a prophet, and without which they could
+not long retain their influence and sacred character. Wabokieshiek has
+been represented as the priest of assassination, but the evidence on
+which this charge is made, seems to be wanting. He was instrumental in
+persuading Black Hawk and his party to return to the east side of the
+Mississippi in 1832, and went down to the mouth of Rock river to meet
+them, and encourage the belief that the Americans would not interfere
+with them, so long as they refrained from any offensive operations. He
+made a speech to the braves and warriors of Black Hawk, in which he
+told them they had nothing to fear and much to gain: That the American
+war chief, would not molest them so long as they acted peaceably: That
+the time would come when they would be ready to pursue a different
+course; but that they must await such reinforcements as would enable
+them to resist the army of the whites. The Prophet was either duped
+himself, or playing upon the credulity of Black Hawk and Naopope. He was
+constantly giving them assurances of assistance from the other tribes
+and from their British Father at Malden. There may have been reason for
+expecting it from the former, but none from the latter. He entertained
+strong prejudices against the whites, and being naturally prone to
+mischief making, was willing to stir up the Indians to resistance,
+without caring for the results that would be likely to follow a border
+war. The likeness of him, which is here given, is said to convey a good
+idea of his style of dress and the expression of his face.
+
+[Illustration: WABOKIESHIEK, THE PROPHET]
+
+On the 21st of September, General Scott and Governor Reynolds concluded
+a treaty with the Winnebagoes, and the Sacs and Foxes; the provisions of
+which have been stated. For the faithful performance of it, on the part
+of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk and his two sons,
+Wabokieshiek the Prophet, Naopope and five other chiefs of the hostile
+band, should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the
+President. The remainder of the prisoners, captured during the
+campaign, were set at liberty.
+
+In recurring to the causes which led to this war and the spirit and
+military skill with which it was conducted, there is nothing on which a
+citizen of the United States can dwell with satisfaction. Looking alone
+to the official documents, that have been published on the subject, it
+would appear that the Indians were the aggressors--that they invaded the
+territory of the United States, marking their path with outrages upon
+the unoffending citizens; and that they were met, encountered, and
+defeated, under circumstances which shed renown upon the arms and humane
+policy of the government. But it is necessary, in doing justice to both
+parties in this contest, to destroy this flattering picture.
+
+Some of the causes which operated to render Black Hawk and his band,
+discontented with the conduct of the United States, and with their
+condition upon the west side of the Mississippi, have been enumerated.
+Whatever may have been their ulterior views, in returning within the
+limits of the state of Illinois, in the spring of 1832, it cannot be
+supposed that they came with any immediate hostile intentions. Had they
+been determined upon war, they would neither have encumbered themselves
+with their wives and children, nor have openly recrossed the
+Mississippi, near to Fort Armstrong, when they knew there was an officer
+of the United States army, with a body of troops, stationed at that
+point, for the express purpose of preserving peace upon the frontier.
+Such movements would have been at variance with the well known military
+policy of the Indians. Judging from the success of General Gaines, in
+removing this same band, in 1831, without blood shed, to the west side
+of the Mississippi, it has been supposed, that a pacific conference
+between the commandant of Fort Armstrong and Black Hawk, in 1832, before
+he had commenced his ascent up Rock river, would have resulted in the
+peaceable return of the Indians to their own hunting grounds. The
+condition of things at that time, warrants such a belief, and the
+subsequent declarations of the Indians, strengthen the opinion, that had
+the experiment been made, it would have been successful. It is true,
+that the commanding officer at Fort Armstrong, sent two messages to
+Black Hawk upon this subject; but the first is represented by the
+Indians to have been an _order_ for them to return; and the second, that
+if they did not, they would be pursued and _forced_ to recross the
+Mississippi. These efforts failed, but it does not follow that a
+friendly council upon the subject, would not have resulted differently.
+
+Many causes operate in bringing about an Indian war, and in plunging the
+government of the United States, prematurely and unnecessarily, into it.
+There is generally upon the frontiers a class of persons who have
+nothing to lose, and much to gain by such a contest. It gives them
+employment and circulates money among them. With such pioneer loafers,
+an Indian war is always popular. Then there is the "Indian Hater,"[11]
+a numerous and respectable body of men, to be found upon the frontier
+settlements, who, from having suffered in their persons and property by
+the barbarities and plunder of the Indians, have come at length to look
+upon them as no better than the wild beasts of the forest, and whose
+many atrocities make it a moral duty, on the part of the whites, to
+exterminate by fire and the sword. Again there is the regular _squatter_
+and land speculator, whose interest is always promoted by a war, because
+it usually results in driving the Indians further back from the
+frontier. Intermixed with these classes, are many quiet and worthy
+citizens, who with their families, have been carried to the frontiers,
+in the ordinary course of events, by the tide of emigration. These may
+have neither a desire for war nor a feeling of hostility towards the
+Indians, but when the tomahawk is raised, they contribute to swell the
+alarum, and oftentimes, by their very fears of a war, do much to bring
+it about. Finally, it is not to be disguised, that there are many
+individuals, in the states, who are prone to look to an Indian war, as a
+means of gratifying their love for adventure and excitement; or who,
+having political aspirations, are disposed to make the military renown,
+which may be gained in a campaign, the means of attaining civic honors.
+It is obvious, if there be any foundation for these positions, that an
+Indian war may oftentimes be undertaken without any just cause,
+prosecuted without system and terminated in dishonor to our government.
+
+When Black Hawk and his party rashly determined, in the spring of 1832,
+to recross the Mississippi, a fine opportunity was presented, for
+getting up a border war, and the necessary machinery was speedily put in
+motion. The old chief, with a few hundred braves and their women and
+children, carrying with them their cooking utensils and personal
+property, had no sooner reached the east bank of the Mississippi, than
+the alarm note was sounded upon the frontier, and echoed from cabin to
+cabin, until it was spread throughout the state of Illinois. The most
+dreadful anticipations of savage cruelty were indulged--the force of
+Black Hawk was greatly magnified--his thirst for vengeance upon the
+whites was only to be appeased by blood--the state was actually invaded
+by a powerful and remorseless enemy--and memorials and petitions, for an
+armed force to repulse the invaders and protect the frontiers, flowed in
+upon the Governor, from all quarters. Such was the excited state of
+public feeling, such the force of public sentiment, that little time was
+left for Executive deliberation. Governor Reynolds issued his
+proclamation, reiterating the dangers of the frontier, and calling for a
+body of the militia to march and protect it. A call under such
+circumstances was promptly responded to, and in a short time, a large
+body of mounted volunteers, embracing many of the most respectable and
+influential citizens of Illinois, were in the vicinity of the invading
+foe, and ready for co-operation with the regular troops under General
+Atkinson. A concentration of these two forces was made at Dixon's ferry,
+on Rock river, about thirty miles below the encampment of Black Hawk and
+his party. Had a conference now been sought with the Indians, their
+prompt submission cannot be doubted. Black Hawk, whatever might have
+been his previous expectations, had received no addition of strength
+from other tribes--he was almost destitute of provisions--had committed
+no act of hostility against the whites, and with all his women, children
+and baggage, was in the vicinity of an army, principally of mounted
+volunteers, many times greater than his own band of braves. He would
+probably have been glad of any reasonable pretext for retracing his
+precipitate steps. Unfortunately no effort for a council was made. A
+body of impetuous volunteers dashed on, without caution or order, to
+Sycamore creek, within three miles of the camp of a part of Black Hawk's
+party. He instantly sent a white flag to meet them for the purpose of
+holding a council, and agreeing to return to the west side of the
+Mississippi. Unfortunately, for the cause of humanity, as well as the
+good faith of the United States, this flag was held to be but a decoy,
+and without waiting to ascertain its true character, the bearers of it
+were fired upon and one of them killed. An onset was immediately made by
+Maj. Stillman upon Black Hawk, who finding there was no alternative but
+war, met our troops, and put them to flight in the manner already
+described. Emboldened by his brilliant success in this engagement, and
+finding that he would not be permitted to capitulate, he sent out his
+war parties, removed his women and children up Rock river, and a regular
+border war was commenced. The murders which his men committed upon the
+frontier settlers, naturally increased the alarm throughout the state,
+additional volunteers rushed to the seat of war, and the commanding
+General commenced his military operations for a regular campaign. In
+about two months, Black Hawk, having lost many of his men, in the
+different skirmishes with the American troops, and not a few of his
+women and children by actual starvation, found himself upon the bank of
+the Mississippi, endeavoring to escape the pursuing enemy, by crossing
+to the west side of that stream. While engaged in this act, the steam
+boat Warrior, having an armed force on board, ascended the river for the
+purpose of cutting off his retreat. Once more Black Hawk raised the
+white flag, and sought to surrender himself and his whole band, to the
+whites. Again his flag was looked upon as a decoy, and in fifteen
+minutes, a round of canister shot, from the boat, was fired, with deadly
+fatality into the midst of his men, women and children. The following
+morning, the main army, under General Atkinson, reached the scene of
+action. His force must have been six or eight times greater than that of
+the Indians, and by a judicious movement, the latter was promptly
+surrounded on three sides by the pursuing army, while on the other, the
+steam boat Warrior, the waters of the Mississippi, and a band of
+hostile Sioux on its west bank, precluded all chance of escape in that
+quarter. A demand upon the Indians, at this time, to surrender,
+unconditionally, would undoubtedly have been most cheerfully acceded to.
+But it appears not to have been made. It is probable that General
+Atkinson whose character for humanity, has always stood high, could not
+restrain the impetuosity of his troops long enough to propose a
+capitulation. They had been deeply excited by the murders perpetrated by
+the Black Hawk band--had been harassed by a long and fatiguing
+march--and perhaps felt, that the results of the campaign, thus far, had
+been rather inglorious to their arms. These causes may have conspired to
+precipitate them into a battle, which had been better spared than
+fought, inasmuch as it resulted, necessarily, in the death of a great
+many miserable women and children, who were already on the brink of the
+grave, from hunger and exhaustion.
+
+A brief recapitulation of a few of the events of this disastrous
+campaign, has thus been made, for the purpose of showing, that however
+hostile Black Hawk and his band may have been, originally, towards the
+whites, he did not make the first attack upon them; and that the war
+might in all probability have been prevented, or arrested in any stage
+of its progress, by the exercise of that forbearance, good faith and
+sound policy, which should ever be cherished by the United States.
+
+The official report of General Atkinson to General Macomb, after the
+battle of the Bad-axe has been quoted in full. On the 25th of November
+1832, the Secretary at War, Mr. Cass, in his annual report to the
+President, says, in speaking of this campaign,
+
+     "General Atkinson, with the regular troops and militia under his
+     command, pursued the Indians through a country very difficult to be
+     penetrated, of which little was known, and where much exertion was
+     required to procure regular supplies. These circumstances
+     necessarily delayed the operations, and were productive of great
+     responsibility to the commanding officer, and of great sufferings
+     and privations to all employed in this harassing warfare. The
+     Indians, however, were driven from their fastnesses, and fled
+     towards the Mississippi, with the intention of seeking refuge in
+     the country west of that river. They were immediately followed by
+     General Atkinson, with a mounted force, overtaken, and completely
+     vanquished. The arrangements of the commanding general, as well in
+     the pursuit as in the action, were prompt and judicious, and the
+     conduct of the officers and men was exemplary. The campaign
+     terminated in the unqualified submission of the hostile party, and
+     in the adoption of measures for the permanent security of the
+     frontiers, and the result has produced upon the Indians of that
+     region, a salutary impression, which it is to be hoped will prevent
+     the recurrence of similar scenes."
+
+On the 25th of October 1832, General Macomb transmitted to General
+Atkinson, the following letter, from the Secretary at War.
+
+
+                               Department at War, Oct. 24th. 1832.
+
+     SIR: The return of the President to the seat of government, enables
+     me to communicate to you his sentiments in relation to the
+     operations and result of the campaign, recently conducted under your
+     orders, against the hostile Indians; and it is with great pleasure,
+     I have received his instructions to inform you, that he appreciates
+     the difficulties you had to encounter; and that he has been highly
+     gratified at the termination of your arduous and responsible duties.
+     Great privations and embarrassments, necessarily attend such a
+     warfare, and particularly  in the difficult country occupied by the
+     enemy. The arrangements which led to the defeat of the Indians, were
+     adopted with judgment and pursued with decision, and the result was
+     honorable to yourself, and to the officers and men acting under your
+     orders.
+
+     I will thank you to communicate to the forces that served with you,
+     both regulars and militia, the feelings of the President upon this
+     occasion. I have the honor to be very respectfully, your obt.
+     servant.                                   LEWIS CASS.
+
+     Gen. H. Atkinson, Jefferson Barracks, Missouri.
+
+
+In the report of the Secretary at War which has just been referred to,
+there is the following statement of the causes which led to this
+contest. "The recent hostilities, commenced by the Sac and Fox Indians,
+may be traced to causes, which have been for some time in operation, and
+which left little doubt upon the minds of those acquainted with the
+savage character, that they were determined to commit some aggression
+upon the frontier. The confederated tribes of the Sacs and Foxes have
+been long distinguished for their daring spirit of adventure and for
+their restless and reckless disposition. At the commencement of the
+eighteenth century, one of these tribes made a desperate attempt to
+seize the post of Detroit; and during a period of forty years,
+subsequent to that effort, they caused great trouble and embarrassment
+to the French colonial government, which was only terminated by a most
+formidable military expedition, sent by that enterprizing people into
+their remote regions west of Green Bay. During the last war with Great
+Britain, this confederacy entered zealously into the contest, and was
+among the most active and determined of our enemies. After the peace
+their communication with the Canadian authorities was preserved; and, in
+every year, large parties of the most influential chiefs and warriors
+visited Upper Canada, and returned laden with presents. That this
+continued intercourse kept alive feelings of attachment to a foreign
+power and weakened the proper and necessary influence of the United
+States, is known to every one who has marked the progress of events and
+conduct of the Indians upon the north western frontier. The tribes upon
+the upper Mississippi, particularly the Sacs and Foxes and Winnebagoes,
+confident in their position and in their natural courage, and totally
+ignorant of the vast disproportion between their power, and that of the
+United States, have always been discontented, keeping the frontier in
+alarm, and continually committing some outrage upon the persons or
+property of the inhabitants. All this is the result of impulse, and is
+the necessary and almost inevitable consequence of institutions, which
+make war the great object of life. It is not probable, that any Indian
+seriously bent up on hostilities, ever stops to calculate the force of
+the white man, and to estimate the disastrous consequences which we know
+must be the result. He is impelled onward in his desperate career, by
+passions which are fostered and encouraged by the whole frame of
+society; and he is, very probably, stimulated by the predictions of some
+fanatical leader, who promises him glory, victory and scalps.
+
+"In this state of feeling, and with these incitements to war, the Sacs
+and Foxes claimed the right of occupying a part of the country on Rock
+river, even after it had been sold to citizens of the United States, and
+settled by them. In 1829 and in 1830, serious difficulties resulted from
+their efforts to establish themselves in that section, and frequent
+collisions were the consequence. Representations were made to them, and
+every effort, short of actual hostilities, used by the proper officers,
+to induce them to abandon their unfounded pretensions, and to confine
+themselves to their own country on the west side of the Mississippi
+river. These efforts were successful, with the well disposed portion of
+the tribes, but were wholly unavailing with the band known by the name
+of the "British party." In 1831, their aggressions were so serious, and
+the attitude they assumed, so formidable, that a considerable detachment
+of the army, and of the militia of Illinois, was called into the field;
+and the disaffected Indians, alarmed by the preparation for their
+chastisement, agreed to reside and hunt, "upon their own lands west of
+the Mississippi river," and that they would not recross this river to
+the usual place of their residence, nor to any part of their old hunting
+grounds east of the Mississippi, without the express permission of the
+President of the United States, or the Governor of the state of
+Illinois.
+
+"This arrangement had scarcely been concluded, before a flagrant outrage
+was committed, by a party of these Indians, upon a band of friendly
+Menomomies, almost under the guns of Fort Crawford. Twenty-five persons
+were wantonly murdered, and many wounded, while encamped in the Prairie
+du Chien, and resting in fancied security upon our soil, and under our
+flag. If an act like this, had been suffered to pass unnoticed and
+unpunished, a war between these tribes would have been the consequence,
+in which our frontiers would have been involved, and the character and
+influence of the government, would have been lost in the opinion of the
+Indians.
+
+"Apprehensive, from the course of events already stated, and from other
+circumstances, that the disaffected band of Sacs and Foxes, would again
+harass and disturb the settlements upon our borders, and determined that
+the murderers of the Menomenies should be surrendered or taken, the
+department ordered General Atkinson, on the 7th of March last, to ascend
+the Mississippi with the disposable regular troops at Jefferson
+barracks, and to carry into effect the instructions issued by your
+direction. Still further to strengthen the frontiers, orders were given
+for the re-occupation of Chicago.
+
+"The demand for the surrender of the Menomenie murderers was entirely
+disregarded: and the British party of the Sacs and Foxes recrossed the
+Mississippi, and assuming a hostile attitude, established themselves
+upon Rock river. The subsequent events are well known, and the result
+has already been stated in this report."
+
+In the annual report of Maj. General Macomb to Congress, of November
+1832, very much the same positions are taken in regard to the causes
+which led to this contest with the Indians, that are contained in the
+report from the War Department. Its leading object seems to be to place
+the United States in the right--the Indians in the wrong.
+
+It is to be regretted that the Honorable Secretary, whose opinions and
+statements on all subjects connected with the Indians, carry with them
+great weight, had not been more explicit, in assigning the causes which
+led to the late war, with a portion of the Sacs and Foxes. It is not to
+be supposed that the Secretary would designedly omit any thing, which in
+his opinion, was necessary, to a fair presentation of this matter; but
+as the case stands, his statement does not, it is believed, do justice
+to the Indians. The Secretary says the Sacs and Foxes "have always been
+discontented, keeping the frontier in alarm, and continually committing
+some outrage on the persons or property of the inhabitants." Between the
+treaty of peace at Portage des Sioux, in 1816, and the attack of Major
+Stillman, in 1832, it is supposed that the Sacs and Foxes never killed
+one American; and, their aggressions upon the persons and property of
+the whites, consisted principally, in an attempt to retain possession of
+their village and corn-fields, when pressed upon by the white settlers,
+who, in violation of the laws of Congress and express treaty provisions,
+were committing outrages upon the Indians: The report of the Secretary
+further states, that the Sacs and Foxes "claimed the right of occupying
+a part of the country upon Rock river, even after it had been sold to
+citizens of the United States, and settled by them." But the report does
+not state that under the treaty of 1804, by which these lands were
+ceded, it is expressly provided that so long as they remain the property
+of the United States, the Indians of said tribes shall enjoy the
+privilege of "living and hunting upon them;" it does not state that for
+six or eight years before the government had sold an acre of land upon
+Rock river, the white settlers were there, in violation of the laws,
+trespassing upon these Indians, and thus creating that very hostility of
+feeling, which, is subsequently cited as a reason for the chastisement
+inflicted upon them by the United States: it does not state, that in the
+year 1829, government, for the purpose of creating a pretext for the
+removal of the Indians from Rock river, directed a few quarter sections
+of land, including the Sac village, to be sold, although the frontier
+settlements of Illinois had not then reached within fifty or sixty miles
+of that place, and millions of acres of land around it, were unoccupied
+and unsold: it does not state that instead of requiring the Indians to
+remove from the quarter sections thus prematurely sold, to other lands
+on Rock river, owned by the United States, and on which, under the
+treaty, they had a right to hunt and reside, they were commanded to
+remove to the west side of the Mississippi: it does not state, that the
+"serious aggressions" and "formidable attitude" assumed by the "British
+party," in 1831, consisted in their attempt to raise a crop of corn and
+beans, in throwing down the fences of the whites who were enclosing
+their fields, in "pointing deadly weapons" at them and in "stealing
+their potatoes:" it does not state that the murder of the Menominie
+Indians, at Fort Crawford, by a party of the "British band," was in
+retaliation, for a similar "flagrant outrage," committed the summer
+previous, by the Menominies, upon Peah-mus-ka, a principal chief of the
+Foxes and nine or ten of his tribe, who were going up to Prairie des
+Chiens on business and were within one day's travel of that place: it
+does not state that one reason assigned by the "British party" for
+refusing to surrender the murderers of the Menominies, was the fact that
+the government had not made a similar demand of that tribe for the
+murderers of the Sacs: it does not state that the "hostile attitude"
+assumed by the Sacs and Foxes, in 1832, after recrossing the
+Mississippi, and their establishment on Rock river, simply amounted to
+this; that they came over with their women and children for the avowed
+purpose of raising a crop of corn with the Winnebagoes--were temporarily
+encamped on that stream--had committed no outrage upon person or
+property--and were actually engaged in entertaining some guests with a
+dog-feast, when the Illinois militia approached their camp, and killed
+the bearer of a white flag, which Black Hawk sent to them, in token of
+his peaceable disposition. These may be unimportant omissions, in the
+opinion of the Secretary, but in looking to the causes which led to this
+contest, and the spirit in which it was conducted, they have been deemed
+of sufficient importance, to receive a passing notice, when referring to
+his report.
+
+The opinion has been expressed more than once in the course of this
+work, that there was in reality, no necessity for this war. A firm but
+forbearing course of policy, on the part of the United States, towards
+this discontented fragment of the Sacs and Foxes, would, it is believed,
+have prevented any serious aggression upon our people or their property.
+Certain it is, that a few thousand dollars, superadded to a humane
+spirit of conciliation, would have effected the permanent removal of
+Black Hawk and his band, to the west side of the Mississippi: and, as
+the government was not contending with them, in support of its national
+faith, nor about to punish them for an insult to its national honour,
+there could have been no disgrace in purchasing the settlement of the
+difficulty, on such terms. It has been stated that in the spring of
+1831, Black Hawk agreed to remove his band to the west side of the
+Mississippi, and relinquish all claims to the lands upon Rock river, if
+the United States would pay him six thousand dollars, with which to
+purchase provisions and other necessaries for his people; and that the
+Indian agent at St. Louis, was informed of this fact. Moreover, it has
+been publicly alleged that before the campaign against Black Hawk, in
+the summer of 1832, the President and Secretary at War, were both
+informed, that the "British Band" of the Sacs and Foxes, could be
+peaceably removed to the west side of the Mississippi for six or eight
+thousand dollars. The secretary was assured, in the presence of a member
+of congress, that the inquiry had been made by a person familiar with
+the Indians, and the fact of their willingness to remove upon these
+terms distinctly ascertained.[12]
+
+Under the treaty of 1804, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States,
+more than twenty millions of acres of first rate land, for less than
+twenty thousand dollars. Black Hawk not only contended for the
+invalidity of this treaty, but insisted that the price paid by the
+United States was wholly below the value of the land. Under such
+circumstances, the course of the government was obvious--to have quieted
+the complaints of the Indians and secured their peaceable removal to the
+west, by a second purchase of their interest to the territory in
+question. Had it cost twenty, fifty or one hundred thousand dollars, to
+effect this object, our country would still have been the gainer, both
+by the preservation of the national faith and the national treasure--for
+the former was wantonly violated, and the latter uselessly squandered.
+The contest with Black Hawk and his party, destroyed the lives of four
+or five hundred Indian men, women and children--about two hundred
+citizens of the United States--and cost the government near two millions
+of dollars! Such are the results of a war commenced and waged by a great
+nation, upon a remnant of poor ignorant savages;--a war which had its
+origin in avarice and political ambition, which was prosecuted in bad
+faith and closed in dishonor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Black Hawk, Naopope, the Prophet and others confined at Jefferson
+  Barracks--In April 1833 sent to Washington--Interview with the
+  President--sent to Fortress Monroe--Their release--Visit the eastern
+  cities--Return to the Mississippi--Conference at Rock island between
+  Maj. Garland, Keokuk, Black Hawk and other chiefs--speeches of Keokuk,
+  Pashshepaho and Black Hawk--Final discharge of the hostages--Their
+  return to their families--Black Hawk's visit to Washington in
+  1837--His return--His personal appearance--Military
+  talents--Intellectual and moral character.
+
+
+Black Hawk, his two sons, Naopope, Wabokiesheik, and the other
+prisoners, who under the treaty of 21st September, were to be held as
+hostages, during the pleasure of the president, having been sent down
+the Mississippi, to Jefferson Barracks, under charge of Lieutenant
+Davis, were immediately put in irons, a measure of precaution,
+apparently, as unnecessary as it was cruel.
+
+"We were now confined," says the old chief, "to the barracks, and forced
+to wear the _ball and chain_! This was extremely mortifying, and
+altogether useless. Was the White Beaver [Gen. Atkinson] afraid that I
+would break out of his barracks and run away? Or was he ordered to
+inflict this punishment upon me? If I had taken him prisoner upon the
+field of battle, I would not have wounded his feelings so much, by such
+treatment, knowing that a brave war chief would prefer death to
+dishonor. But I do not blame the White Beaver for the course he
+pursued--it is the custom among white soldiers, and I suppose was a part
+of his duty.
+
+"The time dragged heavily and gloomily along throughout the winter,
+although the White Beaver did every thing in his power to render us
+comfortable. Having been accustomed throughout a long life, to roam
+through the forests--to come and go at liberty--confinement under any
+such circumstances, could not be less than torture.
+
+"We passed away the time making pipes, until spring, when we were
+visited by the agent, trader, and interpreter, from Rock Island, Keokuk,
+and several chiefs and braves of our nation, and my wife and daughter. I
+was rejoiced to see the two latter, and spent my time very agreeably
+with them and my people as long as they remained."
+
+During the winter they were visited by a great number of persons, one of
+whom remarks, "We were immediately struck with admiration at the
+gigantic and symmetrical figures of most of the warriors, who seemed as
+they reclined, in native ease and gracefulness, with their half naked
+bodies exposed to view, rather like statues from some master hand, than
+beings of a race whom we had heard characterized as degenerate and
+debased. They were clad in leggins and moccasins of buckskin, and wore
+blankets, which were thrown around them in the manner of the Roman toga,
+so as to leave their right arms bare. The youngest among them were
+painted on their necks, with a bright vermilion color, and had their
+faces transversely streaked, with alternate red and black stripes. From
+their faces and eyebrows, they pluck out the hair with the most
+assiduous care. They also shave or pull it out from their heads, with
+the exception of a tuft about three fingers width, extending from
+between the forehead and crown to the back of the head; this they
+sometimes plait into a queue on the crown, and cut the edges of it down
+to an inch in length, and plaster it with the vermilion which keeps it
+erect, and gives it the appearance of a cock's comb." The same writer
+adds, that, "but for the want of that peculiar expression which emanates
+from a cultivated intellect," Nasinewiskuk, the eldest son of Black
+Hawk, could have "been looked upon as the very personification, of the
+_beau ideal_ of manly beauty." Among their many visitors while at this
+place, was the distinguished author of the "Sketch Book," who in a
+letter, under date of 18th of Dec. 1832, says, "From St. Louis, I went
+to Fort Jefferson, about nine miles distant, to see Black Hawk, the
+Indian warrior and his fellow prisoners--a forlorn crew--emaciated and
+dejected--the redoubtable chieftain himself, a meagre old man upwards of
+seventy. He has, however, a fine head, a Roman style of face, and a
+prepossessing countenance."[13] When Catlin the artist, visited
+Jefferson Barracks for the purpose of painting the portraits of these
+chiefs, and was about to commence the likeness of Naopope, he seized the
+ball and chain that were fastened to his leg, and raising them on high,
+exclaimed with a look of scorn, "make me so, and show me to the great
+father." Upon the artist's refusing to paint him as he wished, he kept
+varying his countenance with grimaces, to prevent him from catching a
+likeness.
+
+During the visit of Keokuk to Jefferson Barracks, he made exertions to
+obtain the release of the prisoners, pledging himself to the Indian
+agent at St. Louis, and to General Atkinson, to be responsible for their
+good conduct in future. Soon afterwards, however, the General received
+orders from the secretary at war to have the prisoners sent to
+Washington city. It was in the latter part of April, 1833, that they
+reached the capitol, under the escort of an officer of the army. In the
+first interview between President Jackson and Black Hawk, the latter is
+represented to have said, "I am a man and you are another." In the
+course of their interview, the President informed him that he and his
+companions must proceed on the following day to Fortress Monroe, there
+to remain, until the conduct of their people at home was such as to
+justify their being set at liberty. In reply to this, the Prophet said,
+"We expected to return immediately to our people. The war in which we
+have been involved was occasioned by our attempting to raise provisions
+on our own lands, or where we thought we had a right so to do. We have
+lost many of our people, as well as the whites. Our tribes and families
+are now exposed to the attacks of our enemies, the Sioux, and the
+Menominies. We hope, therefore, to be permitted to return home to take
+care of them." Black Hawk concluded his address to the President, which
+embraced a history of the late war, by saying, "We did not expect to
+conquer the whites, no. They had too many houses, too many men. I took
+up the hatchet, for my part, to revenge injuries which my people could
+no longer endure. Had I borne them longer without striking, my people
+would have said, Black Hawk is a woman. He is too old to be a chief--he
+is no Sac. These reflections caused me to raise the war-whoop. I say no
+more of it; it is known to you. Keokuk once was here; you took him by
+the hand, and when he wished to return to his home, you were willing.
+Black Hawk expects, that, like Keokuk, we shall be permitted to return
+too." The President gave them assurances that their women and children
+should be protected from the Sioux and the Menominies, and that so soon
+as he was satisfied that peace was restored on the frontiers, they
+should be permitted to return home.
+
+On the 26th of April, they set off for Fortress Monroe, at Old Point
+Comfort, where they remained until the fourth of June, when, an order
+was received, from the President, by the commanding officer, for the
+liberation of the Indian captives. The kind treatment of the prisoners
+by Colonel Eustis, then in command at Fortress Monroe, had won greatly
+upon their regard. When about to depart, Black Hawk waited upon the
+Colonel, and said;--
+
+"Brother, I have come on my own part, and in behalf of my companions, to
+bid you farewell. Our great father has at length been pleased to permit
+us to return to our hunting grounds. We have buried the tomahawk, and
+the sound of the rifle will hereafter only bring death to the deer and
+the buffalo. Brother, you have treated the red men very kindly. Your
+squaws have made them presents, and you have given them plenty to eat
+and drink. The memory of your friendship will remain till the Great
+Spirit says it is time for Black Hawk to sing his death-song. Brother,
+your houses are as numerous as the leaves upon the trees, and your young
+warriors, like the sands upon the shore of the big lake that rolls
+before us. The red man has but few houses, and few warriors, but the red
+man has a heart which throbs as warmly as the heart of his white
+brother. The Great Spirit has given us our hunting grounds, and the skin
+of the deer which we kill there, is his favorite, for its color is
+white, and this is the emblem of peace. This hunting dress and these
+feathers of the eagle are white. Accept them, my brother; I have given
+one like this to the White Otter. Accept of it as a memorial of Black
+Hawk. When he is far away this will serve to remind you of him. May the
+Great Spirit bless you and your children--farewell."
+
+On the fifth of June, under the charge of Major John Garland of the
+United States army, Black Hawk and his five companions, took their
+departure from Fortress Monroe. Before leaving the Chesapeake, they
+visited Norfolk and the Navy Yard at Gosport. They were taken on board
+the Delaware, 74, and were much delighted with its appearance. Black
+Hawk expressed a strong desire to see the chief who commanded it, and
+to take the man who built it, by the hand.
+
+At Norfolk a large concourse of persons visited them. Wabokieshiek, the
+prophet, addressed them from the balcony of their hotel, as follows:
+
+"The Great Spirit sent us here, and now happily we are about to return,
+to our own Mississippi, and our own people. It affords us much happiness
+to rejoin our friends and kindred. We would shake hands with all our
+white friends assembled here. Should any of them go to our country on
+the Mississippi, we would take pleasure in returning their kindness to
+us. We will go home with peaceable dispositions towards our white
+brethren, and make our conduct hereafter, more satisfactory to them. We
+bid you all farewell, as it is the last time we shall see each other."
+
+Black Hawk made a few remarks, and at one o'clock, June the fifth, they
+started for Baltimore, which place they reached at eleven o'clock on the
+following day, and were greeted by crowds of curious spectators. The
+renown of Black Hawk had every where preceded him, and all were anxious
+to behold the old chief whose name and deeds had excited so much
+commotion on the frontiers of the north west. The President happened to
+be in Baltimore at the same time, and, the "monumental city" was never,
+perhaps, honored by the presence of two more distinguished "lions" upon
+the same day, than upon this occasion. They both attended the theatre on
+the evening of the sixth; and, it is said, that the attention of the
+house was very equally divided between them. On the following day an
+interview took place between them, when the President said to the old
+chief;--
+
+"When I saw you in Washington, I told you that you had behaved very
+badly, in raising the tomahawk against the white people, and killing
+men, women and children upon the frontier. Your conduct last year,
+compelled me to send my warriors against you, and your people were
+defeated, with great loss, and your men surrendered, to be kept until I
+should be satisfied, that you would not try to do any more injury. I
+told you, I would enquire whether your people wished you to return, and,
+whether if you did return, there would be any danger to the frontier.
+Gen. Clark and Gen. Atkinson, whom you know, have informed me that
+Sheckak, your principal chief, and the rest of your people are anxious
+you should return, and Keokuk has asked me to send you back. Your chiefs
+have pledged themselves for your good conduct, and I have given
+directions that you should be taken to your own country.
+
+"Maj. Garland who is with you will conduct you through some of our
+towns. You will see the strength of the white people. You will see that
+our young men are as numerous, as the leaves in the woods. What can you
+do against us? You may kill a few women and children, but such a force
+would soon be sent against you, as would destroy your whole tribe. Let
+the red men hunt and take care of their families, but I hope they will
+not again raise their hands against their white brethren. We do not
+wish to injure you. We desire your prosperity and improvement. But if
+you again plunge your knives into the breasts of our people, I shall
+send a force, which will severely punish you for all your cruelties.
+When you go back, listen to the councils of Keokuk and the other
+friendly chiefs. Bury the tomahawk and live in peace with the frontiers.
+And I pray the Great Spirit to give you a smooth path and a fair sky to
+return."
+
+The reply of Black Hawk to this address, was brief, and the Prophet
+merely said,
+
+"My father,--my ears are open to your words. I am glad to hear them. I
+am glad to go back to my people. I want to see my family. I did not
+behave well last summer. I ought not to have taken up the tomahawk. But
+my people have suffered a great deal. When I get back I will remember
+your words. I won't go to war again. I will live in peace. I shall hold
+you by the hand."
+
+The object of the President, in directing the captives to be taken home
+through some of the principal cities of the union, was to exhibit to
+them the extent of the population, wealth, and means of defence of the
+United States; in the hope, that such impressions would be made on their
+minds, as would induce them to refrain from creating disturbances in
+future upon the frontiers. They were accordingly directed to be carried
+as far north as Boston, and thence through Albany, Buffalo and Detroit,
+to their own country.
+
+The captives reached Philadelphia on the 10th of June, and remained at
+Congress Hall, until the 14th. During their stay in the city, which was
+prolonged to four or five days, they visited the United States' Mint,
+the Fair Mount Water Works and other objects of curiosity. They had also
+an opportunity of witnessing a grand military display in front of their
+quarters in Congress Hall. Black Hawk wished to know if these were the
+same soldiers, who were in his country last summer. In making reference
+to his late contest with the United States, he said to those around him,
+
+"My heart grew bitter against the whites, and my hands strong. I dug up
+the tomahawk, and led on my warriors to fight. I fought hard. I was no
+coward. Much blood was shed. But the white men were mighty. They were
+many as the leaves of the forest. I and my people failed. I am sorry the
+tomahawk was raised. I have been a prisoner. I see the strength of the
+white men. They are many, very many. The Indians are but few. They are
+not cowards. They are brave, but they are few. While the Great Spirit
+above, keeps my heart as it now is, I will be the white man's friend. I
+will remain in peace. I will go to my people and speak good of the white
+man. I will tell them, they are as the leaves of the forest. Very
+many--very strong; and that I will fight no more against them."
+
+On the morning of the 14th, they set off for New York, and reached that
+city at 5 P.M. and had an opportunity, at the moment of their arrival at
+the Battery, of beholding the greatest assemblage of people they had
+yet seen, drawn together to witness the ascent of a balloon from Castle
+Garden. This novel spectacle, greatly astonished the Indians, and one of
+them asked the prophet, if the aeronaut was "going to see the Great
+Spirit." When the crowd ascertained that Black Hawk and his party were
+on the steam boat, the air resounded with shouts of welcome. Upon their
+landing, such was the press of the multitude to get a look at the
+strangers, that they could not reach their lodgings until placed in
+carriages, and committed to the charge of the police officers. They were
+finally, with much difficulty, taken to the Exchange Hotel, which was
+immediately surrounded by thousands of people, who would not retire to
+their houses, until "General Black Hawk," had presented himself several
+times at the window, and graciously bowed to the eager and admiring
+multitude. During their whole visit to the city of New York, they were
+treated with marked attention. Their rooms were crowded, daily, with
+ladies and gentlemen, and they were conducted with ceremony to the
+theatres, the public gardens, the arsenal, and other places of interest.
+Speeches were made to them, and they received many handsome presents.
+Among other civilities, John A. Graham, Esq., waited upon them, and made
+the following address.
+
+"Brothers, open your ears. You are brave men. You have fought like
+tigers, but in a bad cause. We have conquered you. We were sorry last
+year, that you raised the tomahawk against us; but we believe you did
+not know us then as you do now. We think that in time to come, you will
+be wise and that we shall be friends forever. You see that we are a
+great people--numerous as the flowers of the field, as the shells on the
+sea-shore, or the fish in the sea. We put one hand on the eastern, and,
+at the same time, the other on the western ocean. We all act together.
+If some time our great men talk long and loud at our council fires, but
+shed one drop of white men's blood, our young warriors, as thick as the
+stars of the night, will leap on board of our great boats, which fly on
+the waves, and over the lakes--swift as the eagle in the air--then
+penetrate the woods, make the big guns thunder, and the whole heavens
+red with the flames of the dwellings of their enemies. Brothers, the
+President has made you a great talk. He has but one mouth. That one has
+sounded the sentiments of all the people. Listen to what he has said to
+you. Write it on your memories. It is good--very good.
+
+"Black Hawk, take these jewels, a pair of topaz earrings, beautifully
+set in gold, for your wife or daughter, as a token of friendship,
+keeping always in mind, that women and children are the favorites of the
+Great Spirit. These jewels are from an old man, whose head is whitened
+with the snows of seventy winters, an old man who has thrown down his
+bow, put off his sword, and now stands leaning on his staff, waiting the
+commands of the Great Spirit. Look around you, see all this mighty
+people, then go to your homes, open your arms, to receive your families.
+Tell them to bury the hatchet, to make bright the chain of friendship,
+to love the white men, and to live in peace with them, as long as the
+rivers run into the sea, and the sun rises and sets. If you do so, you
+will be happy. You will then ensure the prosperity of unborn generations
+of your tribes, who will go hand in hand with the sons of the white men,
+and all shall be blessed by the Great Spirit. Peace and happiness by the
+blessing of the Great Spirit attend you. Farewell."
+
+Black Hawk accepted the present and said in reply.
+
+"Brother, we like your talk. We will be friends. We like the white
+people. They are very kind to us. We shall not forget it. Your counsel
+is good. We shall attend to it. Your valuable present shall go to my
+squaw. We shall always be friends."
+
+While at New York, Major Garland came to the determination not to take
+the captives to Boston, but to ascend the North river, and proceed
+directly to the west. This created much disappointment, among the
+citizens of that city, who were generally anxious to behold the "great
+agitator" of the north western frontier.
+
+In pursuance of this new arrangement, on the 22d of June, the party left
+New York, in a steam boat for Albany, where they arrived on the
+following day. At this city, they were met by a crowd of spectators,
+drawn together by their anxiety to see Black Hawk, so numerous, that it
+was found necessary to disguise the Indians, in order to enable them to
+reach their lodgings. They remained in Albany until the morning of the
+25th, when they departed for Buffalo, which place they reached on the
+twenty-eighth. During their stay in Buffalo which lasted for three days,
+they had an interesting interview with some of the Seneca Indians, who
+are residing on their reservation near that place. They were addressed
+by Karlundawana, a worthy Seneca chief, who after expressing the
+pleasure of his people to meet the Sacs and Foxes, and referring to the
+condition of the Indians generally, respectfully counselled Black Hawk
+and his party, to return home in a peaceable mind; to take up the
+tomahawk no more against the white people; but to cultivate the earth,
+and be happy. Black Hawk replied, "Our aged brother of the Senecas, who
+has spoken to us, has spoken the words of a good and a wise man. We are
+strangers to each other, though we have the same color, and the same
+Great Spirit made us all, and gave us this country together. Brothers we
+have seen how great a people the whites are. They are very rich and very
+strong. It is folly for us to fight with them. We shall go home with
+much knowledge. For myself I shall advise my people to be quiet, and
+live like good men. The advice which you gave us, brother, is very good,
+and we tell you now we mean to walk the straight path in future, and to
+content ourselves with what we have, and with cultivating our lands."
+
+From Buffalo the captives were taken by water to Detroit, where their
+reception is said to have been much less enthusiastic than in the other
+cities through which they had passed. It was stated in the newspapers of
+the day, that they were burnt in effigy in that place. Black Hawk, in
+visiting the the former residence of Governor Cass, remarked, "This is
+the old council ground. I have had much good counsel here; but my trail
+led to the opposite shore, and my ears were closed." Their visit to
+Detroit being over, they proceeded to Green Bay, and thence descended
+the Wisconsin to the Mississippi and down that river to Fort Armstrong,
+on Rock Island, which place they reached about the first of August. In
+passing by the site of the old Sac village, Black Hawk was deeply
+affected, and expressed much regret for the causes which compelled him
+to emigrate beyond the Mississippi. The return of the Prophet was also
+attended with melancholy associations. His village over which he had
+long presided, was entirely broken up--his wigwam in ashes--his family
+dispersed, and, he, a suppliant for a home in the village of some other
+chief.
+
+Fort Armstrong, was chosen by Major Garland as the most appropriate spot
+for the ceremonies of the liberation of Black Hawk and his party; as its
+central position, would enable him to assemble, at a short notice, many
+Indians from the surrounding villages. This was the favorite island of
+the Indians; in former years abundant in fruits and flowers; and, from
+time immemorial the fancied abode of a good Spirit, which watched over
+their village, and protected their hunting grounds. No spot could have
+been selected, calculated to awaken so many painful associations in the
+mind of Black Hawk, as Rock Island. For half a century it had been the
+witness of his power and influence; it was now to become the scene of
+his disgrace, and reluctant submission to a rival.
+
+[Illustration: TREATY AT FORT ARMSTRONG.]
+
+Immediately after Major Garland's arrival at Fort Armstrong, he sent out
+runners for the purpose of assembling the neighboring Indians. The
+messenger despatched for Keokuk and his chiefs, found them encamped
+about twenty miles below the island, having just returned from a buffalo
+hunt, and being on their way to fort Armstrong, in expectation of
+meeting the returning captives. The runner returned that night, and
+reported to Major Garland, that on the morrow, Keokuk with a party of
+braves would reach Rock Island. About noon, on the following day, the
+sound of the Indian drum, and the shouts and wild songs of his people,
+announced the approach of the princely Keokuk. He ascended the
+Mississippi by water, and led the van with two large canoes, lashed side
+by side, handsomely decorated, with a canopy erected over them, beneath
+which sat the chief and his three wives, with the American flag waving
+over them. More than twenty canoes followed the chieftain, each
+containing from four to eight of his warriors, whose shouts and songs,
+swept over the transparent waters of the Mississippi, and were echoed
+from shore to shore. This fleet of canoes, was rowed slowly up the
+stream, until it passed the camp of the captives; it then returned and
+the party landed on the bank of the river, opposite to the camp of Black
+Hawk. Here Keokuk and his party spent several hours in arranging their
+dress, painting their faces and equipping themselves with their
+implements of war. This duty of the toilet being finished, they
+returned to their canoes, resumed their songs, and proceeded directly
+across the river. Keokuk, very elegantly dressed, decorated with his
+medals and fully armed, was the first to land, and turning to his
+followers, said, "The Great Spirit has sent our brother back. Let us
+shake hands with him in friendship." He then proceeded slowly, followed
+by his warriors, towards Black Hawk, who was seated, with his party, in
+front of his temporary lodge, leaning upon his staff, and deeply
+affected by the occasion. Keokuk kindly extended his hand to him, which
+the old man took with some cordiality. Having saluted the rest of the
+captives, he took a seat, his companions following his example. For some
+time all was silence--no one presuming to utter a word until the chief
+had spoken. At last, Keokuk inquired of Black Hawk how long he had been
+upon the road; and, remarked that he had been expecting his arrival, and
+was coming up the river to meet him, when met by the messenger of Major
+Garland. The pipe was now introduced and passed round among both
+parties, and an interchange of friendly civilities ensued. After an hour
+of alternate smoking and talking, Keokuk arose and shook hands with
+Black Hawk, saying he should return to-morrow; and then recrossed the
+river in silence. A considerable part of that night was spent by the
+chief and his party in singing and dancing.
+
+The grand council, for the final liberation of the captives, was held,
+with all due solemnity, upon the ensuing day. It presented the novel
+spectacle of a chief, compelled by a third power, to acknowledge the
+authority of a rival, and formally descend from the rank which he had
+long sustained among his people. Fort Armstrong presented a commodious
+room, for the ceremonies of the day, and it was fitted up for the
+occasion. About ten o'clock in the forenoon, Keokuk and one hundred
+followers, recrossed the river, and proceeded in martial array to the
+garrison. They were conducted into the council room, and shown the seats
+which they were to occupy. Keokuk was seated with Pashepahow (the
+Stabber) on one side, Wapellar (the little Prince) on the other. The
+former a chief of the Sacs, the latter of the Foxes. The remainder of
+his band took their seats in the rear, and maintained throughout the
+ceremony, profound silence.
+
+It was not long before Black Hawk and his associates, made their
+appearance. As they entered the room, Keokuk and the two chiefs by his
+side, arose and greeted them. They were seated directly opposite to
+Keokuk. Black Hawk, and his son, Nasinewiskuk, who seems to have been
+warmly attached to his father, appeared to be much dejected. They had
+the day previous made objections to this council, as unnecessary, and
+painful to their feelings. They now came into it with deep feelings of
+mortification. For a time profound silence reigned throughout the
+assembly. Major Garland at length arose and addressed the council. He
+was pleased to find so much good feeling existing among the Sacs and
+Foxes towards Black Hawk and his party; and he felt confident from what
+he had observed, since their arrival, that they would hereafter live in
+peace: He had but little further to add, as the President's speech,
+addressed to Black Hawk and his party, in Baltimore, contained the views
+of their great Father on the matters before them; and, this speech he
+should cause to be again interpreted to them.
+
+Keokuk followed Major Garland, and after having shaken hands with those
+around him said,
+
+"I have listened to the talk of our great Father. It is true we pledged
+our honor with those of our young braves, for the liberation of our
+friends. We thought much of it--our councils were long--their wives and
+children were in our thoughts--when we talked of them our hearts were
+full. Their wives and children came to see us, which made us feel like
+women; but we were men. The words which we sent to our great Father were
+good: he spoke like the father of children. The Great Spirit made his
+heart big in council. We receive our brothers in friendship--our hearts
+are good towards them. They once listened to bad counsel; now their ears
+are closed: I give my hand to them; when they shake it, they shake the
+hands of all. I will shake hands with them, and then I am done."
+
+Major Garland rose a second time, and stated, that he wished it to be
+distinctly understood by all persons present, in the council, that their
+great Father, the President, would hereafter receive and acknowledge
+Keokuk, as the principal chief of the Sac and Fox nation; that he wished
+and expected Black Hawk to listen and conform to his counsels; if any
+unkind feeling now existed, it must that day be buried, and, that the
+band of Black Hawk must be henceforth merged in that of Keokuk. The
+interpreter so reported the remarks of Major Garland, that Black Hawk
+understood the President to say that he _must_ conform to the counsels
+of Keokuk; and, the old chief, losing all command of his feelings,
+became deeply and instantly excited. The spirit which had sustained him
+in earlier and better days, burst forth with uncontrollable violence. He
+sprung upon his feet, but so deeply excited as to be almost unable to
+utter a word. With the most indignant expression of countenance, and
+with a vehemence of manner characteristic of the savage when roused to
+action, he exclaimed,
+
+"I am a man--an old man--I will not conform to the counsels of any one.
+I will act for myself--no one shall govern me. I am old--my hair is
+gray--I once gave counsels to my young men--Am I to conform to others? I
+shall soon go to the Great Spirit, when I shall be at rest. What I said
+to our great Father at Washington, I say again--I will always listen to
+him. I am done."
+
+The speech of Black Hawk--the last struggle of a fallen chieftain,
+caused a momentary excitement throughout the council. When it had
+subsided, the interpreter was directed to explain to him, that the
+President had only _requested_ him to listen to the counsels of Keokuk.
+He made no reply, but drawing his blanket around him, sat in moody
+silence. Keokuk approached him, and in a low but kind tone of voice
+said, "Why do you speak so before the white men? I will speak for you;
+you trembled--you did not mean what you said." Black Hawk gloomily
+assented, when Keokuk arose and remarked to the council,
+
+"Our brother who has again come to us, has spoken, but he spoke in
+wrath--his tongue was forked--he spoke not like a man, a Sac. He knew
+his words were bad: he trembled like the oak whose roots have been
+wasted away by many rains. He is old--what he said let us forget. He
+says he did not mean it--he wishes it forgotten. I have spoken for him.
+What I have said are his own words--not mine. Let us say he spoke in
+council to-day--that his words were good. I have spoken."
+
+Colonel Davenport of the United States army, then in command of Fort
+Armstrong, next arose, and taking Black Hawk by the hand, remarked that
+he was glad to meet him, that once he was his enemy, but now he met him
+as a friend; that he was there by the command of the President, and
+should always be glad to see him; and, would at all times be ready to
+give him any advice which he might need: that during his absence he had
+held frequent talks with the Sacs and Foxes, who were anxious for his
+return, and he felt authorized to say, that the nation entertained for
+him and his party, the most friendly feeling. Black Hawk listened with
+much apparent interest to the remarks of Colonel Davenport.[14]
+
+Major Garland now arose and told Black Hawk he was at liberty to go
+where he pleased;--that the people of the United States, as well as
+himself, were pleased with the uniform good conduct of all the captives
+while among them--that they were convinced their hearts were good, but
+they had listened to bad counsels: Having now seen the power of the
+white men, and taken their great father by the hand, who had restored
+them to their families, he hoped there would be no further difficulties;
+but that peace and harmony would long exist between them.
+
+Black Hawk, rose in reply, cool and collected, and remarked, that having
+reflected upon what he had said, it was his wish that if his speech had
+been put upon paper, a line might be drawn over it--he did not mean it.
+
+Wapellar, the chief of the Foxes, rose up to say that he had nothing to
+say. "I am not in the habit of talking--I think--I have been thinking
+all day--Keokuk has spoken: am glad to see my brothers: I will shake
+hands with them. I am done." The chiefs all arose, a general shaking of
+hands, followed by an interchange of civilities, ensued, and the
+council finally adjourned.
+
+In the evening, Maj. Garland invited the principal chiefs, together with
+Black Hawk, to his quarters, as it would afford a good opportunity to
+ascertain explicitly, the feeling which existed among them towards their
+fallen foe. About seven o'clock they arrived. They took their seats in
+silence, passed the pipe for all to take a whiff, and in return, quaffed
+a glass of champagne, which seemed to have a peculiar relish.
+Pashepahow, shook hands with all present, and commenced:--
+
+"We met this morning: I am glad to meet again. That wine is very good; I
+never drank any before; I have thought much of our meeting to-day: it
+was one that told us we were brothers:--that we were Sacs. We had just
+returned from a buffalo hunt, we thought it was time for our brothers to
+be here, as our father at St. Louis told us this was the moon. We
+started before the rising sun to meet you; we have met, and taken our
+brothers by the hand in friendship. They always mistrusted our counsels,
+and went from the trail of the red men, where there was no hunting
+grounds nor friends; they returned and found the dogs howling around
+their wigwams, and wives looking for their husbands and children. They
+said we counselled like women, but they have found our counsels were
+good. They have been through the country of our great Father. They have
+been to the wigwams of the white men, they received them in kindness,
+and made glad their hearts. We thank them: say to them that Keokuk and
+Pashepahow thank them. Our brother has promised to listen to the
+counsels of Keokuk. What he said in council to-day, was like the
+Mississippi fog--the sun has shone and the day is clear--let us forget
+it--he did not mean it. His heart is good, but his ears have been open
+to bad counsels. He has taken our great Father by the hand, whose words
+are good. He listened to them and has closed his ears to the voice that
+comes across the great waters. He now knows that he ought to listen to
+Keokuk. He counselled with us and our young braves, who listened to his
+talk. We told our great Father that all would be peace. He opened his
+dark prison and let him see the sun once more, gave him to his wife and
+children, who were without a lodge. Our great Father made straight his
+path to his home. I once took the great chief of the Osages prisoner. I
+heard the cries of his women and children; I took him out by the rising
+sun, and put him upon the trail to his village; "there" said I, "is the
+trail to your village; go and tell your people, that I, Pashepahow, the
+chief of the Sacs, sent you." We thank our great Father--our hearts are
+good towards him; I will see him before I lay down in peace: may the
+Great Spirit be in his councils. What our brother said to-day let us
+forget; I am done."
+
+Keokuk, after going through the usual ceremonies, said, "We feel proud
+that you have invited us here this evening, to drink a glass with you;
+the wine which we have drank, we never tasted before; it is the wine
+which the white men make, who know how to make anything: I will take
+another glass, as I have much to say; we feel proud that we can drink
+such wine: to-day we shook hands with our brothers, who you brought to
+us; we were glad to see them; we have often thought of our brothers;
+many of our nation said they would never return: their wives and
+children often came to our wigwams, which made us feel sad: what
+Pashepahow has said is true; I talked to our young men, who had the
+hearts of men; I told them that the Great Spirit was in our councils,
+they promised to live in peace: those who listened to bad counsels, and
+followed our brothers, have said their ears are closed, they will live
+in peace. I sent their words to our great Father, whose ears were open,
+whose heart was made sad by the conduct of our brothers; he has sent
+them to their wigwams. We thank him: say to him Keokuk thanks him. Our
+brothers have seen the great villages of the white men: they travelled a
+long road and found the Americans like grass; I will tell our young men
+to listen to what they shall tell them. Many years ago I went through
+the villages of our great Father--he had many--they were like the great
+prairies; but he has gone; another is our father; he is a great war
+chief; I want to see him; I shall be proud to take him by the hand; I
+have heard much of him, his head is gray, I must see him: tell him that
+as soon as the snow is off the prairie, I shall come. What I have said I
+wish spoken to him, before it is put upon paper, so that he shall hear
+it, as I have said it: tell him that Keokuk spoke it: What our brother
+said in council to-day, let us forget; he told me to speak; I spoke his
+words; I have spoken."
+
+Black Hawk then said, in a calm and dejected manner,
+
+"I feel that I am an old man; once I could speak, but now I have but
+little to say; to-day we met many of our brothers; we were glad to see
+them. I have listened to what my brothers have said, their hearts are
+good; they have been like Sacs, since I left them; they have taken care
+of my wife and children, who had no wigwam; I thank them for it, the
+Great Spirit knows that I thank them; before the sun gets behind the
+hills to-morrow, I shall see them; I want to see them; when I left them,
+I expected soon to return; I told our great father when in Washington,
+that I would listen to the counsels of Keokuk. I shall soon be far away,
+I shall have no village, no band; I shall live alone. What I said in
+council to-day, I wish forgotten. If it has been put upon paper, I wish
+a mark to be drawn over it. I did not mean it. Now we are alone let us
+say, we will forget it. Say to our great father and Governor Cass, that
+I will listen to them. Many years ago I met Governor Cass in councils,
+far across the prairies to the rising sun. His counsels were good. My
+ears were closed; I listened to the great father across the waters. My
+father listened to him whose band was large.--My band was once large.
+Now I have no band. I and my son and all the party, thank our great
+father for what he has done. He is old, I am old; we shall soon go to
+the great Spirit, where we shall rest. He sent us through his great
+villages. We saw many of the white men, who treated us with kindness. We
+thank them. We thank you and Mr. Sprague for coming with us. Your road
+was long and crooked. We never saw so many white men before. When you
+were with us, we felt as though we had some friends among them. We felt
+safe. You knew them all. When you come upon the Mississippi again, you
+shall come to my wigwam. I have none now. On your road home, you will
+pass where my village once was. No one lives there now; all are gone. I
+give you my hand; we may never meet again; I shall long remember you:
+The Great Spirit will be with you, and your wives and children. Before
+the sun rises, I shall go to my family. My son will be here to see you
+before we go. I will shake hands with my brothers here, then I am done."
+
+Early on the following morning, the Indians crossed to the west side of
+the Mississippi, and returned to their villages.
+
+In the autumn of 1837, deputations from several Indian tribes, residing
+upon the waters of the upper Mississippi, were invited to Washington
+city, by direction of the President of the United States. Among those
+represented were the united Sac and Fox tribe, and their ancient enemy
+the Sioux, between whom hostilities were then raging. For the purpose of
+effecting a peace between them, and also making a purchase of land of
+the Sioux, several councils were held under the direction of the
+Secretary at War, but without accomplishing the object in either case.
+Black Hawk, was connected with the delegation from the Sacs and Foxes,
+but not in the character of a delegate or chief. Keokuk, apprehensive,
+that if left at home, the old man might create some new difficulty, had
+prudently taken him along. He treated him, uniformly, with great
+respect, and invited him to sit with them in the councils.
+
+After leaving Washington the delegation visited the principal eastern
+cities, and Black Hawk again attracted much attention. Public curiosity
+was still alive to see the renowned but fallen chieftain of the famous
+Black Hawk war. In Boston, which place he did not visit on his former
+tour, he was waited upon by a great concourse of citizens, and in common
+with the rest of the delegation, was publicly presented with some
+military weapons by the governor of the state, and made a brief speech
+upon the occasion.
+
+Before the return of the deputation to the west, they remained a few
+hours in Cincinnati. Keokuk was sick and received but few visitors.
+"Which is Black Hawk," was the eager inquiry of almost every individual
+who succeeded in threading his way through the crowd, to the cabin of
+the steam boat. The old man manifested no interest in the passing scene.
+He was not inclined to conversation, but sat moody and silent, with an
+expression of countenance strongly indicative of wounded pride and
+disappointed ambition. He seemed to feel deeply the degradation of his
+situation. Shorn of power among his people, compelled to acknowledge the
+authority of his rival, and bending beneath the infirmities of age, it
+is not singular that he should shrink from the prying gaze of curiosity,
+and sigh for the deep seclusion of his wild hunting grounds.
+
+In height Black Hawk is about five feet ten inches, with broad
+shoulders, but limbs not very muscular. His nose is sharp and slightly
+aquiline, and his eyes are of a dark hazel color. The most striking
+peculiarity in his personal appearance is the head, which is singularly
+formed, and has been pronounced, by some observers, the envy of
+phrenologists. His countenance is mild and benevolent, having little if
+any of that dark and ferocious expression, not uncommon among the
+Indians; and which, during the late border war, was imagined to be
+eminently characteristic of Black Hawk. In tracing his history, few, if
+any incidents can be found, which bear out the charge of savage cruelty
+that has sometimes been preferred against him. On the contrary, he seems
+to have an amiable disposition. He himself repels, with indignation, the
+charge of his ever having murdered women and children; and, declares the
+accusation made against him, on this point, to be wholly false. The
+character of Black Hawk for honesty in his dealings, and for general
+integrity, stands fair. In his domestic relations he appears to be kind
+and affectionate, and in one particular, is an exception to the chiefs
+and warriors of his tribe. He has never had but _one_ wife. After his
+return from the campaign on the lakes, during the war with England, his
+first act was to visit his family. "I then started," says he, "to visit
+my wife and children. I found them well and my boys were growing
+finely. It is not customary for us to say much about our women, as they
+generally perform their part cheerfully, and never interfere with
+business belonging to the men. This is the only wife I ever had, or will
+ever have. She is a good woman and teaches my boys to be brave." It is
+said, however, and upon pretty good authority, that on a certain
+occasion, Black Hawk's vow of exclusive devotion to _one_ wife, had well
+nigh been broken. While visiting a respectable frontier settler, many
+years since, he became pleased with the comely daughter of his host; and
+having seriously contemplated the matter, decided in favor of the
+expediency of adding the pale faced beauty, to the domestic circle of
+his wigwam. He accordingly expressed his wishes to the father of the
+young lady, and proposed to give him a horse, in exchange for his
+daughter, but to his surprise the offer was declined. Some days
+afterwards he returned and tendered two fine horses, but still the
+father refused to make the arrangement. The old chief's love for the
+young lady, growing stronger, in proportion to the difficulty of gaining
+her father's assent, he, subsequently, offered five or six horses for
+her. But even this munificent price was rejected by the mercenary
+father. Black Hawk now gave up the negociation, not a little surprised,
+at the high value which the white men place upon their daughters.
+
+It is questionable whether Black Hawk possesses any marked military
+talents, although during his contest with the United States, it was
+common to represent him as an able warrior, who by the eloquence and
+fluency of his harangues, commanded the unlimited confidence of his
+band. He has, most probably, been overrated both for his eloquence and
+his skill in the battle field. He is no doubt a man of courage, and
+seems, from early life, to have had a strong predisposition for war.
+Many of his measures as a leader, have been more influenced by a sense
+of what was right in the abstract, than expedient in practice. This
+circumstance has often placed him in situations, inimical to the
+permanent prosperity of his people.
+
+Black Hawk never made any claims to the office of a peace chief. Even as
+a war chief, he was not recognized by all the tribe to which he
+belonged. A fragment of the Sacs and Foxes, however, followed his banner
+for more than twenty years, and acknowledged him in that capacity: and,
+over them, he certainly exercised, from their confidence in his
+judgment, his warlike talent, or some other cause, no small amount of
+influence. His age and kindness of disposition, probably, strengthened
+their attachment to him. In the campaign of 1832, although terminating
+in the defeat of Black Hawk, and the almost entire annihilation of his
+band, his military reputation did not suffer much, if the circumstances
+under which he was placed, be recollected. During the operations of that
+period, General Atkinson estimated the warriors of Black Hawk at seven
+or eight hundred, but the better opinion is that it did not, at any
+time, exceed five hundred; and several persons, who had favorable
+opportunities for judging, place the estimate still lower. The
+commander of the United States troops, had with him, in the pursuit of
+Black Hawk, twenty seven hundred men, all of them well armed and most of
+them well mounted. This was independent of the militia in the different
+military posts and fortified stations. The entire number of the American
+forces, engaged in the campaign, is supposed to have approached to three
+thousand, five hundred. Black Hawk was encumbered with the wives and
+children, the household property and travelling equipage of his whole
+band; and from the time of his recrossing the Mississippi to the battle
+of the Bad-axe, was constantly in want of provisions. Indeed, in the
+month of July, many of his party actually starved to death. Under such
+circumstances, the wonder is not, that he was finally defeated and
+captured, but that it should have required a campaign of three months in
+which to accomplish that object. The defeat of Stillman and the attack
+upon the fort at Buffalo Grove, may be claimed by Black Hawk and his
+band, to have been as honorable to their arms, as were the victories of
+the Wisconsin and the Bad-axe to those of the United States.
+
+But whatever may be the ultimate opinion in regard to him, either as a
+warrior or a man, his career for good and for evil, is now ended. The
+war-banner has passed from his hand--his seat in the council-house is
+vacant--the fire of his lodge is nearly extinguished: the autumn of life
+is upon him--and, in a little while the autumn leaves will rustle over
+the lone grave of Black Hawk.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Black Hawk at the capture of Fort Erie--At the battle of the Thames--His
+  account of the death of Tecumthe--His residence and mode of life after
+  his last visit to the east--His Fourth of July speech at Fort
+  Madison--His death and burial.
+
+
+Since the three first editions of this work were published, the death of
+Black Hawk has occurred; and a few additional particulars of his life
+have been collected. These, it is proposed to embody in a new chapter.
+
+In the course of the preceding pages, the difficulty of procuring full,
+and always exact information, in regard to the lives of a people having
+neither records nor historians, has been alluded to. This difficulty
+will be encountered by any one who may attempt to chronicle the annals
+of the aborigines in their aggregate condition, or to portray their
+individual history. In the compilation of this volume, much pains were
+taken to obtain all the prominent events in the life of Black Hawk, and,
+it is supposed, as much success attended the effort, as is usual in
+similar cases. Since its publication, however, it appears that all his
+military movements have not been narrated, and we proceed to supply the
+omission.
+
+At page 82 of this volume, it is stated that Black Hawk was only in two
+engagements in the late war with Great Britain, and that the last of
+these was the assault upon Fort Stephenson, in August 1813, then under
+the command of Major Groghan. It is true that he and his band were with
+the British army in the attack upon this post, but his connection with
+that army did not cease until after the capture of Fort Erie. The
+authority for this fact is to be found in the "Book of the Indians,"
+page 145. The author of that work, in narrating the incidents of Black
+Hawk's return to the north-west, in 1833, after his imprisonment at
+Fortress Monroe, says: "Having arrived at Buffalo, on Friday the 28th of
+June, they (the party returning with the old warrior) remained there
+until Sunday morning. The day after their arrival, they rode over to
+Black Rock, where they viewed the union of the grand canal with the lake
+at that place. From this point they had a full view of the Canada shore,
+and Black Hawk immediately pointed out Fort Erie, and seemed well
+acquainted with the adjacent country; he having been there in the time
+of the last war with England, in the British service; and at the time
+'when the Americans walked into Fort Erie,' as he expressed the capture
+of it." Of the extent of his participation in the events attendant upon
+this capture, there is no satisfactory information.
+
+Black Hawk was likewise in the battle of the Thames, a fact not
+previously stated in this work, and which is now given on the authority
+of a writer in the Baltimore American, to whose respectability the
+editor of that paper bears testimony. We have, indeed, no reason to
+doubt the accuracy of this statement, which will be read with the more
+interest, from the circumstance that it embraces Black Hawk's account
+of the death of Tecumthe in regard to which much has been written and
+published. It is not proposed, on the present occasion, to compare the
+relation given by Black Hawk, of the fall of Tecumthe, with the
+testimony of others who have appeared as historians of this event, but
+shall content ourselves with simply quoting the article to which
+reference has been made. The writer professes to have been intimately
+acquainted with Black Hawk, and in the brief sketch which he has
+presented of the life of this warrior, we find corroborating evidence of
+the truth of many of the traits of character, which, in the course of
+this volume, has been assigned to him both as a man and a warrior. The
+article is in these words:
+
+"MESSRS. EDITORS--Hearing of the death of the celebrated Sauk
+chieftain, BLACK HAWK, I am induced to make you the following
+communication, which may be interesting to some of your readers.
+
+"During a residence of several years in what is now the Territory of
+Iowa, I had many opportunities of seeing and conversing with this noted
+warrior, and often look back with feelings of great pleasure to the many
+tokens of good will and friendship that he has frequently bestowed upon
+me. His lodge was always open to a stranger, and he was ever ready to
+share that with him which he might most want, either his furs and
+blankets for a couch, or his corn and venison for a repast. He always
+spoke in terms of high regard of the whites, saying, that in war he
+fought like a brave man, but in peace he wished to forget that his hand
+had ever been raised against them. His career as a warrior commenced at
+a very early age; when he was but fourteen years old, his father,
+Pawheese, led a war party against the Osages, in which expedition he
+accompanied him. They succeeded in reaching the village of Osages, which
+they attacked, and after a very severe encounter, they routed their
+enemies and burnt their town. In this battle Black Hawk's father was
+killed, but he revenged his death by killing and scalping the Osage who
+had slain him. He was fond of recounting his earlier exploits, and often
+boasted of his being at the right hand of Tecumthe, when the latter was
+killed at the battle of the Thames. His account of the death of this
+distinguished warrior, was related to me by himself, during an evening
+that I spent in his lodge some winters ago. In the course of our talk, I
+asked him if he was with Tecumthe when he was killed. He replied--
+
+"'I was, and I will now tell you all about it.--Tecumthe, Shaubinne, and
+Caldwell, two Potawattimie chiefs, and myself, were seated on a log near
+our camp fire, filling our pipes for a smoke, on the morning of the
+battle, when word came from the British general, that he wished to speak
+with Tecumthe. He went immediately, and after staying some time rejoined
+us, taking his seat without saying a word, when Caldwell, who was one of
+his favorites, observed to him, 'my father, what are we to do? Shall we
+fight the Americans?' 'Yes, my son,' replied Tecumthe, '_We shall go
+into their very smoke_--but you are now wanted by the General. Go, my
+son, I never expect to see you again.' Shortly after this, (continued
+Black Hawk,) the Indian spies came in, and gave word of the near
+approach of the Americans. Tecumthe immediately posted his men in the
+edge of a swamp, which flanked the British line, placing himself at
+their head. I was a little to his right, with a small party of Sauks. It
+was not long before the Americans made their appearance; they did not
+perceive us at first, hid as we were by the undergrowth, but we soon let
+them know where we were by pouring in one or two volleys as they were
+forming into a line to oppose the British. They faultered a little, but
+very soon we perceived a large body of horse (Colonel Johnson's regiment
+of mounted Kentuckians) preparing to charge upon us in the swamp. They
+came bravely on, yet we never stirred until they were so close that we
+could see the flints in their guns, when Tecumthe springing to his feet,
+gave the Shawnee war cry, and discharged his rifle. This was the signal
+for us to commence the fight; but it did not last long; the Americans
+answered the shout, returning our fire, and at the first discharge of
+their guns, I saw Tecumthe stagger forwards over a fallen tree near
+which he was standing, letting his rifle drop at his feet. As soon as
+the Indians discovered he was killed, a sudden fear came over them, and
+thinking that the Great Spirit was displeased, they fought no longer,
+and were quickly put to flight. That night we returned to bury our dead,
+and search for the body of Tecumthe. He was found lying where he had
+first fallen; a bullet had struck him above the hip, and his skull had
+been broken by the butt end of the gun of some soldier, who had found
+him, perhaps, when life was not yet quite gone. With the exception of
+these wounds, his body was untouched; lying near him, however, was a
+large, fine looking Potawattimie, who had been killed, decked off in his
+plumes and war paint, whom the Americans no doubt had taken for
+Tecumthe; for he was scalped, and every particle of skin flayed from his
+body. Tecumthe himself, had no ornaments about his person save a British
+medal. During the night we buried our dead, and brought off the body of
+Tecumthe, although we were within sight of the fires of the American
+camp.'
+
+"This is somewhat different from the account which is commonly given of
+Tecumthe's death, yet I believe it to be true; for after hearing Black
+Hawk relate it, I heard it corroborated by one of the Potawattimie
+chiefs, mentioned by him. I asked him if he had ever fought against the
+whites after the death of Tecumthe. He said not--that he returned home
+to his village on the Mississippi, at the mouth of Rock River, and there
+he remained until driven away by the whites, in the year 1832. The wish
+to hold possession of this village, was the cause of the war which he
+waged against the whites during that year. He told me that he never
+wished to fight; that he was made to do so; that the whites killed his
+warriors when they went with a white flag to beg a parley, and that
+after this was done, he thought they intended to kill him at all
+events, and therefore he would die like a warrior.
+
+"In speaking of his defeat, he said it was what he expected; that he did
+not mind it; but what hurt him more than any thing else, was our
+government degrading him in the eyes of his own people, and setting
+another chief (KEOKUK) over him. This degradation he appeared
+to feel very sensibly, still he continued to possess all his native
+pride. One instance that came under my observation, I recollect well, in
+which it was strongly displayed. He happened to be in a small town in
+Iowa, on the same day in which a party of dragoons, under Captain ----
+arrived: and in paying a visit to a friend with whom he always partook
+of a meal, whenever he stopped at the village, he met with the Captain,
+who had been invited to dine. Black Hawk remained, also expecting the
+usual invitation to stay and eat with them: but when the dinner was
+ready, the host took him aside, and told him the Captain, or rather the
+white man's chief, was to dine with him that day, and he must wait until
+they had finished. The old chief's eye glistened with anger as he
+answered him, raising the fore-finger of one hand to his breast, to
+represent the officer, 'I know the white man is a chief, but _I_,'
+elevating the finger of the other hand far above his head, 'was a chief,
+and led my warriors to the fight, long before his mother knew him. _Your
+meat,--my dogs should not eat it!_' Saying this, he gathered the folds
+of his blanket about him, and stalked off, looking as proudly as if he
+still walked over ground that he could call '_my own_.'
+
+"Black Hawk possessed, to a great degree, one fine trait which it is not
+usual for us to concede to the Indian--kindness and affection for his
+wife. He never had but one, and with her he lived for upwards of forty
+years; they had several children, three of whom still survive, two sons
+and a daughter. The eldest son is now one of the most promising young
+braves of the nation, and bids fair to be one of its most noble men. The
+daughter is still quite young, and is considered to be the most
+beautiful maiden belonging to her tribe.
+
+"He has now departed on his long journey, to join those of his people
+who have gone before him to their happy hunting grounds, far beyond the
+setting sun. May the Great Spirit grant him a clear sunshine, and a
+smooth path."
+
+For the particulars, given below, of the last days and death of Black
+Hawk, we are indebted to a highly respectable gentleman, W. Henry Starr,
+Esq. of Burlington, Iowa Territory. His communication, under date of
+March 21st, 1839, is given entire, that the interest of the narrative
+may be preserved.
+
+"Your letter of the 2nd of January came to hand in due course of mail,
+in which you make some enquiries concerning the old chief of the Sac and
+Fox tribes--the venerable BLACK HAWK. I should have replied to
+it sooner, could I have done so satisfactorily either to you or myself.
+I knew much by report of the old chief, and something from personal
+acquaintance; but my knowledge was not so accurate as to be serviceable
+to a faithful biographer. I have, therefore, taken sometime to make the
+necessary enquiries, and satisfy myself of their accuracy.
+
+"After Black Hawk's last return from the eastern states, he passed the
+winter of 1837-8 in the county of Lee, in the south-eastern portion of
+this territory, on a small stream called Devil-creek. The white
+settlements extended for forty miles west of him, and the tribe to which
+he belonged, with the exception of a few old braves, and his family,
+resided on the frontier. From his tribe he was isolated in position and
+feeling. His family consisted of a wife, two sons, Nasheaskuk and
+Samesett, (as they are pronounced here,) a daughter and her husband.
+They passed their time principally in hunting deer, wild turkies, and
+the prairie hen, which are abundant in that quarter of the territory.
+For hunting, Black Hawk is said to have displayed no fondness; but chose
+to spend his time in improving his place of residence, and exercising
+his ingenuity with mechanic tools. In the spring of 1838, they removed
+to the frontier, and settled upon the Des Moines river, about eighty or
+ninety miles from its mouth, near to a trading post, and in the
+immediate vicinity of the villages of the other chiefs of the tribe.
+Here he had a very comfortable bark cabin, which he furnished in
+imitation of the whites, with chairs, a table, a mirror, and mattrasses.
+His dress was that of the other chiefs, with the exception of a
+broad-brimmed black hat, which he usually wore. In the summer he
+cultivated a few acres of land in corn, melons, and various kinds of
+vegetables. He was frequently visited by the whites, and I have often
+heard his hospitality highly commended.
+
+"On the 4th of July last, he was present at Fort Madison, in Lee county,
+by special invitation, and was the most conspicuous guest of the
+citizens assembled in commemoration of that day. Among the toasts called
+forth by the occasion was the following:
+
+"'_Our illustrious guest, Black Hawk_.--May his declining years be as
+calm and serene as his previous life has been boisterous and full of
+warlike incidents. His attachment and present friendship to his white
+brethren, fully entitle him to a seat at our festive board.'
+
+"So soon as this sentiment was drank, Black Hawk arose and delivered the
+following speech, which was taken down at the time by two interpreters,
+and by them furnished for publication.
+
+"'It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to-day--I have eaten
+with my white friends. The earth is our mother--we are now on it--with
+the Great Spirit above us--It is good. I hope we are all friends here. A
+few winters ago I was fighting against you--I did wrong, perhaps; but
+that is past--it is buried--let it be forgotten.
+
+"'Rock river was a beautiful country--I liked my towns, my cornfields,
+and the home of my people. I fought for it. It is now yours--keep it as
+we did--it will produce you good crops.
+
+"'I thank the Great Spirit that I am now friendly with my white
+brethren--we are here together--we have eaten together--we are
+friends--it is his wish and mine. I thank you for your friendship.
+
+"'I was once a great warrior--I am now poor. Keokuk has been the cause
+of my present situation--but do not attach blame to him. I am now old. I
+have looked upon the Mississippi since I have been a child. I love the
+Great River. I have dwelt upon its banks from the time I was an infant.
+I look upon it now. I shake hands with you, and as it is my wish, I hope
+you are my friends.'
+
+"In the course of the day he was prevailed upon to drink several times,
+and became somewhat intoxicated, an uncommon circumstance, as he was
+generally temperate.
+
+"In the autumn of 1838, he was at the house of an Indian trader, in the
+vicinity of Burlington, when I became acquainted and frequently
+conversed with him, in broken English, and through the medium of
+gestures and pantomime. A deep seated melancholy was apparent in his
+countenance and conversation. He endeavored to make me comprehend, on
+one occasion, his former greatness; and represented that he was once
+master of the country, east, north, and south of us--that he had been a
+very successful warrior,--called himself, smiting his breast, 'big
+Captain Black Hawk,' 'nesso Kaskaskias,' (killed the Kaskaskias,) 'nesso
+Sioux a heap,' (killed a great number of Sioux.) He then adverted to the
+ingratitude of his tribe, in permitting Keokuk to supersede him, who, he
+averred, excelled him in nothing but drinking whiskey.
+
+"Toward Keokuk he felt the most unrelenting hatred. Keokuk was, however,
+beyond his influence, being recognized as chief of the tribe, by the
+government of the United States. He unquestionably possesses talents of
+the first order, excels as an orator, but his authority will probably be
+short-lived on account of his dissipation, and his profligacy in
+spending the money paid him for the benefit of his tribe; and which he
+squanders upon himself and a few favorites, through whose influence he
+seeks to maintain his authority.
+
+"You enquire if Black Hawk was at the battle of the Thames? On one
+occasion I mentioned Tecumthe to him, and he expressed the greatest joy
+that I had heard of him: and pointing away to the east, and making a
+feint, as if aiming a gun, said, 'Chemokaman (white man) nesso,' (kill.)
+From which I had no doubt of his being personally acquainted with
+Tecumthe; and I have been since informed, on good authority, that he was
+in the battle of the Thames and in several other engagements with that
+distinguished chief.
+
+"Soon after this interview with Black Hawk, he set out for the frontier,
+where a payment was soon to be made to the tribe, of a portion of their
+annuity.
+
+"The weather was both hot and wet, and it is supposed, that, on this
+journey, he imbibed the seeds of the disease which soon after terminated
+his existence. This journey was in September. Early in October, the
+commissioner for adjusting claims with the Sac and Fox tribes, was to
+meet them at Rock Island, and most of the Indians were there on the
+first of that month. Black Hawk was taken sick and was unable to
+accompany them. A violent bilious fever had seized upon him, and on the
+3d of October, after an illness of seven days, he died. His only medical
+attendant was one of the tribe, who knew something of vegetable
+antidotes, and was called doctor. His wife, who was devotedly attached
+to him, mourned deeply during his illness. She seemed to have had a
+presentiment of his approaching death, and said, some days before it
+occurred, 'he is getting old--he must die--Monotah calls him home.'
+
+"After his death, he was dressed in the uniform presented to him at
+Washington, by the President or Secretary at War, and placed upon a rude
+bier, consisting of two poles with bark laid across, on which he was
+carried by four of his braves to the place of interment, followed by his
+family and about fifty of the tribe, (the chiefs being all absent.) They
+seemed deeply affected, and mourned in their usual way, shaking hands,
+and muttering in guttural tones, prayers to Monotah (their deity) for
+his safe passage to the land prepared for the reception of all Indians.
+The grave was six feet deep and of the usual length, situated upon a
+little eminence about fifty yards from his wigwam. The body was placed
+in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat,
+constructed for the purpose. On his left side the cane given him, as I
+am informed, by Mr. Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand
+resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the
+grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons. The
+grave was then covered with plank, and a mound of earth, several feet in
+height, was thrown up over it, and the whole enclosed with pickets
+twelve feet in height. At the head of the grave a flag staff was placed,
+bearing our national banner; and at the foot there stands a post, on
+which is inscribed, in Indian characters, his age.
+
+"I do not know the exact age of Black Hawk, but understood from him,
+that he was seventy-two. His virtues commanded the respect of all the
+whites who knew him. He possessed much magnanimity of soul, and under
+all the mortifications to which he has been subjected, and the insults
+that have been heaped upon him by his tribe, and especially by the
+haughty Keokuk, he maintained, until the last years of his life, a
+uniform cheerfulness and resignation of mind, which bespoke a conscious
+superiority."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With this sketch of the last days of Black Hawk, our narrative of his
+life is closed. After an eventful and restless career of "three score
+and ten years," this celebrated Sac has been "gathered to his fathers."
+His name cannot be forgotten, for his deeds are a part of the history of
+this country. If not distinguished for a high order of talent, or
+renowned for great warlike achievements, he has not often been surpassed
+in the history of his race, for those less dazzling virtues, humanity,
+courage, and love of country. "He was an Indian who had a sense of
+honor, as well as policy; a man in whom those who know him
+confided."[15] In the last speech which he made in the last year of his
+life, in alluding to his difficulties with the whites, he says, "Rock
+river was a beautiful country--I liked my towns, my cornfields, and the
+home of my people;--I fought for it,"--a declaration as creditable to
+the heart of the speaker, as it is important to a just estimate of his
+conduct, in resisting the removal of his tribe from their native land.
+The love of country is not confined to civilized life, but swells the
+heart and nerves the arm of the untutored man of the woods. "I LIKED
+MY TOWNS, MY CORNFIELDS, AND THE HOME OF MY PEOPLE;--I FOUGHT FOR
+IT," should be inscribed over the humble grave of Black Hawk.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTE.--Since writing that portion of the foregoing narrative
+which treats of the causes of the late war with the Sacs and Foxes, the
+following article, from the able pen of judge Hall, has met our
+observation. It was published in the Western Monthly Magazine in 1833,
+one year after the termination of that conflict. The writer was then a
+resident of Illinois, and intimately acquainted with the relations
+existing between the whites and Indians. His remarks are valuable. They
+embrace a graphic description of the region inhabited by the Sacs and
+Foxes, and fully sustain the position which we have taken in this
+volume, that the "Black Hawk war" was the result of unprovoked
+agressions made by the American people upon the Indians.
+
+     "I have just returned from a delightful voyage. I have explored a
+     portion of the exquisitely beautiful shores of the upper
+     Mississippi; and am ready to confess that until now, I had little
+     idea of the extent, the grandeur, or the resources of the west. The
+     world cannot produce such another country as this great valley of
+     ours. Yet to understand its value, one must ascend the Mississippi
+     and the Illinois, and see the noble prairies of the two states
+     which are destined to eclipse all others. I cannot convey to you in
+     adequate language, my admiration of this attractive region. The
+     traveller who visits the western country, and fancies he has
+     acquired _any_ knowledge of it--I say _any_, by simply tracing the
+     meanders of the Ohio, or spending weeks, or years, if you please,
+     at Cincinnati or Louisville, is very much mistaken. There is much
+     to admire in western Pennsylvania and Virginia; Kentucky and Ohio
+     are full of attraction; but the man who is really an admirer of
+     nature, and would witness the most splendid exhibitions of the
+     creative power, must go to Illinois and Missouri.
+
+     "I visited this region for the first time four years ago, while the
+     Sacs and Foxes were at peace with the whites, and before Black Hawk
+     had got to be a great man. They were friendly and well-disposed,
+     and the white people residing near them, would almost as soon have
+     distrusted or disturbed each other, as those peaceful red men. I
+     took great interest in noticing their dwellings, and remarking
+     their deportment, as it was the first occasion I had ever enjoyed
+     of seeing the savage in his own wild home. I had embarked on board
+     a steamboat at St. Louis, intending to take a pleasant excursion
+     to the falls of St. Anthony. The weather was very delightful, only
+     a little too warm; and the river was unfortunately so low, that on
+     arriving at the _Des Moines_ rapids, we found it difficult to
+     ascend them, and above that point, our progress was continually
+     impeded by the difficulty of the navigation. This circumstance,
+     though vexatious to such of the passengers as had business ahead,
+     or families at home, was not disagreeable to one who, like myself,
+     travelled only for amusement, as it afforded opportunities of
+     exploring the romantic shores. We spent a day at the Lower Rapids,
+     and I have seldom seen a more attractive country. The land is high
+     on both sides, and rises gradually in beautiful swells. I saw
+     hundreds of acres covered with the native buckeye, the most
+     beautiful tree of the forest--if, indeed, any can be entitled to
+     that distinction among so great a variety of noble and majestic
+     trees. Beneath, was a rich undergrowth of wild gooseberry bushes.
+     Add to these the beautiful creeper, and the wild honeysuckle, which
+     were occasionally seen, and it is impossible to imagine a
+     vegetation more splendidly luxuriant and ornamental. The whole
+     country is based on rock, and the springs which burst out from the
+     hill sides are clear as crystal and delightfully cold. The shores
+     of the river are plentifully strewed with crystalizations and
+     petrifactions. We picked up some fine specimens of cornelian, and
+     saw a vast number of geodes of every size, from one inch in
+     diameter to fifteen.
+
+     "It was Sunday. Have you ever experienced the singular and pleasing
+     associations connected with a sabbath passed in the wilderness? I
+     have often enjoyed these feelings, but never felt them with such
+     force as on this day. It was calm and sultry. The brilliant
+     sunbeams were brightly reflected from the broad bosom of the
+     Mississippi, and the deep green outline of the forest was
+     splendidly illumined, while the deep shadows underneath the foliage
+     afforded an attractive appearance of coolness and seclusion. The
+     passengers and crew were scattered about singly or in small
+     parties, so that when I wandered but a small distance from the
+     vessel, and seated myself on a hill which commanded a view of the
+     river and its banks, I found myself perfectly alone. Not a living
+     object was visible, not a sound was heard, not a leaf or a limb
+     stirred. How different from the streets of a city upon a sabbath
+     morn, when crowds of well-dressed persons are seen moving in every
+     direction; when the cheerful bells are sounding, and the beautiful
+     smiling children are hurrying in troops to Sunday school! Here I
+     was in solitude. I saw not the laborer resting from toil, nor the
+     smile of infancy, nor the christian bowing before his God; but
+     Nature proclaimed a sabbath by the silence that reigned abroad, and
+     the splendor with which she had adorned her works.
+
+     "It is natural that these recollections of my first visit to the
+     frontier should mingle with the observations made in my recent tour
+     through the same scenes; I shall therefore not attempt to separate
+     the remarks made on either occasion, but give some of the results
+     of both voyages.
+
+     "I can scarcely describe the sensations with which I first saw the
+     solitary lodge of an Indian hunter, on the shore of the
+     Mississippi. In my childhood I had read with thrilling interest,
+     the tales of border warfare; but I had not learned to hate an
+     Indian with mortal hatred. I verily believe they have souls. People
+     may think differently in certain places, which shall be nameless,
+     but I cannot be persuaded to the contrary. You cannot imagine any
+     thing more frail than an Indian wigwam--a mere shelter of poles and
+     mats, so small, so apparently inadequate to any purpose of
+     security or comfort, that it is hardly possible to believe it to be
+     intended for the residence of human beings. In such habitations
+     reside the Indian warrior, whose name is a terror to his enemies;
+     and the dark maiden, whose story supplies the poet with rich
+     materials, with which to embellish the page of fiction. In such
+     wretched hovels reside the aboriginal lords of the soil.
+
+     "I _have_ seen in this region, evidences of persecution perpetrated
+     by our people upon this unhappy race, such as the American people
+     would scarcely believe; and I am satisfied that if the events of
+     the late war could be traced to their true source, every real
+     philanthropist in the nation would blush for his country.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "I could relate many anecdotes, to show the friendly feelings
+     entertained towards our government and people by the Sacs--feelings
+     which, whether of fear or of kindness, have rendered them wholly
+     submissive, and which nothing but the most unprovoked aggression on
+     our side, could have kindled into hostility. I will only, at this
+     time, repeat one, which occurred during my first voyage, reserving
+     others for a future letter.
+
+     "One day, when the boat stopped to take in wood, some of us
+     strolled up to the house of a Mr. D., a respectable farmer from
+     Pennsylvania. He had been living here several years, at a spot
+     distant from any settlements, and without a single neighbor. Upon
+     our inquiring whether he felt no alarm in residing thus alone in
+     the vicinity of the Indians, he replied that his family had
+     formerly experienced much uneasiness, but that they had long since
+     become satisfied that there was no ground for apprehension. He was
+     convinced that the Sacs, their nearest neighbors, so far from being
+     disposed to injure the whites, were cautious and timid of giving
+     offence. In support of this opinion, he related the following
+     anecdote.
+
+     "His house stands on a high bank of the Mississippi, and the family
+     were one day much alarmed by discovering a large number of Indians
+     passing up the river in canoes. They passed along in a most
+     disorderly manner, some paddling their little vessels, and others
+     strolling along the shore, but the majority evidently intoxicated.
+     It was the latter circumstance which caused alarm. The Indians had
+     been to St. Louis to receive their annuities, and had procured a
+     sufficient supply of whisky to render them unsafe visitors. They
+     continued, however, straggling along in larger or smaller parties
+     all day, without stopping. At night, one of them, a young warrior
+     of prepossessing appearance, came to the house, and in the most
+     respectful manner, asked permission to sleep upon the floor of the
+     cabin. Mr. D., although by no means pleased with his guest, knew
+     not how to refuse. The Indian warrior was invited to supper. A
+     plentiful meal, such as composed the ordinary repast of the family,
+     was placed before him, and having satisfied his hunger, he wrapped
+     himself in his blanket, threw himself on the floor before the fire,
+     and went to sleep. In the course of the night, Mr. D. happening to
+     go out, discovered some Indians lying in the bushes not far from
+     the house; without disturbing them, he proceeded in a different
+     direction, where he found another party; they were strewed, in
+     short, entirely around his dwelling. The fact of being thus
+     surrounded, the concealment, and the silence of the Indians, all
+     conspired to awaken suspicion, and he passed the night in no small
+     degree of uneasiness. He rose early in the morning; his Indian
+     guest also started up, gathered his blanket around him, and took
+     leave; first, however, explaining to Mr. D. that he belonged to a
+     party of Sacs who were returning from St. Louis, and that many of
+     them being intoxicated, it had been thought proper to station a
+     guard round Mr. D.'s house, to protect him and his property from
+     injury. He added, that if any depredation should be discovered to
+     have been committed by the Indians, the chiefs would pay Mr. D. the
+     full amount. Such an example of the care taken by the chiefs of
+     this tribe to avoid giving umbrage to the whites, affords the
+     highest testimony, either of their friendship for our people, or
+     their respect for our power.
+
+     "The Sac and Fox tribe inhabited, at that time, a beautiful tract
+     of country in Illinois, upon the borders of Rock river. These two
+     tribes are usually mentioned in conjunction; because the Foxes,
+     many years ago, having been nearly exterminated in a war with some
+     of their neighbors, the remnant of the nation, too feeble to exist
+     as a separate tribe, sought refuge in the Sac villages, and have
+     remained ever since incorporated with the latter people. They are a
+     fine looking race of people, and are well disposed towards the
+     whites. They have long been divided, however, into two parties, one
+     of which is friendly towards our government, while the other,
+     called the _British band_, is under the influence of the British
+     traders. It has always been the policy of the latter, to keep the
+     Indians upon the western frontier in a state of disaffection
+     towards the American people, and by these means, to secure to
+     themselves an undue proportion of the fur trade. So long as it
+     should remain difficult upon our part to gain access to the tribes,
+     and our intercourse with them be liable to interruption, jealousy,
+     and distrust, so long would the British trader possess an advantage
+     over us in relation to this traffic. The British fur companies,
+     whose agents are numerous, intelligent, and enterprising, have
+     always acted upon this policy, and the English officers in Canada,
+     both civil and military, have given it their sanction. Almost all
+     the atrocities which have been committed on our frontiers by the
+     Indians, within the last fifty years, have been directly or
+     indirectly incited by the incendiary agents of that mercenary
+     government. The _British band_ of the Sacs and Foxes have been in
+     the habit of visiting Malden annually, and receiving valuable
+     presents--presents, which being made to a disaffected portion of a
+     tribe residing not only within the United States, but within the
+     limits of a state, could be viewed in no other light than as
+     bribes,--the wages of disaffection. Black Hawk, though not a chief,
+     is one of the most influential individuals of the _British band_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a late number of the American Museum, we find the following article.
+It bears intrinsic evidence of coming from the same pen, and presents in
+a striking point of view the rapid extension of our settlements, and the
+consequent recession of the Indians.
+
+     Most of our readers have become familiarly acquainted with the
+     name of the redoubted Black Hawk, whose adventures are detailed in
+     this volume and whose fame has been spread from Maine to Florida.
+     There was a time when he shared the eager attention of the public
+     with Fanny Kemble and the cholera, and was one of the lions of the
+     day; and as regularly talked about as the weather, the last new
+     novel, or the candidates for the presidency. The war in Illinois,
+     though of brief duration, and not marked by any stirring events,
+     came suddenly upon us after a long series of peaceful years upon
+     the northwestern border. The savages, weary of fruitless conflicts,
+     or quelled by the superior numbers of a gigantic and growing foe,
+     seemed to have submitted to their fate, and the pioneer had ceased
+     to number the war-whoop among the inquietudes of the border life.
+     The plains of Illinois and Missouri were rapidly becoming peopled
+     by civilized men. A race less hardy than the backwoodsmen were
+     tempted by the calm to migrate to those delightful solitudes, that
+     bloomed with more than Arcadian fascinations of fruitfulness and
+     beauty. The smoke of the settler's cabin began to ascend from the
+     margin of every stream in that wide region, and the cattle strayed
+     through rich pastures, of which the buffalo, the elk, and the deer,
+     had long enjoyed a monopoly--an unchartered monopoly--wondering, no
+     doubt, at their good luck in having their lives cast in such
+     pleasant places.
+
+     It was the writer's lot to ramble over that beautiful country while
+     these interesting scenes were presented; while the wilderness still
+     glowed in its pristine luxuriance: while the prairie-grass and the
+     wild flowers still covered the plain, and the deer continued to
+     frequent his ancient haunts, and while the habitations of the new
+     settlers were so widely and so thinly scattered, that the nearest
+     neighbors could scarcely have exchanged the courtesy of an annual
+     visit without the aid of the seven-leagued boots of ancient story.
+     But though in solitude, they lived without fear. There were none to
+     molest nor make them afraid. If they had few friends, they had no
+     enemies. If the Indian halted at the settler's door, it was to
+     solicit hospitality, not to offer violence. But more frequently he
+     stalked silently by, timid of giving offence to the white man, whom
+     he doubtless regarded as an intruder upon his own ancient heritage,
+     but whose possession he had been taught to respect, because he had
+     ever found it guarded by a strong and swift arm, that had never
+     failed to repay aggression with ten-fold vengeance. Suddenly,
+     however, a change came over this cheering scene. The misconduct of
+     a few white men disturbed the harmony of a wide region. The Indians
+     were oppressed and insulted to the last point of forbearance, and a
+     small but restless band, regarded as insubordinate and troublesome
+     even by their own nation, seized upon the occasion to rush to war.
+
+     It is wonderful to look back upon this eventful history. The
+     country over which Black Hawk, with a handful of followers, badly
+     armed, and destitute of stores or munitions of war, roamed for
+     hundreds of miles, driving off the scattered inhabitants, is now
+     covered with flourishing settlements, with substantial houses, and
+     large farms--not with the cabins and clearings of bordermen--but
+     with the comfortable dwellings and the well-tilled fields of
+     independent farmers. Organized counties and all the subordination
+     of social life are there; and there are the noisy school-house, the
+     decent church, the mill, the country store, the fat ox, and the
+     sleek plough-horse. The yankee is there with his notions and his
+     patent-rights, and the travelling agent with his subscription book;
+     there are merchandise from India and from England, and, in short,
+     all the luxuries of life, from Bulwer's last novel down to
+     Brandreth's pills. And all this has been done in six years--in less
+     than half the time of Jacob's courtship. In 1832 the Saukie
+     warriors ranged over that fertile region, which is now (1838)
+     covered with an industrious population; while the Territories of
+     Wisconsin and Iowa, and vast settlements in Missouri, have since
+     grown up, beyond the region which was then the frontier and the
+     seat of war.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+
+
+SKETCHES OF THE SIOUX.
+
+
+The Sioux or Dacotas, are a numerous, powerful and warlike nation of
+Indians, who have been appropriately called the Arabs of the west.
+Between them and the Sacs and Foxes, there has existed, from the
+settlement of the two latter tribes on the waters of the Mississippi, a
+hostility of feeling that has kept them embroiled in a constant warfare.
+The efforts of government to break down their prejudices and make peace
+between them, have failed in accomplishing that benevolent end. It is
+not, however, against the Sacs and Foxes alone, that their arms are
+turned. From time immemorial they have been at war with the Chippeways,
+and are also constantly making hostile incursions upon other neighboring
+tribes. They usually fight on horseback, and being very superior
+horsemen, they are generally more than a match for their antagonists. In
+Schoolcraft's Narrative, we find the following account of their numbers,
+habits and peculiarities of character.
+
+"The numerical strength of the Sioux nation was stated by the late
+General Pike at 21,675, three thousand eight hundred of whom are
+warriors. This is the most powerful Indian tribe in North America. It
+consists of seven bands, namely the Minokantongs, the Yengetongs, the
+Sissitongs, the Wahpetongs, the Titongs, the Mendewacantongs and the
+Washpecontongs. These are independent bands under their own chiefs, but
+united in a confederacy for the protection of their territories; and
+send deputies to a general council of the chiefs and warriors, whenever
+the concerns of their nation require it. If one of the tribes is
+attacked, the others are expected to assist in the repulsion of the
+enemy. They inhabit all the country, between the Mississippi and
+Missouri rivers, from north latitude about 46° to the junction of these
+rivers near St. Louis, with trifling exceptions in favor of some
+scattered bands of Foxes, Sacs and Kickapoos. Their country also extends
+south of the Missouri, where the principal part of the Titongs reside,
+and east of the Mississippi to the territories of the Chippeways--the
+Winnebagoes and the Menominies. The greatest chief of the nation at
+present (1820) is Talangamane, or the Red Wing.
+
+"The Minocantongs, or people of the waters, are located at St. Peters,
+and along the banks of the Mississippi towards Prairie du Chien. They
+reside in four principal villages.
+
+"The Yengetongs and the Sessitongs inhabit the upper parts of the river
+St. Peters, and are sometimes called the Sioux of the plains. Their
+traffic is principally in Buffalo robes. The Wahpetongs, or people of
+the leaves are the most erratic in their dispositions of all the Sioux;
+they inhabit the St. Peters between the Prairie de Francois and the
+White Rock, during a part of the year, and generally go out to hunt
+above the falls of St. Anthony towards the sources of the river De
+Corbeau, and upon the plains which give origin to the Crow, Sac and Elk
+rivers.
+
+"The Titongs inhabit both banks of the Missouri, and rove in quest of
+game over an immense extent of country. They are said to be related to
+the Mahas, and some other bands south of the Missouri.
+
+"The Mendewacantongs, or people of the Medicine Lake, the
+Washpecontongs, or people of the Leaves, who have run away, and some
+other scattered bands, whose names are unknown, inhabit the country
+generally, from St. Peters south to the mouth of the Missouri, and are
+chiefly located upon the sources of the rivers Ocano, Iowa, and
+Desmoines.
+
+"The Sioux are generally represented as a brave, generous and spirited
+people, with proud notions of their origin as a tribe, and their
+superiority as hunters and warriors, and with a predominant passion for
+war. They speak the Narcotah language, which is peculiar to themselves,
+and appears to have little affinity with any other Indian tongue. It is
+not so soft and sonorous as the Algonquin which abounds in labials, but
+more so than the Winnebago, which is the most harsh and guttural
+language in America. The Narcotah sounds to an English ear, like the
+Chinese, and both in this, and in other respects, the Sioux are thought
+to present many points of coincidence. It is certain that their manners
+and customs differ essentially from those of any other tribe, and their
+physiognomy, as well as their language, and opinions, mark them a
+distinct race of people. Their sacrifices and their supplications to the
+unknown God--their feasts after any signal deliverance from
+danger--their meat, and their burnt offerings--the preparation of
+incense, and certain customs of their females, offer too striking a
+coincidence, with the manners of the Asiatic tribes, before the
+commencement of the Christian era, to escape observation, while their
+paintings and hieroglyphics bear so much analogy to those of the Asteeks
+of Mexico, as to render it probable that the latter are of Naudowessian
+origin."
+
+"From my knowledge of the Sioux nation," observes Lieutenant Pike, "I do
+not hesitate to pronounce them the most warlike and independent nation
+of Indians, within the boundaries of the United States, their every
+passion being subservient to that of war. Their guttural pronunciation,
+high cheek bones, their visages, and distinct manners, together with
+their own traditions, supported by the testimony of neighboring nations,
+put it in my mind beyond a shadow of doubt, that they have emigrated
+from the north west point of America, to which they had come across the
+narrow streights, which in that quarter divide the two continents; and
+are absolutely descendants of a Tartarean tribe."
+
+The following anecdote of a Sioux chief, and of a council held by
+Governor Cass, some years since, for the purpose of making peace between
+the Sioux and Chippeways, is drawn from a letter from that officer, to
+the war department.[16]
+
+"Some years since, mutually weary of hostilities, the chiefs of both
+nations met, and agreed upon a truce. But the Sioux disregarding the
+solemn compact they had formed, and actuated by some sudden impulse
+attacked and murdered a number of Chippeways. The old Chippeway chief
+was present at the time, and his life was saved by the intrepidity and
+self-devotion of a Sioux chief. This man intreated, remonstrated,
+threatened. He adjured his countrymen, by every motive, to abstain from
+any violation of their faith: and finding his remonstrances useless, he
+attached himself to the Chippeway chief, and avowed his determination to
+save him or perish. Awed by such intrepidity, the Sioux finally agreed
+that he should ransom the Chippewa. This he did at the expense of all
+the property he possessed. The Sioux chief now accompanied him on his
+journey, until he considered him safe from any of the parties of the
+Sioux, who might be disposed to pursue him.
+
+"Believing it equally inconsistent with humanity and sound policy, that
+these border contests should be suffered to continue; and feeling that
+the Indians have a full portion of moral and physical evils, without
+adding to them the calamities of a war, which had no definite object,
+Governor Cass being at Sandy lake, offered his mediation to the
+Chippeway chiefs, to which they readily acceded. In consequence, a
+deputation of ten of their men descended the Mississippi with him.
+
+"The Chippeways landed occasionally, to examine whether any of the Sioux
+had recently visited that quarter. In one of these excursions, there was
+found, suspended to a tree, in an exposed situation, a piece of
+birch-bark, made flat, by being fastened between two sticks, about
+eighteen inches long by fifteen broad. This bark contained the answer of
+the Sioux nation, to overtures which the Chippeways had made, on
+Governor Cass' offer of mediation:--which overtures had been found and
+taken off by a party of the Sioux. So revengeful and sanguinary had the
+contest been between these tribes, that no personal communication could
+take place. Neither the sanctity of the office, nor the importance of
+the message, could protect the ambassador of either party from the
+vengeance of the other.
+
+"The preliminaries to a peace being thus settled, the Sioux and
+Chippeways met in joint council--smoked the pipe of peace together, and
+then in their own figurative language, 'buried the tomahawk so deep,
+that it could never be dug up again.'"
+
+Another anecdote is related by Mr. Schoolcraft which we quote as
+illustrative of the character, in some degree, of this singular and
+warlike race."
+
+"Le Petit Corbeau, a chief of a small band of Sioux, located upon the
+banks of the Mississippi, towards the confines of the Chippeway
+territory, going out one morning to examine his beaver trap, found a
+Sauteur in the act of stealing it. He had approached without exciting
+alarm, and while the Sauteur was engaged in taking the trap from the
+water, he stood maturely surveying him with a loaded rifle in his hands.
+As the two nations were at war, and the offence was in itself one of the
+most heinous nature, he would have been justified in killing him on the
+spot, and the thief looked for nothing else, on finding himself
+detected. But the Sioux chief walking up to him discovered a nobleness
+of disposition which would have done honor to the most enlightened of
+men. 'Take no alarm,' said he, 'at my approach; I only come to present
+to you the trap of which I see you stand in need. You are entirely
+welcome to it. Take my gun also, as I perceive you have none of your
+own, and depart with it to the land of your countrymen, but linger not
+here, lest some of my young men, who are panting for the blood of their
+enemies, should discover your footsteps in our country, and fall upon
+you.' So saying he delivered him his gun and accoutrements, and returned
+unarmed to the village of which he is so deservedly the chief."
+
+
+
+
+COLONIZATION OF THE INDIANS.
+
+
+The plan, now in progress of execution, for the removal of all the
+Indians, within the limits of the United States, to a region of country
+west of Missouri and Arkansas, will of course, when carried out, greatly
+modify our relations with them. New laws must be enacted by Congress,
+and new treaties formed between the Indians and the United States.
+
+From the organization of the federal government to the present time, our
+relations with the Indians have been the subject of frequent
+legislation, and the statute book bears many evidences of benevolent
+action towards this ill-fated race. If the laws enacted by Congress for
+the protection and civilization of the aborigines of this country, had
+been regularly and rigidly enforced, and a more impartial interpretation
+of the treaties made with them, had been observed, their condition would
+have been far better than it now is--they would have passed from the
+hunter to the pastoral state, and have grown in numbers, virtue and
+intelligence. But these laws and these treaties, have been year after
+year violated by our own people, and the result has been a constant
+deterioration of the Indians. This is especially true of those laws
+intended to prevent our citizens from hunting on the Indian lands,
+residing in their country, and trading with them without a license from
+the United States. These have generally been a dead letter upon the
+national statute book, and the encroachments of the lawless
+frontiers-men, the trader, the land speculator, and the vender of
+spirituous liquors, have impoverished degraded, and vitiated, more or
+less, every tribe within the limits of the United States. It is to this
+intercourse, with these classes of persons, that the bad faith, the
+savage barbarities, and border-wars, of which so much complaint is made
+against the Indians, are to be mainly attributed. The rapacity of our
+people, for their peltries and their land, the feeble execution of laws
+made for their protection, and the loose morality which has governed our
+general intercourse with them, have wasted their numbers, debased their
+character, and tarnished the honor of that nation, which, from the very
+organization of its government, has claimed to be their benevolent
+protector.
+
+The plan of removing the Indians beyond the limits of the United States
+is not new. If not original with Mr. Jefferson, it was commended by him,
+and has been approved, we believe, by each successive administration
+since his day. It looked of course to a peaceable not a forcible removal
+of them. Whether the details of the original plan corresponded with
+those of the law, under which this removal is going on, we do not know.
+
+The substance of the present plan may be gathered from the following
+provisions:
+
+1st. To secure the lands on which they are placed to the several tribes
+by patent, with only such restrictions as are necessary to prevent white
+men from purchasing them, or encroaching upon them.
+
+2d. To establish a territorial government, all the offices of which,
+(except those of the governor and secretary,) are to be filled with
+Indians, wherever competent natives can be obtained.
+
+3d. To provide for a general council of delegates, chosen by and from
+the tribes, with legislative powers; their enactments not to be valid
+till they have been approved by the President of the United States.
+
+4th. To have a delegate, always a native, remain at Washington, during
+the sessions of Congress, to attend to the affairs of the territory,
+who shall be allowed the pay and emoluments of a member of Congress.
+
+5th. To encourage, by liberal annual payments of money provided for in
+treaties, the establishment of schools and colleges; in which competent
+native teachers are always to be preferred when they can be had.
+
+The power and influence of the United States are to be directed in
+protecting them from the whites; in preserving peace among the different
+tribes, and in stimulating them, by rewards and emoluments, in acquiring
+the habits of civilized life. The efforts of the benevolent to carry
+christianity among them, if made in conformity with the regulations of
+the territory, are to be cherished. These are the leading features of
+the new system of Indian regulations, established by government for the
+civilization of the Indians. The territory set apart for this object,
+lies west of the states of Arkansas and Missouri, running north from the
+Red river about six hundred miles, and west from the western boundaries
+of these states about two hundred miles. The number of Indians within
+the territory of the United States is estimated to approach to near half
+a million of souls.
+
+It must be obvious to every one familiar with the Indian character, and
+with the history of our past relations with this people, that the
+success of this plan, will depend, in a very great degree, upon the
+manner in which its details shall be executed by the government. A
+failure will inevitably ensue, if white men are permitted to come in
+contact with the Indians. The strong arm of the military power of the
+United States, will be requisite to stay the encroachments of our
+people, whose love of adventure and whose thirst for gain, will carry
+them among the Indians, unless arrested by more cogent considerations
+than a sense of duty, or the prohibitions of the statute book.
+
+Instead of attempting to supply them with goods by licensing traders to
+reside among them, they should be encouraged to sell their furs and
+peltries and to make their purchases in the United States. On the former
+system they are liable to constant imposition, and the very articles
+which the traders carry among them, are worthless in kind and poor in
+quality; but if the Indians traded with us, within the limits of the
+United States, they would have the competition arising from a number of
+buyers and sellers, they would obtain better prices for their furs and
+procure more valuable articles, upon fairer terms, in exchange. They
+would also be benefitted by observing our manners and customs, adopting
+our style of dress, learning the value of property, and gaining some
+knowledge of agriculture and the use of mechanical tools, and implements
+of husbandry. But the most important advantage to be gained by their
+trading within the United States, would be in their protection from
+imposition. It has been truly and forcibly remarked,
+
+"Humanity shudders at the recital of the nefarious acts practised by the
+white traders upon the Indians. Yet not half of them are known or
+dreamed of by the American people. We refer again, to Mr. Tanner's
+Narrative, which every man who has a vote on this subject ought to read.
+Here we find the traders sometimes taking _by force_, from an Indian,
+the produce of a whole year's hunt, without making him any return,
+sometimes pilfering a portion while buying the remainder, and still
+oftener wresting from the poor wretches, while in a state of
+intoxication, a valuable property, for an inadequate remuneration. In
+one place, our author tells of an Indian woman, his adopted mother, who,
+"in the course of a single day, sold one hundred and twenty beaver
+skins, with a large quantity of buffalo robes, dressed and smoked skins,
+and other articles, _for rum_." He pathetically adds, "of all our large
+load of peltries, the produce of so many days of toil, so many long and
+difficult journeys, one blanket and three kegs of rum, only remained,
+besides the poor and almost worn out clothing on our bodies." The
+sending of missionaries, to labor by the side of the miscreants who thus
+swindle and debauch the ignorant savage, is a mockery of the office, and
+a waste of the time of these valuable men. If the Indians traded within
+our states, with our regular traders, the same laws and the same public
+sentiment which protects us, would protect them."
+
+This is no exaggerated picture. Fraud, oppression and violence, have
+characterized our intercourse with the Indians, and it is in vain to
+hope for any amelioration of their savage condition, so long as an
+intercourse of this kind is permitted. In the very nature of things, the
+plan of civilizing the Indians, by forming a confederacy of them, beyond
+the limits of the United States, will prove unsuccessful, unless they
+are surrounded by a cordon of military posts, and the whites are stayed,
+by physical force, from entering their territories for any purpose
+whatever.
+
+It is to this intercourse that the Indian wars, which have so frequently
+caused the blood of the white and the red man to flow in torrents, upon
+our frontier, are mainly to be attributed. It has been asserted, even by
+those who claim to be the grave historians of this unfortunate people,
+that these wars are almost without exception, the result of that cruelty
+and insatiable thirst for blood which belong to the Indian character.
+One of these writers, the Rev. Timothy Flint, in his "Indian Wars of the
+West," says, "We affirm an undoubting belief, from no unfrequent, nor
+inconsiderable means of observation, that aggression has commenced, in
+the account current of mutual crime, as a hundred to one, on the part of
+the Indians." We do not question the sincerity of this belief, but we do
+question, entirely, the correctness of the conclusion to which the
+writer brings his mind: we affirm without hesitation, that it is a
+conclusion that cannot be sustained by testimony. If the individual
+making it, had looked less superficially at the case, and had gone to
+the primary causes that have produced the bloody collisions between his
+countrymen and the Indians, he could never have made so great a mistake
+as the one he has committed in the paragraph quoted above. If kindness,
+good faith and honesty of dealing, had marked our social, political and
+commercial intercourse with the Indians, few, if any of these bloody
+wars would have occurred; and these people, instead of being debased by
+our intercourse with them, would have been improved and elevated in the
+scale of civilization. The history of the early settlement of
+Pennsylvania and its illustrious founder, affords the strongest
+testimony on this point. The justice, benevolence and kindness which
+marked the conduct of Penn towards the Indians, shielded his infant
+colony from aggression, and won for him personally, a generous
+affection, that would have been creditable to any race of people.
+
+Upon this point it has been well and forcibly remarked by a
+philanthropic writer,[17] of our country, that,
+
+"The American Indian is sometimes regarded as a being who is prone to
+all that is revolting and cruel. He is cherished in excited
+imaginations, as a demoniac phantasm, delighting in bloodshed, without
+a spark of generous sentiment or native benevolence. The philosophy of
+man should teach us, that the Indian is nothing less than a human being,
+in whom the animal tendencies predominate over the spiritual. His morals
+and intellect having received neither culture nor developement, he
+possesses on the one hand, the infirmities of humanity; while on the
+other the divine spark in his heart, if not blown into a genial warmth,
+has not been extinguished by an artificial polish. His affections are
+strong, because they are confined to a few objects; his enmities are
+deep and permanent, because they are nursed in secret, without a
+religion to control them. Friendship is with him a sacred sentiment. He
+undertakes long and toilsome journeys to do justice to its object; he
+exposes himself, for its sake, to every species of privation; he fights
+for it; and often dies in its defence. He appoints no _fecial_ messenger
+to proclaim, by an empty formality, the commencement of war. Whilst the
+European seeks advantages in the subtle finesse of negociation, the
+American pursues them according to the instincts of a less refined
+nature, and the dictates of a less sublimated policy. He seeks his enemy
+before he expects him, and thus renders him his prey."
+
+No better evidence need be adduced of his capacity for a lively and
+lasting friendship, than the history of Pennsylvania, during the life
+time of the founder. It is refreshing and delightful to see one fair
+page, in the dark volume of injustice and crime, which American annals,
+on this subject present. While this page reflects upon the past an
+accumulated odium, it furnishes lessons for the guide and edification of
+the future. Let me invite the philanthropist to this affecting story.
+
+A chief object of Penn, in the settlement of his province, was neither
+land, gold nor dominion, but "the glory of God, by the civilization of
+the poor Indian." Upon his arrival in Pennsylvania, the pledge contained
+in his charter was redeemed by a friendly compact with the "poor Indian"
+which was never to be violated, and by a uniform and scrupulous devotion
+to his rights and interests. Oldmixon and Clarkson inform us, that he
+expended "thousands of pounds" for the physical and social improvement
+of these untutored and houseless tenants of the woods. His estate became
+impaired by the munificence of his bounty. In return for benevolence so
+generous and pure, the Indians showed a reality of affection and an
+ardor of gratitude, which they had on no previous occasion professed.
+The colony was exempted from those calamities of war and desolation,
+which form so prominent a picture in the early annals of American
+settlements. During a period of forty years, the settlers and natives
+lived harmoniously together, neither party complaining of a single act
+of violence or the infliction of an injury unredressed. The memory of
+Penn lived green and fresh in their esteem, gratitude, and reverence, a
+century after.
+
+The tribe thus subdued by the pacific and philanthropic principles of
+Penn, have been untruly described as a cowardly and broken down race.
+They were a branch of the great family of Indians, who, for so many
+years, carried on a fierce and bloody strife with the Alligewi on the
+Mississippi, and waged a determined hostility with the Mengwe. At one
+period they were the undisputed masters of the large tract of country,
+now known as the territory of the middle states. On the arrival of the
+English, their number in Pennsylvania was computed at thirty or forty
+thousand souls. Their history spoke only of conquest. They were a brave,
+proud and warlike race, who gloried in the preservation of a character
+for valor, descended from the remotest times. The confederacy of the
+Six Nations, by whom they were finally vanquished, was not formed until
+1712, and their defeat, as evidenced by their peculiar subjugation
+occurred within a few months antecedent to the demise of the
+proprietary. The same people annihilated the colony of Des Vries, in
+1632, formed a conspiracy to exterminate the Swedes, under Printz, in
+1646; and were the authors of the subsequent murders which afflicted the
+settlements, before the accession of the English colonists.
+
+"Such an example furnishes some insight into the elements of Indian
+character. Little doubt can exist, if the subject were fairly examined,
+that most of those sanguinary wars, of which history speaks with a
+shudder, would be found to have arisen less from the blood-thirsty
+Indian, than from the aggressions of the gold-thirsty and land-thirsty
+defamer."
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN DANCING CEREMONIES.
+
+
+In a historical memoir of the Indians, published in the North American
+Review and attributed to the able pen of our present minister to France,
+there is a description of a war-dance, from which the following extract
+is made.
+
+"An Indian War Dance is an important occurrence in the passing events of
+a village. The whole population is assembled, and a feast provided for
+all. The warriors are painted and prepared as for battle. A post is
+firmly planted in the ground, and the singers, the drummers and other
+musicians, are seated within the circle formed by the dancers and
+spectators. The music and the dancers begin. The warriors exert
+themselves, with great energy. Every muscle is in action: and there is
+the most perfect concord between the music and their movements. They
+brandish their weapons, and with such apparent fury, that fatal
+accidents seem unavoidable. Presently a warrior leaves the circle, and
+with his tomahawk or casse-tete, strikes the post. The music and dancing
+cease, and profound silence ensues. He then recounts, with a loud voice,
+his military achievements. He describes the battles he has fought--the
+prisoners he has captured--the scalps he has taken. He points to his
+wounds, and produces his trophies. He accompanies his narrative with the
+actual representation of his exploits; and the mimic engagement, the
+advance and the retreat, are all exhibited to his nation as they really
+occurred. There is no exaggeration, no misrepresentation. It would be
+infamous for a warrior to boast of deeds he never performed. If the
+attempt were made, some one would approach and throw dirt in his face
+saying, "I do this to cover your shame; for the first time you see an
+enemy, you will tremble." But such an indignity is rarely necessary:
+and, as the war parties generally, contain many individuals, the
+character and conduct of every warrior are well known. Shouts of
+applause accompany the narration, proportioned in duration and intensity
+to the interest it excites. His station in the circle is then resumed by
+the actor, and the dance proceeds, till it is interrupted in a similar
+manner.
+
+"In the poem of Ontwa, a scene like this is so well described, that we
+cannot resist the temptation to transfer it to our pages. Of all who
+have attempted to embody in song, the "living manners" of the Indians,
+the anonymous author of that poem has been the most successful. His
+characters, and traditions and descriptions, have the spirit and bearing
+of life; and the whole work, is not less true to nature than to poetry.
+
+  A hundred warriors now advance,
+  All dressed and painted for the dance;
+  And sounding club and hollow skin
+  A slow and measured time begin:
+  With rigid limb and sliding foot,
+  And murmurs low the time to suit;
+  Forever varying with the sound,
+  The circling band moves round and round.
+  Now slowly rise the swelling notes
+  When every crest more lively floats;
+  Now tossed on high with gesture proud,
+  Then lowly mid the circle bow'd;
+  While clanging arms grow louder still,
+  And every voice becomes more shrill;
+  Till fierce and strong the clamor grows,
+  And the wild war whoop bids it close.
+  Then starts Skunktonga forth, whose band
+  Came from far Huron's storm-beat strand,
+  And thus recounts his battle feats,
+  While his dark club the measure beats."
+
+Major Long of the U.S. army, in his Expedition up the Missouri, gives an
+account of a council which he held, at Council Bluff, with a party of
+one hundred Ottoes, seventy Missouries, and fifty or sixty Soways. The
+Otto nation is known by the name of Wah-toh-ta-na. Their principal
+village is situated on the river Platte, about forty miles above its
+junction with the Missouri. At the period of this visit, these Indians
+had held little if any intercourse with the whites. After the council
+was over, they performed a dance, in honor of their visitors, the
+description of which will convey to the reader a very vivid picture of
+this ceremony. We give it, in Major Long's own words.
+
+"The amusement of dancing was commenced by striking up their rude
+instrumental and vocal music; the former consisting of a gong made of a
+large keg, over one of the ends of which, a skin was stretched, which
+was struck by a small stick, and another instrument, consisting of a
+stick of firm wood, notched like a saw, over the teeth of which a small
+stick was rubbed forcibly backward and forward. With these, rude as they
+were, very good time was preserved with the vocal performers, who sat
+around them, and by all the natives as they sat, in the inflection of
+their bodies, or the movements of their limbs. After the lapse of a
+little time, three individuals leaped up, and danced around for a few
+minutes; then, at a concerted signal of the master of ceremonies, the
+music ceased and they retired to their seats, uttering a loud noise,
+which, by patting the mouth rapidly with the hand, was broken into a
+succession of similar sounds, somewhat like the hurried barking of a
+dog. Several sets of dancers succeeded, each terminating as the first.
+In the intervals of the dances, a warrior would step forward, and strike
+a flag-staff they had erected, with a stick, whip, or other weapon, and
+recount his martial deeds. This ceremony is termed _striking the post_,
+and whatever is then said, may be relied upon as rigid truth, being
+delivered in the presence of many a jealous warrior and witness, who
+could easily detect, and would immediately disgrace the _striker_ for
+exaggeration or falsehood. This is called the _beggar's dance_--during
+which, some presents are always expected by the performers; as tobacco,
+whiskey, or trinkets. But on this occasion, as none of these articles
+were immediately offered, the amusement was not, at first, distinguished
+by much activity.
+
+"The master of the ceremonies continually called aloud to them to exert
+themselves, but still they were somewhat dull and backward. Iëtan now
+stepped forward, and lashed a post with his whip, declaring that he
+would punish those that did not dance. This threat, from one whom they
+had vested with authority for this occasion, had a manifest effect upon
+his auditors, who were presently highly wrought up, by the sight of two
+or three little mounds of tobacco twist, which were now laid before
+them, and appeared to infuse new life.
+
+"After lashing the post, and making his threat, Iëtan went on to narrate
+his martial exploits. He had stolen horses seven or eight times from the
+Kanzas; he had first struck the bodies of three of that nation slain in
+battle. He had stolen horses from the Iëtan nation, and had struck one
+of their dead. He had stolen horses from the Pawnees, and struck the
+body of one Pawnee Loup. He had stolen horses several times from the
+Omawhahs, and once from the Puncas. He had struck the bodies of two
+Sioux. On a war party, in company with the Pawnees, he had attacked
+the Spaniards, and penetrated into one of their camps; the
+Spaniards--excepting a man and a boy--fled, himself being at a distance
+before his party; he was shot at and missed by the man, whom he
+immediately shot down and struck. 'This, my father,' said he, 'is the
+only material act of my life that I am ashamed of.'
+
+"After several rounds of dancing, and of striking at the post, by the
+warriors, Mi-a-ke-ta, or _The Little Soldier_, a war-worn veteran, took
+his turn to strike the post. He leaped actively about, and strained his
+voice to its utmost pitch, whilst he portrayed some of the scenes of
+blood in which he had acted. He had struck dead bodies of individuals of
+all the Red nations around; Osages, Konzas, Pawnee Loups, Pawnee
+Republicans, Grand Pawnees, Puncas, Omawhaws, Sioux, Padoucas, La Plain,
+or Bald heads, Iëtans, Sacs, Foxes, and Ioways. He had struck eight of
+one nation, seven of another, &c.
+
+"He was proceeding with his account, when Iëtan ran up to him, put his
+hand upon his mouth, and respectfully led him to his seat. This act was
+no trifling compliment to the well-known brave; it indicated, that he
+had so many glorious achievements to speak of, that he would occupy so
+much time, as to prevent others from speaking; and, moreover, put to
+shame the other warriors, by the contrast of his actions with theirs.
+
+"Their physical action in dancing is principally confined to leaping a
+small distance from the ground, with both feet, the body being slightly
+inclined, and, upon alighting, an additional slight but sudden
+inclination of the body is made, so as to appear like a succession of
+jerks; or the feet are raised alternately, the motion of the body being
+the same. Such are the movements in which the whole party correspond;
+but, in the figures--as they are termed in our assembly rooms--each
+individual performs a separate part, and each part is a significant
+pantomimic narrative. In all their variety of action, they are careful
+to observe the musical cadences. In this dance, Iëtan represented one
+who was in the act of stealing horses; he carried a whip in his hand as
+did a considerable number of the Indians, and around his neck were
+thrown several leathern thongs, for bridles and halters, the ends of
+which trailed upon the ground behind him. After many preparatory
+manoeuvres, he stooped down, and with his knife, represented the act
+of cutting the hopples of horses. He then rode his tomahawk, as children
+ride their broomsticks, making use of his whip, as to indicate the
+necessity of rapid movement, lest his foes should overtake him.
+Wa-sa-ha-jing-ga, or _Little Black Bear_, after a variety of gestures,
+threw several arrows in succession, over his own head--thereby
+indicating his familiarity with the flight of such missiles. He, at the
+same time, covered his eyes with his hand, to indicate that he was blind
+to danger. Others represented their manoeuvres in battles, seeking
+their enemy, discharging at him their guns or arrows, &c. &c.
+
+"Most of the dancers were the principal warriors of the nation--men who
+had not condescended to amuse themselves or others, in this manner, for
+years before. But they now appeared in honor of the occasion, and to
+conciliate, in their best manner, the good will of the representative of
+the government of the _Big Knives_. Amongst these veteran warriors,
+Iëtan, or _Sha-mon-e-kus-see_, _Ha-she-a_ (the Broken Arm), commonly
+called Cut Nose, and _Wa-sa-ha-zing-ga_ (or Little Black Bear), three
+youthful leaders, in particular, attracted our attention. In consequence
+of having been appointed soldiers on this occasion, to preserve order,
+they were painted entirely black. The countenance of the first indicated
+much wit, and had, in its expression, something of the character of that
+of Voltaire. He frequently excited the mirth of those about him, by his
+remarks and gestures. _Ha-she-a_, (called Cut Nose, in consequence of
+having lost the tip of his nose, in a quarrel with Iëtan,) wore a
+handsome robe of white wolf skin, with an appendage behind him, called
+a _crow_. This singular decoration is a large cushion, made of the skin
+of a crow, stuffed with any light material, and variously ornamented. It
+has two decorated sticks, projecting from it upward, and a pendent one
+beneath; this apparatus is secured upon the buttocks by a girdle passing
+round the body. The other actors in the scene were decorated with paints
+of several colors, fantastically disposed upon their persons. Several
+were painted with white clay, which had the appearance of being grooved
+in many places. This grooved appearance is given by drawing the
+finger-nails over the part, so as to remove the pigment from thence in
+parallel lines. These lines are either rectilinear, undulated, or
+zigzag; sometimes passing over the forehead transversely, or vertically;
+sometimes in the same direction, or obliquely over the whole visage, or
+upon the breast, arms, &c. Many were painted with red clay, in which the
+same lines appeared. A number of them had the representation of a black
+hand, with outspread fingers, on different parts of the body, strongly
+contrasting with the principal color with which the body was overspread;
+the hand was depicted in different positions upon the face, breast, and
+back. The face of others was colored, one half black, and one half
+white, or red and white, &c. Many colored their hair with red clay, but
+the eye-lids and base of the ears were generally tinged with vermilion.
+
+"At the conclusion of the ceremony, whiskey--which they always expect on
+similar occasions--was produced, and a small portion was given to each.
+The principal Chiefs of the different nations who had remained passive
+spectators of the scene, now directed their people to return to their
+camp. The word of the Chiefs was obeyed, excepting by a few of the
+Ioways, who appeared to be determined to keep their places,
+notwithstanding the reiterated command of the Chiefs. Iëtan now sprang
+towards them, with an expression of much ferocity in his countenance,
+and it is probable a tragic scene would have been displayed, had not the
+chiefs requested him to use gentle means; and thus he succeeded; after
+which, the Chiefs withdrew."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+SALE OF WHISKEY TO THE INDIANS.
+
+
+In tracing out the causes which led to the late war with the Sac and Fox
+Indians of Rock river, reference was made to the violations of the laws
+of Congress in the introduction of whiskey among them by the white
+traders. The opinion, moreover, was expressed that the licensed traders
+of the United States, among these tribes, were in the habit of selling
+this article to them, and under circumstances which must have brought
+home the fact to the knowledge of our Indian agents. Black Hawk with
+other chiefs of the band to which he belonged, earnestly remonstrated
+against the introduction of whiskey among his people, because of its
+debasing effect upon their morals, and the danger of its provoking them
+to acts of aggression upon the whites, while in a state of intoxication.
+One of the facts, set forth in the memorial which the white settlers on
+Rock river, presented to Governor Reynolds, in 1831, and upon which he
+declared the state to be actually invaded by the Sac and Fox Indians,
+and ordered out the militia to repel it, was the destruction, by Black
+Hawk, of a barrel of whiskey, which the owner was retailing to the
+Indians. The violation of the laws of Congress and of express treaty
+provisions, in the sale of ardent spirits to the Indians, winked at, as
+they undoubtedly were, by the public agents, mainly contributed to bring
+about a war, which resulted in the destruction of a great part of the
+band of Black Hawk. That the allegations, in regard to the sale of
+intoxicating liquors, to the Indians, by the regularly licensed traders
+of the United States, may not be supposed to rest upon gratuitous
+assumptions, the following letter, is quoted, which places the matter
+beyond all question.
+
+
+                                     _St. Peters, July 25, 1832_
+
+       GEN. JOSEPH M. STREET,        }
+     Indian Agent, Prairie du Chien. }
+
+     SIR--I arrived at this place yesterday from the sources of
+     the Mississippi, having visited the Chippewa bands and
+     trading-posts in that quarter. Much complaint is made respecting
+     the conduct of the persons licensed by you last year, who located
+     themselves at the Granite Rocks, and on the St. Croix. No doubt can
+     exist that each of them took in, and used in their trade, a
+     considerable quantity of whiskey. And I am now enabled to say, that
+     they each located themselves at points within the limits of my
+     agency, where there are no trading-posts established. My lowest
+     trading-post on the Mississippi, is the Pierced Prairie, eighteen
+     miles below the mouth of the De Corbeau. It embraces one mile
+     square upon which traders are required to be located. On the St.
+     Croix, the posts established and confirmed by the Department are
+     Snake River and Yellow River, and embrace each, as the permanent
+     place of location, one mile square. I report these facts for your
+     information, and not to enable you to grant licenses for these
+     posts, as the instructions of the Department give to each agent the
+     exclusive control of the subject of granting licenses for the
+     respective agencies.
+
+     Much solicitude is felt by me to exclude ardent spirits wholly from
+     the Chippewas and Ottowas, the latter of whom have, by a recent
+     order, been placed under my charge. I am fully satisfied that
+     ardent spirits are not necessary to the successful prosecution of
+     the trade, that they are deeply pernicious to the Indians, and that
+     both their use and abuse is derogatory to the character of a wise
+     and sober government. Their exclusion in every shape, and every
+     quantity, is an object of primary moment; and it is an object which
+     I feel it a duty to persevere in the attainment of, however traders
+     may bluster. I feel a reasonable confidence in stating, that no
+     whiskey has been used in my agency during the last two years,
+     except the limited quantity taken by special permission of the
+     Secretary of War, for the trade of the Hudson's Bay lines; and
+     saving also the quantity clandestinely introduced from Prairie du
+     Chien and St. Peters.
+
+     I know, sir, that an appeal to you on this subject cannot be lost,
+     and that your feelings and judgment fully approve of temperance
+     measures. But it requires active, persevering, unyielding efforts.
+     And in all such efforts, judiciously urged, I am satisfied that the
+     government will sustain the agents in a dignified discharge of
+     their duties. Let us proceed in the accomplishment of this object
+     with firmness, and with a determination never to relinquish it,
+     until ardent spirits are entirely excluded from the Indian country.
+
+                                          I am sir,
+                                            Very respectfully,
+                                              Your obedient servant,
+                                                HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT.
+
+     P.S. Capt. Jouett, commanding at this post, has recently seized
+     sixteen kegs of high-wines. His prompt, decisive, and correct
+     conduct in this, and other transactions relating to Indian affairs,
+     merits the approbation of government.
+
+     The Petite Corbeau has requested that no trader may be located at
+     the mouth of the St. Croix.
+
+
+The following picture of the present condition of the Winnebagoes, given
+in the St. Louis Bulletin, shows the deplorable results of the
+intercourse of the whites with the Indians--the baneful effects of
+spirituous liquors upon their morals and habits. The Winnebagoes were
+neighbors of the Sacs and Foxes, and long intimately associated with
+them. Twenty years ago, all of these tribes, raised annually more corn,
+beans and other vegetables, than were needed for their own consumption.
+Now they are miserable, squalid beggars, without the means of
+subsistence. The faithlessness of the Government, the perfidy and
+avarice of its agents and citizens, have brought this race of people to
+the horrible condition, in which they are represented in the statement
+that follows.
+
+     An agent of the Temperance Society, in a journal of a late tour to
+     the region of the Upper Mississippi, presents a picture, melancholy
+     indeed, of the present condition of the Indian tribes in that
+     quarter, which must deeply rouse the commiseration of every
+     benevolent man. From our own personal observation one year since,
+     we would corroborate the assertion, that were the world ransacked
+     for a subject in which should be concentrated and personified
+     injustice, oppression, drunkenness, squalid filth, and degradation,
+     one would point to the straggling Indian on the banks of the Upper
+     Mississippi for the aptest exemplification.
+
+     There were some two or three hundred of these
+     stragglers--Winnebagoes, chiefly, about Prairie du Chien--men,
+     women, and children, many of whom had scarcely the fragments of a
+     filthy blanket to hide their nakedness or screen them from the
+     cold--strolling and straggling about in squads of from two to a
+     half dozen each, begging for whiskey, or cold potatoes, or crusts
+     of bread. One old female, doubtless turned of threescore and ten,
+     half naked, was gathering up from the dirt and ashes about the
+     boiler of the steam boat, a few pieces of dried apples that had
+     been dropped and trodden under foot, which, with her toothless
+     gums, she attempted to masticate with all the eagerness of a
+     starving swine. Little children, from one to four years old, were
+     crawling about in a state of nudity, and almost of starvation,
+     while their own mothers and fathers, were staggering, and fighting,
+     and _swearing_. It is a fact, that while these poor creatures
+     cannot articulate a word of any thing else in English, the most
+     awfully profane expressions will drop from their lips in English,
+     as fluently as if it had been their vernacular tongue. When the
+     whites first settled in that neighborhood, the Indians raised corn
+     and other provisions enough, not only for their own use, but also
+     for the fur-traders and settlers.
+
+     Now they are altogether dependent for even the scanty subsistence
+     by which they are dragging out the remnant of a miserable life,
+     upon the whites. And what has been the cause of so great a change
+     in a few years in the circumstances and habits of a whole people!
+     The answer is plain to every one at all acquainted with Indian
+     history. It is the perfidy and avarice of the whites, and
+     WHISKEY, WHISKEY has been the all potent _agent_ by which
+     it has been effected. By selling and giving them whiskey till they
+     become drunk, they are soon filched of the little annuities
+     received from government; and then treated the rest of the year
+     like so many dogs.--As an illustration of the feeling towards them,
+     a merchant at Prairie du Chien expressed the very humane wish, that
+     there might soon be another Indian war to kill them all off.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Armstrong fort built, 96.
+
+  Atkinson, General, ordered to Rock Island, 140
+    directs Black Hawk to return to the west side of the Mississippi, 140
+    takes command of the Illinois militia, 141
+    proceeds to Dixon's Ferry, 141
+    attack on Black Hawk at Bad-axe, 156
+    official account, 158
+    his letter of approval from War Department, 179.
+
+
+  B
+
+  Black Hawk's account of the treaty of 1804, 58.
+
+  Black Hawk Purchase, in 1832, 70.
+
+  Black Hawk, birth and early adventures, 74
+    his battle with the Osages in 1786, 75
+    with Cherokees, 75
+    with Chippeways, Kaskaskias and Osages, 76
+    his account of Pike's visit, 77
+    his attack on Fort Madison, 78
+    joins the British army, 80
+    his return, 80
+    murder of his adopted son, 81
+    battle of the sink-hole near Cap au Gris, 83
+    his attack upon boats going to Prairie des Chiens, 86
+    makes peace with the United States, 86
+    death of his eldest son, 90
+    visit to the Ioway village, 89
+    visit to Malden, 90
+    whipped by some Americans, 91
+    refuses to remove to the west side of the Mississippi, 92
+    whites encroach upon his village, 93
+    burning of his lodges, 96
+    interview with Governor Coles and Judge Hall, 96
+    agrees to remove for six thousand dollars, 100
+    interview with Gaines, 103
+    removes to west side Mississippi, 104
+    treats with Gaines and Reynolds, 104
+    causes which led to the war, 108
+    his attempted alliance with other tribes, 111
+    discontented on west side of the Mississippi, 138
+    sends messenger to Keokuk, 138
+    collects his band at Fort Madison and crosses to east side
+      of the Mississippi, 139
+    proceeds to the prophet's village up Rock river, 140
+    ordered back by General Atkinson, 141
+    makes his camp at Kisk-wa-cokee, is attacked in his camp
+      by Maj. Stillman, 145
+    his flag of truce fired upon, 145
+    defeats Stillman, 146
+    attack upon Buffalo Grove, 149
+    his battle on the Wisconsin, 151
+    flies to the Mississippi, 152
+    attacked by the steam boat Warrior, 153
+    his white flag fired upon, 153
+    his defeat at the Bad-axe, 156
+    escape, 161
+    capture, 162
+    causes leading to this war, 171
+    at Jefferson Barracks, 189
+    sent to Washington city, 192
+    confined at Fortress Monroe, 193
+    interview with the President, 192
+    speech to Col. Eustis, 193
+    released, 195
+    visit to Norfolk, 196
+    to Baltimore, 196
+    interview with President, 197
+    visit to Philadelphia, 199
+    to New York, 200
+    to Albany, 202
+    to Buffalo, 202
+    interview with Senecas, 203
+    visit to Detroit, 203
+    reaches fort Armstrong, 206
+    refuses to submit to Keokuk, 209
+    his final speech in the council, 215
+    visit in 1837 to Washington, 216
+    visit to Boston, 217
+    to Cincinnati, 217
+    his character and personal appearance, 218
+    number of his warriors in campaign of 1832, 220.
+
+
+  C
+
+  Cahokias conquered, 16.
+
+  Clark, George Rogers, relieves St. Louis, 24
+    sends troops into the Indian country, 25.
+
+  Cole, Governor, meets Black Hawk, 96.
+
+  Clark, General, letter to War Department, 107.
+
+  Cap au Gris, battle of, 83.
+
+  Cholera among Scott's troops, 166.
+
+  Cass, Lewis, report to the President, 178.
+
+  Cass' letter to Gen. Atkinson, 179.
+
+  Cass' account of Sacs and Foxes, 181.
+
+  Colonization of the Indians, 228.
+
+
+  D
+
+  Drakeford's battle near Cap au Gris, 84.
+
+  Dodge, General, kills 29 Indians, 149
+    his battle of the Wisconsin, 151.
+
+  Davenport, Col. Wm., speech to Black Hawk, 210.
+
+
+  E
+
+  Everett, Governor, speech to Keokuk in Boston, 131
+    makes them presents, 135.
+
+
+  F
+
+  Fort Armstrong built, 87.
+
+  Foxes, party of, murder 28 Menominies, 137
+
+
+  G
+
+  Good spirit of Rock Island, 87.
+
+  Galland's description of Sac village, 94.
+
+  Gaines, General, letter to Reynolds, 102
+    orders troops to Rock Island, 102
+    interview with Black Hawk, 103
+    takes possession of Sac village, 103
+    treats with the British Band, 104
+    his letter to War Department, 106.
+
+  Garland, Maj., takes charge of prisoners, 197
+    his release of Black Hawk, 211.
+
+
+  H
+
+  Harrison, General, account of the conquest of the Illinois tribes, 26
+    his treaty with the Sacs and Foxes in 1804, 50.
+
+  Hall, Judge, account of Sac village, 28
+    his interview with Black Hawk, 96
+    his account of the Sacs and Foxes at Washington, 127.
+
+
+  I
+
+  Illinois tribes conquered, 15.
+
+  Indians, power to sell lands, 59.
+
+  Johnson, John, letter to Secretary at War, 63.
+
+  Illinois militia, flight at Sycamore creek, 146.
+
+  Irving, Washington, account of Black Hawk, 191.
+
+  Indian dancing ceremonies, 237.
+
+
+  K
+
+  Kaskaskias conquered, 16.
+
+  Keokuk removes west of Mississippi, 92
+    his birth, 114
+    age, 115
+    admitted to the council-lodge, 116
+    bold adventure with the Sioux, 117
+    his interview with the Menominies, 119
+    in peril with his tribe, 122
+    removed from his post of head chief, 123
+    re-instated, 124
+    delivers up his nephew to be tried for murder, 125
+    his letter to Governor of Illinois, 125
+    visit to Washington city in 1827 and council with Secretary at War, 127
+    visit to Philadelphia, New York and Boston, 132
+    speech in reply to Gov. Everett, 133
+    return to the west, 135
+    character, 135
+    his visit to Jefferson barracks, 190
+    his speech on the liberation of Black Hawk, 208
+    final speech in the council, 213
+    his visit to Washington in 1837, 216
+    conduct to Black Hawk, 217.
+
+
+  L
+
+  Lewis and Clark's account of Sacs and Foxes, 45.
+
+
+  M
+
+  Minneway tribes, 15.
+
+  Mascontins, battle with Sacs and Foxes, 17.
+
+  Memorial to Gov. Reynolds, 102.
+
+  Menominies, murdered by the Foxes, 138.
+
+  Macomb, Gen., report to Secretary at War, 178.
+
+
+  N
+
+  Naopoke's visit to Malden, 138
+    captured, 165
+    his testimony before Scott, 166
+    at Jefferson barracks, 189.
+
+
+  O
+
+  Osages, battle with Sacs and Foxes, 75.
+
+
+  P
+
+  Peorias conquered, 16.
+
+  Primm's account of the attack on St. Louis in 1779, 18.
+
+  Pike's account of Sacs and Foxes, 44.
+
+  Posey, Col., at Buffalo grove, 150.
+
+  Prophet, Wabokieshiek, 168.
+
+  Pashepahow's speech, 212.
+
+
+  Q
+
+  Quashquame, account of treaty of 1804, 58.
+
+
+  R
+
+  Reynolds, Governor, letter to Clark, 101
+    to Gaines, 102
+    declares the state to be invaded, 101
+    letter to War Department, 106
+    orders out the militia and joins Atkinson, 141
+    makes a treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, 170.
+
+
+  S
+
+  Sac and Fox Indians, origin of, 13
+    Identity of the tribes, 14
+    residence, 14
+    removal to the west, 14
+    conquest of the Illini tribes, 15
+    their attack on St. Louis in 1779, 18
+    their village, 28
+    their war and peace chiefs, 30
+    division into families, 31
+    mode of burial, 35
+    idea of a future state, 36
+    in regard to the creation of the world, 37
+    social relations, 41
+    musical instruments, 41
+    Pike's account of them, 45
+    their character for courage, 48
+    treaty with the United States in 1789, 49
+    ditto at St. Louis in 1804, 50
+    they are excited to hostilities by British agents, 62
+    offer to fight against England, 63
+    part of them join the British standard, 64
+    treaty with them 13th Sep. 1815, 64
+    ditto 14th Sep. 1815, 64
+    ditto with British Band, 64
+    relinquish lands in Missouri, 66
+    treaty of Prairie des Chiens in 1825, 65
+    treaty for mineral region in 1828, 68
+    Black Hawk purchase in 1832, 70
+    their present residence, 71
+    sale of their lands on Rock river, 99
+    treaty with Scott and Reynolds, 170
+    described by Gov. Cass, 181.
+
+  Stillman, Maj., proceeds to Sycamore creek, 141
+    attacks Black Hawk and is defeated, 142
+    fires upon Black Hawk's flag of truce, 145.
+
+  Stephenson, J.W., kills some Indians, 149.
+
+  Scott, General, arrival at Rock Island, 165
+    treaty with Sacs and Foxes, 170.
+
+  Senecas, their speech to Black Hawk, 203.
+
+  Sioux Indians, sketches of, 222.
+
+  Sale of whiskey to the Indians, 245.
+
+
+  W
+
+  Wabokieshiek, advice to British Band, 93.
+
+  Warrior's attack on Black Hawk, 153.
+
+  Wapellar's speech, 211.
+
+
+  FOOTNOTES
+
+[1] Schoolcraft's Travels, p. 347.
+
+[2] Published in the Illinois Magazine under the head of "History of St.
+Louis."
+
+[3] James Hall, Esqr.
+
+[4] Chronicles of the North American Savages, No. 4. page 53.
+
+[5] History of the North American Indians, by James Hall, Esq.
+
+[6] James Hall, Esq.
+
+[7] Judge Hall.
+
+[8] Patterson's Life of Black Hawk, dictated by himself.
+
+[9] See Adjutant W. W. Woodbridge's statement.
+
+[10] "The Book of the Indians of North America," p. 127.
+
+[11] This class is admirably described by the author of "Legends of the
+West."
+
+[12] See St. Louis Times of 13th April, 1833.
+
+[13] "The Book of the Indians of North America," by Samuel G. Drake of
+Boston, containing much interesting matter about the aborigines of this
+country, and from which we have copied several of the speeches made upon
+the liberation of Black Hawk.
+
+[14] Black Hawk seems to have entertained a warm friendship for Colonel
+Davenport. On another occasion, speaking of this council, he said, "I
+here met my old friend, a great war chief, [Colonel William Davenport]
+whom I had known for eighteen years. He is a good and a brave chief. He
+always treated me well, and gave me good advice. He made a speech to me
+on this occasion, very different from that of the other chief. It
+sounded like coming from a _brave_." He adds, "If our great father were
+to make such men our agents, he would much better subserve the interests
+of our people, as well as his own, than in any other way; and had the
+war chief alluded to, been our agent, we never should have had the
+difficulties with the whites which we have had."
+
+Those who have the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with Colonel
+Davenport will join in Black Hawk's spontaneous tribute to his character
+as a _brave_, and a gentleman of humane and noble feelings.
+
+[15] Colonel Whittlesey, of the Geological Corps of Ohio. See Hesperian
+for February, 1839, in which this gentleman has given valuable
+recollections of a tour through Wisconsin in 1832.
+
+[16] See Traits of Indian Character, by G. Turner.
+
+[17] See a "Discourse on the Surviving Remnant of the Indian Race in the
+United States," by Job R. Tyson, Esq. of Philadelphia.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Great Indian Chief of the West, by Benjamin Drake
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Great Indian Chief of the West, by Benjamin Drake.
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Great Indian Chief of the West, by Benjamin Drake
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Great Indian Chief of the West
+       Or, Life and Adventures of Black Hawk
+
+Author: Benjamin Drake
+
+Release Date: April 30, 2006 [EBook #18290]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT INDIAN CHIEF OF THE WEST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by richyfourtytwo Janet Blenkinship and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img002.jpg" alt="BLACK HAWK." title="BLACK HAWK." /></div>
+<h4>BLACK HAWK.</h4>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+  <h1>THE<br />
+
+  GREAT INDIAN CHIEF<br />
+
+  OF<br />
+
+  THE WEST:</h1>
+
+  <h3>OR,</h3>
+
+  <h2>LIFE AND ADVENTURES<br />
+
+  OF<br />
+
+  BLACK HAWK.</h2>
+
+
+<p class='center'>CINCINNATI:<br />
+  APPLEGATE &amp; COMPANY<br />
+  43 MAIN STREET.<br />
+  1854.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843,<br />
+  BY GEORGE CONCLIN,<br />
+  In the Clerk's Office of the District of Ohio.</p>
+
+<div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: There are inconsistencies in the Index layout and
+in the spelling of tribal names. These have been left as originally printed.
+    </div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>In presenting to the public the life and adventures of Black Hawk, some
+account of the Sac and Fox Indians&mdash;of Keokuk, their distinguished
+chief&mdash;and of the causes which led to the late contest between these
+tribes and the United States, was necessarily involved. The introduction
+of these collateral subjects, may possibly impart additional interest to
+this volume.</p>
+
+<p>In speaking of the policy of the government towards the fragment of Sacs
+and Foxes, with whom Black Hawk was associated, it has been necessary to
+censure some of its acts, and to comment with freedom upon the official
+conduct of a few public officers.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians are frequently denounced as faithless, ferocious and
+untameable. Without going into the inquiry, how far this charge is
+founded in truth, the question may be asked, has not the policy of our
+government contributed, essentially, to impart to them that character?
+Have we not more frequently met them in bad faith, than in a Christian
+spirit? and sustained our relations with them, more by the power of the
+sword than the law of kindness? In the inscrutable ways of Providence,
+the Indians are walking in ignorance and moral darkness. It is the
+solemn duty, and should be the highest glory of this nation, to bring
+them out of that condition, and elevate them in the scale of social and
+intellectual being. But, how is this duty performed? We gravely
+recognize them as an independent people, and treat them as vassals: We
+make solemn compacts with them, which we interpret as our interest
+dictates, but punish them if they follow the example: We admit their
+title to the land which they occupy, and at the same time literally
+compel them to sell it to us upon our own terms: We send agents and
+missionaries to reclaim them from the error of their ways&mdash;to bring them
+from the hunter to the pastoral life; and yet permit our citizens to
+debase them by spirituous liquors, and cheat them out of their property:
+We make war upon them without any adequate cause&mdash;pursue them without
+mercy&mdash;and put them to death, without regard to age, sex or condition:
+And, then deliberately proclaim to the world, that they are
+savages&mdash;cruel and untameable&mdash;degraded and faithless.</p>
+
+<p>If the present volume shall, in any degree, contribute to awaken the
+public mind to a sense of the wrongs inflicted upon the Indians, and to
+arouse the Christian statesmen of this land, to the adoption of a more
+liberal, upright and benevolent course of policy towards them,
+something will have been gained to the cause of humanity and of national
+honor.</p>
+
+<p>The author takes this opportunity of acknowledging his obligations to
+James Hall, Esq., for the valuable assistance received from him, in the
+preparation of this volume. In collecting the materials for that
+magnificent work, on which he is now engaged, "The History of the
+Indians of North America," this gentleman has become possessed of much
+interesting matter, in regard to the Sacs and Foxes, and especially the
+chief Keokuk; to all of which he has kindly permitted the author to have
+access.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cincinnati, May, 1838.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><b>CHAPTER I.</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Origin of the Sac and Fox Indians&mdash;Removal to Green Bay&mdash;Their</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">subjugation of the Illini confederacy&mdash;Their attack upon St. Louis</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in 1779&mdash;Col. George Rogers Clark relieves the town&mdash;Governor</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrison's letter&mdash;Maj. Forsyth's account of the conquest of the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Illini&mdash;Death of the Sac chief Pontiac&mdash;Sac and Fox village on</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rock river&mdash;Description of the surrounding country&mdash;Civil polity</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Sacs and Foxes&mdash;Legend about their chiefs&mdash;Division of</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the tribes into families&mdash;Mode of burying their dead&mdash;Idea of a future</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">state&mdash;Their account of the creation of the world&mdash;Marriages&mdash;Social</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations&mdash;Music and musical instruments&mdash;Pike's visit to</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">them in 1805&mdash;Population&mdash;Character for courage</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><b>CHAPTER II.</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians in 1789&mdash;treaty and cession of</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">land to the United States at St. Louis in 1804&mdash;Black Hawk's account</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of this treaty&mdash;Erection of Fort Madison&mdash;The British excite</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Sac and Fox Indians to make war upon the United States&mdash;A</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">party under Black Hawk join the British standard in 1812&mdash;Treaty at</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portage des Sioux in 1815&mdash;Treaty of peace with Black Hawk and his</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">band at same place in 1816&mdash;Treaty for part of their lands in Missouri</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in 1824&mdash;Treaty of Prairie des Chiens in 1825&mdash;Treaty for the mineral</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">region in 1829&mdash;Treaty of peace in 1832, after the "Black</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawk war"&mdash;Present residence of the Sacs and Foxes&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><b>CHAPTER III.</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birth of Black Hawk&mdash;Early adventures&mdash;Battles with the Osages and</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokees&mdash;Death of his father&mdash;Interview with Lieutenant Pike&mdash;Attack</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">upon Fort Madison&mdash;Joins the British in the late war&mdash;Marches</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to lake Erie&mdash;Returns home after the attack upon Fort</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephenson&mdash;Murder of his adopted son&mdash;Battle of the Sink-hole near</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cap au Gris&mdash;Treaty of peace at Portage des Sioux in 1816&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><b>CHAPTER IV.</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Building of Fort Armstrong&mdash;The good Spirit of Rock Island&mdash;Death</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Black Hawk's children&mdash;Young Sac offers to die in place of his</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">brother&mdash;Black Hawk's visit to Malden&mdash;Whipped by some whites&mdash;Whites</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">settle at his village&mdash;Black Hawk's talk with Governor Coles</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Judge Hall&mdash;Sale of the lands on Rock river&mdash;Indians ordered to</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">remove&mdash;Agreement to remove for six thousand dollars&mdash;Memorial of</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the white settlers to Governor Reynolds&mdash;The Governor's letters to</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General Clark and General Gaines&mdash;The latter leaves Jefferson Barracks</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with six companies of the United States troops for Rock Island&mdash;His</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with Black Hawk&mdash;Calls upon the Governor of Illinois</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for militia&mdash;The Indians abandon their village&mdash;treaty of peace made</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with them&mdash;Official letters to the war department&mdash;Summary of the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">causes which brought on this disturbance&mdash;Black Hawk's attempt to</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">form an alliance with other tribes&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><b>CHAPTER V.</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keokuk's birth&mdash;Kills a Sioux when fifteen years old&mdash;Prevents the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abandonment of the Sac village&mdash;Bold man&oelig;uvre with the Sioux&mdash;Perils</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his life for the safety of his people&mdash;Speech to the Menominies</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Prairie des Chiens&mdash;Called upon to lead his braves to join</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Black Hawk war&mdash;Allays the excitement of his people on this</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">subject&mdash;Deposed from his post as head chief and a young man elected</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in his place&mdash;Re-established in power&mdash;Delivers up his nephew to</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the whites to be tried for murder&mdash;Letter to the Governor of</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Illinois&mdash;Council at Washington in 1837&mdash;Retorts upon the Sioux&mdash;His</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visit to Boston&mdash;His return home&mdash;His personal appearance&mdash;And</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his character as a war and peace chief&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><b>CHAPTER VI.</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murder of twenty-eight Menominies by the Foxes of Black Hawk's</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">band&mdash;Naopope's visit to Malden&mdash;Black Hawk recrosses the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mississippi&mdash;General Atkinson orders him to return&mdash;Stillman's</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack&mdash;Defeated by Black Hawk&mdash;His white flag fired upon&mdash;He sends</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">out war parties upon the frontier&mdash;Attack upon Fort Buffalo&mdash;General</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dodge's battle on the Wisconsin&mdash;Black Hawk and his band leave the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Four Lakes and fly to the Mississippi&mdash;Pursued by General Atkinson&mdash;Black</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawk's flag of truce fired upon by the Captain of the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warrior&mdash;Twenty-three Indians killed&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><b>CHAPTER VII.</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General Atkinson overtakes Black Hawk&mdash;Battle of the Bad Axe&mdash;Atkinson's</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">official report&mdash;Incidents of the Battle&mdash;Capture of</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black Hawk and the prophet&mdash;Naopope's statement to General Scott&mdash;General</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scott and Governor Reynolds conclude a treaty with the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sacs, Foxes and Winnebagoes&mdash;Causes which led to the war&mdash;Motives</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for getting up Indian wars&mdash;First attack made by the Illinois</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">militia&mdash;Report of the Secretary at War in regard to this</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">campaign&mdash;General Macomb's letter to General Atkinson&mdash;Secretary</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cass' statement of the causes which led to this war&mdash;Comments upon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">this statement, and its omissions pointed out&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><b>CHAPTER VIII.</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black Hawk, Naopope, the Prophet and others confined at Jefferson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barracks&mdash;In April 1833 sent to Washington&mdash;Interview with the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">President&mdash;sent to Fortress Monroe&mdash;Their release&mdash;Visit the eastern</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cities&mdash;Return to the Mississippi&mdash;Conference at Rock island between</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maj. Garland, Keokuk, Black Hawk and other chiefs&mdash;speeches</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Keokuk, Pashshepaho and Black Hawk&mdash;Final discharge of the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hostages&mdash;Their return to their families&mdash;Black Hawk's visit to</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington in 1837&mdash;His return&mdash;His personal appearance&mdash;Military</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">talents&mdash;Intellectual and moral character&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><b>CHAPTER IX.</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black Hawk at the capture of Fort Erie--At the battle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Thames--His account of the death of Tecumthe--His</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">residence and mode of life after his last visit to the</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">east--His Fourth of July speech at fort Madison--His death and burial</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='#Page_234'>234</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#APPENDIX"><b>APPENDIX.</b></a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sketches of the Sioux</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='#Page_258'>258</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonization of the Indians</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='#Page_264'>264</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Dancing Ceremonies</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='#Page_273'>273</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sale of Whiskey to the Indians</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href='#Page_281'>281</a><br />
+<br /><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#INDEX"><b>INDEX.</b></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='#Page_285'>285</a>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>HISTORY</h2>
+
+<h4>OF THE</h4>
+
+<h2>SAUKEE AND MUSQUAKEE NATIONS,</h2>
+
+<h3>USUALLY CALLED THE</h3>
+
+<h2>SAC AND FOX INDIANS.</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquoti"><p>Origin of the Sac and Fox Indians&mdash;Removal to Green Bay&mdash;Their
+subjugation of the Illini confederacy&mdash;Their attack upon St. Louis in
+1779&mdash;Col. George Rogers Clark relieves the town&mdash;Governor Harrison's
+letter&mdash;Maj. Forsyth's account of the conquest of the Illini&mdash;Death of
+the Sac chief Pontiac&mdash;Sac and Fox village on Rock river&mdash;Description
+of the surrounding country&mdash;Civil polity of the Sacs and Foxes&mdash;Legend
+about their chiefs&mdash;Division of the tribes into families&mdash;Mode of
+burying their dead&mdash;Idea of a future state&mdash;Their account of the
+creation of the world&mdash;Marriages&mdash;Social relations&mdash;Music and musical
+instruments&mdash;Pike's visit to them in 1805&mdash;Population&mdash;Character for
+courage.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>The word Saukee, or O-sau-kee, now written Sauk or more commonly Sac, is
+derived from a compound in the Algonquin or Chippeway language,
+a-saw-we-kee, which means "yellow earth." Mus-qua-kee, the name of the
+Fox Indians, signifies "red earth." These two tribes have long resided
+together, and now constitute one people, although there are some
+internal regulations among them which tend to preserve a distinctive
+name and lineage. The chiefs, on ceremonial occasions, claim<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> to be
+representatives of independent tribes, but this distinction is nominal.
+For many years past the principal chief of the Sacs, has been, in fact,
+the chief of the Foxes likewise. They are united in peace and war, speak
+the same language, claim the same territory, have similar manners and
+customs, and possess traditions which represent them as descended from
+the one common origin&mdash;the great Chippeway nation.</p>
+
+<p>Both tribes originally resided upon the waters of the St. Lawrence. The
+Foxes removed first to the west, and established themselves in the
+region of Green Bay. Upon a river bearing their name, which empties into
+the head of this Bay, they suffered a signal defeat by a combined body
+of French and Indians, at a place, since known as La Butte de Mort, or
+the Hill of the Dead.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Subsequently to this battle, they were joined
+by the Sacs, who having become involved in a war with the Iroquois or
+Six Nations, were also driven to the westward. They found their
+relatives, the Foxes, upon Green Bay, but so far reduced in numbers, by
+the attacks of other tribes, that they were no longer able to sustain
+themselves as an independent people. The union between these two tribes,
+which then took place, and continues to this day, was as much a matter
+of necessity as of feeling. The period of their migration from the St.
+Lawrence to the upper Lakes cannot be satisfactorily ascertained. La
+Hontan speaks of a Sac village on Fox river, as early as 1689; and
+Father Hennepin, in 1680,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> mentions the Ontagamies or Fox Indians, as
+residents on the bay of Puants, now Green Bay.</p>
+
+<p>From this place, the Sauks and Foxes, crossed over to the eastern bank
+of the Mississippi, and combining with other tribes, began to act on the
+offensive. The period of this irruption from the north, it is not easy
+to determine. Major Thomas Forsyth, who resided for near twenty years
+among the Sauks and Foxes, in a manuscript account of those tribes, now
+before us, says:</p>
+
+<p>"More than a century ago, all the country, commencing above Rock river,
+and running down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio, up that river
+to the mouth of the Wabash, thence up that river to Fort Wayne, thence
+down the Miami of the Lake some distance, thence north to the St.
+Joseph's and Chicago; also the country lying south of the Des Moines,
+down perhaps, to the Mississippi, was inhabited by a numerous nation of
+Indians, who called themselves Linneway, and were called by others,
+Minneway, signifying "men." This great nation was divided into several
+bands, and inhabited different parts of this extensive region, as
+follows: The Michigamies, the country south of the Des Moines; the
+Cohakias that east of the present village of Cohokia in Illinois; the
+Kaskaskias that east of the town of that name; the Tamarois had their
+village nearly central between Cahokia and Kaskaskia; the Piankeshaws
+near Vincennes; the Weas up the Wabash; the Miamies on the head waters
+of the Miami of the Lakes, on St. Joseph's river and at Chicago. The
+Pianke<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>shaws, Weas and Miamies, must at this time have hunted south
+towards and on the Ohio. The Peorias, another band of the same nation,
+lived and hunted on the Illinois river: The Mascos or Mascontins, called
+by the French <i>gens des prairies</i>, lived and hunted on the great
+prairies, between the Wabash and Illinois rivers. All these different
+bands of the Minneway nation, spoke the language of the present Miamies,
+and the whole considered themselves as one and the same people; yet from
+their local situation, and having no standard to go by, their language
+became broken up into different dialects. These Indians, the Minneways,
+were attacked by a general confederacy of other nations, such as the
+Sauks and Foxes, resident at Green Bay and on the Ouisconsin; the Sioux,
+whose frontiers extended south to the river des Moines: the Chippeways,
+Ottoways, and Potawatimies from the lakes, and also the Cherokees and
+Choctaws from the south. The war continued for a great many years and
+until that great nation the Minneways were destroyed, except a few
+Miamies and Weas on the Wabash, and a few who are scattered among
+strangers. Of the Kaskaskias, owing to their wars and their fondness for
+spiritous liquors, there now (1826) remain but thirty or forty
+souls;&mdash;of the Peorias near St. Genevieve ten or fifteen; of the
+Piankeshaws forty or fifty. The Miamies are the most numerous; a few
+years ago they consisted of about four hundred souls. There do not exist
+at the present day (1826) more than five hundred souls of the once great
+and powerful Minne<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>way or Illini nation. These Indians, the Minneways,
+are said to have been very cruel to their prisoners, not unfrequently
+burning them. I have heard of a certain family among the Miamies who
+were called man-eaters, as they were accustomed to make a feast of human
+flesh when a prisoner was killed. For these enormities, the Sauks and
+Foxes, when they took any of the Minneways prisoners, gave them up to
+their women to be buffeted to death. They speak also of the Mascontins
+with abhorrence, on account of their cruelties. The Sauks and Foxes have
+a historical legend of a severe battle having been fought opposite the
+mouth of the Iowa river, about fifty or sixty miles above the mouth of
+Rock river. The Sauks and Foxes descended the Mississippi in canoes, and
+landing at the place above described, started east, towards the enemy:
+they had not gone far before they were attacked by a party of the
+Mascontins. The battle continued nearly all day; the Sauks and Foxes,
+for want of ammunition, finally gave way and fled to their canoes; the
+Mascontins pursued them and fought desperately, and left but few of the
+Sauks and Foxes to carry home the story of their defeat. Some forty or
+fifty years ago, the Sauks and Foxes attacked a small village of
+Peorias, about a mile below St. Louis and were there defeated. At a
+place on the Illinois river, called Little Rock, there were formerly
+killed by the Chippeways and Ottowas, a number of men, women and
+children of the Minneway nation. In 1800 the Kickapoos made a great
+slaughter of the Kaskaskia Indians. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> Main-Pogue, or Potawatimie
+juggler, in 1801, killed a great many of the Piankeshaws on the Wabash."</p>
+
+<p>The land on which St. Louis stands, as well as the surrounding country,
+was claimed by the Illini confederacy, which had acquiesced in the
+intrusion of the whites. This circumstance, it is supposed, led the
+northern confederacy to the attempt, which they made in 1779, to destroy
+the village of St. Louis, then occupied by the Spaniards. As the Sacs
+and Foxes were active participators in this attack, no apology is
+necessary for introducing the following graphic account of it, from the
+pen of Wilson Primm, Esqr. of St. Louis.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>"In the mean time numerous bands of the Indians living on the lakes and
+the Mississippi&mdash;the Ojibeways, Menomonies, Winnebagoes, Sioux, Sacs,
+&amp;c. together with a large number of Canadians, amounting in all to
+upwards of fourteen hundred, had assembled on the eastern shore of the
+Mississippi, a little above St. Louis, awaiting the sixth of May, the
+day fixed for the attack. The fifth of May was the feast of <i>Corpus
+Christi</i>, a day highly venerated by the inhabitants, who were all
+Catholics. Had the assault taken place then, it would have been fatal to
+them, for, after divine service, all the men, women and children had
+flocked to the prairie to gather strawberries, which were that season
+very abundant and fine. The town being left perfectly unguarded, could
+have been taken<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> with ease, and the unsuspecting inhabitants, who were
+roaming about in search of fruit, have been massacred without
+resistance. Fortunately, however, a few only of the enemy had crossed
+the river and ambushed themselves in the prairie. The villagers,
+frequently came so near them, in the course of the day, that the Indians
+from their places of concealment, could have reached them with their
+hands. But they knew not how many of the whites were still remaining in
+the town, and in the absence of their co-adjutors, feared to attack,
+lest their preconcerted plan might be defeated."</p>
+
+<p>On the sixth, the main body of the Indians crossed, and marched directly
+towards the fields, expecting to find the greater part of the villagers
+there; but in this they were disappointed, a few only having gone out to
+view their crops. These perceived the approach of the savage foe, and
+immediately commenced a retreat towards the town, the most of them
+taking the road that led to the upper gate, nearly through the mass of
+Indians, and followed by a shower of bullets. The firing alarmed those
+who were in town, and the cry "to arms! to arms!" was heard in every
+direction. They rushed towards the works and threw open the gates to
+their brethren. The Indians advanced slowly but steadily towards the
+town, and the inhabitants, though almost deprived of hope, by the vast
+superiority in number of the assailants, determined to defend themselves
+to the last.</p>
+
+<p>"In expectation of an attack, Silvio Francisco Cartabona, a governmental
+officer, had gone to St.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> Genevieve for a company of militia to aid in
+defending the town, in case of necessity, and had at the beginning of
+the month returned with sixty men, who were quartered on the citizens.
+As soon as the attack commenced, however, neither Cartabona nor his men
+could be seen. Either through fear or treachery, they concealed
+themselves in a garret, and there remained until the Indians had
+retired. The assailed being deprived of a considerable force, by this
+shameful defection, were still resolute and determined. About fifteen
+men were posted at each gate; the rest were scattered along the line of
+defence, in the most advantageous manner.</p>
+
+<p>"When within a proper distance, the Indians began an irregular fire,
+which was answered with showers of grape shot from the artillery. The
+firing, for a while, was warm; but the Indians perceived that all their
+efforts would be ineffectual on account of the intrenchments, and
+deterred by the cannon, to which they were unaccustomed, from making a
+nearer approach, suffered their zeal to abate, and deliberately retired.
+At this stage of affairs, the Lieutenant Governor made his appearance.
+The first intimation that he received of what was going on, was by the
+discharge of artillery, on the part of the inhabitants. He immediately
+ordered several pieces of cannon, which were posted in front of the
+government house, to be spiked and filled with sand, and went, or rather
+was rolled in a wheelbarrow, to the scene of action. In a very
+peremptory tone, he commanded the inhabitants to cease firing and return
+to their houses. Those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> posted at the lower gate, did not receive the
+order, and consequently kept their stations. The commandant perceived
+this and ordered a cannon to be fired at them. They had barely time to
+throw themselves on the ground, when the volley passed over them, and
+struck the wall, tearing a great part of it down. These proceedings, as
+well as the whole tenor of his conduct, since the first rumor of an
+attack, gave rise to suspicions very unfavorable to the Lieutenant
+Governor. It was bruited about, that he was the cause of the attack,
+that he was connected with the British, and that he had been bribed into
+a dereliction of duty, which, had not providence averted, would have
+doomed them to destruction. Under pretext of proving to them that there
+was no danger of an attack, he had a few days before it occurred, sold
+to the traders, all the ammunition belonging to the government; and they
+would have been left perfectly destitute and defenceless, had they not
+found, in a private house, eight barrels of powder, belonging to a
+trader, which they seized in the name of the King, upon the first alarm.
+Colonel George Rogers Clark, who was at this time at Kaskaskia, with a
+few men under his command, understanding that an attack was meditated on
+the town, offered all the assistance in his power, to aid in the
+defence. This offer was rejected by the Lieutenant Governor. All these
+circumstances gave birth to a strong aversion to the commandant, which
+evinces itself, at this day, in execrations of his character, whenever
+his name is mentioned to those who have known<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> him. Representations of
+his conduct, together with a detailed account of the attack, were sent
+to New Orleans by a special messenger, and the result was that the
+Governor General appointed Mr. Francisco Cruzat, to the office of
+Lieutenant Governor.</p>
+
+<p>"As soon as it was ascertained that the Indians had retired from the
+neighborhood, the inhabitants proceeded to gather the dead, that lay
+scattered in all parts of the prairie. Seven were at first found and
+buried in one grave. Ten or twelve others, in the course of a fortnight,
+were discovered in the long grass that bordered the marshes. The acts of
+the Indians were accompanied by their characteristic ferocity. Some of
+their victims were horribly mangled. With the exception of one
+individual, the whites who accompanied the Indians, did not take part in
+the butcheries that were committed. A young man by the name of Calve,
+was found dead, his skull split open, and a tomahawk, on the blade of
+which was written the word Calve, sticking in his brain. He was supposed
+to have fallen by the hand of his uncle. Had those who discovered the
+Indians in the prairie, fled to the lower gate, they would have escaped;
+but the greater part of them took the road that led to the upper gate,
+through the very ranks of the enemy, and were thus exposed to the whole
+of their fire. About twenty persons, it is computed, met their death in
+endeavoring to get within the entrenchments. None of those within were
+injured, and none of the Indians were killed, at least none of them were
+found. Their object was not plunder, for they did not attempt, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> their
+retreat, to take away with them any of the cattle or the horses that
+were in the prairie, and that they might have taken; nor did they attack
+any of the neighboring towns, where danger would have been less, and the
+prospect of success greater. The only object they had in view was the
+destruction of St. Louis; and this would seem to favor the idea that
+they were instigated by the English, and gives good ground, when
+connected with other circumstances, to believe that Leyba was their
+aider and abettor.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *</p>
+
+<p>"A Mr. Chancellier had gone on the day of attack, to the prairie for
+strawberries, with his wife, two daughters and an American, the first
+that had ever been in the country, in a cart drawn by two horses. When
+they perceived the Indians, they immediately fled towards the town in
+the cart; Mr. Chancellier being seated before, and the American behind,
+in order to protect the women, who were in the middle. In their flight
+the American was mortally wounded. As he was falling out, Mr.
+Chancellier seized him and threw him into the midst of the women,
+exclaiming, "they shan't get the scalp of my American." He was at the
+same time struck by two balls, which broke his arm in as many places,
+above the elbow. His wife received a bullet through the middle of her
+hand, the elder daughter was shot through the shoulder, immediately
+above the breast, and the younger was struck on the forehead, but the
+ball glanced aside and merely stunned her. The moment Mr. Chancellier
+arrived<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> at the gate, his horses dropped dead, pierced with a hundred
+wounds, but his family was saved."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Primm, the writer of this interesting narrative, has probably not
+been fully informed in regard to the extent of Colonel George Rogers
+Clark's participation in this affair. In a written memorandum now before
+us, made on the authority of his brother, General William Clark of St.
+Louis, who it is presumed has possession of his father's official
+papers, it is stated, in reference to this affair, that although the
+Spanish Governor could not be made to believe that an attack was
+intended, the principal inhabitants sent over an express to Colonel
+Clark, who was then at Kaskaskia with five hundred men, to come and
+protect them. He accordingly marched his force up opposite the town and
+encamped a little distance from the river. He did not send over any
+troops, but was to do so, in case of an attack; when it was actually
+made Colonel Clark crossed the river; and upon seeing the "long knives,"
+as the Indians called his troops, they hastily retreated, having killed
+seventy-two or seventy-three of the Spaniards, before his arrival. This
+sudden appearance of Colonel Clark, upon the scene of action, explains
+the conduct of the Indians. So large a body of warriors, making a
+preconcerted attack, upon a town but badly protected, would not, it is
+thought, have given up the assault so suddenly and before they had lost
+a single man, unless alarmed by the presence of a superior force. On the
+supposition that Colonel Clark actually crossed the river with his
+troops, the flight of the Indians<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> is easily explained. They were
+probably apprised of Colonel Clark's being at Kaskaskia, and his name
+was every where a terror to the Indians. As an evidence of this, a short
+time afterwards, he sent a detachment of one hundred and fifty men, as
+far up the country as Prairie des Chiens, and from thence across Rock
+and Illinois rivers and down to Kaskaskia, meeting with no molestation
+from the Indians, who were struck with terror at the boldness of the
+enterprise, saying that if so few dared to come, they "would fight like
+devils."</p>
+
+<p>General William H. Harrison, long familiar with the North West Indians,
+in an official letter to the secretary at War, dated H.Q. Cincinnati,
+March 22d, 1814, giving an able view of the Indian tribes, makes the
+following remarks on the descent of this northern confederacy, upon the
+great Illini nation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Miamies have their principal settlements on the forks of the
+Wabash, thirty miles from fort Wayne; and at Mississineway, thirty miles
+lower down. A band of them, under the name of Weas, have resided on the
+Wabash, sixty miles above Vincennes; and another under the Turtle, on
+Eel river, a branch of the Wabash, twenty miles north west of Fort
+Wayne. By an artifice of the Little Turtle, these three bands were
+passed on General Wayne as distinct tribes, and an annuity was granted
+to each. The Eel river and Weas however to this day call themselves
+Miamies, and are recognized as such by the Mississineway band. The
+Miamies, Maumees, or Tewicktovies are the un<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>doubted proprietors of all
+that beautiful country which is watered by the Wabash and its branches;
+and there is as little doubt, that their claim extended as far east as
+the Sciota. They have no tradition of removing from any other quarter of
+the country; whereas all the neighboring tribes, the Piankeshaws
+excepted, who are a branch of the Miamies, are either intruders upon
+them, or have been permitted to settle in their country. The Wyandots
+emigrated first from Lake Ontario and subsequently from lake Huron, the
+Delawares from Pennsylvania and Maryland, the Shawanies from Georgia,
+the Kickapoos and Pottawatamies from the country between lake Michigan
+and the Mississippi, and the Ottawas and Chippeways, from the peninsula
+formed by lakes Michigan, Huron and St. Clair, and the strait connecting
+the latter with Erie. The claims of the Miamies were bounded on the
+north and west by those of the Illinois confederacy, consisting
+originally of five tribes, called Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Peorians,
+Michiganians, and Temorias speaking the Miami language, and no doubt
+branches of that nation.</p>
+
+<p>"When I was first appointed governor of Indiana Territory, these once
+powerful tribes were reduced to about thirty warriors, of whom twenty
+five were Kaskaskias, four Peorians, and a single Michiganian. There was
+an individual lately alive at St. Louis, who saw the enumeration of them
+made by the Jesuits in 1745, making the number of their warriors four
+thousand. A furious war between them and the Sacs and Kickapoos<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> reduced
+them to that miserable remnant, which had taken refuge amongst the white
+people of Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. The Kickapoos had fixed their
+principal village at Peoria, upon the south bank of the Illinois river,
+whilst the Sacks remained masters of the country to the north."</p>
+
+<p>These historical facts are interesting, as showing the manner in which
+the Sauks and Foxes obtained possession of the fertile plains of
+Illinois; and, as adding another to the many instances on record, in
+which hordes of northern invaders have overrun and subjugated the people
+of more southern regions. The causes are obvious for this descent of the
+Sauks and Foxes, upon their southern neighbors. They reached a more
+genial climate, a country where game was more abundant than in the
+region they left behind, and in which they could, with greater facility,
+raise their corn, beans and pumpkins. Other causes than these might have
+had their influence. The Illini confederacy may have provoked the
+descent of the northern tribes upon them. On this point, Lieutenant Pike
+in his travels to the sources of the Mississippi, has the following
+remark.</p>
+
+<p>"By killing the celebrated Sauk chief, Pontiac, the Illinois, Cahokias,
+Kaskaskias and Peorias, kindled a war with the allied nations of the
+Sauks and Reynards, which has been the cause of the almost entire
+destruction of the former nations."</p>
+
+<p>The death of Pontiac may have been the immediate exciting cause of the
+war, but it is more than probable that the love of conquest and the
+hope<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> of obtaining a more fruitful and genial country, than is to be
+found upon the shore of the lakes, were the principal reasons which
+impelled the northern confederacy to the subjugation of the Illini.</p>
+
+<p>The principal village of the Sacs and Foxes, for a long period of time,
+was on the north side of Rock river, near its junction with the
+Mississippi. It contained at one time upwards of sixty lodges, and was
+among the largest and most populous Indian villages on the continent.
+The country around it is fertile and picturesque, finely watered, and
+studded with groves and prairies. It is described in the following
+graphic manner, by a gentleman<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> who travelled over it in 1829.</p>
+
+<p>"The Mississippi, which below its junction with the Missouri, is a
+troubled stream, meandering through low grounds, and margined by muddy
+banks, is here a clear and rapid river, flowing over beds of rock and
+gravel, and bordered by the most lovely shores. Nothing of the kind can
+be more attractive, than the scenery at the upper rapids. On the western
+shore, a series of slopes are seen, commencing at the gravelly margin of
+the water, and rising one above another, with a barely perceptible
+acclivity, for a considerable distance, until the back ground is
+terminated by a chain of beautifully rounded hills, over which trees are
+thinly scattered, as if planted to embellish the scene. This is the
+singular charm of prairie scenery. Although it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> a wilderness, just as
+nature made it, the verdant carpet, the gracefully waving outline of the
+surface, the clumps and groves and scattered trees, give it the
+appearance of a noble park, boundless in extent, and adorned with
+exquisite taste. It is a wild but not a savage wild, that awes by its
+gloom. It is a gay and cheerful wilderness, winning by its social aspect
+as well as its variety and intrinsic gracefulness. The eastern shore is
+not less beautiful: a broad flat plain of rich alluvion, extending from
+the water's edge, is terminated by a range of wooded hills. A small
+collection of the lodges of the Saukies and Foxes stood on this plain
+when the writer last saw it, but their chief village was about three
+miles distant. In the front of the landscape, and presenting its most
+prominent feature, is Rock Island, on the southern point of which,
+elevated upon a parapet of rock, is Fort Armstrong. The region around is
+healthy and amazingly fruitful. The grape, the plum, the gooseberry and
+various other native fruits abound,&mdash;the wild honeysuckle gives its
+perfume to the air, and a thousand indigenous flowers mingle their
+diversified hues with the verdure of the plain. But all this fertility
+of soil and scenic beauty has produced no ameliorating effect upon the
+savages. The Sauks of Illinois, when first visited by the French
+missionaries were as they are now. They are still savages, as much so as
+the Osages, Comanches and Seminoles, and not superior to the wandering
+Chippeways."</p>
+
+<p>The civil polity of these two tribes bears much resemblance to that of
+the north western Indians<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> generally. The peace chiefs are partly
+elective and partly hereditary. The son succeeds the father by the
+assent of the tribe, if worthy of the office, and if not, a successor,
+of a more meritorious character, is chosen by them from some collateral
+branch of the family. There is a legend among them relating to the
+relative rank of their chiefs, which, although perhaps purely
+figurative, may not be uninteresting to the reader. They say that a
+great while ago, their fathers had a long lodge, in the centre of which
+were ranged four fires. By the first fire stood two chiefs, one on the
+right, who was called the great Bear, and one on the left, called the
+little Bear: these were the village or peace chiefs: they were the
+rulers of the band, and held the authority corresponding to that of the
+chief magistrate. At the second fire stood two chiefs: one on the right,
+called the great Fox, and one on the left, called the little Fox: these
+were the war chiefs or generals. At the third fire stood two warriors,
+who were called respectively the Wolf and the Owl. And at the other
+fire, two others who were the Eagle and the Tortoise. These four last
+named were not chiefs but braves of distinction, who held honorable
+places in the council, and were persons of influence in peace and in
+war. This lodge of four fires may have existed among these tribes. It is
+true that their chiefs remain as described in the legend.</p>
+
+<p>The peace chief or head-man presides in council, and all important
+public acts are done in his name; but unless he be a man of popular
+talents and great energy of character his place confers more of honor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+than power. If a weak or irresolute man, although he nominally retain
+his authority, the war chiefs actually exercise it. It is very seldom
+that he acquires property, for he is expected to make feasts and
+presents, and is compelled to be hospitable and liberal as a means of
+sustaining his power among his people.</p>
+
+<p>The office of war chief is never hereditary, but results from skill and
+intrepidity in battle, and is held so long as those qualities are
+successfully retained. It may readily be conceived that among such a
+race the war chiefs, having the braves and young men of the nation under
+their command, would generally maintain a controlling influence. The
+leading war chief is always better known than the principal peace chief,
+is often confounded with him, and still oftener exercises his authority.</p>
+
+<p>The Sauks are, at the present time, divided into twelve families, and
+the Foxes into eight, each known by the name of some animal. Among the
+Sauks there is another division peculiar to it. The males are all
+classed in two parties or bands&mdash;one called Kish-ko-guis, or long hairs;
+the other Osh-cushis or braves, the former being considered something
+more than brave. In 1819 each party numbered about four hundred members,
+and in 1826, the number was increased to five hundred in each. The
+standard of the Kish-ko-guis or long hairs, is red, and that of the
+Osh-cushis or braves, blue. Every male child, soon after its birth, is
+marked with white or black paint, and is classed in one of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> these two
+parties, the mother being careful to apply the two colors alternately,
+so that if the number of males in a family be even, each band will
+receive an equal number of members, and the whole nation will thus be
+nearly equally divided into the two colors of black and white. These
+distinctive marks are permanently retained through life, and in painting
+themselves for any ceremonies or public occasions, those of one party
+use white, the others black paint, in addition to other colors which may
+suit their fancy. The reason of this singular custom is for the purpose
+of creating and keeping alive a spirit of emulation in the tribe. In
+their games, sham-battles and other pastimes, the whites and blacks are
+opposed to each other; and in war, each party is ambitious of bringing
+home a greater number of scalps than the other.</p>
+
+<p>The chiefs have the management of public affairs, but as we have already
+seen are more or less influenced, especially in matters of war or peace,
+by the braves. In their councils, questions are not considered,
+generally, as decided, unless there be unanimity of opinion. Their laws
+are few and simple. Debts are but seldom contracted by them, and there
+is no mode of enforcing their collection. For redress of civil injuries,
+an appeal is usually made to some of the old men of the tribe, mutually
+selected by the parties concerned; and their decision is considered as
+binding. A murder among them is seldom punished capitally. The relatives
+of the deceased may take revenge in that way, but it is much more common
+to receive com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>pensation in property. If the relatives cannot agree upon
+the amount of the compensation, the old men of the tribe interfere and
+settle it. The kinsfolk of the deceased say, that by killing the
+murderer, it will not bring the dead to life, and that it is better to
+take the customary presents, which often amount in value to a
+considerable sum. Occasionally the murderer arranges the whole matter,
+by marrying the widow of the man he has killed. There is but one offence
+that is considered of a national character, and that is of rare
+occurrence. It consists in aiding the enemies of the tribe, in times of
+war, and is punishable with death. A sentinel who has been placed on
+duty by a chief, but who neglects it, is publicly whipped by the women.
+The Sauks and Foxes have no established mode of declaring war. If
+injured by a neighboring tribe they wait a reasonable time for
+reparation to be made, and if it is not, they avail themselves of the
+first fitting opportunity of taking revenge. The young Indians manifest,
+at an early age, a love of war. They hear the old warriors recounting
+their exploits, and as the battle-field is the only road to distinction,
+they embrace the first chance of killing an enemy. When the question of
+going to war is under consideration, some one or a number of them,
+undertake to consult the Great Spirit by fasting and dreams. These
+latter are related by them in public, and often have their influence,
+being generally so interpreted as to inspire confidence in those who may
+join the war party. If a party is victorious in battle, the individual
+who killed the first enemy,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> leads them back, and on the way, if they
+have prisoners with them, it is not uncommon to kill those who are old.
+The young ones are generally adopted into the families of such as have
+lost relatives in the battle, or whose children have died a natural
+death. Upon the return of the victorious party to their village, a war
+dance is held round their captives by way of celebrating their triumph.
+Prisoners are sometimes held as slaves, and as such are bought and sold.
+If they go to war, which they are encouraged to do, and succeed in
+killing one of the enemy, the slave changes his name and from that time
+becomes a freeman. The Sauks and Foxes treat their prisoners with
+humanity, and if they succeed in getting to the village alive, they are
+safe, and their persons are held sacred. But one instance is known of
+their having burned a prisoner, and that was in a war with the
+Menominies, and in retaliation for a similar act, first committed by
+that tribe. The young Indians go to war generally between the age of
+seventeen and twenty, but sometimes as early as fifteen. Many of them at
+the age of forty and forty-five, look old and are broken down in their
+physical constitution, in consequence of the hardships which they have
+endured in war and the chase. In old age they are usually provided for,
+and live in peace at their villages. When one of them is sick, and
+thinks he is about to go to the land of spirits, he not unfrequently
+directs the manner in which he wishes to be buried, and his instructions
+are complied with. The Sauks and Foxes bury their dead in the ground,
+and have pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>ferences for particular places of interment. The graves are
+not dug to any great depth, and a little bark from a tree is made to
+answer the purpose of a coffin. The body is usually carried to the grave
+by old women, who howl at intervals, during the ceremony, most
+piteously. Before closing the grave, one of the Indians present at the
+funeral will wave a stick or war-club, called "puc-ca waw-gun," saying
+in an audible voice, "I have killed many men in war, and I give their
+spirits to my dead friend who lies here, to serve him as slaves in the
+other world:" after which the grave is filled up with earth, and in a
+day or two a rude cabin or shed is made over it of rough boards or bark.
+If the deceased was a brave, a post is planted at the head of the grave,
+on which, in a rude manner, the number of scalps and prisoners he has
+taken in war, is represented by red paint. Upon the death of an adult,
+his property is usually distributed among his relatives, and his widow
+returns to her own family or nearest kinfolks. The widow is the
+principal mourner for the deceased and her grief seems to be sincere.
+Her countenance becomes dejected&mdash;she seldom smiles&mdash;clothes herself in
+rags, and with disheveled hair and spots of black paint on her cheeks,
+wanders about in a pensive mood, seldom shedding tears, except when
+alone in the woods. They generally cease mourning at the suggestion of
+some friend, wash, paint themselves red and put on their best clothes
+and ornaments. Some of the Sauks and Foxes entertain the opinion that
+the spirit of the deceased hovers about the vil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>lage or lodge, for a few
+days, and then takes its flight to the land of repose. On its way, they
+suppose it passes over an extensive prairie, beyond which the woods
+appear like a blue cloud. Between this woodland and the prairie, there
+is a deep and rapid stream of water, across which there is a pole, kept
+in continual motion by the force of the current. This stream, the spirit
+must cross on the pole, and if it has belonged to a good person, it will
+get over safe and find all its good relations that have gone before it.
+In this woodland, game of all kinds is abundant, and there the spirits
+of the good live in everlasting happiness. If on the contrary, the
+spirit has belonged to a bad or wicked person in this world, it will
+fall off the pole into the stream, and the current will sweep it down to
+the land of evil spirits, where it will forever remain in poverty and
+misery. There is nothing very peculiar in the religious opinions of the
+Sauks and Foxes, to distinguish them from the aborigines of this
+country, generally. They believe in one Great and Good Spirit, who
+controls and governs all things, and in supernatural agents who are
+permitted to interfere in their concerns. They are of opinion that there
+is also a bad spirit, subordinate, however, to the great Manito, who is
+permitted to annoy and perplex the Indians, by means of bad medicines,
+by poisonous reptiles, and by killing their horses and sinking their
+canoes. All their misfortunes are attributed to the influence of this
+bad spirit, but they have some vague idea that it is in part permitted
+as a punishment for their bad deeds. They all be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>lieve in ghosts, and
+when they fancy that they have seen one, the friends of the deceased
+give a feast and hang up some clothing as an offering to appease the
+troubled spirit. So far as the ceremonials are concerned, the Sauks and
+Foxes may be called a religious people. They rarely pass any
+extraordinary cave, rock, hill or other object, with out leaving behind
+them some tobacco for the use of the spirit who they suppose lives
+there. They have some kind of prayers, consisting of words which they
+sing over in the evening and at sunrise in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Their tradition in regard to the creation of the world, the deluge and
+the re-peopling of the earth, is a singular mixture of truth and
+fiction. If anterior in its origin, to the arrival of the whites on this
+continent, it presents matter of curious speculation. The following
+account of it, entitled the Cosmogony of the Saukee and Musquakee
+Indians, is taken from Doctor Galland's Chronicles of the North American
+Savages.</p>
+
+<p>"In the beginning the Gods created every living being which was intended
+to have life upon the face of the whole earth; and then were formed
+every species of living animal. After this the gods also formed man,
+whom they perceived to be both cruel and foolish: they then put into man
+the heart of the best beast they had created; but they beheld that man
+still continued cruel and foolish. After this it came to pass that the
+Almighty took a piece of himself, of which he made a heart for the man;
+and when the man received it, he immediately<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> became wise above every
+other animal on the earth.</p>
+
+<p>"And it came to pass in the process of much time, that the earth
+produced its first fruits in abundance, and all the living beasts were
+greatly multiplied. The earth about this time, was also inhabited by an
+innumerable host of I-am-woi (giants) and gods. And the gods whose
+habitation is under the seas, made war upon We-suk-kah, (the chief god
+upon the earth) and leagued themselves with the I-am-woi upon the earth,
+against him. Nevertheless, they were still afraid of We-suk-kah and his
+immense host of gods; therefore they called a council upon the earth;
+and when they were assembled upon the earth, at the council, both the
+I-am-woi and the gods from under the seas, after much debate, and long
+consultation, they resolved to make a great feast upon the earth, and to
+invite We-suk-kah, that they might thus beguile him, and at the feast
+lay hands upon him and slay him.</p>
+
+<p>"And when the council had appointed a delegate to visit We-suk-kah, and
+commanded him to invite We-suk-kah to the great feast, which they were
+preparing upon the earth for him; behold, the younger brother of
+We-suk-kah, was in the midst of the council, and being confused in the
+whole assembly, they said unto him, "Where is thy brother We-suk-kah."
+And he answering said unto them "I know not; am I my brother's keeper?"
+And the council perceiving that all their devices were known unto him,
+they were sorely vexed; therefore, with one accord, the whole assembly
+rushed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> violently upon him and slew him: and thus was slain the younger
+brother of We-suk-kah.</p>
+
+<p>"Now when We-suk-kah had heard of the death of his younger brother, he
+was extremely sorrowful and wept aloud; and the gods whose habitations
+are above the clouds, heard the voice of his lamentations, and they
+leagued with him to avenge the blood of his brother. At this time the
+lower gods had fled from the face of the earth, to their own habitations
+under the seas; and the I-am-woi were thus forsaken, and left alone to
+defend themselves against We-suk-kah and his allies.</p>
+
+<p>"Now the scene of battle, where We-suk-kah and his allies fought the
+I-am-woi, was in a flame of fire; and the whole race of the I-am-woi
+were destroyed with a great slaughter, that there was not one left upon
+the face of the whole earth. And when the gods under the sea, knew the
+dreadful fate of their allies, the I-am-woi, whom they had deserted,
+they were sore afraid and they cried aloud to Na-nam-a-keh (god of
+thunder) to come to their assistance. And Na-nam-a-keh heard their cry
+and accepted their request, and sent his subaltern, No-tah-tes-se-ah,
+(god of the wind) to Pa-poan-a-tesse-ah, (god of the cold) to invite him
+to come with all his dreadful host of frost, snow, hail, ice and
+north-wind, to their relief. When this destroying army came from the
+north, they smote the whole earth with frost, converting the waters of
+every river, lake, and sea into solid masses of ice, and covering the
+whole earth with an immense sheet of snow and hail. Thus perished all
+the first inhabitants<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> of the earth both men, beasts and gods, except a
+few choice ones of each kind, which We-suk-kah preserved with himself
+upon the earth.</p>
+
+<p>"And again it came to pass in the process of a long time, that the gods
+under the sea came forth again, upon the earth; and when they saw
+We-suk-kah, that he was almost alone on the earth, they rejoiced in
+assurance of being able to destroy him. But when they had exhausted
+every scheme, attempted every plan, and executed every effort to no
+effect, perceiving that all their councils and designs were well known
+to We-suk-kah as soon as they were formed, they became mad with despair,
+and resolved to destroy We-suk-kah, by spoiling forever the whole face
+of the earth, which they so much desired to inhabit. To this end,
+therefore, they retired to their former habitations under the sea and
+intreated Na-nam-a-keh (the god of thunder) to drown the whole earth
+with a flood.</p>
+
+<p>"And Na-nam-a-keh again hearkened to their cries, and calling all the
+clouds to gather themselves together, they obeyed his voice and came;
+and when all the clouds were assembled, he commanded them and they
+poured down water upon the earth, a tremendous torrent, until the whole
+surface of the earth, even the tops of the highest mountains were
+covered with water. But it came to pass, when We-suk-kah saw the water
+coming upon the earth, he took some air, and made an o-pes-quie,
+(vessel, boat or shell) and getting into it himself, he took with him
+all sorts of living beasts, and man; and when the waters rose upon the
+earth the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> o-pes-quie was lifted up and floated upon the surface, until
+the tops of the highest mountains were covered with the flood. And when
+the o-pes-quie had remained for a long time upon the surface of the
+flood, We-suk-kah called one of the animals, which was with him in the
+o-pes-quie, and commanded it to go down through the water to the earth,
+to bring from thence some earth; and after many repeated efforts and
+with great difficulty, the animal at length returned, bringing in its
+mouth, some earth; of which, when We-suk-kah had received it, he formed
+this earth, and spread it forth upon the surface of the water; and went
+forth himself and all that were with him in the o-pes-quie, and occupied
+the dry land."</p>
+
+<p>In the social or family relations of the Sauks and Foxes, it is
+considered the duty of the men to hunt and clothe their wives and
+children&mdash;to purchase arms and the implements of husbandry so far as
+they use them&mdash;to make canoes and assist in rowing them&mdash;to hunt and
+drive their horses, make saddles, &amp;c. &amp;c. The duties of the women, are
+to skin the game when brought home and prepare the skins for market, to
+cook, to make the camp, cut and carry wood, make moccasins, plant and
+gather the corn, beans and pumpkins, and do all the drudgery connected
+with the domestic affairs. It is the commonly received opinion among the
+whites that the female Indians are the slaves of their husbands. This is
+not literally true. The men seldom make their wives feel their
+authority: as a general rule among the Sauks and Foxes, they live
+happily to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>gether. The wives take the liberty of scolding their
+husbands, very frequently, and it is considered by both parties that
+every thing in the family, except the war and hunting implements,
+belongs to the wife, and she may do with it as she pleases. The men may
+each have two or three, or even more wives. They generally prefer to
+take sisters, as they agree better together in the same lodge: the
+eldest usually regulates all the domestic affairs of the family and has
+charge of the property belonging to it. The men turn off their wives and
+the latter leave their husbands whenever they become discontented. While
+living together, the women are generally faithful to their husbands. The
+daughters seldom leave their mothers until they are married, which
+usually occurs when they are about fourteen or fifteen years of age. The
+parents of an Indian girl are generally conciliated by presents from her
+lover, but they may insist upon servitude from him, which sometimes runs
+throughout one, two or three years. There is no particular marriage
+ceremony among them, beyond that of the contract between the parents or
+parties. A young Sauk lover is represented as a silly looking fellow,
+who can neither eat, drink or sleep&mdash;he appears to be deranged, and with
+all the pains he takes to conceal his passion, his malady is still
+apparent to his friends. The faithfulness of this sketch, will hardly be
+questioned, when the close analogy which it bears to a pale-faced lover,
+is recalled to mind. The Sauks and Foxes, when pinched with hunger, will
+eat almost any kind of meat, but pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>fer venison and bear's meat to all
+other; they never eat it unless cooked. They make much use of corn,
+beans and pumpkins, and annually raise considerable quantities. They are
+not fond of fish and seldom eat them if they can procure other kinds of
+food.</p>
+
+<p>There are but three kinds of musical instruments used among these
+tribes. The drum, which is beat at their feasts, dances and games, the
+tambourin, and a kind of flageolet, made of cane or two pieces of soft
+wood hollowed out and fastened together with strips of leather. Their
+tunes are always on a flat key, have but few variations and are mostly
+of a melancholy character. According to Mr. Atwater, who visited those
+residing near Rock Island, in 1829, the Sacs and Foxes have "tunes
+evidently of French origin, and some songs of considerable length."
+"These Indians have among them, what answers to the Italian
+Improvisatori who make songs for particular occasions." The same writer
+says, "the Sauks and Foxes have a considerable number of songs, suited
+to a great many occasions in their own language." He further adds,
+"Among the Indians of the Upper Mississippi, the Sauks and Foxes are
+decidedly the best actors, and have the greatest variety of plays among
+them." In common with the Indian tribes generally, they have a variety
+of athletic games, in which both the men and women join. They are
+addicted to cards and other games of chance, and often bet very high.</p>
+
+<p>Touching the condition of these tribes in 1805, Lieutenant Pike, in his
+travels to the sources of the Mississippi, says, "The first nation of
+Indians<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> whom we met with, were the Sauks, who principally reside in
+four villages. The first at the head of the rapids des Moyens, on the
+west shore, containing thirteen lodges. The second on a prairie on the
+east shore about sixty miles above. The third on the river De Roche
+[Rock river] about three miles from the entrance, and the last on the
+river Iowa. They hunt on the Mississippi and its confluent streams from
+the Illinois to the river Des Iowa; and on the plains west of them which
+border the Mississippi. They are so perfectly consolidated with the
+Reynards (the Foxes) that they can scarcely be termed a distinct nation;
+but recently there appears to be a schism between the two nations: the
+latter not approving of the insolence and ill-will, which has marked the
+conduct of the former towards the United States, on many late
+occurrences. They have for many years past made war (under the auspices
+of the Sioux) on the Santeaux, Osages and Missouries; but as recently a
+peace has been (through the influence of the United States) made between
+them and the nations of the Missouri, and by the same means between the
+Sioux and the Santeaux (their principal allies) it appears it would be
+by no means a difficult matter to induce them to make a general peace,
+and pay still greater attention to the cultivation of the earth: as they
+now raise a considerable quantity of corn, beans and melons. The
+character which they bear with their savage brethren, is, that they are
+much more to be dreaded for their deceit and inclination for stratagem,
+than for open courage.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The Reynards reside in three villages. The first on the west side of
+the Mississippi six miles above the rapids of the river de Roche. The
+second about twelve miles in the rear of the lead mines, and the third
+on Turkey river, half a league from its entrance. They are engaged in
+the same wars, and have the same alliances as the Sauks, with whom they
+must be considered as indissoluble in war and peace. They hunt on both
+sides of the Mississippi, from the river Iowa (below the prairie des
+Chiens) to a river of that name, above said village. They raise a great
+quantity of corn, beans and melons; the former of those articles in such
+quantities, as to sell many hundred bushels per annum."</p>
+
+<p>At this period, 1805, according to Lieutenant Pike, the total number of
+souls in the Sauk nation was 2850, of whom 1400 were children, seven
+hundred and fifty women, and seven hundred warriors. They resided in
+their villages and had about seven hundred stand of arms. Their trade
+was principally in deer skins, with some bear and a few otter, beaver
+and raccoon skins. The total number of the Foxes was 1750, of whom eight
+hundred and fifty were children, five hundred women and four hundred
+warriors, with about four hundred stand of arms. Their number of
+villages and their trade being the same with the Sauks.</p>
+
+<p>Some further items of information about these tribes may be gleaned from
+the statistical view of the Indian nations furnished by Lewis and
+Clark's Expedition. It is there stated that the Saukee, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> O-sau-kee,
+speak a primitive language, dwell principally in two villages, have
+about five hundred warriors and 2000 souls in the tribe, were at war
+with the Osage, Chippeway and Sioux. The Foxes or Ot-tar-gar-me, in the
+Saukee language, number not more than 1200 souls, and about three
+hundred warriors. These nations, the Sauks and Foxes, says Mr. Lewis,
+are so perfectly consolidated that they may in fact be considered as one
+nation only: "they are extremely friendly to the whites and seldom
+injure their traders; but they are the most implacable enemies to the
+Indian nations with whom they are at war; to them is justly attributed
+the almost entire destruction of the Missouries, the Illinois, the
+Cahokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias."</p>
+
+<p>In 1825, the Secretary at War, estimated the entire number of Sacs and
+Foxes at 4,600 souls, and in 1826, the warriors were supposed to amount
+to between twelve and fourteen hundred. Supposing these estimates to
+approximate the truth, it appears that during the twenty years between
+1805 and 1825, these tribes had increased very considerably in numbers.</p>
+
+<p>The traders generally and those who have had most intercourse with the
+Sauks and Foxes, speak of them as honest in their dealings, and feel
+safe among them, seldom locking their doors by day or night, and
+allowing them free ingress to their stores and houses. Their reputation
+for courage, it appears, does not stand quite so fair. Lieutenant Pike
+speaks of them as being more dreaded by their savage brethren for "their
+deceit and inclina<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>tion for stratagem, than for their open courage."
+Major Thomas Forsyth, late U.S. agent among the Sacs and Foxes, calls
+them a dastardly and cowardly set of Indians. The correctness of these
+charges may be questioned. Mr. Schoolcraft, in speaking of the Foxes
+says, "the history of their migrations and wars, shows them to have been
+a restless and spirited people, erratic in their dispositions, having a
+great contempt for agriculture, and a predominant passion for war." He
+adds, "they still retain their ancient character, and are constantly
+embroiled in wars and disputes with their neighbors, the results of
+which show, that they have more courage in battle, than wisdom in
+council." In a report of the war department to the President, made by
+the secretary Mr. Cass, in 1832, the Sacs and Foxes are spoken of as
+being distinguished for their "daring spirit of adventure and for their
+natural courage."</p>
+
+<p>The truth appears to be, that the Sacs and Foxes fought their way from
+the waters of the St. Lawrence to Green Bay, and after reaching that
+place, not only sustained themselves against hostile tribes, but were
+among the most active and courageous in the subjugation or rather
+extermination of the numerous and powerful Illini confederacy. They have
+had many wars, offensive and defensive, with the Sioux, the Pawnees, the
+Osages and other tribes, some of whom are ranked among the most fierce
+and ferocious warriors on the continent; and, it does not appear, that
+in these conflicts, running through a long period of years, they were
+found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> wanting in this greatest of savage virtues. In the late war with
+Great Britain, a party from the Sacs and Foxes, fought under the British
+standard as a matter of choice: and in the recent contest between a
+fragment of these tribes and the United States, although defeated and
+literally cut to pieces by an overwhelming force, it is very
+questionable whether their reputation as braves, would suffer by a
+comparison with that of their victors. It is believed that a careful
+review of their history, from the period when they first established
+themselves on the waters of the Mississippi, down to the present time,
+will lead the inquirer to the conclusion, that the Sacs and Foxes are
+truly a courageous people, shrewd, politic, and enterprising, with not
+more of ferocity and treachery of character, than is common among the
+tribes by whom they are surrounded.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquoti"><p>Treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians in 1789&mdash;treaty and cession of land
+to the United States at St. Louis in 1804&mdash;Black Hawk's account of
+this treaty&mdash;Erection of Fort Madison&mdash;The British excite the Sac and
+Fox Indians to make war upon the United States&mdash;A party under Black
+Hawk join the British standard in 1812&mdash;Treaty at Portage des Sioux in
+1815&mdash;Treaty of peace with Black Hawk and his band at same place in
+1816&mdash;Treaty for part of their lands in Missouri in 1824&mdash;Treaty of
+Prairie des Chiens in 1825&mdash;Treaty for the mineral region in
+1829&mdash;Treaty of peace in 1832, after the "Black Hawk war"&mdash;Present
+residence of the Sacs and Foxes.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>The first treaty between the United States and the Sacs, was made at
+Fort Harmar, on the Muskingum river, on the 9th of January 1789. It was
+concluded by Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Territory north west of
+the Ohio, on the part of the United States, and the sachems and warriors
+of the Chippeway, Ottawa, Pottawatamie, Delaware, Wyandotte and Sac
+tribes of Indians. The object of this treaty seems to have been the
+confirmation of former treaties and the adjustment of boundary lines of
+previous cessions of land. By the fourteenth article of this treaty, it
+is provided, that the United States, "do also receive into their
+friendship and protection, the nations of the Pottawatamies, and Sacs;
+and do hereby establish a league of peace and amity between them
+respectively; and all the articles of this treaty, so far as they apply
+to these nations, are to be considered as made and concluded, in all and
+every part, expressly with them and each of them."</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of June 1804, the President, Mr. Jefferson, directed
+Governor William H. Harrison,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> to make a treaty with the Sacs, and
+obtain, if possible, cessions of land on both sides of the Illinois
+river, and to give them, in lieu thereof, an annual compensation. In
+November following, Governor Harrison concluded a treaty with the Sacs
+and Foxes, under his instructions. As this treaty has formed the basis
+of all the subsequent ones made with these tribes, and as its validity,
+has been disputed by some of the Sac nation, it is deemed expedient, to
+copy it entire, in this place, more especially as it will be matter of
+frequent reference in the subsequent pages of this work.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>"Articles of a treaty, made at Saint Louis, in the district of
+Louisiana, between William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana
+Territory and of the district of Louisiana, superintendent of Indian
+affairs for the said territory and district, and commissioner
+plenipotentiary of the United States, for concluding any treaty, or
+treaties which may be found necessary with any of the north western
+tribes of Indians, of the one part; and the chiefs and head men of the
+united Sac and Fox tribes of the other part."</p>
+
+<p>Article 1. The United States receive the united Sac and Fox tribes into
+their friendship and protection; and the said tribes agree to consider
+themselves under the protection of the United States, and of no other
+power whatsoever.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p><p>Art. 2. The general boundary line between the lands of the United
+States and of the said Indian tribes shall be as follows, viz: Beginning
+at a point on the Missouri river, opposite to the mouth of the Gasconade
+river; thence, in a direct course so as to strike the river Jeffreon, at
+the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down the said Jeffreon
+to the Mississippi; thence, up the Mississippi to the mouth of the
+Ouisconsin river, and up the same to a point which shall be thirty-six
+miles, in a direct line from the mouth of said river; thence, by a
+direct line to a point where the Fox river (a branch of the Illinois)
+leaves the small lake called Sakaegan; thence down the Fox river to the
+Illinois river, and down the same to the Mississippi. And the said
+tribes, for and in consideration of the friendship and protection of the
+United States, which is now extended to them, of the goods (to the value
+of two thousand, two hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents)
+which are now delivered, and of the annuity hereinafter stipulated to be
+paid, do hereby cede and relinquish forever, to the United States, all
+the lands included within the above described boundary.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 3. In consideration of the cession and relinquishment of land made
+in the preceding article, the United States will deliver to the said
+tribes, at the town of St. Louis, or some other convenient place on the
+Mississippi, yearly and every year, goods suited to the circumstances of
+the Indians, of the value of one thousand dollars (six hundred of which
+are intended for the Sacs, and four hundred for the Foxes,) reckoning
+that value at the first cost of the goods in the city or place in the
+United States, where they shall be procured. And if the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> said tribes
+shall hereafter, at an annual delivery of the goods aforesaid, desire
+that a part of their annuity should be furnished in domestic animals,
+implements of husbandry, and other utensils, convenient for them, the
+same shall at the subsequent annual delivery, be furnished accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 4. The United States will never interrupt the said tribes, in the
+possession of the lands which they rightfully claim; but will on the
+contrary, protect them in the quiet enjoyment of the same, against their
+own citizens, and against all other white persons, who may intrude upon
+them. And the said tribes do hereby engage, that they will never sell
+their land, or any part thereof, to any sovereign power but the United
+States; nor to the citizens or subjects of any other sovereign power,
+nor to the citizens of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 5. Lest the friendship which is now established between the United
+States and the said Indian tribes, should be interrupted by the
+misconduct of individuals, it is hereby agreed, that for injuries done
+by individuals, no private revenge or retaliation shall take place; but,
+instead thereof, complaint shall be made by the party injured to the
+other; by the said tribes, or either of them, to the superintendent of
+Indian affairs, or one of his deputies; and by the superintendent, or
+other person appointed by the President, to the chiefs of the said
+tribes. And it shall be the duty of the said chiefs, upon complaint
+being made, as aforesaid, to deliver up the person, or persons, against
+whom the complaint is made, to the end that he, or they, may<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> be
+punished agreeably to the laws of the state or territory where the
+offence may have been committed. And, in like manner, if any robbery,
+violence or murder shall be committed on any Indian, or Indians,
+belonging to the said tribes, or either of them, the person or persons
+so offending, shall be tried, and if found guilty, punished, in like
+manner as if the injury had been done to a white man. And it is further
+agreed, that the chiefs of the said tribes shall, to the utmost of their
+power, exert themselves to recover horses, or other property which may
+be stolen from any citizen or citizens of the United States by any
+individual or individuals of their tribes. And the property so
+recovered, shall be forthwith delivered to the superintendent, or other
+person authorized to receive it, that it may be restored to the proper
+owner. And in cases where the exertions of the chiefs shall be
+ineffectual in recovering the property stolen, as aforesaid, if
+sufficient proof can be obtained, that such property was actually stolen
+by any Indian, or Indians, belonging to the said tribes or either of
+them, the United States may deduct from the annuity of the said tribes,
+a sum equal to the value of the property which was stolen. And the
+United States hereby guaranty to any Indian or Indians, of the said
+tribes, a full indemnification for any horses, or other property, which
+may be stolen from them, by any of their citizens: <i>Provided</i>, that the
+property so stolen cannot be recovered, and that sufficient proof is
+produced that it was actually stolen by a citizen of the United States.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Art. 6. If any citizen of the United States, or any other white person,
+should form a settlement, upon the lands which are the property of the
+Sac and Fox tribes, upon complaint being made thereof, to the
+Superintendent, or other person having charge of the affairs of the
+Indians, such intruder shall forthwith be removed.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 7. As long as the lands which are now ceded to the United States
+remain their property, the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall
+enjoy the privilege of living and hunting upon them.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 8. As the laws of the United States regulating trade and
+intercourse with the Indian tribes, are already extended to the country
+inhabited by the Sacs and Foxes, and as it is provided by those laws,
+that no person shall reside, as a trader, in the Indian country, without
+a licence under the hand and seal of the Superintendent of Indian
+affairs, or other person appointed for the purpose by the President, the
+said tribes do promise and agree, that they will not suffer any trader
+to reside among them, without such licence, and that they will, from
+time to time, give notice to the Superintendent, or to the agent for
+their tribes, of all the traders that may be in their country.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 9. In order to put a stop to the abuses and impositions which are
+practised upon the said tribes, by the private traders, the United
+States will, at a convenient time, establish a trading house, or
+factory, where the individuals of the said tribes can be supplied with
+goods at a more reasonable rate, than they have been accustomed to
+procure them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Art. 10. In order to evince the sincerity of their friendship and
+affection for the United States, and a respectful deference for their
+advice, by an act which will not only be acceptable to them, but to the
+common father of all the nations of the earth, the said tribes do,
+hereby, promise and agree that they will put an end to the bloody war
+which has heretofore raged between their tribe and the Great and Little
+Osages. And for the purpose of burying the tomahawk, and renewing the
+friendly intercourse between themselves and the Osages, a meeting of
+their respective chiefs shall take place, at which, under the direction
+of the above named commissioner, or the agent of Indian affairs residing
+at St. Louis, an adjustment of all their differences shall be made, and
+peace established upon a firm and lasting basis.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 11. As it is probable that the government of the United States will
+establish a military post at, or near the mouth of the Ouisconsin river,
+and as the land on the lower side of the river may not be suitable for
+that purpose, the said tribes hereby agree, that a fort may be built,
+either on the upper side of the Ouisconsin, or on the right bank of the
+Mississippi, as the one or the other may be found most convenient; and a
+tract of land not exceeding two miles square, shall be given for that
+purpose; and the said tribes do further agree, that they will at all
+times, allow to traders and other persons travelling through their
+country, under the authority of the United States, a free and safe
+passage for themselves and their property of every description;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> and
+that for such passage, they shall at no time, and on no account
+whatever, be subject to any toll or exaction.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 12. This treaty shall take effect and be obligatory on the
+contracting parties, as soon as the same shall be ratified by the
+President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony whereof, the said William Henry Harrison, and the chiefs
+and head men of said Sac and Fox tribes, have hereunto set their hands
+and affixed their seals. Done at St. Louis, in the district of
+Louisiana, on the third day of November, one thousand, eight hundred and
+four, and of the independence of the United States the twenty-ninth.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+Additional article.</p>
+
+<p>It is agreed that nothing in this treaty contained shall affect the
+claim of any individual or individuals, who may have obtained grants of
+land from the Spanish government, and which are not included within the
+general boundary line, laid down in this treaty: <i>Provided</i>, that such
+grant have at any time been made known to the said tribes and recognized
+by them.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Treaty sinatures">
+<tr><td align='left'>William Henry Harrison.</td><td align='right'>L.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Layowvois, or Laiyuva, his X mark.</td><td align='right'>L.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pashepaho, or the Stabber, his X mark.</td><td align='right'>L.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Quashquame, or jumping fish, his X mark.</td><td align='right'>L.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Outchequaha, or sun fish, his X mark.</td><td align='right'>L.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hashequarhiqua, or the bear, his X mark.</td><td align='right'>L.S.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In presence of</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Treaty sinature witnesses">
+<tr><td align='left'>William Prince, Secretary to the Commissioner.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>John Griffin, one of the Judges of the Indiana Territory.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>J. Bruff, Maj. Art'y. U.S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Amos Stoddard, Capt. corps of Artillerists.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>P. Choteau, Agent de la haute Louisiana, pour le department sauvage.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ch. Gratiot.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Aug. Choteau. Vigo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>S. Warrel, Lieut. U. States Artillery.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>D. Delaunay.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Treaty interpreters">
+<tr><td align='left'>Joseph Barren.</td><td align='left'>}sworn</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>H'polite Bolen, his X mark.</td><td align='left'>}Interpreters.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>On the 31st of December 1804, the President of the United States,
+submitted this treaty to the Senate for their advice and consent, and it
+was by that body duly ratified.</p>
+
+<p>In a Life of Black Hawk, dictated by himself and written by J.B.
+Patterson, to which there is a certificate of authenticity appended from
+Antoine Le Clair. U.S. interpreter, for the Sacs and Foxes, under date
+of 16th October 1833, there is the following statement concerning the
+manner in which this treaty was made.</p>
+
+<p>"Some moons after this young chief (Lieutenant Pike) descended the
+Mississippi, one of our people killed an American, and was confined, in
+the prison at St. Louis for the offence. We held a council at our
+village to see what could be done for him&mdash;which determined that
+Quash-qua-me, Pa-she-pa-ho, Ou-che-qua-ha, and Ha-she-quar-hi-qua,
+should go<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> down to St. Louis, and see our American father, and do all
+they could to have our friend released; by paying for the person killed,
+thus covering the blood and satisfying the relations of the man
+murdered! This being the only means with us of saving a person who had
+killed another, and we <i>then</i> thought it was the same way with the
+whites.</p>
+
+<p>"The party started with the good wishes of the whole nation, hoping they
+would accomplish the object of their mission. The relations of the
+prisoner blacked their faces and fasted, hoping the Great Spirit would
+take pity on them, and return the husband and the father to his wife and
+children.</p>
+
+<p>"Quash-qua-me and party remained a long time absent. They at length
+returned and encamped a short distance below the village, but did not
+come up that day, nor did any person approach their camp. They appeared
+to be dressed in fine coats and had medals. From these circumstances, we
+were in hopes they had brought us good news. Early the next morning, the
+council lodge was crowded&mdash;Quash-qua-me and party came up, and gave us
+the following account of their mission.</p>
+
+<p>"On their arrival at St. Louis, they met their American father, and
+explained to him their business, and urged the release of their friend.
+The American chief told them he wanted land, and they agreed to give him
+some on the west side of the Mississippi, and some on the Illinois side
+opposite the Jeffreon. When the business was all arranged, they expected
+to have their friend released to come home with them.&mdash;But about the
+time they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> were ready to start, their friend was led out of prison, who
+ran a short distance and was <i>shot dead</i>. This is all they could
+recollect of what was said and done. They had been drunk the greater
+part of the time they were in St. Louis.</p>
+
+<p>"This is all myself or nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has been
+explained to me since. I find by that treaty, all our country east of
+the Mississippi, and south of the Jeffreon was ceded to the United
+States for one thousand dollars a year! I will leave it to the people of
+the United States to say, whether our nation was properly represented in
+this treaty? or whether we received a fair compensation for the extent
+of country ceded by those four individuals. I could say much more about
+this treaty but I will not at this time. It has been the origin of all
+our difficulties." <a href='#Page_27'><b>p. 27.</b></a></p>
+
+<p>The power among the Indian tribes of this country to sell their lands,
+has always been considered as vested in the chiefs. They, however, are
+accustomed to consult the whole nation, and, possibly, it may be
+necessary, in all cases, that its assent should be obtained. It has not
+been the practice of our government, it is believed, in its negotiations
+with the Indians, to institute particular enquiries for the purpose of
+ascertaining, how far the chiefs were authorized to act by their people.
+A number of treaties have been formed, at different times, in which the
+chiefs must have acted under the general authority with which they are
+clothed on this point; the circumstances of the case being such, as to
+have precluded all opportunity of their ascertaining the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> sense of the
+tribes, after the negotiations had been commenced.</p>
+
+<p>In the case under consideration, notwithstanding the statement of Black
+Hawk, there was every reason, especially on the part of the
+Commissioner, for believing, that the chiefs who signed the treaty, were
+fully authorized to act. In the first place, Government, in its
+instructions to the Commissioner, to make a purchase of lands, of the
+Sacs and Foxes, had given as a reason for it, that it was a matter of
+complaint, on the part of these two tribes, that they were not, like
+their neighbors, receiving an annuity from the United States. They owned
+a very large extent of territory, and had, comparatively, but a limited
+population. It was natural that they should wish to dispose of some
+portion of it, for the purpose of receiving an annual supply of goods
+and money. In the second place, five chiefs of the Sacs and Foxes,
+united in the treaty, one of them, Pah-she-pa-ho, being at the time the
+great head-chief of the Sac nation. It is admitted by Black Hawk that a
+council had been held by these two tribes, and that Pah-she-pa-ho and
+his associates had been authorized to visit St. Louis to purchase the
+release of a prisoner. It is probable that the sale of a part of their
+territory may have been agreed upon by this council. In the third place,
+there must have been a prevailing opinion in St. Louis, that these
+chiefs were authorized to act in the case. The treaty was publicly made,
+and a number of high-minded and honorable men, are parties to it, in the
+character of commissioner,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> secretary, and witnesses. Among them are
+several officers of the army; the first governor of the territory of
+Louisiana; and Pierre Chouteau, at that time Agent for the Sac and Fox
+Indians, and well acquainted with them. These circumstances forbid the
+idea of the treaty having been formed under circumstances in which there
+were not satisfactory reasons for believing, that the Indians, parties
+to it were fully authorized to act.</p>
+
+<p>Black Hawk is mistaken in some things about this treaty, and it may be
+that he has been misinformed in regard to the authority of his chiefs to
+make this sale of their lands. He says, for instance, that the treaty
+was made some moons after the return of Lieutenant Pike from the sources
+of the Mississippi; when in fact Pike did not leave St. Louis upon his
+expedition, until the 9th of August 1805, nearly a year after the date
+of the treaty. Again, he says, it was made by four of the chiefs. The
+treaty is signed by five. But admitting that the deputation of chiefs
+transcended their authority in the sale of the lands, made at that time,
+it would seem that the Sacs and Foxes acquiesced in it. They never
+disavowed the treaty, but have regularly received their annuity, and, on
+more than one occasion, have recognized it, as binding. Even Black Hawk
+and his band, made this recognition, in the treaty of peace which they
+signed with the United States, at Portage des Sioux, in 1816.</p>
+
+<p>It may be questioned, however, whether good faith towards the Indians
+and a due regard to national honor, do not make it expedient that our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+government should invariably hold its treaties with them, in their own
+country, and in the midst of the tribe owning the lands proposed to be
+purchased. In such case, the assent of all the Indians might be
+obtained, and the charge of having formed a fraudulent treaty, with
+unauthorized individuals, could never be raised. The peculiar relation
+subsisting between the government of the United States and the Indian
+tribes, within its territory, demands on on the part of the former,
+great delicacy of action, liberality and perfect good faith. By such a
+course, alone, can our national honor be preserved untarnished.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently to the treaty of 1804, the erection by the government of
+the United States, of Fort Madison on the Mississippi, above the Des
+Moines rapids, gave some dissatisfaction to the Sacs and Foxes. This was
+increased by the British agents and traders, who instigated them to
+resist the encroachments of the Americans, now beginning to press upon
+their hunting grounds. Of this interference on the part of the British,
+with the Indians, there can be no doubt. Governor Harrison in a letter
+to the secretary of war, dated Vincennes, July 15th, 1810, says, "a
+considerable number of the Sacs went some time since to see the British
+superintendent, and on the first instant, more passed Chicago, for the
+same destination." General Clark, under date of St. Louis, July 20th,
+1810, says, in writing to the same department, "One hundred and fifty
+Sacs are on a visit to the British agent by invitation, and a smaller
+party on a visit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> to the island of St. Joseph, in lake Huron." John
+Johnson, Esq. the Indian agent, at Fort Wayne, under date of August 7th,
+1810, says, to the secretary at war, "About one hundred Saukees have
+returned from the British agent, who supplied them liberally with every
+thing they stood in need of. The party received forty-seven rifles, and
+a number of fusils with plenty of powder and lead."</p>
+
+<p>McKee, Dixon, and Girty were open and active agents in exciting the
+Indians to attack the American frontiers. They held frequent talks with
+them and supplied them liberally with goods and munitions of war. In
+1811, there being a strong probability of a war with Great Britain, a
+deputation of the Sauks and Foxes, visited Washington city, to see the
+President, by whom they were told that in the event of a war taking
+place with England, their great father did not wish them to interfere on
+either side, but to remain neutral: He did not want their assistance but
+desired them to hunt and support their families and live in peace.
+Immediately after the war of 1812, the Sacs and Foxes, with whom, as
+with Indians generally, war is the great business of life, felt that
+they ought, as a matter of course, to take sides with one party or the
+other, and went to St. Louis, to offer their services to the United
+States agent, to fight against the British; but the offer was declined,
+on the ground that the government of the United States had resolved not
+to employ the Indians in that capacity. The machinations of the British,
+were successfully continued. The Sacs and Foxes divided upon the
+question of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> taking up arms against the United States. A part of them
+claimed the protection of the American government and received it; a
+part joined the British standard, Black Hawk among the number, and
+fought against the Americans until the peace of 1815. The number of
+warriors who joined the British is supposed to have been about two
+hundred, and they have ever since been known as the "British Band," at
+the head of which has been "General Black Hawk."</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th September, 1815, William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste
+Choteau, commissioners on behalf of the United States, concluded a
+treaty with the chiefs and warriors of the Fox tribe, by which all
+injuries and acts of hostility, committed by either party during the
+late war, were to be forgiven, and peace and friendship established
+between the two nations. The fourth article of the treaty contains a
+recognition of the former treaty in these words. "The said Fox tribe or
+nation do hereby, assent to, recognize, re-establish and confirm the
+treaty of St. Louis, which was concluded on the 3rd of November, 1804,
+to the full extent of their interest in the same, as well as all other
+contracts and agreements between the parties." This treaty was made at
+Portage des Sioux.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of September, 1815, the same commissioners, at the same
+place, concluded a treaty of peace and friendship with the chiefs and
+warriors of that part of Sac nation of Indians residing on the
+Mississippi river. The first article recognizes the treaty of 1804 in
+the following words. "The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> undersigned chiefs and warriors for
+themselves and that portion of the Sacs which they represent, do hereby
+assent to the treaty between the United States of America and the united
+tribes of Sacs and Foxes, which was concluded at St. Louis on the third
+of November 1804; and they moreover promise to do all in their power to
+re-establish and enforce the same." There is a further provision that
+they will remain distinct and separate from the Sacs of Rock river,
+giving them no assistance whatever, until peace shall be established
+between them and the United States. The Sacs on Rock river were that
+part of the tribe which had been engaged in the late war, and who now
+declined making a treaty with the United States, and continued, although
+officially notified of the peace, to commit occasional depredations on
+the frontiers; and, it was not until the following spring that
+hostilities on their part actually ceased.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of May, 1816, the same commissioners effected a treaty with
+the chiefs and warriors of the Sacs of Rock river, and the adjacent
+country. The first article of this treaty provides, that, "The Sacs of
+Rock river and the adjacent country, do hereby unconditionally assent
+to, recognize, re-establish and confirm the treaty between the United
+States of America and the united tribes of Sacs and Foxes, which was
+concluded at St. Louis on the 3d November 1804, as well as all other
+contracts and agreements, heretofore made between the Sac tribe and the
+United States." Under the 9th article of the treaty of Ghent, concluded
+24th December<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> 1814, between the United States and Great Britain, it was
+stipulated, that each party should put an end to Indian hostilities
+within their respective territory, and place the tribes on the same
+footing upon which they stood before the war. Under this provision, the
+second article of the treaty with the Sacs of Rock river, stipulated
+that they are placed upon the same footing which they occupied before
+the late war, upon the single condition of their restoring the property
+stolen by them, from the whites, subsequent to their notification that
+peace had been made between the United States and Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Under the 9th article of the treaty of 1804, the United States agreed to
+establish a trading-house to supply the Sacs and Foxes with goods at a
+more reasonable rate than they had been accustomed to procure them. On
+the third of September 1822, Maj. Thomas Forsyth, the U.S. Indian agent,
+made a treaty at Fort Armstrong, with the chiefs, warriors and head men
+of the Sacs and Foxes, by which, in consideration of the sum of one
+thousand dollars, they forever released the United States from all
+obligation contained in said ninth article of the treaty of 1804.</p>
+
+<p>On the fourth of August 1824, at Washington city, William Clark, Indian
+agent and sole commissioner of the United States, effected a treaty with
+the Sacs and Foxes through their chiefs and head men, by which, for the
+sum of one thousand dollars per annum for ten years, they ceded all
+their interest and title to any lands claimed by them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> in the state of
+Missouri, which are situated, lying and being between the Mississippi
+and Missouri rivers, and a line running from the Missouri at the
+entrance of Kansas river, north one hundred miles, to the north west
+corner of the state of Missouri, and from thence east to the
+Mississippi. By this treaty, these tribes acknowledged the land east and
+south of the lines above described, so far as the Indians claim the
+same, to belong to the United States, and that none of their tribes
+shall be permitted to settle or hunt upon any part of it, after the
+first day of January 1826, without permission from the Superintendent of
+Indian affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the 19th of August 1825, William Clark and Lewis Cass,
+Commissioners on behalf of the United States, concluded a treaty at
+Prairie du Chien, in the territory of Michigan, with the chiefs and
+warriors of the Sioux, Winnebagoes, Menominees, Chippewas, Ottawas,
+Pottawatamies, Sacs, Foxes and Ioways. The objects of this treaty were
+the restoration of peace among the Indian tribes, several of whom had
+been for some time waging war against each other; the settlement of
+boundary lines between these tribes respectively, and between them and
+the United States. The Commissioners succeeded in effecting a peace
+between the Sioux and Chippeways, and between the Sacs, Foxes and Ioways
+on the one part, and the Sioux on the other; and also in adjusting the
+boundary lines of the territory of each tribe to the satisfaction of all
+parties. Under this treaty nothing was asked by the United States nor
+was any thing granted to them: the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> character in which the government
+presented itself, being simply that of a pacificator.</p>
+
+<p>The concourse of Indians assembled at this council was very great. About
+3000 came to the council ground, clothed in their war dresses, and armed
+with bows, war-clubs and tomahawks. The Sacs and Foxes were the last to
+arrive, but were very imposing and warlike in their appearance when they
+reached the ground. They ascended the Mississippi, to Prairie du Chien,
+in a fleet of canoes, lashed together. They passed and repassed the town
+in a connected squadron, standing erect, in their canoes, in full dress,
+singing their war songs. Upon landing, they drew up in martial order, as
+if in warlike defiance of their bitter enemies, the Sioux, who were
+encamped near the shore, and who in turn shot back the fierce look of
+hostility upon their ancient foe. An eye witness describes this scene as
+one unique and singularly magnificent. The council was held under a
+spacious booth of green boughs, and lasted for several days. Keokuk was
+present on this occasion, as the head chief of the Sacs, and took an
+active part in the council; his course being marked by that moderation
+and sound policy, for which he is eminently distinguished.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img069.jpg" alt="COUNCIL GROUND AT PRAIRIE DU CHIENS" title="COUNCIL GROUND AT PRAIRIE DU CHIENS" /></div>
+<h4>COUNCIL GROUND AT PRAIRIE DU CHIENS</h4>
+
+<p>In the early part of the year 1828, the President of the United States,
+appointed Governor Cass and Colonel Pierre Menard, to treat with certain
+tribes of Indians for the cession of what is called the "mineral region"
+lying on the Mississippi, south of the Wisconsin. The commissioners
+arrived at Green Bay late in the summer of that year, and on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>the 25th
+of August, made a temporary agreement with the Indians, by which the
+whites were allowed to occupy the country where the lead mines were
+worked; and in the ensuing year a treaty was to be held with the Indians
+for the purchase of the mineral country: in the mean time, no white was
+to cross a certain line, described in said agreement, to dig for ore;
+and finally the Indians were paid twenty thousand dollars in goods, for
+the trespasses already committed on their lands by the miners. This
+agreement was ratified by the President and senate of the United States
+on the 7th January, 1829. Soon after President Jackson came into office
+in 1829, he appointed General McNeil of the army, to fill the place of
+Governor Cass in the said commission, which was to meet at St. Louis and
+under the agreement above described, proceed to the mineral region, to
+effect by treaty, its purchase. In consequence of some disagreement in
+opinion between these two commissioners, the President subsequently
+united with them, Caleb Atwater, Esq. of Ohio. They reached Prairie du
+Chien about the middle of July, where they met deputies on the part of
+the Winnebagoes, Chippeways, Ottowas, Pottawatimies, Sioux, Sauks, Foxes
+and Menominees; and on the first of August, a treaty was concluded for
+about eight millions of acres, extending from the upper end of Rock
+island to the mouth of the Wisconsin, from latitude 41&deg; 15' to latitude
+43&deg; 15' on the Mississippi. Following the meanderings of the river the
+tract is about two hundred and forty miles from south to north. It
+extends along<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> the Wisconsin and Fox rivers from west to east so as to
+give a passage across the country from the Mississippi to lake Michigan.
+At this treaty Keokuk and Morgan, with two hundred warriors of the Sac
+and Fox tribes were present, and according to the statement of one of
+the commissioners, rendered essential service to them, by intimidating
+the Winebagoes, who from some dissatisfaction, threatened to assassinate
+the commissioners and those associated with them.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st Sept. 1832, after the conclusion of the Black Hawk war,
+General Scott and Governor Reynolds concluded a treaty with the Sacs and
+Foxes, by which about six million acres of land were acquired, for which
+the United States were to pay them the sum of twenty thousand dollars
+per annum for thirty years, to pay off the debts of the tribes and to
+support, at the discretion of the President, a black and gun smith among
+them. A reservation was made of forty miles square, on the Ioway river
+in favor of Keokuk, (since purchased,) including his village, as a
+reward for his fidelity to the United Slates. Black Hawk, his son and
+the Prophet were to be held as hostages during the pleasure of the
+President. This is known as the "Black Hawk purchase." The whole of the
+six millions lie upon the west side of the Mississippi and are included
+within the following boundaries: Beginning on the Mississippi river at
+the point where the Sac and Fox northern boundary line is established,
+by the second article of the treaty of Prairie des Chiens of 15th July,
+1830, strikes said river; thence up said boundary line to a point fifty
+miles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> from the Mississippi, measured on said line to the nearest point
+on the Red Cedar of Iowa, forty miles from the Mississippi river; thence
+in a right line to a point in the northern boundary of the state of
+Missouri fifty miles measured on said boundary from the Mississippi
+river; thence by the last mentioned boundary to the Mississippi river,
+and by the western shore of said river to the place of beginning.</p>
+
+<p>The Sac and Fox tribes are now residing on the west side of the
+Mississippi, and are living upon friendly terms with the United States.
+As a general remark, it may be said, that their intercourse with the
+United States has been of a pacific character. They took no part in the
+war of the Revolution: they were not parties to the Indian disturbances
+which terminated in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. Tecumseh and the
+Prophet failed to enlist them in their grand confederacy against the
+Americans, which was nearly broken up by the premature battle of
+Tippecanoe. The machinations of the British agents and traders, backed
+by the most liberal distribution of goods and fire arms, induced but a
+small party of them, not exceeding two hundred, to join the British
+standard in the late war with England. In the still more recent
+disturbance, on the frontiers of Illinois, called the "Black Hawk war,"
+but a portion of these tribes, took up arms against the United States,
+the great mass of them refusing to take any part in it; while Keokuk,
+their principal chief, exerted all his influence to dissuade the
+"British Band" from engaging in so hopeless a contest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>MA-KA-TAI-ME-SHE-KIA-KIAH,</h2>
+
+<h4>OR</h4>
+
+<h2>BLACK HAWK.</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquoti"><p>Birth of Black Hawk&mdash;Early adventures&mdash;Battles with the Osages and
+Cherokees&mdash;Death of his father&mdash;Interview with Lieutenant Pike&mdash;Attack
+upon Fort Madison&mdash;Joins the British in the late war&mdash;Marches to lake
+Erie&mdash;Returns home after the attack upon Fort Stephenson&mdash;Murder of
+his adopted son&mdash;Battle of the Sink-hole near Cap au Gris&mdash;Treaty of
+peace at Portage des Sioux in 1816.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>Black Hawk is a remarkable instance of an individual, in no
+wise gifted with any uncommon physical, moral or intellectual
+endowments, obtaining, by the force of circumstances, the most
+extraordinary celebrity. Since the year 1831, his name has been
+familiarly known to the people of the United States; and the terror,
+which for a brief period, it excited upon the frontiers of Illinois,
+Missouri and Indiana, was only surpassed by the curiosity which pervaded
+every part of the union, to behold this notable chief of the woods,
+after he had been conquered, and was carried a prisoner of state, from
+the wilds of the West to the Atlantic sea-board. His tour through the
+United States, partook largely of the triumphal march of a successful
+hero. In the number of persons who flocked around<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> him, the honors which
+he received were scarcely less flattering than those awarded to the
+illustrious Lafayette, while the "nation's guest." In the one case there
+was curiosity alone, in the other, curiosity and gratitude blended. To
+the casual observer, the distinction between the two cases is not very
+apparent.</p>
+
+<p>The causes which created a desire so universal, to behold this
+aboriginal chief, have awakened a corresponding interest in the public
+mind, to learn more of his history, than was revealed in the events of
+the campaign of 1832. To gratify this curiosity, is the object of the
+present volume. The author has carefully consulted all the sources of
+information, touching the life and character of Black Hawk, that were
+within his reach; and has studiously avoided the presentation of any
+fact which did not seem to be well authenticated. Should the incidents
+here narrated, in the life of this celebrated Indian, not prove as rich
+and amusing as might be anticipated, from the wide spread notoriety
+which he has obtained, the work will still be found of some value. It
+presents in a connected form, and as the author trusts, with historic
+accuracy, one link in the great chain of political relations between the
+United States and the Indian tribes of North America. Every day is
+increasing the interest and magnitude of these relations, and any effort
+to preserve the facts with which they are associated, would seem to be
+worthy of public consideration. Black Hawk may die, his name be
+forgotten, and the smoke of his wigwam be seen no more, but the "Black
+Hawk war" will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> long form a page of deep interest, in the history of
+this country.</p>
+
+<p>The subject of this memoir is by birth a Sac, having been born at the
+principal Sac village, on Rock River, in the year, as he himself states,
+1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa, his grandfather's Na-na-ma-kee or
+Thunder. Black Hawk was not by birth a chief, but at the early age of
+fifteen, having distinguished himself by wounding an enemy, he was
+permitted to paint and wear feathers; and was placed in the rank of the
+Braves. About the year 1783, he united in an expedition against the
+Osages, and had the good fortune to kill and scalp one of the enemy: for
+this act of youthful valor, he was, for the first time, permitted to
+mingle in the scalp-dance. This triumph was followed shortly afterwards
+by two more excursions against the same tribe. In the first, Black Hawk
+was the leader of seven men, who suddenly attacked a party of one
+hundred Osages, killed one of them, and as suddenly retreated without
+loss. This exploit, so far increased the number of his followers, that
+he soon afterwards started with a party of one hundred and eighty
+braves, and marched to an Osage village, on the Missouri; but found it
+deserted. Most of the party being disappointed, left their leader and
+returned home. Black Hawk, however, with but five followers, pursued the
+trail of the enemy, and after some days succeeded in killing one man and
+a boy; and, securing their scalps, returned home. In the year 1786,
+having recovered from the effect of his late unsuccessful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> excursion,
+Black Hawk found himself once more at the head of two hundred braves,
+and again set off to avenge the repeated outrages of the Osages upon the
+Sac nation. Soon after he reached the enemy's country, he met a party
+about equal in number to his own. A battle ensued. The Osages lost near
+one hundred men, and Black Hawk nineteen. He claims, in the attack, to
+have killed five of the enemy, with his own hand. This severe engagement
+had the effect, for some time, of keeping the Osages upon their own
+lands and arresting their depredations upon the Sacs. This cessation of
+hostilities gave the latter an opportunity of redressing the wrongs
+which the Cherokees had committed upon them, by murdering some of their
+women and children. A party was raised for this purpose, and met the
+Cherokees upon the Merrimack river, below St. Louis, the latter being
+most numerous. In this battle Py-e-sa, the father of Black Hawk was
+killed. The Cherokees were compelled to retreat with the loss of
+twenty-eight men, the Sacs having but seven killed. Upon the fall of
+Py-e-sa, Black Hawk assumed the command and also took possession of the
+"medicine bag," then in the keeping of his father. Owing to the
+disasters of this expedition, and especially the death of his father,
+Black Hawk, for the ensuing five years, refrained from all warlike
+operations, and spent his time in fishing and hunting. At the end of
+this period, being about the year 1800, he made another excursion,
+against the Osages, at the head of about five hundred Sacs and Foxes and
+a hundred Ioways, who had joined him as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> allies. After a long march they
+reached and destroyed about forty lodges of the enemy, killing many of
+their bravest warriors, five of whom were slain by the leader of the
+invading army. In the year 1802, he terminated a severe and protracted
+campaign against the Chippewas, Kaskaskias and Osages, during which six
+or seven battles were fought and more than one hundred of the enemy
+killed. The following summer Black Hawk made one of his periodical
+visits to St. Louis to see his Spanish father, by whom he was well
+received. Upon his next visit to this Spanish dignitary, he found many
+sad and gloomy faces, because the United States were about to take
+possession of the town and country around it. "Soon after the Americans
+arrived," says Black Hawk, "I took my band and went to take leave, for
+the last time, of our father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing
+them approach, we passed out at one door, as they entered at
+another&mdash;and immediately started, in our canoes, for our village on Rock
+river&mdash;not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at
+St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange
+people had taken St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish
+father again. This information made all our people sorry. Sometime
+afterwards (1805) a boat came up the river with a young American chief
+(Lieutenant, afterwards General Pike,) and a small party of soldiers. We
+heard of them, soon after he had passed Salt river. Some of our young
+braves watched him every day, to see what sort of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> people he had on
+board. The boat at length arrived at Rock river, and the young chief
+came on shore with his interpreter&mdash;made a speech, and gave us some
+presents. We, in return, presented him with meat and such provisions as
+we could spare. We were well pleased with the speech of the young chief.
+He gave us good advice; said our American father would treat us well. He
+presented us an American flag, which was hoisted. He then requested us
+to pull down our British flags, and give him our British
+medals&mdash;promising to send us others on his return to St. Louis. This we
+declined as we wished to have <i>two fathers</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently to this period, the building of Fort Edwards, near the head
+of the Des Moyens rapids, gave much uneasiness to the Sacs. Some of the
+chiefs and a party of their followers went down to this point, and had
+an interview with the war chief who had command of the troops engaged in
+constructing the fort. The Indians became satisfied and returned home.
+Not long afterwards a party, of which Black Hawk was one, determined to
+attack and take Fort Madison, standing upon the west side of the
+Mississippi, above the mouth of the Des Moyens, which was then
+garrisoned with about fifty men. Their spies having ascertained that the
+troops marched out of the fort every morning to exercise, they concealed
+themselves near it, with an agreement to fire upon them when they came
+out. About sun rise, on the morning of the proposed attack, the gate
+opened, and a young man made his appearance, but was suffered to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> return
+without being molested. The gate was again opened and four soldiers came
+out. They were followed by a fifth, who was instantly killed. The others
+then ran for the fort, but two of them were shot down before they
+reached it. The Indians continued for two days, shooting into the fort,
+and endeavoring to set fire to it. Finding their efforts unavailing,
+they gave up the attack and returned home.</p>
+
+<p>The period had now arrived when the difficulties between this country
+and Great Britain, were to be settled by an appeal to arms. Some
+discontent had prevailed among the Sacs, in regard to the encroachments
+of the Americans upon their hunting grounds. They, however, offered
+their services to the United States, to fight against the British, but
+their offer was declined. They had not been as liberally supplied with
+presents and goods at Fort Madison, as they had anticipated, and in the
+mean time, the British agents had artfully fomented their discontent,
+and labored to win their confidence by the most liberal distribution
+among them of goods and ardent spirits. Shortly after the declaration of
+war, Girty, a British trader, arrived at Rock island with two boats
+loaded with goods, and the British flag was hoisted. He informed the
+Indians that he had been sent to them by Colonel Dixon, with presents, a
+large silk flag and a keg of rum. The day after his arrival, the goods
+were divided among the Indians, they promising to pay for them, in furs,
+in the following spring. Girty informed Black Hawk that Colonel Dixon
+was then at Green Bay, with a large quantity of goods, arms and
+ammunition, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> was desirous that he should raise a party of warriors
+and join him. Black Hawk succeeded in collecting about two hundred
+braves, and soon reached Green Bay, where he found Dixon encamped, with
+a large body of Indians, assembled from other tribes, who had been
+already furnished with clothing and with arms. Black Hawk had an
+interview with Dixon, two other war chiefs and the interpreter. "He
+received me," says Black Hawk, "with a hearty shake of the hand, and
+presented me to the other chiefs, who shook my hand cordially, and
+seemed much pleased to see me. After I was seated, Colonel Dixon said,
+"General Black Hawk, I sent for you, to explain to you, what we are
+going to do, and the reasons that have brought us here. Our friend
+Girty, informs us in the letter you brought from him, what has taken
+place. You will now have to hold us fast by the hand. Your English
+father has found out that the Americans want to take your country from
+you, and has sent me and his braves to drive them back to their own
+country. He has likewise sent a large quantity of arms and ammunition,
+and we want all your warriors to join us." He then placed a medal round
+my neck, and gave me a paper, (which I lost in the late war,) and a silk
+flag, saying, "You are to command all the braves that will leave here
+the day after to-morrow, to join our braves near Detroit."</p>
+
+<p>On the following day, arms, clothing, knives and tomahawks, were
+distributed to Black Hawk's band, and upon the succeeding morning, they
+started, in all near five hundred braves, to join the British ar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>my.
+This was in August, 1812, shortly after the surrender and massacre of
+the American troops at Chicago, which place they passed a few days after
+it had been evacuated. Of the movements of Black Hawk during his
+connection with the British upon our north west, no satisfactory
+information has been obtained. It appears that he was in two
+engagements, but seems not to have distinguished himself. The last of
+these was the attack, in August 1813, upon Fort Stephenson, then under
+the command of Major Croghan. The gallant defence of this post, and the
+fatal repulse given to the combined British and Indian forces, seem to
+have disheartened Black Hawk; for soon afterwards, tired of successive
+defeats, and disappointed in not obtaining the "spoils of victory," he
+left the army, with about twenty of his followers, and returned to his
+village on Rock river. It is probable that he would have remained
+neutral during the remainder of the war, had it not been for one of
+those border outrages, which lawless and unprincipled white men but too
+often commit upon the Indians, under pretence of self defence or
+retaliation, often a mere pretext for wanton bloodshed and murder.
+Previous to joining Colonel Dixon, Black Hawk had visited the lodge of
+an old friend, whose son he had adopted and taught to hunt. He was
+anxious that this youth should go with him and his band and join the
+British standard, but the father objected on the ground that he was
+dependent upon his son for game; and, moreover, that he did not wish him
+to fight against the Americans<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> who had always treated him kindly. He
+had agreed to spend the following winter near a white settler, upon Salt
+river, one of the tributaries of the Mississippi which enters that
+stream below the Des Moyens, and intended to take his son with him. As
+Black Hawk was approaching his village on Rock river, after his campaign
+on the lakes with Dixon, he observed a smoke rising from a hollow in the
+bluff of the stream. He went to see who was there. Upon drawing near to
+the fire, he discovered a mat stretched, and an old man of sorrowful
+aspect sitting under it, alone, and evidently humbling himself before
+the Great Spirit, by fasting and prayer. It proved to be his old friend,
+the father of his adopted son. Black Hawk seated himself beside him and
+inquired what had happened, but received no answer, for indeed he seemed
+scarcely alive. Being revived by some water, he looked up, recognized
+the friend of his youth, and in reply to Black Hawk's second inquiry,
+said, in a feeble voice,</p>
+
+<p>"Soon after your departure to join the British, I descended the river
+with a small party, to winter at the place I told you the white man had
+requested me to come to. When we arrived, I found a fort built, and the
+white family that had invited me to come and hunt near them, had removed
+to it. I then paid a visit to the fort, to tell the white people that
+myself and little band were friendly, and that we wished to hunt in the
+vicinity of their fort. The war chief, who commanded it, told me that we
+might hunt on the Illinois side of the Mississippi,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> and no person would
+trouble us. That the horsemen only ranged on the Missouri side, and he
+had directed them not to cross the river. I was pleased with this
+assurance of safety, and immediately crossed over and made my winter's
+camp. Game was plenty: We lived happy and often talked of you. My boy
+regretted your absence, and the hardships you would have to undergo. We
+had been here about two moons, when my boy went out as usual to hunt.
+Night came on and he did not return. I was alarmed for his safety and
+passed a sleepless night. In the morning my old woman went to the other
+lodges and gave the alarm, and all turned out in pursuit. There being
+snow on the ground, they soon came upon his track, and after pursuing it
+some distance, found that he was on the trail of a deer, that led to the
+river. They soon came to the place where he had stood and fired, and
+found a deer hanging upon the branch of a tree, which had been skinned.
+But here also were found the tracks of white men. They had taken my boy
+prisoner. Their tracks led across the river, and then down towards the
+fort. My friends followed them, and soon found my boy lying dead. He had
+been most cruelly murdered. His face was shot to pieces, his body
+stabbed in several places, and his head scalped. His arms were tied
+behind him."</p>
+
+<p>The old man ceased his narrative, relapsed into the stupor from which he
+had been aroused and in a few minutes, expired. Black Hawk remained by
+his body during the night, and next day buried it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> upon the peak of the
+bluff. Shocked at the cruel fate of his adopted son, and deeply touched
+by the mournful death of his old comrade, he was roused to vengeance
+against the Americans, and after remaining a few days at the village,
+and raising a band of braves, prepared for offensive operations upon the
+frontiers.</p>
+
+<p>Having narrated to his band the murder of his adopted son, they began to
+thirst for blood, and agreed to follow Black Hawk wheresoever he might
+lead. The party consisted of about thirty. They descended the
+Mississippi in canoes to the place where Fort Madison had stood, but
+found it abandoned by the American troops and burnt. They continued
+their course down the river and landed near Cap au Gris, on the 10th of
+May, where they killed one of the United States Rangers, named Bernard,
+but were driven off by Lieutenant Massey, with a detachment from Fort
+Howard. The Indians, however, rallied in the woods, and on the 24th of
+May, a severe battle and of a character somewhat novel, was fought
+between the troops at Fort Howard, under Lieutenant Drakeford of the U.
+S. Rangers, and Black Hawk and his party. The former, in his official
+report of this engagement, says,</p>
+
+<p>"Yesterday, about twelve o'clock, five of our men went out to some
+cabins on the bluff, about one quarter of a mile below the fort, to
+bring a grind-stone. The backwater of the Mississippi, rendered it so
+they went in a canoe. On their return they were attacked by a party of
+Indians, sup<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>posed to be about fifty in number; they killed and
+tomahawked three and wounded one mortally. While about this mischief, we
+gave them as good a fire from a little below the fort, as the breadth of
+the backwater would permit. Captain Craig and myself with about forty
+men, waded across the water and pursued them: in going about half a
+mile, we came on them and commenced a fire which continued about one
+hour, part of which time at a distance of forty steps, and no part of
+the time further than a hundred and fifty steps: shortly after the
+commencement of the battle, we were reinforced by Captain Musick and
+twenty of his men; the enemy now ran; some made their escape, and others
+made to a sink-hole that is in the battle ground, and from there they
+returned a most rapid fire; it being very dangerous, to approach nearer
+than fifty steps of the sink, we at length erected a breast-work, on
+the two wheels of a wagon, and resolved upon moving it up to the edge of
+the sink, to fire from behind, down into the sink and preserve us from
+theirs. We got the moving battery finished about sunset, and moved it up
+with a sufficient number of men behind it, whilst all other posts round
+were sufficiently guarded, in case they should be put to the route.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img087.jpg" alt="BATTLE OF SINK HOLE." title="BATTLE OF SINK HOLE." /></div>
+<h4>BATTLE OF SINK HOLE.</h4>
+
+<p>"We had not moved to within less than ten steps of the sink, before they
+commenced a fire, which we returned at every opportunity. Night came on
+and we were obliged to leave the ground, and decline the expectation of
+taking them out without risking man for man, which we thought not a
+good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> exchange on our side. During the time of the battle another
+party of Indians commenced a brisk fire on the fort. Captain Craig was
+killed in the commencement of the battle, Lieut. Edward Spears at the
+moving of the breast work to the sink. The morning of the 25th we
+returned to the ground and found five Indians killed and the sign of a
+great many wounded, that had been taken off in the night. The aggregate
+number of killed on our part is one captain, one third lieutenant, and
+five privates; three wounded, one missing, one citizen killed and two
+wounded mortally."</p>
+
+<p>Black Hawk states that but eighteen of his men were in the sink with
+him, and that they dug holes in the sides of the bank, with their
+knives, to protect them from the fire of the Americans: Some of his
+warriors commenced singing their death songs; but he, several times
+called out to the enemy, if brave men, to come down and fight them. He
+describes the wagon-battery, and its inefficiency in dislodging them
+from their depressed but safe situation. His retreat to the sink-hole
+under the circumstances, was a sound military movement. Lieutenant
+Drakeford having withdrawn his forces, Black Hawk and his party left
+their intrenchment and returned by land, to their village.</p>
+
+<p>The tribes of Indians on the Mississippi, were notified in the early
+part of this year, 1815, that peace had been concluded between the
+United States and England. Most of those who had been engaged in the
+war, ceased hostilities. Black Hawk, however, and his band, and some of
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> Pottawatamies, were not inclined to bury the tomahawk. Even as late
+as the spring of 1816, they committed depredations. Some palliation for
+these outrages may be found in the fact, that the British, on the
+north-west frontier, long after they were officially notified of the
+peace, continued to excite the Indians to acts of violence against the
+United States; and, indeed, participated in them likewise. It was in the
+spring of this year that they captured the garrison at Prairie du Chien,
+and instigated Black Hawk and his party to attack some boats, which were
+ascending the Mississippi to that point, with troops and provisions. In
+this attack, Black Hawk was the leader. One of the boats was captured
+and several of the crew killed. They were compelled to return, and
+dropped down to the fort at the mouth of the Des Moyens river. As a
+reward for their attack upon these boats, the British agents distributed
+rum among the Indians engaged in the affair, and joined with them in
+dancing and feasting.</p>
+
+<p>In May, Black Hawk and his party, having been again summoned by the
+Americans, to make peace, concluded to descend the Mississippi to
+Portage des Sioux, to meet the American commissioners who were there for
+that purpose. On the 13th of May, 1816, a treaty of peace was signed by
+Clark, Edwards, and Choteau on behalf of the United States, and the
+chiefs and warriors of the Sacs of Rock river and the adjacent country.
+To this treaty Black Hawk was a party. It recognizes the validity of the
+treaty of St. Louis, of November 1804.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquoti"><p>Building of Fort Armstrong&mdash;The good Spirit of Rock Island&mdash;Death of
+Black Hawk's children&mdash;Young Sac offers to die in place of his
+brother&mdash;Black Hawk's visit to Malden&mdash;Whipped by some whites&mdash;Whites
+settle at his village&mdash;Black Hawk's talk with Governor Coles and Judge
+Hall&mdash;Sale of the lands on Rock river&mdash;Indians ordered to
+remove&mdash;Agreement to remove for six thousand dollars&mdash;Memorial of the
+white settlers to Governor Reynolds&mdash;The Governor's letters to General
+Clark and General Gaines&mdash;The latter leaves Jefferson Barracks with
+six companies of the United States troops for Rock Island&mdash;His
+interview with Black Hawk&mdash;Calls upon the Governor of Illinois for
+militia&mdash;The Indians abandon their village&mdash;treaty of peace made with
+them&mdash;Official letters to the war department&mdash;Summary of the causes
+which brought on this disturbance&mdash;Black Hawk's attempt to form an
+alliance with other tribes.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>From the treaty of peace, between the United States and the Sac Indians
+of Rock river, in 1816, to the commencement of hostilities between these
+parties in 1832, the life of Black Hawk seems to have been quiet and
+monotonous, occasionally relieved by a warlike excursion, but generally
+spent in hunting, throughout the winter, and in loitering about his
+village, during the summer. Such, indeed, is the life of most Indians.
+Having no intellectual pursuits and little desire for the acquisition of
+property, beyond the supply of their immediate wants, they have in
+reality but two sources of excitement&mdash;war and the chase. They take no
+interest in the domestic affairs of their families, have little taste
+for the pursuits of agriculture, and, if not engaged in hostile
+excursions, in following the deer, or in trapping the beaver, they sink
+into listless inactivity. It is highly probable that many of their wars
+are undertaken, more for the gratifica<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>tion of that love of excitement,
+which is an indestructible element of the human mind, than from any
+constitutional proneness to cruelty and bloodshed. They need both
+physical and intellectual excitation, and having none of the resources
+which mental and moral culture throws open to civilized man, they seek
+it in making war upon each other or upon the wild animals which share
+with them the woods and the prairies.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently to the treaty of 1816, and perhaps in that year, the
+government of the United States built Fort Armstrong, upon Rock Island,
+in the Mississippi river, and but a few miles from the village where
+Black Hawk and his band resided. This measure, though not actually
+opposed, was by no means acceptable to them. They probably did not
+relish the gradual advances upon them, of the white population; but they
+entertained, moreover, a special regard for this beautiful island, which
+is justly considered one of the finest in the whole extent of the
+Mississippi. It is fertile, and produces many varieties of nuts and
+fruits, and being in the rapids of the stream, the waters which lave its
+shores, yield an abundance of excellent fish. In addition to all this,
+they have a traditionary belief, that the island was the favorite
+residence of a good spirit which dwelt in a cave in the rocks on which
+Fort Armstrong now stands. This spirit had often been seen by the
+Indians, but after the erection of the Fort, alarmed by the noise and
+intrusion of the white man, it spread its beautiful, swan-like wings,
+and disappeared. During the year 1817, the Sacs sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> out some warriors
+against the Sioux, and succeeded in killing several of them, but Black
+Hawk was not of the party. About this time, his eldest son sickened and
+died, and within a short period afterwards, he lost his youngest
+daughter. This affliction seems to have made a deep impression upon him;
+and according to a custom common among the Indians, he blacked his face,
+and for the ensuing two years lived at home, in seclusion, drinking
+water at mid-day, and eating boiled corn but sparingly, in the evening.
+In the winter of 1819-20, there was a disturbance between the Sacs and
+Ioways, one of the latter having killed a young man belonging to the
+former. Under the agreement of a late council between these two tribes,
+the old custom of appeasing the friends of one who had been killed, by
+presents, had been abolished, and each party had promised, that in
+future, the murderer should be surrendered up, that he might be punished
+with death. A party of Sacs, of which Black Hawk was one, agreed to
+visit the Ioway village on this occasion, and when about to depart,
+called at the lodge of the young man who had committed the outrage, to
+take him along. He was sick, but still ready to accompany them. His
+brother interfered, and insisted that he was too unwell to travel; that
+he would himself go and die in his place, and finally set off with the
+party. On the seventh day, they reached the Ioway village. They
+dismounted a short distance from it, and bid farewell to their young
+brave, who went calmly forwards, alone, singing his death-song, and
+seated himself in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> the middle of the lodges. One of the Ioway chiefs
+went out to Black Hawk, who told him the brother had come in the place
+of the young man that had committed the murder, he being sick. Black
+Hawk and his party, now mounted their horses and set off on their
+return; and casting their eyes towards the village, saw the Ioways,
+armed with spears and clubs, gathering around the young prisoner. At
+night the returning party, having stopped and kindled a fire, were
+suddenly alarmed by the tramping of horses. They immediately stood to
+their arms, but were soon relieved, by finding, instead of a foe, their
+young brave, unhurt and in the possession of two horses. They
+ascertained that the Ioways, at first threatened him with instant death,
+but finally, changing their purpose, had given him something to eat,
+smoked the pipe with him, and presenting him with two horses, bid him
+return home in safety. The generous conduct of the Ioways is deserving
+of praise, but the genuine affection of this young brave, in nobly
+volunteering to die in place of his sick brother, presents one of those
+rare cases of self-devotion, which should be held in remembrance.</p>
+
+<p>In the following autumn, Black Hawk and some of his band went on a visit
+to their British father at Malden and received presents from him. A
+medal was given to Black Hawk for his fidelity to the British in the
+late war, and he was requested to come up annually, to that place, with
+his band, and receive such presents, as had been promised them by
+Colonel Dixon, when they joined the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> English forces. These visits were
+regularly made, it is believed, from that time down to the year 1832. It
+is owing to this circumstance that Black Hawk's party has long been
+known by the appellation of the "British Band."</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1822, Black Hawk and his party, encamped on the
+Two-rivers, for the purpose of hunting, and while there was so badly
+treated by some white men, that his prejudices against the Americans
+were greatly strengthened. He was accused of having killed the hogs of
+some settlers, who, meeting him one day in the woods, wrested his gun
+from his hands, and discharging it in the air, beat him so severely with
+sticks that for several nights he was unable to sleep. They then
+returned him his gun and ordered him to leave the neighborhood. Of the
+perpetration of this outrage, there is little doubt, while the fact of
+Black Hawk's having committed the offence charged upon him, rests, at
+best, upon suspicion. Supposing him to have been guilty, and the
+supposition is at variance with the whole tenor of his intercourse with
+the whites, it was on their part, one of those brutal appeals to <i>club</i>
+law, which are but too often practised towards the Indians; and which,
+when avenged by them, not unfrequently brings upon their nation, the
+power and the arms of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The ensuing summer, the expediency of a removal of the whole of the Sacs
+and Foxes, to the west side of the Mississippi, was urged upon them by
+the agent at Fort Armstrong. The principal Fox<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> chief, as well as
+Keokuk, assented to the removal. The latter sent a messenger through the
+village informing the Indians that it was the wish of their great
+Father, the President, that they should remove, and he pointed out the
+Ioway river as presenting a fine situation for their new village. There
+was a party, however, among the Sacs, made up principally of the
+"British Band," who were decidedly opposed to a removal; and they called
+upon their old leader, Black Hawk, for his opinion on the question. He
+took the ground that the land on which their village stood had never
+been sold; that the Americans had, therefore, no right to insist upon
+the measure, and that as a matter of policy he was opposed to it. The
+old man was probably swayed in his decision by another cause. He felt
+that his power in the tribe was waning before the rising popularity of
+Keokuk. Here was a question on which their people differed in opinion.
+By placing himself at the head of one of the parties, he might recover
+his influence, or at least sustain himself against the overshadowing
+ascendancy of his rival. He had an interview with Keokuk to see if the
+matter could not be adjusted with the President, by giving him other
+lands in exchange for those on which their village stood; and the latter
+promised to see the great chief at St. Louis, on the subject. During the
+following winter, while Black Hawk and his party were absent on a
+hunting expedition, several white families arrived at their village,
+destroyed some of their lodges and commenced making fences over their
+corn-fields.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> Black Hawk upon hearing of this movement, promptly
+returned to Rock river, and found his own lodge occupied by the whites.
+He went to Fort Armstrong and complained to the interpreter, the agent
+being absent. He crossed the Mississippi and travelled several days to
+converse with the Winnebago sub-agent, who concurred with the
+interpreter in advising the Sacs to remove to Keokuk's settlement on the
+Ioway. He then visited the prophet, Wabokieshiek, or White-Cloud, whose
+opinions were held in much respect by the Sacs and Winnebagoes. He urged
+Black Hawk not to remove, but to persuade Keokuk and his party to return
+to Rock river, assuring them that if they remained quietly at their
+village, the whites would not venture to disturb them. He then rejoined
+his hunting party, and in the spring when they returned to their
+village, they found the white settlers still there, and that the greater
+part of their corn-fields had been enclosed by fences. About that time
+Keokuk visited Rock river and endeavored to persuade the remainder of
+the Sacs to follow him to the Ioway. He had accomplished nothing with
+the great chief at St. Louis, in regard to their remaining at their
+village, and as a matter of policy, that peace might be preserved, he
+was warmly in favor of the proposed removal. Black Hawk considered it an
+act of cowardice to yield up their village and the graves of their
+fathers, to strangers, who had no right to the soil, and the breach
+between Keokuk and himself was widened.</p>
+
+<p>The white immigrants continued to increase, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> the Sac village was the
+great point of attraction to them. It was situated on the neck of land
+formed by the junction of Rock river with the Mississippi, and had been
+the chief village of the tribe for sixty or seventy years. "Their women
+had broken the surface of the surrounding prairie with their hoes, and
+enclosed with a kind of flimsy pole fence, many fields, which were
+annually cultivated by them, in the raising of corn, beans, potatoes and
+squashes. They had also erected several hundred houses of various
+dimensions, some probably an hundred feet in length by forty or fifty
+broad; which were constructed of poles and forks, arranged so as to form
+a kind of frame, which was then enclosed with the bark of trees, which,
+being peeled off and dried under a weight for the purpose of keeping it
+expanded, was afterwards confined to the walls and roof by means of
+cords, composed of the bark of other trees. This indeed is a delightful
+spot:&mdash;on the north-west rolls the majestic Mississippi, while the dark
+forests which clothe the numerous islands of Rock river, with its
+several rippling streams on the south-east, form a delightful contrast,
+which is rendered still more pleasing from the general declivity of the
+surrounding country, as it sinks gradually away to the shores of these
+rivers. This ancient village had literally become the grave-yard of the
+nation. Scarcely an individual could be found in the whole nation, who
+had not deposited the remains of some relative, in or near to this
+place. Thither the mother, with mournful and melancholy step, annually
+repaired to pay a tribute of respect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> to her departed offspring; while
+the weeping sisters and loud lamenting widows, joined the procession of
+grief; sometimes, in accordance with their own feelings, no doubt, but
+always in pursuance of an established custom of their nation, from time
+immemorial. On these occasions they carefully clear away every spear of
+grass or other vegetable, which they find growing near the grave, and
+make such repairs as may be thought necessary. They also carry to the
+grave some kind of food, which they leave there for the spirit of the
+deceased: and before they conclude these ceremonies, they often, in a
+very melancholy and lamenting mood, address the dead, enquiring how they
+fare, and who, or whether any one performs for them the kind offices of
+mother, sister or wife; together with many other enquiries which a
+frantic imagination may happen to suggest. This being one of the most
+important religious duties, is scrupulously observed by all the better
+class of this people."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>The whites who established themselves at this place, in violation of the
+laws of congress, and the provisions of the treaty of 1804, committed
+various aggressions upon the Indians, such as destroying their corn,
+killing their domestic animals, and whipping the women and children.
+They carried with them, as articles of traffic, whiskey and other
+intoxicating liquors, and by distributing them in the tribe, made
+drunkenness and scenes of debauchery common. Black Hawk and the other
+chiefs of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> band, remonstrated against these encroachments, and
+especially in regard to the introduction of spirituous liquors among
+their people: and, upon one occasion, when a white man continued,
+openly, to sell whiskey to them, the old chief, taking with him one or
+two companions, went to his house, rolled out the barrel of whiskey,
+broke in the head, and emptied its contents upon the ground, in presence
+of the owner. This was done, as he alleges, from the fear that some of
+the white persons would be killed by his people when in a state of
+intoxication. Thus things wore on until 1827. During that winter, while
+the Indians were making their periodical hunt, some of the whites, in
+the hope of expediting their removal to the west side of the
+Mississippi, set on fire, in one day, about forty of their lodges, a
+number of which were entirely consumed. When the Indians returned in the
+spring and demanded satisfaction for the destruction of their property,
+they were met by new insults and outrages.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1829, Black Hawk happened to meet, at Rock island, with
+the late governor Coles, of whom he had heard as a great chief of
+Illinois, in company with "another chief" as he calls him&mdash;Judge Hall.
+Having failed in his appeals to the Indian agents, for redress of the
+grievances of his people, he determined to apply to these two chiefs, on
+the subject, and accordingly waited upon them for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>He spoke of the indignity perpetrated upon himself, (his having been
+beaten with sticks by the whites,) with the feeling that a respectable
+person<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> among us would have shown under such circumstances; and pointing
+to a black mark on his face, said that he wore it as a symbol of
+disgrace. The customs of his nation required, that he should avenge the
+wrong that he had received, but he chose rather to submit to it for the
+present than involve them in a war. And this was the only alternative,
+for if an Indian should kill, or even strike a white man, the aggression
+would be eagerly seized upon and exaggerated; the whole frontier
+population would rush to war, and the Indians would be hunted from their
+houses like wild beasts. He spoke of the intrusion upon their fields,
+the destruction of their growing corn, the ploughing up of the graves of
+their fathers, and the beating of their women; and added, "we dare not
+resent any of these things. If we did, it would be said that the Indians
+were disturbing the white people, and troops would be sent out to
+destroy us." We enquired, "why do you not represent these things to our
+government?&mdash;the President is a wise and a good ruler, who would protect
+you." "Our great father is too far off, he cannot hear our voice." "But
+you could have letters written and sent to him." "So we could," was his
+reply, "but the white men would write letters, and say that we told
+lies. Our great father would not believe an Indian, in preference to his
+own children."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Black Hawk in reference to this interview, says,
+"Neither of them could do any thing for us; but both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> evidently appeared
+very sorry. It would give me great pleasure at all times, to take these
+two chiefs by the hand."</p>
+
+<p>Under the seventh article of the treaty made at St. Louis in 1804, it is
+provided that, "as long as the lands which are now ceded to the United
+States remain their property, the Indians, belonging to the said tribes,
+shall enjoy the privilege of living and hunting upon them." It was not
+until the year, 1829, that any part of the lands upon Rock river, were
+brought into market by the United States. It follows as a matter of
+course, that all the white settlers upon them prior to this period, were
+trespassers, being there in violation of the laws of Congress, and the
+provisions of the treaty. Although the frontier settlements of Illinois,
+had not approached within fifty or sixty miles of Rock river, and the
+lands for a still greater distance around it, had not been offered for
+sale, yet in this year, government was induced to make sale of a few
+quarter sections, at the mouth of Rock river, including the Sac village.
+The reason for this uncalled for measure, is obvious&mdash;to evade the
+provisions of the foregoing treaty of cession, and create a pretext for
+the immediate removal of the Indians to the west side of the
+Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1830, when Black Hawk and his band returned from their
+annual hunt, to occupy their lodges, and prepare as usual for raising
+their crop of vegetables, they found, that the land in and around their
+village, had been brought into market, and that their old friend, the
+trader at Rock Island<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> had purchased a considerable part of it. Black
+Hawk, greatly disturbed at this new condition of things, appealed to the
+agent at that place, who informed him, that the lands having been sold
+by government to individuals, he and his party had no longer any <i>right</i>
+to remain upon them. Black Hawk was still unwilling to assent to a
+removal, and in the course of the summer, he visited Malden to consult
+his British father on the subject, and returned by Detroit to see the
+great American chief, Governor Cass, residing there. Both of these
+persons told him that if the Indians had not sold their lands and would
+remain quietly upon them, they would not be disturbed. Black Hawk,
+acting upon the assumption that the land on which their village stood,
+never had been legally sold to the United States, returned home
+determined to keep possession of it. It was late in the fall when he
+arrived: his people had gone to their hunting grounds for the winter and
+he followed them. They made an unsuccessful hunt and the season passed
+off in gloom. Keokuk again exerted his influence to induce them to
+desert Black Hawk and remove to the Ioway. Such, however, was their
+attachment to their favorite village, that the whole band returned to it
+in the spring of 1831. The agent at Rock island forthwith notified them
+that if they did not remove from the land, troops would be sent by the
+United States to drive them off. Black Hawk says, he had a conference,
+about this time, with the trader at Rock Island, who enquired of him, if
+some terms could not be made, upon which he and his party would agree
+to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> remove to the west side of the Mississippi. To this he replied, that
+if his great father would do justice to them and make the proposition,
+they would remove. He was asked by the trader, "if the great chief at
+St. Louis would give six thousand dollars, to purchase provisions and
+other articles," if he would give up peaceably and remove. To this he
+agreed. The trader accordingly sent a message to the agent at St. Louis,
+that Black Hawk, and his whole band, could be removed for the sum of six
+thousand dollars, but the answer was, that nothing would be given, and
+that if they did not remove immediately, an armed force would be sent to
+compel them.</p>
+
+<p>The squaws had now planted their corn, and it was beginning to grow,
+when the whites again commenced ploughing it up. Black Hawk at last
+determined to put a stop to these aggressions upon his people, and
+accordingly gave notice to those who were perpetrating them, that they
+must remove, forthwith, from his village. In the mean time, after the
+return of the Indians, which took place in April, eight of the white
+settlers united in a memorial to the Executive of the state of Illinois,
+in which they set forth that the Sac Indians of Rock river had
+"threatened to kill them; that they had acted in a most outrageous
+manner; threw down their fences, turned horses into their corn-fields,
+stole their potatoes, saying <i>the land was theirs and that they had not
+sold it</i>,&mdash;although said deponents had purchased the land of the United
+States' government: levelled deadly weapons at the citizens, and on some
+occasions hurt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> said citizens for attempting to prevent the destruction
+of their property," &amp;c. &amp;c. The memorial concludes with the still more
+startling outrage, that the said Indians went "to a house, rolled out a
+barrel of whiskey and destroyed it." One of these eight afflicted
+memorialists, swore the other seven to the truth of their statements,
+and with an earnest prayer for immediate relief, it was placed before
+his Excellency, on the 19th of May.</p>
+
+<p>This long catalogue of outrages, backed by other memorials, and divers
+rumors of border depredations, committed by "General Black Hawk" and his
+"British Band," called into immediate action the patriotism and official
+power of the Governor. Under date of Bellville, May 26, 1831, he writes
+to the superintendent of Indian affairs, General William Clark, at St.
+Louis, that in order to protect the citizens of Illinois, which he
+considered in a state of "actual invasion," he had called out seven
+hundred militia to remove a band of Sac Indians, then residing at Rock
+river, and he pledges himself to the superintendent, that in fifteen
+days he will have a force in the field, sufficient to "remove them
+<i>dead</i> or <i>alive</i>, over to the west side of the Mississippi." But to
+save all this disagreeable business, his Excellency suggests to General
+Clark that perhaps a request from him to these Indians, to remove to the
+west side of the river, would effect the object of procuring peace to
+the citizens of the state. The letter concludes with the magnanimous
+declaration that there is no disposition on the part of the people<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> of
+the state of Illinois to injure these unfortunate, deluded savages, "if
+they will let us alone."</p>
+
+<p>General Clark, under date of St. Louis, 28 May, 1831, acknowledges the
+receipt of the above letter, and says, that he had already made every
+effort in his power, to get all the Indians who had ceded their lands to
+remove.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day, 28th May, 1831, Governor Reynolds writes to General
+Gaines, then at St. Louis, that he had received information that Black
+Hawk and his band had invaded the state of Illinois; and that he had
+called out seven hundred troops to meet them. General Gaines, on the
+29th of May, replies to his Excellency that he had ordered six companies
+of United States troops from Jefferson Barracks to Rock Island, and that
+they would be joined by four other companies from Prairie des Chiens,
+making in all ten companies; a force which he deemed sufficient to repel
+the invasion and give security to the frontier: That if the residue of
+the Sacs and Foxes, or other tribes should unite with the band of Black
+Hawk, he would call on his Excellency for some militia, but did not then
+deem it necessary.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of May, the troops, accompanied by General Gaines, left
+Jefferson barracks, in a steam boat, for Fort Armstrong; and upon the
+7th of June, the commanding general held a council on Rock island, at
+which Black Hawk and some of his braves were present. Keokuk, Wa-pel-lo
+and other chiefs from the west side of the Mississippi were also in
+attendance. When the council was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> opened, General Gaines rose and stated
+that the President was displeased with the refusal of the Sacs of Rock
+river, to go to the right bank of the Mississippi, that their great
+father wanted only that which was reasonable and right, and insisted
+that they should remove. Black Hawk replied, in substance, that the Sacs
+had never sold their lands and were determined to hold on to their
+village. General Gaines inquired, "who is Black Hawk? Is he a chief? By
+what right does he appear in council?"</p>
+
+<p>No reply was made; Black Hawk arose, gathered his blanket around him,
+and stalked out of the council room. On the following morning he was
+again in his seat, and when the council was opened, he arose and said,
+"My father, you inquired yesterday, "who is Black Hawk? why does he sit
+among the chiefs?" I will tell you who I am. I am a Sac, my father was a
+Sac&mdash;I am a warrior and so was my father. Ask those young men, who have
+followed me to battle, and they will tell you who Black Hawk is&mdash;provoke
+our people to war, and you will learn who Black Hawk is." He then sat
+down, and nothing more was said on the subject. The result of this
+conference was, that Black Hawk refused to leave his village, and that
+General Gaines informed him and his party, if they were not on the West
+side of the Mississippi within a few days, he should be compelled to
+remove them by force. The General anxious, if possible, to effect the
+object without bloodshed, deemed it expedient to increase his forces,
+that the Indians might be intimidated, and thus induced to submit; or,
+in case<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> of a resort to hostile measures, that he might be fully
+prepared to act with efficiency. He accordingly called upon the Governor
+of Illinois for some militia, to co-operate with the United States'
+troops under his command. On the 25th of June, Governor Reynolds, and
+General Joseph Duncan with 1600 mounted militiamen, principally
+volunteers, reached Rock river. On the morning of the 26th, General
+Gaines with his combined forces, took possession of the Sac village
+without firing a gun or finding an Indian; the whole party, with their
+wives and children, having crossed over the Mississippi the previous
+night. On the following day they were found on the west bank of that
+stream, encamped under the protection of a white flag.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of June, General Gaines and Governor Reynolds signed a
+treaty of capitulation and peace, with Black Hawk, Pa-she-pa-how,
+Wee-sheat, Kah-ke-ka-mah, and other chiefs and head men of the British
+band of Sac Indians, and their old allies of the Winnebago, Pottawatamie
+and Kickapoo nations. The preamble to this treaty is worthy of
+preservation. It is in these words.</p>
+
+<p>"Whereas, the British Band of Sac Indians, have in violation of the
+several treaties, entered into between the United States and the Sac and
+Fox nations, in the year 1804, 1816 and 1825, continued to remain upon
+and to cultivate the lands on Rock river, ceded to the United States by
+said treaties, after the said lands had been sold by the United States,
+to individual citizens of Illinois and other states: and whereas the
+said British Band of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> Sac Indians, in order to sustain their pretensions
+to continue upon said Rock river lands, have assumed the attitude of
+actual hostility towards the United States, and have had the audacity to
+drive citizens of the state of Illinois from their homes, destroy their
+corn, and invite many of their old friends of the Pottawatamies,
+Winnebagoes, and Kickapoos, to unite with them the said British band of
+Sacs, in war, to prevent their removal from said lands: and whereas many
+of the most disorderly of these several tribes of Indians, did actually
+join the said British band of Sac Indians prepared for war against the
+United States, and more particularly against the state of Illinois; from
+which purpose they confess nothing could have restrained them, but the
+apprehension of force far exceeding the combined strength of the said
+British Band of Sac Indians, with such of their aforesaid allies, as had
+actually joined them; but, being now convinced that such a war would
+tend speedily to annihilate them, they have voluntarily abandoned their
+hostile attitude and sued for peace." Therefore, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The first article stipulates that peace is granted by the United States
+to the British Band of Sac Indians&mdash;the second that they are required to
+submit to the chiefs of the Sac and Fox nations, who reside on the west
+side of the Mississippi&mdash;the third that the United States guaranty to
+them the integrity of their lands west of that river under the treaties
+of 1825 and 1830&mdash;the fourth that the said British Band shall not trade
+with any nation but the United States&mdash;that the United States have a
+right to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> establish military posts and roads within their country&mdash;the
+sixth that the chiefs and head men of the Sac and Fox nations shall
+enforce the provisions of this treaty&mdash;and finally that permanent peace
+and friendship be established between the United States and the said
+British Band of Sac Indians, and that the latter are not to return to
+the east side of the Mississippi without the permission of the former.</p>
+
+<p>The commanding General, under date of sixth of July, 1831, informs the
+war department, that, "The mounted volunteers, the regulars, two pieces
+of artillery, and some musquetry and riflemen, induced the Indians to
+abandon the village before our arrival, without firing a gun. Deserted
+by their allies, this disorderly band was left alone to seek security in
+a speedy flight to the right bank of the Mississippi, where they were
+found the next day, under the protection of a white flag." Governor
+Reynolds in his official despatch to the same department, under date of
+Belleville. Ill. 7th July 1831, says:</p>
+
+<p>"The Indians with some exceptions, from Canada to Mexico, along the
+northern frontier of the United States, are more hostile to the whites,
+than at any other period since the last war; particularly the band of
+Sac Indians, usually and truly called the "British Band," became
+extremely unfriendly to the citizens of Illinois and others. This band
+had determined for some years past to remain at all hazards, on certain
+lands which had been purchased by the United States, and afterwards some
+of them sold to private individuals by the general govern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>ment. They
+also determined to drive off the citizens from this disputed territory.
+In order to effect this object, they committed various outrages on the
+persons and property of the citizens of this state. That this band might
+the more effectually resist all force that would be employed against
+them, they treated with many other tribes to combine together for the
+purpose of aiding this British Band to continue in possession of the
+country in question." General William Clark, the Indian agent at St.
+Louis, in his official communication to the department, says, "The
+disaffected Sacs were depending for an increase to their number from the
+discontented parts of the Kickapoos, Pottawatamies and Winnebagoes," and
+that they exhibited a daring opposition, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>From the tone and pomposity of these documents, commencing with Governor
+Reynold's annunciation to General Clark, that Illinois was in a state of
+"actual invasion," and ending with the letters to the war department,
+just cited, it might appear, to one not familiar with the facts in the
+case, that a powerful confederacy of warlike Indians, after years of
+secret preparation, had made a sudden and bold descent upon the state of
+Illinois, and were about to carry war and desolation throughout the
+frontiers&mdash;to make the heavens lurid with the conflagration of dwelling
+houses, and the air resonant with the wails of women and children
+sinking beneath the murderous tomahawk: and, that this banded horde of
+northern savages, had been successfully met, captured or dispersed, by
+the patriot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>ism, valor and overwhelming power of the combined army of
+the United States and the militia of Illinois! And yet, will it be
+credited by posterity, that this "actual invasion" of the state, fierce
+and appalling as it has been represented, consisted simply in this: a
+part of the Sac tribe of Indians, residing within the boundaries of
+Illinois, at their village on Rock river, where they were born and had
+lived all their lives, refused to give up their corn-fields to some
+white men, who had purchased the same, under a sale made by the
+government of the United States for the purpose of a technical evasion
+of one of its own treaties. In short, thus far, it was little more than
+a neighborhood quarrel between the squaws of the "British Band" of
+Indians, and a few white settlers,&mdash;most of whom were there in violation
+of the laws of the country&mdash;about the occupancy of some corn-fields,
+which, from time immemorial, had been annually cultivated by the Indian
+women. Black Hawk became excited by these outrages, as he deemed them,
+upon the rights of his people; but instead of killing every white man in
+his vicinity, which he could have done in one night, he simply commanded
+them to leave his village: and threatened in case they did not, to
+remove them by force. Such is the substance of the "actual invasion" of
+the state of Illinois, by the British Band of Sac Indians.</p>
+
+<p>It is alledged, however, by the defenders of this memorable campaign,
+that this band of Sacs had, in violation of the treaties of 1804, 1816
+and 1825, continued to remain upon and cultivate the land<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> on Rock
+river, ceded to the United States, after it had been sold by the United
+States to individual citizens of Illinois and other states&mdash;that they
+had refused positively to remove to the west side of the
+Mississippi&mdash;that they had endeavored to persuade some of the
+neighboring tribes to unite with them in defending this land against the
+rightful occupancy of the white purchasers&mdash;that they had "threatened to
+kill" them&mdash;"thrown down their fences"&mdash;on some occasions "hurt" said
+settlers&mdash;"stole their potatoes" saying they had not sold these
+lands&mdash;otherwise "acted in a most outrageous manner," and finally, in
+the words of the capitulation on the 30th June, 1831, "assumed the
+attitude of actual hostility towards the United States, and had the
+audacity to drive citizens of the state of Illinois, from their homes."
+Admitting these allegations to be true, what may be said in behalf of
+the party against which they are made? It may be replied, that under the
+treaty of 1804, the Indians had an undoubted right to "live and hunt"
+upon the land ceded by that treaty, so long as it remained the property
+of the United States: that as early as 1823-4 the whites had intruded
+upon the land on Rock river around the principal village of the Sacs and
+Foxes&mdash;the United States neglecting to have these intruders removed, as
+by the treaty they were solemnly bound to do: that these whites
+frequently beat the Indian men, women, and children with sticks,
+destroyed their corn fields, distributed whiskey among them, cheated
+them out of their furs and peltries and on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> one occasion, when the
+Indians were absent on a hunting excursion, set fire to some thirty or
+forty of their lodges, by which many of them were totally destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>These outrages were perpetrated before a single acre of the land upon
+Rock river, had been sold by the United States, and when in fact, the
+regular frontier settlements of Illinois, had not approached within
+fifty miles of the Sac village. Consequently they were committed in
+express violation of the most solemn treaties and of the laws of the
+United States, for the protection of the Indians. In 1829, clearly with
+a view, on the part of those who brought about the measure, of evading
+the force of that article of the treaty of 1804, which permitted the
+Indians to live and hunt upon these lands, so long as they remained the
+property of the United States, a few quarter sections were sold, on Rock
+river, including the Sac village. New insults and outrages were now
+offered to the Indians, and they were again ordered to remove, not from
+the quarter sections which had actually been sold, but to the west side
+of the Mississippi. Against this, they remonstrated and finally refused,
+positively, to be driven away. The results of this refusal have already
+been shown in the narration which has been made of the events following
+upon the "actual invasion" of the state of Illinois, in the spring of
+1831. But it has been said that these Indians endeavored to form an
+alliance with some of the neighboring tribes to defend their lands.
+There is no doubt that Black Hawk labored to persuade<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> Keokuk and the
+Sac Indians residing with him, to return to the east side of the
+Mississippi and assist in defending their village. His effort to unite
+with him, in alliance against the United States, the Winnebagoes,
+Pottawatamies and Kickapoos, was probably for the same object, though
+the case is not so clearly made out. Mr. Schoolcraft in his "Narrative"
+speaks of a war message having been transmitted to the Torch lake
+Indians, by Black Hawk, or his counsellors, in 1830, and repeated in the
+two succeeding years; and adds that similar communications were made to
+other tribes. The message, continues Mr. Schoolcraft, was very
+equivocal. It invited these tribes to aid the Sacs in fighting their
+enemies. Whatever may have been the object, no success attended the
+effort. Other motives than that of retaining possession of these lands,
+may have prompted Black Hawk to seek this alliance. Being an ambitious,
+restless man, he may have thought it expedient to do something to keep
+himself in power with his people. A military campaign is occasionally a
+fortunate circumstance for a politician, whether his skin be red or
+white. Gunpowder-popularity is of equal importance to the chiefs of the
+Sacs and the chiefs of the Illini. An "actual invasion" of a
+state&mdash;which, in these modern times, is supposed to consist in
+"levelling deadly weapons" at the inhabitants thereof, and "stealing
+their potatoes," is quite a wind-fall to political aspirants.</p>
+
+<p>That the British Band of Sac Indians cherished the feeling of active
+hostility towards the whites,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> that has been attributed to them, may
+well be questioned. That they were provoked to a feeble assertion of
+their rights by the injustice of our government and the lawless conduct
+of the white settlers among them, is unquestionably true. But it should
+be recollected, that from the period of their treaty with the United
+States, in 1816, to their capitulation in 1831, they had not killed one
+of our people. For a number of years prior to 1831, the Americans had
+constantly passed through their country, unarmed, carrying with them
+large amounts of money and of goods, for the trade at the lead mines:
+and yet not one of these travellers, sleeping in the woods and the
+Indian lodges, had been molested in person or property. For several
+years, the whites residing at and around the Sac village on Rock river
+were trespassing upon these Indians, for the purpose of driving them to
+the west side of the Mississippi, but still the tomahawk was not raised
+for retaliation. If Black Hawk and his party, had really intended to
+resort to arms, who that understands the Indian character, can doubt for
+a moment, that they would have struck a decisive blow, and murdered
+every white settler upon Rock river, before General Gaines ascended the
+Mississippi? After our army reached Fort Armstrong and General Gaines
+had been informed by Black Hawk that he would not remove, he gave orders
+to his braves, that if the American war chief came to the village to
+force them away, not a gun should be fired, nor any resistance offered;
+but that they must remain quietly in their lodges and let the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> war chief
+kill them if he chose. Under these circumstances, it is as difficult to
+believe that Black Hawk and his band seriously intended to make war upon
+the whites at that time, as it is to admit that the United States had a
+right to force the Indians to remove to the west side of the
+Mississippi, because a few quarter sections of the land at the mouth of
+Rock river, had been prematurely sold; while millions of acres around,
+were still the property of the United States, and as such, under the
+treaty of 1804, the Indians were expressly permitted to live and hunt
+upon them.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of this narrative, frequent mention has been made of the
+leading chief of the Sac nation, who is highly distinguished by his
+influence, pacific character and fine talents. The relation he sustains
+to Black Hawk and his band, connects him directly with our narrative. On
+this account, as well as to gratify the interest which is felt in his
+history, the succeeding chapter will be occupied with a brief sketch of
+the life and adventures of Keokuk, the Watchful Fox.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>KEOKUK,</h2>
+
+<h3>THE WATCHFUL FOX</h3>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquoti"><p>Keokuk's birth&mdash;Kills a Sioux when fifteen years old&mdash;Prevents the
+abandonment of the Sac village&mdash;Bold man&oelig;uvre with the
+Sioux&mdash;Perils his life for the safety of his people&mdash;Speech to the
+Menominies at Prairie des Chiens&mdash;Called upon to lead his braves to
+join in the Black Hawk war&mdash;Allays the excitement of his people on
+this subject&mdash;Deposed from his post as head chief and a young man
+elected in his place&mdash;Re-established in power&mdash;Delivers up his nephew
+to the whites to be tried for murder&mdash;Letter to the Governor of
+Illinois&mdash;Council at Washington in 1837&mdash;Retorts upon the Sioux&mdash;His
+visit to Boston&mdash;His return home&mdash;His personal appearance&mdash;And his
+character as a war and peace chief.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>It is no easy task to present in a satisfactory manner, a biographical
+sketch of an Indian. However eventful his life may have been, it is only
+a few of the more prominent of his deeds which become known to the
+world; while the minor incidents, those small matters, which make up the
+sum of human character, pass unobserved by his companions, or if
+noticed, are soon forgotten. The subject of the present chapter, is yet
+in the meridian of life, high in power, and in the enjoyment of a
+distinguished reputation. Yet the materials for estimating his
+character, and for tracing his progress, step by step, from the
+obscurity of a private station, to the most honorable post in the nation
+over which he now presides, are neither full nor satisfactory. Barely
+enough is known of him,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> throughout the United States, to create the
+desire to know more; and it is to be regretted that the means of
+gratifying this laudable curiosity, are not more abundant.</p>
+
+<p>Keokuk is a native of the Sac nation of Indians, and was born near or
+upon Rock river in the north western part of what now constitutes the
+state of Illinois, about the year 1780. He is not a hereditary chief,
+and consequently has risen to his present elevation by the force of
+talent and of enterprize. He began to manifest these qualities at a very
+early period of his life. While but a youth he performed an act, which
+placed him, as it were by <i>brevet</i>, in the ranks of manhood. In the
+first battle in which he engaged, he encountered and killed a Sioux
+warrior, with his spear, while on horseback; and as the Sioux are
+distinguished for their horsemanship, this was looked upon as so great
+an achievement, that a public feast was made in commemoration of it, by
+his tribe; and the youthful Keokuk, was forthwith admitted to all the
+rights and privileges of a Brave. It was further allowed, that ever
+afterwards, on all public occasions, he might appear on horseback, even
+if the rest of the chiefs and braves were not mounted.</p>
+
+<p>During the late war between the United States and Great Britain, and
+before Keokuk was entitled to take his seat in the councils of his
+nation, an expedition was sent by our government, to destroy the Indian
+village at Peoria, on the Illinois river. A rumor reached the Sac
+village, in which he resided, that this expedition was also to attack
+the Sacs,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> and the whole tribe was thrown into consternation. The
+Indians were panic stricken, and the council hastily determined to
+abandon their village. Keokuk happened to be standing near the
+council-lodge when this decision was made. It was no sooner announced
+than he boldly advanced to the door and requested admission. It was
+granted. He asked leave to speak, and permission was given him. He
+commenced by saying he had heard with deep regret, the decision of the
+council&mdash;that he himself was wholly opposed to flight, before an enemy
+still distant, and whose strength was entirely unknown. He called the
+attention of the council to the importance of meeting the enemy in their
+approach&mdash;of harassing their progress&mdash;cutting them off in detail&mdash;of
+driving them back, or of nobly dying in defence of their country and
+their homes.</p>
+
+<p>"Make me your leader," he boldly exclaimed; "let our young men follow
+me, and the pale-faces shall be driven back to their towns. Let the old
+men and the women, and all who are afraid to meet the white man, stay
+here, but let your braves go to battle." Such intrepid conduct, could
+not fail to produce its effect upon a race so excitable as the Indians.
+The warriors with one voice, declared they were ready to follow Keokuk;
+and he was at once chosen to lead them against the enemy. It turned out,
+however, that the alarm was false, but the eloquence of Keokuk in the
+council, and his energy in preparing for the expedition, placed him at
+once in the first rank of the braves.</p>
+
+<p>His military reputation, was, on another occa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>sion, much increased, by
+the skill and promptness with which he met a sudden emergency on the
+battle field. With a party of his braves, Keokuk was hunting in the
+country which lies between the residence of the Sacs and that of the
+Sioux, betwixt whom, for many years, a deadly hatred had existed. Very
+unexpectedly, a party of the latter well mounted, came upon them. The
+Sacs were also on horseback, but their enemies being superior horsemen
+and fully equipped for war, had a decided advantage. There was no covert
+from behind which the Sacs could fight, and flight was impossible.
+Keokuk's mode of defence was as novel as ingenious. He instantly formed
+his men into a compact circle, ordered them to dismount, and take
+shelter behind their horses, by which movement they were protected from
+the missiles of the Sioux, and at the same time placed under
+circumstances in which they could avail themselves of their superiority
+as marksmen. The Sioux, raising the war-whoop, charged upon their
+entrenched foe with great fury, but were received with a fire so
+destructive that they were compelled to fall back. The attack was
+repeated but with the same result. The hordes could not be forced upon
+those whose guns were pouring forth vollies of fire and smoke, and after
+several unsuccessful attempts to break the line, the Sioux retreated
+with considerable loss.</p>
+
+<p>At a subsequent period, during a cessation of hostilities between these
+tribes, the Sacs had gone to the prairies to hunt buffalo, leaving their
+village but slightly protected by braves. During the hunt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> Keokuk and
+his band, unexpectedly approached an encampment of a large number of
+Sioux, painted for war, and evidently on their way to attack his
+village. His own braves were widely scattered over the extensive plains,
+and could not be speedily gathered together. Possessing the spirit of a
+fearless and generous mind, he instantly resolved upon the bold
+expedient of throwing himself between the impending danger and his
+people. Unattended, he deliberately rode into the camp of his enemy. In
+the midst of their lodges rose the war-pole, and around it the Sioux
+were dancing, and partaking of those fierce excitements, by means of
+which the Indians usually prepare themselves for battle. It happened
+that revenge upon the Sacs constituted the burden of their songs, at the
+moment of Keokuk's approach. He dashed into the midst of them and boldly
+demanded to see their chief. "I have come," said he, "to let you know
+that there are traitors in your camp: they have told me that you are
+preparing to attack my village: I know they told me lies, for you could
+not, after smoking the pipe of peace, be so base as to murder my women
+and children in my absence. None but cowards would be guilty of such
+conduct." When the first feeling of amazement began to subside, the
+Sioux crowded around him in a manner evincing a determination to seize
+his person, and they had already laid hold of his legs, when he added,
+in a loud voice, "I supposed they told me lies, but if what I have heard
+is true, then the Sacs are ready for you." With a sudden effort, he
+dashed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> aside those who had seized him, plunged his spurs into his
+gallant horse, and rode off at full speed. Several guns were discharged
+at him, but fortunately without effect: a number of the Sioux warriors
+instantly sprung upon their horses and pursued him, but in vain. Keokuk,
+on horseback, was in his element; he made the woods resound with the
+war-whoop, and brandishing his tomahawk in defiance of his foes, soon
+left them far behind, and joined his little party of braves. His
+pursuers, fearful of some stratagem, gave up the pursuit, after having
+followed him for some distance, and retired to their camp. Keokuk took
+immediate steps to call in his braves and speedily returned to protect
+his village. His enemies, however, finding themselves discovered,
+abandoned the contemplated attack and retraced their steps to their own
+country.</p>
+
+<p>The eloquence of Keokuk and his sagacity in the civil affairs of his
+nation, are, like his military talents, of a high order. One or two
+cases in which these have been exhibited, are worthy of being recorded.
+A few years since, some of his warriors fell in with a party of unarmed
+Menominies, at Prairie des Chiens, in sight of fort Crawford, and
+murdered the whole of them. Justly incensed at this outrage, the
+Menominies prepared to take up arms against the Sacs, and prevailed upon
+the Winnebagoes to join them. For the purpose of allaying the rising
+storm, the United States' agent, at Prairie des Chiens, General Street,
+invited the several parties to a council at that place for the purpose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+of adjusting the difficulty, without a resort to arms. They accordingly,
+out of respect to the agent, assembled at fort Crawford, but the
+Menominies refused, sternly, to hold any conference with the Sacs on the
+subject. Keokuk told the agent not to be discouraged, for he would
+adjust the difficulty with them, before they separated, in despite of
+their prejudices and their positive refusal to treat: He only asked an
+opportunity of meeting them face to face in the council-lodge. The
+tribes were brought together, but the Menominies persevered in their
+determination to hold no conference with the Sacs. The negociation
+proceeded, and a friendly feeling was re-established between the
+Winnebagoes and the Sacs. Keokuk then rose and with much deliberation,
+began his address to the Menominies. At first they averted their faces
+or listened with looks of defiance. He had commenced his speech without
+smoking the pipe or shaking hands, which was a breach of etiquette; and,
+above all, he was the chief of a tribe that had inflicted upon them an
+injury, for which blood alone could atone. Under these discouraging
+circumstances, Keokuk proceeded, in his forcible, persuasive and
+impressive manner. Such was the touching character of his appeal, such
+the power of his eloquence, that the features of his enemies gradually
+relaxed; they listened; they assented; and when he concluded by
+remarking, proudly, but in a conciliating tone, "I came here to say that
+I am sorry for the imprudence of my young men; I came to make peace; I
+now offer you the hand of Keokuk; who will refuse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> it?" they rose one by
+one and accepted the proffered grasp.</p>
+
+<p>In the late contest between the United States and Black Hawk's band,
+Keokuk and a majority of the Sacs and Foxes, took no part. Black Hawk
+made several efforts to induce them to unite against the whites, which
+they were strongly inclined to do, not only from their love of war and
+of plunder but on account of the injustice with which very many of them
+believed they had been treated by the people of the United States. It
+required all of Keokuk's influence and moderation to prevent the whole
+nation from enlisting under the Black Hawk banner. He requested the
+agent of the American Government to send to his village, on the west
+side of the Mississippi, a white man who understood the Sac language,
+and who might bear witness to his, Keokuk's sincerity and faithfulness
+to the whites. Such a person was sent. The excitement raised by Black
+Hawk and the war in which he was engaged, continued to increase among
+Keokuk's people. "He stood on a mine, liable to be exploded by a single
+spark. He was in peril of being slain as the friend of the whites. He
+remained calm and unawed, ruling his turbulent little state with
+mildness and firmness, but at the constant risk of his life. One day, a
+new emissary arrived from Black Hawk's party. Whiskey was introduced
+into the camp, and Keokuk saw that the crisis was at hand. He warned the
+white man who was his guest, of the impending danger, and advised him to
+conceal himself. A scene of tumult ensued.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> The emissary spoke of blood
+that had been shed&mdash;of their relations being driven from their hunting
+grounds&mdash;of recent insults&mdash;of injuries long inflicted by the
+whites&mdash;hinted at the ready vengeance that might be taken on an exposed
+frontier&mdash;of defenceless cabins&mdash;and of rich booty. The desired effect
+was produced. The braves began to dance around the war pole, to paint
+and to give other evidences of a warlike character. Keokuk watched the
+rising storm and appeared to mingle in it. He drank and listened and
+apparently assented to all that was said. At length his warriors called
+out to be led to battle, and he was asked to lead them. He arose and
+spoke with that power which had never failed him. He sympathized in
+their wrongs&mdash;their thirst for vengeance&mdash;he won their confidence by
+giving utterance to the passions by which they were moved, and echoing
+back their own thoughts with a master spirit. He then considered the
+proposition to go to war, alluded to the power of the whites&mdash;the
+hopelessness of the contest: He told them he was their chief&mdash;that it
+was his duty to rule them as a father at home: to lead them to war if
+they determined to go. But in the proposed war, there was no middle
+course: The power of the United States was such, that unless they
+conquered that great nation, they must perish; that he would lead them
+instantly against the whites on one condition, and that was, that they
+should first put all their women and children to death, and then
+resolve, that having crossed the Mississippi, they would never return,
+but perish among the graves of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> their fathers rather than yield them to
+the white-men. This proposal, desperate as it was, presented the true
+issue: it calmed the disturbed passions of his people, the turmoil
+subsided, order was restored, and the authority of Keokuk, became for
+the time being firmly re-established."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>Black Hawk and his band have always been opposed to Keokuk, and since
+the late war, which proved so disastrous to them, and into which they
+were plunged, in opposition to his counsel, they have looked upon him
+with increased aversion.</p>
+
+<p>They have made repeated efforts to destroy his influence with the
+remainder of the tribe, and owing to the monotony of his pacific rule,
+were, on one occasion, nearly successful. A spirit of discontent
+pervaded his people&mdash;they complained of the extent of the power which he
+wielded&mdash;they needed excitement, and as his measures were all of a
+peaceful character, they sought it in a change of rulers. The matter was
+at length openly and formally discussed. The voice of the nation was
+taken, Keokuk was removed from his post of head man and a young chief
+placed in his stead. He made not the smallest opposition to this measure
+of his people, but calmly awaited the result. When his young successor
+was chosen, Keokuk was the first to salute him with the title of Father.
+But the matter did not rest here. With great courtesy, he begged to
+accompany the new chief to the agent of the United States, then at Rock
+island; and with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> profound respect, introduced him as his chief and his
+father&mdash;urged the agent to receive him as such, and solicited, as a
+personal favor, that the same regard that had ever been paid to him, by
+the whites, might be transferred to his worthy successor. The sequel may
+be readily inferred. The nation could not remain blind to the error they
+had committed. Keokuk as a private individual was still the first man
+among his people. His ready and noble acquiescence in their wishes, won
+both their sympathy and admiration. He rose rapidly but silently to his
+former elevated station, while the young chief sunk as rapidly to his
+former obscurity.</p>
+
+<p>Some time in 1832, five of the friendly Sacs belonging to Keokuk's
+party, murdered a man by the name of Martin, in Warren county, Illinois.
+One of these, proved to be a nephew of Keokuk, but by the orders of his
+uncle, he was seized and delivered over to the civil authority of that
+state to be tried for the murder. The other four made their escape. Some
+time afterwards, Keokuk was called upon to deliver up the other four
+Sacs, who had been concerned in the outrage, that they also might be
+brought to justice. He replied that they were beyond his reach, but that
+he would call a council of his head-men and take measures to give
+satisfaction to the whites. The council was held, and Keokuk stated the
+demand of their Great Father, the President; and that if satisfaction
+were not made to him, he feared an army would be sent into their
+country, and that many troubles would overtake them. Immediately four
+young warriors<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> arose and offered to be surrendered up to the whites,
+and suffer death in place of the real offenders, to prevent their nation
+from incurring the displeasure of the President. Keokuk, supposing that
+this would satisfy the demands of justice, delivered them up as the
+murderers and they were imprisoned. Upon their trial, Keokuk was
+present, as a witness. In giving his testimony, he stated with honest
+simplicity, that the young men then arraigned in court, for the murder
+of Martin, were not the guilty ones, but they had agreed to die in place
+of the real murderers who could not be found. The prisoners were, as a
+matter of course, set at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>Some months after the close of the "Black Hawk war," Keokuk was informed
+that reports were in circulation, in the state of Illinois, that the
+Indians were dissatisfied and preparing for fresh hostilities. He
+dictated a letter to the Governor upon the subject, which was forwarded
+to him. It is in these words.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 8.5em;">"<small>Raccoon Fork of Des Moines river, Nov. 30, 1832</small>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"<small>To the Great Chief of Illinois</small>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">"My Father</span>:
+</p>
+
+<p>"I have been told by a trader, that several of your village criers
+[editors] have been circulating bad news, informing the whites that the
+Indians are preparing for war, and that we are dissatisfied. My Father,
+you were present when the tomahawk was buried, and assisted me to place
+it so deep, that it will never again be raised against your white
+children of Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>"My Father, very few of that misguided band<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> that entered Rock river
+last summer, remain. You have humbled them by war, and have made them
+friendly by your generous conduct to them after they were defeated.</p>
+
+<p>"Myself and the greater part of the Sacs and Foxes, have firmly held you
+by the hand: We followed your advice and did as you told us. My Father,
+take pity on those of my nation that you forgave, and never mention the
+disasters of last summer. I wish them to be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not permit the criers of our village or camps to proclaim any bad
+news against the whites, not even the truth. Last fall an old man, a
+Fox, was hunting on an island, a short distance below Rock river for
+turkeys to carry to Fort Armstrong: he was killed by a white man. My
+Father, we passed it over: we have only spoken of it in whispers; our
+agent has not heard of it. We wish to live in friendship with the
+whites; if a white man comes to our camp or village, we give him a share
+of what we have to eat, a lodging if he wants it, and put him on the
+trail if he has lost it.</p>
+
+<p>"My Father, advise the criers of your villages to tell the truth
+respecting us, and assist in strengthening the chain of friendship, that
+your children may treat us friendly when they meet us: and be assured
+that we are friends, and have feelings as well as they have.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"My Father, this is all I have to say at present.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;" class="smcap">"Keokuk</span>, Chief of the Sac nation."<br /><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of the year 1837, Keokuk and a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> party of his warriors made
+a visit to Washington city. Black Hawk was of the party, having been
+taken along, it is supposed by the politic Keokuk, lest in his absence,
+the restless spirit of the old man should create some new difficulties
+at home. We are indebted to a gentleman<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> who happened to be at the
+capital at the time of this visit, for the following sketch of a
+council, held under the direction of the Secretary at War, Mr. Poinsett,
+for the laudable purpose of reconciling the long cherished feeling of
+hostility between the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux,&mdash;a deputation of
+chiefs from this latter nation being also at the seat of government. The
+council was held in a church. The Indians were seated on a platform
+erected for the purpose, the spectators occupying the pews. The
+Secretary, representing the President, was seated on the center of the
+platform, facing the audience&mdash;the Sioux on his right hand and the Sauks
+and Foxes on his left, forming a semi-circle. "These hostile tribes,
+presented in their appearance a remarkable contrast. The Sioux tricked
+out in blue coats, epaulettes, fur hats and various articles of finery,
+which had been presented to them, and which were now incongruously worn
+in conjunction with portions of their own proper costume; while the
+Saukies and Foxes, with a commendable pride and good taste, wore their
+national dress, without any admixture, and were studiously painted
+according to their own notions of propriety. But the most striking
+object<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> was Keokuk, who sat at the head of his delegation, on the
+extreme left, facing his mortal enemies the Sioux, who occupied the
+opposite side of the stage; having the audience upon his left side, and
+his own people on his right, and beyond them the Secretary at War. He
+sat grasping in his right hand the war banner, the symbol of his station
+as ruling chief. His person was erect and his eye fixed calmly but
+steadily upon the enemies of his people. On the floor, and leaning upon
+the knee of the chief, sat his son, a boy of nine or ten years old,
+whose fragile figure and innocent countenance, afforded a beautiful
+contrast with the athletic and warlike form and the intellectual though
+weather-beaten features of his father. The effect was in the highest
+degree picturesque and imposing. The council was opened by smoking the
+pipe, which was passed from mouth to mouth. The Secretary then briefly
+addressed both parties, in a conciliating strain, urging them, in the
+name of their great father, the President, to abandon those sanguinary
+wars, by means of which their race was becoming extinct, and to
+cultivate the arts, the thrift and industry of the white men. The Sioux
+spoke next. The orator, on rising first stepped forward, and shook hands
+with the Secretary, and then delivered his harangue in his own tongue,
+stopping at the end of each sentence, until it was rendered into English
+by the interpreter, who stood by his side, and into the Saukie language
+by the interpreter of that tribe. Another and another followed, all
+speaking vehemently and with much acrimony. The burthen of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> their
+harangue was, the folly of addressing pacific language to the Sauks and
+Foxes, who were faithless and in whom no confidence could be placed. 'My
+father,' said one of them, 'you cannot make these people hear any good
+words unless you bore their ears with sticks.' 'We have often made peace
+with them,' said another speaker, an old man, who endeavored to be
+witty, 'but they would never observe any treaty. I would as soon think
+of making a treaty with that child,' pointing to Keokuk's little boy,
+'as with a Saukie or Musquakee.' The Sioux were evidently gratified and
+excited by the sarcasms of their orators, while their opponents sat
+motionless, their dark eyes flashing, but their features as composed and
+stolid, as if they did not understand that disparaging language that was
+used. We remarked a decided want of gracefulness in all these speakers.
+Each of them having shaken hands with the Secretary, who sat facing the
+audience, stood immediately before and near to him, with the interpreter
+at his elbow, both having their backs to the spectators; and in this
+awkward position, speaking low and rapidly&mdash;but little of what they said
+could be heard except by the persons near them. Not so Keokuk. When it
+came to his turn to speak, he rose deliberately, advanced to the
+Secretary, and having saluted him, returned to his place, which being at
+the foot of the stage, and on one side of it, his face was not concealed
+from any of the several parties present. His interpreter stood beside
+him. The whole arrangement was judicious, and though apparently
+unstudied, shewed the tact of an orator.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> He stood erect, in an easy,
+but martial posture, with his robe thrown over his left shoulder and
+arm, leaving the right arm bare, to be used in action. His voice was
+firm, his enunciation remarkably clear, distinct, and rapid. Those who
+have had the gratification of hearing a distinguished senator from South
+Carolina, now in Congress, whose rapidity of utterance, concentration of
+thought and conciseness of language are alike peculiar to himself, may
+form some idea of the style of Keokuk, the latter adding, however, an
+attention to the graces of attitude and action, to which the former
+makes no pretension. He spoke with dignity but great animation, and some
+of his retorts were excellent. 'They tell you,' said he, 'that our ears
+must be bored with sticks, but, my Father, you could not penetrate their
+thick skulls in that way&mdash;it would require hot iron.' 'They say they
+would as soon make peace with a child, as with us,&mdash;they know better,
+for when they made war upon us they found us men.' 'They tell you that
+peace has often been made, and that we have broken it. How happens it
+then that so many of their braves have been slain in our country? I will
+tell you&mdash;they invaded us; we never invaded them: none of my braves have
+been killed in their land. We have their scalps and can tell where we
+took them.</p>
+
+<p>"As we have given the palm to Keokuk, at this meeting, we must in
+justice to the Sioux, mention an eloquent reply, made by one of the same
+party, on a different day. The Secretary at War, met the Sioux
+delegation in council to treat for the purchase<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> of some of their
+territory. A certain sum of money being offered them for the land, they
+demanded a greater price. They were then told that the Americans were a
+great people, who would not traffic with them like a trader&mdash;that the
+President had satisfied himself as to the value of the territory, and
+offered them the full price. Big Thunder, a son of the Little Crow,
+replied that the Sioux were a great nation, and could not, like a
+trader, ask a price and then take less: and, then to illustrate the
+equality of dignity, between the high contracting parties, he used a
+figure, which struck us as eminently beautiful&mdash;'the children of our
+white parent are very many, they possess all the country from the rising
+of the sun to noon-day:&mdash;the Sioux are very many, the land is all theirs
+from the noon-day to the setting sun.'"</p>
+
+<p>After leaving Washington city, Keokuk, attended by his wife and son,
+four chiefs of the united Sac and Fox tribes, and several warriors among
+whom were Black Hawk and his son, proceeded as far north as Boston, and
+attracted in all the cities through which they passed great attention.
+They were met in Boston, with distinguished honors, being received by
+governor Everett on behalf of the state, and the mayor, on behalf of the
+city. The ceremony of receiving the Indians occurred on the 30th of
+October, and no public spectacle in the history of Boston, ever
+assembled so great a number of its citizens. Between the hours of ten
+and twelve, the chiefs held a levee in Faneuil Hall, for the visits of
+the la<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>dies, exclusively, an immense concourse of whom, thronged the old
+"cradle of liberty" to look upon the stranger guests. At 2 o'clock, P.M.
+the chiefs were escorted by the Lancers to the State House, which was
+filled with ladies, the members of the legislature, the civil
+authorities, &amp;c. Governor Everett, first addressed the audience, by
+giving them a brief account of the different tribes represented by the
+Indian chiefs then present. Then turning to the Indians, he said,</p>
+
+<p>"Chiefs and warriors of the united Sac and Fox tribes, you are welcome
+to our hall of council. You have come a far way from your homes in the
+west to visit your white brethren. We are glad to take you by the hand.
+We have heard before of the Sacs and Foxes&mdash;our travellers have told us
+the names of their great men and chiefs. We are glad to see them with
+our own eyes.</p>
+
+<p>"We are called the Massachusetts. It is the name of the red men who once
+lived here. In former times the red man's wigwam, stood on these fields,
+and his council fires were kindled on this spot.</p>
+
+<p>"When our fathers came over the great waters, they were a small band.
+The red man stood on the rock by the sea side, and looked at them. He
+might have pushed them into the water and drowned them; but he took hold
+of their hands and said, welcome, white man. Our fathers were hungry,
+and the red man gave them corn and venison. Our fathers were cold, and
+the red man spread his blanket over them and made them warm.</p>
+
+<p>"We are now grown great and powerful, but we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> remember the kindness of
+the red man to our fathers.</p>
+
+<p>"Brothers, our faces are pale and yours are red, but our hearts are
+alike. The Great Spirit has made his children of different complexions,
+but he loves them all.</p>
+
+<p>"Brothers, you dwell between the Mississippi and the Missouri&mdash;they are
+mighty streams. They have great arms&mdash;one stretches out to the east and
+the other away west to the Rocky mountains. But they make one river and
+they run together into the sea.</p>
+
+<p>"Brothers, we dwell in the east and you in the far west, but we are one
+family, of many branches but one head.</p>
+
+<p>"Brothers, as you passed through the hall below, you stopped to look at
+the great image of our father Washington. It is a cold stone and cannot
+speak to you. But our great father Washington loved his red children,
+and bade us love them also. He is dead but his words have made a great
+print in our hearts, like the step of a strong buffalo on the clay in
+the prairies.</p>
+
+<p>"My brother, (addressing Keokuk) I perceive by your side your young
+child sitting in the council hall with you. May the Great Spirit
+preserve the life of your son. May he grow up by your side like the
+tender sapling by the side of the mighty oak. May you long flourish both
+together, and when the mighty oak is fallen in the forest, may the young
+tree take its place, and spread out its branches over the tribe.</p>
+
+<p>"Brothers, I make you a short talk, and bid you welcome once more to our
+council hall."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Keokuk rose first in reply, and shaking hands with the Governor and
+others near to him, spoke with fine emphasis and much earnest and
+graceful gesticulation, holding his staff, which he frequently shifted
+from hand to hand.</p>
+
+<p>"Keokuk and his chiefs are very much gratified that they have had the
+pleasure of shaking hands with the head man or governor of this great
+state, and also with all the men that surround him.</p>
+
+<p>"You well say, brother, that the Great Spirit has made both of us,
+though your color is white and mine is red; but he made your heart and
+mine the same. The only difference I find is, he made you speak one
+language, and I another. He made the same sky above our heads for both.
+He gave us hands to take each other by, and eyes to see each other. I
+wish to take all present by the hand,&mdash;to shake hands with all my white
+brethren.</p>
+
+<p>"I am very happy to say, before I die, that I have been in the great
+house where my fathers and your fathers used to speak together as we do
+now. And I hope the Great Spirit is pleased with this sight; and will
+long continue to keep friendship between the white and red men. I hope
+that now, in this presence, he sees us; and hears our hearts proffer
+friendship to each other; and that he will aid us in what we are now
+engaged in.</p>
+
+<p>"My remarks are short and this is what I say to you. I take my friends
+all by the hand, and wish the Great Spirit to give them all a blessing."</p>
+
+<p>Several other chiefs spoke, and after them Black Hawk made a short
+address. To these several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> speeches the governor replied collectively.
+Presents were then distributed among them by the governor. Keokuk
+received a splendid sword and brace of pistols; his son, Musanwont, a
+handsome little rifle: The head chiefs received long swords and the
+others short ones. Black Hawk was also presented with a brace of pistols
+and a sword. When this ceremony had ended, the Indians repaired to the
+common in front of the capitol, and there, in the presence of some
+thirty thousand spectators, exhibited themselves in a war dance, for
+about half an hour; and from thence returned to their lodging.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the whole of his visit in Boston, Keokuk preserved his grave
+and dignified manners, winning the respect and admiration of all who had
+an opportunity of coming in contact with him. Upon his return to the
+west, he spent a few hours in Cincinnati, and was visited by a great
+number of persons. We had the pleasure of taking him by the hand, and of
+making some inquiries in regard to his character, of those who were
+personally acquainted with him.</p>
+
+<p>In person, Keokuk, is stout, graceful and commanding, with fine features
+and an intelligent countenance. His broad expanded chest and muscular
+limbs, denote activity and physical power; and he is known to excel in
+dancing, horsemanship, and all athletic exercises. He has acquired
+considerable property, and lives in princely style. He is fond of
+travelling, and makes frequent visits of state to the Osages, the
+Ottaways, the Omahas and the Winnebagoes. On these occasions he is
+uniformly moun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>ted on a fine horse, clad in a showy robe wrought by his
+six wives, equipped with his rifle, pipe, tomahawk and war-club. He is
+usually attended in these excursions by forty or fifty of his young men,
+well mounted and handsomely dressed. A man precedes the party to
+announce his approach to the tribe he is about to honor with a visit;
+and such is his popularity, that his reception is generally in a style
+corresponding with the state in which he moves. These visits are most
+frequently made in autumn, and are enlivened by hunting, feasting,
+dancing, horse-racing and various athletic games, in all of which Keokuk
+takes an active part. He moves, it is supposed, in more savage
+magnificence, than any other Indian chief upon the continent.</p>
+
+<p>In point of intellect, integrity of character, and the capacity for
+governing others, he is supposed to have no superior among the Indians:
+Bold, courageous, and skilful in war&mdash;mild, firm and politic in peace:
+He has great enterprize and active impulses, with a freshness and
+enthusiasm of feeling, which might readily lead him astray, but for his
+quick perception of human character, his uncommon prudence and his calm,
+sound judgment. At an early period of his life he became the chief
+warrior of his tribe, and by his superior talents, eloquence, and
+intelligence, really directed the civil affairs of his nation for many
+years, while they were nominally conducted in the name of the hereditary
+peace chief. Such is Keokuk, the Watchful Fox, who prides himself upon
+being the friend of the whiteman.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquoti"><p>Murder of twenty-eight Menominies by the Foxes of Black Hawk's
+band&mdash;Naopope's visit to Malden&mdash;Black Hawk recrosses the
+Mississippi&mdash;General Atkison orders him to return&mdash;Stillman's
+attack&mdash;Defeated by Black Hawk&mdash;His white flag fired upon&mdash;He sends
+out war parties upon the frontier&mdash;Attack upon Fort Buffalo&mdash;General
+Dodge's battle on the Wisconsin&mdash;Black Hawk and his band leave the
+Four Lakes and fly to the Mississippi&mdash;Pursued by General
+Atkinson&mdash;Black Hawk's flag of truce fired upon by the Captain of the
+Warrior&mdash;Twenty-three Indians killed.</p></div>
+
+<p>Black Hawk and his band were not long upon the west side of the
+Mississippi, before new difficulties arose, calculated to disturb the
+harmony which it was hoped the treaty of the 30th of June, had
+established between them and the United States. The period of their
+removal to the west side of the Mississippi, was too late in the season
+to enable them to plant corn and beans a second time; and before autumn
+was over they were without provisions. Some of them, one night,
+recrossed the river to <i>steal roasting-ears from their own fields,</i>&mdash;to
+quote the language of Black Hawk,&mdash;and were shot at by the whites, who
+made loud complaints of this depredation. They, in turn, were highly
+exasperated at having been fired upon for attempting to carry off the
+corn which they had raised, and which they insisted, belonged to them.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after this, a party of Foxes, belonging, it is believed, to
+Black Hawk's band, went up the Mississippi, to Prairie des Chiens, to
+avenge the murder of some of their tribe, which had been committed in
+the summer of 1830, by a party of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> the Menominies and Sioux. The Foxes
+attacked the camp of the Menominies and killed twenty-eight of them. The
+authorities at Prairie des Chiens, made a demand of the murderers, that
+they might be tried and punished under the laws of the United States,
+according to the treaty of 1825. Black Hawk, with other chiefs, took the
+ground that the United States had no right to make this demand, and
+refused to give them up. Here then was another source of difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>Neapope, a chief of the British band, and second in command to Black
+Hawk, prior to the removal of the Indians to the west side of the
+Mississippi, had started on a visit to Malden, to consult their British
+Father in regard to the right to retain their lands on Rock river. He
+returned late in the fall, bringing word that in his opinion, the
+Americans could not take their lands, unless by purchase; and this
+purchase, it was contended by Black Hawk had never been made. Neapope on
+his way from Malden, called to see the Prophet, who assured him that
+early the ensuing spring, not only the British, but the Ottawas,
+Chippewas, Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, would assist them to regain
+their village and the lands around it. Black Hawk believed, or affected
+to believe, this information, and began to make preparations to increase
+the number of his braves by recruiting from different villages. He sent
+a messenger to Keokuk, and to the Fox tribe, to inform them of the good
+news he had heard, and to ask their co-operation. Keokuk had too much
+sagacity to be imposed upon by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> tales of either British or Indian
+assistance, and sent word to Black Hawk that he was deceived and had
+better remain quiet. With a view of preventing further difficulty, he is
+said to have made application to the agent at St. Louis, that the chiefs
+of the Sacs and Foxes might be permitted to visit Washington city, to
+see the President, and if possible make a final adjustment of the matter
+in dispute. Black Hawk alledges he was anxious to make this visit to his
+Great Father, and had determined, to submit peaceably to his counsel,
+whatever it might be. But the arrangement for the visit, from some
+cause, was not perfected, and Black Hawk proceeded with his own plans.
+He established his head quarters at the point where Fort Madison
+formerly stood, on the west side of the Mississippi, and made another
+unsuccessful effort to draw into his support some of the braves under
+Keokuk. Having assembled his own party he began to ascend the
+Mississippi&mdash;the women and children in canoes with their provisions,
+camp equipage and property&mdash;his warriors armed and mounted on their
+horses. Below Rock island, they were met by the Prophet, who informed
+them that there was a great war chief then at Fort Armstrong, with a
+large body of soldiers. The Prophet stated that the agent and trader at
+Rock island, had attempted to dissuade him from joining Black Hawk, but
+he had refused to take their advice, because so long as they remained at
+peace, the Americans dare not molest them. Having reached the mouth of
+Rock river, in the early part of April<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> 1832, the whole party rashly and
+in violation of the treaty of the previous year, crossed to the east
+side of the Mississippi, for the avowed purpose of ascending Rock river,
+to the territory of their friends, the Winnebagoes, and raising a crop
+of corn and beans with them. General Atkinson with a body of troops was
+then at Fort Armstrong, having been ordered by government to that point,
+for the purpose of preventing a war between the Menomenies and the
+Foxes, and demanding the surrender of those Indians who had committed
+the murders at Fort Crawford. After Black Hawk and his party had
+proceeded some distance up Rock river, he was overtaken by an express
+from General Atkinson, with an order for him to return and recross the
+Mississippi, which he refused to obey, on the ground that the General
+had no right to make such an order; the Indians being at peace and on
+their way to the prophet's village, at his request, to make corn. Before
+they had reached this point, they were overtaken by a second express
+from General Atkinson, with a threat, that if they did not return,
+peaceably, he would pursue and force them back. The Indians replied that
+they were determined not to be driven back, and equally so not to make
+the first attack on the whites. Black Hawk now ascertained that the
+Winnebagoes, although willing that he should raise a crop of corn with
+them, would not join in any hostile action against the United States.
+The Pottowatomies manifested the same determination, and both denied
+having given the prophet any assurances of co-operation. Black<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> Hawk
+immediately came to the conclusion, that if pursued by General Atkinson,
+he would peaceably return with his party, and recross the Mississippi.
+He was encamped at Kish-wa-cokee, and was preparing to compliment some
+Pottowatomie chiefs, then on a visit to him, by a dog-feast.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time the Illinois militia, ordered out by Governor Reynolds,
+upon his hearing of this second "invasion," of the state, had formed a
+junction with the regular troops under General Atkinson at Rock island,
+the latter assuming the command of the whole. From this point, the
+militia, being generally mounted, proceeded by land to Dixon's ferry on
+Rock river, about half way between the mouth of that stream and the
+encampment of Black Hawk. General Atkinson with three hundred regulars
+and three hundred militia ascended Rock river in boats to the same
+point. Major Stillman, having under his command a body of two hundred
+and seventy-five mounted volunteers, obtained leave of General
+Whitesides, then in command of the Illinois militia, at Dixon's ferry,
+to go out on a scouting expedition. He proceeded up Rock river about
+thirty miles, to Sycamore Creek, which empties into that river on the
+east side. This movement brought him within a few miles of the camp of
+Black Hawk and a part of his braves, at the time when the old chief was
+engaged in getting up a dog-feast in honour of his Pottowatomie
+visitors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img150.jpg" alt="BATTLE OF SYCAMORE CREEK." title="BATTLE OF SYCAMORE CREEK." /></div>
+<h4>BATTLE OF SYCAMORE CREEK.</h4>
+
+<p>It was on the 14th of May, that Black Hawk, while engaged in this
+ceremony, was informed that a large number of mounted volunteers, had
+been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> seen about eight miles from his camp. "I immediately started,"
+says he, "three young men, with a white flag, to meet them and conduct
+them to our camp, that we might hold a council with them, and descend
+Rock river again: and directed them in case the whites had encamped, to
+return, and I would go and see them. After this party had started, I
+sent five young men to see what might take place. The first party went
+to the encampment of the whites, and were taken prisoners. The last
+party had not proceeded far, before they saw about twenty men coming
+towards them in full gallop. They stopped and finding that the whites
+were coming so fast, in a warlike attitude, they turned and retreated,
+but were pursued and overtaken and two of them killed. The others made
+their escape. When they came in with the news, I was preparing my flags
+to meet the war chief. The alarm was given. Nearly all my young men were
+absent about ten miles off. I started with what I had left, (about
+<i>forty</i>,) and had proceeded but a short distance, before we saw a part
+of the army approaching. I raised a yell, and said to my braves; "some
+of our people have been killed, wantonly and cruelly murdered! we must
+avenge their death." In a little while we discovered the whole army
+coming towards us in full gallop! We were now confident that our first
+party had been killed. I immediately placed my men in front of some
+bushes, that we might have the first fire, when they approached close
+enough. They made a halt some distance from us. I gave another yell, and
+order<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>ed my brave warriors to charge upon them, expecting that we
+would all be killed! they did charge&mdash;every man rushed and fired, and
+the enemy retreated in the utmost confusion, and consternation; before
+my little but brave band of warriors. After pursuing the enemy for some
+distance, I found it useless to follow them, as they rode so fast, and
+returned to my encampment with a few of my braves, (about twenty-five
+having gone in pursuit of the enemy.) I lighted my pipe, and sat down to
+thank the Great Spirit for what he had done. I had not been long
+meditating, when two of the three young men I had sent out with the
+flag, to meet the American war chief, entered. My astonishment was not
+greater than my joy to see them living and well. I eagerly listened to
+their story, which was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"When we arrived near to the encampment of the whites, a number of them
+rushed out to meet us, bringing their guns with them. They took us into
+the camp, when an American who spoke the Sac language a little, told us
+that his chief wanted to know how we were, where we were going, where
+our camp was, and where Black Hawk was. We told him that we had come to
+see his chief: that our chief had directed us to conduct him to our
+camp, in case he had not encamped; and in that event to tell him, that
+he (Black Hawk) would come to see him; he wished to hold a council with
+him, as he had given up all intention of going to war. At the conclusion
+of this talk, a party of white men came in on horseback. We saw by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+their countenances that something had happened. A general tumult arose.
+They looked at us with indignation&mdash;talked among themselves for a
+moment, when several cocked their guns; in a second they fired at us in
+the crowd; our companion fell dead. We rushed through the crowd and made
+our escape. We remained in ambush but a short time, before we heard
+yelling, like Indians running an enemy. In a little while we saw some of
+the whites in full speed. One of them came near us. I threw my tomahawk
+and struck him on the head, which brought him to the ground. I ran to
+him and with his own knife took off his scalp. I took his gun, mounted
+his horse, and took my friend here behind me. We turned to follow our
+braves, who were running the enemy, and had not gone far before we
+overtook a white man, whose horse had mired in a swamp. My friend
+alighted and tomahawked the man, who was apparently fast under his
+horse. He took his scalp, horse and gun. By this time our party was some
+distance ahead. We followed on and saw several white men lying dead on
+the way. After riding about six miles, we met our party returning. We
+asked them how many of our men had been killed. They said none after the
+Americans had retreated. We inquired then how many whites had been
+killed? They replied they did not know; but said we will soon ascertain,
+as we must scalp them as we go back. On our return we found ten men,
+besides the two we had killed before we joined our friends. Seeing that
+they did not yet recognize us, it being dark, we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> again asked, how many
+of our braves had been killed? They said five. We asked who they were.
+They replied that the first party of three, who went out to meet the
+American war chief, had all been taken prisoners, and killed in the
+encampment; and that out of a party of five who followed to see the
+meeting of the first party and the whites, two had been killed. We were
+now certain that they did not recognize us, nor did we tell them who we
+were, until we arrived at our camp. The news of our death had reached it
+some time before, and all were surprised to see us again."<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such is the narrative of this defeat, as given by Black Hawk, and two of
+his men who were the bearers of his white flag and a proposition to
+surrender. The accounts given by Major Stillman's troops&mdash;for it is not
+ascertained that the commander published any official statement of the
+battle&mdash;is in substance about the following. The force under Major
+Stillman, two hundred and seventy-five in number, on the afternoon of
+the fourteenth of May, met three Indians bearing a white flag, one of
+whom, after having been taken prisoner, was shot down. The army encamped
+just before sunset, in a piece of woods, surrounded by an open prairie,
+about three miles from Sycamore creek. Soon after they had halted, five
+more Indians, with apparent pacific intentions, were seen approaching
+the camp. Captain Eades, with a party of armed troops, dashed at full
+speed towards them, when they became<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> alarmed and commenced a retreat.
+The Captain, after following them for some distance, and killing two of
+the party, gave up the pursuit, and was on his return to the camp, when
+he was met by the whole detachment. The pursuit of the retreating
+Indians was immediately renewed, and continued until both parties had
+crossed Sycamore creek. This brought them upon the camp of Black Hawk,
+who having been apprized of the approach of the whites, had mounted his
+men and prepared for action. The Indians were concealed behind some
+bushes, and after having fired their guns, raised the war-whoop and
+resorted to the tomahawk. Their fire was returned, with but little
+effect, and then Major Stillman, instantly ordered a retreat across the
+creek, and the route became general. His troops fled through their camp,
+and did not stop until they reached Dixon's ferry, distant thirty miles.
+Some of them deemed it prudent to seek a place of still greater safety,
+than the flag of General Atkinson, and continued their flight for more
+than fifty miles, and until they reached their own fire-sides. The roll
+was called at Dixon's ferry next morning, and fifty-two were found
+missing. It was, however, subsequently ascertained that more than half
+of this number were among those who rode express to the "settlements" to
+carry the news of their gallant attack upon General Black Hawk and his
+British band. Such was the panic among the troops engaged in this
+skirmish, that they reported the Indian force at 1500 and even 2000 men!
+Black Hawk's statement has already been given, in which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> he places his
+number at forty; and one of the volunteers whose horse was lame, and who
+hid himself, and watched the Indians as they passed him in the pursuit
+and on their return, did not estimate them at more than a hundred. It is
+probable the real number of the Indians did not exceed fifty. It is
+painful to contemplate this whole affair, for it is alike discreditable
+to the national faith and the national arms. The violation of a flag of
+truce, and the wanton destruction of the lives of some of those who bore
+it, not only placed an indelible stigma upon the character of the
+country, but led to a war, in the prosecution of which, much blood and
+much treasure were expended. Had a conference with Black Hawk been held,
+scarcely a doubt remains, considering his failure to secure the
+co-operation of other tribes, and his utter destitution of provisions,
+that he and his band would have returned, peaceably, to the west side of
+the Mississippi. The precipitate flight of the troops under Major
+Stillman, has no justification. Supposing the panic to have been such as
+to render a retreat across Sycamore creek necessary, it should have
+terminated when the troops reached their encampment; which, being in a
+copse of woods, surrounded by a prairie, they would have been protected
+by trees, while the Indians, if they continued the attack, must have
+fought in the open plain. But no effort was made to rally at the
+encampment, and all the baggage of our troops&mdash;blankets, saddle-bags,
+camp equipage and provisions,&mdash;fell into the hands of the Indians. Black
+Hawk finding that there was now no alter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>native, determined to fight.
+Indignant at the attack upon his flag of peace&mdash;encouraged by his signal
+success in putting to flight, a force vastly superior in numbers to his
+own&mdash;and strengthened by the booty&mdash;especially the provisions&mdash;he had
+taken, he assembled his braves and prepared for an active border war. He
+immediately sent out spies to watch the movements of General Atkinson,
+and prepared to remove his women and children, from the seat of war to
+the head waters of Rock river, where he supposed they would be safe from
+the attacks of the whites. In passing to this point, by the sources of
+the Kish-wa-co-kee, he was met by some Winnebagoes, who had heard of his
+victory, and were now disposed to join him. Some additional war parties
+were sent out, the new recruits from the Winnebagoes, constituting one
+of them. This arrangement completed, Black Hawk proceeded with the women
+and children to the Four Lakes, in which Catfish, one of the tributaries
+to Rock river, has its origin.</p>
+
+<p>Stillman's defeat spread consternation throughout the state of Illinois.
+The Indian forces were greatly magnified in number, and Black Hawk's
+name carried with it associations of uncommon military talent, and of
+savage cunning and cruelty. General Atkinson proceeded to fortify his
+camp, at Dixon's ferry, and the Executive of the state made a call for
+more mounted volunteers. The Secretary at War sent about 1000 United
+States' troops from the sea-board to the scene of action; and General
+Winfield Scott was ordered to proceed to the north<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> west, and direct the
+future operations of the campaign. A bloody border contest ensued. Many
+frontier families were massacred with savage ferocity, and some were
+carried into captivity. A party of Pottowattomies, thirty in number,
+fell upon a little settlement on Indian creek, one of the tributaries of
+Fox river, and murdered fifteen men, women and children, taking two
+prisoners, the Misses Hall; who were subsequently placed in charge of
+some Winnebagoes, and by them returned in safety, a few weeks
+afterwards, to their friends. At Kellog's grove, not far from Galena, in
+the early part of June, a party of Indians stole some horses. Captain J.
+W. Stephenson pursued them with twelve men. A skirmish ensued, which
+resulted in the death of three of our troops and five or six of the
+enemy. On the evening of the 14th of June, a party of eleven Sacs,
+killed five white men at Spafford's farm. General Dodge with twenty-nine
+men, followed and overtook them in a swamp, where the whole were shot
+down and scalped, they having first killed three of Dodge's men. The
+barbarous practice of scalping the dead, was in this case adopted by our
+troops and sanctioned by their officers.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the 24th of June, the Indians made an attack upon the fort at Buffalo
+grove, twelve miles north of Dixon's ferry. It was defended by a hundred
+and fifty men, under the command of Captain Dement, some of whom, with
+about forty horses,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> were killed. The commander did not deem it prudent
+to march out and encounter the Indians, who finding that they could not
+take the fort, secured a quantity of provisions, some horses and cattle,
+and commenced a retreat. They had not proceeded far, before they were
+overtaken by a detachment of volunteers under Colonel Posey, who had
+come to relieve the fort. Black Hawk, who commanded the Indians in this
+affair, says, "We concealed ourselves until they came near enough, and
+then commenced yelling and firing and made a rush upon them. About this
+time their chief, with a party of men, rushed up to the rescue of those
+we had fired upon. In a little while they commenced retreating, and left
+their chief and a few braves, who seemed willing and anxious to fight.
+They acted like braves, but were forced to give way when I rushed upon
+them with my braves. In a short time, the chief returned with a larger
+party. He seemed determined to fight and anxious for battle. When he
+came near enough, I raised the yell, and firing commenced from both
+sides. The chief, who is a small man, addressed his warriors in a loud
+voice; but they soon retreated, leaving him and a few braves on the
+battle field. A great number of my warriors pursued the retreating
+party, and killed a number of their horses as they ran. The chief and
+his braves were unwilling to leave the field. I ordered my braves to
+rush upon them, and had the mortification of seeing two of my chiefs
+killed, before the enemy retreated. This young chief deserves great
+praise for his courage,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> but fortunately for us, his army was not all
+composed of such brave men."</p>
+
+<p>The Indians had about two hundred men in this engagement. The troops in
+the fort united with those under Colonel Posey, exceeded, in number
+Black Hawk's party. The loss of life was inconsiderable on either side.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of July, the main army under General Atkinson, arrived at the
+foot of lake Coshconong, formed by an expansion of Rock river, in the
+vicinity of which the Indians had been embodied. On the 9th of July,
+General Atkinson says, in a letter to General Scott, that he had not yet
+been enabled to find the Indians, who he supposes to be seven or eight
+hundred strong, his own force amounting to four hundred regulars and
+2100 mounted volunteers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img166.jpg" alt="BATTLE OF BAD-AXE." title="BATTLE OF BAD-AXE." /></div>
+<h4>BATTLE OF BAD-AXE.</h4>
+
+<p>Two brigades of the mounted volunteers, under General Dodge, pursued the
+Indians from this place towards Fort Winnebago. They were overtaken on
+the 21st of July, about sun down, on the banks of the Wisconsin. An
+attack was immediately made, and about forty of the Indians are supposed
+to have been killed. General Dodge lost one man and had eight wounded.
+The exact loss of the Indians in this engagement cannot be ascertained.
+One account places the number at sixteen.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Black Hawk says he had but
+fifty warriors with him in the engagement, the rest being engaged in
+assisting the women and children in crossing the Wisconsin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> to an
+island, to protect them from the fury of the whites: That he was
+compelled to fall back into a deep ravine where he continued to maintain
+his ground until dark, and until his people had had time to reach the
+island, and that he lost but six of his men. This is undoubtedly a
+mistake, owing in all probability to the interpreter in taking down his
+statement; for some of his men, subsequently, placed the number at
+sixty. The condition of the Indians at this time was most deplorable.
+Before breaking up their encampment, upon the Four Lakes, they were
+almost destitute of provisions. In pursuing their trail from this point
+to the Wisconsin, many were found literally starved to death. They were
+compelled to live upon roots, the bark of trees and horse flesh. A party
+of Black Hawk's band, including many women and children, now attempted
+to descend the Wisconsin upon rafts and in canoes, that they might
+escape, by recrossing the Mississippi. They were attacked however, in
+their descent, by troops stationed on the bank of the river, and some
+were killed, others drowned, a few taken prisoners, and the remainder,
+escaping to the woods, perished from hunger. Black Hawk, and such of his
+party as had not the means of descending the Wisconsin, having abandoned
+all idea of any farther resistance, and unwilling to trust themselves to
+a capitulation, now determined to strike across the country, and reach
+the Mississippi, some distance above the mouth of the former stream, and
+thus effect their escape. They struck it at a point opposite the Ioway,
+and about forty miles above the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> Wisconsin, losing on their route,
+many of their people from starvation. So soon as they reached the
+Mississippi, a part of the women and children, in such canoes as they
+could procure, undertook to descend it, to Prairie des Chiens, but many
+of them were drowned before they reached that place, and those who did
+arrive at it, were found to be in a starving condition. On the first of
+August, while in the act of crossing the Mississippi, an attack was made
+upon Black Hawk and his party by the steam boat Warrior, with an armed
+force on board. The commander of the boat, under date of Prairie des
+Chiens, 3d August 1832, gives the following account of it.</p>
+
+<p>"I arrived at this place on monday last, (July 30th) and was despatched
+with the Warrior alone, to Wapeshaws village, one hundred and twenty
+miles above, to inform them of the approach of the Sacs, and to order
+down all the friendly Indians to this place. On our way down we met one
+of the Sioux band, who informed us that the Indians, our enemies, were
+on Bad-axe river, to the number of four hundred. We stopped and cut some
+wood and prepared for action. About four o'clock on wednesday afternoon
+(August 1st) we found the <i>gentlemen</i> [Indians] where he stated he left
+them. As we neared them, they raised a white flag, and endeavored to
+decoy us; but we were a little too old for them; for instead of landing,
+we ordered them to send a boat on board, which they declined. After
+about fifteen minutes delay, giving them time to remove a few of their
+women and children, we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> let slip a six-pounder, loaded with canister,
+followed by a severe fire of musketry; and if ever you saw straight
+blankets, you would have seen them there. I fought them at anchor most
+of the time and we were all very much exposed. I have a ball which came
+in close by where I was standing, and passed through the bulkhead of the
+wheel room. We fought them for about an hour or more until our wood
+began to fail, and night coming on, we left and went on to the prairie.
+This little fight cost them twenty-three killed, and of course a great
+many wounded. We never lost a man, and had but one man wounded, (shot
+through the leg.) The next morning before we could get back again, on
+account of a heavy fog, they had the whole [of General Atkinson's] army
+upon them. We found them at it, walked in, and took a hand ourselves.
+The first shot from the Warrior <i>laid out three</i>. I can hardly tell you
+any thing about it, for I am in great haste, as I am now on my way to
+the field again. The army lost eight or nine killed, and seventeen
+wounded, whom we brought down. One died on deck last night. We brought
+down thirty-six prisoners, women and children. I tell you what, <i>Sam</i>,
+there is no fun in fighting Indians, particularly at this season, when
+the grass is so very bright. Every man, and even my cabin-boy, fought
+well. We had sixteen regulars, five rifle men, and twenty of ourselves.
+Mr. How, of Platt, Mr. James G. Soulard, and one of the Rolettes, were
+with us and fought well."</p>
+
+<p>The flippant and vaunting style of this letter is in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> good keeping with
+the spirit which prompted the firing upon a flag of truce. By what
+circumstance the commander of the Warrior ascertained that this white
+flag was intended as a decoy, is left wholly unexplained. As he and his
+men, were beyond the reach of the Indians, humanity and the rules of
+war, required that he should have allowed himself more than <i>fifteen
+minutes</i>, to ascertain the true object of the Indians, in raising the
+symbol of a capitulation. Black Hawk himself, asserts that he directed
+his braves not to fire upon the Warrior, as he intended going on board
+in order to save the women and children; that he raised a white flag and
+called to the captain of the boat, desiring him to send his canoe on
+shore, that he might go on board, as he wanted to give himself up. The
+deplorable condition to which Black Hawk was at this time reduced,
+flying for safety to the west side of the Mississippi, encumbered by his
+women and children, and his whole party exhausted by fatigue and hunger,
+renders it extremely difficult to believe that any decoy was intended by
+him. Indeed, nothing can be more certain, than that he was most heartily
+desirous of ending the disastrous and fatal contest in which he had
+become involved, without the slaughter of any more of his people. If the
+thirst for blood had been less rapacious on the part of the Americans,
+or their respect for a flag of truce something greater, the further
+destruction of life would have been spared; and the nation preserved
+from the charge of having fired upon a flag, held sacred throughout the
+world.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquoti"><p>General Atkinson overtakes Black Hawk&mdash;Battle of the Bad Axe&mdash;Atkinson's
+official report&mdash;Incidents of the Battle&mdash;Capture of Black Hawk and
+the prophet&mdash;Naopope's statement to General Scott&mdash;General Scott and
+Governor Reynolds conclude a treaty with the Sacs, Foxes and
+Winnebagoes&mdash;Causes which led to the war&mdash;Motives for getting up
+Indian wars&mdash;First attack made by the Illinois militia&mdash;Report of the
+Secretary at War in regard to this campaign&mdash;General Macomb's letter
+to General Atkinson&mdash;Secretary Cass' statement of the causes which led
+to this war&mdash;Comments upon this statement, and its omissions pointed
+out.</p></div>
+
+<p>After the battle upon the Wisconsin, the whole army, under the command
+of General Atkinson, crossed to the north side of that river, at Helena,
+and on the twenty-ninth of July, commenced the pursuit of the Indians,
+by forced marches, over a rugged and mountainous country. On the morning
+of the second of August, while ten miles from the Mississippi, it was
+ascertained that the enemy were upon the bank of that stream, near the
+Bad-axe, and in the act of crossing to the west side. Arrangements were
+immediately made for an attack. Gen. Dodge's squadron was placed in
+front, followed by the infantry, and these by the brigades of Henry,
+Alexander, and Posey. The army had proceeded in this order about five
+miles, when some Indians were discovered and fired upon. They
+immediately retreated to the main body, on the bank of the river. To
+prevent the possibility of the escape of the enemy, Generals Alexander
+and Posey, were directed to form the right wing of the army, and march
+to the river, above the Indian encampment,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> and then to move down along
+the bank. General Henry formed the left wing, and the United States'
+infantry and General Dodge's squadron, occupied the centre. In this
+order, the army descended a bluff bank into a river bottom, heavily
+timbered, and covered with weeds and brush-wood. General Henry first
+came upon a portion of the enemy, and commenced a heavy fire upon them,
+which was returned. General Dodge's squadron and the United States'
+troops, soon came into the action, and with General Henry's men, rushed
+upon the Indians, killing all in the way, except a few who succeeded in
+swimming a slough of the Mississippi, about a hundred and fifty yards
+wide. During this time the brigades of Alexander and Posey, in marching
+down the bank of the river, fell in with another party of Indians, and
+killed or routed the whole of them. When the Indians were driven to the
+brink of the river, a large number of men, women and children, plunged
+into the water to save themselves by swimming; but only a few escaped
+"our sharpshooters." The battle lasted about three hours. In the
+afternoon, of the same day, Generals Atkinson, Dodge and Posey,
+descended the Mississippi, to Prairie des Chiens, in the Warrior, and
+there awaited the arrival of the mounted volunteers, who reached that
+place on the fourth. Among the Indians who escaped the slaughter was
+Black Hawk. Twelve of those who effected their escape, were captured on
+the fourth, by a party of whites, from Cassville, under the command of
+Captain Price, and most of those who succeeded in reaching the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> west
+side of the Mississippi, were subsequently attacked by a party of
+hostile Sioux, and either killed or taken prisoners. The brief, but
+official account of this battle is given by the commanding general, in
+these words.<br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><small>Head Quarters, First Artillery Corps, North-western Army</small></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;"><small>Prairie des Chiens, Augt. 25, 1832</small>.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to report to you that I crossed the
+Ouisconsin on the 27th and 28th ultimo, with a select body of troops,
+consisting of the regulars under Col. Taylor, four hundred in number,
+part of Henry's, Posey's and Alexander's brigades, amounting in all to
+1300 men, and immediately fell upon the trail of the enemy, and pursued
+it by a forced march, through a mountainous and difficult country, till
+the morning of the 2d inst., when we came up with his main body on the
+left bank of the Mississippi, nearly opposite the mouth of the Ioway,
+which we attacked, defeated and dispersed, with a loss on his part of
+about a hundred and fifty men killed, thirty-nine women and children
+taken prisoners&mdash;the precise number could not be ascertained, as the
+greater portion was slain after being forced into the river. Our loss in
+killed and wounded, which is stated below, is very small in comparison with
+the enemy, which may be attributed to the enemy's being forced from his positions by a rapid
+charge at the commencement, and throughout the engagement&mdash;the remnant
+of the enemy, cut up and disheartened, crossed to the opposite side of
+the river, and has fled into the in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>terior, with a view, it is supposed,
+of joining Keokuk and Wapello's bands of Sacs and Foxes.</p>
+
+<p>The horses of the volunteer troops being exhausted by long marches, and
+the regular troops without shoes, it was not thought advisable to
+continue the pursuit; indeed a stop to the further effusion of blood
+seemed to be called for, till it might be ascertained if the enemy would
+surrender.</p>
+
+<p>It is ascertained from our prisoners, that the enemy lost in the battle
+of the Ouisconsin sixty-eight killed and a very large number wounded;
+his whole loss does not fall short of three hundred;&mdash;after the battle
+on the Ouisconsin, those of the enemy's women and children, and some who
+were dismounted, attempted to make their escape by descending that
+river, but judicious measures being taken by Captain Loomis and Lieut.
+Street, Indian agent, thirty-two women and children and four men have
+been captured, and some fifteen men killed by the detachment under
+Lieut. Ritner.</p>
+
+<p>The day after the battle on this river, I fell down with the regular
+troops to this place by water, and the mounted men will join us to-day.
+It is now my purpose to direct Keokuk, to demand a surrender of the
+remaining principal men of the hostile party, which, from the large
+number of women and children we hold prisoners, I have every reason to
+believe will be complied with. Should it not, they should be pursued and
+subdued, a step Maj. Gen. Scott will take upon his arrival.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot speak too highly of the brave conduct of the regular and
+volunteer forces engaged in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> last battle and the fatiguing march
+that preceded it, as soon as the reports of officers of the brigades and
+corps are handed in, they shall be submitted with further remarks.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Figures for the killed and wounded">
+<tr><td align='left'>5 killed,</td><td align='left'>2 wounded,</td><td align='left'>6th inft.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2</td><td align='left'>do.</td><td align='left'>5th inft.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Figures for the killed and wounded">
+<tr><td align='left'>1 captain, 5 privates</td><td align='left'>Dodge's Bat. mounted.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1 Lieut. 6 privates</td><td align='left'>Henry's</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1 private wounded,</td><td align='left'>Alexander's</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1 private,</td><td align='left'>Posey's.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">I have the honor to be with great respect,</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Yr. obt. servant,</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;" class="smcap">H. Atkinson,</span>,<br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">Brevet Brig. Gen. U.S.A.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><small>Maj. Gen. Macomb, Com. in Chief, Washington.</small></span><br /><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The destruction of life in the battle of the Bad-axe, was not confined
+to the Indian warriors. Little discrimination seems to have been made
+between the slaughter of those in arms and the rest of the tribe. After
+they had sought refuge in the waters of the Mississippi, and the women,
+with their children on their backs, were buffeting the waves, in an
+attempt to swim to the opposite shore, numbers of them were shot by our
+troops. Many painful pictures might be recorded of the adventures and
+horrors of that day. One or two cases may be cited. A Sac woman, named
+Na-ni-sa, the sister of a warrior of some note among the Indians, found
+herself in the hottest of the fight. She succeeded at length in reaching
+the river, and keeping her infant child, close in its blanket, by force
+of her teeth, plunged into the water, seized hold upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> the tail of a
+horse, whose rider was swimming him to the opposite shore, and was
+carried safely across the Mississippi. When our troops charged upon the
+Indians, in their defiles near the river, men, women and children were
+so huddled together, that the slaughter fell alike upon all of them. A
+young squaw was standing in the grass, a short distance from the
+American line, holding her child, a little girl of four years old, in
+her arms. In this position, a ball struck the right arm of the child,
+just above the elbow, and shattering the bone, passed into the breast of
+its young mother, and instantly killed her. She fell upon the child and
+confined it to the ground. When the battle was nearly over, and the
+Indians had been driven from this point, Lieutenant Anderson of the
+United States army, hearing the cries of the child, went to the spot,
+and taking it from under the dead mother, carried it to the place for
+surgical aid. The arm was amputated, and during the operation, the half
+starved child did not cry, but sat quietly eating a piece of hard
+biscuit. It was sent to Prairie des Chiens, and entirely recovered from
+its wound.</p>
+
+<p>When the fortunes of Black Hawk became desperate, his few straggling
+allies, from other tribes, not only deserted him, but joined his
+enemies. It is to two Winnebagoes, Decorie, and Chaetar, that the fallen
+chief is indebted for being taken captive. On the 27th of August, they
+delivered Black Hawk and the Prophet to the Indian agent, General
+Street, at Prairie des Chiens. Upon their delivery, Decorie, the
+One-eyed, rose and said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"My father, I now stand before you. When we parted, I told you I would
+return soon; but I could not come any sooner. We have had to go a great
+distance [to the Dalle, on the Wisconsin, above the portage.] You see we
+have done what you sent us to do. These, (pointing to the prisoners) are
+the two you told us to get. We have done what you told us to do. We
+always do what you tell us, because we know it is for our good. Father,
+you told us to get these men, and it would be the cause of much good to
+the Winnebagoes. We have brought them, but it has been very hard for us
+to do so. That one, Black Hawk was a great way off. You told us to bring
+them to you alive: we have done so. If you had told us to bring their
+heads alone, we would have done so, and it would have been less
+difficult than what we have done. Father, we deliver these men into your
+hands. We would not deliver them even to our brother, the chief of the
+warriors, but to you; because we know you, and we believe you are our
+friend. We want you to keep them safe; if they are to be hurt we do not
+wish to see it. Wait until we are gone before it is done. Father, many
+little birds have been flying about our ears of late, and we thought
+they whispered to us that there was evil intended for us; but now we
+hope these evil birds will let our ears alone. We know you are our
+friend, because you take our part, and that is the reason we do what you
+tell us to do. You say you love your red children: we think we love you
+as much if not more than you love us.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> We have confidence in you and you
+may rely on us. We have been promised a great deal if we would take
+these men&mdash;that it would do much good to our people. We now hope to see
+what will be done for us. We have come in haste; we are tired and
+hungry. We now put these men into your hands. We have done all that you
+told us to do."</p>
+
+<p>The agent, General Street, replied: "My children, you have done well. I
+told you to bring these men to me, and you have done so. I am pleased at
+what you have done. It is for your good, and for this reason I am
+pleased. I assured the great chief of the warriors, (General Atkinson)
+that if these men were in your country, you would find them and bring
+them to me, and now I can say much for your good. I will go down to Rock
+island with the prisoners, and I wish you who have brought these men,
+especially, to go with me, with such other chiefs and warriors as you
+may select. My children, the great chief of the warriors, when he left
+this place, directed me to deliver these and all other prisoners, to the
+chief of the warriors at this place, Col. Taylor, who is here by me.
+Some of the Winnebagoes, south of the Wisconsin, have befriended the
+Saukies, and some of the Indians of my agency have also given them aid.
+This displeases the great chief of the warriors, and your great father
+the President, and was calculated to do much harm. Your great father,
+the President at Washington, has sent a great war chief from the far
+east, General Scott, with a fresh army of sol<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>diers. He is now at Rock
+Island. Your great father the President has sent him and the Governor
+and chief of Illinois to hold a council with the Indians. He has sent a
+speech to you, and wishes the chiefs and warriors of the Winnebagoes to
+go to Rock Island, to the council on the tenth of next month. I wish you
+to be ready in three days, when I will go with you. I am well pleased
+that you have taken the Black Hawk, the Prophet and other prisoners.
+This will enable me to say much for you to the great chief of the
+warriors, and to the president your great father. My children, I shall
+now deliver the two men, Black Hawk and the prophet, to the chief of the
+warriors here. He will take care of them till we start to Rock Island."</p>
+
+<p>Col. Taylor upon taking charge of the prisoners made a few remarks to
+their captors, after which Chaetar, the associate of Decorie, rose and
+said,</p>
+
+<p>"My father, I am young, and do not know how to make speeches. This is
+the second time I ever spoke to you before people. I am no chief; I am
+no orator; but I have been allowed to speak to you. If I should not
+speak as well as others, still you must listen to me. Father, when you
+made the speech to the chiefs, Waugh Kon Decorie Carramani, the one-eyed
+Decorie, and others, I was there. I heard you. I thought what you said
+to them, you also said to me. You said if these two, (pointing to Black
+Hawk and the prophet) were taken by us and brought to you, there would
+never more a black cloud hang over your Winnebagoes. Your words entered
+into my ear, my brains and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> my heart. I left here that same night, and
+you know that you have not seen me since until now. I have been a great
+way; I had much trouble; but when I remembered what you said, I knew
+what you said was right. This made me continue and do what you told me
+to do. Near the Dalle on the Wisconsin, I took Black Hawk. No one did it
+but me. I say this in the ears of all present, and they know it&mdash;and I
+now appeal to the Great Spirit, our grandfather, and the Earth, our
+grandmother, for the truth of what I say. Father, I am no chief, but
+what I have done is for the benefit of my nation, and I hope to see the
+good that has been promised us. That one, Wabokieshiek, the prophet, is
+my relation&mdash;if he is to be hurt, I do not wish to see it. Father,
+soldiers sometimes stick the ends of their guns into the backs of Indian
+prisoners, when they are going about in the hands of the guard. I hope
+this will not be done to this man."</p>
+
+<p>Naopope the second in command, with a few other Indians who escaped from
+the battle of the Bad-Axe, were also brought in by the Sioux, who being
+the ancient enemy of the Sacs and Foxes, seized upon this opportunity of
+waging war upon the remnant of Black Hawk's band. They were placed by
+General Street, in the custody of Colonel Taylor.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventh of September, the prisoners were placed on board the
+steam boat Winnebago, and sent down to Jefferson Barracks, a few miles
+below St. Louis. The arrival of General Scott at the scene of action,
+was unfortunately delayed until after the campaign was closed, in
+consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> of the Asiatic cholera having broken out, among the troops
+under his command, while ascending the lakes. The disease continued to
+rage among them, with dreadful mortality, for some time after their
+arrival at Rock island. Of course, this campaign added no new laurels to
+the military reputation of General Scott; but, by his humane and
+tireless exertions for the alleviation of the sufferings of his
+soldiers, he won for himself more true glory, than the most brilliant
+victory, over an Indian enemy, could confer.</p>
+
+<p>While at Rock Island, General Scott instituted some inquiries among the
+Indians, in regard to the difficulties between them and the whites.
+Among others interrogated was Naopope, the friend and counsellor of
+Black Hawk, who participated in the campaign, and on account of his
+courage and skill as a warrior, directed to a great extent, the
+movements of the band, from the period of their recrossing the
+Mississippi, until the battle of the Bad-Axe. His statement confirms the
+declaration of Black Hawk, that in coming over to the east side of the
+river, there was no intention of making war upon the frontier settlers;
+and that they really intended to surrender to Major Stillman, upon
+Sycamore creek, on the 14th of May, and actually sent a white flag, in
+evidence of their submission, which was fired upon by the American
+troops.</p>
+
+<p>"I always belonged to Black Hawk's band. Last summer I went to Malden;
+when I came back, I found that by the treaty with General Gaines, the
+Sacs had moved across the Mississippi. I re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>mained during the winter
+with the Prophet, on Rock river, thirty-five miles above the mouth.
+During the winter the Prophet sent me across the Mississippi, to Black
+Hawk, with a message, to tell him and his band to cross back to his
+village and make corn: that if the Americans came and told them to
+remove again, they would shake hands with them. If the Americans had
+come and told us to move, we should have shaken hands, and immediately
+have moved peaceably. We encamped on Sycamore creek. We met some
+Pottowatomies and made a feast for them. At that time I heard there were
+some Americans [under Maj. Stillman] near us. I prepared a white flag to
+go and see them, and sent two or three young men on a hill to see what
+they were doing. Before the feast was finished, I heard my young men
+were killed. This was at sunset. Some of my young men ran out; two
+killed, and the Americans were seen rushing on to our camp. My young men
+fired a few guns, and the Americans ran off, and my young men chased
+them about six miles."</p>
+
+<p>Naopope further stated that the Pottowatomies immediately left them, and
+that none of the Kickapoos ever joined them. A few of the Winnebagoes
+did, and brought in scalps at different times; but so soon as they
+discovered that the whites were too powerful for the Sacks, they turned
+round and fought against them. Some of the other witnesses examined on
+this occasion, testify, that when Black Hawk saw the steam boat Warrior
+approaching them, on the first of August, he said he pitied<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> the women
+and children; and, having determined to surrender to the commander of
+the boat, raised a white flag which was immediately fired upon. This
+fact is stated in the letter of the Captain of the Warrior, and is
+corroborated by Lieutenant Kingsbury, who had charge of the troops on
+board.</p>
+
+<p>Among the prisoners delivered to General Street, was the prophet
+Wabokieshiek, or the White Cloud, a stout, shrewd looking Indian about
+forty years of age. This individual exercised considerable influence
+over Black Hawk and his band. He had a village, called after him, upon
+Rock river, where he usually resided, and was recognized among the
+village chiefs. He claimed to be part Winnebago and part Sac, his father
+belonging to one and his mother to the other of these tribes. He wore a
+full suit of hair, with a white head-dress rising several inches above
+the top of his hair&mdash;a style of dress suited, it is supposed, to his
+profession. He seems to have had sagacity and cunning&mdash;two qualities
+essential to the character of a prophet, and without which they could
+not long retain their influence and sacred character. Wabokieshiek has
+been represented as the priest of assassination, but the evidence on
+which this charge is made, seems to be wanting. He was instrumental in
+persuading Black Hawk and his party to return to the east side of the
+Mississippi in 1832, and went down to the mouth of Rock river to meet
+them, and encourage the belief that the Americans would not interfere
+with them, so long as they refrained from any offensive operations. He
+made a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> speech to the braves and warriors of Black Hawk, in which he
+told them they had nothing to fear and much to gain: That the American
+war chief, would not molest them so long as they acted peaceably: That
+the time would come when they would be ready to pursue a different
+course; but that they must await such reinforcements as would enable
+them to resist the army of the whites. The Prophet was either duped
+himself, or playing upon the credulity of Black Hawk and Naopope. He was
+constantly giving them assurances of assistance from the other tribes
+and from their British Father at Malden. There may have been reason for
+expecting it from the former, but none from the latter. He entertained
+strong prejudices against the whites, and being naturally prone to
+mischief making, was willing to stir up the Indians to resistance,
+without caring for the results that would be likely to follow a border
+war. The likeness of him, which is here given, is said to convey a good
+idea of his style of dress and the expression of his face.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img179.jpg" alt="WABOKIESHIEK, THE PROPHET." title="WABOKIESHIEK, THE PROPHET." /></div>
+<h4>WABOKIESHIEK, THE PROPHET.</h4>
+
+<p>On the 21st of September, General Scott and Governor Reynolds concluded
+a treaty with the Winnebagoes, and the Sacs and Foxes; the provisions of
+which have been stated. For the faithful performance of it, on the part
+of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk and his two sons,
+Wabokieshiek the Prophet, Naopope and five other chiefs of the hostile
+band, should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the
+Pres<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>ident. The remainder of the prisoners, captured during the
+campaign, were set at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>In recurring to the causes which led to this war and the spirit and
+military skill with which it was conducted, there is nothing on which a
+citizen of the United States can dwell with satisfaction. Looking alone
+to the official documents, that have been published on the subject, it
+would appear that the Indians were the aggressors&mdash;that they invaded the
+territory of the United States, marking their path with outrages upon
+the unoffending citizens; and that they were met, encountered, and
+defeated, under circumstances which shed renown upon the arms and humane
+policy of the government. But it is necessary, in doing justice to both
+parties in this contest, to destroy this flattering picture.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the causes which operated to render Black Hawk and his band,
+discontented with the conduct of the United States, and with their
+condition upon the west side of the Mississippi, have been enumerated.
+Whatever may have been their ulterior views, in returning within the
+limits of the state of Illinois, in the spring of 1832, it cannot be
+supposed that they came with any immediate hostile intentions. Had they
+been determined upon war, they would neither have encumbered themselves
+with their wives and children, nor have openly recrossed the
+Mississippi, near to Fort Armstrong, when they knew there was an officer
+of the United States army, with a body of troops, stationed at that
+point, for the express purpose of preserving peace upon the frontier.
+Such movements<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> would have been at variance with the well known military
+policy of the Indians. Judging from the success of General Gaines, in
+removing this same band, in 1831, without blood shed, to the west side
+of the Mississippi, it has been supposed, that a pacific conference
+between the commandant of Fort Armstrong and Black Hawk, in 1832, before
+he had commenced his ascent up Rock river, would have resulted in the
+peaceable return of the Indians to their own hunting grounds. The
+condition of things at that time, warrants such a belief, and the
+subsequent declarations of the Indians, strengthen the opinion, that had
+the experiment been made, it would have been successful. It is true,
+that the commanding officer at Fort Armstrong, sent two messages to
+Black Hawk upon this subject; but the first is represented by the
+Indians to have been an <i>order</i> for them to return; and the second, that
+if they did not, they would be pursued and <i>forced</i> to recross the
+Mississippi. These efforts failed, but it does not follow that a
+friendly council upon the subject, would not have resulted differently.</p>
+
+<p>Many causes operate in bringing about an Indian war, and in plunging the
+government of the United States, prematurely and unnecessarily, into it.
+There is generally upon the frontiers a class of persons who have
+nothing to lose, and much to gain by such a contest. It gives them
+employment and circulates money among them. With such pioneer loafers,
+an Indian war is always popular.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> Then there is the "Indian Hater,"<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+a numerous and respectable body of men, to be found upon the frontier
+settlements, who, from having suffered in their persons and property by
+the barbarities and plunder of the Indians, have come at length to look
+upon them as no better than the wild beasts of the forest, and whose
+many atrocities make it a moral duty, on the part of the whites, to
+exterminate by fire and the sword. Again there is the regular <i>squatter</i>
+and land speculator, whose interest is always promoted by a war, because
+it usually results in driving the Indians further back from the
+frontier. Intermixed with these classes, are many quiet and worthy
+citizens, who with their families, have been carried to the frontiers,
+in the ordinary course of events, by the tide of emigration. These may
+have neither a desire for war nor a feeling of hostility towards the
+Indians, but when the tomahawk is raised, they contribute to swell the
+alarum, and oftentimes, by their very fears of a war, do much to bring
+it about. Finally, it is not to be disguised, that there are many
+individuals, in the states, who are prone to look to an Indian war, as a
+means of gratifying their love for adventure and excitement; or who,
+having political aspirations, are disposed to make the military renown,
+which may be gained in a campaign, the means of attaining civic honors.
+It is obvious, if there be any foundation for these positions, that an
+Indian war may oftentimes be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> undertaken without any just cause,
+prosecuted without system and terminated in dishonor to our government.</p>
+
+<p>When Black Hawk and his party rashly determined, in the spring of 1832,
+to recross the Mississippi, a fine opportunity was presented, for
+getting up a border war, and the necessary machinery was speedily put in
+motion. The old chief, with a few hundred braves and their women and
+children, carrying with them their cooking utensils and personal
+property, had no sooner reached the east bank of the Mississippi, than
+the alarm note was sounded upon the frontier, and echoed from cabin to
+cabin, until it was spread throughout the state of Illinois. The most
+dreadful anticipations of savage cruelty were indulged&mdash;the force of
+Black Hawk was greatly magnified&mdash;his thirst for vengeance upon the
+whites was only to be appeased by blood&mdash;the state was actually invaded
+by a powerful and remorseless enemy&mdash;and memorials and petitions, for an
+armed force to repulse the invaders and protect the frontiers, flowed in
+upon the Governor, from all quarters. Such was the excited state of
+public feeling, such the force of public sentiment, that little time was
+left for Executive deliberation. Governor Reynolds issued his
+proclamation, reiterating the dangers of the frontier, and calling for a
+body of the militia to march and protect it. A call under such
+circumstances was promptly responded to, and in a short time, a large
+body of mounted volunteers, embracing many of the most respectable and
+influential citizens of Illinois, were in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> vicinity of the invading
+foe, and ready for co-operation with the regular troops under General
+Atkinson. A concentration of these two forces was made at Dixon's ferry,
+on Rock river, about thirty miles below the encampment of Black Hawk and
+his party. Had a conference now been sought with the Indians, their
+prompt submission cannot be doubted. Black Hawk, whatever might have
+been his previous expectations, had received no addition of strength
+from other tribes&mdash;he was almost destitute of provisions&mdash;had committed
+no act of hostility against the whites, and with all his women, children
+and baggage, was in the vicinity of an army, principally of mounted
+volunteers, many times greater than his own band of braves. He would
+probably have been glad of any reasonable pretext for retracing his
+precipitate steps. Unfortunately no effort for a council was made. A
+body of impetuous volunteers dashed on, without caution or order, to
+Sycamore creek, within three miles of the camp of a part of Black Hawk's
+party. He instantly sent a white flag to meet them for the purpose of
+holding a council, and agreeing to return to the west side of the
+Mississippi. Unfortunately, for the cause of humanity, as well as the
+good faith of the United States, this flag was held to be but a decoy,
+and without waiting to ascertain its true character, the bearers of it
+were fired upon and one of them killed. An onset was immediately made by
+Maj. Stillman upon Black Hawk, who finding there was no alternative but
+war, met our troops, and put them to flight in the manner already
+de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>scribed. Emboldened by his brilliant success in this engagement, and
+finding that he would not be permitted to capitulate, he sent out his
+war parties, removed his women and children up Rock river, and a regular
+border war was commenced. The murders which his men committed upon the
+frontier settlers, naturally increased the alarm throughout the state,
+additional volunteers rushed to the seat of war, and the commanding
+General commenced his military operations for a regular campaign. In
+about two months, Black Hawk, having lost many of his men, in the
+different skirmishes with the American troops, and not a few of his
+women and children by actual starvation, found himself upon the bank of
+the Mississippi, endeavoring to escape the pursuing enemy, by crossing
+to the west side of that stream. While engaged in this act, the steam
+boat Warrior, having an armed force on board, ascended the river for the
+purpose of cutting off his retreat. Once more Black Hawk raised the
+white flag, and sought to surrender himself and his whole band, to the
+whites. Again his flag was looked upon as a decoy, and in fifteen
+minutes, a round of canister shot, from the boat, was fired, with deadly
+fatality into the midst of his men, women and children. The following
+morning, the main army, under General Atkinson, reached the scene of
+action. His force must have been six or eight times greater than that of
+the Indians, and by a judicious movement, the latter was promptly
+surrounded on three sides by the pursuing army, while on the other, the
+steam boat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> Warrior, the waters of the Mississippi, and a band of
+hostile Sioux on its west bank, precluded all chance of escape in that
+quarter. A demand upon the Indians, at this time, to surrender,
+unconditionally, would undoubtedly have been most cheerfully acceded to.
+But it appears not to have been made. It is probable that General
+Atkinson whose character for humanity, has always stood high, could not
+restrain the impetuosity of his troops long enough to propose a
+capitulation. They had been deeply excited by the murders perpetrated by
+the Black Hawk band&mdash;had been harassed by a long and fatiguing
+march&mdash;and perhaps felt, that the results of the campaign, thus far, had
+been rather inglorious to their arms. These causes may have conspired to
+precipitate them into a battle, which had been better spared than
+fought, inasmuch as it resulted, necessarily, in the death of a great
+many miserable women and children, who were already on the brink of the
+grave, from hunger and exhaustion.</p>
+
+<p>A brief recapitulation of a few of the events of this disastrous
+campaign, has thus been made, for the purpose of showing, that however
+hostile Black Hawk and his band may have been, originally, towards the
+whites, he did not make the first attack upon them; and that the war
+might in all probability have been prevented, or arrested in any stage
+of its progress, by the exercise of that forbearance, good faith and
+sound policy, which should ever be cherished by the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The official report of General Atkinson to Gener<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>al Macomb, after the
+battle of the Bad-axe has been quoted in full. On the 25th of November
+1832, the Secretary at War, Mr. Cass, in his annual report to the
+President, says, in speaking of this campaign,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"General Atkinson, with the regular troops and militia under his
+command, pursued the Indians through a country very difficult to be
+penetrated, of which little was known, and where much exertion was
+required to procure regular supplies. These circumstances
+necessarily delayed the operations, and were productive of great
+responsibility to the commanding officer, and of great sufferings
+and privations to all employed in this harassing warfare. The
+Indians, however, were driven from their fastnesses, and fled
+towards the Mississippi, with the intention of seeking refuge in
+the country west of that river. They were immediately followed by
+General Atkinson, with a mounted force, overtaken, and completely
+vanquished. The arrangements of the commanding general, as well in
+the pursuit as in the action, were prompt and judicious, and the
+conduct of the officers and men was exemplary. The campaign
+terminated in the unqualified submission of the hostile party, and
+in the adoption of measures for the permanent security of the
+frontiers, and the result has produced upon the Indians of that
+region, a salutary impression, which it is to be hoped will prevent
+the recurrence of similar scenes."</p></div>
+
+<p>On the 25th of October 1832, General Macomb<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> transmitted to General
+Atkinson, the following letter, from the Secretary at War.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span style="margin-left: 14em;"><small>Department at War, Oct. 24th. 1832.</small></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Sir:</span> The return of the President to the seat of
+government, enables me to communicate to you his sentiments in
+relation to the operations and result of the campaign, recently
+conducted under your orders, against the hostile Indians; and it is
+with great pleasure, I have received his instructions to inform
+you, that he appreciates the difficulties you had to encounter; and
+that he has been highly gratified at the termination of your
+arduous and responsible duties. Great privations and
+embarrassments, necessarily attend such a warfare, and particularly
+in the difficult country occupied by the enemy. The arrangements
+which led to the defeat of the Indians, were adopted with judgment
+and pursued with decision, and the result was honorable to
+yourself, and to the officers and men acting under your orders.</p>
+
+<p>I will thank you to communicate to the forces that served with you,
+both regulars and militia, the feelings of the President upon this
+occasion. I have the honor to be very respectfully, your obt.
+servant.<br />
+<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 22em;">Lewis Cass.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><small>Gen. H. Atkinson, Jefferson Barracks, Missouri.</small></span><br /><br /></p></div>
+
+<p>In the report of the Secretary at War which has just been referred to,
+there is the following statement of the causes which led to this
+contest. "The recent hostilities, commenced by the Sac and Fox<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> Indians,
+may be traced to causes, which have been for some time in operation, and
+which left little doubt upon the minds of those acquainted with the
+savage character, that they were determined to commit some aggression
+upon the frontier. The confederated tribes of the Sacs and Foxes have
+been long distinguished for their daring spirit of adventure and for
+their restless and reckless disposition. At the commencement of the
+eighteenth century, one of these tribes made a desperate attempt to
+seize the post of Detroit; and during a period of forty years,
+subsequent to that effort, they caused great trouble and embarrassment
+to the French colonial government, which was only terminated by a most
+formidable military expedition, sent by that enterprizing people into
+their remote regions west of Green Bay. During the last war with Great
+Britain, this confederacy entered zealously into the contest, and was
+among the most active and determined of our enemies. After the peace
+their communication with the Canadian authorities was preserved; and, in
+every year, large parties of the most influential chiefs and warriors
+visited Upper Canada, and returned laden with presents. That this
+continued intercourse kept alive feelings of attachment to a foreign
+power and weakened the proper and necessary influence of the United
+States, is known to every one who has marked the progress of events and
+conduct of the Indians upon the north western frontier. The tribes upon
+the upper Mississippi, particularly the Sacs and Foxes and Winnebagoes,
+confident in their position and in their natural cou<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>rage, and totally
+ignorant of the vast disproportion between their power, and that of the
+United States, have always been discontented, keeping the frontier in
+alarm, and continually committing some outrage upon the persons or
+property of the inhabitants. All this is the result of impulse, and is
+the necessary and almost inevitable consequence of institutions, which
+make war the great object of life. It is not probable, that any Indian
+seriously bent up on hostilities, ever stops to calculate the force of
+the white man, and to estimate the disastrous consequences which we know
+must be the result. He is impelled onward in his desperate career, by
+passions which are fostered and encouraged by the whole frame of
+society; and he is, very probably, stimulated by the predictions of some
+fanatical leader, who promises him glory, victory and scalps.</p>
+
+<p>"In this state of feeling, and with these incitements to war, the Sacs
+and Foxes claimed the right of occupying a part of the country on Rock
+river, even after it had been sold to citizens of the United States, and
+settled by them. In 1829 and in 1830, serious difficulties resulted from
+their efforts to establish themselves in that section, and frequent
+collisions were the consequence. Representations were made to them, and
+every effort, short of actual hostilities, used by the proper officers,
+to induce them to abandon their unfounded pretensions, and to confine
+themselves to their own country on the west side of the Mississippi
+river. These efforts were successful, with the well disposed portion of
+the tribes, but were wholly unavailing with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> band known by the name
+of the "British party." In 1831, their aggressions were so serious, and
+the attitude they assumed, so formidable, that a considerable detachment
+of the army, and of the militia of Illinois, was called into the field;
+and the disaffected Indians, alarmed by the preparation for their
+chastisement, agreed to reside and hunt, "upon their own lands west of
+the Mississippi river," and that they would not recross this river to
+the usual place of their residence, nor to any part of their old hunting
+grounds east of the Mississippi, without the express permission of the
+President of the United States, or the Governor of the state of
+Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>"This arrangement had scarcely been concluded, before a flagrant outrage
+was committed, by a party of these Indians, upon a band of friendly
+Menomomies, almost under the guns of Fort Crawford. Twenty-five persons
+were wantonly murdered, and many wounded, while encamped in the Prairie
+du Chien, and resting in fancied security upon our soil, and under our
+flag. If an act like this, had been suffered to pass unnoticed and
+unpunished, a war between these tribes would have been the consequence,
+in which our frontiers would have been involved, and the character and
+influence of the government, would have been lost in the opinion of the
+Indians.</p>
+
+<p>"Apprehensive, from the course of events already stated, and from other
+circumstances, that the disaffected band of Sacs and Foxes, would again
+harass and disturb the settlements upon our borders, and determined that
+the murderers of the Meno<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>menies should be surrendered or taken, the
+department ordered General Atkinson, on the 7th of March last, to ascend
+the Mississippi with the disposable regular troops at Jefferson
+barracks, and to carry into effect the instructions issued by your
+direction. Still further to strengthen the frontiers, orders were given
+for the re-occupation of Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>"The demand for the surrender of the Menomenie murderers was entirely
+disregarded: and the British party of the Sacs and Foxes recrossed the
+Mississippi, and assuming a hostile attitude, established themselves
+upon Rock river. The subsequent events are well known, and the result
+has already been stated in this report."</p>
+
+<p>In the annual report of Maj. General Macomb to Congress, of November
+1832, very much the same positions are taken in regard to the causes
+which led to this contest with the Indians, that are contained in the
+report from the War Department. Its leading object seems to be to place
+the United States in the right&mdash;the Indians in the wrong.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be regretted that the Honorable Secretary, whose opinions and
+statements on all subjects connected with the Indians, carry with them
+great weight, had not been more explicit, in assigning the causes which
+led to the late war, with a portion of the Sacs and Foxes. It is not to
+be supposed that the Secretary would designedly omit any thing, which in
+his opinion, was necessary, to a fair presentation of this matter; but
+as the case stands, his statement does not, it is believed, do justice
+to the Indians. The Secretary says the Sacs and Foxes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> "have always been
+discontented, keeping the frontier in alarm, and continually committing
+some outrage on the persons or property of the inhabitants." Between the
+treaty of peace at Portage des Sioux, in 1816, and the attack of Major
+Stillman, in 1832, it is supposed that the Sacs and Foxes never killed
+one American; and, their aggressions upon the persons and property of
+the whites, consisted principally, in an attempt to retain possession of
+their village and corn-fields, when pressed upon by the white settlers,
+who, in violation of the laws of Congress and express treaty provisions,
+were committing outrages upon the Indians: The report of the Secretary
+further states, that the Sacs and Foxes "claimed the right of occupying
+a part of the country upon Rock river, even after it had been sold to
+citizens of the United States, and settled by them." But the report does
+not state that under the treaty of 1804, by which these lands were
+ceded, it is expressly provided that so long as they remain the property
+of the United States, the Indians of said tribes shall enjoy the
+privilege of "living and hunting upon them;" it does not state that for
+six or eight years before the government had sold an acre of land upon
+Rock river, the white settlers were there, in violation of the laws,
+trespassing upon these Indians, and thus creating that very hostility of
+feeling, which, is subsequently cited as a reason for the chastisement
+inflicted upon them by the United States: it does not state, that in the
+year 1829, government, for the purpose of creating a pretext for the
+removal of the Indians from Rock<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> river, directed a few quarter sections
+of land, including the Sac village, to be sold, although the frontier
+settlements of Illinois had not then reached within fifty or sixty miles
+of that place, and millions of acres of land around it, were unoccupied
+and unsold: it does not state that instead of requiring the Indians to
+remove from the quarter sections thus prematurely sold, to other lands
+on Rock river, owned by the United States, and on which, under the
+treaty, they had a right to hunt and reside, they were commanded to
+remove to the west side of the Mississippi: it does not state, that the
+"serious aggressions" and "formidable attitude" assumed by the "British
+party," in 1831, consisted in their attempt to raise a crop of corn and
+beans, in throwing down the fences of the whites who were enclosing
+their fields, in "pointing deadly weapons" at them and in "stealing
+their potatoes:" it does not state that the murder of the Menominie
+Indians, at Fort Crawford, by a party of the "British band," was in
+retaliation, for a similar "flagrant outrage," committed the summer
+previous, by the Menominies, upon Peah-mus-ka, a principal chief of the
+Foxes and nine or ten of his tribe, who were going up to Prairie des
+Chiens on business and were within one day's travel of that place: it
+does not state that one reason assigned by the "British party" for
+refusing to surrender the murderers of the Menominies, was the fact that
+the government had not made a similar demand of that tribe for the
+murderers of the Sacs: it does not state that the "hostile attitude"
+assumed by the Sacs and Foxes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> in 1832, after recrossing the
+Mississippi, and their establishment on Rock river, simply amounted to
+this; that they came over with their women and children for the avowed
+purpose of raising a crop of corn with the Winnebagoes&mdash;were temporarily
+encamped on that stream&mdash;had committed no outrage upon person or
+property&mdash;and were actually engaged in entertaining some guests with a
+dog-feast, when the Illinois militia approached their camp, and killed
+the bearer of a white flag, which Black Hawk sent to them, in token of
+his peaceable disposition. These may be unimportant omissions, in the
+opinion of the Secretary, but in looking to the causes which led to this
+contest, and the spirit in which it was conducted, they have been deemed
+of sufficient importance, to receive a passing notice, when referring to
+his report.</p>
+
+<p>The opinion has been expressed more than once in the course of this
+work, that there was in reality, no necessity for this war. A firm but
+forbearing course of policy, on the part of the United States, towards
+this discontented fragment of the Sacs and Foxes, would, it is believed,
+have prevented any serious aggression upon our people or their property.
+Certain it is, that a few thousand dollars, superadded to a humane
+spirit of conciliation, would have effected the permanent removal of
+Black Hawk and his band, to the west side of the Mississippi: and, as
+the government was not contending with them, in support of its national
+faith, nor about to punish them for an insult to its national honour,
+there could have been no disgrace in pur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>chasing the settlement of the
+difficulty, on such terms. It has been stated that in the spring of
+1831, Black Hawk agreed to remove his band to the west side of the
+Mississippi, and relinquish all claims to the lands upon Rock river, if
+the United States would pay him six thousand dollars, with which to
+purchase provisions and other necessaries for his people; and that the
+Indian agent at St. Louis, was informed of this fact. Moreover, it has
+been publicly alleged that before the campaign against Black Hawk, in
+the summer of 1832, the President and Secretary at War, were both
+informed, that the "British Band" of the Sacs and Foxes, could be
+peaceably removed to the west side of the Mississippi for six or eight
+thousand dollars. The secretary was assured, in the presence of a member
+of congress, that the inquiry had been made by a person familiar with
+the Indians, and the fact of their willingness to remove upon these
+terms distinctly ascertained.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>Under the treaty of 1804, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States,
+more than twenty millions of acres of first rate land, for less than
+twenty thousand dollars. Black Hawk not only contended for the
+invalidity of this treaty, but insisted that the price paid by the
+United States was wholly below the value of the land. Under such
+circumstances, the course of the government was obvious&mdash;to have quieted
+the complaints of the Indians and secured their peaceable removal to the
+west, by a second purchase of their interest to the territory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> in
+question. Had it cost twenty, fifty or one hundred thousand dollars, to
+effect this object, our country would still have been the gainer, both
+by the preservation of the national faith and the national treasure&mdash;for
+the former was wantonly violated, and the latter uselessly squandered.
+The contest with Black Hawk and his party, destroyed the lives of four
+or five hundred Indian men, women and children&mdash;about two hundred
+citizens of the United States&mdash;and cost the government near two millions
+of dollars! Such are the results of a war commenced and waged by a great
+nation, upon a remnant of poor ignorant savages;&mdash;a war which had its
+origin in avarice and political ambition, which was prosecuted in bad
+faith and closed in dishonor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquoti"><p>Black Hawk, Naopope, the Prophet and others confined at Jefferson
+Barracks&mdash;In April 1833 sent to Washington&mdash;Interview with the
+President&mdash;sent to Fortress Monroe&mdash;Their release&mdash;Visit the eastern
+cities&mdash;Return to the Mississippi&mdash;Conference at Rock island between
+Maj. Garland, Keokuk, Black Hawk and other chiefs&mdash;speeches of Keokuk,
+Pashshepaho and Black Hawk&mdash;Final discharge of the hostages&mdash;Their
+return to their families&mdash;Black Hawk's visit to Washington in
+1837&mdash;His return&mdash;His personal appearance&mdash;Military
+talents&mdash;Intellectual and moral character.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>Black Hawk, his two sons, Naopope, Wabokiesheik, and the other
+prisoners, who under the treaty of 21st September, were to be held as
+hostages, during the pleasure of the president, having been sent down
+the Mississippi, to Jefferson Barracks, under charge of Lieutenant
+Davis, were immediately put in irons, a measure of precaution,
+apparently, as unnecessary as it was cruel.</p>
+
+<p>"We were now confined," says the old chief, "to the barracks, and forced
+to wear the <i>ball and chain</i>! This was extremely mortifying, and
+altogether useless. Was the White Beaver [Gen. Atkinson] afraid that I
+would break out of his barracks and run away? Or was he ordered to
+inflict this punishment upon me? If I had taken him prisoner upon the
+field of battle, I would not have wounded his feelings so much, by such
+treatment, knowing that a brave war chief would prefer death to
+dishonor. But I do not blame the White Beaver for the course he
+pursued&mdash;it is the custom among white soldiers, and I suppose was a part
+of his duty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The time dragged heavily and gloomily along throughout the winter,
+although the White Beaver did every thing in his power to render us
+comfortable. Having been accustomed throughout a long life, to roam
+through the forests&mdash;to come and go at liberty&mdash;confinement under any
+such circumstances, could not be less than torture.</p>
+
+<p>"We passed away the time making pipes, until spring, when we were
+visited by the agent, trader, and interpreter, from Rock Island, Keokuk,
+and several chiefs and braves of our nation, and my wife and daughter. I
+was rejoiced to see the two latter, and spent my time very agreeably
+with them and my people as long as they remained."</p>
+
+<p>During the winter they were visited by a great number of persons, one of
+whom remarks, "We were immediately struck with admiration at the
+gigantic and symmetrical figures of most of the warriors, who seemed as
+they reclined, in native ease and gracefulness, with their half naked
+bodies exposed to view, rather like statues from some master hand, than
+beings of a race whom we had heard characterized as degenerate and
+debased. They were clad in leggins and moccasins of buckskin, and wore
+blankets, which were thrown around them in the manner of the Roman toga,
+so as to leave their right arms bare. The youngest among them were
+painted on their necks, with a bright vermilion color, and had their
+faces transversely streaked, with alternate red and black stripes. From
+their faces and eyebrows, they pluck out the hair with the most
+assiduous care. They also shave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> or pull it out from their heads, with
+the exception of a tuft about three fingers width, extending from
+between the forehead and crown to the back of the head; this they
+sometimes plait into a queue on the crown, and cut the edges of it down
+to an inch in length, and plaster it with the vermilion which keeps it
+erect, and gives it the appearance of a cock's comb." The same writer
+adds, that, "but for the want of that peculiar expression which emanates
+from a cultivated intellect," Nasinewiskuk, the eldest son of Black
+Hawk, could have "been looked upon as the very personification, of the
+<i>beau ideal</i> of manly beauty." Among their many visitors while at this
+place, was the distinguished author of the "Sketch Book," who in a
+letter, under date of 18th of Dec. 1832, says, "From St. Louis, I went
+to Fort Jefferson, about nine miles distant, to see Black Hawk, the
+Indian warrior and his fellow prisoners&mdash;a forlorn crew&mdash;emaciated and
+dejected&mdash;the redoubtable chieftain himself, a meagre old man upwards of
+seventy. He has, however, a fine head, a Roman style of face, and a
+prepossessing countenance."<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> When Catlin the artist, visited
+Jefferson Barracks for the purpose of painting the portraits of these
+chiefs, and was about to commence the likeness of Naopope, he seized the
+ball and chain that were fastened to his leg, and raising them on high,
+exclaimed with a look of scorn,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> "make me so, and show me to the great
+father." Upon the artist's refusing to paint him as he wished, he kept
+varying his countenance with grimaces, to prevent him from catching a
+likeness.</p>
+
+<p>During the visit of Keokuk to Jefferson Barracks, he made exertions to
+obtain the release of the prisoners, pledging himself to the Indian
+agent at St. Louis, and to General Atkinson, to be responsible for their
+good conduct in future. Soon afterwards, however, the General received
+orders from the secretary at war to have the prisoners sent to
+Washington city. It was in the latter part of April, 1833, that they
+reached the capitol, under the escort of an officer of the army. In the
+first interview between President Jackson and Black Hawk, the latter is
+represented to have said, "I am a man and you are another." In the
+course of their interview, the President informed him that he and his
+companions must proceed on the following day to Fortress Monroe, there
+to remain, until the conduct of their people at home was such as to
+justify their being set at liberty. In reply to this, the Prophet said,
+"We expected to return immediately to our people. The war in which we
+have been involved was occasioned by our attempting to raise provisions
+on our own lands, or where we thought we had a right so to do. We have
+lost many of our people, as well as the whites. Our tribes and families
+are now exposed to the attacks of our enemies, the Sioux, and the
+Menominies. We hope, therefore, to be permitted to return home to take
+care of them." Black Hawk concluded his address to the President,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> which
+embraced a history of the late war, by saying, "We did not expect to
+conquer the whites, no. They had too many houses, too many men. I took
+up the hatchet, for my part, to revenge injuries which my people could
+no longer endure. Had I borne them longer without striking, my people
+would have said, Black Hawk is a woman. He is too old to be a chief&mdash;he
+is no Sac. These reflections caused me to raise the war-whoop. I say no
+more of it; it is known to you. Keokuk once was here; you took him by
+the hand, and when he wished to return to his home, you were willing.
+Black Hawk expects, that, like Keokuk, we shall be permitted to return
+too." The President gave them assurances that their women and children
+should be protected from the Sioux and the Menominies, and that so soon
+as he was satisfied that peace was restored on the frontiers, they
+should be permitted to return home.</p>
+
+<p>On the 26th of April, they set off for Fortress Monroe, at Old Point
+Comfort, where they remained until the fourth of June, when, an order
+was received, from the President, by the commanding officer, for the
+liberation of the Indian captives. The kind treatment of the prisoners
+by Colonel Eustis, then in command at Fortress Monroe, had won greatly
+upon their regard. When about to depart, Black Hawk waited upon the
+Colonel, and said;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Brother, I have come on my own part, and in behalf of my companions, to
+bid you farewell. Our great father has at length been pleased to permit
+us to return to our hunting grounds. We have buried<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> the tomahawk, and
+the sound of the rifle will hereafter only bring death to the deer and
+the buffalo. Brother, you have treated the red men very kindly. Your
+squaws have made them presents, and you have given them plenty to eat
+and drink. The memory of your friendship will remain till the Great
+Spirit says it is time for Black Hawk to sing his death-song. Brother,
+your houses are as numerous as the leaves upon the trees, and your young
+warriors, like the sands upon the shore of the big lake that rolls
+before us. The red man has but few houses, and few warriors, but the red
+man has a heart which throbs as warmly as the heart of his white
+brother. The Great Spirit has given us our hunting grounds, and the skin
+of the deer which we kill there, is his favorite, for its color is
+white, and this is the emblem of peace. This hunting dress and these
+feathers of the eagle are white. Accept them, my brother; I have given
+one like this to the White Otter. Accept of it as a memorial of Black
+Hawk. When he is far away this will serve to remind you of him. May the
+Great Spirit bless you and your children&mdash;farewell."</p>
+
+<p>On the fifth of June, under the charge of Major John Garland of the
+United States army, Black Hawk and his five companions, took their
+departure from Fortress Monroe. Before leaving the Chesapeake, they
+visited Norfolk and the Navy Yard at Gosport. They were taken on board
+the Delaware, 74, and were much delighted with its appearance. Black
+Hawk expressed a strong de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>sire to see the chief who commanded it, and
+to take the man who built it, by the hand.</p>
+
+<p>At Norfolk a large concourse of persons visited them. Wabokieshiek, the
+prophet, addressed them from the balcony of their hotel, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"The Great Spirit sent us here, and now happily we are about to return,
+to our own Mississippi, and our own people. It affords us much happiness
+to rejoin our friends and kindred. We would shake hands with all our
+white friends assembled here. Should any of them go to our country on
+the Mississippi, we would take pleasure in returning their kindness to
+us. We will go home with peaceable dispositions towards our white
+brethren, and make our conduct hereafter, more satisfactory to them. We
+bid you all farewell, as it is the last time we shall see each other."</p>
+
+<p>Black Hawk made a few remarks, and at one o'clock, June the fifth, they
+started for Baltimore, which place they reached at eleven o'clock on the
+following day, and were greeted by crowds of curious spectators. The
+renown of Black Hawk had every where preceded him, and all were anxious
+to behold the old chief whose name and deeds had excited so much
+commotion on the frontiers of the north west. The President happened to
+be in Baltimore at the same time, and, the "monumental city" was never,
+perhaps, honored by the presence of two more distinguished "lions" upon
+the same day, than upon this occasion. They both attended the theatre on
+the evening of the sixth; and, it is said, that the attention of the
+house was very equal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>ly divided between them. On the following day an
+interview took place between them, when the President said to the old
+chief;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"When I saw you in Washington, I told you that you had behaved very
+badly, in raising the tomahawk against the white people, and killing
+men, women and children upon the frontier. Your conduct last year,
+compelled me to send my warriors against you, and your people were
+defeated, with great loss, and your men surrendered, to be kept until I
+should be satisfied, that you would not try to do any more injury. I
+told you, I would enquire whether your people wished you to return, and,
+whether if you did return, there would be any danger to the frontier.
+Gen. Clark and Gen. Atkinson, whom you know, have informed me that
+Sheckak, your principal chief, and the rest of your people are anxious
+you should return, and Keokuk has asked me to send you back. Your chiefs
+have pledged themselves for your good conduct, and I have given
+directions that you should be taken to your own country.</p>
+
+<p>"Maj. Garland who is with you will conduct you through some of our
+towns. You will see the strength of the white people. You will see that
+our young men are as numerous, as the leaves in the woods. What can you
+do against us? You may kill a few women and children, but such a force
+would soon be sent against you, as would destroy your whole tribe. Let
+the red men hunt and take care of their families, but I hope they will
+not again raise their hands against their white brethren. We<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> do not
+wish to injure you. We desire your prosperity and improvement. But if
+you again plunge your knives into the breasts of our people, I shall
+send a force, which will severely punish you for all your cruelties.
+When you go back, listen to the councils of Keokuk and the other
+friendly chiefs. Bury the tomahawk and live in peace with the frontiers.
+And I pray the Great Spirit to give you a smooth path and a fair sky to
+return."</p>
+
+<p>The reply of Black Hawk to this address, was brief, and the Prophet
+merely said,</p>
+
+<p>"My father,&mdash;my ears are open to your words. I am glad to hear them. I
+am glad to go back to my people. I want to see my family. I did not
+behave well last summer. I ought not to have taken up the tomahawk. But
+my people have suffered a great deal. When I get back I will remember
+your words. I won't go to war again. I will live in peace. I shall hold
+you by the hand."</p>
+
+<p>The object of the President, in directing the captives to be taken home
+through some of the principal cities of the union, was to exhibit to
+them the extent of the population, wealth, and means of defence of the
+United States; in the hope, that such impressions would be made on their
+minds, as would induce them to refrain from creating disturbances in
+future upon the frontiers. They were accordingly directed to be carried
+as far north as Boston, and thence through Albany, Buffalo and Detroit,
+to their own country.</p>
+
+<p>The captives reached Philadelphia on the 10th of June, and remained at
+Congress Hall, until the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> 14th. During their stay in the city, which was
+prolonged to four or five days, they visited the United States' Mint,
+the Fair Mount Water Works and other objects of curiosity. They had also
+an opportunity of witnessing a grand military display in front of their
+quarters in Congress Hall. Black Hawk wished to know if these were the
+same soldiers, who were in his country last summer. In making reference
+to his late contest with the United States, he said to those around him,</p>
+
+<p>"My heart grew bitter against the whites, and my hands strong. I dug up
+the tomahawk, and led on my warriors to fight. I fought hard. I was no
+coward. Much blood was shed. But the white men were mighty. They were
+many as the leaves of the forest. I and my people failed. I am sorry the
+tomahawk was raised. I have been a prisoner. I see the strength of the
+white men. They are many, very many. The Indians are but few. They are
+not cowards. They are brave, but they are few. While the Great Spirit
+above, keeps my heart as it now is, I will be the white man's friend. I
+will remain in peace. I will go to my people and speak good of the white
+man. I will tell them, they are as the leaves of the forest. Very
+many&mdash;very strong; and that I will fight no more against them."</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 14th, they set off for New York, and reached that
+city at 5 P.M. and had an opportunity, at the moment of their arrival at
+the Battery, of beholding the greatest assemblage of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> people they had
+yet seen, drawn together to witness the ascent of a balloon from Castle
+Garden. This novel spectacle, greatly astonished the Indians, and one of
+them asked the prophet, if the aeronaut was "going to see the Great
+Spirit." When the crowd ascertained that Black Hawk and his party were
+on the steam boat, the air resounded with shouts of welcome. Upon their
+landing, such was the press of the multitude to get a look at the
+strangers, that they could not reach their lodgings until placed in
+carriages, and committed to the charge of the police officers. They were
+finally, with much difficulty, taken to the Exchange Hotel, which was
+immediately surrounded by thousands of people, who would not retire to
+their houses, until "General Black Hawk," had presented himself several
+times at the window, and graciously bowed to the eager and admiring
+multitude. During their whole visit to the city of New York, they were
+treated with marked attention. Their rooms were crowded, daily, with
+ladies and gentlemen, and they were conducted with ceremony to the
+theatres, the public gardens, the arsenal, and other places of interest.
+Speeches were made to them, and they received many handsome presents.
+Among other civilities, John A. Graham, Esq., waited upon them, and made
+the following address.</p>
+
+<p>"Brothers, open your ears. You are brave men. You have fought like
+tigers, but in a bad cause. We have conquered you. We were sorry last
+year, that you raised the tomahawk against us; but we believe you did
+not know us then as you do now.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> We think that in time to come, you will
+be wise and that we shall be friends forever. You see that we are a
+great people&mdash;numerous as the flowers of the field, as the shells on the
+sea-shore, or the fish in the sea. We put one hand on the eastern, and,
+at the same time, the other on the western ocean. We all act together.
+If some time our great men talk long and loud at our council fires, but
+shed one drop of white men's blood, our young warriors, as thick as the
+stars of the night, will leap on board of our great boats, which fly on
+the waves, and over the lakes&mdash;swift as the eagle in the air&mdash;then
+penetrate the woods, make the big guns thunder, and the whole heavens
+red with the flames of the dwellings of their enemies. Brothers, the
+President has made you a great talk. He has but one mouth. That one has
+sounded the sentiments of all the people. Listen to what he has said to
+you. Write it on your memories. It is good&mdash;very good.</p>
+
+<p>"Black Hawk, take these jewels, a pair of topaz earrings, beautifully
+set in gold, for your wife or daughter, as a token of friendship,
+keeping always in mind, that women and children are the favorites of the
+Great Spirit. These jewels are from an old man, whose head is whitened
+with the snows of seventy winters, an old man who has thrown down his
+bow, put off his sword, and now stands leaning on his staff, waiting the
+commands of the Great Spirit. Look around you, see all this mighty
+people, then go to your homes, open your arms, to receive your families.
+Tell them to bury the hatchet, to make bright the chain of friendship,
+to love the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> white men, and to live in peace with them, as long as the
+rivers run into the sea, and the sun rises and sets. If you do so, you
+will be happy. You will then ensure the prosperity of unborn generations
+of your tribes, who will go hand in hand with the sons of the white men,
+and all shall be blessed by the Great Spirit. Peace and happiness by the
+blessing of the Great Spirit attend you. Farewell."</p>
+
+<p>Black Hawk accepted the present and said in reply.</p>
+
+<p>"Brother, we like your talk. We will be friends. We like the white
+people. They are very kind to us. We shall not forget it. Your counsel
+is good. We shall attend to it. Your valuable present shall go to my
+squaw. We shall always be friends."</p>
+
+<p>While at New York, Major Garland came to the determination not to take
+the captives to Boston, but to ascend the North river, and proceed
+directly to the west. This created much disappointment, among the
+citizens of that city, who were generally anxious to behold the "great
+agitator" of the north western frontier.</p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of this new arrangement, on the 22d of June, the party left
+New York, in a steam boat for Albany, where they arrived on the
+following day. At this city, they were met by a crowd of spectators,
+drawn together by their anxiety to see Black Hawk, so numerous, that it
+was found necessary to disguise the Indians, in order to enable them to
+reach their lodgings. They remained in Albany until the morning of the
+25th, when they departed for Buffalo, which place they reached on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> the
+twenty-eighth. During their stay in Buffalo which lasted for three days,
+they had an interesting interview with some of the Seneca Indians, who
+are residing on their reservation near that place. They were addressed
+by Karlundawana, a worthy Seneca chief, who after expressing the
+pleasure of his people to meet the Sacs and Foxes, and referring to the
+condition of the Indians generally, respectfully counselled Black Hawk
+and his party, to return home in a peaceable mind; to take up the
+tomahawk no more against the white people; but to cultivate the earth,
+and be happy. Black Hawk replied, "Our aged brother of the Senecas, who
+has spoken to us, has spoken the words of a good and a wise man. We are
+strangers to each other, though we have the same color, and the same
+Great Spirit made us all, and gave us this country together. Brothers we
+have seen how great a people the whites are. They are very rich and very
+strong. It is folly for us to fight with them. We shall go home with
+much knowledge. For myself I shall advise my people to be quiet, and
+live like good men. The advice which you gave us, brother, is very good,
+and we tell you now we mean to walk the straight path in future, and to
+content ourselves with what we have, and with cultivating our lands."</p>
+
+<p>From Buffalo the captives were taken by water to Detroit, where their
+reception is said to have been much less enthusiastic than in the other
+cities through which they had passed. It was stated in the newspapers of
+the day, that they were burnt in effigy in that place. Black Hawk, in
+visiting the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> the former residence of Governor Cass, remarked, "This is
+the old council ground. I have had much good counsel here; but my trail
+led to the opposite shore, and my ears were closed." Their visit to
+Detroit being over, they proceeded to Green Bay, and thence descended
+the Wisconsin to the Mississippi and down that river to Fort Armstrong,
+on Rock Island, which place they reached about the first of August. In
+passing by the site of the old Sac village, Black Hawk was deeply
+affected, and expressed much regret for the causes which compelled him
+to emigrate beyond the Mississippi. The return of the Prophet was also
+attended with melancholy associations. His village over which he had
+long presided, was entirely broken up&mdash;his wigwam in ashes&mdash;his family
+dispersed, and, he, a suppliant for a home in the village of some other
+chief.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Armstrong, was chosen by Major Garland as the most appropriate spot
+for the ceremonies of the liberation of Black Hawk and his party; as its
+central position, would enable him to assemble, at a short notice, many
+Indians from the surrounding villages. This was the favorite island of
+the Indians; in former years abundant in fruits and flowers; and, from
+time immemorial the fancied abode of a good Spirit, which watched over
+their village, and protected their hunting grounds. No spot could have
+been selected, calculated to awaken so many painful associations in the
+mind of Black Hawk, as Rock Island. For half a century it had been the
+witness of his power and influence; it was now to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> become the scene of
+his disgrace, and reluctant submission to a rival.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img261.jpg" alt="TREATY AT FORT ARMSTRONG." title="TREATY AT FORT ARMSTRONG." /></div>
+<h4>TREATY AT FORT ARMSTRONG.</h4>
+
+<p>Immediately after Major Garland's arrival at Fort Armstrong, he sent out
+runners for the purpose of assembling the neighboring Indians. The
+messenger despatched for Keokuk and his chiefs, found them encamped
+about twenty miles below the island, having just returned from a buffalo
+hunt, and being on their way to fort Armstrong, in expectation of
+meeting the returning captives. The runner returned that night, and
+reported to Major Garland, that on the morrow, Keokuk with a party of
+braves would reach Rock Island. About noon, on the following day, the
+sound of the Indian drum, and the shouts and wild songs of his people,
+announced the approach of the princely Keokuk. He ascended the
+Mississippi by water, and led the van with two large canoes, lashed side
+by side, handsomely decorated, with a canopy erected over them, beneath
+which sat the chief and his three wives, with the American flag waving
+over them. More than twenty canoes followed the chieftain, each
+containing from four to eight of his warriors, whose shouts and songs,
+swept over the transparent waters of the Mississippi, and were echoed
+from shore to shore. This fleet of canoes, was rowed slowly up the
+stream, until it passed the camp of the captives; it then returned and
+the party landed on the bank of the river, opposite to the camp of Black
+Hawk. Here Keokuk and his party spent several hours in arranging their
+dress, painting their faces and equipping themselves with their
+implements of war. This<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> duty of the toilet being finished, they
+returned to their canoes, resumed their songs, and proceeded directly
+across the river. Keokuk, very elegantly dressed, decorated with his
+medals and fully armed, was the first to land, and turning to his
+followers, said, "The Great Spirit has sent our brother back. Let us
+shake hands with him in friendship." He then proceeded slowly, followed
+by his warriors, towards Black Hawk, who was seated, with his party, in
+front of his temporary lodge, leaning upon his staff, and deeply
+affected by the occasion. Keokuk kindly extended his hand to him, which
+the old man took with some cordiality. Having saluted the rest of the
+captives, he took a seat, his companions following his example. For some
+time all was silence&mdash;no one presuming to utter a word until the chief
+had spoken. At last, Keokuk inquired of Black Hawk how long he had been
+upon the road; and, remarked that he had been expecting his arrival, and
+was coming up the river to meet him, when met by the messenger of Major
+Garland. The pipe was now introduced and passed round among both
+parties, and an interchange of friendly civilities ensued. After an hour
+of alternate smoking and talking, Keokuk arose and shook hands with
+Black Hawk, saying he should return to-morrow; and then recrossed the
+river in silence. A considerable part of that night was spent by the
+chief and his party in singing and dancing.</p>
+
+<p>The grand council, for the final liberation of the captives, was held,
+with all due solemnity, upon the ensuing day. It presented the novel
+spectacle of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> a chief, compelled by a third power, to acknowledge the
+authority of a rival, and formally descend from the rank which he had
+long sustained among his people. Fort Armstrong presented a commodious
+room, for the ceremonies of the day, and it was fitted up for the
+occasion. About ten o'clock in the forenoon, Keokuk and one hundred
+followers, recrossed the river, and proceeded in martial array to the
+garrison. They were conducted into the council room, and shown the seats
+which they were to occupy. Keokuk was seated with Pashepahow (the
+Stabber) on one side, Wapellar (the little Prince) on the other. The
+former a chief of the Sacs, the latter of the Foxes. The remainder of
+his band took their seats in the rear, and maintained throughout the
+ceremony, profound silence.</p>
+
+<p>It was not long before Black Hawk and his associates, made their
+appearance. As they entered the room, Keokuk and the two chiefs by his
+side, arose and greeted them. They were seated directly opposite to
+Keokuk. Black Hawk, and his son, Nasinewiskuk, who seems to have been
+warmly attached to his father, appeared to be much dejected. They had
+the day previous made objections to this council, as unnecessary, and
+painful to their feelings. They now came into it with deep feelings of
+mortification. For a time profound silence reigned throughout the
+assembly. Major Garland at length arose and addressed the council. He
+was pleased to find so much good feeling existing among the Sacs and
+Foxes towards Black Hawk and his party; and he felt confident from what
+he had ob<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>served, since their arrival, that they would hereafter live in
+peace: He had but little further to add, as the President's speech,
+addressed to Black Hawk and his party, in Baltimore, contained the views
+of their great Father on the matters before them; and, this speech he
+should cause to be again interpreted to them.</p>
+
+<p>Keokuk followed Major Garland, and after having shaken hands with those
+around him said,</p>
+
+<p>"I have listened to the talk of our great Father. It is true we pledged
+our honor with those of our young braves, for the liberation of our
+friends. We thought much of it&mdash;our councils were long&mdash;their wives and
+children were in our thoughts&mdash;when we talked of them our hearts were
+full. Their wives and children came to see us, which made us feel like
+women; but we were men. The words which we sent to our great Father were
+good: he spoke like the father of children. The Great Spirit made his
+heart big in council. We receive our brothers in friendship&mdash;our hearts
+are good towards them. They once listened to bad counsel; now their ears
+are closed: I give my hand to them; when they shake it, they shake the
+hands of all. I will shake hands with them, and then I am done."</p>
+
+<p>Major Garland rose a second time, and stated, that he wished it to be
+distinctly understood by all persons present, in the council, that their
+great Father, the President, would hereafter receive and acknowledge
+Keokuk, as the principal chief of the Sac and Fox nation; that he wished
+and expected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> Black Hawk to listen and conform to his counsels; if any
+unkind feeling now existed, it must that day be buried, and, that the
+band of Black Hawk must be henceforth merged in that of Keokuk. The
+interpreter so reported the remarks of Major Garland, that Black Hawk
+understood the President to say that he <i>must</i> conform to the counsels
+of Keokuk; and, the old chief, losing all command of his feelings,
+became deeply and instantly excited. The spirit which had sustained him
+in earlier and better days, burst forth with uncontrollable violence. He
+sprung upon his feet, but so deeply excited as to be almost unable to
+utter a word. With the most indignant expression of countenance, and
+with a vehemence of manner characteristic of the savage when roused to
+action, he exclaimed,</p>
+
+<p>"I am a man&mdash;an old man&mdash;I will not conform to the counsels of any one.
+I will act for myself&mdash;no one shall govern me. I am old&mdash;my hair is
+gray&mdash;I once gave counsels to my young men&mdash;Am I to conform to others? I
+shall soon go to the Great Spirit, when I shall be at rest. What I said
+to our great Father at Washington, I say again&mdash;I will always listen to
+him. I am done."</p>
+
+<p>The speech of Black Hawk&mdash;the last struggle of a fallen chieftain,
+caused a momentary excitement throughout the council. When it had
+subsided, the interpreter was directed to explain to him, that the
+President had only <i>requested</i> him to listen to the counsels of Keokuk.
+He made no reply, but drawing his blanket around him, sat in moody
+silence. Keokuk approached him, and in a low but kind<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> tone of voice
+said, "Why do you speak so before the white men? I will speak for you;
+you trembled&mdash;you did not mean what you said." Black Hawk gloomily
+assented, when Keokuk arose and remarked to the council,</p>
+
+<p>"Our brother who has again come to us, has spoken, but he spoke in
+wrath&mdash;his tongue was forked&mdash;he spoke not like a man, a Sac. He knew
+his words were bad: he trembled like the oak whose roots have been
+wasted away by many rains. He is old&mdash;what he said let us forget. He
+says he did not mean it&mdash;he wishes it forgotten. I have spoken for him.
+What I have said are his own words&mdash;not mine. Let us say he spoke in
+council to-day&mdash;that his words were good. I have spoken."</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Davenport of the United States army, then in command of Fort
+Armstrong, next arose, and taking Black Hawk by the hand, remarked that
+he was glad to meet him, that once he was his enemy, but now he met him
+as a friend; that he was there by the command of the President, and
+should always be glad to see him; and, would at all times be ready to
+give him any advice which he might need: that during his absence he had
+held frequent talks with the Sacs and Foxes, who were anxious for his
+return, and he felt authorized to say, that the nation entertained for
+him and his party, the most friendly feeling. Black Hawk listened with
+much apparent interest to the remarks of Colonel Davenport.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Major Garland now arose and told Black Hawk he was at liberty to go
+where he pleased;&mdash;that the people of the United States, as well as
+himself, were pleased with the uniform good conduct of all the captives
+while among them&mdash;that they were convinced their hearts were good, but
+they had listened to bad counsels: Having now seen the power of the
+white men, and taken their great father by the hand, who had restored
+them to their families, he hoped there would be no further difficulties;
+but that peace and harmony would long exist between them.</p>
+
+<p>Black Hawk, rose in reply, cool and collected, and remarked, that having
+reflected upon what he had said, it was his wish that if his speech had
+been put upon paper, a line might be drawn over it&mdash;he did not mean it.</p>
+
+<p>Wapellar, the chief of the Foxes, rose up to say that he had nothing to
+say. "I am not in the habit of talking&mdash;I think&mdash;I have been thinking
+all day&mdash;Keokuk has spoken: am glad to see my brothers: I will shake
+hands with them. I am done." The chiefs all arose, a general shaking of
+hands,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> followed by an interchange of civilities, ensued, and the
+council finally adjourned.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening, Maj. Garland invited the principal chiefs, together with
+Black Hawk, to his quarters, as it would afford a good opportunity to
+ascertain explicitly, the feeling which existed among them towards their
+fallen foe. About seven o'clock they arrived. They took their seats in
+silence, passed the pipe for all to take a whiff, and in return, quaffed
+a glass of champagne, which seemed to have a peculiar relish.
+Pashepahow, shook hands with all present, and commenced:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"We met this morning: I am glad to meet again. That wine is very good; I
+never drank any before; I have thought much of our meeting to-day: it
+was one that told us we were brothers:&mdash;that we were Sacs. We had just
+returned from a buffalo hunt, we thought it was time for our brothers to
+be here, as our father at St. Louis told us this was the moon. We
+started before the rising sun to meet you; we have met, and taken our
+brothers by the hand in friendship. They always mistrusted our counsels,
+and went from the trail of the red men, where there was no hunting
+grounds nor friends; they returned and found the dogs howling around
+their wigwams, and wives looking for their husbands and children. They
+said we counselled like women, but they have found our counsels were
+good. They have been through the country of our great Father. They have
+been to the wigwams of the white men, they received them in kindness,
+and made glad their hearts. We thank them: say to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> them that Keokuk and
+Pashepahow thank them. Our brother has promised to listen to the
+counsels of Keokuk. What he said in council to-day, was like the
+Mississippi fog&mdash;the sun has shone and the day is clear&mdash;let us forget
+it&mdash;he did not mean it. His heart is good, but his ears have been open
+to bad counsels. He has taken our great Father by the hand, whose words
+are good. He listened to them and has closed his ears to the voice that
+comes across the great waters. He now knows that he ought to listen to
+Keokuk. He counselled with us and our young braves, who listened to his
+talk. We told our great Father that all would be peace. He opened his
+dark prison and let him see the sun once more, gave him to his wife and
+children, who were without a lodge. Our great Father made straight his
+path to his home. I once took the great chief of the Osages prisoner. I
+heard the cries of his women and children; I took him out by the rising
+sun, and put him upon the trail to his village; "there" said I, "is the
+trail to your village; go and tell your people, that I, Pashepahow, the
+chief of the Sacs, sent you." We thank our great Father&mdash;our hearts are
+good towards him; I will see him before I lay down in peace: may the
+Great Spirit be in his councils. What our brother said to-day let us
+forget; I am done."</p>
+
+<p>Keokuk, after going through the usual ceremonies, said, "We feel proud
+that you have invited us here this evening, to drink a glass with you;
+the wine which we have drank, we never tasted before; it is the wine
+which the white men make, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> know how to make anything: I will take
+another glass, as I have much to say; we feel proud that we can drink
+such wine: to-day we shook hands with our brothers, who you brought to
+us; we were glad to see them; we have often thought of our brothers;
+many of our nation said they would never return: their wives and
+children often came to our wigwams, which made us feel sad: what
+Pashepahow has said is true; I talked to our young men, who had the
+hearts of men; I told them that the Great Spirit was in our councils,
+they promised to live in peace: those who listened to bad counsels, and
+followed our brothers, have said their ears are closed, they will live
+in peace. I sent their words to our great Father, whose ears were open,
+whose heart was made sad by the conduct of our brothers; he has sent
+them to their wigwams. We thank him: say to him Keokuk thanks him. Our
+brothers have seen the great villages of the white men: they travelled a
+long road and found the Americans like grass; I will tell our young men
+to listen to what they shall tell them. Many years ago I went through
+the villages of our great Father&mdash;he had many&mdash;they were like the great
+prairies; but he has gone; another is our father; he is a great war
+chief; I want to see him; I shall be proud to take him by the hand; I
+have heard much of him, his head is gray, I must see him: tell him that
+as soon as the snow is off the prairie, I shall come. What I have said I
+wish spoken to him, before it is put upon paper, so that he shall hear
+it, as I have said it: tell him that Keokuk spoke it: What our brother
+said<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> in council to-day, let us forget; he told me to speak; I spoke his
+words; I have spoken."</p>
+
+<p>Black Hawk then said, in a calm and dejected manner,</p>
+
+<p>"I feel that I am an old man; once I could speak, but now I have but
+little to say; to-day we met many of our brothers; we were glad to see
+them. I have listened to what my brothers have said, their hearts are
+good; they have been like Sacs, since I left them; they have taken care
+of my wife and children, who had no wigwam; I thank them for it, the
+Great Spirit knows that I thank them; before the sun gets behind the
+hills to-morrow, I shall see them; I want to see them; when I left them,
+I expected soon to return; I told our great father when in Washington,
+that I would listen to the counsels of Keokuk. I shall soon be far away,
+I shall have no village, no band; I shall live alone. What I said in
+council to-day, I wish forgotten. If it has been put upon paper, I wish
+a mark to be drawn over it. I did not mean it. Now we are alone let us
+say, we will forget it. Say to our great father and Governor Cass, that
+I will listen to them. Many years ago I met Governor Cass in councils,
+far across the prairies to the rising sun. His counsels were good. My
+ears were closed; I listened to the great father across the waters. My
+father listened to him whose band was large.&mdash;My band was once large.
+Now I have no band. I and my son and all the party, thank our great
+father for what he has done. He is old, I am old; we shall soon go to
+the great Spir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>it, where we shall rest. He sent us through his great
+villages. We saw many of the white men, who treated us with kindness. We
+thank them. We thank you and Mr. Sprague for coming with us. Your road
+was long and crooked. We never saw so many white men before. When you
+were with us, we felt as though we had some friends among them. We felt
+safe. You knew them all. When you come upon the Mississippi again, you
+shall come to my wigwam. I have none now. On your road home, you will
+pass where my village once was. No one lives there now; all are gone. I
+give you my hand; we may never meet again; I shall long remember you:
+The Great Spirit will be with you, and your wives and children. Before
+the sun rises, I shall go to my family. My son will be here to see you
+before we go. I will shake hands with my brothers here, then I am done."</p>
+
+<p>Early on the following morning, the Indians crossed to the west side of
+the Mississippi, and returned to their villages.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1837, deputations from several Indian tribes, residing
+upon the waters of the upper Mississippi, were invited to Washington
+city, by direction of the President of the United States. Among those
+represented were the united Sac and Fox tribe, and their ancient enemy
+the Sioux, between whom hostilities were then raging. For the purpose of
+effecting a peace between them, and also making a purchase of land of
+the Sioux, several councils were held under the direction of the
+Secretary at War, but without accomplishing the object in either case.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>
+Black Hawk, was connected with the delegation from the Sacs and Foxes,
+but not in the character of a delegate or chief. Keokuk, apprehensive,
+that if left at home, the old man might create some new difficulty, had
+prudently taken him along. He treated him, uniformly, with great
+respect, and invited him to sit with them in the councils.</p>
+
+<p>After leaving Washington the delegation visited the principal eastern
+cities, and Black Hawk again attracted much attention. Public curiosity
+was still alive to see the renowned but fallen chieftain of the famous
+Black Hawk war. In Boston, which place he did not visit on his former
+tour, he was waited upon by a great concourse of citizens, and in common
+with the rest of the delegation, was publicly presented with some
+military weapons by the governor of the state, and made a brief speech
+upon the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Before the return of the deputation to the west, they remained a few
+hours in Cincinnati. Keokuk was sick and received but few visitors.
+"Which is Black Hawk," was the eager inquiry of almost every individual
+who succeeded in threading his way through the crowd, to the cabin of
+the steam boat. The old man manifested no interest in the passing scene.
+He was not inclined to conversation, but sat moody and silent, with an
+expression of countenance strongly indicative of wounded pride and
+disappointed ambition. He seemed to feel deeply the degradation of his
+situation. Shorn of power among his people, compelled to acknowledge the
+authority of his rival, and bending beneath the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> infirmities of age, it
+is not singular that he should shrink from the prying gaze of curiosity,
+and sigh for the deep seclusion of his wild hunting grounds.</p>
+
+<p>In height Black Hawk is about five feet ten inches, with broad
+shoulders, but limbs not very muscular. His nose is sharp and slightly
+aquiline, and his eyes are of a dark hazel color. The most striking
+peculiarity in his personal appearance is the head, which is singularly
+formed, and has been pronounced, by some observers, the envy of
+phrenologists. His countenance is mild and benevolent, having little if
+any of that dark and ferocious expression, not uncommon among the
+Indians; and which, during the late border war, was imagined to be
+eminently characteristic of Black Hawk. In tracing his history, few, if
+any incidents can be found, which bear out the charge of savage cruelty
+that has sometimes been preferred against him. On the contrary, he seems
+to have an amiable disposition. He himself repels, with indignation, the
+charge of his ever having murdered women and children; and, declares the
+accusation made against him, on this point, to be wholly false. The
+character of Black Hawk for honesty in his dealings, and for general
+integrity, stands fair. In his domestic relations he appears to be kind
+and affectionate, and in one particular, is an exception to the chiefs
+and warriors of his tribe. He has never had but <i>one</i> wife. After his
+return from the campaign on the lakes, during the war with England, his
+first act was to visit his family. "I then started," says he, "to visit
+my wife and children. I found them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> well and my boys were growing
+finely. It is not customary for us to say much about our women, as they
+generally perform their part cheerfully, and never interfere with
+business belonging to the men. This is the only wife I ever had, or will
+ever have. She is a good woman and teaches my boys to be brave." It is
+said, however, and upon pretty good authority, that on a certain
+occasion, Black Hawk's vow of exclusive devotion to <i>one</i> wife, had well
+nigh been broken. While visiting a respectable frontier settler, many
+years since, he became pleased with the comely daughter of his host; and
+having seriously contemplated the matter, decided in favor of the
+expediency of adding the pale faced beauty, to the domestic circle of
+his wigwam. He accordingly expressed his wishes to the father of the
+young lady, and proposed to give him a horse, in exchange for his
+daughter, but to his surprise the offer was declined. Some days
+afterwards he returned and tendered two fine horses, but still the
+father refused to make the arrangement. The old chief's love for the
+young lady, growing stronger, in proportion to the difficulty of gaining
+her father's assent, he, subsequently, offered five or six horses for
+her. But even this munificent price was rejected by the mercenary
+father. Black Hawk now gave up the negociation, not a little surprised,
+at the high value which the white men place upon their daughters.</p>
+
+<p>It is questionable whether Black Hawk possesses any marked military
+talents, although during his contest with the United States, it was
+common to represent him as an able warrior, who by the elo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>quence and
+fluency of his harangues, commanded the unlimited confidence of his
+band. He has, most probably, been overrated both for his eloquence and
+his skill in the battle field. He is no doubt a man of courage, and
+seems, from early life, to have had a strong predisposition for war.
+Many of his measures as a leader, have been more influenced by a sense
+of what was right in the abstract, than expedient in practice. This
+circumstance has often placed him in situations, inimical to the
+permanent prosperity of his people.</p>
+
+<p>Black Hawk never made any claims to the office of a peace chief. Even as
+a war chief, he was not recognized by all the tribe to which he
+belonged. A fragment of the Sacs and Foxes, however, followed his banner
+for more than twenty years, and acknowledged him in that capacity: and,
+over them, he certainly exercised, from their confidence in his
+judgment, his warlike talent, or some other cause, no small amount of
+influence. His age and kindness of disposition, probably, strengthened
+their attachment to him. In the campaign of 1832, although terminating
+in the defeat of Black Hawk, and the almost entire annihilation of his
+band, his military reputation did not suffer much, if the circumstances
+under which he was placed, be recollected. During the operations of that
+period, General Atkinson estimated the warriors of Black Hawk at seven
+or eight hundred, but the better opinion is that it did not, at any
+time, exceed five hundred; and several persons, who had favorable
+opportunities for judging, place the estimate still<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> lower. The
+commander of the United States troops, had with him, in the pursuit of
+Black Hawk, twenty seven hundred men, all of them well armed and most of
+them well mounted. This was independent of the militia in the different
+military posts and fortified stations. The entire number of the American
+forces, engaged in the campaign, is supposed to have approached to three
+thousand, five hundred. Black Hawk was encumbered with the wives and
+children, the household property and travelling equipage of his whole
+band; and from the time of his recrossing the Mississippi to the battle
+of the Bad-axe, was constantly in want of provisions. Indeed, in the
+month of July, many of his party actually starved to death. Under such
+circumstances, the wonder is not, that he was finally defeated and
+captured, but that it should have required a campaign of three months in
+which to accomplish that object. The defeat of Stillman and the attack
+upon the fort at Buffalo Grove, may be claimed by Black Hawk and his
+band, to have been as honorable to their arms, as were the victories of
+the Wisconsin and the Bad-axe to those of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>But whatever may be the ultimate opinion in regard to him, either as a
+warrior or a man, his career for good and for evil, is now ended. The
+war-banner has passed from his hand&mdash;his seat in the council-house is
+vacant&mdash;the fire of his lodge is nearly extinguished: the autumn of life
+is upon him&mdash;and, in a little while the autumn leaves will rustle over
+the lone grave of Black Hawk.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquoti"><p>Black Hawk at the capture of Fort Erie&mdash;At the battle of the Thames&mdash;His
+account of the death of Tecumthe&mdash;His residence and mode of life after
+his last visit to the east&mdash;His Fourth of July speech at Fort
+Madison&mdash;His death and burial.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>Since the three first editions of this work were published, the death of
+Black Hawk has occurred; and a few additional particulars of his life
+have been collected. These, it is proposed to embody in a new chapter.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of the preceding pages, the difficulty of procuring full,
+and always exact information, in regard to the lives of a people having
+neither records nor historians, has been alluded to. This difficulty
+will be encountered by any one who may attempt to chronicle the annals
+of the aborigines in their aggregate condition, or to portray their
+individual history. In the compilation of this volume, much pains were
+taken to obtain all the prominent events in the life of Black Hawk, and,
+it is supposed, as much success attended the effort, as is usual in
+similar cases. Since its publication, however, it appears that all his
+military movements have not been narrated, and we proceed to supply the
+omission.</p>
+
+<p>At page 82 of this volume, it is stated that Black Hawk was only in two
+engagements in the late war with Great Britain, and that the last of
+these was the assault upon Fort Stephenson, in August 1813, then under
+the command of Major<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> Groghan. It is true that he and his band were with
+the British army in the attack upon this post, but his connection with
+that army did not cease until after the capture of Fort Erie. The
+authority for this fact is to be found in the "Book of the Indians,"
+page 145. The author of that work, in narrating the incidents of Black
+Hawk's return to the north-west, in 1833, after his imprisonment at
+Fortress Monroe, says: "Having arrived at Buffalo, on Friday the 28th of
+June, they (the party returning with the old warrior) remained there
+until Sunday morning. The day after their arrival, they rode over to
+Black Rock, where they viewed the union of the grand canal with the lake
+at that place. From this point they had a full view of the Canada shore,
+and Black Hawk immediately pointed out Fort Erie, and seemed well
+acquainted with the adjacent country; he having been there in the time
+of the last war with England, in the British service; and at the time
+'when the Americans walked into Fort Erie,' as he expressed the capture
+of it." Of the extent of his participation in the events attendant upon
+this capture, there is no satisfactory information.</p>
+
+<p>Black Hawk was likewise in the battle of the Thames, a fact not
+previously stated in this work, and which is now given on the authority
+of a writer in the Baltimore American, to whose respectability the
+editor of that paper bears testimony. We have, indeed, no reason to
+doubt the accuracy of this statement, which will be read with the more
+interest, from the circumstance that it embraces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> Black Hawk's account
+of the death of Tecumthe in regard to which much has been written and
+published. It is not proposed, on the present occasion, to compare the
+relation given by Black Hawk, of the fall of Tecumthe, with the
+testimony of others who have appeared as historians of this event, but
+shall content ourselves with simply quoting the article to which
+reference has been made. The writer professes to have been intimately
+acquainted with Black Hawk, and in the brief sketch which he has
+presented of the life of this warrior, we find corroborating evidence of
+the truth of many of the traits of character, which, in the course of
+this volume, has been assigned to him both as a man and a warrior. The
+article is in these words:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Messrs. Editors</span>&mdash;Hearing of the death of the celebrated Sauk
+chieftain, <span class="smcap">Black Hawk</span>, I am induced to make you the following
+communication, which may be interesting to some of your readers.</p>
+
+<p>"During a residence of several years in what is now the Territory of
+Iowa, I had many opportunities of seeing and conversing with this noted
+warrior, and often look back with feelings of great pleasure to the many
+tokens of good will and friendship that he has frequently bestowed upon
+me. His lodge was always open to a stranger, and he was ever ready to
+share that with him which he might most want, either his furs and
+blankets for a couch, or his corn and venison for a repast. He always
+spoke in terms of high regard of the whites, saying, that in war he
+fought like a brave man, but in peace he wished to forget that his hand
+had ever<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> been raised against them. His career as a warrior commenced at
+a very early age; when he was but fourteen years old, his father,
+Pawheese, led a war party against the Osages, in which expedition he
+accompanied him. They succeeded in reaching the village of Osages, which
+they attacked, and after a very severe encounter, they routed their
+enemies and burnt their town. In this battle Black Hawk's father was
+killed, but he revenged his death by killing and scalping the Osage who
+had slain him. He was fond of recounting his earlier exploits, and often
+boasted of his being at the right hand of Tecumthe, when the latter was
+killed at the battle of the Thames. His account of the death of this
+distinguished warrior, was related to me by himself, during an evening
+that I spent in his lodge some winters ago. In the course of our talk, I
+asked him if he was with Tecumthe when he was killed. He replied&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'I was, and I will now tell you all about it.&mdash;Tecumthe, Shaubinne, and
+Caldwell, two Potawattimie chiefs, and myself, were seated on a log near
+our camp fire, filling our pipes for a smoke, on the morning of the
+battle, when word came from the British general, that he wished to speak
+with Tecumthe. He went immediately, and after staying some time rejoined
+us, taking his seat without saying a word, when Caldwell, who was one of
+his favorites, observed to him, 'my father, what are we to do? Shall we
+fight the Americans?' 'Yes, my son,' replied Tecumthe, '<i>We shall go
+into their very smoke</i>&mdash;but you are now wanted by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> General. Go, my
+son, I never expect to see you again.' Shortly after this, (continued
+Black Hawk,) the Indian spies came in, and gave word of the near
+approach of the Americans. Tecumthe immediately posted his men in the
+edge of a swamp, which flanked the British line, placing himself at
+their head. I was a little to his right, with a small party of Sauks. It
+was not long before the Americans made their appearance; they did not
+perceive us at first, hid as we were by the undergrowth, but we soon let
+them know where we were by pouring in one or two volleys as they were
+forming into a line to oppose the British. They faultered a little, but
+very soon we perceived a large body of horse (Colonel Johnson's regiment
+of mounted Kentuckians) preparing to charge upon us in the swamp. They
+came bravely on, yet we never stirred until they were so close that we
+could see the flints in their guns, when Tecumthe springing to his feet,
+gave the Shawnee war cry, and discharged his rifle. This was the signal
+for us to commence the fight; but it did not last long; the Americans
+answered the shout, returning our fire, and at the first discharge of
+their guns, I saw Tecumthe stagger forwards over a fallen tree near
+which he was standing, letting his rifle drop at his feet. As soon as
+the Indians discovered he was killed, a sudden fear came over them, and
+thinking that the Great Spirit was displeased, they fought no longer,
+and were quickly put to flight. That night we returned to bury our dead,
+and search for the body of Tecumthe. He was found lying<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> where he had
+first fallen; a bullet had struck him above the hip, and his skull had
+been broken by the butt end of the gun of some soldier, who had found
+him, perhaps, when life was not yet quite gone. With the exception of
+these wounds, his body was untouched; lying near him, however, was a
+large, fine looking Potawattimie, who had been killed, decked off in his
+plumes and war paint, whom the Americans no doubt had taken for
+Tecumthe; for he was scalped, and every particle of skin flayed from his
+body. Tecumthe himself, had no ornaments about his person save a British
+medal. During the night we buried our dead, and brought off the body of
+Tecumthe, although we were within sight of the fires of the American
+camp.'</p>
+
+<p>"This is somewhat different from the account which is commonly given of
+Tecumthe's death, yet I believe it to be true; for after hearing Black
+Hawk relate it, I heard it corroborated by one of the Potawattimie
+chiefs, mentioned by him. I asked him if he had ever fought against the
+whites after the death of Tecumthe. He said not&mdash;that he returned home
+to his village on the Mississippi, at the mouth of Rock River, and there
+he remained until driven away by the whites, in the year 1832. The wish
+to hold possession of this village, was the cause of the war which he
+waged against the whites during that year. He told me that he never
+wished to fight; that he was made to do so; that the whites killed his
+warriors when they went with a white flag to beg a parley, and that
+after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> this was done, he thought they intended to kill him at all
+events, and therefore he would die like a warrior.</p>
+
+<p>"In speaking of his defeat, he said it was what he expected; that he did
+not mind it; but what hurt him more than any thing else, was our
+government degrading him in the eyes of his own people, and setting
+another chief (<span class="smcap">Keokuk</span>) over him. This degradation he appeared
+to feel very sensibly, still he continued to possess all his native
+pride. One instance that came under my observation, I recollect well, in
+which it was strongly displayed. He happened to be in a small town in
+Iowa, on the same day in which a party of dragoons, under Captain &mdash;&mdash;
+arrived: and in paying a visit to a friend with whom he always partook
+of a meal, whenever he stopped at the village, he met with the Captain,
+who had been invited to dine. Black Hawk remained, also expecting the
+usual invitation to stay and eat with them: but when the dinner was
+ready, the host took him aside, and told him the Captain, or rather the
+white man's chief, was to dine with him that day, and he must wait until
+they had finished. The old chief's eye glistened with anger as he
+answered him, raising the fore-finger of one hand to his breast, to
+represent the officer, 'I know the white man is a chief, but <i>I</i>,'
+elevating the finger of the other hand far above his head, 'was a chief,
+and led my warriors to the fight, long before his mother knew him. <i>Your
+meat,&mdash;my dogs should not eat it!</i>' Saying this, he gathered the folds
+of his blanket about him, and stalked off, looking as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> proudly as if he
+still walked over ground that he could call '<i>my own</i>.'</p>
+
+<p>"Black Hawk possessed, to a great degree, one fine trait which it is not
+usual for us to concede to the Indian&mdash;kindness and affection for his
+wife. He never had but one, and with her he lived for upwards of forty
+years; they had several children, three of whom still survive, two sons
+and a daughter. The eldest son is now one of the most promising young
+braves of the nation, and bids fair to be one of its most noble men. The
+daughter is still quite young, and is considered to be the most
+beautiful maiden belonging to her tribe.</p>
+
+<p>"He has now departed on his long journey, to join those of his people
+who have gone before him to their happy hunting grounds, far beyond the
+setting sun. May the Great Spirit grant him a clear sunshine, and a
+smooth path."</p>
+
+<p>For the particulars, given below, of the last days and death of Black
+Hawk, we are indebted to a highly respectable gentleman, W. Henry Starr,
+Esq. of Burlington, Iowa Territory. His communication, under date of
+March 21st, 1839, is given entire, that the interest of the narrative
+may be preserved.</p>
+
+<p>"Your letter of the 2nd of January came to hand in due course of mail,
+in which you make some enquiries concerning the old chief of the Sac and
+Fox tribes&mdash;the venerable <span class="smcap">Black Hawk</span>. I should have replied to
+it sooner, could I have done so satisfactorily either to you or myself.
+I knew much by report of the old chief, and something<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> from personal
+acquaintance; but my knowledge was not so accurate as to be serviceable
+to a faithful biographer. I have, therefore, taken sometime to make the
+necessary enquiries, and satisfy myself of their accuracy.</p>
+
+<p>"After Black Hawk's last return from the eastern states, he passed the
+winter of 1837-8 in the county of Lee, in the south-eastern portion of
+this territory, on a small stream called Devil-creek. The white
+settlements extended for forty miles west of him, and the tribe to which
+he belonged, with the exception of a few old braves, and his family,
+resided on the frontier. From his tribe he was isolated in position and
+feeling. His family consisted of a wife, two sons, Nasheaskuk and
+Samesett, (as they are pronounced here,) a daughter and her husband.
+They passed their time principally in hunting deer, wild turkies, and
+the prairie hen, which are abundant in that quarter of the territory.
+For hunting, Black Hawk is said to have displayed no fondness; but chose
+to spend his time in improving his place of residence, and exercising
+his ingenuity with mechanic tools. In the spring of 1838, they removed
+to the frontier, and settled upon the Des Moines river, about eighty or
+ninety miles from its mouth, near to a trading post, and in the
+immediate vicinity of the villages of the other chiefs of the tribe.
+Here he had a very comfortable bark cabin, which he furnished in
+imitation of the whites, with chairs, a table, a mirror, and mattrasses.
+His dress was that of the other chiefs, with the exception of a
+broad-brimmed black hat, which he usually wore.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> In the summer he
+cultivated a few acres of land in corn, melons, and various kinds of
+vegetables. He was frequently visited by the whites, and I have often
+heard his hospitality highly commended.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 4th of July last, he was present at Fort Madison, in Lee county,
+by special invitation, and was the most conspicuous guest of the
+citizens assembled in commemoration of that day. Among the toasts called
+forth by the occasion was the following:</p>
+
+<p>"'<i>Our illustrious guest, Black Hawk</i>.&mdash;May his declining years be as
+calm and serene as his previous life has been boisterous and full of
+warlike incidents. His attachment and present friendship to his white
+brethren, fully entitle him to a seat at our festive board.'</p>
+
+<p>"So soon as this sentiment was drank, Black Hawk arose and delivered the
+following speech, which was taken down at the time by two interpreters,
+and by them furnished for publication.</p>
+
+<p>"'It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to-day&mdash;I have eaten
+with my white friends. The earth is our mother&mdash;we are now on it&mdash;with
+the Great Spirit above us&mdash;It is good. I hope we are all friends here. A
+few winters ago I was fighting against you&mdash;I did wrong, perhaps; but
+that is past&mdash;it is buried&mdash;let it be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>"'Rock river was a beautiful country&mdash;I liked my towns, my cornfields,
+and the home of my people. I fought for it. It is now yours&mdash;keep it as
+we did&mdash;it will produce you good crops.</p>
+
+<p>"'I thank the Great Spirit that I am now friend<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>ly with my white
+brethren&mdash;we are here together&mdash;we have eaten together&mdash;we are
+friends&mdash;it is his wish and mine. I thank you for your friendship.</p>
+
+<p>"'I was once a great warrior&mdash;I am now poor. Keokuk has been the cause
+of my present situation&mdash;but do not attach blame to him. I am now old. I
+have looked upon the Mississippi since I have been a child. I love the
+Great River. I have dwelt upon its banks from the time I was an infant.
+I look upon it now. I shake hands with you, and as it is my wish, I hope
+you are my friends.'</p>
+
+<p>"In the course of the day he was prevailed upon to drink several times,
+and became somewhat intoxicated, an uncommon circumstance, as he was
+generally temperate.</p>
+
+<p>"In the autumn of 1838, he was at the house of an Indian trader, in the
+vicinity of Burlington, when I became acquainted and frequently
+conversed with him, in broken English, and through the medium of
+gestures and pantomime. A deep seated melancholy was apparent in his
+countenance and conversation. He endeavored to make me comprehend, on
+one occasion, his former greatness; and represented that he was once
+master of the country, east, north, and south of us&mdash;that he had been a
+very successful warrior,&mdash;called himself, smiting his breast, 'big
+Captain Black Hawk,' 'nesso Kaskaskias,' (killed the Kaskaskias,) 'nesso
+Sioux a heap,' (killed a great number of Sioux.) He then adverted to the
+ingratitude of his tribe, in permitting Keokuk to supersede him, who, he
+averred, excelled him in nothing but drinking whiskey.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Toward Keokuk he felt the most unrelenting hatred. Keokuk was, however,
+beyond his influence, being recognized as chief of the tribe, by the
+government of the United States. He unquestionably possesses talents of
+the first order, excels as an orator, but his authority will probably be
+short-lived on account of his dissipation, and his profligacy in
+spending the money paid him for the benefit of his tribe; and which he
+squanders upon himself and a few favorites, through whose influence he
+seeks to maintain his authority.</p>
+
+<p>"You enquire if Black Hawk was at the battle of the Thames? On one
+occasion I mentioned Tecumthe to him, and he expressed the greatest joy
+that I had heard of him: and pointing away to the east, and making a
+feint, as if aiming a gun, said, 'Chemokaman (white man) nesso,' (kill.)
+From which I had no doubt of his being personally acquainted with
+Tecumthe; and I have been since informed, on good authority, that he was
+in the battle of the Thames and in several other engagements with that
+distinguished chief.</p>
+
+<p>"Soon after this interview with Black Hawk, he set out for the frontier,
+where a payment was soon to be made to the tribe, of a portion of their
+annuity.</p>
+
+<p>"The weather was both hot and wet, and it is supposed, that, on this
+journey, he imbibed the seeds of the disease which soon after terminated
+his existence. This journey was in September. Early in October, the
+commissioner for adjusting claims with the Sac and Fox tribes, was to
+meet them at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> Rock Island, and most of the Indians were there on the
+first of that month. Black Hawk was taken sick and was unable to
+accompany them. A violent bilious fever had seized upon him, and on the
+3d of October, after an illness of seven days, he died. His only medical
+attendant was one of the tribe, who knew something of vegetable
+antidotes, and was called doctor. His wife, who was devotedly attached
+to him, mourned deeply during his illness. She seemed to have had a
+presentiment of his approaching death, and said, some days before it
+occurred, 'he is getting old&mdash;he must die&mdash;Monotah calls him home.'</p>
+
+<p>"After his death, he was dressed in the uniform presented to him at
+Washington, by the President or Secretary at War, and placed upon a rude
+bier, consisting of two poles with bark laid across, on which he was
+carried by four of his braves to the place of interment, followed by his
+family and about fifty of the tribe, (the chiefs being all absent.) They
+seemed deeply affected, and mourned in their usual way, shaking hands,
+and muttering in guttural tones, prayers to Monotah (their deity) for
+his safe passage to the land prepared for the reception of all Indians.
+The grave was six feet deep and of the usual length, situated upon a
+little eminence about fifty yards from his wigwam. The body was placed
+in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat,
+constructed for the purpose. On his left side the cane given him, as I
+am informed, by Mr. Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand
+resting upon it. Many of the old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> warrior's trophies were placed in the
+grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons. The
+grave was then covered with plank, and a mound of earth, several feet in
+height, was thrown up over it, and the whole enclosed with pickets
+twelve feet in height. At the head of the grave a flag staff was placed,
+bearing our national banner; and at the foot there stands a post, on
+which is inscribed, in Indian characters, his age.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not know the exact age of Black Hawk, but understood from him,
+that he was seventy-two. His virtues commanded the respect of all the
+whites who knew him. He possessed much magnanimity of soul, and under
+all the mortifications to which he has been subjected, and the insults
+that have been heaped upon him by his tribe, and especially by the
+haughty Keokuk, he maintained, until the last years of his life, a
+uniform cheerfulness and resignation of mind, which bespoke a conscious
+superiority."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>With this sketch of the last days of Black Hawk, our narrative of his
+life is closed. After an eventful and restless career of "three score
+and ten years," this celebrated Sac has been "gathered to his fathers."
+His name cannot be forgotten, for his deeds are a part of the history of
+this country. If not distinguished for a high order of talent, or
+renowned for great warlike achievements, he has not often been surpassed
+in the history of his race, for those less dazzling virtues, humanity,
+courage, and love of country. "He was an Indian who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> had a sense of
+honor, as well as policy; a man in whom those who know him
+confided."<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> In the last speech which he made in the last year of his
+life, in alluding to his difficulties with the whites, he says, "Rock
+river was a beautiful country&mdash;I liked my towns, my cornfields, and the
+home of my people;&mdash;I fought for it,"&mdash;a declaration as creditable to
+the heart of the speaker, as it is important to a just estimate of his
+conduct, in resisting the removal of his tribe from their native land.
+The love of country is not confined to civilized life, but swells the
+heart and nerves the arm of the untutored man of the woods. "<span class="smcap">I liked
+my towns, my cornfields, and the home of my people;&mdash;I fought for
+it</span>," should be inscribed over the humble grave of Black Hawk.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>.&mdash;Since writing that portion of the foregoing narrative
+which treats of the causes of the late war with the Sacs and Foxes, the
+following article, from the able pen of judge Hall, has met our
+observation. It was published in the Western Monthly Magazine in 1833,
+one year after the termination of that conflict. The writer was then a
+resident of Illinois, and intimately acquainted with the relations
+existing between the whites and Indians. His remarks are valuable. They
+embrace a graphic description of the region inhabited by the Sacs and
+Foxes, and fully sustain the position which we have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> taken in this
+volume, that the "Black Hawk war" was the result of unprovoked
+agressions made by the American people upon the Indians.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have just returned from a delightful voyage. I have explored a
+portion of the exquisitely beautiful shores of the upper
+Mississippi; and am ready to confess that until now, I had little
+idea of the extent, the grandeur, or the resources of the west. The
+world cannot produce such another country as this great valley of
+ours. Yet to understand its value, one must ascend the Mississippi
+and the Illinois, and see the noble prairies of the two states
+which are destined to eclipse all others. I cannot convey to you in
+adequate language, my admiration of this attractive region. The
+traveller who visits the western country, and fancies he has
+acquired <i>any</i> knowledge of it&mdash;I say <i>any</i>, by simply tracing the
+meanders of the Ohio, or spending weeks, or years, if you please,
+at Cincinnati or Louisville, is very much mistaken. There is much
+to admire in western Pennsylvania and Virginia; Kentucky and Ohio
+are full of attraction; but the man who is really an admirer of
+nature, and would witness the most splendid exhibitions of the
+creative power, must go to Illinois and Missouri.</p>
+
+<p>"I visited this region for the first time four years ago, while the
+Sacs and Foxes were at peace with the whites, and before Black Hawk
+had got to be a great man. They were friendly and well-disposed,
+and the white people residing near them, would almost as soon have
+distrusted or disturbed each other, as those peaceful red men. I
+took great interest in noticing their dwellings, and remarking
+their deportment, as it was the first occasion I had ever enjoyed
+of seeing the savage in his own wild home. I had embarked on board
+a steamboat at St. Louis, intending to take a pleasant excursion
+to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> the falls of St. Anthony. The weather was very delightful, only
+a little too warm; and the river was unfortunately so low, that on
+arriving at the <i>Des Moines</i> rapids, we found it difficult to
+ascend them, and above that point, our progress was continually
+impeded by the difficulty of the navigation. This circumstance,
+though vexatious to such of the passengers as had business ahead,
+or families at home, was not disagreeable to one who, like myself,
+travelled only for amusement, as it afforded opportunities of
+exploring the romantic shores. We spent a day at the Lower Rapids,
+and I have seldom seen a more attractive country. The land is high
+on both sides, and rises gradually in beautiful swells. I saw
+hundreds of acres covered with the native buckeye, the most
+beautiful tree of the forest&mdash;if, indeed, any can be entitled to
+that distinction among so great a variety of noble and majestic
+trees. Beneath, was a rich undergrowth of wild gooseberry bushes.
+Add to these the beautiful creeper, and the wild honeysuckle, which
+were occasionally seen, and it is impossible to imagine a
+vegetation more splendidly luxuriant and ornamental. The whole
+country is based on rock, and the springs which burst out from the
+hill sides are clear as crystal and delightfully cold. The shores
+of the river are plentifully strewed with crystalizations and
+petrifactions. We picked up some fine specimens of cornelian, and
+saw a vast number of geodes of every size, from one inch in
+diameter to fifteen.</p>
+
+<p>"It was Sunday. Have you ever experienced the singular and pleasing
+associations connected with a sabbath passed in the wilderness? I
+have often enjoyed these feelings, but never felt them with such
+force as on this day. It was calm and sultry. The brilliant
+sunbeams were brightly reflected from the broad bosom of the
+Mississippi,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> and the deep green outline of the forest was
+splendidly illumined, while the deep shadows underneath the foliage
+afforded an attractive appearance of coolness and seclusion. The
+passengers and crew were scattered about singly or in small
+parties, so that when I wandered but a small distance from the
+vessel, and seated myself on a hill which commanded a view of the
+river and its banks, I found myself perfectly alone. Not a living
+object was visible, not a sound was heard, not a leaf or a limb
+stirred. How different from the streets of a city upon a sabbath
+morn, when crowds of well-dressed persons are seen moving in every
+direction; when the cheerful bells are sounding, and the beautiful
+smiling children are hurrying in troops to Sunday school! Here I
+was in solitude. I saw not the laborer resting from toil, nor the
+smile of infancy, nor the christian bowing before his God; but
+Nature proclaimed a sabbath by the silence that reigned abroad, and
+the splendor with which she had adorned her works.</p>
+
+<p>"It is natural that these recollections of my first visit to the
+frontier should mingle with the observations made in my recent tour
+through the same scenes; I shall therefore not attempt to separate
+the remarks made on either occasion, but give some of the results
+of both voyages.</p>
+
+<p>"I can scarcely describe the sensations with which I first saw the
+solitary lodge of an Indian hunter, on the shore of the
+Mississippi. In my childhood I had read with thrilling interest,
+the tales of border warfare; but I had not learned to hate an
+Indian with mortal hatred. I verily believe they have souls. People
+may think differently in certain places, which shall be nameless,
+but I cannot be persuaded to the contrary. You cannot imagine any
+thing more frail than an Indian wigwam&mdash;a mere shelter of poles and
+mats, so small, so apparently<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> inadequate to any purpose of
+security or comfort, that it is hardly possible to believe it to be
+intended for the residence of human beings. In such habitations
+reside the Indian warrior, whose name is a terror to his enemies;
+and the dark maiden, whose story supplies the poet with rich
+materials, with which to embellish the page of fiction. In such
+wretched hovels reside the aboriginal lords of the soil.</p>
+
+<p>"I <i>have</i> seen in this region, evidences of persecution perpetrated
+by our people upon this unhappy race, such as the American people
+would scarcely believe; and I am satisfied that if the events of
+the late war could be traced to their true source, every real
+philanthropist in the nation would blush for his country.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>"I could relate many anecdotes, to show the friendly feelings
+entertained towards our government and people by the Sacs&mdash;feelings
+which, whether of fear or of kindness, have rendered them wholly
+submissive, and which nothing but the most unprovoked aggression on
+our side, could have kindled into hostility. I will only, at this
+time, repeat one, which occurred during my first voyage, reserving
+others for a future letter.</p>
+
+<p>"One day, when the boat stopped to take in wood, some of us
+strolled up to the house of a Mr. D., a respectable farmer from
+Pennsylvania. He had been living here several years, at a spot
+distant from any settlements, and without a single neighbor. Upon
+our inquiring whether he felt no alarm in residing thus alone in
+the vicinity of the Indians, he replied that his family had
+formerly experienced much uneasiness, but that they had long since
+become satisfied that there was no ground for apprehension. He was
+convinced that the Sacs, their nearest neighbors, so far from being
+disposed to in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>jure the whites, were cautious and timid of giving
+offence. In support of this opinion, he related the following
+anecdote.</p>
+
+<p>"His house stands on a high bank of the Mississippi, and the family
+were one day much alarmed by discovering a large number of Indians
+passing up the river in canoes. They passed along in a most
+disorderly manner, some paddling their little vessels, and others
+strolling along the shore, but the majority evidently intoxicated.
+It was the latter circumstance which caused alarm. The Indians had
+been to St. Louis to receive their annuities, and had procured a
+sufficient supply of whisky to render them unsafe visitors. They
+continued, however, straggling along in larger or smaller parties
+all day, without stopping. At night, one of them, a young warrior
+of prepossessing appearance, came to the house, and in the most
+respectful manner, asked permission to sleep upon the floor of the
+cabin. Mr. D., although by no means pleased with his guest, knew
+not how to refuse. The Indian warrior was invited to supper. A
+plentiful meal, such as composed the ordinary repast of the family,
+was placed before him, and having satisfied his hunger, he wrapped
+himself in his blanket, threw himself on the floor before the fire,
+and went to sleep. In the course of the night, Mr. D. happening to
+go out, discovered some Indians lying in the bushes not far from
+the house; without disturbing them, he proceeded in a different
+direction, where he found another party; they were strewed, in
+short, entirely around his dwelling. The fact of being thus
+surrounded, the concealment, and the silence of the Indians, all
+conspired to awaken suspicion, and he passed the night in no small
+degree of uneasiness. He rose early in the morning; his Indian
+guest also started up, gathered his blanket around him, and took
+leave; first, however, ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>plaining to Mr. D. that he belonged to a
+party of Sacs who were returning from St. Louis, and that many of
+them being intoxicated, it had been thought proper to station a
+guard round Mr. D.'s house, to protect him and his property from
+injury. He added, that if any depredation should be discovered to
+have been committed by the Indians, the chiefs would pay Mr. D. the
+full amount. Such an example of the care taken by the chiefs of
+this tribe to avoid giving umbrage to the whites, affords the
+highest testimony, either of their friendship for our people, or
+their respect for our power.</p>
+
+<p>"The Sac and Fox tribe inhabited, at that time, a beautiful tract
+of country in Illinois, upon the borders of Rock river. These two
+tribes are usually mentioned in conjunction; because the Foxes,
+many years ago, having been nearly exterminated in a war with some
+of their neighbors, the remnant of the nation, too feeble to exist
+as a separate tribe, sought refuge in the Sac villages, and have
+remained ever since incorporated with the latter people. They are a
+fine looking race of people, and are well disposed towards the
+whites. They have long been divided, however, into two parties, one
+of which is friendly towards our government, while the other,
+called the <i>British band</i>, is under the influence of the British
+traders. It has always been the policy of the latter, to keep the
+Indians upon the western frontier in a state of disaffection
+towards the American people, and by these means, to secure to
+themselves an undue proportion of the fur trade. So long as it
+should remain difficult upon our part to gain access to the tribes,
+and our intercourse with them be liable to interruption, jealousy,
+and distrust, so long would the British trader possess an advantage
+over us in relation to this traffic. The British fur companies,
+whose agents are numerous, intelligent, and enterprising, have
+always acted upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> this policy, and the English officers in Canada,
+both civil and military, have given it their sanction. Almost all
+the atrocities which have been committed on our frontiers by the
+Indians, within the last fifty years, have been directly or
+indirectly incited by the incendiary agents of that mercenary
+government. The <i>British band</i> of the Sacs and Foxes have been in
+the habit of visiting Malden annually, and receiving valuable
+presents&mdash;presents, which being made to a disaffected portion of a
+tribe residing not only within the United States, but within the
+limits of a state, could be viewed in no other light than as
+bribes,&mdash;the wages of disaffection. Black Hawk, though not a chief,
+is one of the most influential individuals of the <i>British band</i>."</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>In a late number of the American Museum, we find the following article.
+It bears intrinsic evidence of coming from the same pen, and presents in
+a striking point of view the rapid extension of our settlements, and the
+consequent recession of the Indians.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Most of our readers have become familiarly acquainted with the
+name of the redoubted Black Hawk, whose adventures are detailed in
+this volume and whose fame has been spread from Maine to Florida.
+There was a time when he shared the eager attention of the public
+with Fanny Kemble and the cholera, and was one of the lions of the
+day; and as regularly talked about as the weather, the last new
+novel, or the candidates for the presidency. The war in Illinois,
+though of brief duration, and not marked by any stirring events,
+came suddenly upon us after a long series of peaceful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> years upon
+the northwestern border. The savages, weary of fruitless conflicts,
+or quelled by the superior numbers of a gigantic and growing foe,
+seemed to have submitted to their fate, and the pioneer had ceased
+to number the war-whoop among the inquietudes of the border life.
+The plains of Illinois and Missouri were rapidly becoming peopled
+by civilized men. A race less hardy than the backwoodsmen were
+tempted by the calm to migrate to those delightful solitudes, that
+bloomed with more than Arcadian fascinations of fruitfulness and
+beauty. The smoke of the settler's cabin began to ascend from the
+margin of every stream in that wide region, and the cattle strayed
+through rich pastures, of which the buffalo, the elk, and the deer,
+had long enjoyed a monopoly&mdash;an unchartered monopoly&mdash;wondering, no
+doubt, at their good luck in having their lives cast in such
+pleasant places.</p>
+
+<p>It was the writer's lot to ramble over that beautiful country while
+these interesting scenes were presented; while the wilderness still
+glowed in its pristine luxuriance: while the prairie-grass and the
+wild flowers still covered the plain, and the deer continued to
+frequent his ancient haunts, and while the habitations of the new
+settlers were so widely and so thinly scattered, that the nearest
+neighbors could scarcely have exchanged the courtesy of an annual
+visit without the aid of the seven-leagued boots of ancient story.
+But though in solitude, they lived without fear. There were none to
+molest nor make them afraid. If they had few friends, they had no
+enemies. If the Indian halted at the settler's door, it was to
+solicit hospitality, not to offer violence. But more frequently he
+stalked silently by, timid of giving offence to the white man, whom
+he doubtless regarded as an intruder upon his own ancient heritage,
+but whose possession he had been taught to respect, because he had
+ever found it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> guarded by a strong and swift arm, that had never
+failed to repay aggression with ten-fold vengeance. Suddenly,
+however, a change came over this cheering scene. The misconduct of
+a few white men disturbed the harmony of a wide region. The Indians
+were oppressed and insulted to the last point of forbearance, and a
+small but restless band, regarded as insubordinate and troublesome
+even by their own nation, seized upon the occasion to rush to war.</p>
+
+<p>It is wonderful to look back upon this eventful history. The
+country over which Black Hawk, with a handful of followers, badly
+armed, and destitute of stores or munitions of war, roamed for
+hundreds of miles, driving off the scattered inhabitants, is now
+covered with flourishing settlements, with substantial houses, and
+large farms&mdash;not with the cabins and clearings of bordermen&mdash;but
+with the comfortable dwellings and the well-tilled fields of
+independent farmers. Organized counties and all the subordination
+of social life are there; and there are the noisy school-house, the
+decent church, the mill, the country store, the fat ox, and the
+sleek plough-horse. The yankee is there with his notions and his
+patent-rights, and the travelling agent with his subscription book;
+there are merchandise from India and from England, and, in short,
+all the luxuries of life, from Bulwer's last novel down to
+Brandreth's pills. And all this has been done in six years&mdash;in less
+than half the time of Jacob's courtship. In 1832 the Saukie
+warriors ranged over that fertile region, which is now (1838)
+covered with an industrious population; while the Territories of
+Wisconsin and Iowa, and vast settlements in Missouri, have since
+grown up, beyond the region which was then the frontier and the
+seat of war.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+<h3>SKETCHES OF THE SIOUX.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The Sioux or Dacotas, are a numerous, powerful and warlike nation of
+Indians, who have been appropriately called the Arabs of the west.
+Between them and the Sacs and Foxes, there has existed, from the
+settlement of the two latter tribes on the waters of the Mississippi, a
+hostility of feeling that has kept them embroiled in a constant warfare.
+The efforts of government to break down their prejudices and make peace
+between them, have failed in accomplishing that benevolent end. It is
+not, however, against the Sacs and Foxes alone, that their arms are
+turned. From time immemorial they have been at war with the Chippeways,
+and are also constantly making hostile incursions upon other neighboring
+tribes. They usually fight on horseback, and being very superior
+horsemen, they are generally more than a match for their antagonists. In
+Schoolcraft's Narrative, we find the following account of their numbers,
+habits and peculiarities of character.</p>
+
+<p>"The numerical strength of the Sioux nation was stated by the late
+General Pike at 21,675, three thousand eight hundred of whom are
+warriors. This is the most powerful Indian tribe in North America. It
+consists of seven bands, namely the Minokantongs, the Yengetongs, the
+Sissitongs, the Wahpetongs, the Titongs, the Mendewacantongs and the
+Washpecontongs. These are independent bands under their own chiefs, but
+united in a confederacy for the protection of their territories; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>
+send deputies to a general council of the chiefs and warriors, whenever
+the concerns of their nation require it. If one of the tribes is
+attacked, the others are expected to assist in the repulsion of the
+enemy. They inhabit all the country, between the Mississippi and
+Missouri rivers, from north latitude about 46&deg; to the junction of these
+rivers near St. Louis, with trifling exceptions in favor of some
+scattered bands of Foxes, Sacs and Kickapoos. Their country also extends
+south of the Missouri, where the principal part of the Titongs reside,
+and east of the Mississippi to the territories of the Chippeways&mdash;the
+Winnebagoes and the Menominies. The greatest chief of the nation at
+present (1820) is Talangamane, or the Red Wing.</p>
+
+<p>"The Minocantongs, or people of the waters, are located at St. Peters,
+and along the banks of the Mississippi towards Prairie du Chien. They
+reside in four principal villages.</p>
+
+<p>"The Yengetongs and the Sessitongs inhabit the upper parts of the river
+St. Peters, and are sometimes called the Sioux of the plains. Their
+traffic is principally in Buffalo robes. The Wahpetongs, or people of
+the leaves are the most erratic in their dispositions of all the Sioux;
+they inhabit the St. Peters between the Prairie de Francois and the
+White Rock, during a part of the year, and generally go out to hunt
+above the falls of St. Anthony towards the sources of the river De
+Corbeau, and upon the plains which give origin to the Crow, Sac and Elk
+rivers.</p>
+
+<p>"The Titongs inhabit both banks of the Missouri, and rove in quest of
+game over an immense extent of country. They are said to be related to
+the Mahas, and some other bands south of the Missouri.</p>
+
+<p>"The Mendewacantongs, or people of the Medicine Lake, the
+Washpecontongs, or people of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> Leaves, who have run away, and some
+other scattered bands, whose names are unknown, inhabit the country
+generally, from St. Peters south to the mouth of the Missouri, and are
+chiefly located upon the sources of the rivers Ocano, Iowa, and
+Desmoines.</p>
+
+<p>"The Sioux are generally represented as a brave, generous and spirited
+people, with proud notions of their origin as a tribe, and their
+superiority as hunters and warriors, and with a predominant passion for
+war. They speak the Narcotah language, which is peculiar to themselves,
+and appears to have little affinity with any other Indian tongue. It is
+not so soft and sonorous as the Algonquin which abounds in labials, but
+more so than the Winnebago, which is the most harsh and guttural
+language in America. The Narcotah sounds to an English ear, like the
+Chinese, and both in this, and in other respects, the Sioux are thought
+to present many points of coincidence. It is certain that their manners
+and customs differ essentially from those of any other tribe, and their
+physiognomy, as well as their language, and opinions, mark them a
+distinct race of people. Their sacrifices and their supplications to the
+unknown God&mdash;their feasts after any signal deliverance from
+danger&mdash;their meat, and their burnt offerings&mdash;the preparation of
+incense, and certain customs of their females, offer too striking a
+coincidence, with the manners of the Asiatic tribes, before the
+commencement of the Christian era, to escape observation, while their
+paintings and hieroglyphics bear so much analogy to those of the Asteeks
+of Mexico, as to render it probable that the latter are of Naudowessian
+origin."</p>
+
+<p>"From my knowledge of the Sioux nation," observes Lieutenant Pike, "I do
+not hesitate to pronounce them the most warlike and independent nation
+of Indians, within the boundaries of the United<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> States, their every
+passion being subservient to that of war. Their guttural pronunciation,
+high cheek bones, their visages, and distinct manners, together with
+their own traditions, supported by the testimony of neighboring nations,
+put it in my mind beyond a shadow of doubt, that they have emigrated
+from the north west point of America, to which they had come across the
+narrow streights, which in that quarter divide the two continents; and
+are absolutely descendants of a Tartarean tribe."</p>
+
+<p>The following anecdote of a Sioux chief, and of a council held by
+Governor Cass, some years since, for the purpose of making peace between
+the Sioux and Chippeways, is drawn from a letter from that officer, to
+the war department.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Some years since, mutually weary of hostilities, the chiefs of both
+nations met, and agreed upon a truce. But the Sioux disregarding the
+solemn compact they had formed, and actuated by some sudden impulse
+attacked and murdered a number of Chippeways. The old Chippeway chief
+was present at the time, and his life was saved by the intrepidity and
+self-devotion of a Sioux chief. This man intreated, remonstrated,
+threatened. He adjured his countrymen, by every motive, to abstain from
+any violation of their faith: and finding his remonstrances useless, he
+attached himself to the Chippeway chief, and avowed his determination to
+save him or perish. Awed by such intrepidity, the Sioux finally agreed
+that he should ransom the Chippewa. This he did at the expense of all
+the property he possessed. The Sioux chief now accompanied him on his
+journey, until he considered him safe from any of the parties of the
+Sioux, who might be disposed to pursue him.</p>
+
+<p>"Believing it equally inconsistent with humanity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> and sound policy, that
+these border contests should be suffered to continue; and feeling that
+the Indians have a full portion of moral and physical evils, without
+adding to them the calamities of a war, which had no definite object,
+Governor Cass being at Sandy lake, offered his mediation to the
+Chippeway chiefs, to which they readily acceded. In consequence, a
+deputation of ten of their men descended the Mississippi with him.</p>
+
+<p>"The Chippeways landed occasionally, to examine whether any of the Sioux
+had recently visited that quarter. In one of these excursions, there was
+found, suspended to a tree, in an exposed situation, a piece of
+birch-bark, made flat, by being fastened between two sticks, about
+eighteen inches long by fifteen broad. This bark contained the answer of
+the Sioux nation, to overtures which the Chippeways had made, on
+Governor Cass' offer of mediation:&mdash;which overtures had been found and
+taken off by a party of the Sioux. So revengeful and sanguinary had the
+contest been between these tribes, that no personal communication could
+take place. Neither the sanctity of the office, nor the importance of
+the message, could protect the ambassador of either party from the
+vengeance of the other.</p>
+
+<p>"The preliminaries to a peace being thus settled, the Sioux and
+Chippeways met in joint council&mdash;smoked the pipe of peace together, and
+then in their own figurative language, 'buried the tomahawk so deep,
+that it could never be dug up again.'"</p>
+
+<p>Another anecdote is related by Mr. Schoolcraft which we quote as
+illustrative of the character, in some degree, of this singular and
+warlike race."</p>
+
+<p>"Le Petit Corbeau, a chief of a small band of Sioux, located upon the
+banks of the Mississippi, towards the confines of the Chippeway
+territory,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> going out one morning to examine his beaver trap, found a
+Sauteur in the act of stealing it. He had approached without exciting
+alarm, and while the Sauteur was engaged in taking the trap from the
+water, he stood maturely surveying him with a loaded rifle in his hands.
+As the two nations were at war, and the offence was in itself one of the
+most heinous nature, he would have been justified in killing him on the
+spot, and the thief looked for nothing else, on finding himself
+detected. But the Sioux chief walking up to him discovered a nobleness
+of disposition which would have done honor to the most enlightened of
+men. 'Take no alarm,' said he, 'at my approach; I only come to present
+to you the trap of which I see you stand in need. You are entirely
+welcome to it. Take my gun also, as I perceive you have none of your
+own, and depart with it to the land of your countrymen, but linger not
+here, lest some of my young men, who are panting for the blood of their
+enemies, should discover your footsteps in our country, and fall upon
+you.' So saying he delivered him his gun and accoutrements, and returned
+unarmed to the village of which he is so deservedly the chief."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>COLONIZATION OF THE INDIANS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The plan, now in progress of execution, for the removal of all the
+Indians, within the limits of the United States, to a region of country
+west of Missouri and Arkansas, will of course, when carried out, greatly
+modify our relations with them. New laws must be enacted by Congress,
+and new treaties formed between the Indians and the United States.</p>
+
+<p>From the organization of the federal government to the present time, our
+relations with the Indians have been the subject of frequent
+legislation, and the statute book bears many evidences of benevolent
+action towards this ill-fated race. If the laws enacted by Congress for
+the protection and civilization of the aborigines of this country, had
+been regularly and rigidly enforced, and a more impartial interpretation
+of the treaties made with them, had been observed, their condition would
+have been far better than it now is&mdash;they would have passed from the
+hunter to the pastoral state, and have grown in numbers, virtue and
+intelligence. But these laws and these treaties, have been year after
+year violated by our own people, and the result has been a constant
+deterioration of the Indians. This is especially true of those laws
+intended to prevent our citizens from hunting on the Indian lands,
+residing in their country, and trading with them without a license from
+the United States. These have generally been a dead letter upon the
+national statute book, and the encroachments of the lawless
+frontiers-men, the trader, the land speculator, and the vender of
+spirituous liquors, have impoverished degraded, and vitiated, more or
+less, every tribe within the limits of the United States. It is to this
+intercourse, with these classes of persons, that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> bad faith, the
+savage barbarities, and border-wars, of which so much complaint is made
+against the Indians, are to be mainly attributed. The rapacity of our
+people, for their peltries and their land, the feeble execution of laws
+made for their protection, and the loose morality which has governed our
+general intercourse with them, have wasted their numbers, debased their
+character, and tarnished the honor of that nation, which, from the very
+organization of its government, has claimed to be their benevolent
+protector.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of removing the Indians beyond the limits of the United States
+is not new. If not original with Mr. Jefferson, it was commended by him,
+and has been approved, we believe, by each successive administration
+since his day. It looked of course to a peaceable not a forcible removal
+of them. Whether the details of the original plan corresponded with
+those of the law, under which this removal is going on, we do not know.</p>
+
+<p>The substance of the present plan may be gathered from the following
+provisions:</p>
+
+<p>1st. To secure the lands on which they are placed to the several tribes
+by patent, with only such restrictions as are necessary to prevent white
+men from purchasing them, or encroaching upon them.</p>
+
+<p>2d. To establish a territorial government, all the offices of which,
+(except those of the governor and secretary,) are to be filled with
+Indians, wherever competent natives can be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>3d. To provide for a general council of delegates, chosen by and from
+the tribes, with legislative powers; their enactments not to be valid
+till they have been approved by the President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>4th. To have a delegate, always a native, remain at Washington, during
+the sessions of Congress, to attend to the affairs of the territory,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
+who shall be allowed the pay and emoluments of a member of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>5th. To encourage, by liberal annual payments of money provided for in
+treaties, the establishment of schools and colleges; in which competent
+native teachers are always to be preferred when they can be had.</p>
+
+<p>The power and influence of the United States are to be directed in
+protecting them from the whites; in preserving peace among the different
+tribes, and in stimulating them, by rewards and emoluments, in acquiring
+the habits of civilized life. The efforts of the benevolent to carry
+christianity among them, if made in conformity with the regulations of
+the territory, are to be cherished. These are the leading features of
+the new system of Indian regulations, established by government for the
+civilization of the Indians. The territory set apart for this object,
+lies west of the states of Arkansas and Missouri, running north from the
+Red river about six hundred miles, and west from the western boundaries
+of these states about two hundred miles. The number of Indians within
+the territory of the United States is estimated to approach to near half
+a million of souls.</p>
+
+<p>It must be obvious to every one familiar with the Indian character, and
+with the history of our past relations with this people, that the
+success of this plan, will depend, in a very great degree, upon the
+manner in which its details shall be executed by the government. A
+failure will inevitably ensue, if white men are permitted to come in
+contact with the Indians. The strong arm of the military power of the
+United States, will be requisite to stay the encroachments of our
+people, whose love of adventure and whose thirst for gain, will carry
+them among the Indians, unless arrested by more cogent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> considerations
+than a sense of duty, or the prohibitions of the statute book.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of attempting to supply them with goods by licensing traders to
+reside among them, they should be encouraged to sell their furs and
+peltries and to make their purchases in the United States. On the former
+system they are liable to constant imposition, and the very articles
+which the traders carry among them, are worthless in kind and poor in
+quality; but if the Indians traded with us, within the limits of the
+United States, they would have the competition arising from a number of
+buyers and sellers, they would obtain better prices for their furs and
+procure more valuable articles, upon fairer terms, in exchange. They
+would also be benefitted by observing our manners and customs, adopting
+our style of dress, learning the value of property, and gaining some
+knowledge of agriculture and the use of mechanical tools, and implements
+of husbandry. But the most important advantage to be gained by their
+trading within the United States, would be in their protection from
+imposition. It has been truly and forcibly remarked,</p>
+
+<p>"Humanity shudders at the recital of the nefarious acts practised by the
+white traders upon the Indians. Yet not half of them are known or
+dreamed of by the American people. We refer again, to Mr. Tanner's
+Narrative, which every man who has a vote on this subject ought to read.
+Here we find the traders sometimes taking <i>by force</i>, from an Indian,
+the produce of a whole year's hunt, without making him any return,
+sometimes pilfering a portion while buying the remainder, and still
+oftener wresting from the poor wretches, while in a state of
+intoxication, a valuable property, for an inadequate remuneration. In
+one place, our author tells of an Indian woman, his adopted mother, who,
+"in the course of a single day, sold one hundred and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> twenty beaver
+skins, with a large quantity of buffalo robes, dressed and smoked skins,
+and other articles, <i>for rum</i>." He pathetically adds, "of all our large
+load of peltries, the produce of so many days of toil, so many long and
+difficult journeys, one blanket and three kegs of rum, only remained,
+besides the poor and almost worn out clothing on our bodies." The
+sending of missionaries, to labor by the side of the miscreants who thus
+swindle and debauch the ignorant savage, is a mockery of the office, and
+a waste of the time of these valuable men. If the Indians traded within
+our states, with our regular traders, the same laws and the same public
+sentiment which protects us, would protect them."</p>
+
+<p>This is no exaggerated picture. Fraud, oppression and violence, have
+characterized our intercourse with the Indians, and it is in vain to
+hope for any amelioration of their savage condition, so long as an
+intercourse of this kind is permitted. In the very nature of things, the
+plan of civilizing the Indians, by forming a confederacy of them, beyond
+the limits of the United States, will prove unsuccessful, unless they
+are surrounded by a cordon of military posts, and the whites are stayed,
+by physical force, from entering their territories for any purpose
+whatever.</p>
+
+<p>It is to this intercourse that the Indian wars, which have so frequently
+caused the blood of the white and the red man to flow in torrents, upon
+our frontier, are mainly to be attributed. It has been asserted, even by
+those who claim to be the grave historians of this unfortunate people,
+that these wars are almost without exception, the result of that cruelty
+and insatiable thirst for blood which belong to the Indian character.
+One of these writers, the Rev. Timothy Flint, in his "Indian Wars of the
+West," says, "We affirm an undoubting belief, from no unfre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>quent, nor
+inconsiderable means of observation, that aggression has commenced, in
+the account current of mutual crime, as a hundred to one, on the part of
+the Indians." We do not question the sincerity of this belief, but we do
+question, entirely, the correctness of the conclusion to which the
+writer brings his mind: we affirm without hesitation, that it is a
+conclusion that cannot be sustained by testimony. If the individual
+making it, had looked less superficially at the case, and had gone to
+the primary causes that have produced the bloody collisions between his
+countrymen and the Indians, he could never have made so great a mistake
+as the one he has committed in the paragraph quoted above. If kindness,
+good faith and honesty of dealing, had marked our social, political and
+commercial intercourse with the Indians, few, if any of these bloody
+wars would have occurred; and these people, instead of being debased by
+our intercourse with them, would have been improved and elevated in the
+scale of civilization. The history of the early settlement of
+Pennsylvania and its illustrious founder, affords the strongest
+testimony on this point. The justice, benevolence and kindness which
+marked the conduct of Penn towards the Indians, shielded his infant
+colony from aggression, and won for him personally, a generous
+affection, that would have been creditable to any race of people.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this point it has been well and forcibly remarked by a
+philanthropic writer,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> of our country, that,</p>
+
+<p>"The American Indian is sometimes regarded as a being who is prone to
+all that is revolting and cruel. He is cherished in excited
+imaginations, as a demoniac phantasm, delighting in bloodshed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> without
+a spark of generous sentiment or native benevolence. The philosophy of
+man should teach us, that the Indian is nothing less than a human being,
+in whom the animal tendencies predominate over the spiritual. His morals
+and intellect having received neither culture nor developement, he
+possesses on the one hand, the infirmities of humanity; while on the
+other the divine spark in his heart, if not blown into a genial warmth,
+has not been extinguished by an artificial polish. His affections are
+strong, because they are confined to a few objects; his enmities are
+deep and permanent, because they are nursed in secret, without a
+religion to control them. Friendship is with him a sacred sentiment. He
+undertakes long and toilsome journeys to do justice to its object; he
+exposes himself, for its sake, to every species of privation; he fights
+for it; and often dies in its defence. He appoints no <i>fecial</i> messenger
+to proclaim, by an empty formality, the commencement of war. Whilst the
+European seeks advantages in the subtle finesse of negociation, the
+American pursues them according to the instincts of a less refined
+nature, and the dictates of a less sublimated policy. He seeks his enemy
+before he expects him, and thus renders him his prey."</p>
+
+<p>No better evidence need be adduced of his capacity for a lively and
+lasting friendship, than the history of Pennsylvania, during the life
+time of the founder. It is refreshing and delightful to see one fair
+page, in the dark volume of injustice and crime, which American annals,
+on this subject present. While this page reflects upon the past an
+accumulated odium, it furnishes lessons for the guide and edification of
+the future. Let me invite the philanthropist to this affecting story.</p>
+
+<p>A chief object of Penn, in the settlement of his province, was neither
+land, gold nor dominion, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> "the glory of God, by the civilization of
+the poor Indian." Upon his arrival in Pennsylvania, the pledge contained
+in his charter was redeemed by a friendly compact with the "poor Indian"
+which was never to be violated, and by a uniform and scrupulous devotion
+to his rights and interests. Oldmixon and Clarkson inform us, that he
+expended "thousands of pounds" for the physical and social improvement
+of these untutored and houseless tenants of the woods. His estate became
+impaired by the munificence of his bounty. In return for benevolence so
+generous and pure, the Indians showed a reality of affection and an
+ardor of gratitude, which they had on no previous occasion professed.
+The colony was exempted from those calamities of war and desolation,
+which form so prominent a picture in the early annals of American
+settlements. During a period of forty years, the settlers and natives
+lived harmoniously together, neither party complaining of a single act
+of violence or the infliction of an injury unredressed. The memory of
+Penn lived green and fresh in their esteem, gratitude, and reverence, a
+century after.</p>
+
+<p>The tribe thus subdued by the pacific and philanthropic principles of
+Penn, have been untruly described as a cowardly and broken down race.
+They were a branch of the great family of Indians, who, for so many
+years, carried on a fierce and bloody strife with the Alligewi on the
+Mississippi, and waged a determined hostility with the Mengwe. At one
+period they were the undisputed masters of the large tract of country,
+now known as the territory of the middle states. On the arrival of the
+English, their number in Pennsylvania was computed at thirty or forty
+thousand souls. Their history spoke only of conquest. They were a brave,
+proud and warlike race, who gloried in the preservation of a character
+for valor, descended from the re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>motest times. The confederacy of the
+Six Nations, by whom they were finally vanquished, was not formed until
+1712, and their defeat, as evidenced by their peculiar subjugation
+occurred within a few months antecedent to the demise of the
+proprietary. The same people annihilated the colony of Des Vries, in
+1632, formed a conspiracy to exterminate the Swedes, under Printz, in
+1646; and were the authors of the subsequent murders which afflicted the
+settlements, before the accession of the English colonists.</p>
+
+<p>"Such an example furnishes some insight into the elements of Indian
+character. Little doubt can exist, if the subject were fairly examined,
+that most of those sanguinary wars, of which history speaks with a
+shudder, would be found to have arisen less from the blood-thirsty
+Indian, than from the aggressions of the gold-thirsty and land-thirsty
+defamer."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>INDIAN DANCING CEREMONIES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In a historical memoir of the Indians, published in the North American
+Review and attributed to the able pen of our present minister to France,
+there is a description of a war-dance, from which the following extract
+is made.</p>
+
+<p>"An Indian War Dance is an important occurrence in the passing events of
+a village. The whole population is assembled, and a feast provided for
+all. The warriors are painted and prepared as for battle. A post is
+firmly planted in the ground, and the singers, the drummers and other
+musicians, are seated within the circle formed by the dancers and
+spectators. The music and the dancers begin. The warriors exert
+themselves, with great energy. Every muscle is in action: and there is
+the most perfect concord between the music and their movements. They
+brandish their weapons, and with such apparent fury, that fatal
+accidents seem unavoidable. Presently a warrior leaves the circle, and
+with his tomahawk or casse-tete, strikes the post. The music and dancing
+cease, and profound silence ensues. He then recounts, with a loud voice,
+his military achievements. He describes the battles he has fought&mdash;the
+prisoners he has captured&mdash;the scalps he has taken. He points to his
+wounds, and produces his trophies. He accompanies his narrative with the
+actual representation of his exploits; and the mimic engagement, the
+advance and the retreat, are all exhibited to his nation as they really
+occurred. There is no exaggeration, no misrepresentation. It would be
+infamous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> for a warrior to boast of deeds he never performed. If the
+attempt were made, some one would approach and throw dirt in his face
+saying, "I do this to cover your shame; for the first time you see an
+enemy, you will tremble." But such an indignity is rarely necessary:
+and, as the war parties generally, contain many individuals, the
+character and conduct of every warrior are well known. Shouts of
+applause accompany the narration, proportioned in duration and intensity
+to the interest it excites. His station in the circle is then resumed by
+the actor, and the dance proceeds, till it is interrupted in a similar
+manner.</p>
+
+<p>"In the poem of Ontwa, a scene like this is so well described, that we
+cannot resist the temptation to transfer it to our pages. Of all who
+have attempted to embody in song, the "living manners" of the Indians,
+the anonymous author of that poem has been the most successful. His
+characters, and traditions and descriptions, have the spirit and bearing
+of life; and the whole work, is not less true to nature than to poetry.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A hundred warriors now advance,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">All dressed and painted for the dance;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And sounding club and hollow skin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A slow and measured time begin:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With rigid limb and sliding foot,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And murmurs low the time to suit;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Forever varying with the sound,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The circling band moves round and round.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Now slowly rise the swelling notes</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">When every crest more lively floats;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Now tossed on high with gesture proud,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Then lowly mid the circle bow'd;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">While clanging arms grow louder still,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And every voice becomes more shrill;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Till fierce and strong the clamor grows,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And the wild war whoop bids it close.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Then starts Skunktonga forth, whose band</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Came from far Huron's storm-beat strand,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And thus recounts his battle feats,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">While his dark club the measure beats."</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Major Long of the U.S. army, in his Expedition up the Missouri, gives an
+account of a council which he held, at Council Bluff, with a party of
+one hundred Ottoes, seventy Missouries, and fifty or sixty Soways. The
+Otto nation is known by the name of Wah-toh-ta-na. Their principal
+village is situated on the river Platte, about forty miles above its
+junction with the Missouri. At the period of this visit, these Indians
+had held little if any intercourse with the whites. After the council
+was over, they performed a dance, in honor of their visitors, the
+description of which will convey to the reader a very vivid picture of
+this ceremony. We give it, in Major Long's own words.</p>
+
+<p>"The amusement of dancing was commenced by striking up their rude
+instrumental and vocal music; the former consisting of a gong made of a
+large keg, over one of the ends of which, a skin was stretched, which
+was struck by a small stick, and another instrument, consisting of a
+stick of firm wood, notched like a saw, over the teeth of which a small
+stick was rubbed forcibly backward and forward. With these, rude as they
+were, very good time was preserved with the vocal performers, who sat
+around them, and by all the natives as they sat, in the inflection of
+their bodies, or the movements of their limbs. After the lapse of a
+little time, three individuals leaped up, and danced around for a few
+minutes; then, at a concerted signal of the master of ceremonies, the
+music ceased and they retired to their seats, uttering a loud noise,
+which, by patting the mouth rapidly with the hand, was broken into a
+succession of similar sounds, somewhat like the hurried barking of a
+dog. Several sets of dancers succeeded, each terminating as the first.
+In the intervals of the dances, a warrior would step forward, and strike
+a flag-staff they had erected, with a stick, whip, or other weapon, and
+recount his martial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> deeds. This ceremony is termed <i>striking the post</i>,
+and whatever is then said, may be relied upon as rigid truth, being
+delivered in the presence of many a jealous warrior and witness, who
+could easily detect, and would immediately disgrace the <i>striker</i> for
+exaggeration or falsehood. This is called the <i>beggar's dance</i>&mdash;during
+which, some presents are always expected by the performers; as tobacco,
+whiskey, or trinkets. But on this occasion, as none of these articles
+were immediately offered, the amusement was not, at first, distinguished
+by much activity.</p>
+
+<p>"The master of the ceremonies continually called aloud to them to exert
+themselves, but still they were somewhat dull and backward. I&euml;tan now
+stepped forward, and lashed a post with his whip, declaring that he
+would punish those that did not dance. This threat, from one whom they
+had vested with authority for this occasion, had a manifest effect upon
+his auditors, who were presently highly wrought up, by the sight of two
+or three little mounds of tobacco twist, which were now laid before
+them, and appeared to infuse new life.</p>
+
+<p>"After lashing the post, and making his threat, I&euml;tan went on to narrate
+his martial exploits. He had stolen horses seven or eight times from the
+Kanzas; he had first struck the bodies of three of that nation slain in
+battle. He had stolen horses from the I&euml;tan nation, and had struck one
+of their dead. He had stolen horses from the Pawnees, and struck the
+body of one Pawnee Loup. He had stolen horses several times from the
+Omawhahs, and once from the Puncas. He had struck the bodies of two
+Sioux. On a war party, in company with the Pawnees, he had attacked the
+Spaniards, and penetrated into one of their camps; the
+Spaniards&mdash;excepting a man and a boy&mdash;fled, himself being at a distance
+before his party; he was shot at and missed by the man, whom he
+immediately shot down and struck.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> 'This, my father,' said he, 'is the
+only material act of my life that I am ashamed of.'</p>
+
+<p>"After several rounds of dancing, and of striking at the post, by the
+warriors, Mi-a-ke-ta, or <i>The Little Soldier</i>, a war-worn veteran, took
+his turn to strike the post. He leaped actively about, and strained his
+voice to its utmost pitch, whilst he portrayed some of the scenes of
+blood in which he had acted. He had struck dead bodies of individuals of
+all the Red nations around; Osages, Konzas, Pawnee Loups, Pawnee
+Republicans, Grand Pawnees, Puncas, Omawhaws, Sioux, Padoucas, La Plain,
+or Bald heads, I&euml;tans, Sacs, Foxes, and Ioways. He had struck eight of
+one nation, seven of another, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"He was proceeding with his account, when I&euml;tan ran up to him, put his
+hand upon his mouth, and respectfully led him to his seat. This act was
+no trifling compliment to the well-known brave; it indicated, that he
+had so many glorious achievements to speak of, that he would occupy so
+much time, as to prevent others from speaking; and, moreover, put to
+shame the other warriors, by the contrast of his actions with theirs.</p>
+
+<p>"Their physical action in dancing is principally confined to leaping a
+small distance from the ground, with both feet, the body being slightly
+inclined, and, upon alighting, an additional slight but sudden
+inclination of the body is made, so as to appear like a succession of
+jerks; or the feet are raised alternately, the motion of the body being
+the same. Such are the movements in which the whole party correspond;
+but, in the figures&mdash;as they are termed in our assembly rooms&mdash;each
+individual performs a separate part, and each part is a significant
+pantomimic narrative. In all their variety of action, they are careful
+to observe the musical cadences. In this dance, I&euml;tan represented one
+who was in the act of stealing horses; he carried a whip in his hand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> as
+did a considerable number of the Indians, and around his neck were
+thrown several leathern thongs, for bridles and halters, the ends of
+which trailed upon the ground behind him. After many preparatory
+man&oelig;uvres, he stooped down, and with his knife, represented the act
+of cutting the hopples of horses. He then rode his tomahawk, as children
+ride their broomsticks, making use of his whip, as to indicate the
+necessity of rapid movement, lest his foes should overtake him.
+Wa-sa-ha-jing-ga, or <i>Little Black Bear</i>, after a variety of gestures,
+threw several arrows in succession, over his own head&mdash;thereby
+indicating his familiarity with the flight of such missiles. He, at the
+same time, covered his eyes with his hand, to indicate that he was blind
+to danger. Others represented their man&oelig;uvres in battles, seeking
+their enemy, discharging at him their guns or arrows, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"Most of the dancers were the principal warriors of the nation&mdash;men who
+had not condescended to amuse themselves or others, in this manner, for
+years before. But they now appeared in honor of the occasion, and to
+conciliate, in their best manner, the good will of the representative of
+the government of the <i>Big Knives</i>. Amongst these veteran warriors,
+I&euml;tan, or <i>Sha-mon-e-kus-see</i>, <i>Ha-she-a</i> (the Broken Arm), commonly
+called Cut Nose, and <i>Wa-sa-ha-zing-ga</i> (or Little Black Bear), three
+youthful leaders, in particular, attracted our attention. In consequence
+of having been appointed soldiers on this occasion, to preserve order,
+they were painted entirely black. The countenance of the first indicated
+much wit, and had, in its expression, something of the character of that
+of Voltaire. He frequently excited the mirth of those about him, by his
+remarks and gestures. <i>Ha-she-a</i>, (called Cut Nose, in consequence of
+having lost the tip of his nose, in a quarrel with I&euml;tan,) wore a
+handsome<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> robe of white wolf skin, with an appendage behind him, called
+a <i>crow</i>. This singular decoration is a large cushion, made of the skin
+of a crow, stuffed with any light material, and variously ornamented. It
+has two decorated sticks, projecting from it upward, and a pendent one
+beneath; this apparatus is secured upon the buttocks by a girdle passing
+round the body. The other actors in the scene were decorated with paints
+of several colors, fantastically disposed upon their persons. Several
+were painted with white clay, which had the appearance of being grooved
+in many places. This grooved appearance is given by drawing the
+finger-nails over the part, so as to remove the pigment from thence in
+parallel lines. These lines are either rectilinear, undulated, or
+zigzag; sometimes passing over the forehead transversely, or vertically;
+sometimes in the same direction, or obliquely over the whole visage, or
+upon the breast, arms, &amp;c. Many were painted with red clay, in which the
+same lines appeared. A number of them had the representation of a black
+hand, with outspread fingers, on different parts of the body, strongly
+contrasting with the principal color with which the body was overspread;
+the hand was depicted in different positions upon the face, breast, and
+back. The face of others was colored, one half black, and one half
+white, or red and white, &amp;c. Many colored their hair with red clay, but
+the eye-lids and base of the ears were generally tinged with vermilion.</p>
+
+<p>"At the conclusion of the ceremony, whiskey&mdash;which they always expect on
+similar occasions&mdash;was produced, and a small portion was given to each.
+The principal Chiefs of the different nations who had remained passive
+spectators of the scene, now directed their people to return to their
+camp. The word of the Chiefs was obeyed, excepting by a few of the
+Ioways, who appeared to be deter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>mined to keep their places,
+notwithstanding the reiterated command of the Chiefs. I&euml;tan now sprang
+towards them, with an expression of much ferocity in his countenance,
+and it is probable a tragic scene would have been displayed, had not the
+chiefs requested him to use gentle means; and thus he succeeded; after
+which, the Chiefs withdrew."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3>SALE OF WHISKEY TO THE INDIANS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In tracing out the causes which led to the late war with the Sac and Fox
+Indians of Rock river, reference was made to the violations of the laws
+of Congress in the introduction of whiskey among them by the white
+traders. The opinion, moreover, was expressed that the licensed traders
+of the United States, among these tribes, were in the habit of selling
+this article to them, and under circumstances which must have brought
+home the fact to the knowledge of our Indian agents. Black Hawk with
+other chiefs of the band to which he belonged, earnestly remonstrated
+against the introduction of whiskey among his people, because of its
+debasing effect upon their morals, and the danger of its provoking them
+to acts of aggression upon the whites, while in a state of intoxication.
+One of the facts, set forth in the memorial which the white settlers on
+Rock river, presented to Governor Reynolds, in 1831, and upon which he
+declared the state to be actually invaded by the Sac and Fox Indians,
+and ordered out the militia to repel it, was the destruction, by Black
+Hawk, of a barrel of whiskey, which the owner was retailing to the
+Indians. The violation of the laws of Congress and of express treaty
+provisions, in the sale of ardent spirits to the Indians, winked at, as
+they undoubtedly were, by the public agents, mainly contributed to bring
+about a war, which resulted in the destruction of a great part of the
+band of Black Hawk. That the allegations, in regard to the sale of
+intoxicating liquors, to the Indians, by the regularly licensed traders
+of the United States, may not be supposed to rest upon gratuitous
+assumptions, the following letter, is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> quoted, which places the matter
+beyond all question.</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i><span style="margin-left: 18em;">St. Peters, July 25, 1832</span></i><br />
+<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">Gen. Joseph M. Street, }</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Indian Agent, Prairie du Chien.}</span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>&mdash;I arrived at this place yesterday from the sources of
+the Mississippi, having visited the Chippewa bands and
+trading-posts in that quarter. Much complaint is made respecting
+the conduct of the persons licensed by you last year, who located
+themselves at the Granite Rocks, and on the St. Croix. No doubt can
+exist that each of them took in, and used in their trade, a
+considerable quantity of whiskey. And I am now enabled to say, that
+they each located themselves at points within the limits of my
+agency, where there are no trading-posts established. My lowest
+trading-post on the Mississippi, is the Pierced Prairie, eighteen
+miles below the mouth of the De Corbeau. It embraces one mile
+square upon which traders are required to be located. On the St.
+Croix, the posts established and confirmed by the Department are
+Snake River and Yellow River, and embrace each, as the permanent
+place of location, one mile square. I report these facts for your
+information, and not to enable you to grant licenses for these
+posts, as the instructions of the Department give to each agent the
+exclusive control of the subject of granting licenses for the
+respective agencies.</p>
+
+<p>Much solicitude is felt by me to exclude ardent spirits wholly from
+the Chippewas and Ottowas, the latter of whom have, by a recent
+order, been placed under my charge. I am fully satisfied that
+ardent spirits are not necessary to the successful prosecution of
+the trade, that they are deeply pernicious to the Indians, and that
+both their use and abuse is derogatory to the character of a wise
+and sober government. Their exclusion in every shape, and every
+quantity, is an object of primary moment; and it is an object which
+I feel it a duty to persevere in the attainment of, however traders
+may bluster. I feel a reasonable confidence in stating, that no
+whiskey has been used in my agency during the last two years,
+except the limited quantity taken by special permission of the
+Secretary of War, for the trade of the Hudson's Bay lines; and
+saving also the quantity clandestinely introduced from Prairie du
+Chien and St. Peters.</p>
+
+<p>I know, sir, that an appeal to you on this subject cannot be lost,
+and that your feelings and judgment fully approve of temperance
+measures. But it requires active, persevering, unyielding efforts.
+And in all such efforts, judiciously urged, I am satisfied that the
+government will sustain the agents in a dignified discharge of
+their duties. Let us proceed in the accomplishment of this object
+with firmness, and with a determination never to relinquish it,
+until ardent spirits are entirely excluded from the Indian country.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">I am sir,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">Very respectfully,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">Your obedient servant,</span><br />
+<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 12em;">Henry R. Schoolcraft.</span></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>P.S. Capt. Jouett, commanding at this post, has recently seized
+sixteen kegs of high-wines. His prompt, decisive, and correct
+conduct in this, and other transactions relating to Indian affairs,
+merits the approbation of government.</p>
+
+<p>The Petite Corbeau has requested that no trader may be located at
+the mouth of the St. Croix.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following picture of the present condition of the Winnebagoes, given
+in the St. Louis Bulletin, shows the deplorable results of the
+intercourse of the whites with the Indians&mdash;the baneful effects of
+spirituous liquors upon their morals and habits. The Winnebagoes were
+neighbors of the Sacs and Foxes, and long intimately associated with
+them. Twenty years ago, all of these tribes, raised annually more corn,
+beans and other vegetables, than were needed for their own consumption.
+Now they are miserable, squalid beggars, without the means of
+subsistence. The faithlessness of the Government, the perfidy and
+avarice of its agents and citizens, have brought this race of people to
+the horrible condition, in which they are represented in the statement
+that follows.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>An agent of the Temperance Society, in a journal of a late tour to
+the region of the Upper Mississippi, presents a picture, melancholy
+indeed, of the present condition of the Indian tribes in that
+quarter, which must deeply rouse the commiseration of every
+benevolent man. From our own personal observation one year since,
+we would corroborate the assertion, that were the world ransacked
+for a subject in which should be concentrated and personified
+injustice, oppression, drunkenness, squalid filth, and degradation,
+one would point to the straggling Indian on the banks of the Upper
+Mississippi for the aptest exemplification.</p>
+
+<p>There were some two or three hundred of these
+stragglers&mdash;Winnebagoes, chiefly, about Prairie du Chien&mdash;men,
+women, and children, many of whom had scarcely the fragments of a
+filthy blanket to hide their nakedness or screen them from the
+cold&mdash;strolling and straggling about in squads of from two to a
+half dozen each, begging for whiskey, or cold potatoes, or crusts
+of bread. One old female, doubtless turned of threescore and ten,
+half naked, was gathering up from the dirt and ashes about the
+boiler of the steam boat, a few pieces of dried apples that had
+been dropped and trodden under foot, which, with her toothless
+gums, she attempted to masticate with all the eagerness of a
+starving swine. Little children, from one to four years old, were
+crawling<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> about in a state of nudity, and almost of starvation,
+while their own mothers and fathers, were staggering, and fighting,
+and <i>swearing</i>. It is a fact, that while these poor creatures
+cannot articulate a word of any thing else in English, the most
+awfully profane expressions will drop from their lips in English,
+as fluently as if it had been their vernacular tongue. When the
+whites first settled in that neighborhood, the Indians raised corn
+and other provisions enough, not only for their own use, but also
+for the fur-traders and settlers.</p>
+
+<p>Now they are altogether dependent for even the scanty subsistence
+by which they are dragging out the remnant of a miserable life,
+upon the whites. And what has been the cause of so great a change
+in a few years in the circumstances and habits of a whole people!
+The answer is plain to every one at all acquainted with Indian
+history. It is the perfidy and avarice of the whites, and
+<span class="smcap">whiskey, whiskey</span> has been the all potent <i>agent</i> by which
+it has been effected. By selling and giving them whiskey till they
+become drunk, they are soon filched of the little annuities
+received from government; and then treated the rest of the year
+like so many dogs.&mdash;As an illustration of the feeling towards them,
+a merchant at Prairie du Chien expressed the very humane wish, that
+there might soon be another Indian war to kill them all off.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armstrong fort built, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Atkinson, General, ordered to Rock Island, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">directs Black Hawk to return to the west side of the Mississippi, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">takes command of the Illinois militia, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">proceeds to Dixon's Ferry, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attack on Black Hawk at Bad-axe, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">official account, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his letter of approval from War Department, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">B</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black Hawk's account of the treaty of 1804, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black Hawk Purchase, in 1832, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black Hawk, birth and early adventures, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his battle with the Osages in 1786, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">with Cherokees, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">with Chippeways, Kaskaskias and Osages, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his account of Pike's visit, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his attack on Fort Madison, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">joins the British army, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his return, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">murder of his adopted son, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">battle of the sink-hole near Cap au Gris, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his attack upon boats going to Prairie des Chiens, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">makes peace with the United States, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">death of his eldest son, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visit to the Ioway village, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visit to Malden, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">whipped by some Americans, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">refuses to remove to the west side of the Mississippi, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">whites encroach upon his village, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">burning of his lodges, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with Governor Coles and Judge Hall, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">agrees to remove for six thousand dollars, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with Gaines, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">removes to west side Mississippi, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">treats with Gaines and Reynolds, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">causes which led to the war, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his attempted alliance with other tribes, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">discontented on west side of the Mississippi, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sends messenger to Keokuk, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">collects his band at Fort Madison and crosses to east side of the Mississippi, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">proceeds to the prophet's village up Rock river, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ordered back by General Atkinson, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">makes his camp at Kisk-wa-cokee, is attacked in his camp by Maj. Stillman, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his flag of truce fired upon, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">defeats Stillman, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attack upon Buffalo Grove, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his battle on the Wisconsin, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">flies to the Mississippi, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attacked by the steam boat Warrior, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his white flag fired upon, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his defeat at the Bad-axe, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">escape, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">capture, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">causes leading to this war, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Jefferson Barracks, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sent to Washington city, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">confined at Fortress Monroe, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with the President, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">speech to Col. Eustis, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">released, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visit to Norfolk, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">to Baltimore, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with President, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visit to Philadelphia, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">to New York, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">to Albany, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">to Buffalo, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with Senecas, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visit to Detroit, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">reaches fort Armstrong, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">refuses to submit to Keokuk, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his final speech in the council, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visit in 1837 to Washington, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visit to Boston, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">to Cincinnati, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his character and personal appearance, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">number of his warriors in campaign of 1832, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cahokias conquered, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clark, George Rogers, relieves St. Louis, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sends troops into the Indian country, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cole, Governor, meets Black Hawk, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clark, General, letter to War Department, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cap au Gris, battle of, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cholera among Scott's troops, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cass, Lewis, report to the President, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cass' letter to Gen. Atkinson, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cass' account of Sacs and Foxes, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonization of the Indians, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drakeford's battle near Cap au Gris, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dodge, General, kills <a href='#Page_29'>29</a> Indians, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his battle of the Wisconsin, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Davenport, Col. Wm., speech to Black Hawk, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Everett, Governor, speech to Keokuk in Boston, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">makes them presents, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">F</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Armstrong built, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foxes, party of, murder <a href='#Page_28'>28</a> Menominies, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">G</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Good spirit of Rock Island, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Galland's description of Sac village, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaines, General, letter to Reynolds, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">orders troops to Rock Island, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview with Black Hawk, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">takes possession of Sac village, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">treats with the British Band, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his letter to War Department, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garland, Maj., takes charge of prisoners, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his release of Black Hawk, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrison, General, account of the conquest of the Illinois tribes, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his treaty with the Sacs and Foxes in 1804, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hall, Judge, account of Sac village, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">his interview with Black Hawk, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his account of the Sacs and Foxes at Washington, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Illinois tribes conquered, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians, power to sell lands, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnson, John, letter to Secretary at War, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Illinois militia, flight at Sycamore creek, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Irving, Washington, account of Black Hawk, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian dancing ceremonies, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">K</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kaskaskias conquered, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keokuk removes west of Mississippi, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his birth, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">age, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">admitted to the council-lodge, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">bold adventure with the Sioux, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his interview with the Menominies, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in peril with his tribe, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">removed from his post of head chief, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">re-instated, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">delivers up his nephew to be tried for murder, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his letter to Governor of Illinois, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visit to Washington city in 1827 and council with Secretary at War, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">visit to Philadelphia, New York and Boston, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">speech in reply to Gov. Everett, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">return to the west, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">character, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his visit to Jefferson barracks, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his speech on the liberation of Black Hawk, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">final speech in the council, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his visit to Washington in 1837, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conduct to Black Hawk, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewis and Clark's account of Sacs and Foxes, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minneway tribes, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mascontins, battle with Sacs and Foxes, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Memorial to Gov. Reynolds, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Menominies, murdered by the Foxes, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macomb, Gen., report to Secretary at War, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">N</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naopoke's visit to Malden, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">captured, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">his testimony before Scott, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Jefferson barracks, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Osages, battle with Sacs and Foxes, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">P</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peorias conquered, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primm's account of the attack on St. Louis in 1779, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike's account of Sacs and Foxes, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Posey, Col., at Buffalo grove, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prophet, Wabokieshiek, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pashepahow's speech, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Q</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quashquame, account of treaty of 1804, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reynolds, Governor, letter to Clark, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">to Gaines, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">declares the state to be invaded, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter to War Department, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">orders out the militia and joins Atkinson, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">makes a treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sac and Fox Indians, origin of, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Identity of the tribes, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">residence, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">removal to the west, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conquest of the Illini tribes, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">their attack on St. Louis in 1779, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">their village, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">their war and peace chiefs, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">division into families, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">mode of burial, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">idea of a future state, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in regard to the creation of the world, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">social relations, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">musical instruments, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pike's account of them, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">their character for courage, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">treaty with the United States in 1789, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ditto at St. Louis in 1804, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">they are excited to hostilities by British agents, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">offer to fight against England, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">part of them join the British standard, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">treaty with them 13th Sep. 1815, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ditto 14th Sep. 1815, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ditto with British Band, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">relinquish lands in Missouri, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">treaty of Prairie des Chiens in 1825, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">treaty for mineral region in 1828, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Black Hawk purchase in 1832, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">their present residence, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sale of their lands on Rock river, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">treaty with Scott and Reynolds, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">described by Gov. Cass, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stillman, Maj., proceeds to Sycamore creek, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attacks Black Hawk and is defeated, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fires upon Black Hawk's flag of truce, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephenson, J.W., kills some Indians, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scott, General, arrival at Rock Island, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">treaty with Sacs and Foxes, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Senecas, their speech to Black Hawk, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sioux Indians, sketches of, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sale of whiskey to the Indians, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wabokieshiek, advice to British Band, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warrior's attack on Black Hawk, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wapellar's speech, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h3>FOOTNOTES</h3>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Schoolcraft's Travels, p. 347.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Published in the Illinois Magazine under the head of
+"History of St. Louis."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> James Hall, Esqr.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Chronicles of the North American Savages, No. 4. page 53.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> History of the North American Indians, by James Hall, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> James Hall, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Judge Hall.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Patterson's Life of Black Hawk, dictated by himself.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> See Adjutant W. W. Woodbridge's statement.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "The Book of the Indians of North America," p. 127.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> This class is admirably described by the author of
+"Legends of the West."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> See St. Louis Times of 13th April, 1833.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> "The Book of the Indians of North America," by Samuel G.
+Drake of Boston, containing much interesting matter about the aborigines
+of this country, and from which we have copied several of the speeches
+made upon the liberation of Black Hawk.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Black Hawk seems to have entertained a warm friendship for
+Colonel Davenport. On another occasion, speaking of this council, he
+said, "I here met my old friend, a great war chief, [Colonel William
+Davenport] whom I had known for eighteen years. He is a good and a brave
+chief. He always treated me well, and gave me good advice. He made a
+speech to me on this occasion, very different from that of the other
+chief. It sounded like coming from a <i>brave</i>." He adds, "If our great
+father were to make such men our agents, he would much better subserve
+the interests of our people, as well as his own, than in any other way;
+and had the war chief alluded to, been our agent, we never should have
+had the difficulties with the whites which we have had."
+</p><p>
+Those who have the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with Colonel
+Davenport will join in Black Hawk's spontaneous tribute to his character
+as a <i>brave</i>, and a gentleman of humane and noble feelings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Colonel Whittlesey, of the Geological Corps of Ohio. See
+Hesperian for February, 1839, in which this gentleman has given valuable
+recollections of a tour through Wisconsin in 1832.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> See Traits of Indian Character, by G. Turner.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> See a "Discourse on the Surviving Remnant of the Indian
+Race in the United States," by Job R. Tyson, Esq. of Philadelphia.</p></div></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Great Indian Chief of the West, by Benjamin Drake
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Great Indian Chief of the West
+       Or, Life and Adventures of Black Hawk
+
+Author: Benjamin Drake
+
+Release Date: April 30, 2006 [EBook #18290]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT INDIAN CHIEF OF THE WEST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by richyfourtytwo Janet Blenkinship and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BLACK HAWK.]
+
+  THE
+
+  GREAT INDIAN CHIEF
+
+  OF
+
+  THE WEST:
+
+  OR,
+
+  LIFE AND ADVENTURES
+
+  OF
+
+  BLACK HAWK.
+
+
+  CINCINNATI:
+  APPLEGATE & COMPANY
+  43 MAIN STREET.
+  1854.
+
+  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843,
+  BY GEORGE CONCLIN,
+  In the Clerk's Office of the District of Ohio.
+
++-------------------------------------------------------------+
+|Transcriber's Note: There are inconsistencies in the Index   |
+|and in the spelling of tribal names.                         |
+|These have been left as originally printed.                  |
++-------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+In presenting to the public the life and adventures of Black Hawk, some
+account of the Sac and Fox Indians--of Keokuk, their distinguished
+chief--and of the causes which led to the late contest between these
+tribes and the United States, was necessarily involved. The introduction
+of these collateral subjects, may possibly impart additional interest to
+this volume.
+
+In speaking of the policy of the government towards the fragment of Sacs
+and Foxes, with whom Black Hawk was associated, it has been necessary to
+censure some of its acts, and to comment with freedom upon the official
+conduct of a few public officers.
+
+The Indians are frequently denounced as faithless, ferocious and
+untameable. Without going into the inquiry, how far this charge is
+founded in truth, the question may be asked, has not the policy of our
+government contributed, essentially, to impart to them that character?
+Have we not more frequently met them in bad faith, than in a Christian
+spirit? and sustained our relations with them, more by the power of the
+sword than the law of kindness? In the inscrutable ways of Providence,
+the Indians are walking in ignorance and moral darkness. It is the
+solemn duty, and should be the highest glory of this nation, to bring
+them out of that condition, and elevate them in the scale of social and
+intellectual being. But, how is this duty performed? We gravely
+recognize them as an independent people, and treat them as vassals: We
+make solemn compacts with them, which we interpret as our interest
+dictates, but punish them if they follow the example: We admit their
+title to the land which they occupy, and at the same time literally
+compel them to sell it to us upon our own terms: We send agents and
+missionaries to reclaim them from the error of their ways--to bring them
+from the hunter to the pastoral life; and yet permit our citizens to
+debase them by spirituous liquors, and cheat them out of their property:
+We make war upon them without any adequate cause--pursue them without
+mercy--and put them to death, without regard to age, sex or condition:
+And, then deliberately proclaim to the world, that they are
+savages--cruel and untameable--degraded and faithless.
+
+If the present volume shall, in any degree, contribute to awaken the
+public mind to a sense of the wrongs inflicted upon the Indians, and to
+arouse the Christian statesmen of this land, to the adoption of a more
+liberal, upright and benevolent course of policy towards them,
+something will have been gained to the cause of humanity and of national
+honor.
+
+The author takes this opportunity of acknowledging his obligations to
+James Hall, Esq., for the valuable assistance received from him, in the
+preparation of this volume. In collecting the materials for that
+magnificent work, on which he is now engaged, "The History of the
+Indians of North America," this gentleman has become possessed of much
+interesting matter, in regard to the Sacs and Foxes, and especially the
+chief Keokuk; to all of which he has kindly permitted the author to have
+access.
+
+  Cincinnati, May, 1838.
+
+
+
+
+  CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+
+  Origin of the Sac and Fox Indians--Removal to Green Bay--Their
+  subjugation of the Illini confederacy--Their attack upon St. Louis
+  in 1779--Col. George Rogers Clark relieves the town--Governor
+  Harrison's letter--Maj. Forsyth's account of the conquest of the
+  Illini--Death of the Sac chief Pontiac--Sac and Fox village on
+  Rock river--Description of the surrounding country--Civil polity
+  of the Sacs and Foxes--Legend about their chiefs--Division of
+  the tribes into families--Mode of burying their dead--Idea of a future
+  state--Their account of the creation of the world--Marriages--Social
+  relations--Music and musical instruments--Pike's visit to
+  them in 1805--Population--Character for courage                     13
+
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+
+  Treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians in 1789--treaty and cession of
+  land to the United States at St. Louis in 1804--Black Hawk's account
+  of this treaty--Erection of Fort Madison--The British excite
+  the Sac and Fox Indians to make war upon the United States--A
+  party under Black Hawk join the British standard in 1812--Treaty at
+  Portage des Sioux in 1815--Treaty of peace with Black Hawk and his
+  band at same place in 1816--Treaty for part of their lands in Missouri
+  in 1824--Treaty of Prairie des Chiens in 1825--Treaty for the mineral
+  region in 1829--Treaty of peace in 1832, after the "Black
+  Hawk war"--Present residence of the Sacs and Foxes                  49
+
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+
+  Birth of Black Hawk--Early adventures--Battles with the Osages and
+  Cherokees--Death of his father--Interview with Lieutenant Pike--Attack
+  upon Fort Madison--Joins the British in the late war--Marches
+  to lake Erie--Returns home after the attack upon Fort
+  Stephenson--Murder of his adopted son--Battle of the Sink-hole near
+  Cap au Gris--Treaty of peace at Portage des Sioux in 1816           74
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+
+  Building of Fort Armstrong--The good Spirit of Rock Island--Death
+  of Black Hawk's children--Young Sac offers to die in place of his
+  brother--Black Hawk's visit to Malden--Whipped by some whites--Whites
+  settle at his village--Black Hawk's talk with Governor Coles
+  and Judge Hall--Sale of the lands on Rock river--Indians ordered to
+  remove--Agreement to remove for six thousand dollars--Memorial of
+  the white settlers to Governor Reynolds--The Governor's letters to
+  General Clark and General Gaines--The latter leaves Jefferson Barracks
+  with six companies of the United States troops for Rock Island--His
+  interview with Black Hawk--Calls upon the Governor of Illinois
+  for militia--The Indians abandon their village--treaty of peace made
+  with them--Official letters to the war department--Summary of the
+  causes which brought on this disturbance--Black Hawk's attempt to
+  form an alliance with other tribes                                  91
+
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+
+  Keokuk's birth--Kills a Sioux when fifteen years old--Prevents the
+  abandonment of the Sac village--Bold manoeuvre with the Sioux--Perils
+  his life for the safety of his people--Speech to the Menominies
+  at Prairie des Chiens--Called upon to lead his braves to join
+  in the Black Hawk war--Allays the excitement of his people on this
+  subject--Deposed from his post as head chief and a young man elected
+  in his place--Re-established in power--Delivers up his nephew to
+  the whites to be tried for murder--Letter to the Governor of
+  Illinois--Council at Washington in 1837--Retorts upon the Sioux--His
+  visit to Boston--His return home--His personal appearance--And
+  his character as a war and peace chief                             118
+
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+
+  Murder of twenty-eight Menominies by the Foxes of Black Hawk's
+  band--Naopope's visit to Malden--Black Hawk recrosses the
+  Mississippi--General Atkinson orders him to return--Stillman's
+  attack--Defeated by Black Hawk--His white flag fired upon--He sends
+  out war parties upon the frontier--Attack upon Fort Buffalo--General
+  Dodge's battle on the Wisconsin--Black Hawk and his band leave the
+  Four Lakes and fly to the Mississippi--Pursued by General Atkinson--Black
+  Hawk's flag of truce fired upon by the Captain of the
+  Warrior--Twenty-three Indians killed                               143
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+
+  General Atkinson overtakes Black Hawk--Battle of the Bad Axe--Atkinson's
+  official report--Incidents of the Battle--Capture of
+  Black Hawk and the prophet--Naopope's statement to General Scott--General
+  Scott and Governor Reynolds conclude a treaty with the
+  Sacs, Foxes and Winnebagoes--Causes which led to the war--Motives
+  for getting up Indian wars--First attack made by the Illinois
+  militia--Report of the Secretary at War in regard to this
+  campaign--General Macomb's letter to General Atkinson--Secretary
+  Cass' statement of the causes which led to this war--Comments upon
+  this statement, and its omissions pointed out                      166
+
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  Black Hawk, Naopope, the Prophet and others confined at Jefferson
+  Barracks--In April 1833 sent to Washington--Interview with the
+  President--sent to Fortress Monroe--Their release--Visit the eastern
+  cities--Return to the Mississippi--Conference at Rock island between
+  Maj. Garland, Keokuk, Black Hawk and other chiefs--speeches
+  of Keokuk, Pashshepaho and Black Hawk--Final discharge of the
+  hostages--Their return to their families--Black Hawk's visit to
+  Washington in 1837--His return--His personal appearance--Military
+  talents--Intellectual and moral character                          200
+
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+
+  Black Hawk at the capture of Fort Erie--At the battle
+  of the Thames--His account of the death of Tecumthe--His
+  residence and mode of life after his last visit to the
+  east--His Fourth of July speech at fort Madison--His death
+  and burial                                                         234
+
+
+  APPENDIX--Sketches of the Sioux                                    222
+                     Colonization of the Indians                     228
+                     Indian Dancing Ceremonies                       237
+                     Sale of Whiskey to the Indians                  245
+
+  INDEX                                                              285
+
+
+
+
+  HISTORY
+
+  OF THE
+
+  SAUKEE AND MUSQUAKEE NATIONS,
+
+  USUALLY CALLED THE
+
+  SAC AND FOX INDIANS.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Origin of the Sac and Fox Indians--Removal to Green Bay--Their
+  subjugation of the Illini confederacy--Their attack upon St. Louis in
+  1779--Col. George Rogers Clark relieves the town--Governor Harrison's
+  letter--Maj. Forsyth's account of the conquest of the Illini--Death of
+  the Sac chief Pontiac--Sac and Fox village on Rock river--Description
+  of the surrounding country--Civil polity of the Sacs and Foxes--Legend
+  about their chiefs--Division of the tribes into families--Mode of
+  burying their dead--Idea of a future state--Their account of the
+  creation of the world--Marriages--Social relations--Music and musical
+  instruments--Pike's visit to them in 1805--Population--Character for
+  courage.
+
+
+The word Saukee, or O-sau-kee, now written Sauk or more commonly Sac, is
+derived from a compound in the Algonquin or Chippeway language,
+a-saw-we-kee, which means "yellow earth." Mus-qua-kee, the name of the
+Fox Indians, signifies "red earth." These two tribes have long resided
+together, and now constitute one people, although there are some
+internal regulations among them which tend to preserve a distinctive
+name and lineage. The chiefs, on ceremonial occasions, claim to be
+representatives of independent tribes, but this distinction is nominal.
+For many years past the principal chief of the Sacs, has been, in fact,
+the chief of the Foxes likewise. They are united in peace and war, speak
+the same language, claim the same territory, have similar manners and
+customs, and possess traditions which represent them as descended from
+the one common origin--the great Chippeway nation.
+
+Both tribes originally resided upon the waters of the St. Lawrence. The
+Foxes removed first to the west, and established themselves in the
+region of Green Bay. Upon a river bearing their name, which empties into
+the head of this Bay, they suffered a signal defeat by a combined body
+of French and Indians, at a place, since known as La Butte de Mort, or
+the Hill of the Dead.[1] Subsequently to this battle, they were joined
+by the Sacs, who having become involved in a war with the Iroquois or
+Six Nations, were also driven to the westward. They found their
+relatives, the Foxes, upon Green Bay, but so far reduced in numbers, by
+the attacks of other tribes, that they were no longer able to sustain
+themselves as an independent people. The union between these two tribes,
+which then took place, and continues to this day, was as much a matter
+of necessity as of feeling. The period of their migration from the St.
+Lawrence to the upper Lakes cannot be satisfactorily ascertained. La
+Hontan speaks of a Sac village on Fox river, as early as 1689; and
+Father Hennepin, in 1680, mentions the Ontagamies or Fox Indians, as
+residents on the bay of Puants, now Green Bay.
+
+From this place, the Sauks and Foxes, crossed over to the eastern bank
+of the Mississippi, and combining with other tribes, began to act on the
+offensive. The period of this irruption from the north, it is not easy
+to determine. Major Thomas Forsyth, who resided for near twenty years
+among the Sauks and Foxes, in a manuscript account of those tribes, now
+before us, says:
+
+"More than a century ago, all the country, commencing above Rock river,
+and running down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio, up that river
+to the mouth of the Wabash, thence up that river to Fort Wayne, thence
+down the Miami of the Lake some distance, thence north to the St.
+Joseph's and Chicago; also the country lying south of the Des Moines,
+down perhaps, to the Mississippi, was inhabited by a numerous nation of
+Indians, who called themselves Linneway, and were called by others,
+Minneway, signifying "men." This great nation was divided into several
+bands, and inhabited different parts of this extensive region, as
+follows: The Michigamies, the country south of the Des Moines; the
+Cohakias that east of the present village of Cohokia in Illinois; the
+Kaskaskias that east of the town of that name; the Tamarois had their
+village nearly central between Cahokia and Kaskaskia; the Piankeshaws
+near Vincennes; the Weas up the Wabash; the Miamies on the head waters
+of the Miami of the Lakes, on St. Joseph's river and at Chicago. The
+Piankeshaws, Weas and Miamies, must at this time have hunted south
+towards and on the Ohio. The Peorias, another band of the same nation,
+lived and hunted on the Illinois river: The Mascos or Mascontins, called
+by the French _gens des prairies_, lived and hunted on the great
+prairies, between the Wabash and Illinois rivers. All these different
+bands of the Minneway nation, spoke the language of the present Miamies,
+and the whole considered themselves as one and the same people; yet from
+their local situation, and having no standard to go by, their language
+became broken up into different dialects. These Indians, the Minneways,
+were attacked by a general confederacy of other nations, such as the
+Sauks and Foxes, resident at Green Bay and on the Ouisconsin; the Sioux,
+whose frontiers extended south to the river des Moines: the Chippeways,
+Ottoways, and Potawatimies from the lakes, and also the Cherokees and
+Choctaws from the south. The war continued for a great many years and
+until that great nation the Minneways were destroyed, except a few
+Miamies and Weas on the Wabash, and a few who are scattered among
+strangers. Of the Kaskaskias, owing to their wars and their fondness for
+spiritous liquors, there now (1826) remain but thirty or forty
+souls;--of the Peorias near St. Genevieve ten or fifteen; of the
+Piankeshaws forty or fifty. The Miamies are the most numerous; a few
+years ago they consisted of about four hundred souls. There do not exist
+at the present day (1826) more than five hundred souls of the once great
+and powerful Minneway or Illini nation. These Indians, the Minneways,
+are said to have been very cruel to their prisoners, not unfrequently
+burning them. I have heard of a certain family among the Miamies who
+were called man-eaters, as they were accustomed to make a feast of human
+flesh when a prisoner was killed. For these enormities, the Sauks and
+Foxes, when they took any of the Minneways prisoners, gave them up to
+their women to be buffeted to death. They speak also of the Mascontins
+with abhorrence, on account of their cruelties. The Sauks and Foxes have
+a historical legend of a severe battle having been fought opposite the
+mouth of the Iowa river, about fifty or sixty miles above the mouth of
+Rock river. The Sauks and Foxes descended the Mississippi in canoes, and
+landing at the place above described, started east, towards the enemy:
+they had not gone far before they were attacked by a party of the
+Mascontins. The battle continued nearly all day; the Sauks and Foxes,
+for want of ammunition, finally gave way and fled to their canoes; the
+Mascontins pursued them and fought desperately, and left but few of the
+Sauks and Foxes to carry home the story of their defeat. Some forty or
+fifty years ago, the Sauks and Foxes attacked a small village of
+Peorias, about a mile below St. Louis and were there defeated. At a
+place on the Illinois river, called Little Rock, there were formerly
+killed by the Chippeways and Ottowas, a number of men, women and
+children of the Minneway nation. In 1800 the Kickapoos made a great
+slaughter of the Kaskaskia Indians. The Main-Pogue, or Potawatimie
+juggler, in 1801, killed a great many of the Piankeshaws on the Wabash."
+
+The land on which St. Louis stands, as well as the surrounding country,
+was claimed by the Illini confederacy, which had acquiesced in the
+intrusion of the whites. This circumstance, it is supposed, led the
+northern confederacy to the attempt, which they made in 1779, to destroy
+the village of St. Louis, then occupied by the Spaniards. As the Sacs
+and Foxes were active participators in this attack, no apology is
+necessary for introducing the following graphic account of it, from the
+pen of Wilson Primm, Esqr. of St. Louis.[2]
+
+"In the mean time numerous bands of the Indians living on the lakes and
+the Mississippi--the Ojibeways, Menomonies, Winnebagoes, Sioux, Sacs,
+&c. together with a large number of Canadians, amounting in all to
+upwards of fourteen hundred, had assembled on the eastern shore of the
+Mississippi, a little above St. Louis, awaiting the sixth of May, the
+day fixed for the attack. The fifth of May was the feast of _Corpus
+Christi_, a day highly venerated by the inhabitants, who were all
+Catholics. Had the assault taken place then, it would have been fatal to
+them, for, after divine service, all the men, women and children had
+flocked to the prairie to gather strawberries, which were that season
+very abundant and fine. The town being left perfectly unguarded, could
+have been taken with ease, and the unsuspecting inhabitants, who were
+roaming about in search of fruit, have been massacred without
+resistance. Fortunately, however, a few only of the enemy had crossed
+the river and ambushed themselves in the prairie. The villagers,
+frequently came so near them, in the course of the day, that the Indians
+from their places of concealment, could have reached them with their
+hands. But they knew not how many of the whites were still remaining in
+the town, and in the absence of their co-adjutors, feared to attack,
+lest their preconcerted plan might be defeated."
+
+On the sixth, the main body of the Indians crossed, and marched directly
+towards the fields, expecting to find the greater part of the villagers
+there; but in this they were disappointed, a few only having gone out to
+view their crops. These perceived the approach of the savage foe, and
+immediately commenced a retreat towards the town, the most of them
+taking the road that led to the upper gate, nearly through the mass of
+Indians, and followed by a shower of bullets. The firing alarmed those
+who were in town, and the cry "to arms! to arms!" was heard in every
+direction. They rushed towards the works and threw open the gates to
+their brethren. The Indians advanced slowly but steadily towards the
+town, and the inhabitants, though almost deprived of hope, by the vast
+superiority in number of the assailants, determined to defend themselves
+to the last.
+
+"In expectation of an attack, Silvio Francisco Cartabona, a governmental
+officer, had gone to St. Genevieve for a company of militia to aid in
+defending the town, in case of necessity, and had at the beginning of
+the month returned with sixty men, who were quartered on the citizens.
+As soon as the attack commenced, however, neither Cartabona nor his men
+could be seen. Either through fear or treachery, they concealed
+themselves in a garret, and there remained until the Indians had
+retired. The assailed being deprived of a considerable force, by this
+shameful defection, were still resolute and determined. About fifteen
+men were posted at each gate; the rest were scattered along the line of
+defence, in the most advantageous manner.
+
+"When within a proper distance, the Indians began an irregular fire,
+which was answered with showers of grape shot from the artillery. The
+firing, for a while, was warm; but the Indians perceived that all their
+efforts would be ineffectual on account of the intrenchments, and
+deterred by the cannon, to which they were unaccustomed, from making a
+nearer approach, suffered their zeal to abate, and deliberately retired.
+At this stage of affairs, the Lieutenant Governor made his appearance.
+The first intimation that he received of what was going on, was by the
+discharge of artillery, on the part of the inhabitants. He immediately
+ordered several pieces of cannon, which were posted in front of the
+government house, to be spiked and filled with sand, and went, or rather
+was rolled in a wheelbarrow, to the scene of action. In a very
+peremptory tone, he commanded the inhabitants to cease firing and return
+to their houses. Those posted at the lower gate, did not receive the
+order, and consequently kept their stations. The commandant perceived
+this and ordered a cannon to be fired at them. They had barely time to
+throw themselves on the ground, when the volley passed over them, and
+struck the wall, tearing a great part of it down. These proceedings, as
+well as the whole tenor of his conduct, since the first rumor of an
+attack, gave rise to suspicions very unfavorable to the Lieutenant
+Governor. It was bruited about, that he was the cause of the attack,
+that he was connected with the British, and that he had been bribed into
+a dereliction of duty, which, had not providence averted, would have
+doomed them to destruction. Under pretext of proving to them that there
+was no danger of an attack, he had a few days before it occurred, sold
+to the traders, all the ammunition belonging to the government; and they
+would have been left perfectly destitute and defenceless, had they not
+found, in a private house, eight barrels of powder, belonging to a
+trader, which they seized in the name of the King, upon the first alarm.
+Colonel George Rogers Clark, who was at this time at Kaskaskia, with a
+few men under his command, understanding that an attack was meditated on
+the town, offered all the assistance in his power, to aid in the
+defence. This offer was rejected by the Lieutenant Governor. All these
+circumstances gave birth to a strong aversion to the commandant, which
+evinces itself, at this day, in execrations of his character, whenever
+his name is mentioned to those who have known him. Representations of
+his conduct, together with a detailed account of the attack, were sent
+to New Orleans by a special messenger, and the result was that the
+Governor General appointed Mr. Francisco Cruzat, to the office of
+Lieutenant Governor.
+
+"As soon as it was ascertained that the Indians had retired from the
+neighborhood, the inhabitants proceeded to gather the dead, that lay
+scattered in all parts of the prairie. Seven were at first found and
+buried in one grave. Ten or twelve others, in the course of a fortnight,
+were discovered in the long grass that bordered the marshes. The acts of
+the Indians were accompanied by their characteristic ferocity. Some of
+their victims were horribly mangled. With the exception of one
+individual, the whites who accompanied the Indians, did not take part in
+the butcheries that were committed. A young man by the name of Calve,
+was found dead, his skull split open, and a tomahawk, on the blade of
+which was written the word Calve, sticking in his brain. He was supposed
+to have fallen by the hand of his uncle. Had those who discovered the
+Indians in the prairie, fled to the lower gate, they would have escaped;
+but the greater part of them took the road that led to the upper gate,
+through the very ranks of the enemy, and were thus exposed to the whole
+of their fire. About twenty persons, it is computed, met their death in
+endeavoring to get within the entrenchments. None of those within were
+injured, and none of the Indians were killed, at least none of them were
+found. Their object was not plunder, for they did not attempt, in their
+retreat, to take away with them any of the cattle or the horses that
+were in the prairie, and that they might have taken; nor did they attack
+any of the neighboring towns, where danger would have been less, and the
+prospect of success greater. The only object they had in view was the
+destruction of St. Louis; and this would seem to favor the idea that
+they were instigated by the English, and gives good ground, when
+connected with other circumstances, to believe that Leyba was their
+aider and abettor.  *   *   *   *
+
+"A Mr. Chancellier had gone on the day of attack, to the prairie for
+strawberries, with his wife, two daughters and an American, the first
+that had ever been in the country, in a cart drawn by two horses. When
+they perceived the Indians, they immediately fled towards the town in
+the cart; Mr. Chancellier being seated before, and the American behind,
+in order to protect the women, who were in the middle. In their flight
+the American was mortally wounded. As he was falling out, Mr.
+Chancellier seized him and threw him into the midst of the women,
+exclaiming, "they shan't get the scalp of my American." He was at the
+same time struck by two balls, which broke his arm in as many places,
+above the elbow. His wife received a bullet through the middle of her
+hand, the elder daughter was shot through the shoulder, immediately
+above the breast, and the younger was struck on the forehead, but the
+ball glanced aside and merely stunned her. The moment Mr. Chancellier
+arrived at the gate, his horses dropped dead, pierced with a hundred
+wounds, but his family was saved."
+
+Mr. Primm, the writer of this interesting narrative, has probably not
+been fully informed in regard to the extent of Colonel George Rogers
+Clark's participation in this affair. In a written memorandum now before
+us, made on the authority of his brother, General William Clark of St.
+Louis, who it is presumed has possession of his father's official
+papers, it is stated, in reference to this affair, that although the
+Spanish Governor could not be made to believe that an attack was
+intended, the principal inhabitants sent over an express to Colonel
+Clark, who was then at Kaskaskia with five hundred men, to come and
+protect them. He accordingly marched his force up opposite the town and
+encamped a little distance from the river. He did not send over any
+troops, but was to do so, in case of an attack; when it was actually
+made Colonel Clark crossed the river; and upon seeing the "long knives,"
+as the Indians called his troops, they hastily retreated, having killed
+seventy-two or seventy-three of the Spaniards, before his arrival. This
+sudden appearance of Colonel Clark, upon the scene of action, explains
+the conduct of the Indians. So large a body of warriors, making a
+preconcerted attack, upon a town but badly protected, would not, it is
+thought, have given up the assault so suddenly and before they had lost
+a single man, unless alarmed by the presence of a superior force. On the
+supposition that Colonel Clark actually crossed the river with his
+troops, the flight of the Indians is easily explained. They were
+probably apprised of Colonel Clark's being at Kaskaskia, and his name
+was every where a terror to the Indians. As an evidence of this, a short
+time afterwards, he sent a detachment of one hundred and fifty men, as
+far up the country as Prairie des Chiens, and from thence across Rock
+and Illinois rivers and down to Kaskaskia, meeting with no molestation
+from the Indians, who were struck with terror at the boldness of the
+enterprise, saying that if so few dared to come, they "would fight like
+devils."
+
+General William H. Harrison, long familiar with the North West Indians,
+in an official letter to the secretary at War, dated H.Q. Cincinnati,
+March 22d, 1814, giving an able view of the Indian tribes, makes the
+following remarks on the descent of this northern confederacy, upon the
+great Illini nation.
+
+"The Miamies have their principal settlements on the forks of the
+Wabash, thirty miles from fort Wayne; and at Mississineway, thirty miles
+lower down. A band of them, under the name of Weas, have resided on the
+Wabash, sixty miles above Vincennes; and another under the Turtle, on
+Eel river, a branch of the Wabash, twenty miles north west of Fort
+Wayne. By an artifice of the Little Turtle, these three bands were
+passed on General Wayne as distinct tribes, and an annuity was granted
+to each. The Eel river and Weas however to this day call themselves
+Miamies, and are recognized as such by the Mississineway band. The
+Miamies, Maumees, or Tewicktovies are the undoubted proprietors of all
+that beautiful country which is watered by the Wabash and its branches;
+and there is as little doubt, that their claim extended as far east as
+the Sciota. They have no tradition of removing from any other quarter of
+the country; whereas all the neighboring tribes, the Piankeshaws
+excepted, who are a branch of the Miamies, are either intruders upon
+them, or have been permitted to settle in their country. The Wyandots
+emigrated first from Lake Ontario and subsequently from lake Huron, the
+Delawares from Pennsylvania and Maryland, the Shawanies from Georgia,
+the Kickapoos and Pottawatamies from the country between lake Michigan
+and the Mississippi, and the Ottawas and Chippeways, from the peninsula
+formed by lakes Michigan, Huron and St. Clair, and the strait connecting
+the latter with Erie. The claims of the Miamies were bounded on the
+north and west by those of the Illinois confederacy, consisting
+originally of five tribes, called Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Peorians,
+Michiganians, and Temorias speaking the Miami language, and no doubt
+branches of that nation.
+
+"When I was first appointed governor of Indiana Territory, these once
+powerful tribes were reduced to about thirty warriors, of whom twenty
+five were Kaskaskias, four Peorians, and a single Michiganian. There was
+an individual lately alive at St. Louis, who saw the enumeration of them
+made by the Jesuits in 1745, making the number of their warriors four
+thousand. A furious war between them and the Sacs and Kickapoos reduced
+them to that miserable remnant, which had taken refuge amongst the white
+people of Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. The Kickapoos had fixed their
+principal village at Peoria, upon the south bank of the Illinois river,
+whilst the Sacks remained masters of the country to the north."
+
+These historical facts are interesting, as showing the manner in which
+the Sauks and Foxes obtained possession of the fertile plains of
+Illinois; and, as adding another to the many instances on record, in
+which hordes of northern invaders have overrun and subjugated the people
+of more southern regions. The causes are obvious for this descent of the
+Sauks and Foxes, upon their southern neighbors. They reached a more
+genial climate, a country where game was more abundant than in the
+region they left behind, and in which they could, with greater facility,
+raise their corn, beans and pumpkins. Other causes than these might have
+had their influence. The Illini confederacy may have provoked the
+descent of the northern tribes upon them. On this point, Lieutenant Pike
+in his travels to the sources of the Mississippi, has the following
+remark.
+
+"By killing the celebrated Sauk chief, Pontiac, the Illinois, Cahokias,
+Kaskaskias and Peorias, kindled a war with the allied nations of the
+Sauks and Reynards, which has been the cause of the almost entire
+destruction of the former nations."
+
+The death of Pontiac may have been the immediate exciting cause of the
+war, but it is more than probable that the love of conquest and the
+hope of obtaining a more fruitful and genial country, than is to be
+found upon the shore of the lakes, were the principal reasons which
+impelled the northern confederacy to the subjugation of the Illini.
+
+The principal village of the Sacs and Foxes, for a long period of time,
+was on the north side of Rock river, near its junction with the
+Mississippi. It contained at one time upwards of sixty lodges, and was
+among the largest and most populous Indian villages on the continent.
+The country around it is fertile and picturesque, finely watered, and
+studded with groves and prairies. It is described in the following
+graphic manner, by a gentleman[3] who travelled over it in 1829.
+
+"The Mississippi, which below its junction with the Missouri, is a
+troubled stream, meandering through low grounds, and margined by muddy
+banks, is here a clear and rapid river, flowing over beds of rock and
+gravel, and bordered by the most lovely shores. Nothing of the kind can
+be more attractive, than the scenery at the upper rapids. On the western
+shore, a series of slopes are seen, commencing at the gravelly margin of
+the water, and rising one above another, with a barely perceptible
+acclivity, for a considerable distance, until the back ground is
+terminated by a chain of beautifully rounded hills, over which trees are
+thinly scattered, as if planted to embellish the scene. This is the
+singular charm of prairie scenery. Although it is a wilderness, just as
+nature made it, the verdant carpet, the gracefully waving outline of the
+surface, the clumps and groves and scattered trees, give it the
+appearance of a noble park, boundless in extent, and adorned with
+exquisite taste. It is a wild but not a savage wild, that awes by its
+gloom. It is a gay and cheerful wilderness, winning by its social aspect
+as well as its variety and intrinsic gracefulness. The eastern shore is
+not less beautiful: a broad flat plain of rich alluvion, extending from
+the water's edge, is terminated by a range of wooded hills. A small
+collection of the lodges of the Saukies and Foxes stood on this plain
+when the writer last saw it, but their chief village was about three
+miles distant. In the front of the landscape, and presenting its most
+prominent feature, is Rock Island, on the southern point of which,
+elevated upon a parapet of rock, is Fort Armstrong. The region around is
+healthy and amazingly fruitful. The grape, the plum, the gooseberry and
+various other native fruits abound,--the wild honeysuckle gives its
+perfume to the air, and a thousand indigenous flowers mingle their
+diversified hues with the verdure of the plain. But all this fertility
+of soil and scenic beauty has produced no ameliorating effect upon the
+savages. The Sauks of Illinois, when first visited by the French
+missionaries were as they are now. They are still savages, as much so as
+the Osages, Comanches and Seminoles, and not superior to the wandering
+Chippeways."
+
+The civil polity of these two tribes bears much resemblance to that of
+the north western Indians generally. The peace chiefs are partly
+elective and partly hereditary. The son succeeds the father by the
+assent of the tribe, if worthy of the office, and if not, a successor,
+of a more meritorious character, is chosen by them from some collateral
+branch of the family. There is a legend among them relating to the
+relative rank of their chiefs, which, although perhaps purely
+figurative, may not be uninteresting to the reader. They say that a
+great while ago, their fathers had a long lodge, in the centre of which
+were ranged four fires. By the first fire stood two chiefs, one on the
+right, who was called the great Bear, and one on the left, called the
+little Bear: these were the village or peace chiefs: they were the
+rulers of the band, and held the authority corresponding to that of the
+chief magistrate. At the second fire stood two chiefs: one on the right,
+called the great Fox, and one on the left, called the little Fox: these
+were the war chiefs or generals. At the third fire stood two warriors,
+who were called respectively the Wolf and the Owl. And at the other
+fire, two others who were the Eagle and the Tortoise. These four last
+named were not chiefs but braves of distinction, who held honorable
+places in the council, and were persons of influence in peace and in
+war. This lodge of four fires may have existed among these tribes. It is
+true that their chiefs remain as described in the legend.
+
+The peace chief or head-man presides in council, and all important
+public acts are done in his name; but unless he be a man of popular
+talents and great energy of character his place confers more of honor
+than power. If a weak or irresolute man, although he nominally retain
+his authority, the war chiefs actually exercise it. It is very seldom
+that he acquires property, for he is expected to make feasts and
+presents, and is compelled to be hospitable and liberal as a means of
+sustaining his power among his people.
+
+The office of war chief is never hereditary, but results from skill and
+intrepidity in battle, and is held so long as those qualities are
+successfully retained. It may readily be conceived that among such a
+race the war chiefs, having the braves and young men of the nation under
+their command, would generally maintain a controlling influence. The
+leading war chief is always better known than the principal peace chief,
+is often confounded with him, and still oftener exercises his authority.
+
+The Sauks are, at the present time, divided into twelve families, and
+the Foxes into eight, each known by the name of some animal. Among the
+Sauks there is another division peculiar to it. The males are all
+classed in two parties or bands--one called Kish-ko-guis, or long hairs;
+the other Osh-cushis or braves, the former being considered something
+more than brave. In 1819 each party numbered about four hundred members,
+and in 1826, the number was increased to five hundred in each. The
+standard of the Kish-ko-guis or long hairs, is red, and that of the
+Osh-cushis or braves, blue. Every male child, soon after its birth, is
+marked with white or black paint, and is classed in one of these two
+parties, the mother being careful to apply the two colors alternately,
+so that if the number of males in a family be even, each band will
+receive an equal number of members, and the whole nation will thus be
+nearly equally divided into the two colors of black and white. These
+distinctive marks are permanently retained through life, and in painting
+themselves for any ceremonies or public occasions, those of one party
+use white, the others black paint, in addition to other colors which may
+suit their fancy. The reason of this singular custom is for the purpose
+of creating and keeping alive a spirit of emulation in the tribe. In
+their games, sham-battles and other pastimes, the whites and blacks are
+opposed to each other; and in war, each party is ambitious of bringing
+home a greater number of scalps than the other.
+
+The chiefs have the management of public affairs, but as we have already
+seen are more or less influenced, especially in matters of war or peace,
+by the braves. In their councils, questions are not considered,
+generally, as decided, unless there be unanimity of opinion. Their laws
+are few and simple. Debts are but seldom contracted by them, and there
+is no mode of enforcing their collection. For redress of civil injuries,
+an appeal is usually made to some of the old men of the tribe, mutually
+selected by the parties concerned; and their decision is considered as
+binding. A murder among them is seldom punished capitally. The relatives
+of the deceased may take revenge in that way, but it is much more common
+to receive compensation in property. If the relatives cannot agree upon
+the amount of the compensation, the old men of the tribe interfere and
+settle it. The kinsfolk of the deceased say, that by killing the
+murderer, it will not bring the dead to life, and that it is better to
+take the customary presents, which often amount in value to a
+considerable sum. Occasionally the murderer arranges the whole matter,
+by marrying the widow of the man he has killed. There is but one offence
+that is considered of a national character, and that is of rare
+occurrence. It consists in aiding the enemies of the tribe, in times of
+war, and is punishable with death. A sentinel who has been placed on
+duty by a chief, but who neglects it, is publicly whipped by the women.
+The Sauks and Foxes have no established mode of declaring war. If
+injured by a neighboring tribe they wait a reasonable time for
+reparation to be made, and if it is not, they avail themselves of the
+first fitting opportunity of taking revenge. The young Indians manifest,
+at an early age, a love of war. They hear the old warriors recounting
+their exploits, and as the battle-field is the only road to distinction,
+they embrace the first chance of killing an enemy. When the question of
+going to war is under consideration, some one or a number of them,
+undertake to consult the Great Spirit by fasting and dreams. These
+latter are related by them in public, and often have their influence,
+being generally so interpreted as to inspire confidence in those who may
+join the war party. If a party is victorious in battle, the individual
+who killed the first enemy, leads them back, and on the way, if they
+have prisoners with them, it is not uncommon to kill those who are old.
+The young ones are generally adopted into the families of such as have
+lost relatives in the battle, or whose children have died a natural
+death. Upon the return of the victorious party to their village, a war
+dance is held round their captives by way of celebrating their triumph.
+Prisoners are sometimes held as slaves, and as such are bought and sold.
+If they go to war, which they are encouraged to do, and succeed in
+killing one of the enemy, the slave changes his name and from that time
+becomes a freeman. The Sauks and Foxes treat their prisoners with
+humanity, and if they succeed in getting to the village alive, they are
+safe, and their persons are held sacred. But one instance is known of
+their having burned a prisoner, and that was in a war with the
+Menominies, and in retaliation for a similar act, first committed by
+that tribe. The young Indians go to war generally between the age of
+seventeen and twenty, but sometimes as early as fifteen. Many of them at
+the age of forty and forty-five, look old and are broken down in their
+physical constitution, in consequence of the hardships which they have
+endured in war and the chase. In old age they are usually provided for,
+and live in peace at their villages. When one of them is sick, and
+thinks he is about to go to the land of spirits, he not unfrequently
+directs the manner in which he wishes to be buried, and his instructions
+are complied with. The Sauks and Foxes bury their dead in the ground,
+and have preferences for particular places of interment. The graves are
+not dug to any great depth, and a little bark from a tree is made to
+answer the purpose of a coffin. The body is usually carried to the grave
+by old women, who howl at intervals, during the ceremony, most
+piteously. Before closing the grave, one of the Indians present at the
+funeral will wave a stick or war-club, called "puc-ca waw-gun," saying
+in an audible voice, "I have killed many men in war, and I give their
+spirits to my dead friend who lies here, to serve him as slaves in the
+other world:" after which the grave is filled up with earth, and in a
+day or two a rude cabin or shed is made over it of rough boards or bark.
+If the deceased was a brave, a post is planted at the head of the grave,
+on which, in a rude manner, the number of scalps and prisoners he has
+taken in war, is represented by red paint. Upon the death of an adult,
+his property is usually distributed among his relatives, and his widow
+returns to her own family or nearest kinfolks. The widow is the
+principal mourner for the deceased and her grief seems to be sincere.
+Her countenance becomes dejected--she seldom smiles--clothes herself in
+rags, and with disheveled hair and spots of black paint on her cheeks,
+wanders about in a pensive mood, seldom shedding tears, except when
+alone in the woods. They generally cease mourning at the suggestion of
+some friend, wash, paint themselves red and put on their best clothes
+and ornaments. Some of the Sauks and Foxes entertain the opinion that
+the spirit of the deceased hovers about the village or lodge, for a few
+days, and then takes its flight to the land of repose. On its way, they
+suppose it passes over an extensive prairie, beyond which the woods
+appear like a blue cloud. Between this woodland and the prairie, there
+is a deep and rapid stream of water, across which there is a pole, kept
+in continual motion by the force of the current. This stream, the spirit
+must cross on the pole, and if it has belonged to a good person, it will
+get over safe and find all its good relations that have gone before it.
+In this woodland, game of all kinds is abundant, and there the spirits
+of the good live in everlasting happiness. If on the contrary, the
+spirit has belonged to a bad or wicked person in this world, it will
+fall off the pole into the stream, and the current will sweep it down to
+the land of evil spirits, where it will forever remain in poverty and
+misery. There is nothing very peculiar in the religious opinions of the
+Sauks and Foxes, to distinguish them from the aborigines of this
+country, generally. They believe in one Great and Good Spirit, who
+controls and governs all things, and in supernatural agents who are
+permitted to interfere in their concerns. They are of opinion that there
+is also a bad spirit, subordinate, however, to the great Manito, who is
+permitted to annoy and perplex the Indians, by means of bad medicines,
+by poisonous reptiles, and by killing their horses and sinking their
+canoes. All their misfortunes are attributed to the influence of this
+bad spirit, but they have some vague idea that it is in part permitted
+as a punishment for their bad deeds. They all believe in ghosts, and
+when they fancy that they have seen one, the friends of the deceased
+give a feast and hang up some clothing as an offering to appease the
+troubled spirit. So far as the ceremonials are concerned, the Sauks and
+Foxes may be called a religious people. They rarely pass any
+extraordinary cave, rock, hill or other object, with out leaving behind
+them some tobacco for the use of the spirit who they suppose lives
+there. They have some kind of prayers, consisting of words which they
+sing over in the evening and at sunrise in the morning.
+
+Their tradition in regard to the creation of the world, the deluge and
+the re-peopling of the earth, is a singular mixture of truth and
+fiction. If anterior in its origin, to the arrival of the whites on this
+continent, it presents matter of curious speculation. The following
+account of it, entitled the Cosmogony of the Saukee and Musquakee
+Indians, is taken from Doctor Galland's Chronicles of the North American
+Savages.
+
+"In the beginning the Gods created every living being which was intended
+to have life upon the face of the whole earth; and then were formed
+every species of living animal. After this the gods also formed man,
+whom they perceived to be both cruel and foolish: they then put into man
+the heart of the best beast they had created; but they beheld that man
+still continued cruel and foolish. After this it came to pass that the
+Almighty took a piece of himself, of which he made a heart for the man;
+and when the man received it, he immediately became wise above every
+other animal on the earth.
+
+"And it came to pass in the process of much time, that the earth
+produced its first fruits in abundance, and all the living beasts were
+greatly multiplied. The earth about this time, was also inhabited by an
+innumerable host of I-am-woi (giants) and gods. And the gods whose
+habitation is under the seas, made war upon We-suk-kah, (the chief god
+upon the earth) and leagued themselves with the I-am-woi upon the earth,
+against him. Nevertheless, they were still afraid of We-suk-kah and his
+immense host of gods; therefore they called a council upon the earth;
+and when they were assembled upon the earth, at the council, both the
+I-am-woi and the gods from under the seas, after much debate, and long
+consultation, they resolved to make a great feast upon the earth, and to
+invite We-suk-kah, that they might thus beguile him, and at the feast
+lay hands upon him and slay him.
+
+"And when the council had appointed a delegate to visit We-suk-kah, and
+commanded him to invite We-suk-kah to the great feast, which they were
+preparing upon the earth for him; behold, the younger brother of
+We-suk-kah, was in the midst of the council, and being confused in the
+whole assembly, they said unto him, "Where is thy brother We-suk-kah."
+And he answering said unto them "I know not; am I my brother's keeper?"
+And the council perceiving that all their devices were known unto him,
+they were sorely vexed; therefore, with one accord, the whole assembly
+rushed violently upon him and slew him: and thus was slain the younger
+brother of We-suk-kah.
+
+"Now when We-suk-kah had heard of the death of his younger brother, he
+was extremely sorrowful and wept aloud; and the gods whose habitations
+are above the clouds, heard the voice of his lamentations, and they
+leagued with him to avenge the blood of his brother. At this time the
+lower gods had fled from the face of the earth, to their own habitations
+under the seas; and the I-am-woi were thus forsaken, and left alone to
+defend themselves against We-suk-kah and his allies.
+
+"Now the scene of battle, where We-suk-kah and his allies fought the
+I-am-woi, was in a flame of fire; and the whole race of the I-am-woi
+were destroyed with a great slaughter, that there was not one left upon
+the face of the whole earth. And when the gods under the sea, knew the
+dreadful fate of their allies, the I-am-woi, whom they had deserted,
+they were sore afraid and they cried aloud to Na-nam-a-keh (god of
+thunder) to come to their assistance. And Na-nam-a-keh heard their cry
+and accepted their request, and sent his subaltern, No-tah-tes-se-ah,
+(god of the wind) to Pa-poan-a-tesse-ah, (god of the cold) to invite him
+to come with all his dreadful host of frost, snow, hail, ice and
+north-wind, to their relief. When this destroying army came from the
+north, they smote the whole earth with frost, converting the waters of
+every river, lake, and sea into solid masses of ice, and covering the
+whole earth with an immense sheet of snow and hail. Thus perished all
+the first inhabitants of the earth both men, beasts and gods, except a
+few choice ones of each kind, which We-suk-kah preserved with himself
+upon the earth.
+
+"And again it came to pass in the process of a long time, that the gods
+under the sea came forth again, upon the earth; and when they saw
+We-suk-kah, that he was almost alone on the earth, they rejoiced in
+assurance of being able to destroy him. But when they had exhausted
+every scheme, attempted every plan, and executed every effort to no
+effect, perceiving that all their councils and designs were well known
+to We-suk-kah as soon as they were formed, they became mad with despair,
+and resolved to destroy We-suk-kah, by spoiling forever the whole face
+of the earth, which they so much desired to inhabit. To this end,
+therefore, they retired to their former habitations under the sea and
+intreated Na-nam-a-keh (the god of thunder) to drown the whole earth
+with a flood.
+
+"And Na-nam-a-keh again hearkened to their cries, and calling all the
+clouds to gather themselves together, they obeyed his voice and came;
+and when all the clouds were assembled, he commanded them and they
+poured down water upon the earth, a tremendous torrent, until the whole
+surface of the earth, even the tops of the highest mountains were
+covered with water. But it came to pass, when We-suk-kah saw the water
+coming upon the earth, he took some air, and made an o-pes-quie,
+(vessel, boat or shell) and getting into it himself, he took with him
+all sorts of living beasts, and man; and when the waters rose upon the
+earth the o-pes-quie was lifted up and floated upon the surface, until
+the tops of the highest mountains were covered with the flood. And when
+the o-pes-quie had remained for a long time upon the surface of the
+flood, We-suk-kah called one of the animals, which was with him in the
+o-pes-quie, and commanded it to go down through the water to the earth,
+to bring from thence some earth; and after many repeated efforts and
+with great difficulty, the animal at length returned, bringing in its
+mouth, some earth; of which, when We-suk-kah had received it, he formed
+this earth, and spread it forth upon the surface of the water; and went
+forth himself and all that were with him in the o-pes-quie, and occupied
+the dry land."
+
+In the social or family relations of the Sauks and Foxes, it is
+considered the duty of the men to hunt and clothe their wives and
+children--to purchase arms and the implements of husbandry so far as
+they use them--to make canoes and assist in rowing them--to hunt and
+drive their horses, make saddles, &c. &c. The duties of the women, are
+to skin the game when brought home and prepare the skins for market, to
+cook, to make the camp, cut and carry wood, make moccasins, plant and
+gather the corn, beans and pumpkins, and do all the drudgery connected
+with the domestic affairs. It is the commonly received opinion among the
+whites that the female Indians are the slaves of their husbands. This is
+not literally true. The men seldom make their wives feel their
+authority: as a general rule among the Sauks and Foxes, they live
+happily together. The wives take the liberty of scolding their
+husbands, very frequently, and it is considered by both parties that
+every thing in the family, except the war and hunting implements,
+belongs to the wife, and she may do with it as she pleases. The men may
+each have two or three, or even more wives. They generally prefer to
+take sisters, as they agree better together in the same lodge: the
+eldest usually regulates all the domestic affairs of the family and has
+charge of the property belonging to it. The men turn off their wives and
+the latter leave their husbands whenever they become discontented. While
+living together, the women are generally faithful to their husbands. The
+daughters seldom leave their mothers until they are married, which
+usually occurs when they are about fourteen or fifteen years of age. The
+parents of an Indian girl are generally conciliated by presents from her
+lover, but they may insist upon servitude from him, which sometimes runs
+throughout one, two or three years. There is no particular marriage
+ceremony among them, beyond that of the contract between the parents or
+parties. A young Sauk lover is represented as a silly looking fellow,
+who can neither eat, drink or sleep--he appears to be deranged, and with
+all the pains he takes to conceal his passion, his malady is still
+apparent to his friends. The faithfulness of this sketch, will hardly be
+questioned, when the close analogy which it bears to a pale-faced lover,
+is recalled to mind. The Sauks and Foxes, when pinched with hunger, will
+eat almost any kind of meat, but prefer venison and bear's meat to all
+other; they never eat it unless cooked. They make much use of corn,
+beans and pumpkins, and annually raise considerable quantities. They are
+not fond of fish and seldom eat them if they can procure other kinds of
+food.
+
+There are but three kinds of musical instruments used among these
+tribes. The drum, which is beat at their feasts, dances and games, the
+tambourin, and a kind of flageolet, made of cane or two pieces of soft
+wood hollowed out and fastened together with strips of leather. Their
+tunes are always on a flat key, have but few variations and are mostly
+of a melancholy character. According to Mr. Atwater, who visited those
+residing near Rock Island, in 1829, the Sacs and Foxes have "tunes
+evidently of French origin, and some songs of considerable length."
+"These Indians have among them, what answers to the Italian
+Improvisatori who make songs for particular occasions." The same writer
+says, "the Sauks and Foxes have a considerable number of songs, suited
+to a great many occasions in their own language." He further adds,
+"Among the Indians of the Upper Mississippi, the Sauks and Foxes are
+decidedly the best actors, and have the greatest variety of plays among
+them." In common with the Indian tribes generally, they have a variety
+of athletic games, in which both the men and women join. They are
+addicted to cards and other games of chance, and often bet very high.
+
+Touching the condition of these tribes in 1805, Lieutenant Pike, in his
+travels to the sources of the Mississippi, says, "The first nation of
+Indians whom we met with, were the Sauks, who principally reside in
+four villages. The first at the head of the rapids des Moyens, on the
+west shore, containing thirteen lodges. The second on a prairie on the
+east shore about sixty miles above. The third on the river De Roche
+[Rock river] about three miles from the entrance, and the last on the
+river Iowa. They hunt on the Mississippi and its confluent streams from
+the Illinois to the river Des Iowa; and on the plains west of them which
+border the Mississippi. They are so perfectly consolidated with the
+Reynards (the Foxes) that they can scarcely be termed a distinct nation;
+but recently there appears to be a schism between the two nations: the
+latter not approving of the insolence and ill-will, which has marked the
+conduct of the former towards the United States, on many late
+occurrences. They have for many years past made war (under the auspices
+of the Sioux) on the Santeaux, Osages and Missouries; but as recently a
+peace has been (through the influence of the United States) made between
+them and the nations of the Missouri, and by the same means between the
+Sioux and the Santeaux (their principal allies) it appears it would be
+by no means a difficult matter to induce them to make a general peace,
+and pay still greater attention to the cultivation of the earth: as they
+now raise a considerable quantity of corn, beans and melons. The
+character which they bear with their savage brethren, is, that they are
+much more to be dreaded for their deceit and inclination for stratagem,
+than for open courage.
+
+"The Reynards reside in three villages. The first on the west side of
+the Mississippi six miles above the rapids of the river de Roche. The
+second about twelve miles in the rear of the lead mines, and the third
+on Turkey river, half a league from its entrance. They are engaged in
+the same wars, and have the same alliances as the Sauks, with whom they
+must be considered as indissoluble in war and peace. They hunt on both
+sides of the Mississippi, from the river Iowa (below the prairie des
+Chiens) to a river of that name, above said village. They raise a great
+quantity of corn, beans and melons; the former of those articles in such
+quantities, as to sell many hundred bushels per annum."
+
+At this period, 1805, according to Lieutenant Pike, the total number of
+souls in the Sauk nation was 2850, of whom 1400 were children, seven
+hundred and fifty women, and seven hundred warriors. They resided in
+their villages and had about seven hundred stand of arms. Their trade
+was principally in deer skins, with some bear and a few otter, beaver
+and raccoon skins. The total number of the Foxes was 1750, of whom eight
+hundred and fifty were children, five hundred women and four hundred
+warriors, with about four hundred stand of arms. Their number of
+villages and their trade being the same with the Sauks.
+
+Some further items of information about these tribes may be gleaned from
+the statistical view of the Indian nations furnished by Lewis and
+Clark's Expedition. It is there stated that the Saukee, or O-sau-kee,
+speak a primitive language, dwell principally in two villages, have
+about five hundred warriors and 2000 souls in the tribe, were at war
+with the Osage, Chippeway and Sioux. The Foxes or Ot-tar-gar-me, in the
+Saukee language, number not more than 1200 souls, and about three
+hundred warriors. These nations, the Sauks and Foxes, says Mr. Lewis,
+are so perfectly consolidated that they may in fact be considered as one
+nation only: "they are extremely friendly to the whites and seldom
+injure their traders; but they are the most implacable enemies to the
+Indian nations with whom they are at war; to them is justly attributed
+the almost entire destruction of the Missouries, the Illinois, the
+Cahokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias."
+
+In 1825, the Secretary at War, estimated the entire number of Sacs and
+Foxes at 4,600 souls, and in 1826, the warriors were supposed to amount
+to between twelve and fourteen hundred. Supposing these estimates to
+approximate the truth, it appears that during the twenty years between
+1805 and 1825, these tribes had increased very considerably in numbers.
+
+The traders generally and those who have had most intercourse with the
+Sauks and Foxes, speak of them as honest in their dealings, and feel
+safe among them, seldom locking their doors by day or night, and
+allowing them free ingress to their stores and houses. Their reputation
+for courage, it appears, does not stand quite so fair. Lieutenant Pike
+speaks of them as being more dreaded by their savage brethren for "their
+deceit and inclination for stratagem, than for their open courage."
+Major Thomas Forsyth, late U.S. agent among the Sacs and Foxes, calls
+them a dastardly and cowardly set of Indians. The correctness of these
+charges may be questioned. Mr. Schoolcraft, in speaking of the Foxes
+says, "the history of their migrations and wars, shows them to have been
+a restless and spirited people, erratic in their dispositions, having a
+great contempt for agriculture, and a predominant passion for war." He
+adds, "they still retain their ancient character, and are constantly
+embroiled in wars and disputes with their neighbors, the results of
+which show, that they have more courage in battle, than wisdom in
+council." In a report of the war department to the President, made by
+the secretary Mr. Cass, in 1832, the Sacs and Foxes are spoken of as
+being distinguished for their "daring spirit of adventure and for their
+natural courage."
+
+The truth appears to be, that the Sacs and Foxes fought their way from
+the waters of the St. Lawrence to Green Bay, and after reaching that
+place, not only sustained themselves against hostile tribes, but were
+among the most active and courageous in the subjugation or rather
+extermination of the numerous and powerful Illini confederacy. They have
+had many wars, offensive and defensive, with the Sioux, the Pawnees, the
+Osages and other tribes, some of whom are ranked among the most fierce
+and ferocious warriors on the continent; and, it does not appear, that
+in these conflicts, running through a long period of years, they were
+found wanting in this greatest of savage virtues. In the late war with
+Great Britain, a party from the Sacs and Foxes, fought under the British
+standard as a matter of choice: and in the recent contest between a
+fragment of these tribes and the United States, although defeated and
+literally cut to pieces by an overwhelming force, it is very
+questionable whether their reputation as braves, would suffer by a
+comparison with that of their victors. It is believed that a careful
+review of their history, from the period when they first established
+themselves on the waters of the Mississippi, down to the present time,
+will lead the inquirer to the conclusion, that the Sacs and Foxes are
+truly a courageous people, shrewd, politic, and enterprising, with not
+more of ferocity and treachery of character, than is common among the
+tribes by whom they are surrounded.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians in 1789--treaty and cession of land
+  to the United States at St. Louis in 1804--Black Hawk's account of
+  this treaty--Erection of Fort Madison--The British excite the Sac and
+  Fox Indians to make war upon the United States--A party under Black
+  Hawk join the British standard in 1812--Treaty at Portage des Sioux in
+  1815--Treaty of peace with Black Hawk and his band at same place in
+  1816--Treaty for part of their lands in Missouri in 1824--Treaty of
+  Prairie des Chiens in 1825--Treaty for the mineral region in
+  1829--Treaty of peace in 1832, after the "Black Hawk war"--Present
+  residence of the Sacs and Foxes.
+
+
+The first treaty between the United States and the Sacs, was made at
+Fort Harmar, on the Muskingum river, on the 9th of January 1789. It was
+concluded by Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Territory north west of
+the Ohio, on the part of the United States, and the sachems and warriors
+of the Chippeway, Ottawa, Pottawatamie, Delaware, Wyandotte and Sac
+tribes of Indians. The object of this treaty seems to have been the
+confirmation of former treaties and the adjustment of boundary lines of
+previous cessions of land. By the fourteenth article of this treaty, it
+is provided, that the United States, "do also receive into their
+friendship and protection, the nations of the Pottawatamies, and Sacs;
+and do hereby establish a league of peace and amity between them
+respectively; and all the articles of this treaty, so far as they apply
+to these nations, are to be considered as made and concluded, in all and
+every part, expressly with them and each of them."
+
+On the 27th of June 1804, the President, Mr. Jefferson, directed
+Governor William H. Harrison, to make a treaty with the Sacs, and
+obtain, if possible, cessions of land on both sides of the Illinois
+river, and to give them, in lieu thereof, an annual compensation. In
+November following, Governor Harrison concluded a treaty with the Sacs
+and Foxes, under his instructions. As this treaty has formed the basis
+of all the subsequent ones made with these tribes, and as its validity,
+has been disputed by some of the Sac nation, it is deemed expedient, to
+copy it entire, in this place, more especially as it will be matter of
+frequent reference in the subsequent pages of this work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Articles of a treaty, made at Saint Louis, in the district of
+Louisiana, between William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana
+Territory and of the district of Louisiana, superintendent of Indian
+affairs for the said territory and district, and commissioner
+plenipotentiary of the United States, for concluding any treaty, or
+treaties which may be found necessary with any of the north western
+tribes of Indians, of the one part; and the chiefs and head men of the
+united Sac and Fox tribes of the other part."
+
+Article 1. The United States receive the united Sac and Fox tribes into
+their friendship and protection; and the said tribes agree to consider
+themselves under the protection of the United States, and of no other
+power whatsoever.
+
+Art. 2. The general boundary line between the lands of the United
+States and of the said Indian tribes shall be as follows, viz: Beginning
+at a point on the Missouri river, opposite to the mouth of the Gasconade
+river; thence, in a direct course so as to strike the river Jeffreon, at
+the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down the said Jeffreon
+to the Mississippi; thence, up the Mississippi to the mouth of the
+Ouisconsin river, and up the same to a point which shall be thirty-six
+miles, in a direct line from the mouth of said river; thence, by a
+direct line to a point where the Fox river (a branch of the Illinois)
+leaves the small lake called Sakaegan; thence down the Fox river to the
+Illinois river, and down the same to the Mississippi. And the said
+tribes, for and in consideration of the friendship and protection of the
+United States, which is now extended to them, of the goods (to the value
+of two thousand, two hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents)
+which are now delivered, and of the annuity hereinafter stipulated to be
+paid, do hereby cede and relinquish forever, to the United States, all
+the lands included within the above described boundary.
+
+Art. 3. In consideration of the cession and relinquishment of land made
+in the preceding article, the United States will deliver to the said
+tribes, at the town of St. Louis, or some other convenient place on the
+Mississippi, yearly and every year, goods suited to the circumstances of
+the Indians, of the value of one thousand dollars (six hundred of which
+are intended for the Sacs, and four hundred for the Foxes,) reckoning
+that value at the first cost of the goods in the city or place in the
+United States, where they shall be procured. And if the said tribes
+shall hereafter, at an annual delivery of the goods aforesaid, desire
+that a part of their annuity should be furnished in domestic animals,
+implements of husbandry, and other utensils, convenient for them, the
+same shall at the subsequent annual delivery, be furnished accordingly.
+
+Art. 4. The United States will never interrupt the said tribes, in the
+possession of the lands which they rightfully claim; but will on the
+contrary, protect them in the quiet enjoyment of the same, against their
+own citizens, and against all other white persons, who may intrude upon
+them. And the said tribes do hereby engage, that they will never sell
+their land, or any part thereof, to any sovereign power but the United
+States; nor to the citizens or subjects of any other sovereign power,
+nor to the citizens of the United States.
+
+Art. 5. Lest the friendship which is now established between the United
+States and the said Indian tribes, should be interrupted by the
+misconduct of individuals, it is hereby agreed, that for injuries done
+by individuals, no private revenge or retaliation shall take place; but,
+instead thereof, complaint shall be made by the party injured to the
+other; by the said tribes, or either of them, to the superintendent of
+Indian affairs, or one of his deputies; and by the superintendent, or
+other person appointed by the President, to the chiefs of the said
+tribes. And it shall be the duty of the said chiefs, upon complaint
+being made, as aforesaid, to deliver up the person, or persons, against
+whom the complaint is made, to the end that he, or they, may be
+punished agreeably to the laws of the state or territory where the
+offence may have been committed. And, in like manner, if any robbery,
+violence or murder shall be committed on any Indian, or Indians,
+belonging to the said tribes, or either of them, the person or persons
+so offending, shall be tried, and if found guilty, punished, in like
+manner as if the injury had been done to a white man. And it is further
+agreed, that the chiefs of the said tribes shall, to the utmost of their
+power, exert themselves to recover horses, or other property which may
+be stolen from any citizen or citizens of the United States by any
+individual or individuals of their tribes. And the property so
+recovered, shall be forthwith delivered to the superintendent, or other
+person authorized to receive it, that it may be restored to the proper
+owner. And in cases where the exertions of the chiefs shall be
+ineffectual in recovering the property stolen, as aforesaid, if
+sufficient proof can be obtained, that such property was actually stolen
+by any Indian, or Indians, belonging to the said tribes or either of
+them, the United States may deduct from the annuity of the said tribes,
+a sum equal to the value of the property which was stolen. And the
+United States hereby guaranty to any Indian or Indians, of the said
+tribes, a full indemnification for any horses, or other property, which
+may be stolen from them, by any of their citizens: _Provided_, that the
+property so stolen cannot be recovered, and that sufficient proof is
+produced that it was actually stolen by a citizen of the United States.
+
+Art. 6. If any citizen of the United States, or any other white person,
+should form a settlement, upon the lands which are the property of the
+Sac and Fox tribes, upon complaint being made thereof, to the
+Superintendent, or other person having charge of the affairs of the
+Indians, such intruder shall forthwith be removed.
+
+Art. 7. As long as the lands which are now ceded to the United States
+remain their property, the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall
+enjoy the privilege of living and hunting upon them.
+
+Art. 8. As the laws of the United States regulating trade and
+intercourse with the Indian tribes, are already extended to the country
+inhabited by the Sacs and Foxes, and as it is provided by those laws,
+that no person shall reside, as a trader, in the Indian country, without
+a licence under the hand and seal of the Superintendent of Indian
+affairs, or other person appointed for the purpose by the President, the
+said tribes do promise and agree, that they will not suffer any trader
+to reside among them, without such licence, and that they will, from
+time to time, give notice to the Superintendent, or to the agent for
+their tribes, of all the traders that may be in their country.
+
+Art. 9. In order to put a stop to the abuses and impositions which are
+practised upon the said tribes, by the private traders, the United
+States will, at a convenient time, establish a trading house, or
+factory, where the individuals of the said tribes can be supplied with
+goods at a more reasonable rate, than they have been accustomed to
+procure them.
+
+Art. 10. In order to evince the sincerity of their friendship and
+affection for the United States, and a respectful deference for their
+advice, by an act which will not only be acceptable to them, but to the
+common father of all the nations of the earth, the said tribes do,
+hereby, promise and agree that they will put an end to the bloody war
+which has heretofore raged between their tribe and the Great and Little
+Osages. And for the purpose of burying the tomahawk, and renewing the
+friendly intercourse between themselves and the Osages, a meeting of
+their respective chiefs shall take place, at which, under the direction
+of the above named commissioner, or the agent of Indian affairs residing
+at St. Louis, an adjustment of all their differences shall be made, and
+peace established upon a firm and lasting basis.
+
+Art. 11. As it is probable that the government of the United States will
+establish a military post at, or near the mouth of the Ouisconsin river,
+and as the land on the lower side of the river may not be suitable for
+that purpose, the said tribes hereby agree, that a fort may be built,
+either on the upper side of the Ouisconsin, or on the right bank of the
+Mississippi, as the one or the other may be found most convenient; and a
+tract of land not exceeding two miles square, shall be given for that
+purpose; and the said tribes do further agree, that they will at all
+times, allow to traders and other persons travelling through their
+country, under the authority of the United States, a free and safe
+passage for themselves and their property of every description; and
+that for such passage, they shall at no time, and on no account
+whatever, be subject to any toll or exaction.
+
+Art. 12. This treaty shall take effect and be obligatory on the
+contracting parties, as soon as the same shall be ratified by the
+President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the
+United States.
+
+In testimony whereof, the said William Henry Harrison, and the chiefs
+and head men of said Sac and Fox tribes, have hereunto set their hands
+and affixed their seals. Done at St. Louis, in the district of
+Louisiana, on the third day of November, one thousand, eight hundred and
+four, and of the independence of the United States the twenty-ninth.
+
+  Additional article.
+
+It is agreed that nothing in this treaty contained shall affect the
+claim of any individual or individuals, who may have obtained grants of
+land from the Spanish government, and which are not included within the
+general boundary line, laid down in this treaty: _Provided_, that such
+grant have at any time been made known to the said tribes and recognized
+by them.
+
+    WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.                   L.S.
+    LAYOWVOIS, or Laiyuva, his X mark.        L.S.
+    PASHEPAHO, or the Stabber, his X mark.    L.S.
+    QUASHQUAME, or jumping fish, his X mark.  L.S.
+    OUTCHEQUAHA, or sun fish, his X mark.     L.S.
+    HASHEQUARHIQUA, or the bear, his X mark.  L.S.
+
+  In presence of
+
+    William Prince, Secretary to the Commissioner.
+    John Griffin, one of the Judges of the Indiana Territory.
+    J. Bruff, Maj. Art'y. U.S.
+    Amos Stoddard, Capt. corps of Artillerists.
+    P. Choteau, Agent de la haute Louisiana, pour le department sauvage.
+    Ch. Gratiot.
+    Aug. Choteau. Vigo.
+    S. Warrel, Lieut. U. States Artillery.
+    D. Delaunay.
+    Joseph Barren.                } sworn
+    H'polite Bolen, his X mark.   } Interpreters.
+
+On the 31st of December 1804, the President of the United States,
+submitted this treaty to the Senate for their advice and consent, and it
+was by that body duly ratified.
+
+In a Life of Black Hawk, dictated by himself and written by J.B.
+Patterson, to which there is a certificate of authenticity appended from
+Antoine Le Clair. U.S. interpreter, for the Sacs and Foxes, under date
+of 16th October 1833, there is the following statement concerning the
+manner in which this treaty was made.
+
+"Some moons after this young chief (Lieutenant Pike) descended the
+Mississippi, one of our people killed an American, and was confined, in
+the prison at St. Louis for the offence. We held a council at our
+village to see what could be done for him--which determined that
+Quash-qua-me, Pa-she-pa-ho, Ou-che-qua-ha, and Ha-she-quar-hi-qua,
+should go down to St. Louis, and see our American father, and do all
+they could to have our friend released; by paying for the person killed,
+thus covering the blood and satisfying the relations of the man
+murdered! This being the only means with us of saving a person who had
+killed another, and we _then_ thought it was the same way with the
+whites.
+
+"The party started with the good wishes of the whole nation, hoping they
+would accomplish the object of their mission. The relations of the
+prisoner blacked their faces and fasted, hoping the Great Spirit would
+take pity on them, and return the husband and the father to his wife and
+children.
+
+"Quash-qua-me and party remained a long time absent. They at length
+returned and encamped a short distance below the village, but did not
+come up that day, nor did any person approach their camp. They appeared
+to be dressed in fine coats and had medals. From these circumstances, we
+were in hopes they had brought us good news. Early the next morning, the
+council lodge was crowded--Quash-qua-me and party came up, and gave us
+the following account of their mission.
+
+"On their arrival at St. Louis, they met their American father, and
+explained to him their business, and urged the release of their friend.
+The American chief told them he wanted land, and they agreed to give him
+some on the west side of the Mississippi, and some on the Illinois side
+opposite the Jeffreon. When the business was all arranged, they expected
+to have their friend released to come home with them.--But about the
+time they were ready to start, their friend was led out of prison, who
+ran a short distance and was _shot dead_. This is all they could
+recollect of what was said and done. They had been drunk the greater
+part of the time they were in St. Louis.
+
+"This is all myself or nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has been
+explained to me since. I find by that treaty, all our country east of
+the Mississippi, and south of the Jeffreon was ceded to the United
+States for one thousand dollars a year! I will leave it to the people of
+the United States to say, whether our nation was properly represented in
+this treaty? or whether we received a fair compensation for the extent
+of country ceded by those four individuals. I could say much more about
+this treaty but I will not at this time. It has been the origin of all
+our difficulties." p. 27.
+
+The power among the Indian tribes of this country to sell their lands,
+has always been considered as vested in the chiefs. They, however, are
+accustomed to consult the whole nation, and, possibly, it may be
+necessary, in all cases, that its assent should be obtained. It has not
+been the practice of our government, it is believed, in its negotiations
+with the Indians, to institute particular enquiries for the purpose of
+ascertaining, how far the chiefs were authorized to act by their people.
+A number of treaties have been formed, at different times, in which the
+chiefs must have acted under the general authority with which they are
+clothed on this point; the circumstances of the case being such, as to
+have precluded all opportunity of their ascertaining the sense of the
+tribes, after the negotiations had been commenced.
+
+In the case under consideration, notwithstanding the statement of Black
+Hawk, there was every reason, especially on the part of the
+Commissioner, for believing, that the chiefs who signed the treaty, were
+fully authorized to act. In the first place, Government, in its
+instructions to the Commissioner, to make a purchase of lands, of the
+Sacs and Foxes, had given as a reason for it, that it was a matter of
+complaint, on the part of these two tribes, that they were not, like
+their neighbors, receiving an annuity from the United States. They owned
+a very large extent of territory, and had, comparatively, but a limited
+population. It was natural that they should wish to dispose of some
+portion of it, for the purpose of receiving an annual supply of goods
+and money. In the second place, five chiefs of the Sacs and Foxes,
+united in the treaty, one of them, Pah-she-pa-ho, being at the time the
+great head-chief of the Sac nation. It is admitted by Black Hawk that a
+council had been held by these two tribes, and that Pah-she-pa-ho and
+his associates had been authorized to visit St. Louis to purchase the
+release of a prisoner. It is probable that the sale of a part of their
+territory may have been agreed upon by this council. In the third place,
+there must have been a prevailing opinion in St. Louis, that these
+chiefs were authorized to act in the case. The treaty was publicly made,
+and a number of high-minded and honorable men, are parties to it, in the
+character of commissioner, secretary, and witnesses. Among them are
+several officers of the army; the first governor of the territory of
+Louisiana; and Pierre Chouteau, at that time Agent for the Sac and Fox
+Indians, and well acquainted with them. These circumstances forbid the
+idea of the treaty having been formed under circumstances in which there
+were not satisfactory reasons for believing, that the Indians, parties
+to it were fully authorized to act.
+
+Black Hawk is mistaken in some things about this treaty, and it may be
+that he has been misinformed in regard to the authority of his chiefs to
+make this sale of their lands. He says, for instance, that the treaty
+was made some moons after the return of Lieutenant Pike from the sources
+of the Mississippi; when in fact Pike did not leave St. Louis upon his
+expedition, until the 9th of August 1805, nearly a year after the date
+of the treaty. Again, he says, it was made by four of the chiefs. The
+treaty is signed by five. But admitting that the deputation of chiefs
+transcended their authority in the sale of the lands, made at that time,
+it would seem that the Sacs and Foxes acquiesced in it. They never
+disavowed the treaty, but have regularly received their annuity, and, on
+more than one occasion, have recognized it, as binding. Even Black Hawk
+and his band, made this recognition, in the treaty of peace which they
+signed with the United States, at Portage des Sioux, in 1816.
+
+It may be questioned, however, whether good faith towards the Indians
+and a due regard to national honor, do not make it expedient that our
+government should invariably hold its treaties with them, in their own
+country, and in the midst of the tribe owning the lands proposed to be
+purchased. In such case, the assent of all the Indians might be
+obtained, and the charge of having formed a fraudulent treaty, with
+unauthorized individuals, could never be raised. The peculiar relation
+subsisting between the government of the United States and the Indian
+tribes, within its territory, demands on on the part of the former,
+great delicacy of action, liberality and perfect good faith. By such a
+course, alone, can our national honor be preserved untarnished.
+
+Subsequently to the treaty of 1804, the erection by the government of
+the United States, of Fort Madison on the Mississippi, above the Des
+Moines rapids, gave some dissatisfaction to the Sacs and Foxes. This was
+increased by the British agents and traders, who instigated them to
+resist the encroachments of the Americans, now beginning to press upon
+their hunting grounds. Of this interference on the part of the British,
+with the Indians, there can be no doubt. Governor Harrison in a letter
+to the secretary of war, dated Vincennes, July 15th, 1810, says, "a
+considerable number of the Sacs went some time since to see the British
+superintendent, and on the first instant, more passed Chicago, for the
+same destination." General Clark, under date of St. Louis, July 20th,
+1810, says, in writing to the same department, "One hundred and fifty
+Sacs are on a visit to the British agent by invitation, and a smaller
+party on a visit to the island of St. Joseph, in lake Huron." John
+Johnson, Esq. the Indian agent, at Fort Wayne, under date of August 7th,
+1810, says, to the secretary at war, "About one hundred Saukees have
+returned from the British agent, who supplied them liberally with every
+thing they stood in need of. The party received forty-seven rifles, and
+a number of fusils with plenty of powder and lead."
+
+McKee, Dixon, and Girty were open and active agents in exciting the
+Indians to attack the American frontiers. They held frequent talks with
+them and supplied them liberally with goods and munitions of war. In
+1811, there being a strong probability of a war with Great Britain, a
+deputation of the Sauks and Foxes, visited Washington city, to see the
+President, by whom they were told that in the event of a war taking
+place with England, their great father did not wish them to interfere on
+either side, but to remain neutral: He did not want their assistance but
+desired them to hunt and support their families and live in peace.
+Immediately after the war of 1812, the Sacs and Foxes, with whom, as
+with Indians generally, war is the great business of life, felt that
+they ought, as a matter of course, to take sides with one party or the
+other, and went to St. Louis, to offer their services to the United
+States agent, to fight against the British; but the offer was declined,
+on the ground that the government of the United States had resolved not
+to employ the Indians in that capacity. The machinations of the British,
+were successfully continued. The Sacs and Foxes divided upon the
+question of taking up arms against the United States. A part of them
+claimed the protection of the American government and received it; a
+part joined the British standard, Black Hawk among the number, and
+fought against the Americans until the peace of 1815. The number of
+warriors who joined the British is supposed to have been about two
+hundred, and they have ever since been known as the "British Band," at
+the head of which has been "General Black Hawk."
+
+On the 14th September, 1815, William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste
+Choteau, commissioners on behalf of the United States, concluded a
+treaty with the chiefs and warriors of the Fox tribe, by which all
+injuries and acts of hostility, committed by either party during the
+late war, were to be forgiven, and peace and friendship established
+between the two nations. The fourth article of the treaty contains a
+recognition of the former treaty in these words. "The said Fox tribe or
+nation do hereby, assent to, recognize, re-establish and confirm the
+treaty of St. Louis, which was concluded on the 3rd of November, 1804,
+to the full extent of their interest in the same, as well as all other
+contracts and agreements between the parties." This treaty was made at
+Portage des Sioux.
+
+On the 13th of September, 1815, the same commissioners, at the same
+place, concluded a treaty of peace and friendship with the chiefs and
+warriors of that part of Sac nation of Indians residing on the
+Mississippi river. The first article recognizes the treaty of 1804 in
+the following words. "The undersigned chiefs and warriors for
+themselves and that portion of the Sacs which they represent, do hereby
+assent to the treaty between the United States of America and the united
+tribes of Sacs and Foxes, which was concluded at St. Louis on the third
+of November 1804; and they moreover promise to do all in their power to
+re-establish and enforce the same." There is a further provision that
+they will remain distinct and separate from the Sacs of Rock river,
+giving them no assistance whatever, until peace shall be established
+between them and the United States. The Sacs on Rock river were that
+part of the tribe which had been engaged in the late war, and who now
+declined making a treaty with the United States, and continued, although
+officially notified of the peace, to commit occasional depredations on
+the frontiers; and, it was not until the following spring that
+hostilities on their part actually ceased.
+
+On the 13th of May, 1816, the same commissioners effected a treaty with
+the chiefs and warriors of the Sacs of Rock river, and the adjacent
+country. The first article of this treaty provides, that, "The Sacs of
+Rock river and the adjacent country, do hereby unconditionally assent
+to, recognize, re-establish and confirm the treaty between the United
+States of America and the united tribes of Sacs and Foxes, which was
+concluded at St. Louis on the 3d November 1804, as well as all other
+contracts and agreements, heretofore made between the Sac tribe and the
+United States." Under the 9th article of the treaty of Ghent, concluded
+24th December 1814, between the United States and Great Britain, it was
+stipulated, that each party should put an end to Indian hostilities
+within their respective territory, and place the tribes on the same
+footing upon which they stood before the war. Under this provision, the
+second article of the treaty with the Sacs of Rock river, stipulated
+that they are placed upon the same footing which they occupied before
+the late war, upon the single condition of their restoring the property
+stolen by them, from the whites, subsequent to their notification that
+peace had been made between the United States and Great Britain.
+
+Under the 9th article of the treaty of 1804, the United States agreed to
+establish a trading-house to supply the Sacs and Foxes with goods at a
+more reasonable rate than they had been accustomed to procure them. On
+the third of September 1822, Maj. Thomas Forsyth, the U.S. Indian agent,
+made a treaty at Fort Armstrong, with the chiefs, warriors and head men
+of the Sacs and Foxes, by which, in consideration of the sum of one
+thousand dollars, they forever released the United States from all
+obligation contained in said ninth article of the treaty of 1804.
+
+On the fourth of August 1824, at Washington city, William Clark, Indian
+agent and sole commissioner of the United States, effected a treaty with
+the Sacs and Foxes through their chiefs and head men, by which, for the
+sum of one thousand dollars per annum for ten years, they ceded all
+their interest and title to any lands claimed by them in the state of
+Missouri, which are situated, lying and being between the Mississippi
+and Missouri rivers, and a line running from the Missouri at the
+entrance of Kansas river, north one hundred miles, to the north west
+corner of the state of Missouri, and from thence east to the
+Mississippi. By this treaty, these tribes acknowledged the land east and
+south of the lines above described, so far as the Indians claim the
+same, to belong to the United States, and that none of their tribes
+shall be permitted to settle or hunt upon any part of it, after the
+first day of January 1826, without permission from the Superintendent of
+Indian affairs.
+
+Upon the 19th of August 1825, William Clark and Lewis Cass,
+Commissioners on behalf of the United States, concluded a treaty at
+Prairie du Chien, in the territory of Michigan, with the chiefs and
+warriors of the Sioux, Winnebagoes, Menominees, Chippewas, Ottawas,
+Pottawatamies, Sacs, Foxes and Ioways. The objects of this treaty were
+the restoration of peace among the Indian tribes, several of whom had
+been for some time waging war against each other; the settlement of
+boundary lines between these tribes respectively, and between them and
+the United States. The Commissioners succeeded in effecting a peace
+between the Sioux and Chippeways, and between the Sacs, Foxes and Ioways
+on the one part, and the Sioux on the other; and also in adjusting the
+boundary lines of the territory of each tribe to the satisfaction of all
+parties. Under this treaty nothing was asked by the United States nor
+was any thing granted to them: the character in which the government
+presented itself, being simply that of a pacificator.
+
+The concourse of Indians assembled at this council was very great. About
+3000 came to the council ground, clothed in their war dresses, and armed
+with bows, war-clubs and tomahawks. The Sacs and Foxes were the last to
+arrive, but were very imposing and warlike in their appearance when they
+reached the ground. They ascended the Mississippi, to Prairie du Chien,
+in a fleet of canoes, lashed together. They passed and repassed the town
+in a connected squadron, standing erect, in their canoes, in full dress,
+singing their war songs. Upon landing, they drew up in martial order, as
+if in warlike defiance of their bitter enemies, the Sioux, who were
+encamped near the shore, and who in turn shot back the fierce look of
+hostility upon their ancient foe. An eye witness describes this scene as
+one unique and singularly magnificent. The council was held under a
+spacious booth of green boughs, and lasted for several days. Keokuk was
+present on this occasion, as the head chief of the Sacs, and took an
+active part in the council; his course being marked by that moderation
+and sound policy, for which he is eminently distinguished.
+
+[Illustration: COUNCIL GROUND AT PRAIRIE DU CHIENS]
+
+In the early part of the year 1828, the President of the United States,
+appointed Governor Cass and Colonel Pierre Menard, to treat with certain
+tribes of Indians for the cession of what is called the "mineral region"
+lying on the Mississippi, south of the Wisconsin. The commissioners
+arrived at Green Bay late in the summer of that year, and on the 25th
+of August, made a temporary agreement with the Indians, by which the
+whites were allowed to occupy the country where the lead mines were
+worked; and in the ensuing year a treaty was to be held with the Indians
+for the purchase of the mineral country: in the mean time, no white was
+to cross a certain line, described in said agreement, to dig for ore;
+and finally the Indians were paid twenty thousand dollars in goods, for
+the trespasses already committed on their lands by the miners. This
+agreement was ratified by the President and senate of the United States
+on the 7th January, 1829. Soon after President Jackson came into office
+in 1829, he appointed General McNeil of the army, to fill the place of
+Governor Cass in the said commission, which was to meet at St. Louis and
+under the agreement above described, proceed to the mineral region, to
+effect by treaty, its purchase. In consequence of some disagreement in
+opinion between these two commissioners, the President subsequently
+united with them, Caleb Atwater, Esq. of Ohio. They reached Prairie du
+Chien about the middle of July, where they met deputies on the part of
+the Winnebagoes, Chippeways, Ottowas, Pottawatimies, Sioux, Sauks, Foxes
+and Menominees; and on the first of August, a treaty was concluded for
+about eight millions of acres, extending from the upper end of Rock
+island to the mouth of the Wisconsin, from latitude 41 deg. 15' to latitude
+43 deg. 15' on the Mississippi. Following the meanderings of the river the
+tract is about two hundred and forty miles from south to north. It
+extends along the Wisconsin and Fox rivers from west to east so as to
+give a passage across the country from the Mississippi to lake Michigan.
+At this treaty Keokuk and Morgan, with two hundred warriors of the Sac
+and Fox tribes were present, and according to the statement of one of
+the commissioners, rendered essential service to them, by intimidating
+the Winebagoes, who from some dissatisfaction, threatened to assassinate
+the commissioners and those associated with them.
+
+On the 21st Sept. 1832, after the conclusion of the Black Hawk war,
+General Scott and Governor Reynolds concluded a treaty with the Sacs and
+Foxes, by which about six million acres of land were acquired, for which
+the United States were to pay them the sum of twenty thousand dollars
+per annum for thirty years, to pay off the debts of the tribes and to
+support, at the discretion of the President, a black and gun smith among
+them. A reservation was made of forty miles square, on the Ioway river
+in favor of Keokuk, (since purchased,) including his village, as a
+reward for his fidelity to the United Slates. Black Hawk, his son and
+the Prophet were to be held as hostages during the pleasure of the
+President. This is known as the "Black Hawk purchase." The whole of the
+six millions lie upon the west side of the Mississippi and are included
+within the following boundaries: Beginning on the Mississippi river at
+the point where the Sac and Fox northern boundary line is established,
+by the second article of the treaty of Prairie des Chiens of 15th July,
+1830, strikes said river; thence up said boundary line to a point fifty
+miles from the Mississippi, measured on said line to the nearest point
+on the Red Cedar of Iowa, forty miles from the Mississippi river; thence
+in a right line to a point in the northern boundary of the state of
+Missouri fifty miles measured on said boundary from the Mississippi
+river; thence by the last mentioned boundary to the Mississippi river,
+and by the western shore of said river to the place of beginning.
+
+The Sac and Fox tribes are now residing on the west side of the
+Mississippi, and are living upon friendly terms with the United States.
+As a general remark, it may be said, that their intercourse with the
+United States has been of a pacific character. They took no part in the
+war of the Revolution: they were not parties to the Indian disturbances
+which terminated in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. Tecumseh and the
+Prophet failed to enlist them in their grand confederacy against the
+Americans, which was nearly broken up by the premature battle of
+Tippecanoe. The machinations of the British agents and traders, backed
+by the most liberal distribution of goods and fire arms, induced but a
+small party of them, not exceeding two hundred, to join the British
+standard in the late war with England. In the still more recent
+disturbance, on the frontiers of Illinois, called the "Black Hawk war,"
+but a portion of these tribes, took up arms against the United States,
+the great mass of them refusing to take any part in it; while Keokuk,
+their principal chief, exerted all his influence to dissuade the
+"British Band" from engaging in so hopeless a contest.
+
+
+
+
+MA-KA-TAI-ME-SHE-KIA-KIAH,
+
+OR
+
+BLACK HAWK.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Birth of Black Hawk--Early adventures--Battles with the Osages and
+  Cherokees--Death of his father--Interview with Lieutenant Pike--Attack
+  upon Fort Madison--Joins the British in the late war--Marches to lake
+  Erie--Returns home after the attack upon Fort Stephenson--Murder of
+  his adopted son--Battle of the Sink-hole near Cap au Gris--Treaty of
+  peace at Portage des Sioux in 1816.
+
+
+Black Hawk is a remarkable instance of an individual, in no
+wise gifted with any uncommon physical, moral or intellectual
+endowments, obtaining, by the force of circumstances, the most
+extraordinary celebrity. Since the year 1831, his name has been
+familiarly known to the people of the United States; and the terror,
+which for a brief period, it excited upon the frontiers of Illinois,
+Missouri and Indiana, was only surpassed by the curiosity which pervaded
+every part of the union, to behold this notable chief of the woods,
+after he had been conquered, and was carried a prisoner of state, from
+the wilds of the West to the Atlantic sea-board. His tour through the
+United States, partook largely of the triumphal march of a successful
+hero. In the number of persons who flocked around him, the honors which
+he received were scarcely less flattering than those awarded to the
+illustrious Lafayette, while the "nation's guest." In the one case there
+was curiosity alone, in the other, curiosity and gratitude blended. To
+the casual observer, the distinction between the two cases is not very
+apparent.
+
+The causes which created a desire so universal, to behold this
+aboriginal chief, have awakened a corresponding interest in the public
+mind, to learn more of his history, than was revealed in the events of
+the campaign of 1832. To gratify this curiosity, is the object of the
+present volume. The author has carefully consulted all the sources of
+information, touching the life and character of Black Hawk, that were
+within his reach; and has studiously avoided the presentation of any
+fact which did not seem to be well authenticated. Should the incidents
+here narrated, in the life of this celebrated Indian, not prove as rich
+and amusing as might be anticipated, from the wide spread notoriety
+which he has obtained, the work will still be found of some value. It
+presents in a connected form, and as the author trusts, with historic
+accuracy, one link in the great chain of political relations between the
+United States and the Indian tribes of North America. Every day is
+increasing the interest and magnitude of these relations, and any effort
+to preserve the facts with which they are associated, would seem to be
+worthy of public consideration. Black Hawk may die, his name be
+forgotten, and the smoke of his wigwam be seen no more, but the "Black
+Hawk war" will long form a page of deep interest, in the history of
+this country.
+
+The subject of this memoir is by birth a Sac, having been born at the
+principal Sac village, on Rock River, in the year, as he himself states,
+1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa, his grandfather's Na-na-ma-kee or
+Thunder. Black Hawk was not by birth a chief, but at the early age of
+fifteen, having distinguished himself by wounding an enemy, he was
+permitted to paint and wear feathers; and was placed in the rank of the
+Braves. About the year 1783, he united in an expedition against the
+Osages, and had the good fortune to kill and scalp one of the enemy: for
+this act of youthful valor, he was, for the first time, permitted to
+mingle in the scalp-dance. This triumph was followed shortly afterwards
+by two more excursions against the same tribe. In the first, Black Hawk
+was the leader of seven men, who suddenly attacked a party of one
+hundred Osages, killed one of them, and as suddenly retreated without
+loss. This exploit, so far increased the number of his followers, that
+he soon afterwards started with a party of one hundred and eighty
+braves, and marched to an Osage village, on the Missouri; but found it
+deserted. Most of the party being disappointed, left their leader and
+returned home. Black Hawk, however, with but five followers, pursued the
+trail of the enemy, and after some days succeeded in killing one man and
+a boy; and, securing their scalps, returned home. In the year 1786,
+having recovered from the effect of his late unsuccessful excursion,
+Black Hawk found himself once more at the head of two hundred braves,
+and again set off to avenge the repeated outrages of the Osages upon the
+Sac nation. Soon after he reached the enemy's country, he met a party
+about equal in number to his own. A battle ensued. The Osages lost near
+one hundred men, and Black Hawk nineteen. He claims, in the attack, to
+have killed five of the enemy, with his own hand. This severe engagement
+had the effect, for some time, of keeping the Osages upon their own
+lands and arresting their depredations upon the Sacs. This cessation of
+hostilities gave the latter an opportunity of redressing the wrongs
+which the Cherokees had committed upon them, by murdering some of their
+women and children. A party was raised for this purpose, and met the
+Cherokees upon the Merrimack river, below St. Louis, the latter being
+most numerous. In this battle Py-e-sa, the father of Black Hawk was
+killed. The Cherokees were compelled to retreat with the loss of
+twenty-eight men, the Sacs having but seven killed. Upon the fall of
+Py-e-sa, Black Hawk assumed the command and also took possession of the
+"medicine bag," then in the keeping of his father. Owing to the
+disasters of this expedition, and especially the death of his father,
+Black Hawk, for the ensuing five years, refrained from all warlike
+operations, and spent his time in fishing and hunting. At the end of
+this period, being about the year 1800, he made another excursion,
+against the Osages, at the head of about five hundred Sacs and Foxes and
+a hundred Ioways, who had joined him as allies. After a long march they
+reached and destroyed about forty lodges of the enemy, killing many of
+their bravest warriors, five of whom were slain by the leader of the
+invading army. In the year 1802, he terminated a severe and protracted
+campaign against the Chippewas, Kaskaskias and Osages, during which six
+or seven battles were fought and more than one hundred of the enemy
+killed. The following summer Black Hawk made one of his periodical
+visits to St. Louis to see his Spanish father, by whom he was well
+received. Upon his next visit to this Spanish dignitary, he found many
+sad and gloomy faces, because the United States were about to take
+possession of the town and country around it. "Soon after the Americans
+arrived," says Black Hawk, "I took my band and went to take leave, for
+the last time, of our father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing
+them approach, we passed out at one door, as they entered at
+another--and immediately started, in our canoes, for our village on Rock
+river--not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at
+St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange
+people had taken St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish
+father again. This information made all our people sorry. Sometime
+afterwards (1805) a boat came up the river with a young American chief
+(Lieutenant, afterwards General Pike,) and a small party of soldiers. We
+heard of them, soon after he had passed Salt river. Some of our young
+braves watched him every day, to see what sort of people he had on
+board. The boat at length arrived at Rock river, and the young chief
+came on shore with his interpreter--made a speech, and gave us some
+presents. We, in return, presented him with meat and such provisions as
+we could spare. We were well pleased with the speech of the young chief.
+He gave us good advice; said our American father would treat us well. He
+presented us an American flag, which was hoisted. He then requested us
+to pull down our British flags, and give him our British
+medals--promising to send us others on his return to St. Louis. This we
+declined as we wished to have _two fathers_."
+
+Subsequently to this period, the building of Fort Edwards, near the head
+of the Des Moyens rapids, gave much uneasiness to the Sacs. Some of the
+chiefs and a party of their followers went down to this point, and had
+an interview with the war chief who had command of the troops engaged in
+constructing the fort. The Indians became satisfied and returned home.
+Not long afterwards a party, of which Black Hawk was one, determined to
+attack and take Fort Madison, standing upon the west side of the
+Mississippi, above the mouth of the Des Moyens, which was then
+garrisoned with about fifty men. Their spies having ascertained that the
+troops marched out of the fort every morning to exercise, they concealed
+themselves near it, with an agreement to fire upon them when they came
+out. About sun rise, on the morning of the proposed attack, the gate
+opened, and a young man made his appearance, but was suffered to return
+without being molested. The gate was again opened and four soldiers came
+out. They were followed by a fifth, who was instantly killed. The others
+then ran for the fort, but two of them were shot down before they
+reached it. The Indians continued for two days, shooting into the fort,
+and endeavoring to set fire to it. Finding their efforts unavailing,
+they gave up the attack and returned home.
+
+The period had now arrived when the difficulties between this country
+and Great Britain, were to be settled by an appeal to arms. Some
+discontent had prevailed among the Sacs, in regard to the encroachments
+of the Americans upon their hunting grounds. They, however, offered
+their services to the United States, to fight against the British, but
+their offer was declined. They had not been as liberally supplied with
+presents and goods at Fort Madison, as they had anticipated, and in the
+mean time, the British agents had artfully fomented their discontent,
+and labored to win their confidence by the most liberal distribution
+among them of goods and ardent spirits. Shortly after the declaration of
+war, Girty, a British trader, arrived at Rock island with two boats
+loaded with goods, and the British flag was hoisted. He informed the
+Indians that he had been sent to them by Colonel Dixon, with presents, a
+large silk flag and a keg of rum. The day after his arrival, the goods
+were divided among the Indians, they promising to pay for them, in furs,
+in the following spring. Girty informed Black Hawk that Colonel Dixon
+was then at Green Bay, with a large quantity of goods, arms and
+ammunition, and was desirous that he should raise a party of warriors
+and join him. Black Hawk succeeded in collecting about two hundred
+braves, and soon reached Green Bay, where he found Dixon encamped, with
+a large body of Indians, assembled from other tribes, who had been
+already furnished with clothing and with arms. Black Hawk had an
+interview with Dixon, two other war chiefs and the interpreter. "He
+received me," says Black Hawk, "with a hearty shake of the hand, and
+presented me to the other chiefs, who shook my hand cordially, and
+seemed much pleased to see me. After I was seated, Colonel Dixon said,
+"General Black Hawk, I sent for you, to explain to you, what we are
+going to do, and the reasons that have brought us here. Our friend
+Girty, informs us in the letter you brought from him, what has taken
+place. You will now have to hold us fast by the hand. Your English
+father has found out that the Americans want to take your country from
+you, and has sent me and his braves to drive them back to their own
+country. He has likewise sent a large quantity of arms and ammunition,
+and we want all your warriors to join us." He then placed a medal round
+my neck, and gave me a paper, (which I lost in the late war,) and a silk
+flag, saying, "You are to command all the braves that will leave here
+the day after to-morrow, to join our braves near Detroit."
+
+On the following day, arms, clothing, knives and tomahawks, were
+distributed to Black Hawk's band, and upon the succeeding morning, they
+started, in all near five hundred braves, to join the British army.
+This was in August, 1812, shortly after the surrender and massacre of
+the American troops at Chicago, which place they passed a few days after
+it had been evacuated. Of the movements of Black Hawk during his
+connection with the British upon our north west, no satisfactory
+information has been obtained. It appears that he was in two
+engagements, but seems not to have distinguished himself. The last of
+these was the attack, in August 1813, upon Fort Stephenson, then under
+the command of Major Croghan. The gallant defence of this post, and the
+fatal repulse given to the combined British and Indian forces, seem to
+have disheartened Black Hawk; for soon afterwards, tired of successive
+defeats, and disappointed in not obtaining the "spoils of victory," he
+left the army, with about twenty of his followers, and returned to his
+village on Rock river. It is probable that he would have remained
+neutral during the remainder of the war, had it not been for one of
+those border outrages, which lawless and unprincipled white men but too
+often commit upon the Indians, under pretence of self defence or
+retaliation, often a mere pretext for wanton bloodshed and murder.
+Previous to joining Colonel Dixon, Black Hawk had visited the lodge of
+an old friend, whose son he had adopted and taught to hunt. He was
+anxious that this youth should go with him and his band and join the
+British standard, but the father objected on the ground that he was
+dependent upon his son for game; and, moreover, that he did not wish him
+to fight against the Americans who had always treated him kindly. He
+had agreed to spend the following winter near a white settler, upon Salt
+river, one of the tributaries of the Mississippi which enters that
+stream below the Des Moyens, and intended to take his son with him. As
+Black Hawk was approaching his village on Rock river, after his campaign
+on the lakes with Dixon, he observed a smoke rising from a hollow in the
+bluff of the stream. He went to see who was there. Upon drawing near to
+the fire, he discovered a mat stretched, and an old man of sorrowful
+aspect sitting under it, alone, and evidently humbling himself before
+the Great Spirit, by fasting and prayer. It proved to be his old friend,
+the father of his adopted son. Black Hawk seated himself beside him and
+inquired what had happened, but received no answer, for indeed he seemed
+scarcely alive. Being revived by some water, he looked up, recognized
+the friend of his youth, and in reply to Black Hawk's second inquiry,
+said, in a feeble voice,
+
+"Soon after your departure to join the British, I descended the river
+with a small party, to winter at the place I told you the white man had
+requested me to come to. When we arrived, I found a fort built, and the
+white family that had invited me to come and hunt near them, had removed
+to it. I then paid a visit to the fort, to tell the white people that
+myself and little band were friendly, and that we wished to hunt in the
+vicinity of their fort. The war chief, who commanded it, told me that we
+might hunt on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, and no person would
+trouble us. That the horsemen only ranged on the Missouri side, and he
+had directed them not to cross the river. I was pleased with this
+assurance of safety, and immediately crossed over and made my winter's
+camp. Game was plenty: We lived happy and often talked of you. My boy
+regretted your absence, and the hardships you would have to undergo. We
+had been here about two moons, when my boy went out as usual to hunt.
+Night came on and he did not return. I was alarmed for his safety and
+passed a sleepless night. In the morning my old woman went to the other
+lodges and gave the alarm, and all turned out in pursuit. There being
+snow on the ground, they soon came upon his track, and after pursuing it
+some distance, found that he was on the trail of a deer, that led to the
+river. They soon came to the place where he had stood and fired, and
+found a deer hanging upon the branch of a tree, which had been skinned.
+But here also were found the tracks of white men. They had taken my boy
+prisoner. Their tracks led across the river, and then down towards the
+fort. My friends followed them, and soon found my boy lying dead. He had
+been most cruelly murdered. His face was shot to pieces, his body
+stabbed in several places, and his head scalped. His arms were tied
+behind him."
+
+The old man ceased his narrative, relapsed into the stupor from which he
+had been aroused and in a few minutes, expired. Black Hawk remained by
+his body during the night, and next day buried it upon the peak of the
+bluff. Shocked at the cruel fate of his adopted son, and deeply touched
+by the mournful death of his old comrade, he was roused to vengeance
+against the Americans, and after remaining a few days at the village,
+and raising a band of braves, prepared for offensive operations upon the
+frontiers.
+
+Having narrated to his band the murder of his adopted son, they began to
+thirst for blood, and agreed to follow Black Hawk wheresoever he might
+lead. The party consisted of about thirty. They descended the
+Mississippi in canoes to the place where Fort Madison had stood, but
+found it abandoned by the American troops and burnt. They continued
+their course down the river and landed near Cap au Gris, on the 10th of
+May, where they killed one of the United States Rangers, named Bernard,
+but were driven off by Lieutenant Massey, with a detachment from Fort
+Howard. The Indians, however, rallied in the woods, and on the 24th of
+May, a severe battle and of a character somewhat novel, was fought
+between the troops at Fort Howard, under Lieutenant Drakeford of the U.
+S. Rangers, and Black Hawk and his party. The former, in his official
+report of this engagement, says,
+
+"Yesterday, about twelve o'clock, five of our men went out to some
+cabins on the bluff, about one quarter of a mile below the fort, to
+bring a grind-stone. The backwater of the Mississippi, rendered it so
+they went in a canoe. On their return they were attacked by a party of
+Indians, supposed to be about fifty in number; they killed and
+tomahawked three and wounded one mortally. While about this mischief, we
+gave them as good a fire from a little below the fort, as the breadth of
+the backwater would permit. Captain Craig and myself with about forty
+men, waded across the water and pursued them: in going about half a
+mile, we came on them and commenced a fire which continued about one
+hour, part of which time at a distance of forty steps, and no part of
+the time further than a hundred and fifty steps: shortly after the
+commencement of the battle, we were reinforced by Captain Musick and
+twenty of his men; the enemy now ran; some made their escape, and others
+made to a sink-hole that is in the battle ground, and from there they
+returned a most rapid fire; it being very dangerous, to approach nearer
+than fifty steps of the sink, we at length erected a breast-work, on
+the two wheels of a wagon, and resolved upon moving it up to the edge of
+the sink, to fire from behind, down into the sink and preserve us from
+theirs. We got the moving battery finished about sunset, and moved it up
+with a sufficient number of men behind it, whilst all other posts round
+were sufficiently guarded, in case they should be put to the route.
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE OF SINK HOLE.]
+
+"We had not moved to within less than ten steps of the sink, before they
+commenced a fire, which we returned at every opportunity. Night came on
+and we were obliged to leave the ground, and decline the expectation of
+taking them out without risking man for man, which we thought not a
+good exchange on our side. During the time of the battle another
+party of Indians commenced a brisk fire on the fort. Captain Craig was
+killed in the commencement of the battle, Lieut. Edward Spears at the
+moving of the breast work to the sink. The morning of the 25th we
+returned to the ground and found five Indians killed and the sign of a
+great many wounded, that had been taken off in the night. The aggregate
+number of killed on our part is one captain, one third lieutenant, and
+five privates; three wounded, one missing, one citizen killed and two
+wounded mortally."
+
+Black Hawk states that but eighteen of his men were in the sink with
+him, and that they dug holes in the sides of the bank, with their
+knives, to protect them from the fire of the Americans: Some of his
+warriors commenced singing their death songs; but he, several times
+called out to the enemy, if brave men, to come down and fight them. He
+describes the wagon-battery, and its inefficiency in dislodging them
+from their depressed but safe situation. His retreat to the sink-hole
+under the circumstances, was a sound military movement. Lieutenant
+Drakeford having withdrawn his forces, Black Hawk and his party left
+their intrenchment and returned by land, to their village.
+
+The tribes of Indians on the Mississippi, were notified in the early
+part of this year, 1815, that peace had been concluded between the
+United States and England. Most of those who had been engaged in the
+war, ceased hostilities. Black Hawk, however, and his band, and some of
+the Pottawatamies, were not inclined to bury the tomahawk. Even as late
+as the spring of 1816, they committed depredations. Some palliation for
+these outrages may be found in the fact, that the British, on the
+north-west frontier, long after they were officially notified of the
+peace, continued to excite the Indians to acts of violence against the
+United States; and, indeed, participated in them likewise. It was in the
+spring of this year that they captured the garrison at Prairie du Chien,
+and instigated Black Hawk and his party to attack some boats, which were
+ascending the Mississippi to that point, with troops and provisions. In
+this attack, Black Hawk was the leader. One of the boats was captured
+and several of the crew killed. They were compelled to return, and
+dropped down to the fort at the mouth of the Des Moyens river. As a
+reward for their attack upon these boats, the British agents distributed
+rum among the Indians engaged in the affair, and joined with them in
+dancing and feasting.
+
+In May, Black Hawk and his party, having been again summoned by the
+Americans, to make peace, concluded to descend the Mississippi to
+Portage des Sioux, to meet the American commissioners who were there for
+that purpose. On the 13th of May, 1816, a treaty of peace was signed by
+Clark, Edwards, and Choteau on behalf of the United States, and the
+chiefs and warriors of the Sacs of Rock river and the adjacent country.
+To this treaty Black Hawk was a party. It recognizes the validity of the
+treaty of St. Louis, of November 1804.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Building of Fort Armstrong--The good Spirit of Rock Island--Death of
+  Black Hawk's children--Young Sac offers to die in place of his
+  brother--Black Hawk's visit to Malden--Whipped by some whites--Whites
+  settle at his village--Black Hawk's talk with Governor Coles and Judge
+  Hall--Sale of the lands on Rock river--Indians ordered to
+  remove--Agreement to remove for six thousand dollars--Memorial of the
+  white settlers to Governor Reynolds--The Governor's letters to General
+  Clark and General Gaines--The latter leaves Jefferson Barracks with
+  six companies of the United States troops for Rock Island--His
+  interview with Black Hawk--Calls upon the Governor of Illinois for
+  militia--The Indians abandon their village--treaty of peace made with
+  them--Official letters to the war department--Summary of the causes
+  which brought on this disturbance--Black Hawk's attempt to form an
+  alliance with other tribes.
+
+
+From the treaty of peace, between the United States and the Sac Indians
+of Rock river, in 1816, to the commencement of hostilities between these
+parties in 1832, the life of Black Hawk seems to have been quiet and
+monotonous, occasionally relieved by a warlike excursion, but generally
+spent in hunting, throughout the winter, and in loitering about his
+village, during the summer. Such, indeed, is the life of most Indians.
+Having no intellectual pursuits and little desire for the acquisition of
+property, beyond the supply of their immediate wants, they have in
+reality but two sources of excitement--war and the chase. They take no
+interest in the domestic affairs of their families, have little taste
+for the pursuits of agriculture, and, if not engaged in hostile
+excursions, in following the deer, or in trapping the beaver, they sink
+into listless inactivity. It is highly probable that many of their wars
+are undertaken, more for the gratification of that love of excitement,
+which is an indestructible element of the human mind, than from any
+constitutional proneness to cruelty and bloodshed. They need both
+physical and intellectual excitation, and having none of the resources
+which mental and moral culture throws open to civilized man, they seek
+it in making war upon each other or upon the wild animals which share
+with them the woods and the prairies.
+
+Subsequently to the treaty of 1816, and perhaps in that year, the
+government of the United States built Fort Armstrong, upon Rock Island,
+in the Mississippi river, and but a few miles from the village where
+Black Hawk and his band resided. This measure, though not actually
+opposed, was by no means acceptable to them. They probably did not
+relish the gradual advances upon them, of the white population; but they
+entertained, moreover, a special regard for this beautiful island, which
+is justly considered one of the finest in the whole extent of the
+Mississippi. It is fertile, and produces many varieties of nuts and
+fruits, and being in the rapids of the stream, the waters which lave its
+shores, yield an abundance of excellent fish. In addition to all this,
+they have a traditionary belief, that the island was the favorite
+residence of a good spirit which dwelt in a cave in the rocks on which
+Fort Armstrong now stands. This spirit had often been seen by the
+Indians, but after the erection of the Fort, alarmed by the noise and
+intrusion of the white man, it spread its beautiful, swan-like wings,
+and disappeared. During the year 1817, the Sacs sent out some warriors
+against the Sioux, and succeeded in killing several of them, but Black
+Hawk was not of the party. About this time, his eldest son sickened and
+died, and within a short period afterwards, he lost his youngest
+daughter. This affliction seems to have made a deep impression upon him;
+and according to a custom common among the Indians, he blacked his face,
+and for the ensuing two years lived at home, in seclusion, drinking
+water at mid-day, and eating boiled corn but sparingly, in the evening.
+In the winter of 1819-20, there was a disturbance between the Sacs and
+Ioways, one of the latter having killed a young man belonging to the
+former. Under the agreement of a late council between these two tribes,
+the old custom of appeasing the friends of one who had been killed, by
+presents, had been abolished, and each party had promised, that in
+future, the murderer should be surrendered up, that he might be punished
+with death. A party of Sacs, of which Black Hawk was one, agreed to
+visit the Ioway village on this occasion, and when about to depart,
+called at the lodge of the young man who had committed the outrage, to
+take him along. He was sick, but still ready to accompany them. His
+brother interfered, and insisted that he was too unwell to travel; that
+he would himself go and die in his place, and finally set off with the
+party. On the seventh day, they reached the Ioway village. They
+dismounted a short distance from it, and bid farewell to their young
+brave, who went calmly forwards, alone, singing his death-song, and
+seated himself in the middle of the lodges. One of the Ioway chiefs
+went out to Black Hawk, who told him the brother had come in the place
+of the young man that had committed the murder, he being sick. Black
+Hawk and his party, now mounted their horses and set off on their
+return; and casting their eyes towards the village, saw the Ioways,
+armed with spears and clubs, gathering around the young prisoner. At
+night the returning party, having stopped and kindled a fire, were
+suddenly alarmed by the tramping of horses. They immediately stood to
+their arms, but were soon relieved, by finding, instead of a foe, their
+young brave, unhurt and in the possession of two horses. They
+ascertained that the Ioways, at first threatened him with instant death,
+but finally, changing their purpose, had given him something to eat,
+smoked the pipe with him, and presenting him with two horses, bid him
+return home in safety. The generous conduct of the Ioways is deserving
+of praise, but the genuine affection of this young brave, in nobly
+volunteering to die in place of his sick brother, presents one of those
+rare cases of self-devotion, which should be held in remembrance.
+
+In the following autumn, Black Hawk and some of his band went on a visit
+to their British father at Malden and received presents from him. A
+medal was given to Black Hawk for his fidelity to the British in the
+late war, and he was requested to come up annually, to that place, with
+his band, and receive such presents, as had been promised them by
+Colonel Dixon, when they joined the English forces. These visits were
+regularly made, it is believed, from that time down to the year 1832. It
+is owing to this circumstance that Black Hawk's party has long been
+known by the appellation of the "British Band."
+
+In the winter of 1822, Black Hawk and his party, encamped on the
+Two-rivers, for the purpose of hunting, and while there was so badly
+treated by some white men, that his prejudices against the Americans
+were greatly strengthened. He was accused of having killed the hogs of
+some settlers, who, meeting him one day in the woods, wrested his gun
+from his hands, and discharging it in the air, beat him so severely with
+sticks that for several nights he was unable to sleep. They then
+returned him his gun and ordered him to leave the neighborhood. Of the
+perpetration of this outrage, there is little doubt, while the fact of
+Black Hawk's having committed the offence charged upon him, rests, at
+best, upon suspicion. Supposing him to have been guilty, and the
+supposition is at variance with the whole tenor of his intercourse with
+the whites, it was on their part, one of those brutal appeals to _club_
+law, which are but too often practised towards the Indians; and which,
+when avenged by them, not unfrequently brings upon their nation, the
+power and the arms of the United States.
+
+The ensuing summer, the expediency of a removal of the whole of the Sacs
+and Foxes, to the west side of the Mississippi, was urged upon them by
+the agent at Fort Armstrong. The principal Fox chief, as well as
+Keokuk, assented to the removal. The latter sent a messenger through the
+village informing the Indians that it was the wish of their great
+Father, the President, that they should remove, and he pointed out the
+Ioway river as presenting a fine situation for their new village. There
+was a party, however, among the Sacs, made up principally of the
+"British Band," who were decidedly opposed to a removal; and they called
+upon their old leader, Black Hawk, for his opinion on the question. He
+took the ground that the land on which their village stood had never
+been sold; that the Americans had, therefore, no right to insist upon
+the measure, and that as a matter of policy he was opposed to it. The
+old man was probably swayed in his decision by another cause. He felt
+that his power in the tribe was waning before the rising popularity of
+Keokuk. Here was a question on which their people differed in opinion.
+By placing himself at the head of one of the parties, he might recover
+his influence, or at least sustain himself against the overshadowing
+ascendancy of his rival. He had an interview with Keokuk to see if the
+matter could not be adjusted with the President, by giving him other
+lands in exchange for those on which their village stood; and the latter
+promised to see the great chief at St. Louis, on the subject. During the
+following winter, while Black Hawk and his party were absent on a
+hunting expedition, several white families arrived at their village,
+destroyed some of their lodges and commenced making fences over their
+corn-fields. Black Hawk upon hearing of this movement, promptly
+returned to Rock river, and found his own lodge occupied by the whites.
+He went to Fort Armstrong and complained to the interpreter, the agent
+being absent. He crossed the Mississippi and travelled several days to
+converse with the Winnebago sub-agent, who concurred with the
+interpreter in advising the Sacs to remove to Keokuk's settlement on the
+Ioway. He then visited the prophet, Wabokieshiek, or White-Cloud, whose
+opinions were held in much respect by the Sacs and Winnebagoes. He urged
+Black Hawk not to remove, but to persuade Keokuk and his party to return
+to Rock river, assuring them that if they remained quietly at their
+village, the whites would not venture to disturb them. He then rejoined
+his hunting party, and in the spring when they returned to their
+village, they found the white settlers still there, and that the greater
+part of their corn-fields had been enclosed by fences. About that time
+Keokuk visited Rock river and endeavored to persuade the remainder of
+the Sacs to follow him to the Ioway. He had accomplished nothing with
+the great chief at St. Louis, in regard to their remaining at their
+village, and as a matter of policy, that peace might be preserved, he
+was warmly in favor of the proposed removal. Black Hawk considered it an
+act of cowardice to yield up their village and the graves of their
+fathers, to strangers, who had no right to the soil, and the breach
+between Keokuk and himself was widened.
+
+The white immigrants continued to increase, and the Sac village was the
+great point of attraction to them. It was situated on the neck of land
+formed by the junction of Rock river with the Mississippi, and had been
+the chief village of the tribe for sixty or seventy years. "Their women
+had broken the surface of the surrounding prairie with their hoes, and
+enclosed with a kind of flimsy pole fence, many fields, which were
+annually cultivated by them, in the raising of corn, beans, potatoes and
+squashes. They had also erected several hundred houses of various
+dimensions, some probably an hundred feet in length by forty or fifty
+broad; which were constructed of poles and forks, arranged so as to form
+a kind of frame, which was then enclosed with the bark of trees, which,
+being peeled off and dried under a weight for the purpose of keeping it
+expanded, was afterwards confined to the walls and roof by means of
+cords, composed of the bark of other trees. This indeed is a delightful
+spot:--on the north-west rolls the majestic Mississippi, while the dark
+forests which clothe the numerous islands of Rock river, with its
+several rippling streams on the south-east, form a delightful contrast,
+which is rendered still more pleasing from the general declivity of the
+surrounding country, as it sinks gradually away to the shores of these
+rivers. This ancient village had literally become the grave-yard of the
+nation. Scarcely an individual could be found in the whole nation, who
+had not deposited the remains of some relative, in or near to this
+place. Thither the mother, with mournful and melancholy step, annually
+repaired to pay a tribute of respect to her departed offspring; while
+the weeping sisters and loud lamenting widows, joined the procession of
+grief; sometimes, in accordance with their own feelings, no doubt, but
+always in pursuance of an established custom of their nation, from time
+immemorial. On these occasions they carefully clear away every spear of
+grass or other vegetable, which they find growing near the grave, and
+make such repairs as may be thought necessary. They also carry to the
+grave some kind of food, which they leave there for the spirit of the
+deceased: and before they conclude these ceremonies, they often, in a
+very melancholy and lamenting mood, address the dead, enquiring how they
+fare, and who, or whether any one performs for them the kind offices of
+mother, sister or wife; together with many other enquiries which a
+frantic imagination may happen to suggest. This being one of the most
+important religious duties, is scrupulously observed by all the better
+class of this people."[4]
+
+The whites who established themselves at this place, in violation of the
+laws of congress, and the provisions of the treaty of 1804, committed
+various aggressions upon the Indians, such as destroying their corn,
+killing their domestic animals, and whipping the women and children.
+They carried with them, as articles of traffic, whiskey and other
+intoxicating liquors, and by distributing them in the tribe, made
+drunkenness and scenes of debauchery common. Black Hawk and the other
+chiefs of the band, remonstrated against these encroachments, and
+especially in regard to the introduction of spirituous liquors among
+their people: and, upon one occasion, when a white man continued,
+openly, to sell whiskey to them, the old chief, taking with him one or
+two companions, went to his house, rolled out the barrel of whiskey,
+broke in the head, and emptied its contents upon the ground, in presence
+of the owner. This was done, as he alleges, from the fear that some of
+the white persons would be killed by his people when in a state of
+intoxication. Thus things wore on until 1827. During that winter, while
+the Indians were making their periodical hunt, some of the whites, in
+the hope of expediting their removal to the west side of the
+Mississippi, set on fire, in one day, about forty of their lodges, a
+number of which were entirely consumed. When the Indians returned in the
+spring and demanded satisfaction for the destruction of their property,
+they were met by new insults and outrages.
+
+In the summer of 1829, Black Hawk happened to meet, at Rock island, with
+the late governor Coles, of whom he had heard as a great chief of
+Illinois, in company with "another chief" as he calls him--Judge Hall.
+Having failed in his appeals to the Indian agents, for redress of the
+grievances of his people, he determined to apply to these two chiefs, on
+the subject, and accordingly waited upon them for that purpose.
+
+He spoke of the indignity perpetrated upon himself, (his having been
+beaten with sticks by the whites,) with the feeling that a respectable
+person among us would have shown under such circumstances; and pointing
+to a black mark on his face, said that he wore it as a symbol of
+disgrace. The customs of his nation required, that he should avenge the
+wrong that he had received, but he chose rather to submit to it for the
+present than involve them in a war. And this was the only alternative,
+for if an Indian should kill, or even strike a white man, the aggression
+would be eagerly seized upon and exaggerated; the whole frontier
+population would rush to war, and the Indians would be hunted from their
+houses like wild beasts. He spoke of the intrusion upon their fields,
+the destruction of their growing corn, the ploughing up of the graves of
+their fathers, and the beating of their women; and added, "we dare not
+resent any of these things. If we did, it would be said that the Indians
+were disturbing the white people, and troops would be sent out to
+destroy us." We enquired, "why do you not represent these things to our
+government?--the President is a wise and a good ruler, who would protect
+you." "Our great father is too far off, he cannot hear our voice." "But
+you could have letters written and sent to him." "So we could," was his
+reply, "but the white men would write letters, and say that we told
+lies. Our great father would not believe an Indian, in preference to his
+own children."[5] Black Hawk in reference to this interview, says,
+"Neither of them could do any thing for us; but both evidently appeared
+very sorry. It would give me great pleasure at all times, to take these
+two chiefs by the hand."
+
+Under the seventh article of the treaty made at St. Louis in 1804, it is
+provided that, "as long as the lands which are now ceded to the United
+States remain their property, the Indians, belonging to the said tribes,
+shall enjoy the privilege of living and hunting upon them." It was not
+until the year, 1829, that any part of the lands upon Rock river, were
+brought into market by the United States. It follows as a matter of
+course, that all the white settlers upon them prior to this period, were
+trespassers, being there in violation of the laws of Congress, and the
+provisions of the treaty. Although the frontier settlements of Illinois,
+had not approached within fifty or sixty miles of Rock river, and the
+lands for a still greater distance around it, had not been offered for
+sale, yet in this year, government was induced to make sale of a few
+quarter sections, at the mouth of Rock river, including the Sac village.
+The reason for this uncalled for measure, is obvious--to evade the
+provisions of the foregoing treaty of cession, and create a pretext for
+the immediate removal of the Indians to the west side of the
+Mississippi.
+
+In the spring of 1830, when Black Hawk and his band returned from their
+annual hunt, to occupy their lodges, and prepare as usual for raising
+their crop of vegetables, they found, that the land in and around their
+village, had been brought into market, and that their old friend, the
+trader at Rock Island had purchased a considerable part of it. Black
+Hawk, greatly disturbed at this new condition of things, appealed to the
+agent at that place, who informed him, that the lands having been sold
+by government to individuals, he and his party had no longer any _right_
+to remain upon them. Black Hawk was still unwilling to assent to a
+removal, and in the course of the summer, he visited Malden to consult
+his British father on the subject, and returned by Detroit to see the
+great American chief, Governor Cass, residing there. Both of these
+persons told him that if the Indians had not sold their lands and would
+remain quietly upon them, they would not be disturbed. Black Hawk,
+acting upon the assumption that the land on which their village stood,
+never had been legally sold to the United States, returned home
+determined to keep possession of it. It was late in the fall when he
+arrived: his people had gone to their hunting grounds for the winter and
+he followed them. They made an unsuccessful hunt and the season passed
+off in gloom. Keokuk again exerted his influence to induce them to
+desert Black Hawk and remove to the Ioway. Such, however, was their
+attachment to their favorite village, that the whole band returned to it
+in the spring of 1831. The agent at Rock island forthwith notified them
+that if they did not remove from the land, troops would be sent by the
+United States to drive them off. Black Hawk says, he had a conference,
+about this time, with the trader at Rock Island, who enquired of him, if
+some terms could not be made, upon which he and his party would agree
+to remove to the west side of the Mississippi. To this he replied, that
+if his great father would do justice to them and make the proposition,
+they would remove. He was asked by the trader, "if the great chief at
+St. Louis would give six thousand dollars, to purchase provisions and
+other articles," if he would give up peaceably and remove. To this he
+agreed. The trader accordingly sent a message to the agent at St. Louis,
+that Black Hawk, and his whole band, could be removed for the sum of six
+thousand dollars, but the answer was, that nothing would be given, and
+that if they did not remove immediately, an armed force would be sent to
+compel them.
+
+The squaws had now planted their corn, and it was beginning to grow,
+when the whites again commenced ploughing it up. Black Hawk at last
+determined to put a stop to these aggressions upon his people, and
+accordingly gave notice to those who were perpetrating them, that they
+must remove, forthwith, from his village. In the mean time, after the
+return of the Indians, which took place in April, eight of the white
+settlers united in a memorial to the Executive of the state of Illinois,
+in which they set forth that the Sac Indians of Rock river had
+"threatened to kill them; that they had acted in a most outrageous
+manner; threw down their fences, turned horses into their corn-fields,
+stole their potatoes, saying _the land was theirs and that they had not
+sold it_,--although said deponents had purchased the land of the United
+States' government: levelled deadly weapons at the citizens, and on some
+occasions hurt said citizens for attempting to prevent the destruction
+of their property," &c. &c. The memorial concludes with the still more
+startling outrage, that the said Indians went "to a house, rolled out a
+barrel of whiskey and destroyed it." One of these eight afflicted
+memorialists, swore the other seven to the truth of their statements,
+and with an earnest prayer for immediate relief, it was placed before
+his Excellency, on the 19th of May.
+
+This long catalogue of outrages, backed by other memorials, and divers
+rumors of border depredations, committed by "General Black Hawk" and his
+"British Band," called into immediate action the patriotism and official
+power of the Governor. Under date of Bellville, May 26, 1831, he writes
+to the superintendent of Indian affairs, General William Clark, at St.
+Louis, that in order to protect the citizens of Illinois, which he
+considered in a state of "actual invasion," he had called out seven
+hundred militia to remove a band of Sac Indians, then residing at Rock
+river, and he pledges himself to the superintendent, that in fifteen
+days he will have a force in the field, sufficient to "remove them
+_dead_ or _alive_, over to the west side of the Mississippi." But to
+save all this disagreeable business, his Excellency suggests to General
+Clark that perhaps a request from him to these Indians, to remove to the
+west side of the river, would effect the object of procuring peace to
+the citizens of the state. The letter concludes with the magnanimous
+declaration that there is no disposition on the part of the people of
+the state of Illinois to injure these unfortunate, deluded savages, "if
+they will let us alone."
+
+General Clark, under date of St. Louis, 28 May, 1831, acknowledges the
+receipt of the above letter, and says, that he had already made every
+effort in his power, to get all the Indians who had ceded their lands to
+remove.
+
+On the same day, 28th May, 1831, Governor Reynolds writes to General
+Gaines, then at St. Louis, that he had received information that Black
+Hawk and his band had invaded the state of Illinois; and that he had
+called out seven hundred troops to meet them. General Gaines, on the
+29th of May, replies to his Excellency that he had ordered six companies
+of United States troops from Jefferson Barracks to Rock Island, and that
+they would be joined by four other companies from Prairie des Chiens,
+making in all ten companies; a force which he deemed sufficient to repel
+the invasion and give security to the frontier: That if the residue of
+the Sacs and Foxes, or other tribes should unite with the band of Black
+Hawk, he would call on his Excellency for some militia, but did not then
+deem it necessary.
+
+On the 30th of May, the troops, accompanied by General Gaines, left
+Jefferson barracks, in a steam boat, for Fort Armstrong; and upon the
+7th of June, the commanding general held a council on Rock island, at
+which Black Hawk and some of his braves were present. Keokuk, Wa-pel-lo
+and other chiefs from the west side of the Mississippi were also in
+attendance. When the council was opened, General Gaines rose and stated
+that the President was displeased with the refusal of the Sacs of Rock
+river, to go to the right bank of the Mississippi, that their great
+father wanted only that which was reasonable and right, and insisted
+that they should remove. Black Hawk replied, in substance, that the Sacs
+had never sold their lands and were determined to hold on to their
+village. General Gaines inquired, "who is Black Hawk? Is he a chief? By
+what right does he appear in council?"
+
+No reply was made; Black Hawk arose, gathered his blanket around him,
+and stalked out of the council room. On the following morning he was
+again in his seat, and when the council was opened, he arose and said,
+"My father, you inquired yesterday, "who is Black Hawk? why does he sit
+among the chiefs?" I will tell you who I am. I am a Sac, my father was a
+Sac--I am a warrior and so was my father. Ask those young men, who have
+followed me to battle, and they will tell you who Black Hawk is--provoke
+our people to war, and you will learn who Black Hawk is." He then sat
+down, and nothing more was said on the subject. The result of this
+conference was, that Black Hawk refused to leave his village, and that
+General Gaines informed him and his party, if they were not on the West
+side of the Mississippi within a few days, he should be compelled to
+remove them by force. The General anxious, if possible, to effect the
+object without bloodshed, deemed it expedient to increase his forces,
+that the Indians might be intimidated, and thus induced to submit; or,
+in case of a resort to hostile measures, that he might be fully
+prepared to act with efficiency. He accordingly called upon the Governor
+of Illinois for some militia, to co-operate with the United States'
+troops under his command. On the 25th of June, Governor Reynolds, and
+General Joseph Duncan with 1600 mounted militiamen, principally
+volunteers, reached Rock river. On the morning of the 26th, General
+Gaines with his combined forces, took possession of the Sac village
+without firing a gun or finding an Indian; the whole party, with their
+wives and children, having crossed over the Mississippi the previous
+night. On the following day they were found on the west bank of that
+stream, encamped under the protection of a white flag.
+
+On the 30th of June, General Gaines and Governor Reynolds signed a
+treaty of capitulation and peace, with Black Hawk, Pa-she-pa-how,
+Wee-sheat, Kah-ke-ka-mah, and other chiefs and head men of the British
+band of Sac Indians, and their old allies of the Winnebago, Pottawatamie
+and Kickapoo nations. The preamble to this treaty is worthy of
+preservation. It is in these words.
+
+"Whereas, the British Band of Sac Indians, have in violation of the
+several treaties, entered into between the United States and the Sac and
+Fox nations, in the year 1804, 1816 and 1825, continued to remain upon
+and to cultivate the lands on Rock river, ceded to the United States by
+said treaties, after the said lands had been sold by the United States,
+to individual citizens of Illinois and other states: and whereas the
+said British Band of Sac Indians, in order to sustain their pretensions
+to continue upon said Rock river lands, have assumed the attitude of
+actual hostility towards the United States, and have had the audacity to
+drive citizens of the state of Illinois from their homes, destroy their
+corn, and invite many of their old friends of the Pottawatamies,
+Winnebagoes, and Kickapoos, to unite with them the said British band of
+Sacs, in war, to prevent their removal from said lands: and whereas many
+of the most disorderly of these several tribes of Indians, did actually
+join the said British band of Sac Indians prepared for war against the
+United States, and more particularly against the state of Illinois; from
+which purpose they confess nothing could have restrained them, but the
+apprehension of force far exceeding the combined strength of the said
+British Band of Sac Indians, with such of their aforesaid allies, as had
+actually joined them; but, being now convinced that such a war would
+tend speedily to annihilate them, they have voluntarily abandoned their
+hostile attitude and sued for peace." Therefore, &c.
+
+The first article stipulates that peace is granted by the United States
+to the British Band of Sac Indians--the second that they are required to
+submit to the chiefs of the Sac and Fox nations, who reside on the west
+side of the Mississippi--the third that the United States guaranty to
+them the integrity of their lands west of that river under the treaties
+of 1825 and 1830--the fourth that the said British Band shall not trade
+with any nation but the United States--that the United States have a
+right to establish military posts and roads within their country--the
+sixth that the chiefs and head men of the Sac and Fox nations shall
+enforce the provisions of this treaty--and finally that permanent peace
+and friendship be established between the United States and the said
+British Band of Sac Indians, and that the latter are not to return to
+the east side of the Mississippi without the permission of the former.
+
+The commanding General, under date of sixth of July, 1831, informs the
+war department, that, "The mounted volunteers, the regulars, two pieces
+of artillery, and some musquetry and riflemen, induced the Indians to
+abandon the village before our arrival, without firing a gun. Deserted
+by their allies, this disorderly band was left alone to seek security in
+a speedy flight to the right bank of the Mississippi, where they were
+found the next day, under the protection of a white flag." Governor
+Reynolds in his official despatch to the same department, under date of
+Belleville. Ill. 7th July 1831, says:
+
+"The Indians with some exceptions, from Canada to Mexico, along the
+northern frontier of the United States, are more hostile to the whites,
+than at any other period since the last war; particularly the band of
+Sac Indians, usually and truly called the "British Band," became
+extremely unfriendly to the citizens of Illinois and others. This band
+had determined for some years past to remain at all hazards, on certain
+lands which had been purchased by the United States, and afterwards some
+of them sold to private individuals by the general government. They
+also determined to drive off the citizens from this disputed territory.
+In order to effect this object, they committed various outrages on the
+persons and property of the citizens of this state. That this band might
+the more effectually resist all force that would be employed against
+them, they treated with many other tribes to combine together for the
+purpose of aiding this British Band to continue in possession of the
+country in question." General William Clark, the Indian agent at St.
+Louis, in his official communication to the department, says, "The
+disaffected Sacs were depending for an increase to their number from the
+discontented parts of the Kickapoos, Pottawatamies and Winnebagoes," and
+that they exhibited a daring opposition, &c. &c.
+
+From the tone and pomposity of these documents, commencing with Governor
+Reynold's annunciation to General Clark, that Illinois was in a state of
+"actual invasion," and ending with the letters to the war department,
+just cited, it might appear, to one not familiar with the facts in the
+case, that a powerful confederacy of warlike Indians, after years of
+secret preparation, had made a sudden and bold descent upon the state of
+Illinois, and were about to carry war and desolation throughout the
+frontiers--to make the heavens lurid with the conflagration of dwelling
+houses, and the air resonant with the wails of women and children
+sinking beneath the murderous tomahawk: and, that this banded horde of
+northern savages, had been successfully met, captured or dispersed, by
+the patriotism, valor and overwhelming power of the combined army of
+the United States and the militia of Illinois! And yet, will it be
+credited by posterity, that this "actual invasion" of the state, fierce
+and appalling as it has been represented, consisted simply in this: a
+part of the Sac tribe of Indians, residing within the boundaries of
+Illinois, at their village on Rock river, where they were born and had
+lived all their lives, refused to give up their corn-fields to some
+white men, who had purchased the same, under a sale made by the
+government of the United States for the purpose of a technical evasion
+of one of its own treaties. In short, thus far, it was little more than
+a neighborhood quarrel between the squaws of the "British Band" of
+Indians, and a few white settlers,--most of whom were there in violation
+of the laws of the country--about the occupancy of some corn-fields,
+which, from time immemorial, had been annually cultivated by the Indian
+women. Black Hawk became excited by these outrages, as he deemed them,
+upon the rights of his people; but instead of killing every white man in
+his vicinity, which he could have done in one night, he simply commanded
+them to leave his village: and threatened in case they did not, to
+remove them by force. Such is the substance of the "actual invasion" of
+the state of Illinois, by the British Band of Sac Indians.
+
+It is alledged, however, by the defenders of this memorable campaign,
+that this band of Sacs had, in violation of the treaties of 1804, 1816
+and 1825, continued to remain upon and cultivate the land on Rock
+river, ceded to the United States, after it had been sold by the United
+States to individual citizens of Illinois and other states--that they
+had refused positively to remove to the west side of the
+Mississippi--that they had endeavored to persuade some of the
+neighboring tribes to unite with them in defending this land against the
+rightful occupancy of the white purchasers--that they had "threatened to
+kill" them--"thrown down their fences"--on some occasions "hurt" said
+settlers--"stole their potatoes" saying they had not sold these
+lands--otherwise "acted in a most outrageous manner," and finally, in
+the words of the capitulation on the 30th June, 1831, "assumed the
+attitude of actual hostility towards the United States, and had the
+audacity to drive citizens of the state of Illinois, from their homes."
+Admitting these allegations to be true, what may be said in behalf of
+the party against which they are made? It may be replied, that under the
+treaty of 1804, the Indians had an undoubted right to "live and hunt"
+upon the land ceded by that treaty, so long as it remained the property
+of the United States: that as early as 1823-4 the whites had intruded
+upon the land on Rock river around the principal village of the Sacs and
+Foxes--the United States neglecting to have these intruders removed, as
+by the treaty they were solemnly bound to do: that these whites
+frequently beat the Indian men, women, and children with sticks,
+destroyed their corn fields, distributed whiskey among them, cheated
+them out of their furs and peltries and on one occasion, when the
+Indians were absent on a hunting excursion, set fire to some thirty or
+forty of their lodges, by which many of them were totally destroyed.
+
+These outrages were perpetrated before a single acre of the land upon
+Rock river, had been sold by the United States, and when in fact, the
+regular frontier settlements of Illinois, had not approached within
+fifty miles of the Sac village. Consequently they were committed in
+express violation of the most solemn treaties and of the laws of the
+United States, for the protection of the Indians. In 1829, clearly with
+a view, on the part of those who brought about the measure, of evading
+the force of that article of the treaty of 1804, which permitted the
+Indians to live and hunt upon these lands, so long as they remained the
+property of the United States, a few quarter sections were sold, on Rock
+river, including the Sac village. New insults and outrages were now
+offered to the Indians, and they were again ordered to remove, not from
+the quarter sections which had actually been sold, but to the west side
+of the Mississippi. Against this, they remonstrated and finally refused,
+positively, to be driven away. The results of this refusal have already
+been shown in the narration which has been made of the events following
+upon the "actual invasion" of the state of Illinois, in the spring of
+1831. But it has been said that these Indians endeavored to form an
+alliance with some of the neighboring tribes to defend their lands.
+There is no doubt that Black Hawk labored to persuade Keokuk and the
+Sac Indians residing with him, to return to the east side of the
+Mississippi and assist in defending their village. His effort to unite
+with him, in alliance against the United States, the Winnebagoes,
+Pottawatamies and Kickapoos, was probably for the same object, though
+the case is not so clearly made out. Mr. Schoolcraft in his "Narrative"
+speaks of a war message having been transmitted to the Torch lake
+Indians, by Black Hawk, or his counsellors, in 1830, and repeated in the
+two succeeding years; and adds that similar communications were made to
+other tribes. The message, continues Mr. Schoolcraft, was very
+equivocal. It invited these tribes to aid the Sacs in fighting their
+enemies. Whatever may have been the object, no success attended the
+effort. Other motives than that of retaining possession of these lands,
+may have prompted Black Hawk to seek this alliance. Being an ambitious,
+restless man, he may have thought it expedient to do something to keep
+himself in power with his people. A military campaign is occasionally a
+fortunate circumstance for a politician, whether his skin be red or
+white. Gunpowder-popularity is of equal importance to the chiefs of the
+Sacs and the chiefs of the Illini. An "actual invasion" of a
+state--which, in these modern times, is supposed to consist in
+"levelling deadly weapons" at the inhabitants thereof, and "stealing
+their potatoes," is quite a wind-fall to political aspirants.
+
+That the British Band of Sac Indians cherished the feeling of active
+hostility towards the whites, that has been attributed to them, may
+well be questioned. That they were provoked to a feeble assertion of
+their rights by the injustice of our government and the lawless conduct
+of the white settlers among them, is unquestionably true. But it should
+be recollected, that from the period of their treaty with the United
+States, in 1816, to their capitulation in 1831, they had not killed one
+of our people. For a number of years prior to 1831, the Americans had
+constantly passed through their country, unarmed, carrying with them
+large amounts of money and of goods, for the trade at the lead mines:
+and yet not one of these travellers, sleeping in the woods and the
+Indian lodges, had been molested in person or property. For several
+years, the whites residing at and around the Sac village on Rock river
+were trespassing upon these Indians, for the purpose of driving them to
+the west side of the Mississippi, but still the tomahawk was not raised
+for retaliation. If Black Hawk and his party, had really intended to
+resort to arms, who that understands the Indian character, can doubt for
+a moment, that they would have struck a decisive blow, and murdered
+every white settler upon Rock river, before General Gaines ascended the
+Mississippi? After our army reached Fort Armstrong and General Gaines
+had been informed by Black Hawk that he would not remove, he gave orders
+to his braves, that if the American war chief came to the village to
+force them away, not a gun should be fired, nor any resistance offered;
+but that they must remain quietly in their lodges and let the war chief
+kill them if he chose. Under these circumstances, it is as difficult to
+believe that Black Hawk and his band seriously intended to make war upon
+the whites at that time, as it is to admit that the United States had a
+right to force the Indians to remove to the west side of the
+Mississippi, because a few quarter sections of the land at the mouth of
+Rock river, had been prematurely sold; while millions of acres around,
+were still the property of the United States, and as such, under the
+treaty of 1804, the Indians were expressly permitted to live and hunt
+upon them.
+
+In the course of this narrative, frequent mention has been made of the
+leading chief of the Sac nation, who is highly distinguished by his
+influence, pacific character and fine talents. The relation he sustains
+to Black Hawk and his band, connects him directly with our narrative. On
+this account, as well as to gratify the interest which is felt in his
+history, the succeeding chapter will be occupied with a brief sketch of
+the life and adventures of Keokuk, the Watchful Fox.
+
+
+
+
+KEOKUK,
+
+THE WATCHFUL FOX
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Keokuk's birth--Kills a Sioux when fifteen years old--Prevents the
+  abandonment of the Sac village--Bold manoeuvre with the
+  Sioux--Perils his life for the safety of his people--Speech to the
+  Menominies at Prairie des Chiens--Called upon to lead his braves to
+  join in the Black Hawk war--Allays the excitement of his people on
+  this subject--Deposed from his post as head chief and a young man
+  elected in his place--Re-established in power--Delivers up his nephew
+  to the whites to be tried for murder--Letter to the Governor of
+  Illinois--Council at Washington in 1837--Retorts upon the Sioux--His
+  visit to Boston--His return home--His personal appearance--And his
+  character as a war and peace chief.
+
+
+It is no easy task to present in a satisfactory manner, a biographical
+sketch of an Indian. However eventful his life may have been, it is only
+a few of the more prominent of his deeds which become known to the
+world; while the minor incidents, those small matters, which make up the
+sum of human character, pass unobserved by his companions, or if
+noticed, are soon forgotten. The subject of the present chapter, is yet
+in the meridian of life, high in power, and in the enjoyment of a
+distinguished reputation. Yet the materials for estimating his
+character, and for tracing his progress, step by step, from the
+obscurity of a private station, to the most honorable post in the nation
+over which he now presides, are neither full nor satisfactory. Barely
+enough is known of him, throughout the United States, to create the
+desire to know more; and it is to be regretted that the means of
+gratifying this laudable curiosity, are not more abundant.
+
+Keokuk is a native of the Sac nation of Indians, and was born near or
+upon Rock river in the north western part of what now constitutes the
+state of Illinois, about the year 1780. He is not a hereditary chief,
+and consequently has risen to his present elevation by the force of
+talent and of enterprize. He began to manifest these qualities at a very
+early period of his life. While but a youth he performed an act, which
+placed him, as it were by _brevet_, in the ranks of manhood. In the
+first battle in which he engaged, he encountered and killed a Sioux
+warrior, with his spear, while on horseback; and as the Sioux are
+distinguished for their horsemanship, this was looked upon as so great
+an achievement, that a public feast was made in commemoration of it, by
+his tribe; and the youthful Keokuk, was forthwith admitted to all the
+rights and privileges of a Brave. It was further allowed, that ever
+afterwards, on all public occasions, he might appear on horseback, even
+if the rest of the chiefs and braves were not mounted.
+
+During the late war between the United States and Great Britain, and
+before Keokuk was entitled to take his seat in the councils of his
+nation, an expedition was sent by our government, to destroy the Indian
+village at Peoria, on the Illinois river. A rumor reached the Sac
+village, in which he resided, that this expedition was also to attack
+the Sacs, and the whole tribe was thrown into consternation. The
+Indians were panic stricken, and the council hastily determined to
+abandon their village. Keokuk happened to be standing near the
+council-lodge when this decision was made. It was no sooner announced
+than he boldly advanced to the door and requested admission. It was
+granted. He asked leave to speak, and permission was given him. He
+commenced by saying he had heard with deep regret, the decision of the
+council--that he himself was wholly opposed to flight, before an enemy
+still distant, and whose strength was entirely unknown. He called the
+attention of the council to the importance of meeting the enemy in their
+approach--of harassing their progress--cutting them off in detail--of
+driving them back, or of nobly dying in defence of their country and
+their homes.
+
+"Make me your leader," he boldly exclaimed; "let our young men follow
+me, and the pale-faces shall be driven back to their towns. Let the old
+men and the women, and all who are afraid to meet the white man, stay
+here, but let your braves go to battle." Such intrepid conduct, could
+not fail to produce its effect upon a race so excitable as the Indians.
+The warriors with one voice, declared they were ready to follow Keokuk;
+and he was at once chosen to lead them against the enemy. It turned out,
+however, that the alarm was false, but the eloquence of Keokuk in the
+council, and his energy in preparing for the expedition, placed him at
+once in the first rank of the braves.
+
+His military reputation, was, on another occasion, much increased, by
+the skill and promptness with which he met a sudden emergency on the
+battle field. With a party of his braves, Keokuk was hunting in the
+country which lies between the residence of the Sacs and that of the
+Sioux, betwixt whom, for many years, a deadly hatred had existed. Very
+unexpectedly, a party of the latter well mounted, came upon them. The
+Sacs were also on horseback, but their enemies being superior horsemen
+and fully equipped for war, had a decided advantage. There was no covert
+from behind which the Sacs could fight, and flight was impossible.
+Keokuk's mode of defence was as novel as ingenious. He instantly formed
+his men into a compact circle, ordered them to dismount, and take
+shelter behind their horses, by which movement they were protected from
+the missiles of the Sioux, and at the same time placed under
+circumstances in which they could avail themselves of their superiority
+as marksmen. The Sioux, raising the war-whoop, charged upon their
+entrenched foe with great fury, but were received with a fire so
+destructive that they were compelled to fall back. The attack was
+repeated but with the same result. The hordes could not be forced upon
+those whose guns were pouring forth vollies of fire and smoke, and after
+several unsuccessful attempts to break the line, the Sioux retreated
+with considerable loss.
+
+At a subsequent period, during a cessation of hostilities between these
+tribes, the Sacs had gone to the prairies to hunt buffalo, leaving their
+village but slightly protected by braves. During the hunt Keokuk and
+his band, unexpectedly approached an encampment of a large number of
+Sioux, painted for war, and evidently on their way to attack his
+village. His own braves were widely scattered over the extensive plains,
+and could not be speedily gathered together. Possessing the spirit of a
+fearless and generous mind, he instantly resolved upon the bold
+expedient of throwing himself between the impending danger and his
+people. Unattended, he deliberately rode into the camp of his enemy. In
+the midst of their lodges rose the war-pole, and around it the Sioux
+were dancing, and partaking of those fierce excitements, by means of
+which the Indians usually prepare themselves for battle. It happened
+that revenge upon the Sacs constituted the burden of their songs, at the
+moment of Keokuk's approach. He dashed into the midst of them and boldly
+demanded to see their chief. "I have come," said he, "to let you know
+that there are traitors in your camp: they have told me that you are
+preparing to attack my village: I know they told me lies, for you could
+not, after smoking the pipe of peace, be so base as to murder my women
+and children in my absence. None but cowards would be guilty of such
+conduct." When the first feeling of amazement began to subside, the
+Sioux crowded around him in a manner evincing a determination to seize
+his person, and they had already laid hold of his legs, when he added,
+in a loud voice, "I supposed they told me lies, but if what I have heard
+is true, then the Sacs are ready for you." With a sudden effort, he
+dashed aside those who had seized him, plunged his spurs into his
+gallant horse, and rode off at full speed. Several guns were discharged
+at him, but fortunately without effect: a number of the Sioux warriors
+instantly sprung upon their horses and pursued him, but in vain. Keokuk,
+on horseback, was in his element; he made the woods resound with the
+war-whoop, and brandishing his tomahawk in defiance of his foes, soon
+left them far behind, and joined his little party of braves. His
+pursuers, fearful of some stratagem, gave up the pursuit, after having
+followed him for some distance, and retired to their camp. Keokuk took
+immediate steps to call in his braves and speedily returned to protect
+his village. His enemies, however, finding themselves discovered,
+abandoned the contemplated attack and retraced their steps to their own
+country.
+
+The eloquence of Keokuk and his sagacity in the civil affairs of his
+nation, are, like his military talents, of a high order. One or two
+cases in which these have been exhibited, are worthy of being recorded.
+A few years since, some of his warriors fell in with a party of unarmed
+Menominies, at Prairie des Chiens, in sight of fort Crawford, and
+murdered the whole of them. Justly incensed at this outrage, the
+Menominies prepared to take up arms against the Sacs, and prevailed upon
+the Winnebagoes to join them. For the purpose of allaying the rising
+storm, the United States' agent, at Prairie des Chiens, General Street,
+invited the several parties to a council at that place for the purpose
+of adjusting the difficulty, without a resort to arms. They accordingly,
+out of respect to the agent, assembled at fort Crawford, but the
+Menominies refused, sternly, to hold any conference with the Sacs on the
+subject. Keokuk told the agent not to be discouraged, for he would
+adjust the difficulty with them, before they separated, in despite of
+their prejudices and their positive refusal to treat: He only asked an
+opportunity of meeting them face to face in the council-lodge. The
+tribes were brought together, but the Menominies persevered in their
+determination to hold no conference with the Sacs. The negociation
+proceeded, and a friendly feeling was re-established between the
+Winnebagoes and the Sacs. Keokuk then rose and with much deliberation,
+began his address to the Menominies. At first they averted their faces
+or listened with looks of defiance. He had commenced his speech without
+smoking the pipe or shaking hands, which was a breach of etiquette; and,
+above all, he was the chief of a tribe that had inflicted upon them an
+injury, for which blood alone could atone. Under these discouraging
+circumstances, Keokuk proceeded, in his forcible, persuasive and
+impressive manner. Such was the touching character of his appeal, such
+the power of his eloquence, that the features of his enemies gradually
+relaxed; they listened; they assented; and when he concluded by
+remarking, proudly, but in a conciliating tone, "I came here to say that
+I am sorry for the imprudence of my young men; I came to make peace; I
+now offer you the hand of Keokuk; who will refuse it?" they rose one by
+one and accepted the proffered grasp.
+
+In the late contest between the United States and Black Hawk's band,
+Keokuk and a majority of the Sacs and Foxes, took no part. Black Hawk
+made several efforts to induce them to unite against the whites, which
+they were strongly inclined to do, not only from their love of war and
+of plunder but on account of the injustice with which very many of them
+believed they had been treated by the people of the United States. It
+required all of Keokuk's influence and moderation to prevent the whole
+nation from enlisting under the Black Hawk banner. He requested the
+agent of the American Government to send to his village, on the west
+side of the Mississippi, a white man who understood the Sac language,
+and who might bear witness to his, Keokuk's sincerity and faithfulness
+to the whites. Such a person was sent. The excitement raised by Black
+Hawk and the war in which he was engaged, continued to increase among
+Keokuk's people. "He stood on a mine, liable to be exploded by a single
+spark. He was in peril of being slain as the friend of the whites. He
+remained calm and unawed, ruling his turbulent little state with
+mildness and firmness, but at the constant risk of his life. One day, a
+new emissary arrived from Black Hawk's party. Whiskey was introduced
+into the camp, and Keokuk saw that the crisis was at hand. He warned the
+white man who was his guest, of the impending danger, and advised him to
+conceal himself. A scene of tumult ensued. The emissary spoke of blood
+that had been shed--of their relations being driven from their hunting
+grounds--of recent insults--of injuries long inflicted by the
+whites--hinted at the ready vengeance that might be taken on an exposed
+frontier--of defenceless cabins--and of rich booty. The desired effect
+was produced. The braves began to dance around the war pole, to paint
+and to give other evidences of a warlike character. Keokuk watched the
+rising storm and appeared to mingle in it. He drank and listened and
+apparently assented to all that was said. At length his warriors called
+out to be led to battle, and he was asked to lead them. He arose and
+spoke with that power which had never failed him. He sympathized in
+their wrongs--their thirst for vengeance--he won their confidence by
+giving utterance to the passions by which they were moved, and echoing
+back their own thoughts with a master spirit. He then considered the
+proposition to go to war, alluded to the power of the whites--the
+hopelessness of the contest: He told them he was their chief--that it
+was his duty to rule them as a father at home: to lead them to war if
+they determined to go. But in the proposed war, there was no middle
+course: The power of the United States was such, that unless they
+conquered that great nation, they must perish; that he would lead them
+instantly against the whites on one condition, and that was, that they
+should first put all their women and children to death, and then
+resolve, that having crossed the Mississippi, they would never return,
+but perish among the graves of their fathers rather than yield them to
+the white-men. This proposal, desperate as it was, presented the true
+issue: it calmed the disturbed passions of his people, the turmoil
+subsided, order was restored, and the authority of Keokuk, became for
+the time being firmly re-established."[6]
+
+Black Hawk and his band have always been opposed to Keokuk, and since
+the late war, which proved so disastrous to them, and into which they
+were plunged, in opposition to his counsel, they have looked upon him
+with increased aversion.
+
+They have made repeated efforts to destroy his influence with the
+remainder of the tribe, and owing to the monotony of his pacific rule,
+were, on one occasion, nearly successful. A spirit of discontent
+pervaded his people--they complained of the extent of the power which he
+wielded--they needed excitement, and as his measures were all of a
+peaceful character, they sought it in a change of rulers. The matter was
+at length openly and formally discussed. The voice of the nation was
+taken, Keokuk was removed from his post of head man and a young chief
+placed in his stead. He made not the smallest opposition to this measure
+of his people, but calmly awaited the result. When his young successor
+was chosen, Keokuk was the first to salute him with the title of Father.
+But the matter did not rest here. With great courtesy, he begged to
+accompany the new chief to the agent of the United States, then at Rock
+island; and with profound respect, introduced him as his chief and his
+father--urged the agent to receive him as such, and solicited, as a
+personal favor, that the same regard that had ever been paid to him, by
+the whites, might be transferred to his worthy successor. The sequel may
+be readily inferred. The nation could not remain blind to the error they
+had committed. Keokuk as a private individual was still the first man
+among his people. His ready and noble acquiescence in their wishes, won
+both their sympathy and admiration. He rose rapidly but silently to his
+former elevated station, while the young chief sunk as rapidly to his
+former obscurity.
+
+Some time in 1832, five of the friendly Sacs belonging to Keokuk's
+party, murdered a man by the name of Martin, in Warren county, Illinois.
+One of these, proved to be a nephew of Keokuk, but by the orders of his
+uncle, he was seized and delivered over to the civil authority of that
+state to be tried for the murder. The other four made their escape. Some
+time afterwards, Keokuk was called upon to deliver up the other four
+Sacs, who had been concerned in the outrage, that they also might be
+brought to justice. He replied that they were beyond his reach, but that
+he would call a council of his head-men and take measures to give
+satisfaction to the whites. The council was held, and Keokuk stated the
+demand of their Great Father, the President; and that if satisfaction
+were not made to him, he feared an army would be sent into their
+country, and that many troubles would overtake them. Immediately four
+young warriors arose and offered to be surrendered up to the whites,
+and suffer death in place of the real offenders, to prevent their nation
+from incurring the displeasure of the President. Keokuk, supposing that
+this would satisfy the demands of justice, delivered them up as the
+murderers and they were imprisoned. Upon their trial, Keokuk was
+present, as a witness. In giving his testimony, he stated with honest
+simplicity, that the young men then arraigned in court, for the murder
+of Martin, were not the guilty ones, but they had agreed to die in place
+of the real murderers who could not be found. The prisoners were, as a
+matter of course, set at liberty.
+
+Some months after the close of the "Black Hawk war," Keokuk was informed
+that reports were in circulation, in the state of Illinois, that the
+Indians were dissatisfied and preparing for fresh hostilities. He
+dictated a letter to the Governor upon the subject, which was forwarded
+to him. It is in these words.
+
+
+                 "Raccoon Fork of Des Moines river, Nov. 30, 1832.
+      "To the Great Chief of Illinois.
+    "MY FATHER:
+
+"I have been told by a trader, that several of your village criers
+[editors] have been circulating bad news, informing the whites that the
+Indians are preparing for war, and that we are dissatisfied. My Father,
+you were present when the tomahawk was buried, and assisted me to place
+it so deep, that it will never again be raised against your white
+children of Illinois.
+
+"My Father, very few of that misguided band that entered Rock river
+last summer, remain. You have humbled them by war, and have made them
+friendly by your generous conduct to them after they were defeated.
+
+"Myself and the greater part of the Sacs and Foxes, have firmly held you
+by the hand: We followed your advice and did as you told us. My Father,
+take pity on those of my nation that you forgave, and never mention the
+disasters of last summer. I wish them to be forgotten.
+
+"I do not permit the criers of our village or camps to proclaim any bad
+news against the whites, not even the truth. Last fall an old man, a
+Fox, was hunting on an island, a short distance below Rock river for
+turkeys to carry to Fort Armstrong: he was killed by a white man. My
+Father, we passed it over: we have only spoken of it in whispers; our
+agent has not heard of it. We wish to live in friendship with the
+whites; if a white man comes to our camp or village, we give him a share
+of what we have to eat, a lodging if he wants it, and put him on the
+trail if he has lost it.
+
+"My Father, advise the criers of your villages to tell the truth
+respecting us, and assist in strengthening the chain of friendship, that
+your children may treat us friendly when they meet us: and be assured
+that we are friends, and have feelings as well as they have.
+
+  "My Father, this is all I have to say at present.
+             "KEOKUK, Chief of the Sac nation."
+
+
+In the autumn of the year 1837, Keokuk and a party of his warriors made
+a visit to Washington city. Black Hawk was of the party, having been
+taken along, it is supposed by the politic Keokuk, lest in his absence,
+the restless spirit of the old man should create some new difficulties
+at home. We are indebted to a gentleman[7] who happened to be at the
+capital at the time of this visit, for the following sketch of a
+council, held under the direction of the Secretary at War, Mr. Poinsett,
+for the laudable purpose of reconciling the long cherished feeling of
+hostility between the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux,--a deputation of
+chiefs from this latter nation being also at the seat of government. The
+council was held in a church. The Indians were seated on a platform
+erected for the purpose, the spectators occupying the pews. The
+Secretary, representing the President, was seated on the center of the
+platform, facing the audience--the Sioux on his right hand and the Sauks
+and Foxes on his left, forming a semi-circle. "These hostile tribes,
+presented in their appearance a remarkable contrast. The Sioux tricked
+out in blue coats, epaulettes, fur hats and various articles of finery,
+which had been presented to them, and which were now incongruously worn
+in conjunction with portions of their own proper costume; while the
+Saukies and Foxes, with a commendable pride and good taste, wore their
+national dress, without any admixture, and were studiously painted
+according to their own notions of propriety. But the most striking
+object was Keokuk, who sat at the head of his delegation, on the
+extreme left, facing his mortal enemies the Sioux, who occupied the
+opposite side of the stage; having the audience upon his left side, and
+his own people on his right, and beyond them the Secretary at War. He
+sat grasping in his right hand the war banner, the symbol of his station
+as ruling chief. His person was erect and his eye fixed calmly but
+steadily upon the enemies of his people. On the floor, and leaning upon
+the knee of the chief, sat his son, a boy of nine or ten years old,
+whose fragile figure and innocent countenance, afforded a beautiful
+contrast with the athletic and warlike form and the intellectual though
+weather-beaten features of his father. The effect was in the highest
+degree picturesque and imposing. The council was opened by smoking the
+pipe, which was passed from mouth to mouth. The Secretary then briefly
+addressed both parties, in a conciliating strain, urging them, in the
+name of their great father, the President, to abandon those sanguinary
+wars, by means of which their race was becoming extinct, and to
+cultivate the arts, the thrift and industry of the white men. The Sioux
+spoke next. The orator, on rising first stepped forward, and shook hands
+with the Secretary, and then delivered his harangue in his own tongue,
+stopping at the end of each sentence, until it was rendered into English
+by the interpreter, who stood by his side, and into the Saukie language
+by the interpreter of that tribe. Another and another followed, all
+speaking vehemently and with much acrimony. The burthen of their
+harangue was, the folly of addressing pacific language to the Sauks and
+Foxes, who were faithless and in whom no confidence could be placed. 'My
+father,' said one of them, 'you cannot make these people hear any good
+words unless you bore their ears with sticks.' 'We have often made peace
+with them,' said another speaker, an old man, who endeavored to be
+witty, 'but they would never observe any treaty. I would as soon think
+of making a treaty with that child,' pointing to Keokuk's little boy,
+'as with a Saukie or Musquakee.' The Sioux were evidently gratified and
+excited by the sarcasms of their orators, while their opponents sat
+motionless, their dark eyes flashing, but their features as composed and
+stolid, as if they did not understand that disparaging language that was
+used. We remarked a decided want of gracefulness in all these speakers.
+Each of them having shaken hands with the Secretary, who sat facing the
+audience, stood immediately before and near to him, with the interpreter
+at his elbow, both having their backs to the spectators; and in this
+awkward position, speaking low and rapidly--but little of what they said
+could be heard except by the persons near them. Not so Keokuk. When it
+came to his turn to speak, he rose deliberately, advanced to the
+Secretary, and having saluted him, returned to his place, which being at
+the foot of the stage, and on one side of it, his face was not concealed
+from any of the several parties present. His interpreter stood beside
+him. The whole arrangement was judicious, and though apparently
+unstudied, shewed the tact of an orator. He stood erect, in an easy,
+but martial posture, with his robe thrown over his left shoulder and
+arm, leaving the right arm bare, to be used in action. His voice was
+firm, his enunciation remarkably clear, distinct, and rapid. Those who
+have had the gratification of hearing a distinguished senator from South
+Carolina, now in Congress, whose rapidity of utterance, concentration of
+thought and conciseness of language are alike peculiar to himself, may
+form some idea of the style of Keokuk, the latter adding, however, an
+attention to the graces of attitude and action, to which the former
+makes no pretension. He spoke with dignity but great animation, and some
+of his retorts were excellent. 'They tell you,' said he, 'that our ears
+must be bored with sticks, but, my Father, you could not penetrate their
+thick skulls in that way--it would require hot iron.' 'They say they
+would as soon make peace with a child, as with us,--they know better,
+for when they made war upon us they found us men.' 'They tell you that
+peace has often been made, and that we have broken it. How happens it
+then that so many of their braves have been slain in our country? I will
+tell you--they invaded us; we never invaded them: none of my braves have
+been killed in their land. We have their scalps and can tell where we
+took them.
+
+"As we have given the palm to Keokuk, at this meeting, we must in
+justice to the Sioux, mention an eloquent reply, made by one of the same
+party, on a different day. The Secretary at War, met the Sioux
+delegation in council to treat for the purchase of some of their
+territory. A certain sum of money being offered them for the land, they
+demanded a greater price. They were then told that the Americans were a
+great people, who would not traffic with them like a trader--that the
+President had satisfied himself as to the value of the territory, and
+offered them the full price. Big Thunder, a son of the Little Crow,
+replied that the Sioux were a great nation, and could not, like a
+trader, ask a price and then take less: and, then to illustrate the
+equality of dignity, between the high contracting parties, he used a
+figure, which struck us as eminently beautiful--'the children of our
+white parent are very many, they possess all the country from the rising
+of the sun to noon-day:--the Sioux are very many, the land is all theirs
+from the noon-day to the setting sun.'"
+
+After leaving Washington city, Keokuk, attended by his wife and son,
+four chiefs of the united Sac and Fox tribes, and several warriors among
+whom were Black Hawk and his son, proceeded as far north as Boston, and
+attracted in all the cities through which they passed great attention.
+They were met in Boston, with distinguished honors, being received by
+governor Everett on behalf of the state, and the mayor, on behalf of the
+city. The ceremony of receiving the Indians occurred on the 30th of
+October, and no public spectacle in the history of Boston, ever
+assembled so great a number of its citizens. Between the hours of ten
+and twelve, the chiefs held a levee in Faneuil Hall, for the visits of
+the ladies, exclusively, an immense concourse of whom, thronged the old
+"cradle of liberty" to look upon the stranger guests. At 2 o'clock, P.M.
+the chiefs were escorted by the Lancers to the State House, which was
+filled with ladies, the members of the legislature, the civil
+authorities, &c. Governor Everett, first addressed the audience, by
+giving them a brief account of the different tribes represented by the
+Indian chiefs then present. Then turning to the Indians, he said,
+
+"Chiefs and warriors of the united Sac and Fox tribes, you are welcome
+to our hall of council. You have come a far way from your homes in the
+west to visit your white brethren. We are glad to take you by the hand.
+We have heard before of the Sacs and Foxes--our travellers have told us
+the names of their great men and chiefs. We are glad to see them with
+our own eyes.
+
+"We are called the Massachusetts. It is the name of the red men who once
+lived here. In former times the red man's wigwam, stood on these fields,
+and his council fires were kindled on this spot.
+
+"When our fathers came over the great waters, they were a small band.
+The red man stood on the rock by the sea side, and looked at them. He
+might have pushed them into the water and drowned them; but he took hold
+of their hands and said, welcome, white man. Our fathers were hungry,
+and the red man gave them corn and venison. Our fathers were cold, and
+the red man spread his blanket over them and made them warm.
+
+"We are now grown great and powerful, but we remember the kindness of
+the red man to our fathers.
+
+"Brothers, our faces are pale and yours are red, but our hearts are
+alike. The Great Spirit has made his children of different complexions,
+but he loves them all.
+
+"Brothers, you dwell between the Mississippi and the Missouri--they are
+mighty streams. They have great arms--one stretches out to the east and
+the other away west to the Rocky mountains. But they make one river and
+they run together into the sea.
+
+"Brothers, we dwell in the east and you in the far west, but we are one
+family, of many branches but one head.
+
+"Brothers, as you passed through the hall below, you stopped to look at
+the great image of our father Washington. It is a cold stone and cannot
+speak to you. But our great father Washington loved his red children,
+and bade us love them also. He is dead but his words have made a great
+print in our hearts, like the step of a strong buffalo on the clay in
+the prairies.
+
+"My brother, (addressing Keokuk) I perceive by your side your young
+child sitting in the council hall with you. May the Great Spirit
+preserve the life of your son. May he grow up by your side like the
+tender sapling by the side of the mighty oak. May you long flourish both
+together, and when the mighty oak is fallen in the forest, may the young
+tree take its place, and spread out its branches over the tribe.
+
+"Brothers, I make you a short talk, and bid you welcome once more to our
+council hall."
+
+Keokuk rose first in reply, and shaking hands with the Governor and
+others near to him, spoke with fine emphasis and much earnest and
+graceful gesticulation, holding his staff, which he frequently shifted
+from hand to hand.
+
+"Keokuk and his chiefs are very much gratified that they have had the
+pleasure of shaking hands with the head man or governor of this great
+state, and also with all the men that surround him.
+
+"You well say, brother, that the Great Spirit has made both of us,
+though your color is white and mine is red; but he made your heart and
+mine the same. The only difference I find is, he made you speak one
+language, and I another. He made the same sky above our heads for both.
+He gave us hands to take each other by, and eyes to see each other. I
+wish to take all present by the hand,--to shake hands with all my white
+brethren.
+
+"I am very happy to say, before I die, that I have been in the great
+house where my fathers and your fathers used to speak together as we do
+now. And I hope the Great Spirit is pleased with this sight; and will
+long continue to keep friendship between the white and red men. I hope
+that now, in this presence, he sees us; and hears our hearts proffer
+friendship to each other; and that he will aid us in what we are now
+engaged in.
+
+"My remarks are short and this is what I say to you. I take my friends
+all by the hand, and wish the Great Spirit to give them all a blessing."
+
+Several other chiefs spoke, and after them Black Hawk made a short
+address. To these several speeches the governor replied collectively.
+Presents were then distributed among them by the governor. Keokuk
+received a splendid sword and brace of pistols; his son, Musanwont, a
+handsome little rifle: The head chiefs received long swords and the
+others short ones. Black Hawk was also presented with a brace of pistols
+and a sword. When this ceremony had ended, the Indians repaired to the
+common in front of the capitol, and there, in the presence of some
+thirty thousand spectators, exhibited themselves in a war dance, for
+about half an hour; and from thence returned to their lodging.
+
+Throughout the whole of his visit in Boston, Keokuk preserved his grave
+and dignified manners, winning the respect and admiration of all who had
+an opportunity of coming in contact with him. Upon his return to the
+west, he spent a few hours in Cincinnati, and was visited by a great
+number of persons. We had the pleasure of taking him by the hand, and of
+making some inquiries in regard to his character, of those who were
+personally acquainted with him.
+
+In person, Keokuk, is stout, graceful and commanding, with fine features
+and an intelligent countenance. His broad expanded chest and muscular
+limbs, denote activity and physical power; and he is known to excel in
+dancing, horsemanship, and all athletic exercises. He has acquired
+considerable property, and lives in princely style. He is fond of
+travelling, and makes frequent visits of state to the Osages, the
+Ottaways, the Omahas and the Winnebagoes. On these occasions he is
+uniformly mounted on a fine horse, clad in a showy robe wrought by his
+six wives, equipped with his rifle, pipe, tomahawk and war-club. He is
+usually attended in these excursions by forty or fifty of his young men,
+well mounted and handsomely dressed. A man precedes the party to
+announce his approach to the tribe he is about to honor with a visit;
+and such is his popularity, that his reception is generally in a style
+corresponding with the state in which he moves. These visits are most
+frequently made in autumn, and are enlivened by hunting, feasting,
+dancing, horse-racing and various athletic games, in all of which Keokuk
+takes an active part. He moves, it is supposed, in more savage
+magnificence, than any other Indian chief upon the continent.
+
+In point of intellect, integrity of character, and the capacity for
+governing others, he is supposed to have no superior among the Indians:
+Bold, courageous, and skilful in war--mild, firm and politic in peace:
+He has great enterprize and active impulses, with a freshness and
+enthusiasm of feeling, which might readily lead him astray, but for his
+quick perception of human character, his uncommon prudence and his calm,
+sound judgment. At an early period of his life he became the chief
+warrior of his tribe, and by his superior talents, eloquence, and
+intelligence, really directed the civil affairs of his nation for many
+years, while they were nominally conducted in the name of the hereditary
+peace chief. Such is Keokuk, the Watchful Fox, who prides himself upon
+being the friend of the whiteman.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Murder of twenty-eight Menominies by the Foxes of Black Hawk's
+  band--Naopope's visit to Malden--Black Hawk recrosses the
+  Mississippi--General Atkison orders him to return--Stillman's
+  attack--Defeated by Black Hawk--His white flag fired upon--He sends
+  out war parties upon the frontier--Attack upon Fort Buffalo--General
+  Dodge's battle on the Wisconsin--Black Hawk and his band leave the
+  Four Lakes and fly to the Mississippi--Pursued by General
+  Atkinson--Black Hawk's flag of truce fired upon by the Captain of the
+  Warrior--Twenty-three Indians killed.
+
+
+Black Hawk and his band were not long upon the west side of the
+Mississippi, before new difficulties arose, calculated to disturb the
+harmony which it was hoped the treaty of the 30th of June, had
+established between them and the United States. The period of their
+removal to the west side of the Mississippi, was too late in the season
+to enable them to plant corn and beans a second time; and before autumn
+was over they were without provisions. Some of them, one night,
+recrossed the river to _steal roasting-ears from their own fields,_--to
+quote the language of Black Hawk,--and were shot at by the whites, who
+made loud complaints of this depredation. They, in turn, were highly
+exasperated at having been fired upon for attempting to carry off the
+corn which they had raised, and which they insisted, belonged to them.
+
+Shortly after this, a party of Foxes, belonging, it is believed, to
+Black Hawk's band, went up the Mississippi, to Prairie des Chiens, to
+avenge the murder of some of their tribe, which had been committed in
+the summer of 1830, by a party of the Menominies and Sioux. The Foxes
+attacked the camp of the Menominies and killed twenty-eight of them. The
+authorities at Prairie des Chiens, made a demand of the murderers, that
+they might be tried and punished under the laws of the United States,
+according to the treaty of 1825. Black Hawk, with other chiefs, took the
+ground that the United States had no right to make this demand, and
+refused to give them up. Here then was another source of difficulty.
+
+Neapope, a chief of the British band, and second in command to Black
+Hawk, prior to the removal of the Indians to the west side of the
+Mississippi, had started on a visit to Malden, to consult their British
+Father in regard to the right to retain their lands on Rock river. He
+returned late in the fall, bringing word that in his opinion, the
+Americans could not take their lands, unless by purchase; and this
+purchase, it was contended by Black Hawk had never been made. Neapope on
+his way from Malden, called to see the Prophet, who assured him that
+early the ensuing spring, not only the British, but the Ottawas,
+Chippewas, Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, would assist them to regain
+their village and the lands around it. Black Hawk believed, or affected
+to believe, this information, and began to make preparations to increase
+the number of his braves by recruiting from different villages. He sent
+a messenger to Keokuk, and to the Fox tribe, to inform them of the good
+news he had heard, and to ask their co-operation. Keokuk had too much
+sagacity to be imposed upon by tales of either British or Indian
+assistance, and sent word to Black Hawk that he was deceived and had
+better remain quiet. With a view of preventing further difficulty, he is
+said to have made application to the agent at St. Louis, that the chiefs
+of the Sacs and Foxes might be permitted to visit Washington city, to
+see the President, and if possible make a final adjustment of the matter
+in dispute. Black Hawk alledges he was anxious to make this visit to his
+Great Father, and had determined, to submit peaceably to his counsel,
+whatever it might be. But the arrangement for the visit, from some
+cause, was not perfected, and Black Hawk proceeded with his own plans.
+He established his head quarters at the point where Fort Madison
+formerly stood, on the west side of the Mississippi, and made another
+unsuccessful effort to draw into his support some of the braves under
+Keokuk. Having assembled his own party he began to ascend the
+Mississippi--the women and children in canoes with their provisions,
+camp equipage and property--his warriors armed and mounted on their
+horses. Below Rock island, they were met by the Prophet, who informed
+them that there was a great war chief then at Fort Armstrong, with a
+large body of soldiers. The Prophet stated that the agent and trader at
+Rock island, had attempted to dissuade him from joining Black Hawk, but
+he had refused to take their advice, because so long as they remained at
+peace, the Americans dare not molest them. Having reached the mouth of
+Rock river, in the early part of April 1832, the whole party rashly and
+in violation of the treaty of the previous year, crossed to the east
+side of the Mississippi, for the avowed purpose of ascending Rock river,
+to the territory of their friends, the Winnebagoes, and raising a crop
+of corn and beans with them. General Atkinson with a body of troops was
+then at Fort Armstrong, having been ordered by government to that point,
+for the purpose of preventing a war between the Menomenies and the
+Foxes, and demanding the surrender of those Indians who had committed
+the murders at Fort Crawford. After Black Hawk and his party had
+proceeded some distance up Rock river, he was overtaken by an express
+from General Atkinson, with an order for him to return and recross the
+Mississippi, which he refused to obey, on the ground that the General
+had no right to make such an order; the Indians being at peace and on
+their way to the prophet's village, at his request, to make corn. Before
+they had reached this point, they were overtaken by a second express
+from General Atkinson, with a threat, that if they did not return,
+peaceably, he would pursue and force them back. The Indians replied that
+they were determined not to be driven back, and equally so not to make
+the first attack on the whites. Black Hawk now ascertained that the
+Winnebagoes, although willing that he should raise a crop of corn with
+them, would not join in any hostile action against the United States.
+The Pottowatomies manifested the same determination, and both denied
+having given the prophet any assurances of co-operation. Black Hawk
+immediately came to the conclusion, that if pursued by General Atkinson,
+he would peaceably return with his party, and recross the Mississippi.
+He was encamped at Kish-wa-cokee, and was preparing to compliment some
+Pottowatomie chiefs, then on a visit to him, by a dog-feast.
+
+In the mean time the Illinois militia, ordered out by Governor Reynolds,
+upon his hearing of this second "invasion," of the state, had formed a
+junction with the regular troops under General Atkinson at Rock island,
+the latter assuming the command of the whole. From this point, the
+militia, being generally mounted, proceeded by land to Dixon's ferry on
+Rock river, about half way between the mouth of that stream and the
+encampment of Black Hawk. General Atkinson with three hundred regulars
+and three hundred militia ascended Rock river in boats to the same
+point. Major Stillman, having under his command a body of two hundred
+and seventy-five mounted volunteers, obtained leave of General
+Whitesides, then in command of the Illinois militia, at Dixon's ferry,
+to go out on a scouting expedition. He proceeded up Rock river about
+thirty miles, to Sycamore Creek, which empties into that river on the
+east side. This movement brought him within a few miles of the camp of
+Black Hawk and a part of his braves, at the time when the old chief was
+engaged in getting up a dog-feast in honour of his Pottowatomie
+visitors.
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE OF SYCAMORE CREEK.]
+
+It was on the 14th of May, that Black Hawk, while engaged in this
+ceremony, was informed that a large number of mounted volunteers, had
+been seen about eight miles from his camp. "I immediately started,"
+says he, "three young men, with a white flag, to meet them and conduct
+them to our camp, that we might hold a council with them, and descend
+Rock river again: and directed them in case the whites had encamped, to
+return, and I would go and see them. After this party had started, I
+sent five young men to see what might take place. The first party went
+to the encampment of the whites, and were taken prisoners. The last
+party had not proceeded far, before they saw about twenty men coming
+towards them in full gallop. They stopped and finding that the whites
+were coming so fast, in a warlike attitude, they turned and retreated,
+but were pursued and overtaken and two of them killed. The others made
+their escape. When they came in with the news, I was preparing my flags
+to meet the war chief. The alarm was given. Nearly all my young men were
+absent about ten miles off. I started with what I had left, (about
+_forty_,) and had proceeded but a short distance, before we saw a part
+of the army approaching. I raised a yell, and said to my braves; "some
+of our people have been killed, wantonly and cruelly murdered! we must
+avenge their death." In a little while we discovered the whole army
+coming towards us in full gallop! We were now confident that our first
+party had been killed. I immediately placed my men in front of some
+bushes, that we might have the first fire, when they approached close
+enough. They made a halt some distance from us. I gave another yell, and
+ordered my brave warriors to charge upon them, expecting that we
+would all be killed! they did charge--every man rushed and fired, and
+the enemy retreated in the utmost confusion, and consternation; before
+my little but brave band of warriors. After pursuing the enemy for some
+distance, I found it useless to follow them, as they rode so fast, and
+returned to my encampment with a few of my braves, (about twenty-five
+having gone in pursuit of the enemy.) I lighted my pipe, and sat down to
+thank the Great Spirit for what he had done. I had not been long
+meditating, when two of the three young men I had sent out with the
+flag, to meet the American war chief, entered. My astonishment was not
+greater than my joy to see them living and well. I eagerly listened to
+their story, which was as follows:
+
+"When we arrived near to the encampment of the whites, a number of them
+rushed out to meet us, bringing their guns with them. They took us into
+the camp, when an American who spoke the Sac language a little, told us
+that his chief wanted to know how we were, where we were going, where
+our camp was, and where Black Hawk was. We told him that we had come to
+see his chief: that our chief had directed us to conduct him to our
+camp, in case he had not encamped; and in that event to tell him, that
+he (Black Hawk) would come to see him; he wished to hold a council with
+him, as he had given up all intention of going to war. At the conclusion
+of this talk, a party of white men came in on horseback. We saw by
+their countenances that something had happened. A general tumult arose.
+They looked at us with indignation--talked among themselves for a
+moment, when several cocked their guns; in a second they fired at us in
+the crowd; our companion fell dead. We rushed through the crowd and made
+our escape. We remained in ambush but a short time, before we heard
+yelling, like Indians running an enemy. In a little while we saw some of
+the whites in full speed. One of them came near us. I threw my tomahawk
+and struck him on the head, which brought him to the ground. I ran to
+him and with his own knife took off his scalp. I took his gun, mounted
+his horse, and took my friend here behind me. We turned to follow our
+braves, who were running the enemy, and had not gone far before we
+overtook a white man, whose horse had mired in a swamp. My friend
+alighted and tomahawked the man, who was apparently fast under his
+horse. He took his scalp, horse and gun. By this time our party was some
+distance ahead. We followed on and saw several white men lying dead on
+the way. After riding about six miles, we met our party returning. We
+asked them how many of our men had been killed. They said none after the
+Americans had retreated. We inquired then how many whites had been
+killed? They replied they did not know; but said we will soon ascertain,
+as we must scalp them as we go back. On our return we found ten men,
+besides the two we had killed before we joined our friends. Seeing that
+they did not yet recognize us, it being dark, we again asked, how many
+of our braves had been killed? They said five. We asked who they were.
+They replied that the first party of three, who went out to meet the
+American war chief, had all been taken prisoners, and killed in the
+encampment; and that out of a party of five who followed to see the
+meeting of the first party and the whites, two had been killed. We were
+now certain that they did not recognize us, nor did we tell them who we
+were, until we arrived at our camp. The news of our death had reached it
+some time before, and all were surprised to see us again."[8]
+
+Such is the narrative of this defeat, as given by Black Hawk, and two of
+his men who were the bearers of his white flag and a proposition to
+surrender. The accounts given by Major Stillman's troops--for it is not
+ascertained that the commander published any official statement of the
+battle--is in substance about the following. The force under Major
+Stillman, two hundred and seventy-five in number, on the afternoon of
+the fourteenth of May, met three Indians bearing a white flag, one of
+whom, after having been taken prisoner, was shot down. The army encamped
+just before sunset, in a piece of woods, surrounded by an open prairie,
+about three miles from Sycamore creek. Soon after they had halted, five
+more Indians, with apparent pacific intentions, were seen approaching
+the camp. Captain Eades, with a party of armed troops, dashed at full
+speed towards them, when they became alarmed and commenced a retreat.
+The Captain, after following them for some distance, and killing two of
+the party, gave up the pursuit, and was on his return to the camp, when
+he was met by the whole detachment. The pursuit of the retreating
+Indians was immediately renewed, and continued until both parties had
+crossed Sycamore creek. This brought them upon the camp of Black Hawk,
+who having been apprized of the approach of the whites, had mounted his
+men and prepared for action. The Indians were concealed behind some
+bushes, and after having fired their guns, raised the war-whoop and
+resorted to the tomahawk. Their fire was returned, with but little
+effect, and then Major Stillman, instantly ordered a retreat across the
+creek, and the route became general. His troops fled through their camp,
+and did not stop until they reached Dixon's ferry, distant thirty miles.
+Some of them deemed it prudent to seek a place of still greater safety,
+than the flag of General Atkinson, and continued their flight for more
+than fifty miles, and until they reached their own fire-sides. The roll
+was called at Dixon's ferry next morning, and fifty-two were found
+missing. It was, however, subsequently ascertained that more than half
+of this number were among those who rode express to the "settlements" to
+carry the news of their gallant attack upon General Black Hawk and his
+British band. Such was the panic among the troops engaged in this
+skirmish, that they reported the Indian force at 1500 and even 2000 men!
+Black Hawk's statement has already been given, in which he places his
+number at forty; and one of the volunteers whose horse was lame, and who
+hid himself, and watched the Indians as they passed him in the pursuit
+and on their return, did not estimate them at more than a hundred. It is
+probable the real number of the Indians did not exceed fifty. It is
+painful to contemplate this whole affair, for it is alike discreditable
+to the national faith and the national arms. The violation of a flag of
+truce, and the wanton destruction of the lives of some of those who bore
+it, not only placed an indelible stigma upon the character of the
+country, but led to a war, in the prosecution of which, much blood and
+much treasure were expended. Had a conference with Black Hawk been held,
+scarcely a doubt remains, considering his failure to secure the
+co-operation of other tribes, and his utter destitution of provisions,
+that he and his band would have returned, peaceably, to the west side of
+the Mississippi. The precipitate flight of the troops under Major
+Stillman, has no justification. Supposing the panic to have been such as
+to render a retreat across Sycamore creek necessary, it should have
+terminated when the troops reached their encampment; which, being in a
+copse of woods, surrounded by a prairie, they would have been protected
+by trees, while the Indians, if they continued the attack, must have
+fought in the open plain. But no effort was made to rally at the
+encampment, and all the baggage of our troops--blankets, saddle-bags,
+camp equipage and provisions,--fell into the hands of the Indians. Black
+Hawk finding that there was now no alternative, determined to fight.
+Indignant at the attack upon his flag of peace--encouraged by his signal
+success in putting to flight, a force vastly superior in numbers to his
+own--and strengthened by the booty--especially the provisions--he had
+taken, he assembled his braves and prepared for an active border war. He
+immediately sent out spies to watch the movements of General Atkinson,
+and prepared to remove his women and children, from the seat of war to
+the head waters of Rock river, where he supposed they would be safe from
+the attacks of the whites. In passing to this point, by the sources of
+the Kish-wa-co-kee, he was met by some Winnebagoes, who had heard of his
+victory, and were now disposed to join him. Some additional war parties
+were sent out, the new recruits from the Winnebagoes, constituting one
+of them. This arrangement completed, Black Hawk proceeded with the women
+and children to the Four Lakes, in which Catfish, one of the tributaries
+to Rock river, has its origin.
+
+Stillman's defeat spread consternation throughout the state of Illinois.
+The Indian forces were greatly magnified in number, and Black Hawk's
+name carried with it associations of uncommon military talent, and of
+savage cunning and cruelty. General Atkinson proceeded to fortify his
+camp, at Dixon's ferry, and the Executive of the state made a call for
+more mounted volunteers. The Secretary at War sent about 1000 United
+States' troops from the sea-board to the scene of action; and General
+Winfield Scott was ordered to proceed to the north west, and direct the
+future operations of the campaign. A bloody border contest ensued. Many
+frontier families were massacred with savage ferocity, and some were
+carried into captivity. A party of Pottowattomies, thirty in number,
+fell upon a little settlement on Indian creek, one of the tributaries of
+Fox river, and murdered fifteen men, women and children, taking two
+prisoners, the Misses Hall; who were subsequently placed in charge of
+some Winnebagoes, and by them returned in safety, a few weeks
+afterwards, to their friends. At Kellog's grove, not far from Galena, in
+the early part of June, a party of Indians stole some horses. Captain J.
+W. Stephenson pursued them with twelve men. A skirmish ensued, which
+resulted in the death of three of our troops and five or six of the
+enemy. On the evening of the 14th of June, a party of eleven Sacs,
+killed five white men at Spafford's farm. General Dodge with twenty-nine
+men, followed and overtook them in a swamp, where the whole were shot
+down and scalped, they having first killed three of Dodge's men. The
+barbarous practice of scalping the dead, was in this case adopted by our
+troops and sanctioned by their officers.[9]
+
+On the 24th of June, the Indians made an attack upon the fort at Buffalo
+grove, twelve miles north of Dixon's ferry. It was defended by a hundred
+and fifty men, under the command of Captain Dement, some of whom, with
+about forty horses, were killed. The commander did not deem it prudent
+to march out and encounter the Indians, who finding that they could not
+take the fort, secured a quantity of provisions, some horses and cattle,
+and commenced a retreat. They had not proceeded far, before they were
+overtaken by a detachment of volunteers under Colonel Posey, who had
+come to relieve the fort. Black Hawk, who commanded the Indians in this
+affair, says, "We concealed ourselves until they came near enough, and
+then commenced yelling and firing and made a rush upon them. About this
+time their chief, with a party of men, rushed up to the rescue of those
+we had fired upon. In a little while they commenced retreating, and left
+their chief and a few braves, who seemed willing and anxious to fight.
+They acted like braves, but were forced to give way when I rushed upon
+them with my braves. In a short time, the chief returned with a larger
+party. He seemed determined to fight and anxious for battle. When he
+came near enough, I raised the yell, and firing commenced from both
+sides. The chief, who is a small man, addressed his warriors in a loud
+voice; but they soon retreated, leaving him and a few braves on the
+battle field. A great number of my warriors pursued the retreating
+party, and killed a number of their horses as they ran. The chief and
+his braves were unwilling to leave the field. I ordered my braves to
+rush upon them, and had the mortification of seeing two of my chiefs
+killed, before the enemy retreated. This young chief deserves great
+praise for his courage, but fortunately for us, his army was not all
+composed of such brave men."
+
+The Indians had about two hundred men in this engagement. The troops in
+the fort united with those under Colonel Posey, exceeded, in number
+Black Hawk's party. The loss of life was inconsiderable on either side.
+
+On the 4th of July, the main army under General Atkinson, arrived at the
+foot of lake Coshconong, formed by an expansion of Rock river, in the
+vicinity of which the Indians had been embodied. On the 9th of July,
+General Atkinson says, in a letter to General Scott, that he had not yet
+been enabled to find the Indians, who he supposes to be seven or eight
+hundred strong, his own force amounting to four hundred regulars and
+2100 mounted volunteers.
+
+Two brigades of the mounted volunteers, under General Dodge, pursued the
+Indians from this place towards Fort Winnebago. They were overtaken on
+the 21st of July, about sun down, on the banks of the Wisconsin. An
+attack was immediately made, and about forty of the Indians are supposed
+to have been killed. General Dodge lost one man and had eight wounded.
+The exact loss of the Indians in this engagement cannot be ascertained.
+One account places the number at sixteen.[10] Black Hawk says he had but
+fifty warriors with him in the engagement, the rest being engaged in
+assisting the women and children in crossing the Wisconsin to an
+island, to protect them from the fury of the whites: That he was
+compelled to fall back into a deep ravine where he continued to maintain
+his ground until dark, and until his people had had time to reach the
+island, and that he lost but six of his men. This is undoubtedly a
+mistake, owing in all probability to the interpreter in taking down his
+statement; for some of his men, subsequently, placed the number at
+sixty. The condition of the Indians at this time was most deplorable.
+Before breaking up their encampment, upon the Four Lakes, they were
+almost destitute of provisions. In pursuing their trail from this point
+to the Wisconsin, many were found literally starved to death. They were
+compelled to live upon roots, the bark of trees and horse flesh. A party
+of Black Hawk's band, including many women and children, now attempted
+to descend the Wisconsin upon rafts and in canoes, that they might
+escape, by recrossing the Mississippi. They were attacked however, in
+their descent, by troops stationed on the bank of the river, and some
+were killed, others drowned, a few taken prisoners, and the remainder,
+escaping to the woods, perished from hunger. Black Hawk, and such of his
+party as had not the means of descending the Wisconsin, having abandoned
+all idea of any farther resistance, and unwilling to trust themselves to
+a capitulation, now determined to strike across the country, and reach
+the Mississippi, some distance above the mouth of the former stream, and
+thus effect their escape. They struck it at a point opposite the Ioway,
+and about forty miles above the Wisconsin, losing on their route,
+many of their people from starvation. So soon as they reached the
+Mississippi, a part of the women and children, in such canoes as they
+could procure, undertook to descend it, to Prairie des Chiens, but many
+of them were drowned before they reached that place, and those who did
+arrive at it, were found to be in a starving condition. On the first of
+August, while in the act of crossing the Mississippi, an attack was made
+upon Black Hawk and his party by the steam boat Warrior, with an armed
+force on board. The commander of the boat, under date of Prairie des
+Chiens, 3d August 1832, gives the following account of it.
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE OF BAD-AXE.]
+
+"I arrived at this place on monday last, (July 30th) and was despatched
+with the Warrior alone, to Wapeshaws village, one hundred and twenty
+miles above, to inform them of the approach of the Sacs, and to order
+down all the friendly Indians to this place. On our way down we met one
+of the Sioux band, who informed us that the Indians, our enemies, were
+on Bad-axe river, to the number of four hundred. We stopped and cut some
+wood and prepared for action. About four o'clock on wednesday afternoon
+(August 1st) we found the _gentlemen_ [Indians] where he stated he left
+them. As we neared them, they raised a white flag, and endeavored to
+decoy us; but we were a little too old for them; for instead of landing,
+we ordered them to send a boat on board, which they declined. After
+about fifteen minutes delay, giving them time to remove a few of their
+women and children, we let slip a six-pounder, loaded with canister,
+followed by a severe fire of musketry; and if ever you saw straight
+blankets, you would have seen them there. I fought them at anchor most
+of the time and we were all very much exposed. I have a ball which came
+in close by where I was standing, and passed through the bulkhead of the
+wheel room. We fought them for about an hour or more until our wood
+began to fail, and night coming on, we left and went on to the prairie.
+This little fight cost them twenty-three killed, and of course a great
+many wounded. We never lost a man, and had but one man wounded, (shot
+through the leg.) The next morning before we could get back again, on
+account of a heavy fog, they had the whole [of General Atkinson's] army
+upon them. We found them at it, walked in, and took a hand ourselves.
+The first shot from the Warrior _laid out three_. I can hardly tell you
+any thing about it, for I am in great haste, as I am now on my way to
+the field again. The army lost eight or nine killed, and seventeen
+wounded, whom we brought down. One died on deck last night. We brought
+down thirty-six prisoners, women and children. I tell you what, _Sam_,
+there is no fun in fighting Indians, particularly at this season, when
+the grass is so very bright. Every man, and even my cabin-boy, fought
+well. We had sixteen regulars, five rifle men, and twenty of ourselves.
+Mr. How, of Platt, Mr. James G. Soulard, and one of the Rolettes, were
+with us and fought well."
+
+The flippant and vaunting style of this letter is in good keeping with
+the spirit which prompted the firing upon a flag of truce. By what
+circumstance the commander of the Warrior ascertained that this white
+flag was intended as a decoy, is left wholly unexplained. As he and his
+men, were beyond the reach of the Indians, humanity and the rules of
+war, required that he should have allowed himself more than _fifteen
+minutes_, to ascertain the true object of the Indians, in raising the
+symbol of a capitulation. Black Hawk himself, asserts that he directed
+his braves not to fire upon the Warrior, as he intended going on board
+in order to save the women and children; that he raised a white flag and
+called to the captain of the boat, desiring him to send his canoe on
+shore, that he might go on board, as he wanted to give himself up. The
+deplorable condition to which Black Hawk was at this time reduced,
+flying for safety to the west side of the Mississippi, encumbered by his
+women and children, and his whole party exhausted by fatigue and hunger,
+renders it extremely difficult to believe that any decoy was intended by
+him. Indeed, nothing can be more certain, than that he was most heartily
+desirous of ending the disastrous and fatal contest in which he had
+become involved, without the slaughter of any more of his people. If the
+thirst for blood had been less rapacious on the part of the Americans,
+or their respect for a flag of truce something greater, the further
+destruction of life would have been spared; and the nation preserved
+from the charge of having fired upon a flag, held sacred throughout the
+world.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+General Atkinson overtakes Black Hawk--Battle of the Bad Axe--Atkinson's
+  official report--Incidents of the Battle--Capture of Black Hawk and
+  the prophet--Naopope's statement to General Scott--General Scott and
+  Governor Reynolds conclude a treaty with the Sacs, Foxes and
+  Winnebagoes--Causes which led to the war--Motives for getting up
+  Indian wars--First attack made by the Illinois militia--Report of the
+  Secretary at War in regard to this campaign--General Macomb's letter
+  to General Atkinson--Secretary Cass' statement of the causes which led
+  to this war--Comments upon this statement, and its omissions pointed
+  out.
+
+
+After the battle upon the Wisconsin, the whole army, under the command
+of General Atkinson, crossed to the north side of that river, at Helena,
+and on the twenty-ninth of July, commenced the pursuit of the Indians,
+by forced marches, over a rugged and mountainous country. On the morning
+of the second of August, while ten miles from the Mississippi, it was
+ascertained that the enemy were upon the bank of that stream, near the
+Bad-axe, and in the act of crossing to the west side. Arrangements were
+immediately made for an attack. Gen. Dodge's squadron was placed in
+front, followed by the infantry, and these by the brigades of Henry,
+Alexander, and Posey. The army had proceeded in this order about five
+miles, when some Indians were discovered and fired upon. They
+immediately retreated to the main body, on the bank of the river. To
+prevent the possibility of the escape of the enemy, Generals Alexander
+and Posey, were directed to form the right wing of the army, and march
+to the river, above the Indian encampment, and then to move down along
+the bank. General Henry formed the left wing, and the United States'
+infantry and General Dodge's squadron, occupied the centre. In this
+order, the army descended a bluff bank into a river bottom, heavily
+timbered, and covered with weeds and brush-wood. General Henry first
+came upon a portion of the enemy, and commenced a heavy fire upon them,
+which was returned. General Dodge's squadron and the United States'
+troops, soon came into the action, and with General Henry's men, rushed
+upon the Indians, killing all in the way, except a few who succeeded in
+swimming a slough of the Mississippi, about a hundred and fifty yards
+wide. During this time the brigades of Alexander and Posey, in marching
+down the bank of the river, fell in with another party of Indians, and
+killed or routed the whole of them. When the Indians were driven to the
+brink of the river, a large number of men, women and children, plunged
+into the water to save themselves by swimming; but only a few escaped
+"our sharpshooters." The battle lasted about three hours. In the
+afternoon, of the same day, Generals Atkinson, Dodge and Posey,
+descended the Mississippi, to Prairie des Chiens, in the Warrior, and
+there awaited the arrival of the mounted volunteers, who reached that
+place on the fourth. Among the Indians who escaped the slaughter was
+Black Hawk. Twelve of those who effected their escape, were captured on
+the fourth, by a party of whites, from Cassville, under the command of
+Captain Price, and most of those who succeeded in reaching the west
+side of the Mississippi, were subsequently attacked by a party of
+hostile Sioux, and either killed or taken prisoners. The brief, but
+official account of this battle is given by the commanding general, in
+these words.
+
+
+  Head Quarters, First Artillery Corps, North-western Army
+                    Prairie des Chiens, Augt. 25, 1832.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to report to you that I crossed the Ouisconsin on
+the 27th and 28th ultimo, with a select body of troops, consisting of
+the regulars under Col. Taylor, four hundred in number, part of Henry's,
+Posey's and Alexander's brigades, amounting in all to 1300 men, and
+immediately fell upon the trail of the enemy, and pursued it by a forced
+march, through a mountainous and difficult country, till the morning of
+the 2d inst., when we came up with his main body on the left bank of the
+Mississippi, nearly opposite the mouth of the Ioway, which we attacked,
+defeated and dispersed, with a loss on his part of about a hundred and
+fifty men killed, thirty-nine women and children taken prisoners--the
+precise number could not be ascertained, as the greater portion was
+slain after being forced into the river. Our loss in killed and wounded,
+which is stated below, is very small in comparison with the enemy, which
+may be attributed to the enemy's being forced from his positions by a
+rapid charge at the commencement, and throughout the engagement--the
+remnant of the enemy, cut up and disheartened, crossed to the opposite
+side of the river, and has fled into the interior, with a view, it is
+supposed, of joining Keokuk and Wapello's bands of Sacs and Foxes.
+
+The horses of the volunteer troops being exhausted by long marches, and
+the regular troops without shoes, it was not thought advisable to
+continue the pursuit; indeed a stop to the further effusion of blood
+seemed to be called for, till it might be ascertained if the enemy would
+surrender.
+
+It is ascertained from our prisoners, that the enemy lost in the battle
+of the Ouisconsin sixty-eight killed and a very large number wounded;
+his whole loss does not fall short of three hundred;--after the battle
+on the Ouisconsin, those of the enemy's women and children, and some who
+were dismounted, attempted to make their escape by descending that
+river, but judicious measures being taken by Captain Loomis and Lieut.
+Street, Indian agent, thirty-two women and children and four men have
+been captured, and some fifteen men killed by the detachment under
+Lieut. Ritner.
+
+The day after the battle on this river, I fell down with the regular
+troops to this place by water, and the mounted men will join us to-day.
+It is now my purpose to direct Keokuk, to demand a surrender of the
+remaining principal men of the hostile party, which, from the large
+number of women and children we hold prisoners, I have every reason to
+believe will be complied with. Should it not, they should be pursued and
+subdued, a step Maj. Gen. Scott will take upon his arrival.
+
+I cannot speak too highly of the brave conduct of the regular and
+volunteer forces engaged in the last battle and the fatiguing march
+that preceded it, as soon as the reports of officers of the brigades and
+corps are handed in, they shall be submitted with further remarks.
+
+  5 killed, 2 wounded, 6th inft.
+            2   do.    5th inft.
+  1 captain, 5 privates Dodge's Bat. mounted.
+  1 Lieut. 6 privates Henry's
+  1 private wounded, Alexander's
+  1 private, Posey's.
+
+  I have the honor to be with great respect,
+    Yr. obt. servant,      H. ATKINSON,
+               Brevet Brig. Gen. U.S.A.
+
+  Maj. Gen. Macomb, Com. in Chief, Washington.
+
+
+The destruction of life in the battle of the Bad-axe, was not confined
+to the Indian warriors. Little discrimination seems to have been made
+between the slaughter of those in arms and the rest of the tribe. After
+they had sought refuge in the waters of the Mississippi, and the women,
+with their children on their backs, were buffeting the waves, in an
+attempt to swim to the opposite shore, numbers of them were shot by our
+troops. Many painful pictures might be recorded of the adventures and
+horrors of that day. One or two cases may be cited. A Sac woman, named
+Na-ni-sa, the sister of a warrior of some note among the Indians, found
+herself in the hottest of the fight. She succeeded at length in reaching
+the river, and keeping her infant child, close in its blanket, by force
+of her teeth, plunged into the water, seized hold upon the tail of a
+horse, whose rider was swimming him to the opposite shore, and was
+carried safely across the Mississippi. When our troops charged upon the
+Indians, in their defiles near the river, men, women and children were
+so huddled together, that the slaughter fell alike upon all of them. A
+young squaw was standing in the grass, a short distance from the
+American line, holding her child, a little girl of four years old, in
+her arms. In this position, a ball struck the right arm of the child,
+just above the elbow, and shattering the bone, passed into the breast of
+its young mother, and instantly killed her. She fell upon the child and
+confined it to the ground. When the battle was nearly over, and the
+Indians had been driven from this point, Lieutenant Anderson of the
+United States army, hearing the cries of the child, went to the spot,
+and taking it from under the dead mother, carried it to the place for
+surgical aid. The arm was amputated, and during the operation, the half
+starved child did not cry, but sat quietly eating a piece of hard
+biscuit. It was sent to Prairie des Chiens, and entirely recovered from
+its wound.
+
+When the fortunes of Black Hawk became desperate, his few straggling
+allies, from other tribes, not only deserted him, but joined his
+enemies. It is to two Winnebagoes, Decorie, and Chaetar, that the fallen
+chief is indebted for being taken captive. On the 27th of August, they
+delivered Black Hawk and the Prophet to the Indian agent, General
+Street, at Prairie des Chiens. Upon their delivery, Decorie, the
+One-eyed, rose and said:
+
+"My father, I now stand before you. When we parted, I told you I would
+return soon; but I could not come any sooner. We have had to go a great
+distance [to the Dalle, on the Wisconsin, above the portage.] You see we
+have done what you sent us to do. These, (pointing to the prisoners) are
+the two you told us to get. We have done what you told us to do. We
+always do what you tell us, because we know it is for our good. Father,
+you told us to get these men, and it would be the cause of much good to
+the Winnebagoes. We have brought them, but it has been very hard for us
+to do so. That one, Black Hawk was a great way off. You told us to bring
+them to you alive: we have done so. If you had told us to bring their
+heads alone, we would have done so, and it would have been less
+difficult than what we have done. Father, we deliver these men into your
+hands. We would not deliver them even to our brother, the chief of the
+warriors, but to you; because we know you, and we believe you are our
+friend. We want you to keep them safe; if they are to be hurt we do not
+wish to see it. Wait until we are gone before it is done. Father, many
+little birds have been flying about our ears of late, and we thought
+they whispered to us that there was evil intended for us; but now we
+hope these evil birds will let our ears alone. We know you are our
+friend, because you take our part, and that is the reason we do what you
+tell us to do. You say you love your red children: we think we love you
+as much if not more than you love us. We have confidence in you and you
+may rely on us. We have been promised a great deal if we would take
+these men--that it would do much good to our people. We now hope to see
+what will be done for us. We have come in haste; we are tired and
+hungry. We now put these men into your hands. We have done all that you
+told us to do."
+
+The agent, General Street, replied: "My children, you have done well. I
+told you to bring these men to me, and you have done so. I am pleased at
+what you have done. It is for your good, and for this reason I am
+pleased. I assured the great chief of the warriors, (General Atkinson)
+that if these men were in your country, you would find them and bring
+them to me, and now I can say much for your good. I will go down to Rock
+island with the prisoners, and I wish you who have brought these men,
+especially, to go with me, with such other chiefs and warriors as you
+may select. My children, the great chief of the warriors, when he left
+this place, directed me to deliver these and all other prisoners, to the
+chief of the warriors at this place, Col. Taylor, who is here by me.
+Some of the Winnebagoes, south of the Wisconsin, have befriended the
+Saukies, and some of the Indians of my agency have also given them aid.
+This displeases the great chief of the warriors, and your great father
+the President, and was calculated to do much harm. Your great father,
+the President at Washington, has sent a great war chief from the far
+east, General Scott, with a fresh army of soldiers. He is now at Rock
+Island. Your great father the President has sent him and the Governor
+and chief of Illinois to hold a council with the Indians. He has sent a
+speech to you, and wishes the chiefs and warriors of the Winnebagoes to
+go to Rock Island, to the council on the tenth of next month. I wish you
+to be ready in three days, when I will go with you. I am well pleased
+that you have taken the Black Hawk, the Prophet and other prisoners.
+This will enable me to say much for you to the great chief of the
+warriors, and to the president your great father. My children, I shall
+now deliver the two men, Black Hawk and the prophet, to the chief of the
+warriors here. He will take care of them till we start to Rock Island."
+
+Col. Taylor upon taking charge of the prisoners made a few remarks to
+their captors, after which Chaetar, the associate of Decorie, rose and
+said,
+
+"My father, I am young, and do not know how to make speeches. This is
+the second time I ever spoke to you before people. I am no chief; I am
+no orator; but I have been allowed to speak to you. If I should not
+speak as well as others, still you must listen to me. Father, when you
+made the speech to the chiefs, Waugh Kon Decorie Carramani, the one-eyed
+Decorie, and others, I was there. I heard you. I thought what you said
+to them, you also said to me. You said if these two, (pointing to Black
+Hawk and the prophet) were taken by us and brought to you, there would
+never more a black cloud hang over your Winnebagoes. Your words entered
+into my ear, my brains and my heart. I left here that same night, and
+you know that you have not seen me since until now. I have been a great
+way; I had much trouble; but when I remembered what you said, I knew
+what you said was right. This made me continue and do what you told me
+to do. Near the Dalle on the Wisconsin, I took Black Hawk. No one did it
+but me. I say this in the ears of all present, and they know it--and I
+now appeal to the Great Spirit, our grandfather, and the Earth, our
+grandmother, for the truth of what I say. Father, I am no chief, but
+what I have done is for the benefit of my nation, and I hope to see the
+good that has been promised us. That one, Wabokieshiek, the prophet, is
+my relation--if he is to be hurt, I do not wish to see it. Father,
+soldiers sometimes stick the ends of their guns into the backs of Indian
+prisoners, when they are going about in the hands of the guard. I hope
+this will not be done to this man."
+
+Naopope the second in command, with a few other Indians who escaped from
+the battle of the Bad-Axe, were also brought in by the Sioux, who being
+the ancient enemy of the Sacs and Foxes, seized upon this opportunity of
+waging war upon the remnant of Black Hawk's band. They were placed by
+General Street, in the custody of Colonel Taylor.
+
+On the seventh of September, the prisoners were placed on board the
+steam boat Winnebago, and sent down to Jefferson Barracks, a few miles
+below St. Louis. The arrival of General Scott at the scene of action,
+was unfortunately delayed until after the campaign was closed, in
+consequence of the Asiatic cholera having broken out, among the troops
+under his command, while ascending the lakes. The disease continued to
+rage among them, with dreadful mortality, for some time after their
+arrival at Rock island. Of course, this campaign added no new laurels to
+the military reputation of General Scott; but, by his humane and
+tireless exertions for the alleviation of the sufferings of his
+soldiers, he won for himself more true glory, than the most brilliant
+victory, over an Indian enemy, could confer.
+
+While at Rock Island, General Scott instituted some inquiries among the
+Indians, in regard to the difficulties between them and the whites.
+Among others interrogated was Naopope, the friend and counsellor of
+Black Hawk, who participated in the campaign, and on account of his
+courage and skill as a warrior, directed to a great extent, the
+movements of the band, from the period of their recrossing the
+Mississippi, until the battle of the Bad-Axe. His statement confirms the
+declaration of Black Hawk, that in coming over to the east side of the
+river, there was no intention of making war upon the frontier settlers;
+and that they really intended to surrender to Major Stillman, upon
+Sycamore creek, on the 14th of May, and actually sent a white flag, in
+evidence of their submission, which was fired upon by the American
+troops.
+
+"I always belonged to Black Hawk's band. Last summer I went to Malden;
+when I came back, I found that by the treaty with General Gaines, the
+Sacs had moved across the Mississippi. I remained during the winter
+with the Prophet, on Rock river, thirty-five miles above the mouth.
+During the winter the Prophet sent me across the Mississippi, to Black
+Hawk, with a message, to tell him and his band to cross back to his
+village and make corn: that if the Americans came and told them to
+remove again, they would shake hands with them. If the Americans had
+come and told us to move, we should have shaken hands, and immediately
+have moved peaceably. We encamped on Sycamore creek. We met some
+Pottowatomies and made a feast for them. At that time I heard there were
+some Americans [under Maj. Stillman] near us. I prepared a white flag to
+go and see them, and sent two or three young men on a hill to see what
+they were doing. Before the feast was finished, I heard my young men
+were killed. This was at sunset. Some of my young men ran out; two
+killed, and the Americans were seen rushing on to our camp. My young men
+fired a few guns, and the Americans ran off, and my young men chased
+them about six miles."
+
+Naopope further stated that the Pottowatomies immediately left them, and
+that none of the Kickapoos ever joined them. A few of the Winnebagoes
+did, and brought in scalps at different times; but so soon as they
+discovered that the whites were too powerful for the Sacks, they turned
+round and fought against them. Some of the other witnesses examined on
+this occasion, testify, that when Black Hawk saw the steam boat Warrior
+approaching them, on the first of August, he said he pitied the women
+and children; and, having determined to surrender to the commander of
+the boat, raised a white flag which was immediately fired upon. This
+fact is stated in the letter of the Captain of the Warrior, and is
+corroborated by Lieutenant Kingsbury, who had charge of the troops on
+board.
+
+Among the prisoners delivered to General Street, was the prophet
+Wabokieshiek, or the White Cloud, a stout, shrewd looking Indian about
+forty years of age. This individual exercised considerable influence
+over Black Hawk and his band. He had a village, called after him, upon
+Rock river, where he usually resided, and was recognized among the
+village chiefs. He claimed to be part Winnebago and part Sac, his father
+belonging to one and his mother to the other of these tribes. He wore a
+full suit of hair, with a white head-dress rising several inches above
+the top of his hair--a style of dress suited, it is supposed, to his
+profession. He seems to have had sagacity and cunning--two qualities
+essential to the character of a prophet, and without which they could
+not long retain their influence and sacred character. Wabokieshiek has
+been represented as the priest of assassination, but the evidence on
+which this charge is made, seems to be wanting. He was instrumental in
+persuading Black Hawk and his party to return to the east side of the
+Mississippi in 1832, and went down to the mouth of Rock river to meet
+them, and encourage the belief that the Americans would not interfere
+with them, so long as they refrained from any offensive operations. He
+made a speech to the braves and warriors of Black Hawk, in which he
+told them they had nothing to fear and much to gain: That the American
+war chief, would not molest them so long as they acted peaceably: That
+the time would come when they would be ready to pursue a different
+course; but that they must await such reinforcements as would enable
+them to resist the army of the whites. The Prophet was either duped
+himself, or playing upon the credulity of Black Hawk and Naopope. He was
+constantly giving them assurances of assistance from the other tribes
+and from their British Father at Malden. There may have been reason for
+expecting it from the former, but none from the latter. He entertained
+strong prejudices against the whites, and being naturally prone to
+mischief making, was willing to stir up the Indians to resistance,
+without caring for the results that would be likely to follow a border
+war. The likeness of him, which is here given, is said to convey a good
+idea of his style of dress and the expression of his face.
+
+[Illustration: WABOKIESHIEK, THE PROPHET]
+
+On the 21st of September, General Scott and Governor Reynolds concluded
+a treaty with the Winnebagoes, and the Sacs and Foxes; the provisions of
+which have been stated. For the faithful performance of it, on the part
+of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk and his two sons,
+Wabokieshiek the Prophet, Naopope and five other chiefs of the hostile
+band, should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the
+President. The remainder of the prisoners, captured during the
+campaign, were set at liberty.
+
+In recurring to the causes which led to this war and the spirit and
+military skill with which it was conducted, there is nothing on which a
+citizen of the United States can dwell with satisfaction. Looking alone
+to the official documents, that have been published on the subject, it
+would appear that the Indians were the aggressors--that they invaded the
+territory of the United States, marking their path with outrages upon
+the unoffending citizens; and that they were met, encountered, and
+defeated, under circumstances which shed renown upon the arms and humane
+policy of the government. But it is necessary, in doing justice to both
+parties in this contest, to destroy this flattering picture.
+
+Some of the causes which operated to render Black Hawk and his band,
+discontented with the conduct of the United States, and with their
+condition upon the west side of the Mississippi, have been enumerated.
+Whatever may have been their ulterior views, in returning within the
+limits of the state of Illinois, in the spring of 1832, it cannot be
+supposed that they came with any immediate hostile intentions. Had they
+been determined upon war, they would neither have encumbered themselves
+with their wives and children, nor have openly recrossed the
+Mississippi, near to Fort Armstrong, when they knew there was an officer
+of the United States army, with a body of troops, stationed at that
+point, for the express purpose of preserving peace upon the frontier.
+Such movements would have been at variance with the well known military
+policy of the Indians. Judging from the success of General Gaines, in
+removing this same band, in 1831, without blood shed, to the west side
+of the Mississippi, it has been supposed, that a pacific conference
+between the commandant of Fort Armstrong and Black Hawk, in 1832, before
+he had commenced his ascent up Rock river, would have resulted in the
+peaceable return of the Indians to their own hunting grounds. The
+condition of things at that time, warrants such a belief, and the
+subsequent declarations of the Indians, strengthen the opinion, that had
+the experiment been made, it would have been successful. It is true,
+that the commanding officer at Fort Armstrong, sent two messages to
+Black Hawk upon this subject; but the first is represented by the
+Indians to have been an _order_ for them to return; and the second, that
+if they did not, they would be pursued and _forced_ to recross the
+Mississippi. These efforts failed, but it does not follow that a
+friendly council upon the subject, would not have resulted differently.
+
+Many causes operate in bringing about an Indian war, and in plunging the
+government of the United States, prematurely and unnecessarily, into it.
+There is generally upon the frontiers a class of persons who have
+nothing to lose, and much to gain by such a contest. It gives them
+employment and circulates money among them. With such pioneer loafers,
+an Indian war is always popular. Then there is the "Indian Hater,"[11]
+a numerous and respectable body of men, to be found upon the frontier
+settlements, who, from having suffered in their persons and property by
+the barbarities and plunder of the Indians, have come at length to look
+upon them as no better than the wild beasts of the forest, and whose
+many atrocities make it a moral duty, on the part of the whites, to
+exterminate by fire and the sword. Again there is the regular _squatter_
+and land speculator, whose interest is always promoted by a war, because
+it usually results in driving the Indians further back from the
+frontier. Intermixed with these classes, are many quiet and worthy
+citizens, who with their families, have been carried to the frontiers,
+in the ordinary course of events, by the tide of emigration. These may
+have neither a desire for war nor a feeling of hostility towards the
+Indians, but when the tomahawk is raised, they contribute to swell the
+alarum, and oftentimes, by their very fears of a war, do much to bring
+it about. Finally, it is not to be disguised, that there are many
+individuals, in the states, who are prone to look to an Indian war, as a
+means of gratifying their love for adventure and excitement; or who,
+having political aspirations, are disposed to make the military renown,
+which may be gained in a campaign, the means of attaining civic honors.
+It is obvious, if there be any foundation for these positions, that an
+Indian war may oftentimes be undertaken without any just cause,
+prosecuted without system and terminated in dishonor to our government.
+
+When Black Hawk and his party rashly determined, in the spring of 1832,
+to recross the Mississippi, a fine opportunity was presented, for
+getting up a border war, and the necessary machinery was speedily put in
+motion. The old chief, with a few hundred braves and their women and
+children, carrying with them their cooking utensils and personal
+property, had no sooner reached the east bank of the Mississippi, than
+the alarm note was sounded upon the frontier, and echoed from cabin to
+cabin, until it was spread throughout the state of Illinois. The most
+dreadful anticipations of savage cruelty were indulged--the force of
+Black Hawk was greatly magnified--his thirst for vengeance upon the
+whites was only to be appeased by blood--the state was actually invaded
+by a powerful and remorseless enemy--and memorials and petitions, for an
+armed force to repulse the invaders and protect the frontiers, flowed in
+upon the Governor, from all quarters. Such was the excited state of
+public feeling, such the force of public sentiment, that little time was
+left for Executive deliberation. Governor Reynolds issued his
+proclamation, reiterating the dangers of the frontier, and calling for a
+body of the militia to march and protect it. A call under such
+circumstances was promptly responded to, and in a short time, a large
+body of mounted volunteers, embracing many of the most respectable and
+influential citizens of Illinois, were in the vicinity of the invading
+foe, and ready for co-operation with the regular troops under General
+Atkinson. A concentration of these two forces was made at Dixon's ferry,
+on Rock river, about thirty miles below the encampment of Black Hawk and
+his party. Had a conference now been sought with the Indians, their
+prompt submission cannot be doubted. Black Hawk, whatever might have
+been his previous expectations, had received no addition of strength
+from other tribes--he was almost destitute of provisions--had committed
+no act of hostility against the whites, and with all his women, children
+and baggage, was in the vicinity of an army, principally of mounted
+volunteers, many times greater than his own band of braves. He would
+probably have been glad of any reasonable pretext for retracing his
+precipitate steps. Unfortunately no effort for a council was made. A
+body of impetuous volunteers dashed on, without caution or order, to
+Sycamore creek, within three miles of the camp of a part of Black Hawk's
+party. He instantly sent a white flag to meet them for the purpose of
+holding a council, and agreeing to return to the west side of the
+Mississippi. Unfortunately, for the cause of humanity, as well as the
+good faith of the United States, this flag was held to be but a decoy,
+and without waiting to ascertain its true character, the bearers of it
+were fired upon and one of them killed. An onset was immediately made by
+Maj. Stillman upon Black Hawk, who finding there was no alternative but
+war, met our troops, and put them to flight in the manner already
+described. Emboldened by his brilliant success in this engagement, and
+finding that he would not be permitted to capitulate, he sent out his
+war parties, removed his women and children up Rock river, and a regular
+border war was commenced. The murders which his men committed upon the
+frontier settlers, naturally increased the alarm throughout the state,
+additional volunteers rushed to the seat of war, and the commanding
+General commenced his military operations for a regular campaign. In
+about two months, Black Hawk, having lost many of his men, in the
+different skirmishes with the American troops, and not a few of his
+women and children by actual starvation, found himself upon the bank of
+the Mississippi, endeavoring to escape the pursuing enemy, by crossing
+to the west side of that stream. While engaged in this act, the steam
+boat Warrior, having an armed force on board, ascended the river for the
+purpose of cutting off his retreat. Once more Black Hawk raised the
+white flag, and sought to surrender himself and his whole band, to the
+whites. Again his flag was looked upon as a decoy, and in fifteen
+minutes, a round of canister shot, from the boat, was fired, with deadly
+fatality into the midst of his men, women and children. The following
+morning, the main army, under General Atkinson, reached the scene of
+action. His force must have been six or eight times greater than that of
+the Indians, and by a judicious movement, the latter was promptly
+surrounded on three sides by the pursuing army, while on the other, the
+steam boat Warrior, the waters of the Mississippi, and a band of
+hostile Sioux on its west bank, precluded all chance of escape in that
+quarter. A demand upon the Indians, at this time, to surrender,
+unconditionally, would undoubtedly have been most cheerfully acceded to.
+But it appears not to have been made. It is probable that General
+Atkinson whose character for humanity, has always stood high, could not
+restrain the impetuosity of his troops long enough to propose a
+capitulation. They had been deeply excited by the murders perpetrated by
+the Black Hawk band--had been harassed by a long and fatiguing
+march--and perhaps felt, that the results of the campaign, thus far, had
+been rather inglorious to their arms. These causes may have conspired to
+precipitate them into a battle, which had been better spared than
+fought, inasmuch as it resulted, necessarily, in the death of a great
+many miserable women and children, who were already on the brink of the
+grave, from hunger and exhaustion.
+
+A brief recapitulation of a few of the events of this disastrous
+campaign, has thus been made, for the purpose of showing, that however
+hostile Black Hawk and his band may have been, originally, towards the
+whites, he did not make the first attack upon them; and that the war
+might in all probability have been prevented, or arrested in any stage
+of its progress, by the exercise of that forbearance, good faith and
+sound policy, which should ever be cherished by the United States.
+
+The official report of General Atkinson to General Macomb, after the
+battle of the Bad-axe has been quoted in full. On the 25th of November
+1832, the Secretary at War, Mr. Cass, in his annual report to the
+President, says, in speaking of this campaign,
+
+     "General Atkinson, with the regular troops and militia under his
+     command, pursued the Indians through a country very difficult to be
+     penetrated, of which little was known, and where much exertion was
+     required to procure regular supplies. These circumstances
+     necessarily delayed the operations, and were productive of great
+     responsibility to the commanding officer, and of great sufferings
+     and privations to all employed in this harassing warfare. The
+     Indians, however, were driven from their fastnesses, and fled
+     towards the Mississippi, with the intention of seeking refuge in
+     the country west of that river. They were immediately followed by
+     General Atkinson, with a mounted force, overtaken, and completely
+     vanquished. The arrangements of the commanding general, as well in
+     the pursuit as in the action, were prompt and judicious, and the
+     conduct of the officers and men was exemplary. The campaign
+     terminated in the unqualified submission of the hostile party, and
+     in the adoption of measures for the permanent security of the
+     frontiers, and the result has produced upon the Indians of that
+     region, a salutary impression, which it is to be hoped will prevent
+     the recurrence of similar scenes."
+
+On the 25th of October 1832, General Macomb transmitted to General
+Atkinson, the following letter, from the Secretary at War.
+
+
+                               Department at War, Oct. 24th. 1832.
+
+     SIR: The return of the President to the seat of government, enables
+     me to communicate to you his sentiments in relation to the
+     operations and result of the campaign, recently conducted under your
+     orders, against the hostile Indians; and it is with great pleasure,
+     I have received his instructions to inform you, that he appreciates
+     the difficulties you had to encounter; and that he has been highly
+     gratified at the termination of your arduous and responsible duties.
+     Great privations and embarrassments, necessarily attend such a
+     warfare, and particularly  in the difficult country occupied by the
+     enemy. The arrangements which led to the defeat of the Indians, were
+     adopted with judgment and pursued with decision, and the result was
+     honorable to yourself, and to the officers and men acting under your
+     orders.
+
+     I will thank you to communicate to the forces that served with you,
+     both regulars and militia, the feelings of the President upon this
+     occasion. I have the honor to be very respectfully, your obt.
+     servant.                                   LEWIS CASS.
+
+     Gen. H. Atkinson, Jefferson Barracks, Missouri.
+
+
+In the report of the Secretary at War which has just been referred to,
+there is the following statement of the causes which led to this
+contest. "The recent hostilities, commenced by the Sac and Fox Indians,
+may be traced to causes, which have been for some time in operation, and
+which left little doubt upon the minds of those acquainted with the
+savage character, that they were determined to commit some aggression
+upon the frontier. The confederated tribes of the Sacs and Foxes have
+been long distinguished for their daring spirit of adventure and for
+their restless and reckless disposition. At the commencement of the
+eighteenth century, one of these tribes made a desperate attempt to
+seize the post of Detroit; and during a period of forty years,
+subsequent to that effort, they caused great trouble and embarrassment
+to the French colonial government, which was only terminated by a most
+formidable military expedition, sent by that enterprizing people into
+their remote regions west of Green Bay. During the last war with Great
+Britain, this confederacy entered zealously into the contest, and was
+among the most active and determined of our enemies. After the peace
+their communication with the Canadian authorities was preserved; and, in
+every year, large parties of the most influential chiefs and warriors
+visited Upper Canada, and returned laden with presents. That this
+continued intercourse kept alive feelings of attachment to a foreign
+power and weakened the proper and necessary influence of the United
+States, is known to every one who has marked the progress of events and
+conduct of the Indians upon the north western frontier. The tribes upon
+the upper Mississippi, particularly the Sacs and Foxes and Winnebagoes,
+confident in their position and in their natural courage, and totally
+ignorant of the vast disproportion between their power, and that of the
+United States, have always been discontented, keeping the frontier in
+alarm, and continually committing some outrage upon the persons or
+property of the inhabitants. All this is the result of impulse, and is
+the necessary and almost inevitable consequence of institutions, which
+make war the great object of life. It is not probable, that any Indian
+seriously bent up on hostilities, ever stops to calculate the force of
+the white man, and to estimate the disastrous consequences which we know
+must be the result. He is impelled onward in his desperate career, by
+passions which are fostered and encouraged by the whole frame of
+society; and he is, very probably, stimulated by the predictions of some
+fanatical leader, who promises him glory, victory and scalps.
+
+"In this state of feeling, and with these incitements to war, the Sacs
+and Foxes claimed the right of occupying a part of the country on Rock
+river, even after it had been sold to citizens of the United States, and
+settled by them. In 1829 and in 1830, serious difficulties resulted from
+their efforts to establish themselves in that section, and frequent
+collisions were the consequence. Representations were made to them, and
+every effort, short of actual hostilities, used by the proper officers,
+to induce them to abandon their unfounded pretensions, and to confine
+themselves to their own country on the west side of the Mississippi
+river. These efforts were successful, with the well disposed portion of
+the tribes, but were wholly unavailing with the band known by the name
+of the "British party." In 1831, their aggressions were so serious, and
+the attitude they assumed, so formidable, that a considerable detachment
+of the army, and of the militia of Illinois, was called into the field;
+and the disaffected Indians, alarmed by the preparation for their
+chastisement, agreed to reside and hunt, "upon their own lands west of
+the Mississippi river," and that they would not recross this river to
+the usual place of their residence, nor to any part of their old hunting
+grounds east of the Mississippi, without the express permission of the
+President of the United States, or the Governor of the state of
+Illinois.
+
+"This arrangement had scarcely been concluded, before a flagrant outrage
+was committed, by a party of these Indians, upon a band of friendly
+Menomomies, almost under the guns of Fort Crawford. Twenty-five persons
+were wantonly murdered, and many wounded, while encamped in the Prairie
+du Chien, and resting in fancied security upon our soil, and under our
+flag. If an act like this, had been suffered to pass unnoticed and
+unpunished, a war between these tribes would have been the consequence,
+in which our frontiers would have been involved, and the character and
+influence of the government, would have been lost in the opinion of the
+Indians.
+
+"Apprehensive, from the course of events already stated, and from other
+circumstances, that the disaffected band of Sacs and Foxes, would again
+harass and disturb the settlements upon our borders, and determined that
+the murderers of the Menomenies should be surrendered or taken, the
+department ordered General Atkinson, on the 7th of March last, to ascend
+the Mississippi with the disposable regular troops at Jefferson
+barracks, and to carry into effect the instructions issued by your
+direction. Still further to strengthen the frontiers, orders were given
+for the re-occupation of Chicago.
+
+"The demand for the surrender of the Menomenie murderers was entirely
+disregarded: and the British party of the Sacs and Foxes recrossed the
+Mississippi, and assuming a hostile attitude, established themselves
+upon Rock river. The subsequent events are well known, and the result
+has already been stated in this report."
+
+In the annual report of Maj. General Macomb to Congress, of November
+1832, very much the same positions are taken in regard to the causes
+which led to this contest with the Indians, that are contained in the
+report from the War Department. Its leading object seems to be to place
+the United States in the right--the Indians in the wrong.
+
+It is to be regretted that the Honorable Secretary, whose opinions and
+statements on all subjects connected with the Indians, carry with them
+great weight, had not been more explicit, in assigning the causes which
+led to the late war, with a portion of the Sacs and Foxes. It is not to
+be supposed that the Secretary would designedly omit any thing, which in
+his opinion, was necessary, to a fair presentation of this matter; but
+as the case stands, his statement does not, it is believed, do justice
+to the Indians. The Secretary says the Sacs and Foxes "have always been
+discontented, keeping the frontier in alarm, and continually committing
+some outrage on the persons or property of the inhabitants." Between the
+treaty of peace at Portage des Sioux, in 1816, and the attack of Major
+Stillman, in 1832, it is supposed that the Sacs and Foxes never killed
+one American; and, their aggressions upon the persons and property of
+the whites, consisted principally, in an attempt to retain possession of
+their village and corn-fields, when pressed upon by the white settlers,
+who, in violation of the laws of Congress and express treaty provisions,
+were committing outrages upon the Indians: The report of the Secretary
+further states, that the Sacs and Foxes "claimed the right of occupying
+a part of the country upon Rock river, even after it had been sold to
+citizens of the United States, and settled by them." But the report does
+not state that under the treaty of 1804, by which these lands were
+ceded, it is expressly provided that so long as they remain the property
+of the United States, the Indians of said tribes shall enjoy the
+privilege of "living and hunting upon them;" it does not state that for
+six or eight years before the government had sold an acre of land upon
+Rock river, the white settlers were there, in violation of the laws,
+trespassing upon these Indians, and thus creating that very hostility of
+feeling, which, is subsequently cited as a reason for the chastisement
+inflicted upon them by the United States: it does not state, that in the
+year 1829, government, for the purpose of creating a pretext for the
+removal of the Indians from Rock river, directed a few quarter sections
+of land, including the Sac village, to be sold, although the frontier
+settlements of Illinois had not then reached within fifty or sixty miles
+of that place, and millions of acres of land around it, were unoccupied
+and unsold: it does not state that instead of requiring the Indians to
+remove from the quarter sections thus prematurely sold, to other lands
+on Rock river, owned by the United States, and on which, under the
+treaty, they had a right to hunt and reside, they were commanded to
+remove to the west side of the Mississippi: it does not state, that the
+"serious aggressions" and "formidable attitude" assumed by the "British
+party," in 1831, consisted in their attempt to raise a crop of corn and
+beans, in throwing down the fences of the whites who were enclosing
+their fields, in "pointing deadly weapons" at them and in "stealing
+their potatoes:" it does not state that the murder of the Menominie
+Indians, at Fort Crawford, by a party of the "British band," was in
+retaliation, for a similar "flagrant outrage," committed the summer
+previous, by the Menominies, upon Peah-mus-ka, a principal chief of the
+Foxes and nine or ten of his tribe, who were going up to Prairie des
+Chiens on business and were within one day's travel of that place: it
+does not state that one reason assigned by the "British party" for
+refusing to surrender the murderers of the Menominies, was the fact that
+the government had not made a similar demand of that tribe for the
+murderers of the Sacs: it does not state that the "hostile attitude"
+assumed by the Sacs and Foxes, in 1832, after recrossing the
+Mississippi, and their establishment on Rock river, simply amounted to
+this; that they came over with their women and children for the avowed
+purpose of raising a crop of corn with the Winnebagoes--were temporarily
+encamped on that stream--had committed no outrage upon person or
+property--and were actually engaged in entertaining some guests with a
+dog-feast, when the Illinois militia approached their camp, and killed
+the bearer of a white flag, which Black Hawk sent to them, in token of
+his peaceable disposition. These may be unimportant omissions, in the
+opinion of the Secretary, but in looking to the causes which led to this
+contest, and the spirit in which it was conducted, they have been deemed
+of sufficient importance, to receive a passing notice, when referring to
+his report.
+
+The opinion has been expressed more than once in the course of this
+work, that there was in reality, no necessity for this war. A firm but
+forbearing course of policy, on the part of the United States, towards
+this discontented fragment of the Sacs and Foxes, would, it is believed,
+have prevented any serious aggression upon our people or their property.
+Certain it is, that a few thousand dollars, superadded to a humane
+spirit of conciliation, would have effected the permanent removal of
+Black Hawk and his band, to the west side of the Mississippi: and, as
+the government was not contending with them, in support of its national
+faith, nor about to punish them for an insult to its national honour,
+there could have been no disgrace in purchasing the settlement of the
+difficulty, on such terms. It has been stated that in the spring of
+1831, Black Hawk agreed to remove his band to the west side of the
+Mississippi, and relinquish all claims to the lands upon Rock river, if
+the United States would pay him six thousand dollars, with which to
+purchase provisions and other necessaries for his people; and that the
+Indian agent at St. Louis, was informed of this fact. Moreover, it has
+been publicly alleged that before the campaign against Black Hawk, in
+the summer of 1832, the President and Secretary at War, were both
+informed, that the "British Band" of the Sacs and Foxes, could be
+peaceably removed to the west side of the Mississippi for six or eight
+thousand dollars. The secretary was assured, in the presence of a member
+of congress, that the inquiry had been made by a person familiar with
+the Indians, and the fact of their willingness to remove upon these
+terms distinctly ascertained.[12]
+
+Under the treaty of 1804, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States,
+more than twenty millions of acres of first rate land, for less than
+twenty thousand dollars. Black Hawk not only contended for the
+invalidity of this treaty, but insisted that the price paid by the
+United States was wholly below the value of the land. Under such
+circumstances, the course of the government was obvious--to have quieted
+the complaints of the Indians and secured their peaceable removal to the
+west, by a second purchase of their interest to the territory in
+question. Had it cost twenty, fifty or one hundred thousand dollars, to
+effect this object, our country would still have been the gainer, both
+by the preservation of the national faith and the national treasure--for
+the former was wantonly violated, and the latter uselessly squandered.
+The contest with Black Hawk and his party, destroyed the lives of four
+or five hundred Indian men, women and children--about two hundred
+citizens of the United States--and cost the government near two millions
+of dollars! Such are the results of a war commenced and waged by a great
+nation, upon a remnant of poor ignorant savages;--a war which had its
+origin in avarice and political ambition, which was prosecuted in bad
+faith and closed in dishonor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Black Hawk, Naopope, the Prophet and others confined at Jefferson
+  Barracks--In April 1833 sent to Washington--Interview with the
+  President--sent to Fortress Monroe--Their release--Visit the eastern
+  cities--Return to the Mississippi--Conference at Rock island between
+  Maj. Garland, Keokuk, Black Hawk and other chiefs--speeches of Keokuk,
+  Pashshepaho and Black Hawk--Final discharge of the hostages--Their
+  return to their families--Black Hawk's visit to Washington in
+  1837--His return--His personal appearance--Military
+  talents--Intellectual and moral character.
+
+
+Black Hawk, his two sons, Naopope, Wabokiesheik, and the other
+prisoners, who under the treaty of 21st September, were to be held as
+hostages, during the pleasure of the president, having been sent down
+the Mississippi, to Jefferson Barracks, under charge of Lieutenant
+Davis, were immediately put in irons, a measure of precaution,
+apparently, as unnecessary as it was cruel.
+
+"We were now confined," says the old chief, "to the barracks, and forced
+to wear the _ball and chain_! This was extremely mortifying, and
+altogether useless. Was the White Beaver [Gen. Atkinson] afraid that I
+would break out of his barracks and run away? Or was he ordered to
+inflict this punishment upon me? If I had taken him prisoner upon the
+field of battle, I would not have wounded his feelings so much, by such
+treatment, knowing that a brave war chief would prefer death to
+dishonor. But I do not blame the White Beaver for the course he
+pursued--it is the custom among white soldiers, and I suppose was a part
+of his duty.
+
+"The time dragged heavily and gloomily along throughout the winter,
+although the White Beaver did every thing in his power to render us
+comfortable. Having been accustomed throughout a long life, to roam
+through the forests--to come and go at liberty--confinement under any
+such circumstances, could not be less than torture.
+
+"We passed away the time making pipes, until spring, when we were
+visited by the agent, trader, and interpreter, from Rock Island, Keokuk,
+and several chiefs and braves of our nation, and my wife and daughter. I
+was rejoiced to see the two latter, and spent my time very agreeably
+with them and my people as long as they remained."
+
+During the winter they were visited by a great number of persons, one of
+whom remarks, "We were immediately struck with admiration at the
+gigantic and symmetrical figures of most of the warriors, who seemed as
+they reclined, in native ease and gracefulness, with their half naked
+bodies exposed to view, rather like statues from some master hand, than
+beings of a race whom we had heard characterized as degenerate and
+debased. They were clad in leggins and moccasins of buckskin, and wore
+blankets, which were thrown around them in the manner of the Roman toga,
+so as to leave their right arms bare. The youngest among them were
+painted on their necks, with a bright vermilion color, and had their
+faces transversely streaked, with alternate red and black stripes. From
+their faces and eyebrows, they pluck out the hair with the most
+assiduous care. They also shave or pull it out from their heads, with
+the exception of a tuft about three fingers width, extending from
+between the forehead and crown to the back of the head; this they
+sometimes plait into a queue on the crown, and cut the edges of it down
+to an inch in length, and plaster it with the vermilion which keeps it
+erect, and gives it the appearance of a cock's comb." The same writer
+adds, that, "but for the want of that peculiar expression which emanates
+from a cultivated intellect," Nasinewiskuk, the eldest son of Black
+Hawk, could have "been looked upon as the very personification, of the
+_beau ideal_ of manly beauty." Among their many visitors while at this
+place, was the distinguished author of the "Sketch Book," who in a
+letter, under date of 18th of Dec. 1832, says, "From St. Louis, I went
+to Fort Jefferson, about nine miles distant, to see Black Hawk, the
+Indian warrior and his fellow prisoners--a forlorn crew--emaciated and
+dejected--the redoubtable chieftain himself, a meagre old man upwards of
+seventy. He has, however, a fine head, a Roman style of face, and a
+prepossessing countenance."[13] When Catlin the artist, visited
+Jefferson Barracks for the purpose of painting the portraits of these
+chiefs, and was about to commence the likeness of Naopope, he seized the
+ball and chain that were fastened to his leg, and raising them on high,
+exclaimed with a look of scorn, "make me so, and show me to the great
+father." Upon the artist's refusing to paint him as he wished, he kept
+varying his countenance with grimaces, to prevent him from catching a
+likeness.
+
+During the visit of Keokuk to Jefferson Barracks, he made exertions to
+obtain the release of the prisoners, pledging himself to the Indian
+agent at St. Louis, and to General Atkinson, to be responsible for their
+good conduct in future. Soon afterwards, however, the General received
+orders from the secretary at war to have the prisoners sent to
+Washington city. It was in the latter part of April, 1833, that they
+reached the capitol, under the escort of an officer of the army. In the
+first interview between President Jackson and Black Hawk, the latter is
+represented to have said, "I am a man and you are another." In the
+course of their interview, the President informed him that he and his
+companions must proceed on the following day to Fortress Monroe, there
+to remain, until the conduct of their people at home was such as to
+justify their being set at liberty. In reply to this, the Prophet said,
+"We expected to return immediately to our people. The war in which we
+have been involved was occasioned by our attempting to raise provisions
+on our own lands, or where we thought we had a right so to do. We have
+lost many of our people, as well as the whites. Our tribes and families
+are now exposed to the attacks of our enemies, the Sioux, and the
+Menominies. We hope, therefore, to be permitted to return home to take
+care of them." Black Hawk concluded his address to the President, which
+embraced a history of the late war, by saying, "We did not expect to
+conquer the whites, no. They had too many houses, too many men. I took
+up the hatchet, for my part, to revenge injuries which my people could
+no longer endure. Had I borne them longer without striking, my people
+would have said, Black Hawk is a woman. He is too old to be a chief--he
+is no Sac. These reflections caused me to raise the war-whoop. I say no
+more of it; it is known to you. Keokuk once was here; you took him by
+the hand, and when he wished to return to his home, you were willing.
+Black Hawk expects, that, like Keokuk, we shall be permitted to return
+too." The President gave them assurances that their women and children
+should be protected from the Sioux and the Menominies, and that so soon
+as he was satisfied that peace was restored on the frontiers, they
+should be permitted to return home.
+
+On the 26th of April, they set off for Fortress Monroe, at Old Point
+Comfort, where they remained until the fourth of June, when, an order
+was received, from the President, by the commanding officer, for the
+liberation of the Indian captives. The kind treatment of the prisoners
+by Colonel Eustis, then in command at Fortress Monroe, had won greatly
+upon their regard. When about to depart, Black Hawk waited upon the
+Colonel, and said;--
+
+"Brother, I have come on my own part, and in behalf of my companions, to
+bid you farewell. Our great father has at length been pleased to permit
+us to return to our hunting grounds. We have buried the tomahawk, and
+the sound of the rifle will hereafter only bring death to the deer and
+the buffalo. Brother, you have treated the red men very kindly. Your
+squaws have made them presents, and you have given them plenty to eat
+and drink. The memory of your friendship will remain till the Great
+Spirit says it is time for Black Hawk to sing his death-song. Brother,
+your houses are as numerous as the leaves upon the trees, and your young
+warriors, like the sands upon the shore of the big lake that rolls
+before us. The red man has but few houses, and few warriors, but the red
+man has a heart which throbs as warmly as the heart of his white
+brother. The Great Spirit has given us our hunting grounds, and the skin
+of the deer which we kill there, is his favorite, for its color is
+white, and this is the emblem of peace. This hunting dress and these
+feathers of the eagle are white. Accept them, my brother; I have given
+one like this to the White Otter. Accept of it as a memorial of Black
+Hawk. When he is far away this will serve to remind you of him. May the
+Great Spirit bless you and your children--farewell."
+
+On the fifth of June, under the charge of Major John Garland of the
+United States army, Black Hawk and his five companions, took their
+departure from Fortress Monroe. Before leaving the Chesapeake, they
+visited Norfolk and the Navy Yard at Gosport. They were taken on board
+the Delaware, 74, and were much delighted with its appearance. Black
+Hawk expressed a strong desire to see the chief who commanded it, and
+to take the man who built it, by the hand.
+
+At Norfolk a large concourse of persons visited them. Wabokieshiek, the
+prophet, addressed them from the balcony of their hotel, as follows:
+
+"The Great Spirit sent us here, and now happily we are about to return,
+to our own Mississippi, and our own people. It affords us much happiness
+to rejoin our friends and kindred. We would shake hands with all our
+white friends assembled here. Should any of them go to our country on
+the Mississippi, we would take pleasure in returning their kindness to
+us. We will go home with peaceable dispositions towards our white
+brethren, and make our conduct hereafter, more satisfactory to them. We
+bid you all farewell, as it is the last time we shall see each other."
+
+Black Hawk made a few remarks, and at one o'clock, June the fifth, they
+started for Baltimore, which place they reached at eleven o'clock on the
+following day, and were greeted by crowds of curious spectators. The
+renown of Black Hawk had every where preceded him, and all were anxious
+to behold the old chief whose name and deeds had excited so much
+commotion on the frontiers of the north west. The President happened to
+be in Baltimore at the same time, and, the "monumental city" was never,
+perhaps, honored by the presence of two more distinguished "lions" upon
+the same day, than upon this occasion. They both attended the theatre on
+the evening of the sixth; and, it is said, that the attention of the
+house was very equally divided between them. On the following day an
+interview took place between them, when the President said to the old
+chief;--
+
+"When I saw you in Washington, I told you that you had behaved very
+badly, in raising the tomahawk against the white people, and killing
+men, women and children upon the frontier. Your conduct last year,
+compelled me to send my warriors against you, and your people were
+defeated, with great loss, and your men surrendered, to be kept until I
+should be satisfied, that you would not try to do any more injury. I
+told you, I would enquire whether your people wished you to return, and,
+whether if you did return, there would be any danger to the frontier.
+Gen. Clark and Gen. Atkinson, whom you know, have informed me that
+Sheckak, your principal chief, and the rest of your people are anxious
+you should return, and Keokuk has asked me to send you back. Your chiefs
+have pledged themselves for your good conduct, and I have given
+directions that you should be taken to your own country.
+
+"Maj. Garland who is with you will conduct you through some of our
+towns. You will see the strength of the white people. You will see that
+our young men are as numerous, as the leaves in the woods. What can you
+do against us? You may kill a few women and children, but such a force
+would soon be sent against you, as would destroy your whole tribe. Let
+the red men hunt and take care of their families, but I hope they will
+not again raise their hands against their white brethren. We do not
+wish to injure you. We desire your prosperity and improvement. But if
+you again plunge your knives into the breasts of our people, I shall
+send a force, which will severely punish you for all your cruelties.
+When you go back, listen to the councils of Keokuk and the other
+friendly chiefs. Bury the tomahawk and live in peace with the frontiers.
+And I pray the Great Spirit to give you a smooth path and a fair sky to
+return."
+
+The reply of Black Hawk to this address, was brief, and the Prophet
+merely said,
+
+"My father,--my ears are open to your words. I am glad to hear them. I
+am glad to go back to my people. I want to see my family. I did not
+behave well last summer. I ought not to have taken up the tomahawk. But
+my people have suffered a great deal. When I get back I will remember
+your words. I won't go to war again. I will live in peace. I shall hold
+you by the hand."
+
+The object of the President, in directing the captives to be taken home
+through some of the principal cities of the union, was to exhibit to
+them the extent of the population, wealth, and means of defence of the
+United States; in the hope, that such impressions would be made on their
+minds, as would induce them to refrain from creating disturbances in
+future upon the frontiers. They were accordingly directed to be carried
+as far north as Boston, and thence through Albany, Buffalo and Detroit,
+to their own country.
+
+The captives reached Philadelphia on the 10th of June, and remained at
+Congress Hall, until the 14th. During their stay in the city, which was
+prolonged to four or five days, they visited the United States' Mint,
+the Fair Mount Water Works and other objects of curiosity. They had also
+an opportunity of witnessing a grand military display in front of their
+quarters in Congress Hall. Black Hawk wished to know if these were the
+same soldiers, who were in his country last summer. In making reference
+to his late contest with the United States, he said to those around him,
+
+"My heart grew bitter against the whites, and my hands strong. I dug up
+the tomahawk, and led on my warriors to fight. I fought hard. I was no
+coward. Much blood was shed. But the white men were mighty. They were
+many as the leaves of the forest. I and my people failed. I am sorry the
+tomahawk was raised. I have been a prisoner. I see the strength of the
+white men. They are many, very many. The Indians are but few. They are
+not cowards. They are brave, but they are few. While the Great Spirit
+above, keeps my heart as it now is, I will be the white man's friend. I
+will remain in peace. I will go to my people and speak good of the white
+man. I will tell them, they are as the leaves of the forest. Very
+many--very strong; and that I will fight no more against them."
+
+On the morning of the 14th, they set off for New York, and reached that
+city at 5 P.M. and had an opportunity, at the moment of their arrival at
+the Battery, of beholding the greatest assemblage of people they had
+yet seen, drawn together to witness the ascent of a balloon from Castle
+Garden. This novel spectacle, greatly astonished the Indians, and one of
+them asked the prophet, if the aeronaut was "going to see the Great
+Spirit." When the crowd ascertained that Black Hawk and his party were
+on the steam boat, the air resounded with shouts of welcome. Upon their
+landing, such was the press of the multitude to get a look at the
+strangers, that they could not reach their lodgings until placed in
+carriages, and committed to the charge of the police officers. They were
+finally, with much difficulty, taken to the Exchange Hotel, which was
+immediately surrounded by thousands of people, who would not retire to
+their houses, until "General Black Hawk," had presented himself several
+times at the window, and graciously bowed to the eager and admiring
+multitude. During their whole visit to the city of New York, they were
+treated with marked attention. Their rooms were crowded, daily, with
+ladies and gentlemen, and they were conducted with ceremony to the
+theatres, the public gardens, the arsenal, and other places of interest.
+Speeches were made to them, and they received many handsome presents.
+Among other civilities, John A. Graham, Esq., waited upon them, and made
+the following address.
+
+"Brothers, open your ears. You are brave men. You have fought like
+tigers, but in a bad cause. We have conquered you. We were sorry last
+year, that you raised the tomahawk against us; but we believe you did
+not know us then as you do now. We think that in time to come, you will
+be wise and that we shall be friends forever. You see that we are a
+great people--numerous as the flowers of the field, as the shells on the
+sea-shore, or the fish in the sea. We put one hand on the eastern, and,
+at the same time, the other on the western ocean. We all act together.
+If some time our great men talk long and loud at our council fires, but
+shed one drop of white men's blood, our young warriors, as thick as the
+stars of the night, will leap on board of our great boats, which fly on
+the waves, and over the lakes--swift as the eagle in the air--then
+penetrate the woods, make the big guns thunder, and the whole heavens
+red with the flames of the dwellings of their enemies. Brothers, the
+President has made you a great talk. He has but one mouth. That one has
+sounded the sentiments of all the people. Listen to what he has said to
+you. Write it on your memories. It is good--very good.
+
+"Black Hawk, take these jewels, a pair of topaz earrings, beautifully
+set in gold, for your wife or daughter, as a token of friendship,
+keeping always in mind, that women and children are the favorites of the
+Great Spirit. These jewels are from an old man, whose head is whitened
+with the snows of seventy winters, an old man who has thrown down his
+bow, put off his sword, and now stands leaning on his staff, waiting the
+commands of the Great Spirit. Look around you, see all this mighty
+people, then go to your homes, open your arms, to receive your families.
+Tell them to bury the hatchet, to make bright the chain of friendship,
+to love the white men, and to live in peace with them, as long as the
+rivers run into the sea, and the sun rises and sets. If you do so, you
+will be happy. You will then ensure the prosperity of unborn generations
+of your tribes, who will go hand in hand with the sons of the white men,
+and all shall be blessed by the Great Spirit. Peace and happiness by the
+blessing of the Great Spirit attend you. Farewell."
+
+Black Hawk accepted the present and said in reply.
+
+"Brother, we like your talk. We will be friends. We like the white
+people. They are very kind to us. We shall not forget it. Your counsel
+is good. We shall attend to it. Your valuable present shall go to my
+squaw. We shall always be friends."
+
+While at New York, Major Garland came to the determination not to take
+the captives to Boston, but to ascend the North river, and proceed
+directly to the west. This created much disappointment, among the
+citizens of that city, who were generally anxious to behold the "great
+agitator" of the north western frontier.
+
+In pursuance of this new arrangement, on the 22d of June, the party left
+New York, in a steam boat for Albany, where they arrived on the
+following day. At this city, they were met by a crowd of spectators,
+drawn together by their anxiety to see Black Hawk, so numerous, that it
+was found necessary to disguise the Indians, in order to enable them to
+reach their lodgings. They remained in Albany until the morning of the
+25th, when they departed for Buffalo, which place they reached on the
+twenty-eighth. During their stay in Buffalo which lasted for three days,
+they had an interesting interview with some of the Seneca Indians, who
+are residing on their reservation near that place. They were addressed
+by Karlundawana, a worthy Seneca chief, who after expressing the
+pleasure of his people to meet the Sacs and Foxes, and referring to the
+condition of the Indians generally, respectfully counselled Black Hawk
+and his party, to return home in a peaceable mind; to take up the
+tomahawk no more against the white people; but to cultivate the earth,
+and be happy. Black Hawk replied, "Our aged brother of the Senecas, who
+has spoken to us, has spoken the words of a good and a wise man. We are
+strangers to each other, though we have the same color, and the same
+Great Spirit made us all, and gave us this country together. Brothers we
+have seen how great a people the whites are. They are very rich and very
+strong. It is folly for us to fight with them. We shall go home with
+much knowledge. For myself I shall advise my people to be quiet, and
+live like good men. The advice which you gave us, brother, is very good,
+and we tell you now we mean to walk the straight path in future, and to
+content ourselves with what we have, and with cultivating our lands."
+
+From Buffalo the captives were taken by water to Detroit, where their
+reception is said to have been much less enthusiastic than in the other
+cities through which they had passed. It was stated in the newspapers of
+the day, that they were burnt in effigy in that place. Black Hawk, in
+visiting the the former residence of Governor Cass, remarked, "This is
+the old council ground. I have had much good counsel here; but my trail
+led to the opposite shore, and my ears were closed." Their visit to
+Detroit being over, they proceeded to Green Bay, and thence descended
+the Wisconsin to the Mississippi and down that river to Fort Armstrong,
+on Rock Island, which place they reached about the first of August. In
+passing by the site of the old Sac village, Black Hawk was deeply
+affected, and expressed much regret for the causes which compelled him
+to emigrate beyond the Mississippi. The return of the Prophet was also
+attended with melancholy associations. His village over which he had
+long presided, was entirely broken up--his wigwam in ashes--his family
+dispersed, and, he, a suppliant for a home in the village of some other
+chief.
+
+Fort Armstrong, was chosen by Major Garland as the most appropriate spot
+for the ceremonies of the liberation of Black Hawk and his party; as its
+central position, would enable him to assemble, at a short notice, many
+Indians from the surrounding villages. This was the favorite island of
+the Indians; in former years abundant in fruits and flowers; and, from
+time immemorial the fancied abode of a good Spirit, which watched over
+their village, and protected their hunting grounds. No spot could have
+been selected, calculated to awaken so many painful associations in the
+mind of Black Hawk, as Rock Island. For half a century it had been the
+witness of his power and influence; it was now to become the scene of
+his disgrace, and reluctant submission to a rival.
+
+[Illustration: TREATY AT FORT ARMSTRONG.]
+
+Immediately after Major Garland's arrival at Fort Armstrong, he sent out
+runners for the purpose of assembling the neighboring Indians. The
+messenger despatched for Keokuk and his chiefs, found them encamped
+about twenty miles below the island, having just returned from a buffalo
+hunt, and being on their way to fort Armstrong, in expectation of
+meeting the returning captives. The runner returned that night, and
+reported to Major Garland, that on the morrow, Keokuk with a party of
+braves would reach Rock Island. About noon, on the following day, the
+sound of the Indian drum, and the shouts and wild songs of his people,
+announced the approach of the princely Keokuk. He ascended the
+Mississippi by water, and led the van with two large canoes, lashed side
+by side, handsomely decorated, with a canopy erected over them, beneath
+which sat the chief and his three wives, with the American flag waving
+over them. More than twenty canoes followed the chieftain, each
+containing from four to eight of his warriors, whose shouts and songs,
+swept over the transparent waters of the Mississippi, and were echoed
+from shore to shore. This fleet of canoes, was rowed slowly up the
+stream, until it passed the camp of the captives; it then returned and
+the party landed on the bank of the river, opposite to the camp of Black
+Hawk. Here Keokuk and his party spent several hours in arranging their
+dress, painting their faces and equipping themselves with their
+implements of war. This duty of the toilet being finished, they
+returned to their canoes, resumed their songs, and proceeded directly
+across the river. Keokuk, very elegantly dressed, decorated with his
+medals and fully armed, was the first to land, and turning to his
+followers, said, "The Great Spirit has sent our brother back. Let us
+shake hands with him in friendship." He then proceeded slowly, followed
+by his warriors, towards Black Hawk, who was seated, with his party, in
+front of his temporary lodge, leaning upon his staff, and deeply
+affected by the occasion. Keokuk kindly extended his hand to him, which
+the old man took with some cordiality. Having saluted the rest of the
+captives, he took a seat, his companions following his example. For some
+time all was silence--no one presuming to utter a word until the chief
+had spoken. At last, Keokuk inquired of Black Hawk how long he had been
+upon the road; and, remarked that he had been expecting his arrival, and
+was coming up the river to meet him, when met by the messenger of Major
+Garland. The pipe was now introduced and passed round among both
+parties, and an interchange of friendly civilities ensued. After an hour
+of alternate smoking and talking, Keokuk arose and shook hands with
+Black Hawk, saying he should return to-morrow; and then recrossed the
+river in silence. A considerable part of that night was spent by the
+chief and his party in singing and dancing.
+
+The grand council, for the final liberation of the captives, was held,
+with all due solemnity, upon the ensuing day. It presented the novel
+spectacle of a chief, compelled by a third power, to acknowledge the
+authority of a rival, and formally descend from the rank which he had
+long sustained among his people. Fort Armstrong presented a commodious
+room, for the ceremonies of the day, and it was fitted up for the
+occasion. About ten o'clock in the forenoon, Keokuk and one hundred
+followers, recrossed the river, and proceeded in martial array to the
+garrison. They were conducted into the council room, and shown the seats
+which they were to occupy. Keokuk was seated with Pashepahow (the
+Stabber) on one side, Wapellar (the little Prince) on the other. The
+former a chief of the Sacs, the latter of the Foxes. The remainder of
+his band took their seats in the rear, and maintained throughout the
+ceremony, profound silence.
+
+It was not long before Black Hawk and his associates, made their
+appearance. As they entered the room, Keokuk and the two chiefs by his
+side, arose and greeted them. They were seated directly opposite to
+Keokuk. Black Hawk, and his son, Nasinewiskuk, who seems to have been
+warmly attached to his father, appeared to be much dejected. They had
+the day previous made objections to this council, as unnecessary, and
+painful to their feelings. They now came into it with deep feelings of
+mortification. For a time profound silence reigned throughout the
+assembly. Major Garland at length arose and addressed the council. He
+was pleased to find so much good feeling existing among the Sacs and
+Foxes towards Black Hawk and his party; and he felt confident from what
+he had observed, since their arrival, that they would hereafter live in
+peace: He had but little further to add, as the President's speech,
+addressed to Black Hawk and his party, in Baltimore, contained the views
+of their great Father on the matters before them; and, this speech he
+should cause to be again interpreted to them.
+
+Keokuk followed Major Garland, and after having shaken hands with those
+around him said,
+
+"I have listened to the talk of our great Father. It is true we pledged
+our honor with those of our young braves, for the liberation of our
+friends. We thought much of it--our councils were long--their wives and
+children were in our thoughts--when we talked of them our hearts were
+full. Their wives and children came to see us, which made us feel like
+women; but we were men. The words which we sent to our great Father were
+good: he spoke like the father of children. The Great Spirit made his
+heart big in council. We receive our brothers in friendship--our hearts
+are good towards them. They once listened to bad counsel; now their ears
+are closed: I give my hand to them; when they shake it, they shake the
+hands of all. I will shake hands with them, and then I am done."
+
+Major Garland rose a second time, and stated, that he wished it to be
+distinctly understood by all persons present, in the council, that their
+great Father, the President, would hereafter receive and acknowledge
+Keokuk, as the principal chief of the Sac and Fox nation; that he wished
+and expected Black Hawk to listen and conform to his counsels; if any
+unkind feeling now existed, it must that day be buried, and, that the
+band of Black Hawk must be henceforth merged in that of Keokuk. The
+interpreter so reported the remarks of Major Garland, that Black Hawk
+understood the President to say that he _must_ conform to the counsels
+of Keokuk; and, the old chief, losing all command of his feelings,
+became deeply and instantly excited. The spirit which had sustained him
+in earlier and better days, burst forth with uncontrollable violence. He
+sprung upon his feet, but so deeply excited as to be almost unable to
+utter a word. With the most indignant expression of countenance, and
+with a vehemence of manner characteristic of the savage when roused to
+action, he exclaimed,
+
+"I am a man--an old man--I will not conform to the counsels of any one.
+I will act for myself--no one shall govern me. I am old--my hair is
+gray--I once gave counsels to my young men--Am I to conform to others? I
+shall soon go to the Great Spirit, when I shall be at rest. What I said
+to our great Father at Washington, I say again--I will always listen to
+him. I am done."
+
+The speech of Black Hawk--the last struggle of a fallen chieftain,
+caused a momentary excitement throughout the council. When it had
+subsided, the interpreter was directed to explain to him, that the
+President had only _requested_ him to listen to the counsels of Keokuk.
+He made no reply, but drawing his blanket around him, sat in moody
+silence. Keokuk approached him, and in a low but kind tone of voice
+said, "Why do you speak so before the white men? I will speak for you;
+you trembled--you did not mean what you said." Black Hawk gloomily
+assented, when Keokuk arose and remarked to the council,
+
+"Our brother who has again come to us, has spoken, but he spoke in
+wrath--his tongue was forked--he spoke not like a man, a Sac. He knew
+his words were bad: he trembled like the oak whose roots have been
+wasted away by many rains. He is old--what he said let us forget. He
+says he did not mean it--he wishes it forgotten. I have spoken for him.
+What I have said are his own words--not mine. Let us say he spoke in
+council to-day--that his words were good. I have spoken."
+
+Colonel Davenport of the United States army, then in command of Fort
+Armstrong, next arose, and taking Black Hawk by the hand, remarked that
+he was glad to meet him, that once he was his enemy, but now he met him
+as a friend; that he was there by the command of the President, and
+should always be glad to see him; and, would at all times be ready to
+give him any advice which he might need: that during his absence he had
+held frequent talks with the Sacs and Foxes, who were anxious for his
+return, and he felt authorized to say, that the nation entertained for
+him and his party, the most friendly feeling. Black Hawk listened with
+much apparent interest to the remarks of Colonel Davenport.[14]
+
+Major Garland now arose and told Black Hawk he was at liberty to go
+where he pleased;--that the people of the United States, as well as
+himself, were pleased with the uniform good conduct of all the captives
+while among them--that they were convinced their hearts were good, but
+they had listened to bad counsels: Having now seen the power of the
+white men, and taken their great father by the hand, who had restored
+them to their families, he hoped there would be no further difficulties;
+but that peace and harmony would long exist between them.
+
+Black Hawk, rose in reply, cool and collected, and remarked, that having
+reflected upon what he had said, it was his wish that if his speech had
+been put upon paper, a line might be drawn over it--he did not mean it.
+
+Wapellar, the chief of the Foxes, rose up to say that he had nothing to
+say. "I am not in the habit of talking--I think--I have been thinking
+all day--Keokuk has spoken: am glad to see my brothers: I will shake
+hands with them. I am done." The chiefs all arose, a general shaking of
+hands, followed by an interchange of civilities, ensued, and the
+council finally adjourned.
+
+In the evening, Maj. Garland invited the principal chiefs, together with
+Black Hawk, to his quarters, as it would afford a good opportunity to
+ascertain explicitly, the feeling which existed among them towards their
+fallen foe. About seven o'clock they arrived. They took their seats in
+silence, passed the pipe for all to take a whiff, and in return, quaffed
+a glass of champagne, which seemed to have a peculiar relish.
+Pashepahow, shook hands with all present, and commenced:--
+
+"We met this morning: I am glad to meet again. That wine is very good; I
+never drank any before; I have thought much of our meeting to-day: it
+was one that told us we were brothers:--that we were Sacs. We had just
+returned from a buffalo hunt, we thought it was time for our brothers to
+be here, as our father at St. Louis told us this was the moon. We
+started before the rising sun to meet you; we have met, and taken our
+brothers by the hand in friendship. They always mistrusted our counsels,
+and went from the trail of the red men, where there was no hunting
+grounds nor friends; they returned and found the dogs howling around
+their wigwams, and wives looking for their husbands and children. They
+said we counselled like women, but they have found our counsels were
+good. They have been through the country of our great Father. They have
+been to the wigwams of the white men, they received them in kindness,
+and made glad their hearts. We thank them: say to them that Keokuk and
+Pashepahow thank them. Our brother has promised to listen to the
+counsels of Keokuk. What he said in council to-day, was like the
+Mississippi fog--the sun has shone and the day is clear--let us forget
+it--he did not mean it. His heart is good, but his ears have been open
+to bad counsels. He has taken our great Father by the hand, whose words
+are good. He listened to them and has closed his ears to the voice that
+comes across the great waters. He now knows that he ought to listen to
+Keokuk. He counselled with us and our young braves, who listened to his
+talk. We told our great Father that all would be peace. He opened his
+dark prison and let him see the sun once more, gave him to his wife and
+children, who were without a lodge. Our great Father made straight his
+path to his home. I once took the great chief of the Osages prisoner. I
+heard the cries of his women and children; I took him out by the rising
+sun, and put him upon the trail to his village; "there" said I, "is the
+trail to your village; go and tell your people, that I, Pashepahow, the
+chief of the Sacs, sent you." We thank our great Father--our hearts are
+good towards him; I will see him before I lay down in peace: may the
+Great Spirit be in his councils. What our brother said to-day let us
+forget; I am done."
+
+Keokuk, after going through the usual ceremonies, said, "We feel proud
+that you have invited us here this evening, to drink a glass with you;
+the wine which we have drank, we never tasted before; it is the wine
+which the white men make, who know how to make anything: I will take
+another glass, as I have much to say; we feel proud that we can drink
+such wine: to-day we shook hands with our brothers, who you brought to
+us; we were glad to see them; we have often thought of our brothers;
+many of our nation said they would never return: their wives and
+children often came to our wigwams, which made us feel sad: what
+Pashepahow has said is true; I talked to our young men, who had the
+hearts of men; I told them that the Great Spirit was in our councils,
+they promised to live in peace: those who listened to bad counsels, and
+followed our brothers, have said their ears are closed, they will live
+in peace. I sent their words to our great Father, whose ears were open,
+whose heart was made sad by the conduct of our brothers; he has sent
+them to their wigwams. We thank him: say to him Keokuk thanks him. Our
+brothers have seen the great villages of the white men: they travelled a
+long road and found the Americans like grass; I will tell our young men
+to listen to what they shall tell them. Many years ago I went through
+the villages of our great Father--he had many--they were like the great
+prairies; but he has gone; another is our father; he is a great war
+chief; I want to see him; I shall be proud to take him by the hand; I
+have heard much of him, his head is gray, I must see him: tell him that
+as soon as the snow is off the prairie, I shall come. What I have said I
+wish spoken to him, before it is put upon paper, so that he shall hear
+it, as I have said it: tell him that Keokuk spoke it: What our brother
+said in council to-day, let us forget; he told me to speak; I spoke his
+words; I have spoken."
+
+Black Hawk then said, in a calm and dejected manner,
+
+"I feel that I am an old man; once I could speak, but now I have but
+little to say; to-day we met many of our brothers; we were glad to see
+them. I have listened to what my brothers have said, their hearts are
+good; they have been like Sacs, since I left them; they have taken care
+of my wife and children, who had no wigwam; I thank them for it, the
+Great Spirit knows that I thank them; before the sun gets behind the
+hills to-morrow, I shall see them; I want to see them; when I left them,
+I expected soon to return; I told our great father when in Washington,
+that I would listen to the counsels of Keokuk. I shall soon be far away,
+I shall have no village, no band; I shall live alone. What I said in
+council to-day, I wish forgotten. If it has been put upon paper, I wish
+a mark to be drawn over it. I did not mean it. Now we are alone let us
+say, we will forget it. Say to our great father and Governor Cass, that
+I will listen to them. Many years ago I met Governor Cass in councils,
+far across the prairies to the rising sun. His counsels were good. My
+ears were closed; I listened to the great father across the waters. My
+father listened to him whose band was large.--My band was once large.
+Now I have no band. I and my son and all the party, thank our great
+father for what he has done. He is old, I am old; we shall soon go to
+the great Spirit, where we shall rest. He sent us through his great
+villages. We saw many of the white men, who treated us with kindness. We
+thank them. We thank you and Mr. Sprague for coming with us. Your road
+was long and crooked. We never saw so many white men before. When you
+were with us, we felt as though we had some friends among them. We felt
+safe. You knew them all. When you come upon the Mississippi again, you
+shall come to my wigwam. I have none now. On your road home, you will
+pass where my village once was. No one lives there now; all are gone. I
+give you my hand; we may never meet again; I shall long remember you:
+The Great Spirit will be with you, and your wives and children. Before
+the sun rises, I shall go to my family. My son will be here to see you
+before we go. I will shake hands with my brothers here, then I am done."
+
+Early on the following morning, the Indians crossed to the west side of
+the Mississippi, and returned to their villages.
+
+In the autumn of 1837, deputations from several Indian tribes, residing
+upon the waters of the upper Mississippi, were invited to Washington
+city, by direction of the President of the United States. Among those
+represented were the united Sac and Fox tribe, and their ancient enemy
+the Sioux, between whom hostilities were then raging. For the purpose of
+effecting a peace between them, and also making a purchase of land of
+the Sioux, several councils were held under the direction of the
+Secretary at War, but without accomplishing the object in either case.
+Black Hawk, was connected with the delegation from the Sacs and Foxes,
+but not in the character of a delegate or chief. Keokuk, apprehensive,
+that if left at home, the old man might create some new difficulty, had
+prudently taken him along. He treated him, uniformly, with great
+respect, and invited him to sit with them in the councils.
+
+After leaving Washington the delegation visited the principal eastern
+cities, and Black Hawk again attracted much attention. Public curiosity
+was still alive to see the renowned but fallen chieftain of the famous
+Black Hawk war. In Boston, which place he did not visit on his former
+tour, he was waited upon by a great concourse of citizens, and in common
+with the rest of the delegation, was publicly presented with some
+military weapons by the governor of the state, and made a brief speech
+upon the occasion.
+
+Before the return of the deputation to the west, they remained a few
+hours in Cincinnati. Keokuk was sick and received but few visitors.
+"Which is Black Hawk," was the eager inquiry of almost every individual
+who succeeded in threading his way through the crowd, to the cabin of
+the steam boat. The old man manifested no interest in the passing scene.
+He was not inclined to conversation, but sat moody and silent, with an
+expression of countenance strongly indicative of wounded pride and
+disappointed ambition. He seemed to feel deeply the degradation of his
+situation. Shorn of power among his people, compelled to acknowledge the
+authority of his rival, and bending beneath the infirmities of age, it
+is not singular that he should shrink from the prying gaze of curiosity,
+and sigh for the deep seclusion of his wild hunting grounds.
+
+In height Black Hawk is about five feet ten inches, with broad
+shoulders, but limbs not very muscular. His nose is sharp and slightly
+aquiline, and his eyes are of a dark hazel color. The most striking
+peculiarity in his personal appearance is the head, which is singularly
+formed, and has been pronounced, by some observers, the envy of
+phrenologists. His countenance is mild and benevolent, having little if
+any of that dark and ferocious expression, not uncommon among the
+Indians; and which, during the late border war, was imagined to be
+eminently characteristic of Black Hawk. In tracing his history, few, if
+any incidents can be found, which bear out the charge of savage cruelty
+that has sometimes been preferred against him. On the contrary, he seems
+to have an amiable disposition. He himself repels, with indignation, the
+charge of his ever having murdered women and children; and, declares the
+accusation made against him, on this point, to be wholly false. The
+character of Black Hawk for honesty in his dealings, and for general
+integrity, stands fair. In his domestic relations he appears to be kind
+and affectionate, and in one particular, is an exception to the chiefs
+and warriors of his tribe. He has never had but _one_ wife. After his
+return from the campaign on the lakes, during the war with England, his
+first act was to visit his family. "I then started," says he, "to visit
+my wife and children. I found them well and my boys were growing
+finely. It is not customary for us to say much about our women, as they
+generally perform their part cheerfully, and never interfere with
+business belonging to the men. This is the only wife I ever had, or will
+ever have. She is a good woman and teaches my boys to be brave." It is
+said, however, and upon pretty good authority, that on a certain
+occasion, Black Hawk's vow of exclusive devotion to _one_ wife, had well
+nigh been broken. While visiting a respectable frontier settler, many
+years since, he became pleased with the comely daughter of his host; and
+having seriously contemplated the matter, decided in favor of the
+expediency of adding the pale faced beauty, to the domestic circle of
+his wigwam. He accordingly expressed his wishes to the father of the
+young lady, and proposed to give him a horse, in exchange for his
+daughter, but to his surprise the offer was declined. Some days
+afterwards he returned and tendered two fine horses, but still the
+father refused to make the arrangement. The old chief's love for the
+young lady, growing stronger, in proportion to the difficulty of gaining
+her father's assent, he, subsequently, offered five or six horses for
+her. But even this munificent price was rejected by the mercenary
+father. Black Hawk now gave up the negociation, not a little surprised,
+at the high value which the white men place upon their daughters.
+
+It is questionable whether Black Hawk possesses any marked military
+talents, although during his contest with the United States, it was
+common to represent him as an able warrior, who by the eloquence and
+fluency of his harangues, commanded the unlimited confidence of his
+band. He has, most probably, been overrated both for his eloquence and
+his skill in the battle field. He is no doubt a man of courage, and
+seems, from early life, to have had a strong predisposition for war.
+Many of his measures as a leader, have been more influenced by a sense
+of what was right in the abstract, than expedient in practice. This
+circumstance has often placed him in situations, inimical to the
+permanent prosperity of his people.
+
+Black Hawk never made any claims to the office of a peace chief. Even as
+a war chief, he was not recognized by all the tribe to which he
+belonged. A fragment of the Sacs and Foxes, however, followed his banner
+for more than twenty years, and acknowledged him in that capacity: and,
+over them, he certainly exercised, from their confidence in his
+judgment, his warlike talent, or some other cause, no small amount of
+influence. His age and kindness of disposition, probably, strengthened
+their attachment to him. In the campaign of 1832, although terminating
+in the defeat of Black Hawk, and the almost entire annihilation of his
+band, his military reputation did not suffer much, if the circumstances
+under which he was placed, be recollected. During the operations of that
+period, General Atkinson estimated the warriors of Black Hawk at seven
+or eight hundred, but the better opinion is that it did not, at any
+time, exceed five hundred; and several persons, who had favorable
+opportunities for judging, place the estimate still lower. The
+commander of the United States troops, had with him, in the pursuit of
+Black Hawk, twenty seven hundred men, all of them well armed and most of
+them well mounted. This was independent of the militia in the different
+military posts and fortified stations. The entire number of the American
+forces, engaged in the campaign, is supposed to have approached to three
+thousand, five hundred. Black Hawk was encumbered with the wives and
+children, the household property and travelling equipage of his whole
+band; and from the time of his recrossing the Mississippi to the battle
+of the Bad-axe, was constantly in want of provisions. Indeed, in the
+month of July, many of his party actually starved to death. Under such
+circumstances, the wonder is not, that he was finally defeated and
+captured, but that it should have required a campaign of three months in
+which to accomplish that object. The defeat of Stillman and the attack
+upon the fort at Buffalo Grove, may be claimed by Black Hawk and his
+band, to have been as honorable to their arms, as were the victories of
+the Wisconsin and the Bad-axe to those of the United States.
+
+But whatever may be the ultimate opinion in regard to him, either as a
+warrior or a man, his career for good and for evil, is now ended. The
+war-banner has passed from his hand--his seat in the council-house is
+vacant--the fire of his lodge is nearly extinguished: the autumn of life
+is upon him--and, in a little while the autumn leaves will rustle over
+the lone grave of Black Hawk.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Black Hawk at the capture of Fort Erie--At the battle of the Thames--His
+  account of the death of Tecumthe--His residence and mode of life after
+  his last visit to the east--His Fourth of July speech at Fort
+  Madison--His death and burial.
+
+
+Since the three first editions of this work were published, the death of
+Black Hawk has occurred; and a few additional particulars of his life
+have been collected. These, it is proposed to embody in a new chapter.
+
+In the course of the preceding pages, the difficulty of procuring full,
+and always exact information, in regard to the lives of a people having
+neither records nor historians, has been alluded to. This difficulty
+will be encountered by any one who may attempt to chronicle the annals
+of the aborigines in their aggregate condition, or to portray their
+individual history. In the compilation of this volume, much pains were
+taken to obtain all the prominent events in the life of Black Hawk, and,
+it is supposed, as much success attended the effort, as is usual in
+similar cases. Since its publication, however, it appears that all his
+military movements have not been narrated, and we proceed to supply the
+omission.
+
+At page 82 of this volume, it is stated that Black Hawk was only in two
+engagements in the late war with Great Britain, and that the last of
+these was the assault upon Fort Stephenson, in August 1813, then under
+the command of Major Groghan. It is true that he and his band were with
+the British army in the attack upon this post, but his connection with
+that army did not cease until after the capture of Fort Erie. The
+authority for this fact is to be found in the "Book of the Indians,"
+page 145. The author of that work, in narrating the incidents of Black
+Hawk's return to the north-west, in 1833, after his imprisonment at
+Fortress Monroe, says: "Having arrived at Buffalo, on Friday the 28th of
+June, they (the party returning with the old warrior) remained there
+until Sunday morning. The day after their arrival, they rode over to
+Black Rock, where they viewed the union of the grand canal with the lake
+at that place. From this point they had a full view of the Canada shore,
+and Black Hawk immediately pointed out Fort Erie, and seemed well
+acquainted with the adjacent country; he having been there in the time
+of the last war with England, in the British service; and at the time
+'when the Americans walked into Fort Erie,' as he expressed the capture
+of it." Of the extent of his participation in the events attendant upon
+this capture, there is no satisfactory information.
+
+Black Hawk was likewise in the battle of the Thames, a fact not
+previously stated in this work, and which is now given on the authority
+of a writer in the Baltimore American, to whose respectability the
+editor of that paper bears testimony. We have, indeed, no reason to
+doubt the accuracy of this statement, which will be read with the more
+interest, from the circumstance that it embraces Black Hawk's account
+of the death of Tecumthe in regard to which much has been written and
+published. It is not proposed, on the present occasion, to compare the
+relation given by Black Hawk, of the fall of Tecumthe, with the
+testimony of others who have appeared as historians of this event, but
+shall content ourselves with simply quoting the article to which
+reference has been made. The writer professes to have been intimately
+acquainted with Black Hawk, and in the brief sketch which he has
+presented of the life of this warrior, we find corroborating evidence of
+the truth of many of the traits of character, which, in the course of
+this volume, has been assigned to him both as a man and a warrior. The
+article is in these words:
+
+"MESSRS. EDITORS--Hearing of the death of the celebrated Sauk
+chieftain, BLACK HAWK, I am induced to make you the following
+communication, which may be interesting to some of your readers.
+
+"During a residence of several years in what is now the Territory of
+Iowa, I had many opportunities of seeing and conversing with this noted
+warrior, and often look back with feelings of great pleasure to the many
+tokens of good will and friendship that he has frequently bestowed upon
+me. His lodge was always open to a stranger, and he was ever ready to
+share that with him which he might most want, either his furs and
+blankets for a couch, or his corn and venison for a repast. He always
+spoke in terms of high regard of the whites, saying, that in war he
+fought like a brave man, but in peace he wished to forget that his hand
+had ever been raised against them. His career as a warrior commenced at
+a very early age; when he was but fourteen years old, his father,
+Pawheese, led a war party against the Osages, in which expedition he
+accompanied him. They succeeded in reaching the village of Osages, which
+they attacked, and after a very severe encounter, they routed their
+enemies and burnt their town. In this battle Black Hawk's father was
+killed, but he revenged his death by killing and scalping the Osage who
+had slain him. He was fond of recounting his earlier exploits, and often
+boasted of his being at the right hand of Tecumthe, when the latter was
+killed at the battle of the Thames. His account of the death of this
+distinguished warrior, was related to me by himself, during an evening
+that I spent in his lodge some winters ago. In the course of our talk, I
+asked him if he was with Tecumthe when he was killed. He replied--
+
+"'I was, and I will now tell you all about it.--Tecumthe, Shaubinne, and
+Caldwell, two Potawattimie chiefs, and myself, were seated on a log near
+our camp fire, filling our pipes for a smoke, on the morning of the
+battle, when word came from the British general, that he wished to speak
+with Tecumthe. He went immediately, and after staying some time rejoined
+us, taking his seat without saying a word, when Caldwell, who was one of
+his favorites, observed to him, 'my father, what are we to do? Shall we
+fight the Americans?' 'Yes, my son,' replied Tecumthe, '_We shall go
+into their very smoke_--but you are now wanted by the General. Go, my
+son, I never expect to see you again.' Shortly after this, (continued
+Black Hawk,) the Indian spies came in, and gave word of the near
+approach of the Americans. Tecumthe immediately posted his men in the
+edge of a swamp, which flanked the British line, placing himself at
+their head. I was a little to his right, with a small party of Sauks. It
+was not long before the Americans made their appearance; they did not
+perceive us at first, hid as we were by the undergrowth, but we soon let
+them know where we were by pouring in one or two volleys as they were
+forming into a line to oppose the British. They faultered a little, but
+very soon we perceived a large body of horse (Colonel Johnson's regiment
+of mounted Kentuckians) preparing to charge upon us in the swamp. They
+came bravely on, yet we never stirred until they were so close that we
+could see the flints in their guns, when Tecumthe springing to his feet,
+gave the Shawnee war cry, and discharged his rifle. This was the signal
+for us to commence the fight; but it did not last long; the Americans
+answered the shout, returning our fire, and at the first discharge of
+their guns, I saw Tecumthe stagger forwards over a fallen tree near
+which he was standing, letting his rifle drop at his feet. As soon as
+the Indians discovered he was killed, a sudden fear came over them, and
+thinking that the Great Spirit was displeased, they fought no longer,
+and were quickly put to flight. That night we returned to bury our dead,
+and search for the body of Tecumthe. He was found lying where he had
+first fallen; a bullet had struck him above the hip, and his skull had
+been broken by the butt end of the gun of some soldier, who had found
+him, perhaps, when life was not yet quite gone. With the exception of
+these wounds, his body was untouched; lying near him, however, was a
+large, fine looking Potawattimie, who had been killed, decked off in his
+plumes and war paint, whom the Americans no doubt had taken for
+Tecumthe; for he was scalped, and every particle of skin flayed from his
+body. Tecumthe himself, had no ornaments about his person save a British
+medal. During the night we buried our dead, and brought off the body of
+Tecumthe, although we were within sight of the fires of the American
+camp.'
+
+"This is somewhat different from the account which is commonly given of
+Tecumthe's death, yet I believe it to be true; for after hearing Black
+Hawk relate it, I heard it corroborated by one of the Potawattimie
+chiefs, mentioned by him. I asked him if he had ever fought against the
+whites after the death of Tecumthe. He said not--that he returned home
+to his village on the Mississippi, at the mouth of Rock River, and there
+he remained until driven away by the whites, in the year 1832. The wish
+to hold possession of this village, was the cause of the war which he
+waged against the whites during that year. He told me that he never
+wished to fight; that he was made to do so; that the whites killed his
+warriors when they went with a white flag to beg a parley, and that
+after this was done, he thought they intended to kill him at all
+events, and therefore he would die like a warrior.
+
+"In speaking of his defeat, he said it was what he expected; that he did
+not mind it; but what hurt him more than any thing else, was our
+government degrading him in the eyes of his own people, and setting
+another chief (KEOKUK) over him. This degradation he appeared
+to feel very sensibly, still he continued to possess all his native
+pride. One instance that came under my observation, I recollect well, in
+which it was strongly displayed. He happened to be in a small town in
+Iowa, on the same day in which a party of dragoons, under Captain ----
+arrived: and in paying a visit to a friend with whom he always partook
+of a meal, whenever he stopped at the village, he met with the Captain,
+who had been invited to dine. Black Hawk remained, also expecting the
+usual invitation to stay and eat with them: but when the dinner was
+ready, the host took him aside, and told him the Captain, or rather the
+white man's chief, was to dine with him that day, and he must wait until
+they had finished. The old chief's eye glistened with anger as he
+answered him, raising the fore-finger of one hand to his breast, to
+represent the officer, 'I know the white man is a chief, but _I_,'
+elevating the finger of the other hand far above his head, 'was a chief,
+and led my warriors to the fight, long before his mother knew him. _Your
+meat,--my dogs should not eat it!_' Saying this, he gathered the folds
+of his blanket about him, and stalked off, looking as proudly as if he
+still walked over ground that he could call '_my own_.'
+
+"Black Hawk possessed, to a great degree, one fine trait which it is not
+usual for us to concede to the Indian--kindness and affection for his
+wife. He never had but one, and with her he lived for upwards of forty
+years; they had several children, three of whom still survive, two sons
+and a daughter. The eldest son is now one of the most promising young
+braves of the nation, and bids fair to be one of its most noble men. The
+daughter is still quite young, and is considered to be the most
+beautiful maiden belonging to her tribe.
+
+"He has now departed on his long journey, to join those of his people
+who have gone before him to their happy hunting grounds, far beyond the
+setting sun. May the Great Spirit grant him a clear sunshine, and a
+smooth path."
+
+For the particulars, given below, of the last days and death of Black
+Hawk, we are indebted to a highly respectable gentleman, W. Henry Starr,
+Esq. of Burlington, Iowa Territory. His communication, under date of
+March 21st, 1839, is given entire, that the interest of the narrative
+may be preserved.
+
+"Your letter of the 2nd of January came to hand in due course of mail,
+in which you make some enquiries concerning the old chief of the Sac and
+Fox tribes--the venerable BLACK HAWK. I should have replied to
+it sooner, could I have done so satisfactorily either to you or myself.
+I knew much by report of the old chief, and something from personal
+acquaintance; but my knowledge was not so accurate as to be serviceable
+to a faithful biographer. I have, therefore, taken sometime to make the
+necessary enquiries, and satisfy myself of their accuracy.
+
+"After Black Hawk's last return from the eastern states, he passed the
+winter of 1837-8 in the county of Lee, in the south-eastern portion of
+this territory, on a small stream called Devil-creek. The white
+settlements extended for forty miles west of him, and the tribe to which
+he belonged, with the exception of a few old braves, and his family,
+resided on the frontier. From his tribe he was isolated in position and
+feeling. His family consisted of a wife, two sons, Nasheaskuk and
+Samesett, (as they are pronounced here,) a daughter and her husband.
+They passed their time principally in hunting deer, wild turkies, and
+the prairie hen, which are abundant in that quarter of the territory.
+For hunting, Black Hawk is said to have displayed no fondness; but chose
+to spend his time in improving his place of residence, and exercising
+his ingenuity with mechanic tools. In the spring of 1838, they removed
+to the frontier, and settled upon the Des Moines river, about eighty or
+ninety miles from its mouth, near to a trading post, and in the
+immediate vicinity of the villages of the other chiefs of the tribe.
+Here he had a very comfortable bark cabin, which he furnished in
+imitation of the whites, with chairs, a table, a mirror, and mattrasses.
+His dress was that of the other chiefs, with the exception of a
+broad-brimmed black hat, which he usually wore. In the summer he
+cultivated a few acres of land in corn, melons, and various kinds of
+vegetables. He was frequently visited by the whites, and I have often
+heard his hospitality highly commended.
+
+"On the 4th of July last, he was present at Fort Madison, in Lee county,
+by special invitation, and was the most conspicuous guest of the
+citizens assembled in commemoration of that day. Among the toasts called
+forth by the occasion was the following:
+
+"'_Our illustrious guest, Black Hawk_.--May his declining years be as
+calm and serene as his previous life has been boisterous and full of
+warlike incidents. His attachment and present friendship to his white
+brethren, fully entitle him to a seat at our festive board.'
+
+"So soon as this sentiment was drank, Black Hawk arose and delivered the
+following speech, which was taken down at the time by two interpreters,
+and by them furnished for publication.
+
+"'It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to-day--I have eaten
+with my white friends. The earth is our mother--we are now on it--with
+the Great Spirit above us--It is good. I hope we are all friends here. A
+few winters ago I was fighting against you--I did wrong, perhaps; but
+that is past--it is buried--let it be forgotten.
+
+"'Rock river was a beautiful country--I liked my towns, my cornfields,
+and the home of my people. I fought for it. It is now yours--keep it as
+we did--it will produce you good crops.
+
+"'I thank the Great Spirit that I am now friendly with my white
+brethren--we are here together--we have eaten together--we are
+friends--it is his wish and mine. I thank you for your friendship.
+
+"'I was once a great warrior--I am now poor. Keokuk has been the cause
+of my present situation--but do not attach blame to him. I am now old. I
+have looked upon the Mississippi since I have been a child. I love the
+Great River. I have dwelt upon its banks from the time I was an infant.
+I look upon it now. I shake hands with you, and as it is my wish, I hope
+you are my friends.'
+
+"In the course of the day he was prevailed upon to drink several times,
+and became somewhat intoxicated, an uncommon circumstance, as he was
+generally temperate.
+
+"In the autumn of 1838, he was at the house of an Indian trader, in the
+vicinity of Burlington, when I became acquainted and frequently
+conversed with him, in broken English, and through the medium of
+gestures and pantomime. A deep seated melancholy was apparent in his
+countenance and conversation. He endeavored to make me comprehend, on
+one occasion, his former greatness; and represented that he was once
+master of the country, east, north, and south of us--that he had been a
+very successful warrior,--called himself, smiting his breast, 'big
+Captain Black Hawk,' 'nesso Kaskaskias,' (killed the Kaskaskias,) 'nesso
+Sioux a heap,' (killed a great number of Sioux.) He then adverted to the
+ingratitude of his tribe, in permitting Keokuk to supersede him, who, he
+averred, excelled him in nothing but drinking whiskey.
+
+"Toward Keokuk he felt the most unrelenting hatred. Keokuk was, however,
+beyond his influence, being recognized as chief of the tribe, by the
+government of the United States. He unquestionably possesses talents of
+the first order, excels as an orator, but his authority will probably be
+short-lived on account of his dissipation, and his profligacy in
+spending the money paid him for the benefit of his tribe; and which he
+squanders upon himself and a few favorites, through whose influence he
+seeks to maintain his authority.
+
+"You enquire if Black Hawk was at the battle of the Thames? On one
+occasion I mentioned Tecumthe to him, and he expressed the greatest joy
+that I had heard of him: and pointing away to the east, and making a
+feint, as if aiming a gun, said, 'Chemokaman (white man) nesso,' (kill.)
+From which I had no doubt of his being personally acquainted with
+Tecumthe; and I have been since informed, on good authority, that he was
+in the battle of the Thames and in several other engagements with that
+distinguished chief.
+
+"Soon after this interview with Black Hawk, he set out for the frontier,
+where a payment was soon to be made to the tribe, of a portion of their
+annuity.
+
+"The weather was both hot and wet, and it is supposed, that, on this
+journey, he imbibed the seeds of the disease which soon after terminated
+his existence. This journey was in September. Early in October, the
+commissioner for adjusting claims with the Sac and Fox tribes, was to
+meet them at Rock Island, and most of the Indians were there on the
+first of that month. Black Hawk was taken sick and was unable to
+accompany them. A violent bilious fever had seized upon him, and on the
+3d of October, after an illness of seven days, he died. His only medical
+attendant was one of the tribe, who knew something of vegetable
+antidotes, and was called doctor. His wife, who was devotedly attached
+to him, mourned deeply during his illness. She seemed to have had a
+presentiment of his approaching death, and said, some days before it
+occurred, 'he is getting old--he must die--Monotah calls him home.'
+
+"After his death, he was dressed in the uniform presented to him at
+Washington, by the President or Secretary at War, and placed upon a rude
+bier, consisting of two poles with bark laid across, on which he was
+carried by four of his braves to the place of interment, followed by his
+family and about fifty of the tribe, (the chiefs being all absent.) They
+seemed deeply affected, and mourned in their usual way, shaking hands,
+and muttering in guttural tones, prayers to Monotah (their deity) for
+his safe passage to the land prepared for the reception of all Indians.
+The grave was six feet deep and of the usual length, situated upon a
+little eminence about fifty yards from his wigwam. The body was placed
+in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat,
+constructed for the purpose. On his left side the cane given him, as I
+am informed, by Mr. Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand
+resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the
+grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons. The
+grave was then covered with plank, and a mound of earth, several feet in
+height, was thrown up over it, and the whole enclosed with pickets
+twelve feet in height. At the head of the grave a flag staff was placed,
+bearing our national banner; and at the foot there stands a post, on
+which is inscribed, in Indian characters, his age.
+
+"I do not know the exact age of Black Hawk, but understood from him,
+that he was seventy-two. His virtues commanded the respect of all the
+whites who knew him. He possessed much magnanimity of soul, and under
+all the mortifications to which he has been subjected, and the insults
+that have been heaped upon him by his tribe, and especially by the
+haughty Keokuk, he maintained, until the last years of his life, a
+uniform cheerfulness and resignation of mind, which bespoke a conscious
+superiority."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With this sketch of the last days of Black Hawk, our narrative of his
+life is closed. After an eventful and restless career of "three score
+and ten years," this celebrated Sac has been "gathered to his fathers."
+His name cannot be forgotten, for his deeds are a part of the history of
+this country. If not distinguished for a high order of talent, or
+renowned for great warlike achievements, he has not often been surpassed
+in the history of his race, for those less dazzling virtues, humanity,
+courage, and love of country. "He was an Indian who had a sense of
+honor, as well as policy; a man in whom those who know him
+confided."[15] In the last speech which he made in the last year of his
+life, in alluding to his difficulties with the whites, he says, "Rock
+river was a beautiful country--I liked my towns, my cornfields, and the
+home of my people;--I fought for it,"--a declaration as creditable to
+the heart of the speaker, as it is important to a just estimate of his
+conduct, in resisting the removal of his tribe from their native land.
+The love of country is not confined to civilized life, but swells the
+heart and nerves the arm of the untutored man of the woods. "I LIKED
+MY TOWNS, MY CORNFIELDS, AND THE HOME OF MY PEOPLE;--I FOUGHT FOR
+IT," should be inscribed over the humble grave of Black Hawk.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTE.--Since writing that portion of the foregoing narrative
+which treats of the causes of the late war with the Sacs and Foxes, the
+following article, from the able pen of judge Hall, has met our
+observation. It was published in the Western Monthly Magazine in 1833,
+one year after the termination of that conflict. The writer was then a
+resident of Illinois, and intimately acquainted with the relations
+existing between the whites and Indians. His remarks are valuable. They
+embrace a graphic description of the region inhabited by the Sacs and
+Foxes, and fully sustain the position which we have taken in this
+volume, that the "Black Hawk war" was the result of unprovoked
+agressions made by the American people upon the Indians.
+
+     "I have just returned from a delightful voyage. I have explored a
+     portion of the exquisitely beautiful shores of the upper
+     Mississippi; and am ready to confess that until now, I had little
+     idea of the extent, the grandeur, or the resources of the west. The
+     world cannot produce such another country as this great valley of
+     ours. Yet to understand its value, one must ascend the Mississippi
+     and the Illinois, and see the noble prairies of the two states
+     which are destined to eclipse all others. I cannot convey to you in
+     adequate language, my admiration of this attractive region. The
+     traveller who visits the western country, and fancies he has
+     acquired _any_ knowledge of it--I say _any_, by simply tracing the
+     meanders of the Ohio, or spending weeks, or years, if you please,
+     at Cincinnati or Louisville, is very much mistaken. There is much
+     to admire in western Pennsylvania and Virginia; Kentucky and Ohio
+     are full of attraction; but the man who is really an admirer of
+     nature, and would witness the most splendid exhibitions of the
+     creative power, must go to Illinois and Missouri.
+
+     "I visited this region for the first time four years ago, while the
+     Sacs and Foxes were at peace with the whites, and before Black Hawk
+     had got to be a great man. They were friendly and well-disposed,
+     and the white people residing near them, would almost as soon have
+     distrusted or disturbed each other, as those peaceful red men. I
+     took great interest in noticing their dwellings, and remarking
+     their deportment, as it was the first occasion I had ever enjoyed
+     of seeing the savage in his own wild home. I had embarked on board
+     a steamboat at St. Louis, intending to take a pleasant excursion
+     to the falls of St. Anthony. The weather was very delightful, only
+     a little too warm; and the river was unfortunately so low, that on
+     arriving at the _Des Moines_ rapids, we found it difficult to
+     ascend them, and above that point, our progress was continually
+     impeded by the difficulty of the navigation. This circumstance,
+     though vexatious to such of the passengers as had business ahead,
+     or families at home, was not disagreeable to one who, like myself,
+     travelled only for amusement, as it afforded opportunities of
+     exploring the romantic shores. We spent a day at the Lower Rapids,
+     and I have seldom seen a more attractive country. The land is high
+     on both sides, and rises gradually in beautiful swells. I saw
+     hundreds of acres covered with the native buckeye, the most
+     beautiful tree of the forest--if, indeed, any can be entitled to
+     that distinction among so great a variety of noble and majestic
+     trees. Beneath, was a rich undergrowth of wild gooseberry bushes.
+     Add to these the beautiful creeper, and the wild honeysuckle, which
+     were occasionally seen, and it is impossible to imagine a
+     vegetation more splendidly luxuriant and ornamental. The whole
+     country is based on rock, and the springs which burst out from the
+     hill sides are clear as crystal and delightfully cold. The shores
+     of the river are plentifully strewed with crystalizations and
+     petrifactions. We picked up some fine specimens of cornelian, and
+     saw a vast number of geodes of every size, from one inch in
+     diameter to fifteen.
+
+     "It was Sunday. Have you ever experienced the singular and pleasing
+     associations connected with a sabbath passed in the wilderness? I
+     have often enjoyed these feelings, but never felt them with such
+     force as on this day. It was calm and sultry. The brilliant
+     sunbeams were brightly reflected from the broad bosom of the
+     Mississippi, and the deep green outline of the forest was
+     splendidly illumined, while the deep shadows underneath the foliage
+     afforded an attractive appearance of coolness and seclusion. The
+     passengers and crew were scattered about singly or in small
+     parties, so that when I wandered but a small distance from the
+     vessel, and seated myself on a hill which commanded a view of the
+     river and its banks, I found myself perfectly alone. Not a living
+     object was visible, not a sound was heard, not a leaf or a limb
+     stirred. How different from the streets of a city upon a sabbath
+     morn, when crowds of well-dressed persons are seen moving in every
+     direction; when the cheerful bells are sounding, and the beautiful
+     smiling children are hurrying in troops to Sunday school! Here I
+     was in solitude. I saw not the laborer resting from toil, nor the
+     smile of infancy, nor the christian bowing before his God; but
+     Nature proclaimed a sabbath by the silence that reigned abroad, and
+     the splendor with which she had adorned her works.
+
+     "It is natural that these recollections of my first visit to the
+     frontier should mingle with the observations made in my recent tour
+     through the same scenes; I shall therefore not attempt to separate
+     the remarks made on either occasion, but give some of the results
+     of both voyages.
+
+     "I can scarcely describe the sensations with which I first saw the
+     solitary lodge of an Indian hunter, on the shore of the
+     Mississippi. In my childhood I had read with thrilling interest,
+     the tales of border warfare; but I had not learned to hate an
+     Indian with mortal hatred. I verily believe they have souls. People
+     may think differently in certain places, which shall be nameless,
+     but I cannot be persuaded to the contrary. You cannot imagine any
+     thing more frail than an Indian wigwam--a mere shelter of poles and
+     mats, so small, so apparently inadequate to any purpose of
+     security or comfort, that it is hardly possible to believe it to be
+     intended for the residence of human beings. In such habitations
+     reside the Indian warrior, whose name is a terror to his enemies;
+     and the dark maiden, whose story supplies the poet with rich
+     materials, with which to embellish the page of fiction. In such
+     wretched hovels reside the aboriginal lords of the soil.
+
+     "I _have_ seen in this region, evidences of persecution perpetrated
+     by our people upon this unhappy race, such as the American people
+     would scarcely believe; and I am satisfied that if the events of
+     the late war could be traced to their true source, every real
+     philanthropist in the nation would blush for his country.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "I could relate many anecdotes, to show the friendly feelings
+     entertained towards our government and people by the Sacs--feelings
+     which, whether of fear or of kindness, have rendered them wholly
+     submissive, and which nothing but the most unprovoked aggression on
+     our side, could have kindled into hostility. I will only, at this
+     time, repeat one, which occurred during my first voyage, reserving
+     others for a future letter.
+
+     "One day, when the boat stopped to take in wood, some of us
+     strolled up to the house of a Mr. D., a respectable farmer from
+     Pennsylvania. He had been living here several years, at a spot
+     distant from any settlements, and without a single neighbor. Upon
+     our inquiring whether he felt no alarm in residing thus alone in
+     the vicinity of the Indians, he replied that his family had
+     formerly experienced much uneasiness, but that they had long since
+     become satisfied that there was no ground for apprehension. He was
+     convinced that the Sacs, their nearest neighbors, so far from being
+     disposed to injure the whites, were cautious and timid of giving
+     offence. In support of this opinion, he related the following
+     anecdote.
+
+     "His house stands on a high bank of the Mississippi, and the family
+     were one day much alarmed by discovering a large number of Indians
+     passing up the river in canoes. They passed along in a most
+     disorderly manner, some paddling their little vessels, and others
+     strolling along the shore, but the majority evidently intoxicated.
+     It was the latter circumstance which caused alarm. The Indians had
+     been to St. Louis to receive their annuities, and had procured a
+     sufficient supply of whisky to render them unsafe visitors. They
+     continued, however, straggling along in larger or smaller parties
+     all day, without stopping. At night, one of them, a young warrior
+     of prepossessing appearance, came to the house, and in the most
+     respectful manner, asked permission to sleep upon the floor of the
+     cabin. Mr. D., although by no means pleased with his guest, knew
+     not how to refuse. The Indian warrior was invited to supper. A
+     plentiful meal, such as composed the ordinary repast of the family,
+     was placed before him, and having satisfied his hunger, he wrapped
+     himself in his blanket, threw himself on the floor before the fire,
+     and went to sleep. In the course of the night, Mr. D. happening to
+     go out, discovered some Indians lying in the bushes not far from
+     the house; without disturbing them, he proceeded in a different
+     direction, where he found another party; they were strewed, in
+     short, entirely around his dwelling. The fact of being thus
+     surrounded, the concealment, and the silence of the Indians, all
+     conspired to awaken suspicion, and he passed the night in no small
+     degree of uneasiness. He rose early in the morning; his Indian
+     guest also started up, gathered his blanket around him, and took
+     leave; first, however, explaining to Mr. D. that he belonged to a
+     party of Sacs who were returning from St. Louis, and that many of
+     them being intoxicated, it had been thought proper to station a
+     guard round Mr. D.'s house, to protect him and his property from
+     injury. He added, that if any depredation should be discovered to
+     have been committed by the Indians, the chiefs would pay Mr. D. the
+     full amount. Such an example of the care taken by the chiefs of
+     this tribe to avoid giving umbrage to the whites, affords the
+     highest testimony, either of their friendship for our people, or
+     their respect for our power.
+
+     "The Sac and Fox tribe inhabited, at that time, a beautiful tract
+     of country in Illinois, upon the borders of Rock river. These two
+     tribes are usually mentioned in conjunction; because the Foxes,
+     many years ago, having been nearly exterminated in a war with some
+     of their neighbors, the remnant of the nation, too feeble to exist
+     as a separate tribe, sought refuge in the Sac villages, and have
+     remained ever since incorporated with the latter people. They are a
+     fine looking race of people, and are well disposed towards the
+     whites. They have long been divided, however, into two parties, one
+     of which is friendly towards our government, while the other,
+     called the _British band_, is under the influence of the British
+     traders. It has always been the policy of the latter, to keep the
+     Indians upon the western frontier in a state of disaffection
+     towards the American people, and by these means, to secure to
+     themselves an undue proportion of the fur trade. So long as it
+     should remain difficult upon our part to gain access to the tribes,
+     and our intercourse with them be liable to interruption, jealousy,
+     and distrust, so long would the British trader possess an advantage
+     over us in relation to this traffic. The British fur companies,
+     whose agents are numerous, intelligent, and enterprising, have
+     always acted upon this policy, and the English officers in Canada,
+     both civil and military, have given it their sanction. Almost all
+     the atrocities which have been committed on our frontiers by the
+     Indians, within the last fifty years, have been directly or
+     indirectly incited by the incendiary agents of that mercenary
+     government. The _British band_ of the Sacs and Foxes have been in
+     the habit of visiting Malden annually, and receiving valuable
+     presents--presents, which being made to a disaffected portion of a
+     tribe residing not only within the United States, but within the
+     limits of a state, could be viewed in no other light than as
+     bribes,--the wages of disaffection. Black Hawk, though not a chief,
+     is one of the most influential individuals of the _British band_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a late number of the American Museum, we find the following article.
+It bears intrinsic evidence of coming from the same pen, and presents in
+a striking point of view the rapid extension of our settlements, and the
+consequent recession of the Indians.
+
+     Most of our readers have become familiarly acquainted with the
+     name of the redoubted Black Hawk, whose adventures are detailed in
+     this volume and whose fame has been spread from Maine to Florida.
+     There was a time when he shared the eager attention of the public
+     with Fanny Kemble and the cholera, and was one of the lions of the
+     day; and as regularly talked about as the weather, the last new
+     novel, or the candidates for the presidency. The war in Illinois,
+     though of brief duration, and not marked by any stirring events,
+     came suddenly upon us after a long series of peaceful years upon
+     the northwestern border. The savages, weary of fruitless conflicts,
+     or quelled by the superior numbers of a gigantic and growing foe,
+     seemed to have submitted to their fate, and the pioneer had ceased
+     to number the war-whoop among the inquietudes of the border life.
+     The plains of Illinois and Missouri were rapidly becoming peopled
+     by civilized men. A race less hardy than the backwoodsmen were
+     tempted by the calm to migrate to those delightful solitudes, that
+     bloomed with more than Arcadian fascinations of fruitfulness and
+     beauty. The smoke of the settler's cabin began to ascend from the
+     margin of every stream in that wide region, and the cattle strayed
+     through rich pastures, of which the buffalo, the elk, and the deer,
+     had long enjoyed a monopoly--an unchartered monopoly--wondering, no
+     doubt, at their good luck in having their lives cast in such
+     pleasant places.
+
+     It was the writer's lot to ramble over that beautiful country while
+     these interesting scenes were presented; while the wilderness still
+     glowed in its pristine luxuriance: while the prairie-grass and the
+     wild flowers still covered the plain, and the deer continued to
+     frequent his ancient haunts, and while the habitations of the new
+     settlers were so widely and so thinly scattered, that the nearest
+     neighbors could scarcely have exchanged the courtesy of an annual
+     visit without the aid of the seven-leagued boots of ancient story.
+     But though in solitude, they lived without fear. There were none to
+     molest nor make them afraid. If they had few friends, they had no
+     enemies. If the Indian halted at the settler's door, it was to
+     solicit hospitality, not to offer violence. But more frequently he
+     stalked silently by, timid of giving offence to the white man, whom
+     he doubtless regarded as an intruder upon his own ancient heritage,
+     but whose possession he had been taught to respect, because he had
+     ever found it guarded by a strong and swift arm, that had never
+     failed to repay aggression with ten-fold vengeance. Suddenly,
+     however, a change came over this cheering scene. The misconduct of
+     a few white men disturbed the harmony of a wide region. The Indians
+     were oppressed and insulted to the last point of forbearance, and a
+     small but restless band, regarded as insubordinate and troublesome
+     even by their own nation, seized upon the occasion to rush to war.
+
+     It is wonderful to look back upon this eventful history. The
+     country over which Black Hawk, with a handful of followers, badly
+     armed, and destitute of stores or munitions of war, roamed for
+     hundreds of miles, driving off the scattered inhabitants, is now
+     covered with flourishing settlements, with substantial houses, and
+     large farms--not with the cabins and clearings of bordermen--but
+     with the comfortable dwellings and the well-tilled fields of
+     independent farmers. Organized counties and all the subordination
+     of social life are there; and there are the noisy school-house, the
+     decent church, the mill, the country store, the fat ox, and the
+     sleek plough-horse. The yankee is there with his notions and his
+     patent-rights, and the travelling agent with his subscription book;
+     there are merchandise from India and from England, and, in short,
+     all the luxuries of life, from Bulwer's last novel down to
+     Brandreth's pills. And all this has been done in six years--in less
+     than half the time of Jacob's courtship. In 1832 the Saukie
+     warriors ranged over that fertile region, which is now (1838)
+     covered with an industrious population; while the Territories of
+     Wisconsin and Iowa, and vast settlements in Missouri, have since
+     grown up, beyond the region which was then the frontier and the
+     seat of war.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+
+
+SKETCHES OF THE SIOUX.
+
+
+The Sioux or Dacotas, are a numerous, powerful and warlike nation of
+Indians, who have been appropriately called the Arabs of the west.
+Between them and the Sacs and Foxes, there has existed, from the
+settlement of the two latter tribes on the waters of the Mississippi, a
+hostility of feeling that has kept them embroiled in a constant warfare.
+The efforts of government to break down their prejudices and make peace
+between them, have failed in accomplishing that benevolent end. It is
+not, however, against the Sacs and Foxes alone, that their arms are
+turned. From time immemorial they have been at war with the Chippeways,
+and are also constantly making hostile incursions upon other neighboring
+tribes. They usually fight on horseback, and being very superior
+horsemen, they are generally more than a match for their antagonists. In
+Schoolcraft's Narrative, we find the following account of their numbers,
+habits and peculiarities of character.
+
+"The numerical strength of the Sioux nation was stated by the late
+General Pike at 21,675, three thousand eight hundred of whom are
+warriors. This is the most powerful Indian tribe in North America. It
+consists of seven bands, namely the Minokantongs, the Yengetongs, the
+Sissitongs, the Wahpetongs, the Titongs, the Mendewacantongs and the
+Washpecontongs. These are independent bands under their own chiefs, but
+united in a confederacy for the protection of their territories; and
+send deputies to a general council of the chiefs and warriors, whenever
+the concerns of their nation require it. If one of the tribes is
+attacked, the others are expected to assist in the repulsion of the
+enemy. They inhabit all the country, between the Mississippi and
+Missouri rivers, from north latitude about 46 deg. to the junction of these
+rivers near St. Louis, with trifling exceptions in favor of some
+scattered bands of Foxes, Sacs and Kickapoos. Their country also extends
+south of the Missouri, where the principal part of the Titongs reside,
+and east of the Mississippi to the territories of the Chippeways--the
+Winnebagoes and the Menominies. The greatest chief of the nation at
+present (1820) is Talangamane, or the Red Wing.
+
+"The Minocantongs, or people of the waters, are located at St. Peters,
+and along the banks of the Mississippi towards Prairie du Chien. They
+reside in four principal villages.
+
+"The Yengetongs and the Sessitongs inhabit the upper parts of the river
+St. Peters, and are sometimes called the Sioux of the plains. Their
+traffic is principally in Buffalo robes. The Wahpetongs, or people of
+the leaves are the most erratic in their dispositions of all the Sioux;
+they inhabit the St. Peters between the Prairie de Francois and the
+White Rock, during a part of the year, and generally go out to hunt
+above the falls of St. Anthony towards the sources of the river De
+Corbeau, and upon the plains which give origin to the Crow, Sac and Elk
+rivers.
+
+"The Titongs inhabit both banks of the Missouri, and rove in quest of
+game over an immense extent of country. They are said to be related to
+the Mahas, and some other bands south of the Missouri.
+
+"The Mendewacantongs, or people of the Medicine Lake, the
+Washpecontongs, or people of the Leaves, who have run away, and some
+other scattered bands, whose names are unknown, inhabit the country
+generally, from St. Peters south to the mouth of the Missouri, and are
+chiefly located upon the sources of the rivers Ocano, Iowa, and
+Desmoines.
+
+"The Sioux are generally represented as a brave, generous and spirited
+people, with proud notions of their origin as a tribe, and their
+superiority as hunters and warriors, and with a predominant passion for
+war. They speak the Narcotah language, which is peculiar to themselves,
+and appears to have little affinity with any other Indian tongue. It is
+not so soft and sonorous as the Algonquin which abounds in labials, but
+more so than the Winnebago, which is the most harsh and guttural
+language in America. The Narcotah sounds to an English ear, like the
+Chinese, and both in this, and in other respects, the Sioux are thought
+to present many points of coincidence. It is certain that their manners
+and customs differ essentially from those of any other tribe, and their
+physiognomy, as well as their language, and opinions, mark them a
+distinct race of people. Their sacrifices and their supplications to the
+unknown God--their feasts after any signal deliverance from
+danger--their meat, and their burnt offerings--the preparation of
+incense, and certain customs of their females, offer too striking a
+coincidence, with the manners of the Asiatic tribes, before the
+commencement of the Christian era, to escape observation, while their
+paintings and hieroglyphics bear so much analogy to those of the Asteeks
+of Mexico, as to render it probable that the latter are of Naudowessian
+origin."
+
+"From my knowledge of the Sioux nation," observes Lieutenant Pike, "I do
+not hesitate to pronounce them the most warlike and independent nation
+of Indians, within the boundaries of the United States, their every
+passion being subservient to that of war. Their guttural pronunciation,
+high cheek bones, their visages, and distinct manners, together with
+their own traditions, supported by the testimony of neighboring nations,
+put it in my mind beyond a shadow of doubt, that they have emigrated
+from the north west point of America, to which they had come across the
+narrow streights, which in that quarter divide the two continents; and
+are absolutely descendants of a Tartarean tribe."
+
+The following anecdote of a Sioux chief, and of a council held by
+Governor Cass, some years since, for the purpose of making peace between
+the Sioux and Chippeways, is drawn from a letter from that officer, to
+the war department.[16]
+
+"Some years since, mutually weary of hostilities, the chiefs of both
+nations met, and agreed upon a truce. But the Sioux disregarding the
+solemn compact they had formed, and actuated by some sudden impulse
+attacked and murdered a number of Chippeways. The old Chippeway chief
+was present at the time, and his life was saved by the intrepidity and
+self-devotion of a Sioux chief. This man intreated, remonstrated,
+threatened. He adjured his countrymen, by every motive, to abstain from
+any violation of their faith: and finding his remonstrances useless, he
+attached himself to the Chippeway chief, and avowed his determination to
+save him or perish. Awed by such intrepidity, the Sioux finally agreed
+that he should ransom the Chippewa. This he did at the expense of all
+the property he possessed. The Sioux chief now accompanied him on his
+journey, until he considered him safe from any of the parties of the
+Sioux, who might be disposed to pursue him.
+
+"Believing it equally inconsistent with humanity and sound policy, that
+these border contests should be suffered to continue; and feeling that
+the Indians have a full portion of moral and physical evils, without
+adding to them the calamities of a war, which had no definite object,
+Governor Cass being at Sandy lake, offered his mediation to the
+Chippeway chiefs, to which they readily acceded. In consequence, a
+deputation of ten of their men descended the Mississippi with him.
+
+"The Chippeways landed occasionally, to examine whether any of the Sioux
+had recently visited that quarter. In one of these excursions, there was
+found, suspended to a tree, in an exposed situation, a piece of
+birch-bark, made flat, by being fastened between two sticks, about
+eighteen inches long by fifteen broad. This bark contained the answer of
+the Sioux nation, to overtures which the Chippeways had made, on
+Governor Cass' offer of mediation:--which overtures had been found and
+taken off by a party of the Sioux. So revengeful and sanguinary had the
+contest been between these tribes, that no personal communication could
+take place. Neither the sanctity of the office, nor the importance of
+the message, could protect the ambassador of either party from the
+vengeance of the other.
+
+"The preliminaries to a peace being thus settled, the Sioux and
+Chippeways met in joint council--smoked the pipe of peace together, and
+then in their own figurative language, 'buried the tomahawk so deep,
+that it could never be dug up again.'"
+
+Another anecdote is related by Mr. Schoolcraft which we quote as
+illustrative of the character, in some degree, of this singular and
+warlike race."
+
+"Le Petit Corbeau, a chief of a small band of Sioux, located upon the
+banks of the Mississippi, towards the confines of the Chippeway
+territory, going out one morning to examine his beaver trap, found a
+Sauteur in the act of stealing it. He had approached without exciting
+alarm, and while the Sauteur was engaged in taking the trap from the
+water, he stood maturely surveying him with a loaded rifle in his hands.
+As the two nations were at war, and the offence was in itself one of the
+most heinous nature, he would have been justified in killing him on the
+spot, and the thief looked for nothing else, on finding himself
+detected. But the Sioux chief walking up to him discovered a nobleness
+of disposition which would have done honor to the most enlightened of
+men. 'Take no alarm,' said he, 'at my approach; I only come to present
+to you the trap of which I see you stand in need. You are entirely
+welcome to it. Take my gun also, as I perceive you have none of your
+own, and depart with it to the land of your countrymen, but linger not
+here, lest some of my young men, who are panting for the blood of their
+enemies, should discover your footsteps in our country, and fall upon
+you.' So saying he delivered him his gun and accoutrements, and returned
+unarmed to the village of which he is so deservedly the chief."
+
+
+
+
+COLONIZATION OF THE INDIANS.
+
+
+The plan, now in progress of execution, for the removal of all the
+Indians, within the limits of the United States, to a region of country
+west of Missouri and Arkansas, will of course, when carried out, greatly
+modify our relations with them. New laws must be enacted by Congress,
+and new treaties formed between the Indians and the United States.
+
+From the organization of the federal government to the present time, our
+relations with the Indians have been the subject of frequent
+legislation, and the statute book bears many evidences of benevolent
+action towards this ill-fated race. If the laws enacted by Congress for
+the protection and civilization of the aborigines of this country, had
+been regularly and rigidly enforced, and a more impartial interpretation
+of the treaties made with them, had been observed, their condition would
+have been far better than it now is--they would have passed from the
+hunter to the pastoral state, and have grown in numbers, virtue and
+intelligence. But these laws and these treaties, have been year after
+year violated by our own people, and the result has been a constant
+deterioration of the Indians. This is especially true of those laws
+intended to prevent our citizens from hunting on the Indian lands,
+residing in their country, and trading with them without a license from
+the United States. These have generally been a dead letter upon the
+national statute book, and the encroachments of the lawless
+frontiers-men, the trader, the land speculator, and the vender of
+spirituous liquors, have impoverished degraded, and vitiated, more or
+less, every tribe within the limits of the United States. It is to this
+intercourse, with these classes of persons, that the bad faith, the
+savage barbarities, and border-wars, of which so much complaint is made
+against the Indians, are to be mainly attributed. The rapacity of our
+people, for their peltries and their land, the feeble execution of laws
+made for their protection, and the loose morality which has governed our
+general intercourse with them, have wasted their numbers, debased their
+character, and tarnished the honor of that nation, which, from the very
+organization of its government, has claimed to be their benevolent
+protector.
+
+The plan of removing the Indians beyond the limits of the United States
+is not new. If not original with Mr. Jefferson, it was commended by him,
+and has been approved, we believe, by each successive administration
+since his day. It looked of course to a peaceable not a forcible removal
+of them. Whether the details of the original plan corresponded with
+those of the law, under which this removal is going on, we do not know.
+
+The substance of the present plan may be gathered from the following
+provisions:
+
+1st. To secure the lands on which they are placed to the several tribes
+by patent, with only such restrictions as are necessary to prevent white
+men from purchasing them, or encroaching upon them.
+
+2d. To establish a territorial government, all the offices of which,
+(except those of the governor and secretary,) are to be filled with
+Indians, wherever competent natives can be obtained.
+
+3d. To provide for a general council of delegates, chosen by and from
+the tribes, with legislative powers; their enactments not to be valid
+till they have been approved by the President of the United States.
+
+4th. To have a delegate, always a native, remain at Washington, during
+the sessions of Congress, to attend to the affairs of the territory,
+who shall be allowed the pay and emoluments of a member of Congress.
+
+5th. To encourage, by liberal annual payments of money provided for in
+treaties, the establishment of schools and colleges; in which competent
+native teachers are always to be preferred when they can be had.
+
+The power and influence of the United States are to be directed in
+protecting them from the whites; in preserving peace among the different
+tribes, and in stimulating them, by rewards and emoluments, in acquiring
+the habits of civilized life. The efforts of the benevolent to carry
+christianity among them, if made in conformity with the regulations of
+the territory, are to be cherished. These are the leading features of
+the new system of Indian regulations, established by government for the
+civilization of the Indians. The territory set apart for this object,
+lies west of the states of Arkansas and Missouri, running north from the
+Red river about six hundred miles, and west from the western boundaries
+of these states about two hundred miles. The number of Indians within
+the territory of the United States is estimated to approach to near half
+a million of souls.
+
+It must be obvious to every one familiar with the Indian character, and
+with the history of our past relations with this people, that the
+success of this plan, will depend, in a very great degree, upon the
+manner in which its details shall be executed by the government. A
+failure will inevitably ensue, if white men are permitted to come in
+contact with the Indians. The strong arm of the military power of the
+United States, will be requisite to stay the encroachments of our
+people, whose love of adventure and whose thirst for gain, will carry
+them among the Indians, unless arrested by more cogent considerations
+than a sense of duty, or the prohibitions of the statute book.
+
+Instead of attempting to supply them with goods by licensing traders to
+reside among them, they should be encouraged to sell their furs and
+peltries and to make their purchases in the United States. On the former
+system they are liable to constant imposition, and the very articles
+which the traders carry among them, are worthless in kind and poor in
+quality; but if the Indians traded with us, within the limits of the
+United States, they would have the competition arising from a number of
+buyers and sellers, they would obtain better prices for their furs and
+procure more valuable articles, upon fairer terms, in exchange. They
+would also be benefitted by observing our manners and customs, adopting
+our style of dress, learning the value of property, and gaining some
+knowledge of agriculture and the use of mechanical tools, and implements
+of husbandry. But the most important advantage to be gained by their
+trading within the United States, would be in their protection from
+imposition. It has been truly and forcibly remarked,
+
+"Humanity shudders at the recital of the nefarious acts practised by the
+white traders upon the Indians. Yet not half of them are known or
+dreamed of by the American people. We refer again, to Mr. Tanner's
+Narrative, which every man who has a vote on this subject ought to read.
+Here we find the traders sometimes taking _by force_, from an Indian,
+the produce of a whole year's hunt, without making him any return,
+sometimes pilfering a portion while buying the remainder, and still
+oftener wresting from the poor wretches, while in a state of
+intoxication, a valuable property, for an inadequate remuneration. In
+one place, our author tells of an Indian woman, his adopted mother, who,
+"in the course of a single day, sold one hundred and twenty beaver
+skins, with a large quantity of buffalo robes, dressed and smoked skins,
+and other articles, _for rum_." He pathetically adds, "of all our large
+load of peltries, the produce of so many days of toil, so many long and
+difficult journeys, one blanket and three kegs of rum, only remained,
+besides the poor and almost worn out clothing on our bodies." The
+sending of missionaries, to labor by the side of the miscreants who thus
+swindle and debauch the ignorant savage, is a mockery of the office, and
+a waste of the time of these valuable men. If the Indians traded within
+our states, with our regular traders, the same laws and the same public
+sentiment which protects us, would protect them."
+
+This is no exaggerated picture. Fraud, oppression and violence, have
+characterized our intercourse with the Indians, and it is in vain to
+hope for any amelioration of their savage condition, so long as an
+intercourse of this kind is permitted. In the very nature of things, the
+plan of civilizing the Indians, by forming a confederacy of them, beyond
+the limits of the United States, will prove unsuccessful, unless they
+are surrounded by a cordon of military posts, and the whites are stayed,
+by physical force, from entering their territories for any purpose
+whatever.
+
+It is to this intercourse that the Indian wars, which have so frequently
+caused the blood of the white and the red man to flow in torrents, upon
+our frontier, are mainly to be attributed. It has been asserted, even by
+those who claim to be the grave historians of this unfortunate people,
+that these wars are almost without exception, the result of that cruelty
+and insatiable thirst for blood which belong to the Indian character.
+One of these writers, the Rev. Timothy Flint, in his "Indian Wars of the
+West," says, "We affirm an undoubting belief, from no unfrequent, nor
+inconsiderable means of observation, that aggression has commenced, in
+the account current of mutual crime, as a hundred to one, on the part of
+the Indians." We do not question the sincerity of this belief, but we do
+question, entirely, the correctness of the conclusion to which the
+writer brings his mind: we affirm without hesitation, that it is a
+conclusion that cannot be sustained by testimony. If the individual
+making it, had looked less superficially at the case, and had gone to
+the primary causes that have produced the bloody collisions between his
+countrymen and the Indians, he could never have made so great a mistake
+as the one he has committed in the paragraph quoted above. If kindness,
+good faith and honesty of dealing, had marked our social, political and
+commercial intercourse with the Indians, few, if any of these bloody
+wars would have occurred; and these people, instead of being debased by
+our intercourse with them, would have been improved and elevated in the
+scale of civilization. The history of the early settlement of
+Pennsylvania and its illustrious founder, affords the strongest
+testimony on this point. The justice, benevolence and kindness which
+marked the conduct of Penn towards the Indians, shielded his infant
+colony from aggression, and won for him personally, a generous
+affection, that would have been creditable to any race of people.
+
+Upon this point it has been well and forcibly remarked by a
+philanthropic writer,[17] of our country, that,
+
+"The American Indian is sometimes regarded as a being who is prone to
+all that is revolting and cruel. He is cherished in excited
+imaginations, as a demoniac phantasm, delighting in bloodshed, without
+a spark of generous sentiment or native benevolence. The philosophy of
+man should teach us, that the Indian is nothing less than a human being,
+in whom the animal tendencies predominate over the spiritual. His morals
+and intellect having received neither culture nor developement, he
+possesses on the one hand, the infirmities of humanity; while on the
+other the divine spark in his heart, if not blown into a genial warmth,
+has not been extinguished by an artificial polish. His affections are
+strong, because they are confined to a few objects; his enmities are
+deep and permanent, because they are nursed in secret, without a
+religion to control them. Friendship is with him a sacred sentiment. He
+undertakes long and toilsome journeys to do justice to its object; he
+exposes himself, for its sake, to every species of privation; he fights
+for it; and often dies in its defence. He appoints no _fecial_ messenger
+to proclaim, by an empty formality, the commencement of war. Whilst the
+European seeks advantages in the subtle finesse of negociation, the
+American pursues them according to the instincts of a less refined
+nature, and the dictates of a less sublimated policy. He seeks his enemy
+before he expects him, and thus renders him his prey."
+
+No better evidence need be adduced of his capacity for a lively and
+lasting friendship, than the history of Pennsylvania, during the life
+time of the founder. It is refreshing and delightful to see one fair
+page, in the dark volume of injustice and crime, which American annals,
+on this subject present. While this page reflects upon the past an
+accumulated odium, it furnishes lessons for the guide and edification of
+the future. Let me invite the philanthropist to this affecting story.
+
+A chief object of Penn, in the settlement of his province, was neither
+land, gold nor dominion, but "the glory of God, by the civilization of
+the poor Indian." Upon his arrival in Pennsylvania, the pledge contained
+in his charter was redeemed by a friendly compact with the "poor Indian"
+which was never to be violated, and by a uniform and scrupulous devotion
+to his rights and interests. Oldmixon and Clarkson inform us, that he
+expended "thousands of pounds" for the physical and social improvement
+of these untutored and houseless tenants of the woods. His estate became
+impaired by the munificence of his bounty. In return for benevolence so
+generous and pure, the Indians showed a reality of affection and an
+ardor of gratitude, which they had on no previous occasion professed.
+The colony was exempted from those calamities of war and desolation,
+which form so prominent a picture in the early annals of American
+settlements. During a period of forty years, the settlers and natives
+lived harmoniously together, neither party complaining of a single act
+of violence or the infliction of an injury unredressed. The memory of
+Penn lived green and fresh in their esteem, gratitude, and reverence, a
+century after.
+
+The tribe thus subdued by the pacific and philanthropic principles of
+Penn, have been untruly described as a cowardly and broken down race.
+They were a branch of the great family of Indians, who, for so many
+years, carried on a fierce and bloody strife with the Alligewi on the
+Mississippi, and waged a determined hostility with the Mengwe. At one
+period they were the undisputed masters of the large tract of country,
+now known as the territory of the middle states. On the arrival of the
+English, their number in Pennsylvania was computed at thirty or forty
+thousand souls. Their history spoke only of conquest. They were a brave,
+proud and warlike race, who gloried in the preservation of a character
+for valor, descended from the remotest times. The confederacy of the
+Six Nations, by whom they were finally vanquished, was not formed until
+1712, and their defeat, as evidenced by their peculiar subjugation
+occurred within a few months antecedent to the demise of the
+proprietary. The same people annihilated the colony of Des Vries, in
+1632, formed a conspiracy to exterminate the Swedes, under Printz, in
+1646; and were the authors of the subsequent murders which afflicted the
+settlements, before the accession of the English colonists.
+
+"Such an example furnishes some insight into the elements of Indian
+character. Little doubt can exist, if the subject were fairly examined,
+that most of those sanguinary wars, of which history speaks with a
+shudder, would be found to have arisen less from the blood-thirsty
+Indian, than from the aggressions of the gold-thirsty and land-thirsty
+defamer."
+
+
+
+
+INDIAN DANCING CEREMONIES.
+
+
+In a historical memoir of the Indians, published in the North American
+Review and attributed to the able pen of our present minister to France,
+there is a description of a war-dance, from which the following extract
+is made.
+
+"An Indian War Dance is an important occurrence in the passing events of
+a village. The whole population is assembled, and a feast provided for
+all. The warriors are painted and prepared as for battle. A post is
+firmly planted in the ground, and the singers, the drummers and other
+musicians, are seated within the circle formed by the dancers and
+spectators. The music and the dancers begin. The warriors exert
+themselves, with great energy. Every muscle is in action: and there is
+the most perfect concord between the music and their movements. They
+brandish their weapons, and with such apparent fury, that fatal
+accidents seem unavoidable. Presently a warrior leaves the circle, and
+with his tomahawk or casse-tete, strikes the post. The music and dancing
+cease, and profound silence ensues. He then recounts, with a loud voice,
+his military achievements. He describes the battles he has fought--the
+prisoners he has captured--the scalps he has taken. He points to his
+wounds, and produces his trophies. He accompanies his narrative with the
+actual representation of his exploits; and the mimic engagement, the
+advance and the retreat, are all exhibited to his nation as they really
+occurred. There is no exaggeration, no misrepresentation. It would be
+infamous for a warrior to boast of deeds he never performed. If the
+attempt were made, some one would approach and throw dirt in his face
+saying, "I do this to cover your shame; for the first time you see an
+enemy, you will tremble." But such an indignity is rarely necessary:
+and, as the war parties generally, contain many individuals, the
+character and conduct of every warrior are well known. Shouts of
+applause accompany the narration, proportioned in duration and intensity
+to the interest it excites. His station in the circle is then resumed by
+the actor, and the dance proceeds, till it is interrupted in a similar
+manner.
+
+"In the poem of Ontwa, a scene like this is so well described, that we
+cannot resist the temptation to transfer it to our pages. Of all who
+have attempted to embody in song, the "living manners" of the Indians,
+the anonymous author of that poem has been the most successful. His
+characters, and traditions and descriptions, have the spirit and bearing
+of life; and the whole work, is not less true to nature than to poetry.
+
+  A hundred warriors now advance,
+  All dressed and painted for the dance;
+  And sounding club and hollow skin
+  A slow and measured time begin:
+  With rigid limb and sliding foot,
+  And murmurs low the time to suit;
+  Forever varying with the sound,
+  The circling band moves round and round.
+  Now slowly rise the swelling notes
+  When every crest more lively floats;
+  Now tossed on high with gesture proud,
+  Then lowly mid the circle bow'd;
+  While clanging arms grow louder still,
+  And every voice becomes more shrill;
+  Till fierce and strong the clamor grows,
+  And the wild war whoop bids it close.
+  Then starts Skunktonga forth, whose band
+  Came from far Huron's storm-beat strand,
+  And thus recounts his battle feats,
+  While his dark club the measure beats."
+
+Major Long of the U.S. army, in his Expedition up the Missouri, gives an
+account of a council which he held, at Council Bluff, with a party of
+one hundred Ottoes, seventy Missouries, and fifty or sixty Soways. The
+Otto nation is known by the name of Wah-toh-ta-na. Their principal
+village is situated on the river Platte, about forty miles above its
+junction with the Missouri. At the period of this visit, these Indians
+had held little if any intercourse with the whites. After the council
+was over, they performed a dance, in honor of their visitors, the
+description of which will convey to the reader a very vivid picture of
+this ceremony. We give it, in Major Long's own words.
+
+"The amusement of dancing was commenced by striking up their rude
+instrumental and vocal music; the former consisting of a gong made of a
+large keg, over one of the ends of which, a skin was stretched, which
+was struck by a small stick, and another instrument, consisting of a
+stick of firm wood, notched like a saw, over the teeth of which a small
+stick was rubbed forcibly backward and forward. With these, rude as they
+were, very good time was preserved with the vocal performers, who sat
+around them, and by all the natives as they sat, in the inflection of
+their bodies, or the movements of their limbs. After the lapse of a
+little time, three individuals leaped up, and danced around for a few
+minutes; then, at a concerted signal of the master of ceremonies, the
+music ceased and they retired to their seats, uttering a loud noise,
+which, by patting the mouth rapidly with the hand, was broken into a
+succession of similar sounds, somewhat like the hurried barking of a
+dog. Several sets of dancers succeeded, each terminating as the first.
+In the intervals of the dances, a warrior would step forward, and strike
+a flag-staff they had erected, with a stick, whip, or other weapon, and
+recount his martial deeds. This ceremony is termed _striking the post_,
+and whatever is then said, may be relied upon as rigid truth, being
+delivered in the presence of many a jealous warrior and witness, who
+could easily detect, and would immediately disgrace the _striker_ for
+exaggeration or falsehood. This is called the _beggar's dance_--during
+which, some presents are always expected by the performers; as tobacco,
+whiskey, or trinkets. But on this occasion, as none of these articles
+were immediately offered, the amusement was not, at first, distinguished
+by much activity.
+
+"The master of the ceremonies continually called aloud to them to exert
+themselves, but still they were somewhat dull and backward. Ietan now
+stepped forward, and lashed a post with his whip, declaring that he
+would punish those that did not dance. This threat, from one whom they
+had vested with authority for this occasion, had a manifest effect upon
+his auditors, who were presently highly wrought up, by the sight of two
+or three little mounds of tobacco twist, which were now laid before
+them, and appeared to infuse new life.
+
+"After lashing the post, and making his threat, Ietan went on to narrate
+his martial exploits. He had stolen horses seven or eight times from the
+Kanzas; he had first struck the bodies of three of that nation slain in
+battle. He had stolen horses from the Ietan nation, and had struck one
+of their dead. He had stolen horses from the Pawnees, and struck the
+body of one Pawnee Loup. He had stolen horses several times from the
+Omawhahs, and once from the Puncas. He had struck the bodies of two
+Sioux. On a war party, in company with the Pawnees, he had attacked
+the Spaniards, and penetrated into one of their camps; the
+Spaniards--excepting a man and a boy--fled, himself being at a distance
+before his party; he was shot at and missed by the man, whom he
+immediately shot down and struck. 'This, my father,' said he, 'is the
+only material act of my life that I am ashamed of.'
+
+"After several rounds of dancing, and of striking at the post, by the
+warriors, Mi-a-ke-ta, or _The Little Soldier_, a war-worn veteran, took
+his turn to strike the post. He leaped actively about, and strained his
+voice to its utmost pitch, whilst he portrayed some of the scenes of
+blood in which he had acted. He had struck dead bodies of individuals of
+all the Red nations around; Osages, Konzas, Pawnee Loups, Pawnee
+Republicans, Grand Pawnees, Puncas, Omawhaws, Sioux, Padoucas, La Plain,
+or Bald heads, Ietans, Sacs, Foxes, and Ioways. He had struck eight of
+one nation, seven of another, &c.
+
+"He was proceeding with his account, when Ietan ran up to him, put his
+hand upon his mouth, and respectfully led him to his seat. This act was
+no trifling compliment to the well-known brave; it indicated, that he
+had so many glorious achievements to speak of, that he would occupy so
+much time, as to prevent others from speaking; and, moreover, put to
+shame the other warriors, by the contrast of his actions with theirs.
+
+"Their physical action in dancing is principally confined to leaping a
+small distance from the ground, with both feet, the body being slightly
+inclined, and, upon alighting, an additional slight but sudden
+inclination of the body is made, so as to appear like a succession of
+jerks; or the feet are raised alternately, the motion of the body being
+the same. Such are the movements in which the whole party correspond;
+but, in the figures--as they are termed in our assembly rooms--each
+individual performs a separate part, and each part is a significant
+pantomimic narrative. In all their variety of action, they are careful
+to observe the musical cadences. In this dance, Ietan represented one
+who was in the act of stealing horses; he carried a whip in his hand as
+did a considerable number of the Indians, and around his neck were
+thrown several leathern thongs, for bridles and halters, the ends of
+which trailed upon the ground behind him. After many preparatory
+manoeuvres, he stooped down, and with his knife, represented the act
+of cutting the hopples of horses. He then rode his tomahawk, as children
+ride their broomsticks, making use of his whip, as to indicate the
+necessity of rapid movement, lest his foes should overtake him.
+Wa-sa-ha-jing-ga, or _Little Black Bear_, after a variety of gestures,
+threw several arrows in succession, over his own head--thereby
+indicating his familiarity with the flight of such missiles. He, at the
+same time, covered his eyes with his hand, to indicate that he was blind
+to danger. Others represented their manoeuvres in battles, seeking
+their enemy, discharging at him their guns or arrows, &c. &c.
+
+"Most of the dancers were the principal warriors of the nation--men who
+had not condescended to amuse themselves or others, in this manner, for
+years before. But they now appeared in honor of the occasion, and to
+conciliate, in their best manner, the good will of the representative of
+the government of the _Big Knives_. Amongst these veteran warriors,
+Ietan, or _Sha-mon-e-kus-see_, _Ha-she-a_ (the Broken Arm), commonly
+called Cut Nose, and _Wa-sa-ha-zing-ga_ (or Little Black Bear), three
+youthful leaders, in particular, attracted our attention. In consequence
+of having been appointed soldiers on this occasion, to preserve order,
+they were painted entirely black. The countenance of the first indicated
+much wit, and had, in its expression, something of the character of that
+of Voltaire. He frequently excited the mirth of those about him, by his
+remarks and gestures. _Ha-she-a_, (called Cut Nose, in consequence of
+having lost the tip of his nose, in a quarrel with Ietan,) wore a
+handsome robe of white wolf skin, with an appendage behind him, called
+a _crow_. This singular decoration is a large cushion, made of the skin
+of a crow, stuffed with any light material, and variously ornamented. It
+has two decorated sticks, projecting from it upward, and a pendent one
+beneath; this apparatus is secured upon the buttocks by a girdle passing
+round the body. The other actors in the scene were decorated with paints
+of several colors, fantastically disposed upon their persons. Several
+were painted with white clay, which had the appearance of being grooved
+in many places. This grooved appearance is given by drawing the
+finger-nails over the part, so as to remove the pigment from thence in
+parallel lines. These lines are either rectilinear, undulated, or
+zigzag; sometimes passing over the forehead transversely, or vertically;
+sometimes in the same direction, or obliquely over the whole visage, or
+upon the breast, arms, &c. Many were painted with red clay, in which the
+same lines appeared. A number of them had the representation of a black
+hand, with outspread fingers, on different parts of the body, strongly
+contrasting with the principal color with which the body was overspread;
+the hand was depicted in different positions upon the face, breast, and
+back. The face of others was colored, one half black, and one half
+white, or red and white, &c. Many colored their hair with red clay, but
+the eye-lids and base of the ears were generally tinged with vermilion.
+
+"At the conclusion of the ceremony, whiskey--which they always expect on
+similar occasions--was produced, and a small portion was given to each.
+The principal Chiefs of the different nations who had remained passive
+spectators of the scene, now directed their people to return to their
+camp. The word of the Chiefs was obeyed, excepting by a few of the
+Ioways, who appeared to be determined to keep their places,
+notwithstanding the reiterated command of the Chiefs. Ietan now sprang
+towards them, with an expression of much ferocity in his countenance,
+and it is probable a tragic scene would have been displayed, had not the
+chiefs requested him to use gentle means; and thus he succeeded; after
+which, the Chiefs withdrew."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+SALE OF WHISKEY TO THE INDIANS.
+
+
+In tracing out the causes which led to the late war with the Sac and Fox
+Indians of Rock river, reference was made to the violations of the laws
+of Congress in the introduction of whiskey among them by the white
+traders. The opinion, moreover, was expressed that the licensed traders
+of the United States, among these tribes, were in the habit of selling
+this article to them, and under circumstances which must have brought
+home the fact to the knowledge of our Indian agents. Black Hawk with
+other chiefs of the band to which he belonged, earnestly remonstrated
+against the introduction of whiskey among his people, because of its
+debasing effect upon their morals, and the danger of its provoking them
+to acts of aggression upon the whites, while in a state of intoxication.
+One of the facts, set forth in the memorial which the white settlers on
+Rock river, presented to Governor Reynolds, in 1831, and upon which he
+declared the state to be actually invaded by the Sac and Fox Indians,
+and ordered out the militia to repel it, was the destruction, by Black
+Hawk, of a barrel of whiskey, which the owner was retailing to the
+Indians. The violation of the laws of Congress and of express treaty
+provisions, in the sale of ardent spirits to the Indians, winked at, as
+they undoubtedly were, by the public agents, mainly contributed to bring
+about a war, which resulted in the destruction of a great part of the
+band of Black Hawk. That the allegations, in regard to the sale of
+intoxicating liquors, to the Indians, by the regularly licensed traders
+of the United States, may not be supposed to rest upon gratuitous
+assumptions, the following letter, is quoted, which places the matter
+beyond all question.
+
+
+                                     _St. Peters, July 25, 1832_
+
+       GEN. JOSEPH M. STREET,        }
+     Indian Agent, Prairie du Chien. }
+
+     SIR--I arrived at this place yesterday from the sources of
+     the Mississippi, having visited the Chippewa bands and
+     trading-posts in that quarter. Much complaint is made respecting
+     the conduct of the persons licensed by you last year, who located
+     themselves at the Granite Rocks, and on the St. Croix. No doubt can
+     exist that each of them took in, and used in their trade, a
+     considerable quantity of whiskey. And I am now enabled to say, that
+     they each located themselves at points within the limits of my
+     agency, where there are no trading-posts established. My lowest
+     trading-post on the Mississippi, is the Pierced Prairie, eighteen
+     miles below the mouth of the De Corbeau. It embraces one mile
+     square upon which traders are required to be located. On the St.
+     Croix, the posts established and confirmed by the Department are
+     Snake River and Yellow River, and embrace each, as the permanent
+     place of location, one mile square. I report these facts for your
+     information, and not to enable you to grant licenses for these
+     posts, as the instructions of the Department give to each agent the
+     exclusive control of the subject of granting licenses for the
+     respective agencies.
+
+     Much solicitude is felt by me to exclude ardent spirits wholly from
+     the Chippewas and Ottowas, the latter of whom have, by a recent
+     order, been placed under my charge. I am fully satisfied that
+     ardent spirits are not necessary to the successful prosecution of
+     the trade, that they are deeply pernicious to the Indians, and that
+     both their use and abuse is derogatory to the character of a wise
+     and sober government. Their exclusion in every shape, and every
+     quantity, is an object of primary moment; and it is an object which
+     I feel it a duty to persevere in the attainment of, however traders
+     may bluster. I feel a reasonable confidence in stating, that no
+     whiskey has been used in my agency during the last two years,
+     except the limited quantity taken by special permission of the
+     Secretary of War, for the trade of the Hudson's Bay lines; and
+     saving also the quantity clandestinely introduced from Prairie du
+     Chien and St. Peters.
+
+     I know, sir, that an appeal to you on this subject cannot be lost,
+     and that your feelings and judgment fully approve of temperance
+     measures. But it requires active, persevering, unyielding efforts.
+     And in all such efforts, judiciously urged, I am satisfied that the
+     government will sustain the agents in a dignified discharge of
+     their duties. Let us proceed in the accomplishment of this object
+     with firmness, and with a determination never to relinquish it,
+     until ardent spirits are entirely excluded from the Indian country.
+
+                                          I am sir,
+                                            Very respectfully,
+                                              Your obedient servant,
+                                                HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT.
+
+     P.S. Capt. Jouett, commanding at this post, has recently seized
+     sixteen kegs of high-wines. His prompt, decisive, and correct
+     conduct in this, and other transactions relating to Indian affairs,
+     merits the approbation of government.
+
+     The Petite Corbeau has requested that no trader may be located at
+     the mouth of the St. Croix.
+
+
+The following picture of the present condition of the Winnebagoes, given
+in the St. Louis Bulletin, shows the deplorable results of the
+intercourse of the whites with the Indians--the baneful effects of
+spirituous liquors upon their morals and habits. The Winnebagoes were
+neighbors of the Sacs and Foxes, and long intimately associated with
+them. Twenty years ago, all of these tribes, raised annually more corn,
+beans and other vegetables, than were needed for their own consumption.
+Now they are miserable, squalid beggars, without the means of
+subsistence. The faithlessness of the Government, the perfidy and
+avarice of its agents and citizens, have brought this race of people to
+the horrible condition, in which they are represented in the statement
+that follows.
+
+     An agent of the Temperance Society, in a journal of a late tour to
+     the region of the Upper Mississippi, presents a picture, melancholy
+     indeed, of the present condition of the Indian tribes in that
+     quarter, which must deeply rouse the commiseration of every
+     benevolent man. From our own personal observation one year since,
+     we would corroborate the assertion, that were the world ransacked
+     for a subject in which should be concentrated and personified
+     injustice, oppression, drunkenness, squalid filth, and degradation,
+     one would point to the straggling Indian on the banks of the Upper
+     Mississippi for the aptest exemplification.
+
+     There were some two or three hundred of these
+     stragglers--Winnebagoes, chiefly, about Prairie du Chien--men,
+     women, and children, many of whom had scarcely the fragments of a
+     filthy blanket to hide their nakedness or screen them from the
+     cold--strolling and straggling about in squads of from two to a
+     half dozen each, begging for whiskey, or cold potatoes, or crusts
+     of bread. One old female, doubtless turned of threescore and ten,
+     half naked, was gathering up from the dirt and ashes about the
+     boiler of the steam boat, a few pieces of dried apples that had
+     been dropped and trodden under foot, which, with her toothless
+     gums, she attempted to masticate with all the eagerness of a
+     starving swine. Little children, from one to four years old, were
+     crawling about in a state of nudity, and almost of starvation,
+     while their own mothers and fathers, were staggering, and fighting,
+     and _swearing_. It is a fact, that while these poor creatures
+     cannot articulate a word of any thing else in English, the most
+     awfully profane expressions will drop from their lips in English,
+     as fluently as if it had been their vernacular tongue. When the
+     whites first settled in that neighborhood, the Indians raised corn
+     and other provisions enough, not only for their own use, but also
+     for the fur-traders and settlers.
+
+     Now they are altogether dependent for even the scanty subsistence
+     by which they are dragging out the remnant of a miserable life,
+     upon the whites. And what has been the cause of so great a change
+     in a few years in the circumstances and habits of a whole people!
+     The answer is plain to every one at all acquainted with Indian
+     history. It is the perfidy and avarice of the whites, and
+     WHISKEY, WHISKEY has been the all potent _agent_ by which
+     it has been effected. By selling and giving them whiskey till they
+     become drunk, they are soon filched of the little annuities
+     received from government; and then treated the rest of the year
+     like so many dogs.--As an illustration of the feeling towards them,
+     a merchant at Prairie du Chien expressed the very humane wish, that
+     there might soon be another Indian war to kill them all off.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Armstrong fort built, 96.
+
+  Atkinson, General, ordered to Rock Island, 140
+    directs Black Hawk to return to the west side of the Mississippi, 140
+    takes command of the Illinois militia, 141
+    proceeds to Dixon's Ferry, 141
+    attack on Black Hawk at Bad-axe, 156
+    official account, 158
+    his letter of approval from War Department, 179.
+
+
+  B
+
+  Black Hawk's account of the treaty of 1804, 58.
+
+  Black Hawk Purchase, in 1832, 70.
+
+  Black Hawk, birth and early adventures, 74
+    his battle with the Osages in 1786, 75
+    with Cherokees, 75
+    with Chippeways, Kaskaskias and Osages, 76
+    his account of Pike's visit, 77
+    his attack on Fort Madison, 78
+    joins the British army, 80
+    his return, 80
+    murder of his adopted son, 81
+    battle of the sink-hole near Cap au Gris, 83
+    his attack upon boats going to Prairie des Chiens, 86
+    makes peace with the United States, 86
+    death of his eldest son, 90
+    visit to the Ioway village, 89
+    visit to Malden, 90
+    whipped by some Americans, 91
+    refuses to remove to the west side of the Mississippi, 92
+    whites encroach upon his village, 93
+    burning of his lodges, 96
+    interview with Governor Coles and Judge Hall, 96
+    agrees to remove for six thousand dollars, 100
+    interview with Gaines, 103
+    removes to west side Mississippi, 104
+    treats with Gaines and Reynolds, 104
+    causes which led to the war, 108
+    his attempted alliance with other tribes, 111
+    discontented on west side of the Mississippi, 138
+    sends messenger to Keokuk, 138
+    collects his band at Fort Madison and crosses to east side
+      of the Mississippi, 139
+    proceeds to the prophet's village up Rock river, 140
+    ordered back by General Atkinson, 141
+    makes his camp at Kisk-wa-cokee, is attacked in his camp
+      by Maj. Stillman, 145
+    his flag of truce fired upon, 145
+    defeats Stillman, 146
+    attack upon Buffalo Grove, 149
+    his battle on the Wisconsin, 151
+    flies to the Mississippi, 152
+    attacked by the steam boat Warrior, 153
+    his white flag fired upon, 153
+    his defeat at the Bad-axe, 156
+    escape, 161
+    capture, 162
+    causes leading to this war, 171
+    at Jefferson Barracks, 189
+    sent to Washington city, 192
+    confined at Fortress Monroe, 193
+    interview with the President, 192
+    speech to Col. Eustis, 193
+    released, 195
+    visit to Norfolk, 196
+    to Baltimore, 196
+    interview with President, 197
+    visit to Philadelphia, 199
+    to New York, 200
+    to Albany, 202
+    to Buffalo, 202
+    interview with Senecas, 203
+    visit to Detroit, 203
+    reaches fort Armstrong, 206
+    refuses to submit to Keokuk, 209
+    his final speech in the council, 215
+    visit in 1837 to Washington, 216
+    visit to Boston, 217
+    to Cincinnati, 217
+    his character and personal appearance, 218
+    number of his warriors in campaign of 1832, 220.
+
+
+  C
+
+  Cahokias conquered, 16.
+
+  Clark, George Rogers, relieves St. Louis, 24
+    sends troops into the Indian country, 25.
+
+  Cole, Governor, meets Black Hawk, 96.
+
+  Clark, General, letter to War Department, 107.
+
+  Cap au Gris, battle of, 83.
+
+  Cholera among Scott's troops, 166.
+
+  Cass, Lewis, report to the President, 178.
+
+  Cass' letter to Gen. Atkinson, 179.
+
+  Cass' account of Sacs and Foxes, 181.
+
+  Colonization of the Indians, 228.
+
+
+  D
+
+  Drakeford's battle near Cap au Gris, 84.
+
+  Dodge, General, kills 29 Indians, 149
+    his battle of the Wisconsin, 151.
+
+  Davenport, Col. Wm., speech to Black Hawk, 210.
+
+
+  E
+
+  Everett, Governor, speech to Keokuk in Boston, 131
+    makes them presents, 135.
+
+
+  F
+
+  Fort Armstrong built, 87.
+
+  Foxes, party of, murder 28 Menominies, 137
+
+
+  G
+
+  Good spirit of Rock Island, 87.
+
+  Galland's description of Sac village, 94.
+
+  Gaines, General, letter to Reynolds, 102
+    orders troops to Rock Island, 102
+    interview with Black Hawk, 103
+    takes possession of Sac village, 103
+    treats with the British Band, 104
+    his letter to War Department, 106.
+
+  Garland, Maj., takes charge of prisoners, 197
+    his release of Black Hawk, 211.
+
+
+  H
+
+  Harrison, General, account of the conquest of the Illinois tribes, 26
+    his treaty with the Sacs and Foxes in 1804, 50.
+
+  Hall, Judge, account of Sac village, 28
+    his interview with Black Hawk, 96
+    his account of the Sacs and Foxes at Washington, 127.
+
+
+  I
+
+  Illinois tribes conquered, 15.
+
+  Indians, power to sell lands, 59.
+
+  Johnson, John, letter to Secretary at War, 63.
+
+  Illinois militia, flight at Sycamore creek, 146.
+
+  Irving, Washington, account of Black Hawk, 191.
+
+  Indian dancing ceremonies, 237.
+
+
+  K
+
+  Kaskaskias conquered, 16.
+
+  Keokuk removes west of Mississippi, 92
+    his birth, 114
+    age, 115
+    admitted to the council-lodge, 116
+    bold adventure with the Sioux, 117
+    his interview with the Menominies, 119
+    in peril with his tribe, 122
+    removed from his post of head chief, 123
+    re-instated, 124
+    delivers up his nephew to be tried for murder, 125
+    his letter to Governor of Illinois, 125
+    visit to Washington city in 1827 and council with Secretary at War, 127
+    visit to Philadelphia, New York and Boston, 132
+    speech in reply to Gov. Everett, 133
+    return to the west, 135
+    character, 135
+    his visit to Jefferson barracks, 190
+    his speech on the liberation of Black Hawk, 208
+    final speech in the council, 213
+    his visit to Washington in 1837, 216
+    conduct to Black Hawk, 217.
+
+
+  L
+
+  Lewis and Clark's account of Sacs and Foxes, 45.
+
+
+  M
+
+  Minneway tribes, 15.
+
+  Mascontins, battle with Sacs and Foxes, 17.
+
+  Memorial to Gov. Reynolds, 102.
+
+  Menominies, murdered by the Foxes, 138.
+
+  Macomb, Gen., report to Secretary at War, 178.
+
+
+  N
+
+  Naopoke's visit to Malden, 138
+    captured, 165
+    his testimony before Scott, 166
+    at Jefferson barracks, 189.
+
+
+  O
+
+  Osages, battle with Sacs and Foxes, 75.
+
+
+  P
+
+  Peorias conquered, 16.
+
+  Primm's account of the attack on St. Louis in 1779, 18.
+
+  Pike's account of Sacs and Foxes, 44.
+
+  Posey, Col., at Buffalo grove, 150.
+
+  Prophet, Wabokieshiek, 168.
+
+  Pashepahow's speech, 212.
+
+
+  Q
+
+  Quashquame, account of treaty of 1804, 58.
+
+
+  R
+
+  Reynolds, Governor, letter to Clark, 101
+    to Gaines, 102
+    declares the state to be invaded, 101
+    letter to War Department, 106
+    orders out the militia and joins Atkinson, 141
+    makes a treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, 170.
+
+
+  S
+
+  Sac and Fox Indians, origin of, 13
+    Identity of the tribes, 14
+    residence, 14
+    removal to the west, 14
+    conquest of the Illini tribes, 15
+    their attack on St. Louis in 1779, 18
+    their village, 28
+    their war and peace chiefs, 30
+    division into families, 31
+    mode of burial, 35
+    idea of a future state, 36
+    in regard to the creation of the world, 37
+    social relations, 41
+    musical instruments, 41
+    Pike's account of them, 45
+    their character for courage, 48
+    treaty with the United States in 1789, 49
+    ditto at St. Louis in 1804, 50
+    they are excited to hostilities by British agents, 62
+    offer to fight against England, 63
+    part of them join the British standard, 64
+    treaty with them 13th Sep. 1815, 64
+    ditto 14th Sep. 1815, 64
+    ditto with British Band, 64
+    relinquish lands in Missouri, 66
+    treaty of Prairie des Chiens in 1825, 65
+    treaty for mineral region in 1828, 68
+    Black Hawk purchase in 1832, 70
+    their present residence, 71
+    sale of their lands on Rock river, 99
+    treaty with Scott and Reynolds, 170
+    described by Gov. Cass, 181.
+
+  Stillman, Maj., proceeds to Sycamore creek, 141
+    attacks Black Hawk and is defeated, 142
+    fires upon Black Hawk's flag of truce, 145.
+
+  Stephenson, J.W., kills some Indians, 149.
+
+  Scott, General, arrival at Rock Island, 165
+    treaty with Sacs and Foxes, 170.
+
+  Senecas, their speech to Black Hawk, 203.
+
+  Sioux Indians, sketches of, 222.
+
+  Sale of whiskey to the Indians, 245.
+
+
+  W
+
+  Wabokieshiek, advice to British Band, 93.
+
+  Warrior's attack on Black Hawk, 153.
+
+  Wapellar's speech, 211.
+
+
+  FOOTNOTES
+
+[1] Schoolcraft's Travels, p. 347.
+
+[2] Published in the Illinois Magazine under the head of "History of St.
+Louis."
+
+[3] James Hall, Esqr.
+
+[4] Chronicles of the North American Savages, No. 4. page 53.
+
+[5] History of the North American Indians, by James Hall, Esq.
+
+[6] James Hall, Esq.
+
+[7] Judge Hall.
+
+[8] Patterson's Life of Black Hawk, dictated by himself.
+
+[9] See Adjutant W. W. Woodbridge's statement.
+
+[10] "The Book of the Indians of North America," p. 127.
+
+[11] This class is admirably described by the author of "Legends of the
+West."
+
+[12] See St. Louis Times of 13th April, 1833.
+
+[13] "The Book of the Indians of North America," by Samuel G. Drake of
+Boston, containing much interesting matter about the aborigines of this
+country, and from which we have copied several of the speeches made upon
+the liberation of Black Hawk.
+
+[14] Black Hawk seems to have entertained a warm friendship for Colonel
+Davenport. On another occasion, speaking of this council, he said, "I
+here met my old friend, a great war chief, [Colonel William Davenport]
+whom I had known for eighteen years. He is a good and a brave chief. He
+always treated me well, and gave me good advice. He made a speech to me
+on this occasion, very different from that of the other chief. It
+sounded like coming from a _brave_." He adds, "If our great father were
+to make such men our agents, he would much better subserve the interests
+of our people, as well as his own, than in any other way; and had the
+war chief alluded to, been our agent, we never should have had the
+difficulties with the whites which we have had."
+
+Those who have the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with Colonel
+Davenport will join in Black Hawk's spontaneous tribute to his character
+as a _brave_, and a gentleman of humane and noble feelings.
+
+[15] Colonel Whittlesey, of the Geological Corps of Ohio. See Hesperian
+for February, 1839, in which this gentleman has given valuable
+recollections of a tour through Wisconsin in 1832.
+
+[16] See Traits of Indian Character, by G. Turner.
+
+[17] See a "Discourse on the Surviving Remnant of the Indian Race in the
+United States," by Job R. Tyson, Esq. of Philadelphia.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Great Indian Chief of the West, by Benjamin Drake
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