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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:52:58 -0700 |
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diff --git a/18288-h/18288-h.htm b/18288-h/18288-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbfdc99 --- /dev/null +++ b/18288-h/18288-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4198 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Northern Nut Growers Association, + Report of the Proceedings at the Sixth Annual Meeting 1915. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .left {float: left; text-align: left;} + .right {float: right; text-align: right;} + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of +the Proceedings at the Sixth Annual Meeting, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the +Sixth Annual Meeting + Rochester, New York, September 1 and 2, 1915 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: April 30, 2006 [EBook #18288] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship, +E. Grimo and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p class='center'>DISCLAIMER</p> + +<p>The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers +Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are +not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers +Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is +intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not +mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may +have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide +applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current +label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion +of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut +trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular +time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.</p> + + + + + + <h1> NORTHERN</h1> + <h1>NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h1> + + + <h2>REPORT</h2> + <h2>OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE</h2> + <h2>SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING</h2> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img001.jpg" alt="Fig. 103" title="Fig. 103" /></div> + + + <h3>ROCHESTER, NEW YORK</h3> + <h3>SEPTEMBER 1 AND 2</h3> + <h3>1915</h3> + +<p class='center'>CONCORD, N.H.<br /> +THE RUMFORD PRESS<br /> +1916</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Officers and Committees of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Members of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Constitution of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>By-laws of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Proceedings of the Meeting held at Rochester, New York,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>September 1 and 2, 1915</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report of the Secretary-Treasurer</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Relation of Forest Conditions in New York to Possibilities of Nut</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Growing, Dr. Hugh P. Baker, New York</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New Tree Crops and a New Agriculture, Dr. J. Russell Smith, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#NEW_TREE_CROPS_AND_A_NEW_AGRICULTURE'><b>30</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Notes on the Hazels, Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>An Appeal to Owners of Hardy Nut Trees, C. A. Reed, Washington, D. C.</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Northern Pecan Trees, and Notes on the Observation of Propagated Trees,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>W. C. Reed, Indiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Walnut Observations in California, L. D. Batchelor, California</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pruning the Persian Walnut, J. G. Rush, Pennsylvania</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report on Nut Growing in Canada, G. H. Corsan, Toronto</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Appendix:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>--Present at the Sixth Annual Meeting</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>--Program for Automobile Trips September 1 and 2, 1915</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>--Exhibits</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>--Resolutions</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>--Bibliography of the Year</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a></td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> + +<h3>OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION</h3> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" summary="Officers of the Association"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>President</i></td><td align='left'>J. Russell Smith</td><td align='right'>University of Pennsylvania</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Vice-President</i></td><td align='left'>W. C. Reed</td><td align='right'>Indiana</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Secretary and Treasurer</i></td><td align='left'>W. C. Deming</td><td align='right'>Georgetown, Connecticut</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<h3>COMMITTEES</h3> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Committees"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Auditing</i></td><td align='left'>C. P. Close, C. A. Reed</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Executive</i></td><td align='left'>T. P. Littlepage, R. T. Morris, and the Officers</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Finance</i></td><td align='left'>C. P. Close, T. P. Littlepage, W. C. Deming</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hybrids</i></td><td align='left'>R. T. Morris, J. R. Smith, C. P. Close</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Membership</i></td><td align='left'>Harry R. Weber, G. H. Corsan, C. H. Plump, Leon D. Batchelor,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>W. C. Reed, R. T. Olcott, F. N. Fagan, Thomas L. Engleby, W. O.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Potter, W. O. Ridgway, W. C. Deming</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Nomenclature</i></td><td align='left'>W. C. Reed, R. T. Morris, E. R. Lake, C. A. Reed, R. L. McCoy</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Press and Publication</i></td><td align='left' valign='bottom'>Ralph T. Olcott, T. P. Littlepage, W. C. Deming</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left' valign='top'><i>Programme</i></td><td align='left'>The President, The Secretary, The Editor Of The <i>American Nut</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'><i>Journal, ex-officio</i>; C. A. Reed, W. N. Hutt</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Promising Seedlings</i></td><td align='left'>T. P. Littlepage, C. A. Reed, J. Russell Smith</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<h3>STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS</h3> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="State Vice-Presidents"> +<tr><td align='left'>Arizona</td><td align='left'>C. R. Biederman</td><td align='left'>Garces</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>California</td><td align='left'>Prof. Leon D. Batchelor</td><td align='left'>Riverside</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Canada</td><td align='left'>G. H. Corsan</td><td align='left'>University of Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut</td><td align='left'>Charles H. Plump</td><td align='left'>West Redding</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Delaware</td><td align='left'>E. R. Angst</td><td align='left'>Wilmington 527 Dupont Bldg.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Florida</td><td align='left'>H. Harold Hume</td><td align='left'>Glen Saint Mary</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='left'>J. B. Wight</td><td align='left'>Cairo</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Illinois</td><td align='left'>E. A. Riehl</td><td align='left'>Alton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='left'>J. F. Wilkinson</td><td align='left'>Rockport</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Iowa</td><td align='left'>Wendell P. Williams</td><td align='left'>Danville</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kansas</td><td align='left'>Durrett Winsborough</td><td align='left'>Argentine R. 2 Box 118</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='left'>A. L. Moseley</td><td align='left'>Calhoun</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='left'>Prof. C. P. Close</td><td align='left'>College Park</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts</td><td align='left'>James H. Bowditch</td><td align='left'>Boston 903 Tremont Building</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Michigan</td><td align='left'>Miss Maude M. Jessup</td><td align='left'>Grand Rapids 440 Thomas St.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Minnesota</td><td align='left'>Col. C. A. Van Duzee</td><td align='left'>St. Paul</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Missouri</td><td align='left'>P. C. Stark</td><td align='left'>Louisiana</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New Jersey</td><td align='left'>C. S. Ridgway</td><td align='left'>Lumberton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New Mexico</td><td align='left'>E. A. Clemens</td><td align='left'>Magdalena</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New York</td><td align='left'>Th. E. Wile</td><td align='left'>Rochester 37 Calumet St.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina</td><td align='left'>Prof. W. N. Hutt</td><td align='left'>Raleigh</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='left'>Harry R. Weber</td><td align='left'>Cincinnati 601 Gerke Bldg.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='left'>J. G. Rush</td><td align='left'>West Willow</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Texas</td><td align='left'>R. S. Trumbull</td><td align='left'>El Paso M.S.R.R. Co.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Utah</td><td align='left'>M. A. Pendleton</td><td align='left'>Lehi</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='left'>John S. Parish</td><td align='left'>Eastham</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Washington</td><td align='left'>Dr. A. E. Baldwin</td><td align='left'>Kettle Falls</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>West Virginia</td><td align='left'>B. F. Hartzell</td><td align='left'>Shepherdstown</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h2> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Arizona</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">C. R. Biederman, Garces</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">California</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Batchelor, Leon D., Riverside</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dawson, L. H., Llano</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Tucker, T. C., Manager California Almond Growers' Exchange, 311 California</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">St., San Francisco</span> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Canada</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Corsan, G. H., University of Toronto</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dufresne, Dr. A. A., 1872 Cartier St., Montreal</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Connecticut</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Barnes, John R., Yalesville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Deming, Dr. W. C., Georgetown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Deming, Mrs. W. C., Georgetown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. 2, Box 76, for circulars, Box 1082,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Hartford, for letters</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ives, Ernest M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lay, Charles Downing, Wellesmere, Stratford</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, Mrs. Charles, 32 Hillside Ave., Waterbury</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.3em;">* Morris, Dr. Robert T., Cos Cob, R. 28, Box 95</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Plump, Charles H., West Redding</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">White, Gerrard, North Granby</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Williams, W. W., Milldale</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Delaware</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Angst, E. R., 527 DuPont Building, Wilmington, Del.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lord, George Frank, care of DuPont Powder Company, Wilmington</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">District of Columbia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Goddard, R. H., Farm Management, Department of Agriculture, Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lake, Prof. E. R., Pomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.3em;">* Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Orr, Herbert R., Evans Building, Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reed, C. A., Nut Culturist, Department of Agriculture, Washington</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Florida</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hume, H. Harold, Glen Saint Mary</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Simpson, Ray C., Monticello</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Georgia</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wight, J. B., Cairo</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Illinois</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dickey, Samuel, 4 Chalmers Place, Chicago</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fletcher, Joe, Zion City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Keely, Royal R. 4720 Clarendon Ave., Chicago</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Poll, Carl J., 1009 Maple St., Danville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Riehl, E. A., Alton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Webster, H. G., 450 Belmont Ave., Chicago</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Indiana</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Burton, Joe A., Mitchel</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hutchings, Miss Lida G., 118 Third St., Madison</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">McCoy, R. L., Lake</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reed, M. P., Vincennes</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Reed, W. C., Vincennes</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Schmidt, Hugh C., Evansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Simpson, H. D., Vincennes</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">White, Paul, Boonville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Iowa</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Williams, Wendall P., Danville</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Kansas</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Winsborough, Durrett, Argentine, R. 2, Box 118</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Kentucky</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Matthews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, State Agricultural Station, Lexington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Moseley, A. L., Bank of Calhoun, Calhoun</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Maryland</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Darby, R. U., Suite 804, Continental Building, Baltimore</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hayden, Chas. S., 200 E. Lexington St., Baltimore</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Heapes, J., Granville, Street</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Henshaw, Mrs. H. C., Adamstown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Keenan, John N., Brentwood</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">King, W. J., 232 Prince George St., Annapolis</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Murray, Miss Annie C., Cumberstone</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Newcomer, Aaron, Smithburg, R. 1.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Massachusetts</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.3em;">* Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Building, Boston</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Gilbert, Ralph D., 9 Ridgefield Road, Winchester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hoffman, Bernhard, Overbrook Orchard, Stockbridge</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rich, William P., Secretary State Horticultural Society, 300 Massachusetts</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Ave., Boston</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smith, Fred A., 39 Pine St., Danvers</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Vaughan, Horace A., Peacehaven, Assonet</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">White, Warren, Holliston</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Michigan</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Copland, Alexander W., Strawberry Hill Farm, Birmingham</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jessup, Miss Maud M., 440 Thomas St., Grand Rapids</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Kellogg, J. H., Battle Creek</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Linton, Wm. S., Pres. Board of Trade, Saginaw</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Staunton, Gray, Muskegon, Box 233</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Minnesota</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Powers, L. L., 1018 Hudson Ave., St. Paul</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Van Duzee, Col. C. A., St. Paul</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Missouri</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bauman, X. C., Ste. Genevieve</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Buffam, Frank W., Commissioner of Highways, Jefferson City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Johnson, Alfred E., McBaine, R. 1</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Koontz, E. J., Richards</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stark, P. C., Louisiana (Mo.)</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">New Jersey</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Black, Walter C., of Jos. H. Black, Son & Co., Hightstown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">De Cou, Howard F., Truesdale Farm, Merchantville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dietrick, Dr. Thomas S., 12 West Washington Ave., Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Henderson, Howard W., 603 Spooner Ave., Plainfield.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lovett, J. T., Little Silver</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Mechling, Edward A., Wonderland Farm, Moorestown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Putnam, J. H., Vineland</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ridgeway, C. S., Floralia, Lumberton, N.J.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Roberts, Horace, Moorestown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Young, Frederick C., Palmyra, Box 335</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">New Mexico</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Clemens, E. A., Magdalena</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">New York</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Abbott, Frederick B., 419 Ninth St., Brooklyn</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ackerly, Orville B., 243 W. 34th St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Atwater, C. G., Manager Agricultural Department, American Coal Products</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Company, 17 Battery Place, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baker, Dr. Hugh P., Dean of State College of Forestry, Syracuse</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baker, Prof. J. Fred, Director of Forest Investigations, State College of Forestry,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Syracuse</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baker, Wm. A., North Rose</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bixby, Willard G., 46th St. and 2nd Ave., Brooklyn</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Brown, Ronald J., 320 Broadway, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Felt, Henry W., 238 William St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Foote, Avery L., Newark, Wayne Co.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fullerton, H. B., Director Long Island Railroad Experiment Station, Medford, L.I.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Haywood, Albert, Flushing</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hickox, Ralph, 3832 White Plains Ave., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hicks, Henry, Westbury, L.I.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Holden, E. B., Hilton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.3em;">* Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jackson, Dr. James H., Dansville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Keeler, Charles E., Chichester and Briggs Aves., Richmond Hill</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Morse, Geo. A., Fruit Acres, Williamson, N.Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Nelson, Dr. James Robert, 23 Main St., Kingston-on-Hudson</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Olcott, Ralph T., Ellwanger & Barry Building, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Palmer, A. C., New York Military Academy, Cornwall-on-Hudson</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rice, Mrs. Lillian McKee, Adelano, Pawling</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stephen, Prof. John W., Assistant Professor of Agriculture, State College of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Forestry, Syracuse</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Teele, A. W., 30 Broad St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Teter, Walter C, 10 Wall St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thomson, Adelbert, East Avon</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Tuckerman, Bayard, 118 E. 37th St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Turner, K. M., 220 W. 42nd St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ulman, Dr. Ira, 213 W. 147th St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wile, M. E., 37 Calumet St., Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Williams, Dr. Charles Mallory, 48 E. 49th St., New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.3em;">* Wissmann, Mrs. F. de R., Westchester, New York City</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">North Carolina</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Glover, J. Wheeler, Morehead City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Heely, Dr. O. J., Andrews, R.F.D.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hutt, Prof. W. H., State Horticulturist, Raleigh</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Van Lindley, J., J. Van Lindley Nursery Company, Pomona</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Ohio</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dayton, J. H., Storrs & Harrison Company, Painesville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Denny, Mark E., Middletown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Evans, Miss Myrta L., Briallen Farm, Oak Hill, Jackson County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, H. A., Gypsum</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Weber, Harry R., 601 Gerke Building, Cincinnati</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Witte, O. F., Amherst, R. 2</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Yunck, E. G., 710 Central Ave., Sandusky</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ballou, C. F., Halifax</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Corcoran, Chas. A., Wind-Rush Fruit Farm, New Albany</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Creasy, Wm. T., Catawissa</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Doan, J. L., School of Horticulture, Ambler</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Druckemiller, W. C., Sunbury</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Fagan, Prof. F. N., Department of Horticulture, State College</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Grubbs, H. L., Fairview, R. 1</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hall, Robt. W., 133 Church St., Bethlehem</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Heffner, H., Highland Chestnut Grove, Leeper</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hile, Anthony, Curwensville National Bank, Curwensville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hoopes, Wilmer W., Hoopes Brothers and Thomas Company, Westchester</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Howell, Lardner, Girard Trust Company, Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hutchinson, Mahlon, Ashwood Farm, Devon, Chester County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.3em;">* Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Leas, F. C., 882 Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Mountain Brook Orchard</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Company, Salem, Va.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Leeds, Sarah B., Westchester, R. 4</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Middleton, Fenton H., 1118 Chestnut St., Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Moss, James, Johnsville, Bucks County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Murphy, P. J., Vice-President L. & W.R.R.R. Company, Scranton</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Myers, C. N., Hanover</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">O'Neill, Wm. C., 1328 Walnut St., Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pelton, Joseph L., North Girard, R. 1</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Sq., Reading</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Rush, J. G., West Willow</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Ryan, Charles D., Spring Mount, Montgomery County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smedley, Sam'l L., 902 Stephen Girard Building, Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smitten, H. W., Rochester Mills, R. 2</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.3em;">* Sober, Col. C. K., Lewisburg</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Spackman, H. B., Lukens Iron Company, Coatesville</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Thomas, Joseph W., Jos. W. Thomas & Sons, King of Prussia P.O.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Walter, Dr. Harry, Spring Mount</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Weaver, Wm. S., McCungie</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Webster, Mrs. Edmund, 1324 S. Broad St., Philadelphia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wister, John C., Wister St. and Clarkson Ave., Germantown</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Wright, R. P., 235 W. 6th St., Erie</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Texas</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Trumbull, R. S., Agricultural Agent, El Paso & S.W. System, Morenci</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Southern Railroad Company, El Paso</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Utah</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Pendleton, M. A., Lehi</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smith, Joseph A., Providence (Edgewood Hall)</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Stayner, Horace, 1844 S. State St., Salt Lake City</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Virginia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Carver, W. N., Cismont, Albemarle County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Crockett, E. B., Monroe</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Dodge, Geo. P., Lovingston, R. 1</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Engleby, Thos. L., 1002 Patterson Ave., Roanoke</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lee, Lawrence R., Leesburg</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Miller, L. O., Miller & Rhodes, Richmond</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Parish, John S., Eastham, Albemarle County</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Shackford, Theodore B., care of Adams Brothers-Paynes Company, Lynchburg</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Roundhill</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">Washington</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Baldwin, Dr. A. E., Kettle Falls</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;" class="smcap">West Virginia</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><b>* Life members.</b></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CONSTITUTION</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4><span class="smcap">Article I</span></h4> + +<p><i>Name</i>. This society shall be known as the <span class="smcap">Northern Nut Growers +Association</span>.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article II</span></h4> + +<p><i>Object</i>. Its object shall be the promotion of interest in +nut-bearing plants, their products and their culture.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article III</span></h4> + +<p><i>Membership</i>. Membership in the society shall be open to all +persons who desire to further nut culture, without reference to +place of residence or nationality, subject to the rules and +regulations of the committee on membership.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article IV</span></h4> + +<p><i>Officers</i>. There shall be a president, a vice-president and a +secretary-treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual +meeting; and an executive committee of five persons, of which the +president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president and +secretary-treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state +vice-president from each state, dependency or country represented +in the membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the +president.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article V</span></h4> + +<p><i>Election of Officers</i>. A committee of five members shall be +elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating +officers for the following year.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article VI</span></h4> + +<p><i>Meetings</i>. The place and time of the annual meeting shall be +selected by the membership in session or, in the event of no +selection being made at this time, the executive committee shall +choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention. +Such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the +president and executive committee.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article VII</span></h4> + +<p><i>Quorum</i>. Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, +but must include a majority of the executive committee or two of +the three elected officers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article VIII</span></h4> + +<p><i>Amendments</i>. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote +of the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such +amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a +copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to +each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. </p></div> + + + +<h3>BY-LAWS</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4><span class="smcap">Article I</span></h4> + +<p><i>Committees</i>. The association shall appoint standing committees as +follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and +publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, +and an auditing committee. The committee on membership may make +recommendations to the association as to the discipline or +expulsion of any member.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article II</span></h4> + +<p><i>Fees</i>. The fees shall be of two kinds, annual and life. The former +shall be two dollars, the latter twenty dollars.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article III</span></h4> + +<p><i>Membership</i>. All annual memberships shall begin with the first day +of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the +association.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article IV</span></h4> + +<p><i>Amendments</i>. By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of +members present at any annual meeting. </p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>Northern Nut Growers Association</h2> + +<h3>SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING</h3> + +<h4>SEPTEMBER 1 AND 2, 1915</h4> + +<p class='center'><span class="smcap"><b>Rochester, New York</b></span></p> + + +<p>The sixth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers Association was +called to order in the convention hall of Powers Hotel, Rochester, New +York, on Wednesday, September 1, at 10:15 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, the president, +Dr. J. Russell Smith, presiding, and thirty-two people being assembled.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Ladies and Gentlemen, Members of the Northern +Nut Growers Association, the meeting will please come to order.</p> + +<p>With an organization of this sort, the main purpose of the meeting is +the dissemination of information, but it is necessary that certain +business shall be conducted to keep the organization going. Some +business is dry; usually the reports of our secretary-treasurer are not, +and the first order of business, I think, should be to hear from our +secretary-treasurer.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: I should be glad to have the floor for a +moment, Mr. President. In the Congressional Library at Washington City +are many very beautiful and attractive inscriptions and quotations, one +of which has always appealed to me as a lawyer, and I have repeated it +many times:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Of law there can be no less acknowledged than that her voice is +the harmony of the world." </p></div> + +<p>Mr. President, I have noted very many times that the voice of the law is +sometimes silent. It speaks only through those in authority and there +should always be some emblem of authority. I therefore took the liberty, +Mr. President, of having made for you a gavel from the wood of an +Indiana pecan tree, where as a youth I lived and learned of this most +delicious of all the nuts, and I take pleasure in presenting it to you, +and if anyone doubts the hardiness or hardness of the Indiana pecan, I +authorize you to demonstrate both.</p> + +<p>I am presenting you duplicate gavels, Mr. President, one of which I +desire to have you turn over to your successor in office as an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> official +emblem of his authority, to be used at future meetings; the other I am +presenting to you as a personal tribute for your most excellent work in +behalf of northern nut culture. This gavel I shall ask you to place +among the trophies in your beautiful mountain home, where the birds sing +sweetly, the sun shines brightly, and the breezes murmur softly; and +where the days are made to rest and the nights are made to sleep.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Mr. Littlepage, not being prepared for this, and +not being naturally eloquent, I am unable to make a speech. However, as +a part of the way out of the difficulty, I accept this one officially +with great pleasure, and personally accept the other with deep +gratitude, and desire to express the appreciation of the meeting.</p> + +<p>The pecan is calling the walnut meeting to order. Last year we went to +see the pecan; this year we come to see the walnut, which, has done more +than any other nut in the East.</p> + +<p>We will now listen to the report of our secretary-treasurer.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Report of the Secretary-Treasurer"> +<tr><td align='left'>Balance on hand, date of last report</td><td align='right'>$7.23</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Receipts:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Dues</td><td align='right'>$379.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Advertisements</td><td align='right'>42.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Contributions</td><td align='right'>42.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Sale of report</td><td align='right'>22.40</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Contributions for prizes</td><td align='right'>40.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Miscellaneous</td><td align='right'>1.05</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>———</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>$534.48</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Expenses:</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Printing report</td><td align='right'>$233.76</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Miscellaneous printing</td><td align='right'>51.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Postage and stationery</td><td align='right'>41.09</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Stenographer</td><td align='right'>2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Express, freight, carting</td><td align='right'>3.74</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Prizes</td><td align='right'>10.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Check J.R.S. expenses, circulars</td><td align='right'>37.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Bills receivable</td><td align='right'>10.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Miscellaneous</td><td align='right'>4.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>———</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>$394.24</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>———</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Balance on hand</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'>$140.24</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>This is the best financial report that the treasurer has ever been able +to transmit, and this is chiefly due to the efforts of our president +who, during the year, has sent out numerous notices of, and articles +about, our Association, its purposes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> and the desirability of finding +and propagating our best nut trees. He also offered three prizes of $5 +each for a nut contest and did the work necessary to get publicity for +this contest. He sent letters to the members of the horticultural +societies of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Virginia, Maryland, and Ohio +which resulted in our getting 24 new members, mostly from the state of +Pennsylvania. Twenty-five dollars of the cost of this circularizing the +president paid out of his own pocket. The rest was more than made up by +the fees of new members. The president also had printed an educational +leaflet on nut growing for distribution by Mr. Cobb with the nut trees +which he sends to the schools and farmers of Michigan. With Professor +Close he was on the finance committee which sent a circular letter to +the members of the Association for funds to help pay for the printing of +the annual report, and obtained advertisements for the report. As stated +in the treasurer's report contributions for this purpose amounted to +$42.50 and advertisements brought in $42.00.</p> + + +<p><i>Prizes</i></p> + +<p>The Association offered last year prizes of $5 each for the best +shagbark hickory nut, black walnut and hazel nut sent in.</p> + +<p>Something over a hundred specimens were received and the prize for +hickory nut was awarded to J. K. Triplett of Elkins, W. Va. The prize +for black walnut was awarded to J. G. Rush of West Willow, Pa. Mr. Rush +returned his prize to be used for the purposes of the Association. No +prize for hazels was awarded as only one or two insignificant specimens +were sent in.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the stimulation of this contest accounts for our being able to +offer such substantial prizes for this year. In addition to the $80 +worth of prizes already announced the secretary has received from a life +member, James H. Bowditch of Boston, a check for $25 as a prize to be +offered by the Association for a hickory nut under such conditions as +the Association may decide. A circular announcing these prizes has been +sent out to agricultural and other papers to the number of 200, the +expenses of which have been borne by another member, Mr. Chas. H. Plump +of Connecticut. A committee on competitions should be appointed or the +direction of them delegated to some already existent committee.</p> + + +<p><i>Membership</i></p> + +<p>Seventy-four members were added during the interval between this meeting +and the last, one less than in the previous year. Since its organization +287 persons have joined the Association. We have at present 153 paid up +members, 21 more than last year. There are a few members whose dues are +unpaid who are active workers and will eventually pay, probably.</p> + +<p>Four members have resigned, though none in anger, and we have lost one +by death, the late Prof. H. E. Van Deman.</p> + + +<p><i>Annual Dues</i></p> + +<p>Some way should be found out of the difficulties arising from the +dissatisfaction of members who join late in the year when they receive a +notice for dues soon after having once paid.</p> + +<p>It is desirable to take in members at all times during the year. At the +same time some method should be found to give the late comer something +for his money. Shall membership continue to date from the calendar year? +Or shall we make some change? Some societies date memberships from the +opening of the annual meeting. It would not be impossible to make +memberships date from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> beginning of the quarter year immediately +following date of joining. This would give every member a full year at +least before he would again receive a notice for dues.</p> + +<p>It would be quite inconvenient to date each membership from the day of +joining. It would not be so bad if members paid promptly on receipt of +notice.</p> + +<p>Or a rebate might be made for each month of the year elapsed before new +members' dues were paid.</p> + + +<p><i>Meetings</i></p> + +<p>No field meeting was held this year. It has been suggested, and would +seem to be a favorable subject for discussion, that it might be well to +hold our annual meeting late in the year in some central location, such +as New York City, Philadelphia or Washington, for our business and +formal program of papers and discussions, and the study of the nuts sent +in, perhaps for judging any competition that might be held, if the +meeting were late enough for that; and a summer meeting of informal +nature at some place where nut trees with their crops growing could be +studied.</p> + + +<p><i>Nut Journal</i></p> + +<p>Our official organ, the <i>American Nut Journal</i>, has done its part well +through the past year and is becoming, as it should, a very important +element in the success of the purposes of this Association. Most new and +old members of the Association have availed themselves during the year +of the offer of membership and the <i>Journal</i> for $2.50. In spite of the +reduction of 25 cents on each membership, the receipts for dues have +increased from $273 to $331. I would suggest that the membership fee be +still further reduced by 25 cents, when combined with subscription to +the <i>Journal</i>, if the editor is willing to continue the present +arrangement whereby the price of the <i>Journal</i> is reduced to 75 cents +when subscribed to with membership, so that the two together will cost +$2.25. Another year it may be possible to make a similar reduction. The +object toward which we ought to work is membership for $1, and +membership with the <i>Journal</i>$2. I should like to hear the opinions of +the members as to the advisability of working to reduce our dues to $1 +annually.</p> + + +<p><i>How Members May Help</i></p> + +<p>At the risk of monotony I will repeat my concluding remarks of last year +and ask that each member help increase the prosperity and usefulness of +the Association by enlisting new members, by advertising his business in +the annual report, and by paying his dues promptly. The secretary would +much rather spend his time answering questions and imparting such +information as lies in his power, than to have to send repeated notices +to members in arrears for dues.</p> + +<p>The secretary will be happy at all times to learn of the plans and +progress of the members.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: You have heard the report of the secretary. +There are two things to be done with it. It is, as you will notice, +first a report of the year's business and, second, it has certain +suggestions for your consideration. I think that as a business report we +can discuss and move its adoption, amendment or rejection. After that we +may take up the suggestions.</p> + +<p>[Adoption moved, seconded and carried.]<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + +<p>He has brought before our consideration the amount of dues, and the +question of their payment. I doubt the advisability of a lengthy +discussion in this business meeting. I think it better to refer it to +the executive committee. Unless I hear further suggestions, I will take +that action. The next piece of business is the matter of the report on +the amendments to the constitution. Professor Close and the secretary +were appointed a committee for this matter, and as Professor Close +cannot be here, we will hear from the secretary on the matter. (See +amended constitution.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Smith</span>: I am now glad to announce that we have covered the +necessary business ground, and now come to the real meat of the meeting. +We have with us this morning Dr. Baker, Dean of the State College of +Forestry, at Syracuse, who is going to address us on the subject of "The +Relation of Forestry Conditions in New York to Possibilities of Nut +Growing."</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE RELATION OF FOREST CONDITIONS IN NEW YORK TO POSSIBILITIES OF NUT GROWING</h2> + + +<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Dr. Hugh P. Baker, Dean of The New York State College<br />of Forestry at +Syracuse University</span></p> + + +<p>The forester presumes to come before your organization because he is +concerned with one of the greatest of the natural resources of this and +other states of the Union and not with the idea of bringing information +as to details in nut culture. Possibly nut culture as a business is more +closely related to agriculture than forestry. Forestry is not +subordinate to agriculture in this country but co-ordinate with it. +Together they will come as near solving the soil problems of the country +as is possible for man to solve them.</p> + +<p>The forester is interested and concerned with the wild nut trees +wherever he has to do with the forests or forest lands of the country. +Throughout the great hardwood sections of the East there are many native +nut-bearing trees, and in the proper utilization of the trees which make +up the forests the forester is concerned not alone with the lumber which +may come from these trees, but he is concerned as well with the value of +the by-products of the forest and the influence of the utilization of +these by-products upon the forest.</p> + +<p>In view of the forester's interest in all of the trees which make up our +forests, my purpose of addressing you today is to bring before you the +question of the most effective use of the forest soils of this state. I +shall also attempt to make some suggestions to your or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>ganization in the +matter of interesting the man on the street in nut growing. This +profession and the business of forestry have been passing through a +period of general educational work in this country. Some of the lessons +which we have learned through our efforts to interest the people in +their forests may be of help to you in interesting the people both in +the consumption and the production of nuts.</p> + + +<p><i>New York as a Great Forest State</i></p> + +<p>Twenty-five years ago New York was one of the leading lumber-producing +states of the Union. Today some twenty other states produce more lumber +than comes from the forests and woodlots of New York. Statistics given +out recently by the United States Census Bureau and the Conservation +Commission of New York show that, out of the land acreage of over +thirty-two millions in New York, but twenty-two millions are included +within farms. This leaves something over eight millions of acres outside +of farms and presumably non-agricultural. The forests of the Adirondacks +and Catskills and the woodlots of the rougher hill counties in the +southern and southwestern part of the state come within this vast area +of eight millions of acres. Without doubt with increasing population +there will come some increase in the use of what are now +non-agricultural lands for the practice of agriculture, but with three +hundred years of agricultural history back of us in this state it does +not seem likely that there will be much change in the relation of +non-agricultural to agricultural land during the next half-century.</p> + +<p>Out of the twenty-two millions of acres of farm lands in the state but +fifteen millions are actually under cultivation, leaving, therefore, +from six to eight millions of acres within the farms of the state but +lying idle. That is, we have a Massachusetts enclosed within our farms +which is non-productive as far as direct returns are concerned. Yet +there is really no waste land in New York, as every square foot of the +state which is covered with any soil at all is capable of producing good +forest trees. It is this great area of idle land enclosed within our +farms which seems to have unusual promise in the development of nut +culture in the state. There is a great deal of land now idle in the form +of steep hillsides or ridges or rocky slopes upon which we may grow with +comparative ease our walnuts, butter-nuts, hickories, hazelnuts, in the +wild form at least.</p> + +<p>The fact that the state is in really rather serious condition +financially should be a strong reason for our association to urge upon +the farmers of the state the planting of nut-bearing trees that the +returns from the farms may be increased by annual sales of nuts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> which +should in the aggregate in the next fifty years be a large sum of money. +It has been estimated that the total debt of the State of New York, that +is, the state, county and municipal debts, are equal to $47 for every +acre of land, good and bad. On top of this condition the legislature +last year laid a direct tax of eighteen millions of dollars upon our +people, and there is every indication that it will be several years +before it becomes unnecessary to lay a direct tax either larger or +smaller than that put upon us last year. There is ever-increasing +competition among the farmers of the state as the standards in animal, +milk and fruit production are ever increasing. In view of the amount of +idle land and of our financial condition it seems to be an unusually +opportune time for those interested in nut culture to bring before the +farmers and other landowners of the state the idea of planting nut +trees, the products of which will add to the annual income from the +land.</p> + + +<p><i>The State of New York is Somewhat Ignorant of the Value of its Forest +Lands</i></p> + +<p>When the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse began its +studies of forest conditions in New York in 1911 it turned its attention +immediately to the very large areas of farm woodlots and woodlands +within farms. There has been a good deal of general information current +among our people regarding the forest conditions of the state, but there +is really very little accurate information except such little as the +college has secured since 1911. As a first step in the taking of stock +of our forest resources and especially the amount of timber in our farm +woodlots and what is coming from these woodlots in the way of annual +return to their owners, the State College of Forestry in 1912 began, in +co-operation with the United States Forest Service, a study of the +wood-using industries of the state. This study has resulted in a very +comprehensive bulletin issued by the College of Forestry upon the +wood-using industries of the State of New York. From these studies it +was determined for the first time that New York was spending annually +over ninety-five millions of dollars for products of the forest. +Unfortunately for the state, we are sending over fifty millions of +dollars of this vast amount out into other states to the south and to +the west for timber which New York is capable of producing in amount, at +least, in its forests and on its idle lands. The report shows further +that New York is producing very large quantities of pine and hemlock and +the hardwoods, and, much to the surprise of those interested in forest +conditions in the state, it was shown that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> a large proportion of the +hardwoods come from the woodlots in the farms of the state. This would +seem to indicate that there is a real opportunity for the growing of +such hardwood timber as black walnut, butternut, and hickory, not only +on the idle lands of the state which are not covered with forest now, +but also in the woodlots of the farms. That is, it would not be a +difficult matter to show the farmers through publications and possibly +through public lectures that it would be very advantageous to them to +favor nut-growing trees and to plant them where they are not now +growing, both because of the value of the nuts which they produce and of +the value of their wood.</p> + +<p>If the people of a great state like New York are more or less ignorant +of the extent and value of their forest holdings, how much more ignorant +are they of the character and the value of a particular species which +make up their forest lands. How few people are able to go into the +forest and say that this tree is a shagbark hickory or that that is a +butternut or that that is a red pine, and if this is the case, as you +will agree with me that it is, is it not time that propagandist or +general educational work be done that will bring forcibly to the +attention of the wage-earners of the state that it is a financial +necessity for the state to consider better use of its forest lands, so +that all of the soils of New York may share in the burden of the support +of the commonwealth rather than a few of the soils which are now being +given up to agricultural use? The wage-earner should know also that nuts +used as food are conducive to health and that possibly a more extensive +use of nuts with less of meat will mean a considerable difference over a +period of a year in the amount that is saved in the living expenses of +an individual or a family.</p> + +<p>It is often difficult for the forester to interest the average farmer in +the planting of trees, even though those trees may add to the beauty and +value of the farm or the comfort of the home buildings, but your +organization will make a place for itself most decidedly if it will go +to the farmer or to a group of farmers and show them that they can +actually save money in the purchase of their needed lumber and wood of +other kinds if they will cut their woodlots co-operatively and produce +in the woodlots trees of greatest possible value and trees which will +give such by-products as nuts as well as direct returns from the lumber. +Just as soon as you can reach the pocket-book of the average +wage-earner, it makes little difference whether it is nuts or books or +clothing, they are going to be interested in a thing that will allow +them to get more for the amount which they make from their day's labor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>The Association May Accomplish Much by Demonstrating the<br />Value of Nut +Trees as Trees and the Value of Their Products as Food</i></p> + +<p>Many organizations in our Eastern States are becoming interested in the +beautification of communities and the tremendous development in the use +of the automobile is interesting even more organizations in the +beautification of rural highways. It would not be a difficult thing for +the Nut Growers Association to interest civic associations or women's +clubs in the planting not only of forest trees alone along rural +highways but a certain number of nut trees. We are literally in the age +of the "Movie" and if a man who walks or drives along our highways can +see as he passes the growing nut trees and the bountiful harvest which +they may be made to yield, he is being convinced that not only elm and +maple are of value along our highways, but that the nut-producing trees +may give equal satisfaction in beauty of form and comfort of shade and +at the same time yield fruit of very definite value.</p> + +<p>Even though the fruit of the nut-bearing trees of our woodlands and +highways may not give an annual return to the town or village or county +it will bring immeasurable joy and possibly better health to the boys +and girls of the future. In many ways the children of this country are +educating their parents and it is not an impossible idea to think of the +parents of the future being converted by the influence of their children +to the desirability if not the necessity of growing trees and nut trees, +the fruit of which will give pleasant healthfulness and at the same time +aid in the saving of the daily wage and in the support of the +commonwealth. I wish to emphasize this idea of considering not alone the +financial return from the trees and the forests of this state. As the +son of a lumberman and as a forester I am, of course, most vitally +interested in the growing of trees as a business proposition, but I feel +that such an organization as yours, especially, should look at this +matter not alone from actual financial returns, but because of indirect +benefits such as the making of outdoor people of us Americans. This can +be done, I believe, to a very considerable extent by giving our people, +especially the boys and girls, a purpose for getting out into the +woodlot and the forests wherever they occur in the state.</p> + +<p>The women of this state are interested vitally these days not only in +their own welfare as possible citizens, but in the improving of living +conditions and opportunities of our people. We should have more women +interested in the work of this association and interested in seeing that +the future value of nuts is appreciated by the wage-earners of the +state, both because of their healthfulness and because<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> of the +possibility of cheapening somewhat the cost of living. I urge upon the +organization a campaign of education, a campaign which will reach +through the women's clubs, civic organizations, schools and state +associations in a way that will cause the people to demand more nuts for +food and more nut trees as an absolutely indispensable part of the +complete utilization of both the agricultural and forest soils of the +state. The agencies working for agriculture and forestry in a state like +New York understand these problems, but often it remains for an +organization like yours to bring these forces into active play and to +produce the results for which you are working. Before you can achieve +lasting results and results commensurate with the time and effort which +you are putting into the organization, you must get hold of the man and +the woman who spend the dollars for the living of our people.</p> + + +<p><i>The State College of Forestry at Syracuse Experimenting with Nut +Culture</i></p> + +<p>Soon after the organization of the New York State Forest Experiment +Station south of Syracuse the college took up the matter of growing nut +trees and of improving the quality of nuts of native species. On the New +York State Forest Experiment Station just south of Syracuse, where the +college is growing a million forest trees a year, there is a woodlot of +thirty acres. In this woodlot were a number of native nut trees and +these have been set aside for the purpose of grafting and improving to +see what can be done in helping out native nut trees of different ages +and sizes.</p> + +<p>In 1913 the college purchased a thousand acres of cut-over land two +hours south of Buffalo in Cattaraugus County. At the same time it +purchased one hundred and thirteen acres lying along the main line of +the New York Central Railroad at Chittenango in Madison County. This +past spring nut trees were ordered from nurseries in Pennsylvania and +planted in the heavy soils on the Chittenango Forest Station and also on +the State Forest Experiment Station at Syracuse. At the Salamanca +station young nut trees are being staked so that they may be protected +and cared for with a hope of developing them as nut-producing trees. The +college plans, as a part of its work in the Division of Forest +Investigations, to see what can be done in the way of grafting chestnut +sprouts and in introducing nut-growing trees for the purpose of +demonstrating that idle lands within farms may be used profitably for +nut culture. The college will be very glad, indeed, to learn of any +native nut trees of unusual value anywhere in New York as it is anxious +to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> get material for grafting to native stock already growing on its +various forest stations.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Smith</span>: It was an exceedingly great pleasure to me to listen +to that address by the Dean of the New York State College of Forestry. I +want to assure you that his address marks an epoch. He tells us that the +State of New York is going to experiment in nut growing, give place, +time and money; and this is what I have been long waiting for. I shall +defer my discussion until this evening, when I use the screen and +lantern.</p> + +<p>I rejoice exceedingly that the State of New York is not alone in the +march of progress; the State of Pennsylvania is also in line and comes +next on the program. Professor Fagan has been making a survey of +Pennsylvania with particular reference to ascertaining what it has in +nut trees. He will now give us a report.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Fagan</span>: The President has caught me rather unprepared. +I did not expect to talk at this time. I had our walnut survey tabulated +in regard to county locations, so that you could see the results of our +work in the state this past summer. This report is in my grip so I will +talk only from memory.</p> + +<p>The necessity for this work in Pennsylvania has been increasing right +along. The State Experiment Station has been receiving letters nearly +every week from parties wanting information in regard to the Persian +walnut. The calls for information have been increasing more and more +each year for the past three years.</p> + +<p>Our people ask questions about the right kind of soils for the +nuts—what varieties are best suited for Pennsylvania—how to topwork +their standing black walnut—and, in fact, almost any question.</p> + +<p>The Experiment Station does not have a nut plantation and it was thought +best to study the growing Persian walnut trees throughout the state.</p> + +<p>A publicity campaign was started through the agricultural press and our +daily and weekly newspapers. In this way we have been able to learn the +location of some 1,800 to 2,000 bearing trees in Pennsylvania. I tried +to visit the trees this summer but time would not permit.</p> + +<p>Trees are reported in twenty-five different counties. Erie County +reported, likely, the two largest plantings. Here we have two seedling +groves, at least one is a seedling grove. The seedling grove is fourteen +years old and contains 250 trees. They are seedling Pomeroy trees and +this year show their first real crop of nuts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + +<p>Since they are seedlings we naturally find all types and variations +among the trees. We see a difference in their foliage, habit of growth, +shape and size of nuts. The trees show no effects of ever having been +winter-killed. The trees have always been farmed so the owner, Mr. E. A. +Silkirk of North East, Pa., has been able to receive returns from his +land. Grapes and berries have been grown between the trees as +intercrops. The trees are planted on the corners of a 50-foot square and +cover about fourteen acres.</p> + +<p>In four different counties of the mountain section of the state, bearing +trees are to be found. From these trees we hope to find something at +least fairly good but above that something hardy. Some of these trees +have been winter-killed to a more or less degree, but so have the common +peach trees in the same sections.</p> + +<p>The southeastern part of the state reports the largest number of trees. +From Harrisburg east and south the trees become more common. In this +section we find Dauphin, Adams, York, Lancaster, Chester, Philadelphia, +Bucks, Lebanon, Lehigh and Berks counties. In these counties the Persian +walnut is not at all uncommon. They are often called Dutch nuts as well +as English walnuts.</p> + +<p>Just north of the above section we find Northampton County reporting a +large number of trees, and even in the Wilkes-Barre and Scranton section +with a higher elevation the nut is growing and yielding good crops.</p> + +<p>I asked nearly all walnut tree owners whether or not they thought the +business could be developed, and in most cases they believed it +possible.</p> + +<p>I have come to more or less of the conclusion from what I have been able +to see, that the business will not be developed in our so-called +mountain land or upon the waste lands. The better soil should be used +for the walnut groves.</p> + +<p>As time goes on we are going to find more and more groves of the nuts +being planted in our state.</p> + +<p>I came here to learn rather than to lecture. If I can answer any +question I will be glad to do so. Tonight I will gladly show you a few +pictures with the lantern.</p> + +<p>I might say that the Experiment Station plans to have a small grove in a +few years; with this and co-operative work we hope to be able to give to +our growers and interested people some idea of the culture and care of +the Persian walnut in Pennsylvania.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I don't like to speak so often here, but it is in +the spirit of setting a pace rather than of giving expression to my own +views.</p> + +<p>In the first place, I would like to ask Professor Fagan if he has looked +up the matter of the introduction of any of the oriental walnuts into +Pennsylvania. According to the knowledge of the botanists, all species +of plants from the northeastern Orient are better adapted to the eastern +states of America than are any trees from the central or western +portions of the Old World. Pacific coast plants do well in England, but +not in New England as a rule.</p> + +<p>Next I would suggest, <i>apropos</i> of the nature of the seedling orchard +reported by the last speaker, that no nut tree of any sort be sold under +a varietal name for propagation, excepting that it be accompanied by the +statement that it is a seedling. This is perfectly proper and fair to +all parties.</p> + +<p>Going back to the remarks of Professor Baker, a number of very +interesting points arose. One reason why the great waste lands of the +state have not been covered with forests of nut trees is because we must +leave something for the people who are to come 5,000 years after us. We +must not accomplish everything in civilization this year. Be generous; +leave something for others to accomplish later. Nut trees grown in +forest form say to themselves: "Here are trees enough. We shall store up +cellulose." Therefore the trees store up cellulose, make great trunks +and timber, and little fruit. A nut tree on the other hand which is +growing alone in a field says, "Here are not trees enough. I shall be +fruitful," and therefore it bears much fruit. Consequently, nut trees to +be grown as forest are out of the question as nut producers, but may be +very valuable for timber.</p> + +<p>In regard to setting out trees along the highways, that is a beautiful +idea theoretically. I happen to see one of my neighbors in Connecticut +here in the audience. He remembers when I tried to be public-spirited +and set out a number of fruit trees around the borders of my place, in +order that the passerby might have some fruit. What happened was that +not only the passerby wanted fruit, but he wanted it early, and he +brought others from a distance who wanted fruit. They broke down the +trees, and also entered my premises and carried off my private supply +having been attracted by my roadside bait. I wanted to beautify the +highway for a mile and set out 3,000 pine trees. After they had grown to +look pretty, people came in automobiles and carried them off. These +people<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> could not think of helping to set out roadside trees but when +someone else had done it they came and lugged off the trees.</p> + +<p>So long as we are in a semi-civilized state, we cannot talk about +beautifying our roads, as does Germany. Germany has set an example of +efficiency for the entire world, no matter what your opinion may be as +to the present conflict. At the present time she is perhaps believing +that she is carrying on a utility crusade. One of the German methods is +to line the roadways with fruit-bearing trees, including nut trees, in +such a way that the income pays the taxes for some villages. But they +are under government control.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: Dr. Morris's suggestion is very good in regard to +marking seedlings. Of course his office is in New York City, though his +farm is in Connecticut and New York has a law which fills the bill. A +customer can get a complete history of the tree from his nurseryman. If +from a barren tree, he must so state. I think this state is about the +only state that has such a law.</p> + +<p>One other thing. The first big battle fought between the Germans and the +Belgians was on a highway along ten miles of which stood Persian walnut +trees, and I have often wondered how much damage was done to the trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I will ask the secretary to read the motion Dr. +Morris incorporated in his talk.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: "No ungrafted nut tree of any sort shall be sent +out under a name for propagation purposes except with the statement that +it is a seedling."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: That is a matter which I imagine will come +before the executive committee, and I would suggest that it be left in +their hands and worked out by them. With Dr. Morris's consent I would +refer this to that committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: Just because a tree has been grafted, why is all +this necessary? The nurseryman is bound to tell from what it is taken. +That is covered by the law. He need not be even a buyer, merely a +prospective buyer. What I want to bring out is this. Suppose a +nurseryman here in this state sells a tree,—he must have a permit +before he can do it; he cannot send even a twig through the post office +otherwise. I don't see if a bud is taken from a tree and put on a black +walnut tree that it necessarily makes the bud that grows on the black +walnut tree any better than the parent.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dean Baker</span>: I told you I wanted to raise a discussion on this +subject. I really am a dyed-in-the-wool optimist. I am willing to +sacrifice some nut trees to laboratory purposes for the benefit of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> our +young men. We want the individuals to profit by the education. This +should be an educational society.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I will ask the vice-president to take the chair.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: At the last meeting a committee was appointed to +report on the Persian walnut, of which committee the president was the +chairman, and will make his report at this time.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I think you +appreciate the chaos at the present moment in the status of +investigation of the Persian walnut. When Professor Fagan reports that +the number of trees in Pennsylvania exceeds 2,000, most of which he has +not seen, this chaos is evident.</p> + +<p>The varieties propagated in the eastern United States are experiments. I +have done nothing that will compare with Mr. Fagan's work, but have +found certain interesting facts.</p> + +<p>First: I found in Maryland a Persian walnut which does not come into +leaf until June. When the cherries are ripe, it is just coming into +leaf; and it has borne regularly for fifteen years.</p> + +<p>While going through the orchards at Grenoble in France, I asked a man +"What is the matter with that tree?" This was on June 9th. "There is +nothing the matter," he told me, "it is only coming into leaf." I want +to call your attention to possibilities of a hybrid of that tree and the +Maryland tree. The Persian walnuts of the Grenoble tree were of good +quality, but low yield. The Maryland tree is a heavy yielder but of +third quality.</p> + +<p>In this matter of variety, I want to emphasize Dr. Morris's point of the +great possibilities of the oriental walnut. Great results are likely to +be attained from the introduction of these species into Pennsylvania, +New York and elsewhere in this country.</p> + +<p>Second: What is a good walnut? They may be divided into three qualities:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1. Positively sweet.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">2. Neutral.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">3. Those with a little bitterness in the skin of the kernel, which</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">develops as you masticate the kernel.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Most of those which distinguish themselves for good yield here in the +East are unfortunately of the third class. I have taken samples of these +to commercial dealers. One of the largest walnut buyers in Philadelphia +classifies the Grenobles as first class. The California crop he classes +second quality but pays more for it. Most of the California quality is +second class. Eastern nuts are mostly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> third class. I found one in New +Jersey which was almost first class.</p> + +<p>First quality apples are not grown for the market. They are consumed by +the growers. They know the market would not pay for them. They sell +mostly the second and third class apples. The present market for nuts is +like the apple market. The nut dealer told me to send along nuts, like +several eastern samples, and he would sell them, even though they were +third quality. He has assured me that if he had the nuts he could sell +them.</p> + +<p>Investigate every good nut tree you hear about. Very good results may +come from this. You don't know what you may learn by doing so. If you +will ask about it every time you hear of a good nut tree, good will be +accomplished. We are going to keep on finding these trees for the next +twenty-five years. Will you help the process along?</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: In the smaller towns, where the grocery men buy of +the boys, if they will ask them about the trees from which they get good +nuts you will locate many good trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: I understand in California they have been +planting walnut trees for thirty to forty years but have never yet +agreed on the matter of varieties. One of the very practical questions +before this association is the determination of the best varieties to +set. I would like to hear from some of the members on this question of +varieties.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Rush</span>: I would like to say a word about this matter. We +cannot be too severe on quality. We might ask ourselves today what is +the matter with the peach crop. The physical changes and conditions are +responsible not only for the peach crop, but the nut crop as well. The +weather has unfortunate effects on certain varieties of the walnut. So +we must make allowance for weather conditions.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: Excuse me for butting in so often. I should +like to ask Mr. Rush a question. I highly respect his judgment. If he +were planting a walnut orchard of 500 trees in the latitude between +Philadelphia and Washington, I should like to know what varieties he +would plant and in what proportion?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Rush</span>: Well, that is a question that would require a little +consideration. Now we have some very good varieties. You have a very +good variety known as the Holden. I would like to know more of it. One I +would choose would be the Nebo, and another originating on my place, and +called the Rush, is productive and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> good quality and a most excellent +pollenizer. We have another fine walnut in Adams County, introduced by +John Garretson, from California. Then we have other types, the +Lancaster, and the Alpine. Hall, in Erie County is noted for its good +size, not strictly a commercial nut. Something like the Holden, +Garretson and Rush Parisienne are my favorite varieties.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: I think we are getting some really valuable +information now. We must plant the best varieties we have. I think we +might start with Mr. Rush's list and have the varieties analyzed. I +think this will be of use when we are called upon to advise people.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: If I were going to make a choice of the +varieties of walnuts, I should name the Franquette, Mayette and +Parisienne. Mr. Rush says that his Rush variety is practically a +Parisienne. The Garretson walnuts seem to be of these varieties. These +have been producing good crops of nuts. It is my opinion that at this +time these are the most promising varieties for use in the East.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I wish to say that a tree of the Mayette variety +or one greatly resembling it has been living in Pennsylvania for fifteen +years and bearing crops. There is little doubt that the Mayette is the +best walnut on the market.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: Well, is there anything really surprising, when +you consider the origin of these trees? These varieties originally came +from the Grenoble district in France. France lies north of the 42d +parallel. This is the northern boundary of Pennsylvania and runs through +Michigan. But France has a maritime climate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: If I may act as geographer for a moment, there +are two things in connection with the foreign climate. The maritime +climate is cooler in summer and milder in winter. Over here fungus +invasion does great harm but the climate there is detrimental to the +fungi and keeps them in subjection. I call attention again to that +Mayette in Pennsylvania for sixteen years, as a matter of fact, not +theory, an achievement on which we can act with some certainty.</p> + +<p>The hour for adjournment has come. This afternoon at 1:30 we have been +invited to visit nut trees in the neighborhood in automobiles kindly +loaned for the occasion. Tonight at 8 we meet here again.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: I want to say a word in regard to Mr. Baker's +remarks. The purpose of this association is chiefly educational, but in +order that we may be educational, and in order that we may<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> give the man +in the street some definite information, in response to his inquiries, +we ourselves must first investigate these matters, such as the question +of varieties. This is a point that appeals to me particularly. People +ask me what nuts to plant, and how to plant them. We must advise them. +One thing that we may tell them is that it is advisable to plant about +the grounds high priced, grafted nut trees. It is not advisable to plant +high class, grafted trees along fences or roads. They will usually do +badly or fail. Grafted trees require careful attention and proper +treatment. The proper thing to do along fences and roadsides is to graft +the native nut trees already established there, or to plant native nuts +abundantly in order that later we may have established nut trees to +graft.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Adjournment at 12:30 </span><span class="smcap">P.M.</span></p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Wednesday Evening Session</span></h4> + +<p>The evening session was called to order at 8:40 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> by +President Smith. The total attendance of the evening was approximately +one hundred.</p> + +<p>The evening was devoted to two stereopticon lectures, the first being +slides by Professor Fagan, illustrating the lecture of the afternoon on +the "Nut Survey of Pennsylvania."</p> + +<p>This was followed by an illustrated lecture by Dr. J. Russell Smith, +President of the Association.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="NEW_TREE_CROPS_AND_A_NEW_AGRICULTURE" id="NEW_TREE_CROPS_AND_A_NEW_AGRICULTURE"></a>NEW TREE CROPS AND A NEW AGRICULTURE</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Presidential Address</span></h4> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Dr. J. Russell Smith, University of Pennsylvania</span></h4> + + +<p>We have all heard of the scientist who made a discovery and exclaimed, +"Thank God! This can't be of any possible use to anybody!" This useless +aspect of science in a world with so many possibilities of service does +not appeal to me. I hope that science and service and utility may go +hand in hand.</p> + +<p>The conservation of natural resources, the creation of new ones is a +topic which combines the qualities of science, service and utility.</p> + +<p>Of all our resources the soil is the most vital. Most of the others have +some possibility of substitution, but for the soil there is no +substitute. The forest burned to destruction can rise again if the soil +remains. Some examination will show that the most vital part of the +whole conservation matter is the preservation of the soil,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> and that +soil conservation is 99 per cent the prevention of erosion. Soil robbery +by unscientific agriculture can go to its most extreme lengths and +reduce the soil to the depths of non-productivity; but scientific +agriculture can, by the addition of humus and some fertilizer, soon +restore such soil to high fertility. In these conditions of exhaustion +the loss to fertility by soil leaching is small, because of the +non-soluble character of the earth particles. Thus experiments at +Cornell have shown that in the average foot of top soil from rather +unproductive farms in a low state of production, there was plant food +sufficient for 6,000 crops of corn. We have all seen a single thunder +shower remove from a hillside corn field the fertility adequate for the +making of a hundred crops of corn.</p> + +<p>American agriculture is peculiarly soil destructive. Three of our +greatest money crops—corn, cotton and tobacco—require that the earth +shall, throughout the summer, be loose and even furrowed with the +cultivator, which prepares the ground for washing away, and by its +furrow starts the gully. The second factor in this peculiarly +destructive agriculture is the fact of our emphasis of rainfall in +summer. Third in the list of factors of destruction is the rainfall +unit, the thunder shower, which dumps water, hundreds of tons per hour +on every hillside acre. A little examination of the facts and careful +inclusion of the time element will show that the old-world saying, +"After man the desert" is quite as true in the United States as in +Europe and Asia, where it has been so fearfully proven in the seats of +ancient empire.</p> + +<p>This soil resource destruction from erosion leads to the destruction of +other valuable resources. We appear to be upon the eve of an epoch of +waterway construction and experiment. The greatest injury to waterways +is channel filling by down-washed mud. Pittsburgh has been praised +highly for the energetic action of her Chamber of Commerce and citizens +in appropriating money for the careful survey of drainage basins above +the river, with the idea of obtaining knowledge preparatory to the +building of reservoirs to check floods. They have forty-three reservoir +sites, and the early construction of nineteen of these reservoirs is +recommended.</p> + +<p>A part of the reservoir plan, however, is that the land above it shall +not be cultivated; otherwise the erosion from the tilled fields will +promptly fill up the reservoirs, as the present condition of many +eastern mill dams so emphatically attests. The carrying out, therefore, +of the Pittsburgh reservoir plan necessitates the exodus of hundreds of +thousands of farmers and the restriction of many farming communities to +forest or a new type of agriculture.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + +<p>We cannot spare all this land from tillage. But fortunately, there are +other ways of using it. Land east of the 100th meridian may be divided +into three classes: First, which in the absence of better estimate +covers one third of the area, is hopeless for agriculture because of +hills and rocks. This is mostly now in rather poor forests. The second +class, also covering one third—by the same estimate—has been cleared +for agriculture, but is so hilly and eroded as to be in a low state of +fertility and production. The third class, the remaining third of the +land, is suited to the plow and should be plowed and cultivated much +more intensively than it now is.</p> + +<p>For the first and second classes of land we need a new type of +agriculture, the crop-yielding trees. Our agriculture, which depends so +largely now upon those members of the grass family which we call grains, +is the result of accident, not the result of science. At the dawn of +history man had practically all of these small grains, which have +probably resulted from the selection and seed saving of the primitive +woman, as the race came up from savagery into agriculture. This +primitive woman in selecting plants for her garden and little field, did +not pick out the best of nature, or the most productive, or the +ultimately most promising; she picked annuals because they gave the +quickest return. And man has left alone and practically unimproved for +all these thousands of years nearly all the great engines of nature, the +crop-yielding trees, such as the walnut, hickory, pecan, acorn yielding +oak, chestnut, beech, pinenut, hazel, honey locust, mesquite, screw +bean, carob, mulberry, persimmon, paw-paw, etc., because their slow +growth has deterred us from any attempts at improving them. We have +depended upon and greatly improved the quick growing grains, which spend +most of their short life in putting up a frame work which promptly +perishes; whereas the tree endures like a manufacturing plant. Further +than this, most of the grains have a period of crisis, during which they +must receive water or the harvest is almost a failure. Thus corn must +within a short period receive moisture, or it is too late to produce +even husks.</p> + +<p>Yet trees are the great engines of nature. The mazzard cherry tree, +growing wild throughout the southeastern United States, often yields +twenty bushels of fruit. Fifty bushels and upwards are often obtained +from the mature apple trees. The walnut yields its bushels, the +persimmon breaks with fruit.</p> + +<p>Europe shows us an agriculture making considerable use of crop-yielding +trees other than the ordinary fruits. Mr. C. F. Cook, of the Department +of Agriculture, is the authority for the statement<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> that Mediterranean +agriculture began on the basis of tree crops, and there are now about +twenty-five such crops in the Mediterranean basin. The oak tree +furnishes five, cork bark, an ink producing gall which enters into the +manufacture of all our ink, the Valonia, or tannin-yielding acorn, which +is an important export from the Balkan states; the truffle worth several +million dollars to France; and lastly the acorn. In the Balaeric Isles, +I am informed, certain acorns are more prized than chestnuts and the +trees yielding them are grafted like apples, and the porker is turned +out to make his living picking up acorns where they fall, and enriching +his diet with a special kind of fig grown in the same way for his use. +We Americans are too industrious; we insist upon putting a pig in a pen +and then waiting upon him. The pistachio, the walnut, the filbert and +the chestnut are all important tree crops in parts of the Mediterranean +countries and many American travelers have probably seen the chestnut +orchards of France and Italy, which I have found by examination are able +to make the rough and unplowable mountain-side, bristling with rocks, as +valuable as the level black prairies of Illinois.</p> + +<p>The natural objection may be raised that the utilization of so much +hilly land in fruit and nut-yielding trees will give such supplies of +new food that people will refuse to use them. The above objection is +well founded; but swine, sheep and poultry eat what is given them. I +have an example of a farmer of Louisiana, who planted a hillside to +mulberry trees. The mulberries held the ground in place by their roots +and dropped their black harvest to the ground through three months of +summer, and the hogs gathered them up and converted them into pork worth +$12 an acre, without any effort on the part of the owner. The mulberry +area in the United States is probably close to a million square miles. +Over most of the region south of Mason and Dixon's Line the persimmon is +a hated tree weed; yet it stands by the millions in fields and fence +rows, fairly bending down with a full crop of fruit every other year, +which is much sought after by the opossum and other wild animals, and +eaten when possible by the American porker from September, the end of +the mulberry season, until March, for the persimmon has a habit of +dropping its fruit through the long winter period. The oak whose acorns +probably made the pig what he is, is almost neglected in America; yet +for ages the Indians of the Pacific coast have made their bread from +acorns of two species of oak, one of which is now gathered by the +farmers of California, put into their barns and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> bought and sold as +stock food. The beechnut and the hickory nut are rich and much prized +swine food.</p> + +<p>Legumes, of which there are many species, can be grown between +nut-yielding trees to maintain the fertility of the soil through the +nitrogen gathering nodules upon their roots.</p> + +<p>As it often seems desirable to cultivate trees of this character where +possible, the tree crops agriculturist is above all others able to +adjust his crop and the one device that permits the tillage of hilly +land—terracing. Terraces interfere with machinery which is so +increasingly essential in the cultivation and harvesting of the present +crops. But terracing interferes least of all with the tree crop +agriculture, because the trees can stand in the terrace rows and make a +fortunate combination of the heavy yielding tree crops and the soil +preservation through terracing.</p> + +<p>We have an interesting example of tree crop productivity in Hawaii, +where the agaroba was introduced from Peru in the last century. It has +now spread until it covers considerable area with forests, and +information from the Hawaiian Experiment Station is to the effect that +it is now the mainstay of the dairy industry of the island. The annual +crop of four tons of big beans to the acre can be and is ground into a +highly nutritious meal food selling at $25 a ton, an agriculture which, +for ease of operation and richness of return, puts Illinois to shame, +for, in addition to the $100 worth of animal food, there is a ton of +wood per acre every year.</p> + +<p>The tree crop agriculture seems to hold the possibility of letting the +worst third of our soil (Class 1 as mentioned above) become as +productive as the best land (Class 3), while (Class 2) the hill land can +probably be doubled in productivity. This is a goal well worthy of much +endeavor on the part of the plant breeder.</p> + +<p>Tree crops offer equal possibilities for the arid land. The grains with +their period of crisis are an uncertain dependence on land of such +uncertain rainfall as exists in the United States west of the 100th +meridian. This is attested by the fact that some of this land has been +settled three times and abandoned twice to the wreckage of hundreds of +thousands of private fortunes. Yet the tree with its far-reaching roots +and ability to store energy can survive in much of this area where +grains are so very uncertain. The mesquite, yet a tree weed over much of +this area, has one species which produces a nutritious seed that has +been used for bread stuff by unknown generations of Indians. The screw +bean, a legume, with a nutritious seed, grows from El Paso to the +Imperial Valley; while the broad leafed honey locust, with a seed +closely akin to that of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> carob, or St. John's Bread, will also grow +over wide areas in the arid southwest. Five varieties of the small but +productive wild almond have been found by a Government botanist growing +upon the shores of Pyramid Lake; while Frank Myer, Plant Explorer of the +Department, brings back from Turkestan accounts of wild almonds +producing good fruit on mountain slopes with a rainfall of 8 inches a +year. These productive plants, several of them legumes, adjusted by +nature to this region, with allied species in other continents, seem to +hold before the plant breeder the possibilities of hundreds of thousands +of square miles of Western orchard ranges of high productivity, rather +than the present would-be grass-ranges of low and declining +productivity.</p> + +<p>I believe that the development of a tree crop agriculture offers one of +the greatest possibilities in constructive conservation of natural +resources. Individuals cannot be depended upon to do it. The work is too +slow. A man might by decades of work create species that would be, if +fully utilized, worth a hundred million dollars a year to a state like +Pennsylvania; yet he would be unable to realize personal gain from the +results, provided he had secured them. Institutions must do it. It is +like the Geological Survey and the Census Bureau and Agricultural +Experiment Stations, which depend upon appropriations. The +appropriations depend upon the realization of the importance of the +work. There are interesting examples of similar work already in +operation, of which the following might be mentioned: The Agricultural +Experiment Station of Arizona has started a twenty-four-year series of +experiments in breeding the date palm. In North Dakota, where the +blizzards kill nearly all the ordinary fruits, an experimenter has done +much work in the breeding of hardy strains of apple, cherry and other +trees.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Then followed a display of lantern slides showing scenes from Spain, +Portugal, Balaeric Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Italy, Algeria, Tunis, +France and southern and central United States. This collection of +pictures revealed a surprising amount of tree crop agriculture already +worked out but needing wider application.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The meeting adjourned without discussion of either lecture at 10 +<span class="smcap">P.M.</span></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Thursday Morning Session</span></h4> + +<p>The third session of the convention was called to order at 9:50 +<span class="smcap">A.M.</span> with the president, Dr. J. Russell Smith, in the chair. +The opening attendance was twenty-eight persons.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Owing to the fact that business needs to be +predigested, we have decided to postpone the amendments to the +constitution until this evening's session. We think it will take but a +short time to discuss them. Resolutions, informal discussion on +seedlings, the chestnut, and similar topics will also be brought up at +that time. This morning's session, therefore, will be devoted to the +intellectual, rather than the business end.</p> + +<p>I know of no subject in which there is greater possibility of securing +knowledge than the question of nuts for the north. A few years ago a +friend of mine wrote me he had bought some land, and was planting native +walnuts in the fence corners to be topworked with English walnuts. I +wrote him, recommending oranges instead, telling him he would lose less +money. I was basing this advice upon my own bitter experience. The +accumulations of nut knowledge in the last few years and the trees now +growing on my own place show how ridiculous was my position of a short +time ago. This morning I think we are likely to have somewhat similar +surprises in a paper by Dr. Morris. He will give us information on the +hazel nut, giving his experience with the European varieties.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>NOTES ON THE HAZELS</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York City</span></h4> + + +<p>The hazels are descended from an ancient and honorable family. +Impressions of leaves found in the Upper Cretaceous rocks of the +Yellowstone Valley cannot be distinguished from those of the leaves of +our two American hazel species of today.</p> + +<p>The hazels belong to the <i>Cupuliferae</i> or oak family. Our American +species are only two in number, although there are many varieties of the +species. The one which is most prized, <i>Corylus americana</i>, is found +over a wide range of territory and abundantly in many places between +Canada and the southern extremity of the Appalachians, and from the +central Mississippi valley to the Atlantic coast.</p> + +<p>This species bears nuts of excellent quality for the most part, but of +rather small size and thick shell, excepting in individual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> plants. The +common American hazel, while valuable for hybridizing purposes, will +probably never be cultivated to any great extent, because of its habit +of growth.</p> + +<p>The characteristic life history in the Eastern States is as follows: A +hazel plant bears a few nuts in its third year, a fairly large crop in +its fourth year, a heavy crop in its fifth year, a very few nuts in its +sixth year and it dies at the seventh or eighth year of age. Meanwhile, +the plant has been sending out long stoloniferous roots which have +surrounded the original plant with a chaplet of progeny, each one of +which follows the life course of the parent.</p> + +<p>One hazel plant when left free to its own devices may increase in this +way rapidly enough to drive cows out of a pasture lot. I have trimmed +off stoloniferous roots experimentally from a number of hazel plants, +for the purpose of throwing all of the strength into the original +stocks, hoping, thereby, to prolong their lives. This, however, appears +not to be effective, as the stocks died at their appointed time.</p> + +<p>Like many other wild plants, not yet subjected to processes of +cultivation, the common American hazel does not respond very readily to +cultivation, and too much attention on the part of the horticulturist +leads it into confusion.</p> + +<p>Some years ago I expended about six weeks in making a study of fruiting +hazels and examined many thousands of bushes in Rhode Island, +Connecticut and eastern New York state, including Long Island.</p> + +<p>In the regions visited, the native hazels are so abundant as to be +considered a pest. Out of all the bushes examined, I saved but three for +purposes of propagation. The best one of these for size, quality and +thinness of shell, I have named the Merribrooke, and young plants of +this variety will be sent to any member of the Association who wishes to +cultivate them. Bushes of this particular wild variety have had a +reputation among the boys of the locality for more than a hundred years, +according to legends of the neighborhood. I have recently budded +specimens of this variety upon stocks of the Byzantine hazel, in the +hope of prolonging the life of an individual plant beyond its normal +seven or eight years.</p> + +<p>The other American hazel, variously known as the beaked hazel, tailed +hazel or horned hazel, was named <i>Corylus cornuta</i> by Marshall +(Arbustrum Americanum 37, 1785). Consequently, that is the name by which +it should be known instead of the name <i>Corylus rostrata</i> which was +bestowed subsequently. This hazel has a much more northern range than +the common American hazel and I have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> seen it in Labrador and in Ontario +nearly to Hudson's Bay. On the Pacific coast it is said to reach a +height of thirty feet. Although spreading by stoloniferous roots like +the common American hazel, these roots are shorter, and it does not +extend rapidly enough to dominate the situation when growing in +competition with the common hazel.</p> + +<p>The nuts, while very good, and sometimes of large size with +comparatively thin shell, lack quality, a very important element in any +nut. It is probable that this tailed hazel will be valuable for adding +hardiness to hybrids with the European and Asiatic hazels, when the time +comes for horticulturists of Canada to make fortunes from their hazel +orchards.</p> + +<p>In Europe and Asia and in the northern parts of Africa several species +of hazels are extremely important commercially, sometimes furnishing the +chief source of income for large districts, very much as wheat or corn +make special crops over large areas in this country.</p> + +<p>These foreign hazels have not been raised successfully in our country, +excepting very recently on the northwest coast. The reason for failure +depends almost wholly upon the presence of a blight, <i>Cryptosporella +anomala</i>, which belongs to our native hazels. In the course of +evolution, host and parasite have come to be peers of each other, and +consequently this blight does not menace our native hazels very +seriously. Introduced species, with the exception, perhaps, of the +Byzantine hazel, appear to carry a protoplasm which has not learned to +resist the attacks of the blight. All organic warfare is fundamentally +enzymic in its nature, and it is possible that through process of +natural selection some of the foreign hazels would eventually become +securely established in this country, without aid from the nurseryman.</p> + +<p>As a matter of fact, the hazel blight is very easily managed. Not +knowing this at first, I allowed almost all of my exotic hazels to +become destroyed, and a number of nurserymen told me of having given up +the problem as hopeless. Recently I have learned of the ease with which +the disease may be controlled, and now feel very comfortable in its +presence.</p> + +<p>The blight is of slow development and chooses the larger hazel stems for +its battleground. All that one notices at first is a depression of the +bark extending in the long axis of a large branch. If one observes more +closely, he will find spore-bearing pustules occurring as little round +elevations upon the depressed part of the bark. The blight proceeds +slowly, and I pass about for examination specimens from two hazel limbs. +In the smaller one the blight has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> two years under way, and in the +larger one three years. These patches of blight were allowed to grow +experimentally. Meanwhile, I trimmed out all other blight areas of the +bark with my jack-knife. This is very readily done. If one will look +over his hazel bushes once a year and simply whip out the few slices of +bark carrying the blight, it is done so easily and quickly that we now +need to have no fear whatsoever for the future of hazel culture in this +country.</p> + +<p>If the members of the Association will examine these Cryptosporella +specimens which are passed about, and if they will dispose of the blight +according to directions, I feel that the hazel question involving a +matter perhaps of millions of dollars worth of investment has been +settled.</p> + +<p>Among the foreign hazels which will thrive in this country the Byzantine +hazel, <i>Corylus colurna</i> is by all means the most beautiful. It makes a +tree as large as the ordinary oaks, and in Hungary I have seen a trunk +three feet in diameter at a short distance above the ground. I have been +told that a single tree of this species will sometimes bear about twenty +bushels of nuts at a single crop. This presumably refers to the nuts in +their large involucral mass,—say four or five bushels of husked nuts. +The wood of these species is hard, takes a high polish and is valuable. +The tree itself is strikingly beautiful as the members will observe this +afternoon when examining the Byzantine hazels which Superintendent Laney +will show us in one of the Rochester parks.</p> + +<p>This species of hazel in some of the localities about the Black Sea is +said to form almost the entire source of income over large districts. +The nuts are not large, as a rule averaging about like those of our +common American hazel in size, quality and thinness of shell. Grafted or +budded stocks may be made to bear large thin-shelled nuts. I am using +this hazel at present for grafting stock for choice foreign species and +varieties of other kinds, and for the American hazel, although it may be +that the American hazel will not respond well to so large and vigorous a +stock in the long run. Nuts and nursery stock may be obtained through +French nursery firms.</p> + +<p>The reason why the Byzantine hazel has not been planted widely in +America as yet, is because we have not advanced that far in +civilization,—people have not happened to think about it. We must leave +something for the people who are to come five thousand years after us, +and not think of all good things at once.</p> + +<p>The Byzantine hazel appears to be quite free from the blight and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> this, +perhaps, is due to its thick corky bark, which is in itself an +attractive feature. In some individuals the corky bark stands out in +ridges almost like that of the corky elm. The beauty of the European and +Asiatic hazels, in general, makes them extremely desirable for +ornamental purposes in parks and in dooryards.</p> + +<p>One of the most attractive is the purple variety of <i>Corylus avellana</i>. +In many parts of Europe this is held to be desirable for its nuts, but +in Connecticut it is prone to flower so early in the season that the +elongated male catkins are caught by frost. I have seen elongated +catkins in a warm week at the end of February. A very desirable variety +of <i>Corylus avellana</i> is one of which I now show specimens. The section +of the branch which I pass about carried four large nuts yesterday but I +find that one of them has disappeared, and it is probable that last +night in the sleeping car a squirrel got in when the porter was looking +the other way.</p> + +<p>The specimen represents a seedling individual among a lot presented to +me by Prince Colloredo Mannsfeld of Bohemia nine years ago. This +particular shrub is rather homely, with small unattractive leaves and +big bony branches, but it bears heavily of large thin shelled hazels of +the highest quality, and the sort which are now bringing fifty cents per +pound in the New York market as green hazels. It blossoms very late in +the spring. I have not as yet given a name to this individual bush, but +as Professor J. Russell Smith caught my description of it and speaks of +it as "the bony-bush" we will allow his nomenclature to stand if members +of the Association wish to call for any of the wood for grafting or +budding purposes. <i>Corylus avellana</i> in its many varieties is the chief +European hazel which gives us the cobnuts and filberts of the market, +and it is the one which will probably be most widely introduced into +this country. The name "filbert" is a corruption of "full beard" and is +properly applied only to those nuts in which the husk extends beyond the +nut. The shrubs of this species commonly reach a height of about fifteen +to eighteen feet, with a spread of the same dimensions. Trimming by the +horticulturist allows of the development of a larger bearing surface, +very much as it does with peach or apple trees.</p> + +<p>In some parts of Europe this species serves for hedge fences, indicating +the practical ideas belonging to an older civilization. In this country +we make hedge fences of worthless osage orange, privet, or honey locust +which steal nourishment from the soil, add little to the beauty of the +landscape, and give us no return whatsoever. Such a typical American way +of doing things will be changed when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> we stop to think. Stopping to +think is rather a painful process and gives us many jolts, but it has +its rewards. When we replace our worthless hedge plants with hazels +which yield heavy annual crops of valuable nuts we shall have made one +step forward.</p> + +<p>A fine hazel is the <i>Corylus pontica</i>. The shrub in itself has beauty, +and it bears nuts sometimes as large as those of the average shagbark +hickory. The kernel is of good quality, but the shell is so thick that +these nuts are chiefly attractive to squirrels and to men who are out of +work. I do not know the origin of the nut which is known in the market +as the Barcelona hazel, but I imagine the plants bearing this nut are +derived from the <i>Corylus pontica</i>. (Specimens of branches and nuts of +various species and varieties of hazels are now passed about in the +audience.) The nuts are beginning to ripen in this first week in +September.</p> + +<p>Hazels do not come true to parent variety from seed, and consequently +valuable stock is propagated by budding, by grafting or by layering.</p> + +<p>Personally, I find that the hazel is rather easily budded, although +layering is the method for propagation of choice varieties most often +employed in Europe. The hazels have comparatively few insect enemies, +but mine are sometimes attacked destructively by the elm beetle and by +the larvae of two species of saw flies which are also found upon the +elms. It is a rather curious fact that the insects should recognize a +similarity between the leaves of the hazels and of the elms, which are +somewhat alike in general appearance, although the trees are of widely +different descent.</p> + +<p>It brings up an interesting question, if the flying parents of the +parasites from the elm are attracted by the appearance of the hazel +leaves, or if they are attracted by the odor or other characteristics. +Occasionally the exotic hazels are attacked by various leaf blights but +not to any troublesome extent so far as my experience goes, up to the +present time. The chief predatory elements which we shall have to meet +when raising hazels are squirrels, white-footed mice and the neighbors' +children.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">W. C. Reed</span>: May I ask, Doctor, what you bud the Byzantine on?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I am budding other things on those for stocks. I +bud our American hazels and European hazels on the European and Asiatic +trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Rush</span>: Do you know anything of the quality of that nut?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: It is the chief hazel in parts of northern Turkey,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +and of excellent quality. Hazels form a source of income for some +localities like the wheat or corn in other parts of the world, or the +olive, as Dr. Smith told us last night.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Holden</span>: Do they get these trees from seedlings?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Yes, so far as I know. The nuts are called +Constantinople nuts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: What kind is it that blooms in the fall?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I don't know any but the witch hazel which blooms +in the fall; has a small yellow flower, but is not a true hazel. Catkins +form upon all hazels in the fall, but these do not really blossom until +springtime.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: I would like to ask if the Byzantine hazel is +attacked by blight as are the others?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: No; none of my trees have been attacked by blight +at all as yet.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">W. C. Reed</span>: What method of budding do you find most successful?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: I have usually used the ring budding. It is not +very difficult.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Hedrick</span>: Are there any East Asia hazels that thrive +in this country?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: There are specimens in the park here at Rochester +that you will see this afternoon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Hedrick</span>: Our experience with Asiatic hazels is very +satisfactory.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: A friend of mine here has some specimens that he +would like to present.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Smith</span>: We will ask Mr. Vollertsen to describe the specimens +himself.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Vollertsen</span>: They are from a private place of G. H. Perkins +on East Avenue. They have never failed a year since 1886. Unfortunately +we have no name for them, except that this one was always called John +Jones. It has certainly proved a good strong hardy variety.</p> + +<p>Then we have another one, a long one, which has never been named, and I +am not able to say exactly what it is. Last year they were exceptionally +well filled. This year there are not quite so many on them, although a +goodly number. They have never failed a single year.</p> + +<p>I have one little variety which was given me by Dr. Mann, on Alexander +Street. The limbs are practically hanging down with the nuts. They are +ready for market now, falling out.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + +<p>I have here some purple hazels which have always borne fruit and no +other hazel in the vicinity is as good. It has sometimes two crops in a +year. These are really beautiful specimens. This little early variety +should be passed round and have special attention. I have given this +variety no name, but for over thirty-five years it has borne good fruit +every year.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: If you are in doubt as to the name of a variety, I +think Mr. Laney will find a way for getting you the name for almost +every variety that is found in the markets.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Mr. McGlennon asks that the gentleman advise us +how he has propagated them. We went through Mr. McGlennon's beautiful +orchard yesterday.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Vollertsen</span>: We have been using an ordinary way of budding. +An ordinary seedling can be used to good advantage for grafting. I have +found in grafting in winter they do not seem to grow as well. In our +fall layering we naturally get a larger plant.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Do we understand that these hazels that have +borne for twenty-five years are European hazels?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Vollertsen</span>: Yes; European hazels. I have had them under my +care since 1886, and never noticed any blight.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: Can't you explain to us, with one of your specimens, +your method of spring layering?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Vollertsen</span>: In layering them, we practically don't cover +them at all for the time being. They are merely pinned down.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: Do you cut the bark?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Vollertsen</span>: Not on them. After they have grown some we +cover them up. We find this a very successful way. We get younger and +smaller plants in the fall lay.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I should like to ask Dr. Morris a question. In +this native hazel, does it keep on spreading under ground?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: One single plant, planted in a pasture lot and not +interfered with will in a few years occupy practically that whole +pasture lot. In my part of the country this is true; how is it with you, +Dr. Deming?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: Going back to the blight, will this tackle any size +limb?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: It usually does not come until your hopes are at +top notch, and then it drops in on you. It does not attack the smaller +twigs at first, but may finally extend to them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member</span>: Are any of your hybrids a success?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris</span>: There are none in bearing as yet. Byzantines are +little, if any, larger than American hazel nuts, excepting from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +selected trees. Pontines are much larger. Both plants make a remarkably +vigorous growth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President:</span> Do I understand that this Merribrooke hazel, put +in the middle of an acre will fill the acre?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris:</span> I believe this is true. I don't think it is an +exaggeration. The wild hazel is a nuisance in Connecticut.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary:</span> I know they will cover a very large space, but I +cannot tell how they get there.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President:</span> The point I am trying to get after is this, not +the exact extent of spread but the method of propagation. Can we get a +sprout from a good tree, and then have it go on sprouting indefinitely?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris:</span> Yes, that is true.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member:</span> In your experience are fungicides useful in handling +the blight?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris:</span> I have not used them. I have talked with nurserymen +who did, and they say the blight got the best of them just the same. +They left the matter with employees, who did not give proper attention. +This was perhaps because they did not know that a small jack-knife was +better than a spraying outfit for the purpose.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member:</span> Once on, will it stay?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris:</span> Yes, until the blight area has circled the limb.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Member:</span> What is the difference between the cobs and the +filberts?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Morris:</span> The cob nut is generally a round nut. The filberts +are longer nuts. "Filbert" is a corruption of "full beard," and refers +to the involucre extending beyond the nut.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Smith:</span> We may now proceed to the next number on the +program, if the hunger for hazel knowledge abates. Members of this +association have topworked pecans, hickories, etc. I followed the +instructions of members of this association in my work and have had some +success. Some workers report splendid success mixed with very great +failures, so we may be encouraged to the very top notch, and the next +spring we come back feeling very different. Last fall I was as large +almost as a beer barrel with the gratification that followed the setting +of 100 English walnut buds. I have adopted the motto "Blessed is he that +rejoices early, or he may not rejoice at all." In March there were about +ten or twelve alive. In June about nine were alive, and now these also +have failed to grow. Last year I knew just how to bud walnuts. This last +Fourth of July I was very humble.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> + +<p>For some reason or other we have not all the facts. We can propagate +splendidly one year, and the next year we have a fall-down. Mr. Roper, +of one of the pioneer nurseries, said he had 2,000 fine live walnut buds +last fall, and had but 500 this spring, and not one of them grew. While +the technique seems to be simple, there seems to be something lacking in +our experience. I will ask Mr. Littlepage to give us his confessions +first.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: The proposition of topworking is one of the +schemes where art beats nature. In the fight in Congress over the +oleomargarine bill some years ago, one member who favored it, said in +support of his contention, that nature always beat art; and one of his +opponents immediately referred him to a picture gallery near, where +pictures of the statesmen were exhibited, as a proof that art sometimes +beats nature. In top working, art improves upon nature.</p> + +<p>The first thing to be considered is what is topworking, and then the +logical question, why topworking. Possibly this should come first. If an +individual is dissatisfied with his friends and neighbors, he must put +up with them; he cannot change them. But if he is dissatisfied with a +nut tree, it is his own fault if he does not change it. It can be top +worked. He does not care to top work maples or oaks. We only top work to +get something better than we have. The trees, of course, that interest +us specially in top working are the nut trees. We have seedling pecans, +seedling walnuts, seedling hickories, and seedling chestnuts. Down at +the mouth of Green River in Kentucky are nearly two hundred acres of +wild pecan trees. So far as we know there are only two trees in that +orchard worthy of propagation. Of thousands of trees there we have +propagated only two varieties. These trees are now too large to top +work, but had it been possible 150 years ago to go in there and select +the desirable nuts, and topwork all the other trees with these, there +could have been a great orchard there now of the highest quality nuts.</p> + +<p>Topworking consists in cutting off the top of some undesirable seedling +and replacing it with scions or buds from some desirable variety. It is +just the same as any other grafting or budding process. Almost any size +tree can be topworked but, of course, the larger the tree the more +difficult the operation. A young tree, from two to five inches in +diameter, can be sawed off four or five feet above the ground and +topworked by grafting from two to four scions on it, by the slip bark +process. If the tree is larger than five inches in diameter, it is +better to go up to the first branches, saw off part of them and proceed +just as if each branch were itself a small tree. If the tree is a large +tree, with a number of branches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> or prongs, it is best to work part of +them one year and leave the remaining branches to maintain the root +system. It would probably kill a large tree to cut the whole top off at +one time. I have seen trees, two feet in diameter, successfully +topworked. It sometimes happens that the scions placed in the tree, in +the spring, for some reason or other, do not grow. The tree then sends +up nice green shoots that later in the season can be budded into just as +if they were small seedlings. The wild black walnut trees, growing +around the fields and hills, can all be very easily topworked to the +English walnut by the slip bark method. The scions must be dormant and +the tree starting into active growth.</p> + +<p>The wild hickory, wild pecan and wild black walnut trees, offer the best +field for profitable work along this line. We have topworked a great +many hickories to pecan, but we do not expect permanent satisfactory +results. The experience of the pecan on the hickory is not very +satisfactory. The hickory is a dense, hard wood, that has a short +growing season, and matures its nuts early; the pecan is of the coarser, +faster growing wood, whose nuts grow until late in the fall. This +inconsistency of the growing habits of the two trees prevents the pecan +top on the hickory from producing normal crops of nuts. The pecan +topworked to the pecan, however, is a perfect success and there is no +reason why the wild hickories of all descriptions cannot be successfully +and profitably topworked to the better varieties of the good shagbark +hickories. I believe that there are great opportunities in the state of +New York for successful nut culture by utilizing the wild black walnut +trees and the hickories. I have seen hundreds of English walnut trees +growing around Rochester, some of them bearing perfectly wonderful crops +of walnuts. I am surprised that the people in this section have not +availed themselves more of the opportunities along this line. If the +farmers in this section would take up nut growing as a side proposition +and set five or ten acres of nut trees on each farm, they would soon +find that these nut trees would be producing them more than all the +balance of their farms. We hear a great deal today about the back to the +farm movement, but my opinion is that for everyone who is going to the +farm, ten are leaving it, and the reason for this is that the heavy +operating expense of the annual crops, such as corn, wheat and potatoes, +etc., lay such a heavy toll on the farmer that farming is not +profitable. The requirements of time, labor and money in producing these +crops are so great that it discourages many farmers. I have made the +statement to some of the farmers in my part of the country that they +must produce alfalfa or go<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> broke. I believe that alfalfa and tree crops +will be two of the greatest factors in the rehabilitation of the farm, +especially the nut trees, for the reason that nut trees do not require +the same high degree of care, spraying, pruning, as do apple and peach +trees, nor are the products as perishable. A crop of nuts can be +harvested and stacked up in barrels, and boxes, in the smoke house, the +barn or in a flat car and go to the market tomorrow, next week or next +month.</p> + +<p>Recurring to the advantage of topworking, however, it meets the +objection that is often raised by those who say they have not time to +wait for the nut trees to grow. Of course, this is a perfectly foolish +statement; they are going to wait anyhow; it is simply a question as to +whether they wait for something or nothing, and trees grow into maturity +in a surprisingly short time. A few years ago, when I was setting out an +orchard of nut trees, a neighbor of mine came over and looked very +doubtfully with a trace of pity in his expression and said, "When do you +expect all those trees that you are setting to bear?" I replied, "I am +not sure, but I do know that they will bear a long time before those +trees that you are not setting." Topworking, however, gives quick +results and enables one to take advantage of the long-established +thrifty root systems of the wild black walnuts, hickories and pecans +growing in economic spots, around the fences, corners, creeks and +hillsides.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: In all our grafting we cut the cleft; we don't split +it. The slip bark method is better in some cases.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. President</span>: What is the size limit for the slip bark method?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: Anything less than two inches we would cut.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Will Mr. Jones tell us about budding with cold +storage wood?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: The cold storage buds would take better, but you +would have more loss in their failing to grow. In other words, a much +larger percentage of buds set with the current season's growth, will +grow in the following spring. I would not recommend either method alone. +By grafting in the spring and then budding, first with cold storage and +later with the season buds, you would have three chances.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Have you budded any cold storage wood before +this year?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: We have done more or less of it for six or eight +years, and it has been successful. Anyone with very little experience +can use cold storage buds.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Mr. W. C. Reed, have you any additions that we +ought to know?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. W. C. Reed</span>: Mr. Jones' method and views in regard to cold +storage buds agree with mine exactly. Last year I put in on July 30th +quite a number of English walnut buds that were held in cold storage. In +the fall we seemed to have almost perfect stands from these buds, but +they are still lying dormant. Buds of the season's growth put in about +three or four weeks later gave better results, although our success last +year was very poor. We seemed to have a fair stand on quite a number of +varieties, but this spring they refused to grow. I lay much of this +trouble to the extreme cold we had in November. This killed many peach +trees that were from six to eight years old, and I think it injured many +of the walnut buds. I found the buds that started best were those +nearest the ground, where they were protected by a little grass.</p> + +<p>In regard to the topworking of the English walnut, several of you have +seen my trees, the three trees along the highway in a ditch where they +catch the wash where they have made 9½ feet growth. I am sorry to +report that two of these trees are entirely gone, killed by the cold +spell, and the other is about half alive, but I was not in the least +discouraged by that loss. In September the rains commenced, following +the extreme drouth and started a second growth, and the freeze caught +them November 22d as full of sap then as they were in September, when +you were there.</p> + +<p>Other trees that I had topworked had made a moderate growth, and were +not injured in the least. They made a good growth this season, and +should be quite fruitful next year.</p> + +<p>The Pomeroy trees in the bluegrass pasture had made only a moderate +growth, and went through the winter in good shape.</p> + +<p>I had three trees of the Rush, probably twenty-five feet high. They were +injured a little, some of the growth killing back a third of the way, +and one or two buds were killed entirely.</p> + +<p>In regard to topworking pecans, I have not done much of this, but our +success has been very good with what we have tried. I find them much +easier to work, as far as the bud starting in the spring is concerned. +Some varieties, however, do not start readily. With the Major, Green +River, and one or two other varieties, we can use wood five, six and +eight years old, and have it come out all right. I find, however, that +the current season's growth, cut from two-year-old trees, well +developed, will give you at least double the growth in the nursery the +first year that older or dormant wood will.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Some apple experience of mine is a close match +to the killing that Mr. Reed just reported. The season of 1912 was a +very dry one. All September it rained frequently and heavily. The trees +waked up and grew with such speed that many of them made a sappy growth +where they had been manured, and a very cold spell early in the winter +killed 100 of them. Others across the road were uninjured.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. W. C. Reed</span>: In regard to grafting in the nursery, this +spring my experience has been somewhat varied. In grafting we started +about April 10th; the first grafting was almost an utter failure. On May +1st it improved. On May 9th we set 900 and have 75 per cent growing +today, some higher than my head. Set with wood some of which would run +three-fourths inches in diameter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lady Delegate</span>: My sister has on her place 200 or 300 black +walnut seedlings. What would you advise her to do with these? They are +in all ages and stages of growth, from one to ten years.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: That is a very broad question to answer. I +should topwork them to the Persian walnut. I should topwork all of them +on the chance that future developments would leave them the proper +distance apart. The walnut transplants very easily, except that the +larger the tree, the more danger of loss. Trees of that size ought to be +worked very nicely.</p> + +<p>Assume that this is your tree, and that you have sawed off the top. Here +is your scion from your desirable tree. It is to be cut on one side +only, and there is considerable art in making that cut true. Then with +the knife split down the bark on the stock a little way and shove the +scion down between the wood and bark, the cut side next to the wood of +the stock (demonstrating), and cover with waxed cloth. Then apply +grafting wax to the cut surface, and cover all with a paper bag for two +or three weeks. There should not be more than two buds on a scion. Don't +leave too many. One bud is better than three, but you may leave two +buds. This scion must be kept entirely dormant until used. Any time +after the bark will slip readily is the proper time to graft, and you +will then get a high percentage of success. Keep your sap circulating to +the top by putting two or three scions around the top of the stock. This +method of grafting is a very simple operation when you know a few little +fundamental facts about it. The kind of wax or cloth is not particularly +important. Mr. Reed and Mr. Jones and Mr. Rush have had much experience +in this work.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Parish</span>: In doing this, shall we put in a little air hole?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: No. In from ten days to two weeks tear a little +hole in the paper bag. Next time be careful, for it may be full of +wasps. The purpose of that paper sack is to keep the water off the buds. +This is essential.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Phillips</span>: I had about 300 trees planted in 1911, black +walnuts. In 1913 I budded them according to the Oregon method. I failed +to make any of these grow. In 1913 I cleft grafted and a great many of +these started, but they all failed to live. I wonder wherein I failed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: No one can tell why a particular scion does not +live. I had scions from a very fine hickory and I put them in cold +storage. The wood was in perfect condition. I grafted perhaps 100 of +these scions as I have described. I have four trees growing out of the +100 grafted. In handling the wood I got fungus on it probably. That may +be one reason why it failed. There may be other reasons. If the scions +were not dormant that might explain it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. W. C. Reed</span>: I think it is very important that walnut +grafting wood should be cut before severe weather in the winter, though +I don't think it ever grows cold enough to hurt pecan wood. You need not +worry about pecan wood, but in the case of the walnut it should be cut +before extreme cold weather and put in cold storage. I cut some last +year after the extreme cold snap in December and we threw it practically +all away this spring. It is useless. You are throwing away your time to +use it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: I don't think we had any wood that was not injured +during the cold winter of 1911-12. Out of about 2,600 grafts set we had +two grow.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Question</span>: What do you mean by cold storage?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. W. C. Reed</span>: I have been storing all of our wood in ordinary +apple cold storage plants. Pack it in damp moss or excelsior. Paper line +your boxes well, and nail them up, and leave them there until you are +ready to use them. I have put wood in in November and taken it out in +good shape in August. Pecan wood can be held the year round.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: What can you tell us, Mr. White, that has not +yet been covered?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Paul White</span>: About all I would care to say about topworking +would be to ask a question. They claim that the pecan topworked on the +hickory, only bears for a few years, and then stops. What would be the +result in the case of the English and black walnuts? Might there not be +some danger there?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I have made considerable investigation of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> this. +I have found several English walnuts topworked on black walnuts, one +done eighty years ago down in Maryland. The tree is reported to have +borne twenty-five bushels of nuts. I think there is good explanation for +the pecan-hickory trouble. A hickory grows for a short time in early +summer and does not grow much, but a pecan grows twice as much. +Therefore the hickory roots cannot feed the pecan top enough to make +both vegetation and fruit. We are, in this city, in a very unusual +place. Not only is it the center of a great wealth of seedling Persian +walnut trees, but we have in the parks a great tree collection under +Superintendent Laney. This is a very fine and notable collection, +including American and foreign trees, some of which we will see this +afternoon.</p> + +<p>Adjournment at 12:12 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span></p> + +<p>Photographs of the convention were then taken on the steps of the City +Hall.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Thursday Evening Session.</span></h4> + +<p>Convened at 8:20 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>, Dr. Smith presiding.</p> + +<p>Attendance about twenty.</p> + +<p>A Nominating Committee was appointed, consisting of Messrs. Littlepage, +C. A. Reed, J. F. Jones, Webber, and Teter.</p> + +<p>At this point was given the address by C. A. Reed.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>AN APPEAL TO OWNERS OF HARDY NUT TREES</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">C. A. Reed, Nut Culturist, U. S. Department of<br />Agriculture, +Washington, D. C.</span></h4> + + +<p>Ever since the colonists first established themselves in the Western +Hemisphere, nut trees have been planted up and down the Atlantic Coast. +One of the species oftenest included in such planting was a walnut, a +native to Persia which, with Romanism, had spread across Europe and the +channel into England. In the Old World it had variously been known as +Jove's nut, under the supposition that it had once been the food of the +gods; Royal nut, meaning King nut; and by other common names which would +be interesting to discuss but which are not pertinent in this +connection. In England it had been known merely as the "walnut," but in +the New World, in order to distinguish it from the walnut found here, it +was called the "English" walnut. In the trade today it is commonly known +by the Old World name, other walnuts being distinguished from it by +prefixing their common names, as Eastern,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> California, Mexican or +Japanese black walnut, etc. However, being a native of Persia, it was +long ago decided that the correct name of this nut should be "Persian" +walnut, and not "English" walnut. As such it has now been referred to in +scientific publications for well towards a quarter of a century.</p> + +<p>Subsequent to this rather limited and scattered planting on the Atlantic +Coast, by perhaps three hundred years, the Persian walnut put in its +appearance on the Pacific Coast. According to Bulletin No. 231 by the +University of California, it is probable that occasional trees were +planted in that state long before the discovery of gold in 1848. +Following that date, planting became much more general, but usually with +hardshell strains and always with seedling trees. From these early trees +the crops were never of great importance. In 1867 Mr. Joseph Sexton of +Santa Barbara, planted a sack of walnuts bought in the markets of San +Francisco, which he had reason to believe had been grown in Chili. Of +the resulting trees some were very good, others mediocre, and some +worthless. Later on, nuts from the best of these trees were planted, and +second generation seedlings produced. In this way the famous Santa +Barbara Papershell type of walnut was evolved. With it developed an +industry which among the tree products of southern California is now +second only to that of the orange. In 1910, the census takers found that +in the year preceding, the crop of walnuts of southern California, +which, by the way, came almost entirely from four counties, was valued +at more than that of the total crop of all other nuts grown in the +United States put together.</p> + +<p>Four years after Mr. Sexton of southern California had planted this sack +of walnuts from San Francisco, Mr. Felix Gillet of Nevada City, in +northern California, began the introduction of French walnuts both by +seed and scions. Out of his efforts and those of others who subsequently +joined him, developed the walnut industry of northern California, which +now bids fair some day to equal that of the lower part of the state. The +famous French varieties of Franquette and Mayette were introduced by Mr. +Gillet, and from seedlings of his growing evolved the Concord, the San +Jose, and no doubt the Chase varieties.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>A nut which probably has received equally as much, if not more, +attention at the hands of experimental planters in this part of the +country is the chestnut. Just when the introduction of foreign strains +began, history seems to have failed to make clear; but ac<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>cording to +Powell<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> general dissemination in the Delaware section began with +introductions by Eleuthers Irénée du Pont de Nemours, made at about +1803. It is said that some of the original trees planted at that time +near the present site of the du Pont Powder mills by Mr. du Pont, still +survived when Mr. Powell recorded their history in 1898.</p> + +<p>The spread of both European and Japanese chestnuts and their general +trial throughout the Eastern States has been narrated at former meetings +of this association. The chestnut blight, discovered on Long Island in +1904, after it had apparently gained several years' headway, and which +now seems fairly certain to have been introduced from Japan, has so +monopolized the attention of orchardists, foresters, landscape gardeners +and others interested in the chestnut that for the time being little is +being done with it, other than to study and discuss this disease. What +the final outcome will be no one can predict, but it is not improbable +that our pathologists will discover some practical means of control, or +that a natural enemy to the blight will appear. Nor is it unlikely that +immune strains of chestnuts, either native or foreign, will replace our +present groves and orchards, in case other efforts fail.</p> + +<p>Another nut which has received a large degree of attention at the hands +of the planters and upon which hopes have been built from time to time +is the hazel, or filbert. Here again, history seems to have failed us, +for as yet the writer has been able to learn but little regarding the +early introductions into this country. In his <i>Nut Culturist</i>, published +in 1896, Mr. Fuller (A. S.) reasoned that at that time plants of the +European hazels must have been grown in the gardens of this country for +at least a hundred years. Writers on pomology make little reference to +this nut, but according to Mr. Fuller, nurserymen's catalogs listed +hazel varieties all through the early part of the last century. It was +believed that the hazel promised much for the gardener and the general +planter who wished for early returns. The species seemed capable of +readily adapting itself to cultivation, and being a shrub rather than a +tree, it required little space. It could be cultivated along with other +garden products at little additional expense for labor. Being an early +bearer it doubtless appealed strongly to the normal American demand for +quick returns.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, this nut met with its mortal foe in the way of a native +fungus which in a great many sections has proved entirely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> too much for +the European species. Where once this species was well represented up +and down the Atlantic Coast, few of its representatives are now to be +found.</p> + +<p>Some early attention in these Eastern States has been paid to the +almond, another foreign species. It is supposed that this nut is a +native of the Mediterranean basin. Just when it was first tried on the +Atlantic Coast is not known, but of the nuts thus far mentioned it has +proved to be the least promising for the Eastern section. Sometimes said +to be "as hardy as the peach," it has been found to be the most exacting +in its requirements of soil and climate of any important nut now grown +in this country. Except with certain of the hardshell varieties, no +almonds are now known to be in any sense successful east of the Rocky +Mountains. According to Wickson (E. J.) in his <i>California Fruits</i>, the +almond is known to have been introduced into California previous to +1853. At that time efforts to build up an almond industry on the Pacific +Coast began to assume a somewhat serious air. After a half century of +trials and more or less persistent effort by the California planters the +culture of this nut has developed into the third most important nut +industry in the United States. As for the time being, the growing of +Persian walnuts centered in southern California, so did the growing of +almonds in the Sacramento Valley of northern California.</p> + +<p>During the whole of this period of early American nut growing history, +little attention in any part of the country was paid to the native nuts. +However, in the southeastern part of the United States there existed a +large portion of the country to which no choice species of nut trees +were either indigenous or had been introduced. Necessity, curious +interest, and, more probably intelligent purpose, prompted sea captains, +plying from West to East Gulf Coast ports, Easterners returning home +from visits in the West, Westerners visiting in the East, and no doubt +nomadic bands of Indians, to carry pecans from the Mississippi River and +beyond, to the coast of Mississippi, to Alabama and the South Atlantic +States, where they were planted as seed. For fully a century the species +gradually spread over the plains sections of the eastern Gulf and South +Atlantic States. In 1846, according to Taylor (William A.) in the +Yearbook (Department of Agriculture) of 1904, a Louisiana slave +succeeded in grafting a number of pecan trees. So far as can now be +learned, really intelligent interest in pecan culture began with that +date, although history records no further successful propagation of the +species until about 1882 when William Nelson began to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> propagate this +variety in his nursery near New Orleans. Soon afterwards, C. E. Pabst of +Ocean Springs, Miss., and E. E. Risien of San Saba, Texas, joined in the +pioneer work. The late Col. W. R. Stuart of Ocean Springs soon took part +by giving publicity to the early varieties. Gradually, but steadily, +choice varieties developed, were propagated and were disseminated. +Orchard planting followed, but did not assume great importance until +since about 1905. The orchards, therefore, were still too young at the +time the last census was taken to have been in bearing to any extent. +However, the crop of pecans from the native forests and from single +trees left standing in the open space where the forests had been cleared +is shown by the census reports to have been the second most valuable of +American nut crops in 1909.</p> + +<p>In quantity, the production of cultivated pecans is still slight in +comparison with that of the wild product or with cultivated walnuts and +almonds of the Pacific Coast. Just now, however, a great many of the +orchards, planted this century, are beginning to bear and not improbably +the production of cultivated pecans will soon eclipse that of the forest +product, and before long will overhaul the lead now held by the Persian +walnut.</p> + +<p>Thus, briefly, has been the separate history of the principal nuts of +this country. Collectively, the history of American nut culture has been +as follows: Nuts from foreign countries which have been under +cultivation for centuries have been more inviting than have the native +and undeveloped species, and so have received the major portion of +attention in America. Then too, human nature has shown itself in the +greater interest taken by nut planters in foreign nuts instead of those +near at hand. It is in sections remote from their place of origin that +many of the leading nuts have attained their greatest degree of +perfection. Thus, the average pecan of the Atlantic Coast is distinctly +superior to that of the western Gulf; the Persian walnut scarcely known +in Persia is best known in France and in southern California.</p> + +<p>Progress has been slow and not concerted. Seedling trees have been +planted under the firm conviction that they would come true, or because +methods of propagation other than by seedage were not understood.</p> + +<p>The Persian walnut orchards of California from which today the bulk of +the production is being realized, are of seedling trees. However, the +Californians have learned their lesson and today are replacing their +orchards with budded stock as rapidly as possible. They have found that +while the Persian walnut, which for cen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>turies has been grown from seed, +will reproduce itself fairly true to type, it does not repeat true to +variety. Every tree, no matter how carefully its parentage may have been +guarded, is unlike any other. The seedlings differ in traits of vigor, +hardiness, susceptibility to disease, time of beginning to bear, +productiveness, and longevity, and the nuts vary in size, form, +thickness of shell, ease of cracking, and in kernel characteristics.</p> + +<p>The people of California have also found that in many ways, Persian +walnut trees on their own roots are less desirable than are those budded +or grafted on the roots of some black walnut.</p> + +<p>The earliest pecan planters likewise set seedling trees, partly because +no others were available, but more largely because of a supposition that +such seedlings would come true. Later on, planters chose grafted trees +of large varieties, irrespective of others' merits or demerits. Today, +the orchards of both seedling trees and illy-selected varieties are +being topworked at great expense of time, labor, and money.</p> + +<p>In the northern and eastern part of the United States, the situation +until very recently has been one of practical standstill. Efforts with +foreign nuts have resulted in our being but little ahead of the starting +point of a couple of centuries ago.</p> + +<p>The great majority of the Persian walnut, chestnut, and hazel trees +which have been tried have failed us; some have even brought fatal or +near-fatal diseases to us.</p> + +<p>At first thought, we would feel compelled to abandon all further efforts +with the foreign nuts; but not all that have been tried are guilty of +offence or failure. Here and there, from New England to Michigan and +from Maryland to Missouri, we are finding occasional nut trees either in +groups or standing singly, which because of their age, vigor, +productiveness, and quantity and quality of nuts, appear to be fit +foundation stock for the varieties so much needed in this part of the +country. A number of such are being propagated by the nurserymen and, as +the members here present know, are being disseminated.</p> + +<p>The present great need is for knowledge regarding the location of other +such trees, not only of the foreign species, but of the natives as well. +The Northern Nut Growers' Association and the Federal Department of +Agriculture at Washington together are seeking to find Persian, +Japanese, or black walnut, Asiatic, European or American chestnut, +European or American hazel, and native butternut, hickory, pecan, +chinquapin and beech trees of more than ordinary merit. Upon the +locating of, and the propagation from such trees,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> as new varieties, +apparently depends the future of nut growing east of the Mississippi and +north of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers.</p> + +<p>The appeal therefore is made to the owners of hardy nut trees that they +drop a postal to the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C., +stating that they desire a mailing box and frank for sending in a few +specimens of the nuts which they believe to be of more than average +merit. The only expense necessary to incur will be in the price of the +card, and in the trouble of collecting and packing the nuts. Before +mailing, the package should be plainly marked with the name and address +of the sender, and a note should be inclosed giving information +regarding the location, ownership, bearing habits, etc., of the tree +from which the nuts were obtained.</p> + +<p>If more convenient, the nuts may be sent to this association, which in +any case will be apprised by the Department of all new varieties of +apparent merit which may be brought to light.</p> + +<p>However, no one should anticipate a great fortune as the result of any +nut tree of which he may find himself the owner. It is not possible for +a variety to be of especial value, no matter how promising the parent +tree may appear to be, until it has established proof of its +adaptability and merit in other sections remote from that of its origin. +Except in rare cases it has been only after a variety of any kind of +fruit has become well known by many who have tested it and spoken for it +that it has become popular or in great demand.</p> + +<p>Therefore, all there will be "in it" for you, if you chance to be the +owner of a nut tree of merit will be the thanks of this Association and +posterity and the probability of having the variety named in your honor.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: I should like to drop a word about the +<i>American Nut Journal</i> published here at Rochester, N. Y. I would like +to ask all the members of the Association to make as much effort as they +possibly can to get new subscribers to the <i>Journal</i>. I don't own any +stock in it, but I am talking purely in the interests of nut culture. +Without a magazine nine tenths of our work would be entirely useless +because it would be lost to the public. One of the duties of the members +should be the support of the organ which puts forth the information for +which this organization stands.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Methods of propagating pecans, hickories and +walnuts have been discovered and used, at times, for a century. I know +of a man who grafted them twenty years ago in New Jersey, but he left no +records of his methods. The <i>Journal</i> helps us to keep these records.</p> + +<p>This association has a great variety of contributors. We have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> with us +men who work on the exceedingly practical end of propagation. W. C. Reed +is a combination of the student and the propagator.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>HISTORY, DIMENSIONS AND CROP RECORDS OF PARENT NORTHERN PECAN TREES, AND NOTES ON THE OBSERVATION OF PROPAGATED TREES</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Indiana</span></h4> + + +<p><i>Varieties</i></p> + +<p>In considering varieties of the northern pecan, there are many points to +be estimated, such as size, thinness of shell, cracking quality, quality +of kernel, growth of trees in nursery and bearing records. The latter is +perhaps most important. What we want are trees that will give us a fair +crop annually; next would be the cracking qualities. If they crack +easily and come out of the shell with a large percentage of whole meats +the size does not make so much difference, for ultimately the value of a +variety will be gauged largely by the number of pounds of whole meats a +bushel, or a given number of pounds, will produce. I would therefore +place prolific bearing and cracking qualities as the two most important +points to be considered in selecting a variety worthy of planting.</p> + + +<p><i>Crop Records</i></p> + +<p>In considering crop records of the different northern varieties; we have +no grafted or budded trees old enough as yet from which to make +comparisons, and in considering the crops of the original trees it is +well to keep in mind that many of these trees are located in the native +forest without cultivation, without proper sunlight and with a poor +chance for the full development of the tree; also it is well to remember +that scarcely two trees have the same surroundings and conditions, and +that it is not often that the owner is able to secure the entire crop +from any one tree, being located in the forest where a large part of the +crop is carried off by others. With these conditions it is often +impossible to tell what a certain tree may yield, except by comparison +with former crops. In giving you these yields I am giving my own +knowledge so far as I can, and then information and estimates from the +most reliable sources at my command.</p> + + +<p><i>Indiana</i></p> + +<p>This variety is perhaps the best known (owing largely to its name), and +has not failed to produce at least a partial crop annually for the past +fifteen years. Since it has been under close observation,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> which has +been about seven to eight years, it has usually borne from 100 to 300 +pounds. Often a large part of the crop has been stolen. Crop 1912 about +200 pounds; 1913, 250 pounds; 1914, I am confident would have been 300 +pounds. The owner secured 125 pounds; balance carried off by others. +This year, 1915, is almost a failure; just a light sprinkling of nuts; +was full of blooms but owing to heavy cold rain, failed to pollenize. +The tree is located in a cultivated field, circumference of tree is 5 +feet, height about 60 feet, spread 50 to 60 feet.</p> + + +<p><i>Busseron</i></p> + +<p>This is almost identical with Indiana, and the owner tells me has borne +as many as seven bushels to twelve bushels at a single crop. The tree +being very tall, the entire top was cut out of it a few years ago and it +is just now commencing to bear again. The lower limbs, however, of older +wood that were left, have borne annual crops. In the nursery this +variety has shown a tendency to very early bearing; most one year trees, +spring 1914, set full of catkins, and one tree produced 16 +well-developed nuts. These, however, dropped during the extreme drouth +of August. The past spring most Busseron trees in the nursery again set +full of catkins and at the present time we have one tree, coming two +years old from bud, bearing one nut that is full grown and looks as +though it would mature during the next thirty days.</p> + +<p>Several other varieties have set full of catkins in the nursery row but +have not developed any pistillate blossoms. The Busseron has furnished +much propagating wood and at the present time there are, perhaps, more +trees growing in the nurseries of this than of any other northern +variety. Crop of 1915 promises to be fairly good.</p> + + +<p><i>Niblack</i></p> + +<p>Crop of 1912, 100 pounds; crop 1913, about 50 pounds; crop 1914, 225 +pounds; crop 1915, I would estimate at 100 pounds. This tree is very +deceiving; the top is rather open and the nuts are usually scattered all +through. The crop of 1914 was not considered heavy until after it was +gathered. The past spring this tree bloomed very full, but owing to wet, +cold weather when in full bloom did not set well. Size of tree 18 to 20 +inches in diameter; 50 to 60 feet high with 40 feet spread, and is +located in a cultivated field.</p> + + +<p><i>Posey</i></p> + +<p>Crop of 1914 was 125 pounds saved; this tree is about the same size as +the Niblack, located in the edge of a cornfield near heavy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> timber, +being far from any house. A large part of the crop is often stolen; the +crops of 1911 and 1912 were not so heavy, perhaps 50 to 75 pounds. It +usually bears a fair crop, however, but I do not consider it a heavy +cropper like the Indiana or Niblack. Its large size and splendid +cracking qualities, however, will make it a popular variety and it may +prove to bear much better on budded trees under cultivation.</p> + + +<p><i>Butterick</i></p> + +<p>This giant tree stands out in the open field, measures 14 feet in +circumference, 90 feet spread and perhaps 100 feet high, and usually +bears from 5 to 7 bushels. The owner tells me he has owned this tree for +forty-four years and that it has not missed more than two or three crops +during that time and that the former owner told him he owned the tree +for fifty years and that it was a good sized tree when he bought the +farm and bearing regular crops.</p> + + +<p><i>Major</i></p> + +<p>Crop 1912, 160 pounds saved, and from what information I can get this +tree usually bears 100 pounds or more; tree about 3 feet in diameter, +120 feet high and 60 feet to first limb. Owing to its height and size it +is very hard to get much of an estimate in regard to the crop it may +carry until after it is gathered. Being located in the dense forest a +large part of the crop is often carried off.</p> + + +<p><i>Greenriver</i></p> + +<p>Tree is located in the same grove with the Major, is about 3 feet in +diameter, 35 feet to first limb, crop 1912 reported 260 pounds and has +not missed a crop in twelve years. Have had no report for 1915.</p> + + +<p><i>Kentucky</i></p> + +<p>Crop 1912, 4½ bushels; since that has borne good crops, but do not +know the exact amount, but fair crop this year. The owner says it has +only missed two crops in twenty years.</p> + + +<p><i>Warrick</i></p> + +<p>This tree bears very regularly, but owing to the fact that it has been +cut so severely for propagating wood has not made any heavy yields the +past few years. The old wood has heavy crop this season.</p> + +<p>This practically covers the named list of varieties for the Indiana +pecan belt. I might say, however, that most of the native trees are +bearing a very good crop of pecans this season in our country.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Observations on Propagated Trees</i></p> + +<p>The Busseron has shown a stronger tendency to early bearing than any +other variety. The Major and Greenriver seem to be the best growers in +the nursery, with very heavy foliage. The Posey makes a very stocky tree +but seems to be one of the most difficult to propagate.</p> + + +<p><i>Southern Varieties</i></p> + +<p>The summer of 1914 we had the Stuart, Delmas and Schley. The first +killing frost was a severe cold snap; mercury dropped to 10 above zero, +November 22d. Foliage on these perfectly green as well as the nuts. The +Stuart seemed to have about matured fruit although foliage was green. +Husk on nuts had burst open ready to drop. The fruit which looked to be +ripe, however, when cracked, the kernel looked plump, but when cut open +was found pithy and more like a piece of cork.</p> + +<p>Stuart tree bearing this season nuts at present, September 1st, only +half grown, while Busseron alongside in nursery row is full size. The +northern varieties usually mature ready to gather October 1st; the +Indianas in the jar on the table were gathered September 28th last year.</p> + + +<p><i>High Land versus Low Land. Pecans in High Land</i></p> + +<p>There have been a number of articles written by men well posted claiming +that the pecan will not bear or thrive except on the cultivated bottom +lands of our valleys and streams. The writer wishes to disprove this +erroneous idea. It is not borne out by facts. On the farm of W. J. Coan +of Bruceville, Knox County, Ind., there are a number of pecans planted +from ten to fifteen years ago. Part of these trees are on bottom land +and part on high land. This high land is heavy clay underlaid with +considerable hardpan. The writer visited these trees two weeks ago and +has photographs showing four trees in a group that were planted fifteen +years ago that have borne for the past six years, each crop getting +better. At the present time I would judge they are bearing at least one +bushel to the tree. A single tree in the barnyard has not made the +growth owing to the compact soil around it. However, it has borne quite +heavily, commenced bearing at nine years of age from seed. The trees on +the bottom land are not as large and have not borne half as many nuts as +the ones planted on high land. This is Mr. Coan's report and he says +that were he planting again he would plant entirely on high ground. The +trees shown in these photographs are located on perhaps the highest +elevation in Knox County, Ind.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> There are a number of other trees near +the writer's home planted on high land 150 feet above the river, back +from three to six miles, that are large trees, measuring 18 to 24 inches +in diameter and bearing regular crops. Heavy clay land seems to push a +stronger and more vigorous growth than does the more loamy, darker soil. +I submit here a number of photographs taken August 10 of pecan trees in +the nursery row, budded one year ago, showing a growth of from 4 to 6 +feet, many of them 5 to 7 feet and some 8 feet high and still growing +rapidly. These were budded on four-year-old pecans.</p> + + +<p><i>Propagation</i></p> + +<p>We have tried all known methods of propagating the pecan with varied +results; one of the methods you do not want to try is the Edwards +method. While it may be a success in Texas, where it originated, it is a +miserable failure in the North. Grafting above ground is done after the +sap is well up, and gives fair results. However, best results have been +obtained by the patch bud method on seedlings three to four years old. +Good strong seedlings, well-ripened buds cut from the scion orchard or +from trees two years old in the nursery have given best results—in some +cases, as high as 85 per cent stand the past season.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: Mr. Rush had a Stuart bearing last year in +south-eastern Pennsylvania. The nuts were not very large but they +matured fairly well. I am more encouraged than ever that the Indiana +variety will be safe for use in Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Reed</span>: I think that if the Stuart bloomed as early as the +others it would be all right, but it is about two weeks later.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: I don't believe in the Stuart very much: I have +better pecans myself, hardy in the north.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I wish to corroborate Mr. Reed's point about the +success of the pecan on high land. One man is, I believe, responsible +for that widely circulated statement that the pecan will grow only on +alluvial land. I have travelled a thousand miles in investigating that +fact, and found it a fallacy. Some of the biggest pecan trees I have +ever seen were growing at 900 feet elevation down in Georgia. This was +on clay hills. I have seen the same thing in Raleigh. That alluvial soil +business is a hoax.</p> + +<p>This ends the intellectual side of our program.</p> + +<p>Business meeting.</p> + +<p>Meeting adjourned <i>sine die</i> at 10 <span class="smcap">P. M.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>WALNUT OBSERVATIONS IN CALIFORNIA<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">L. D. Batchelor, University of California, Citrus<br />Experiment +Station, Riverside, California.</span></h4> + + +<p>The walnut industry of California is just entering a transition period +from the planting of seedling groves to the established plantings of +grafted trees. Just as other seedling fruit trees, such as the orange, +apple, peach, almond, etc., have been eliminated, so too, the seedling +walnut groves of California seem doomed to be replaced by clonal +varieties. In many ways this industry is as much in its infancy as the +apple industry of New York was sixty-five years ago, when varieties +first began to be propagated in a commercial way by grafting and +budding. This readjustment in the walnut industry is well started, and, +although it is likely to be gradual in its evolution, and wisely so, the +change seems nevertheless certain. There are but a very few seedling +trees for sale at the present time by the progressive nurseries, and, in +fact, only a very few such trees have been set out in groves during the +past four or five years. The demand for grafted trees has been brought +about largely by the wide range of variation in walnut seedlings as +regards their productivity, commercial value of the nuts, season of +harvest and ability of the trees to resist the walnut blight.</p> + +<p>In view of the very recent propagation of the walnut by grafting, which +has extended over only about ten to twelve years, it is reasonable to +expect that the majority of the varieties thus propagated so early in +the development of the industry are only partially suited to the needs +of the walnut grower. The nuts from many of these grafted varieties fall +considerably short of the commercial standard for high-grade walnuts. +Some of the heaviest-bearing sorts, such as the Chase, Prolific and El +Monte, produce nuts that cannot be sold in the very best grade of the +commercial product. On the other hand, the Placentia, which produces one +of the most nearly ideal commercial nuts, is not a heavy-producing +variety, especially in the northern walnut sections, and is quite as +susceptible to walnut blight as the average seedling tree. Again, the +Eureka variety, which seems to successfully avoid the walnut blight +during many seasons by its lateness in coming into bloom, is a very +moderately<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> yielding variety in the southern sections. The above +examples are only a few of many that might be cited to show the +short-comings of most of the varieties of walnuts now being propagated.</p> + +<p>The wide range of climatic and soil conditions makes the eventual +propagation of quite a large number of varieties inevitable. While the +coast regions are bathed in fog nearly every morning during the growing +season, the inland valleys experience an extremely dry climate with high +maximum temperatures. Walnuts are being grown at the present time on +soil types varying from the extremes of sand to heavy clay loams. Many +of the future varieties must be especially adapted to some one of these +particular environments if they are to stand the test of time.</p> + +<p>Many of the present seedling groves are of uncertain origin and +represent greatly varying values. No doubt some of these groves are the +progeny of especially selected trees known to have considerable merit. +On the other hand, it is very apparent that many of them are the result +of a great demand for seedling trees when the industry was in its +infancy twenty or thirty years ago. At that time without doubt, great +quantities of walnuts were planted without due regard for their +parentage. Again, there is a wide range of variability among the +individual trees of any grove, as variations in type of tree, blooming +season, character of foliage, resistance to disease, productivity and +character of the nuts.</p> + + +<p><i>Type of Tree</i></p> + +<p>The tree types vary from the upright, sturdy individual to the more or +less spreading, weeping types which droop nearly to the ground under the +burden of the crop. The upright, vigorous growing type is well +exemplified in the Eureka. On the other hand, such varieties as the +Prolific have a spreading, bushy habit and an almost semi-dwarfness +characterizes their growth.</p> + + +<p><i>Blooming Season</i></p> + +<p>It is not unusual to find the blooming season in an ordinary seedling +grove extending over a period of from a month to six weeks. A few +individual trees leaf out and blossom with the first signs of spring. +Then the great majority of the trees in the grove come out in full leaf. +But there are frequently trees still leafless after the nuts on the +early individuals are of the size of a marble. This variation in the +blooming season has considerable economic importance in relation to the +harvesting and marketing of the nuts as well as the avoidance of +diseases and frost which may be more prevalent during certain periods in +the spring.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Foliage Characteristics</i></p> + +<p>The character of the foliage varies from the broad-leaved types, whose +foliage somewhat resembles that of the horse-chestnut, to the +narrow-leaved varieties whose leaves have a tendency to curl up like the +foliage of the Winesap apple. The broad-leaved types are much more +densely foliated and this factor has considerable bearing on the +problems of sun-scald on the twigs and trunks of the tree and the +exposure of the nuts to this injury. For this reason, the densely +foliated varieties may prove best adapted to the inland valleys, where +the difficulties of sun-scald are most prevalent. The more sparsely +foliated types often appear to have less blight on the nuts and leaves +because of their exposure to the sunshine.</p> + + +<p><i>Disease Resistance</i></p> + +<p>Probably one of the most important limiting factors in walnut production +in California, and especially in the older walnut sections, is the +bacterial disease commonly known as walnut blight. The inroads of this +disease have caused a very heavy dropping of the nuts during many +seasons of the past, and although a great deal of time and scientific +effort has been devoted to the control of the trouble, there is no +satisfactory known means for the prevention of walnut blight at the +present time.</p> + +<p>It is a well-known fact that in the vegetable kingdom closely related +species suffer in different degrees from the attacks of the same +parasite. This difference in resistance is often as marked among +different varieties of the same species as between the species +themselves. The absence of blight is not necessarily an indication of +immunity. There is a great deal of difference in the amount of blight +prevalent at the present season in the different walnut growing +sections. Again, the immunity from blight of a particular tree for one +season may be followed by more or less prevalency of blight on the same +tree the next season. The degree of resistance must be tested out +through a number of years before any variety can be pronounced resistant +to this disease. The observations must also be carried out in different +localities as certain varieties seem to behave differently on different +soils and when growing under different climatic conditions.</p> + +<p>Some varieties seem to avoid the blight the majority of the seasons but +really have little or no resistant qualities when the seasonal +conditions and the growth of the plant happen to coincide with the most +favorable time for the spread of the disease. An example of this is seen +in the Eureka variety the present season. While this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> variety has +maintained a reputation during a majority of seasons for freedom from +blight, during the present year the Eureka is badly diseased in certain +sections of Orange County. This may, perhaps, be explained by the +prevalence of damp, cloudy weather for about a week or ten days during +the first of May when this variety was in full bloom. In one grove under +observation the trees were thought to have lost at least 50 per cent of +their blossoms soon after blooming. At the present time on these same +trees, 32 per cent of the nuts are afflicted with more or less blight. +To be sure, some of these will likely mature, but the appearance of +blight on nearly one third of the crop shows that this variety has very +little resistant power against walnut blight. Its freedom from disease +in the past has no doubt been due largely to its dormancy during the +most favorable weather conditions for the spread of blight.</p> + +<p>The field for the selection of blight resistant varieties must +necessarily be in the badly blighted sections. A tree with only 10 per +cent blighted nuts in an orchard having an average of 70 per cent to 80 +per cent may really be more resistant to blight than a variety which +appears to be positively free from the disease when growing among trees +which are only 15 per cent to 20 per cent blighted. In making +observations and selections, therefore, it is quite as important to know +the amount of blight on the surrounding trees and the grove, as a whole, +as it is to know the prevalence of blight on the selected individual. +The extreme variation of different seedling trees in their +susceptibility to this disease is well illustrated in some of the +following observations which were made the present year. The percentages +which follow the varieties named were determined by counting at least +100 nuts on a tree just before the blighted nuts began to drop. In a +seedling grove in the Whittier district about 300 trees were examined +and 100 nuts counted on each tree. The individual trees varied from 2 +per cent to 85 per cent blighted nuts, while the grove as a whole +averaged 25 per cent. There were at least a dozen or fifteen trees in +this grove which were blighted less than 10 per cent, although some of +the nearby trees were blighted as high as 60 per cent or 70 per cent.</p> + +<p>Another seedling grove in Orange County which was counted in the same +way, averaged 47 per cent blighted nuts during the second week in June. +In making this determination 105 trees were examined. In this same +grove, there were, however, at least three trees which averaged less +than 6 per cent blighted nuts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is interesting to know that the Placentia variety, growing within a +stone's throw of the aforementioned seedling grove and under identical +cultural conditions, was blighted to the extent of 71.9 per cent on the +same date.</p> + +<p>Observations of the Prolific (Ware's) in the vicinity of the above +mentioned grove, showed less than 1 per cent blighted nuts on the trees +and practically none of the nuts have dropped to the ground at the +present time, yet in the past this variety has not had a reputation for +disease immunity. The original Chase tree was observed during this time +and showed a percentage of 37 per cent blighted nuts. These examples are +given neither in support of any particular variety nor to discredit +others, but are noted merely to call attention to the wide variation, +and this variation is a great source of encouragement in our endeavors +to produce a disease resistant variety.</p> + +<p>Of course blight immunity is not the only factor to be considered in +selecting a variety of walnut. A profitable yield of good commercial +nuts is the real test of the superiority of any variety. A very heavy +yielding tree with a small amount of blight may prove more profitable +than a light yielding variety that is totally immune to this disease.</p> + +<p>The production of a medium grade nut which would grade only as a +seedling No 1, might prove more profitable if the tree is at least +partially blight immune than the production of such a high grade nut as +the Placentia with its susceptibility to blight. These things must be +considered and weighed carefully by the growers who are planting walnuts +in the blight sections. The various areas where walnut blight is not a +factor might profitably sacrifice heavy production to superior quality.</p> + +<p>From our present knowledge it is very apparent that the disease +resistance of individual trees varies considerably from year to year and +under different soil and climatic conditions. The thorough testing of +resistant varieties will require considerable time.</p> + + +<p><i>Nut Characteristics</i></p> + +<p>The character of the nuts is as variable as the trees themselves, not +only in the exterior appearance, but in the character of the meats as +well. The ideal commercial nut should be of medium size, about one and +one-eighth to one and one-half inches in diameter, of regular oval form +somewhat elongated, with smooth surface, and light brown color, and +uniform for these characters. The cracking quality of the nuts is quite +as important as their exterior appear<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>ance. The nuts should be well +sealed so they will not crack open in shipping. The shells should be +thin but strong, so the nut may be easily opened and the whole meat +taken out intact. The pellicle surrounding the kernel should be light +tan colored or silvery brown with a glossy waxed appearance attractive +to look upon. The meat should be smooth, and plump, averaging 50 per +cent or more of the total weight of the nut, and with a mild, pleasant +flavor, free from any astringency.</p> + +<p>The shells vary all the way from extremely rough and unattractive +specimens to the smooth commercial type, as the Placentia, while the +color of the meats varies from dark brown to nearly white, and so on +through the other characteristics mentioned.</p> + +<p>In the selection of varieties the walnut breeder is exceptionally +favored by the occurrence of large areas of seedling trees. According to +the 1910 census there were in the neighborhood of one and a quarter +million seedling trees growing in California. With this almost unlimited +material for selective use, it seems indeed reasonable that many +varieties will be selected in the future which are better adapted to the +demands of the industry than some of those now being propagated. By +means of hybridizing methods it is also hoped that some of the desirable +unit characters of the varieties now in cultivation may be recombined +into more nearly ideal varieties for future generations. The fact that +walnut breeding is necessarily a long-termed, expensive problem has made +it rather unattractive to the practical breeders. Such work will depend +largely upon public or specially endowed institutions for its support.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PRUNING THE PERSIAN WALNUT</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">J. G. Rush, West Willow, Pa.</span></h4> + + +<p>Pruning is as old as horticulture itself, but the Persian walnut has +escaped this treatment thus far. Practical experience, however, in +growing these trees for fruiting, shows the great importance of +systematic pruning. It is a common occurrence to see a young tree with +straggling and irregular growths. Very frequently we see that growth +takes place on part of the tree only, leaving the other part +undeveloped, which would throw the tree very much out of balance in +course of time. Pruning should begin early in the life of the young tree +and as soon as it leaves the nursery the pruning shears should be in +evidence.</p> + +<p>There are two important objects in view in proper and systematic +pruning. First is form, with a well balanced head. Second, to increase +productiveness by having more lateral branches properly distributed all +over the tree. As a matter of course productiveness will follow.</p> + +<p>It is a singular fact that a misfortune can sometimes develop into a +blessing. Last year, 1914, was an unfortunate one in that an early and +late drouth caused poor bud development, and, of course, they were not +in a condition to withstand our usual winter weather.</p> + +<p>In the spring of 1915, as soon as bud development took place, I +commenced to prune. I cut off all weak branches to a strong bud and +sometimes went over the trees a second time in order to insure that the +work should be well done. These trees referred to are mostly three years +old and at that age the pruning should be done very systematically.</p> + +<p>It is a mistake to have a tree three or four years old in bearing. You +will have branches from 2 to 4 feet long without any laterals, quite +differently from other fruits, as the apple, peach, pear, etc. If these +long branches are allowed to remain you will find that the terminal buds +will develop nuts and weigh down the branch. But with proper management +the life and productiveness of the tree can be improved by pruning. A +branch 3 or 4 feet long should be cut back one half. Of course great +care must be taken where the cut is made, for the future welfare of the +tree.</p> + +<p>I have a very fine five-year-old Hall variety on my side lawn that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +shows the neglect of proper pruning at the right time. The branches are +entirely too long and drooping. In order to overcome this defect I will +have to cut back to two-year-old wood and force the dormant buds for the +future tree.</p> + +<p>There is another great advantage in the proper method of pruning the +young Persian, that is, that the finest kind of bud wood becomes +available.</p> + +<p>You will please remember that in pruning the walnut we are not pruning +for color as with other fruits.</p> + +<p>The tree should be as round headed as a Norway maple, and if some of the +limbs should show indications of weakness by crowding then cut them out +for the benefit of others close by.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>REPORT ON NUT GROWING IN CANADA</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">G. H. Corsan, Toronto</span></h4> + + +<p>Not being able to meet with you this September, as I have to go down to +the State of Mississippi, I send this paper to your president whose +paper on the Garden of Eden we all read in the <i>Country Gentlemen</i> of +July 7, and so much admired.</p> + +<p>Progress has not been made on my place sufficient to warrant my inviting +you to Toronto next convention, but I will say that the year after next +I will certainly have something worth seeing. But Dr. J. H. Kellogg of +Battle Creek, Mich., extends an invitation to you to hold the next +convention at the Battle Creek Sanitarium where nuts and nut +preparations are used exclusively in the place of meat and fish and +fowl. Here at Battle Creek on Dr. Kellogg's private grounds and on the +Sanitarium grounds may be seen Colonel Sober's Paragon chestnuts, Mr. +Pomeroy's English walnuts and Mr. Reed's grafted pecans, as well as some +grafted persimmons of named varieties. In my statement in the <i>American +Nut Journal</i> last May or June I mentioned that all the grafted +persimmons sent from Washington were winter-killed. I find on returning +in August that the Early Golden is very much alive. Twelve other +varieties have been planted to see what this winter will do to them. The +persimmon is exceedingly interesting to us northern nut growers because +where it will succeed the pecan will also, without a doubt. Now I also +find that my statement in the same paper that the grafted pecans sent by +Mr. Reed were winter-killed was an error, as only certain trees failed +to grow above the graft. Those that are growing are the Major, Busseron +and Indiana, the Busseron showing most decidedly better than the +Indiana, both here and at Toronto. All pecans lived, both here and at +Toronto, if I include those that sprung up below the graft. Out of +thirteen varieties that I experimented with at Toronto, Major, Posey and +Niblack were the only ones that lived well above the graft and showed no +winter-killing. Others were more or less winter-killed. Kentucky, +Mantura, Appomattox, Luce and Greenriver showed no desire to live in the +north. Mr. Pomeroy's English walnuts showed a most distinct dislike for +Toronto, but all forty-eight are doing well here and are being cared +for.</p> + +<p>Colonel Sober's Paragon chestnuts showed the most determined<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> attempt to +not grow the Paragon part of the tree, and an equally determined mind to +grow good and strong below the Paragon part—may this part yield good +trees! I have three or four Paragons left out of 135 trees. Pecans grew +as many as four feet both here and at Toronto this summer.</p> + +<p>Of the new trees sent from Washington two specimens of Castanea Crenata +(from the north Island of Japan), six specimens of Castanea Mollissima +(almost blight proof, from north China) all are thriving.</p> + +<p>Juglans regia sinensis lived to the tip through the winter and budded +out strong from the top, as did J. cordiformis—may it always be so.</p> + +<p><i>Re</i> Dr. Deming's question as to the farthermost northern pecans I said +Charles City, Iowa. Now these forty trees were planted twenty years ago +and are all alive and yield crops, but the nuts are small as they are +seedlings. Write Mr. Charles D. Patten <i>re</i> how his trees are doing and +their history. He has been asking Mr. Reed for scions of better trees.</p> + +<p>I have five types of soil to grow my trees in, stiff clay, rich gravel, +quicksand and humus, light sand and silt or bottom land, well drained. I +have no sour, undrained spot on my fifteen acres.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>APPENDIX</h2> + +<h3>PRESENT AT THE SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS +ASSOCIATION</h3> + + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry T. Brown, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. McLean, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rev. A. C. Crapsey, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. Fairchild, University Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chas. E. Bunnell, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. W. Taylor, Stamford, Conn.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Herbert E. Ingram, 432 4th Ave., New York</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. J. W. Jackson, Dansville, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha Rush, New Providence, Lancaster Co., Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edna Mylin, Willow St., Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul White, Boonville, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. G. Rush, West Willow, Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John S. Parish, Eastham, Va.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thos. P. Littlepage, Washington, D. C.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. and Mrs. Wm. C. Deming, Georgetown, Conn.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ralph T. Olcott, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Robt. T. Morris, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dean Baker, Syracuse, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. R. Angst, Wilmington, Del.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. L. Grubbs, Fairview, Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. E. Wile, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frank A. Bailey, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. E. Streeter, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. K. Sober, Lewisburg, Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. C. Reed, Vincennes, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. P. Reed, Vincennes, Ind.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Reed, Washington, D. C.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carl J. Poll, Danville, Ill.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walter C. Teter, New York City</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jas. S. McGlennon, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conrad Vollertsen, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. L. Reynolds, Canandaigua, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prof. and Mrs. F. N. Fagan, State College, Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jas. Rissew, Macedon, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. C. South, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">R. L. Fitzgerald, Rochester</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. M. Brown, Fairport, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nellie Doty Butts, Barnards, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H. Goodall, Spencerport, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Rick, Reading, Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. A. H. Reider, Reading, Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adelbert Thompson, East Avon, N.Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. A. C. Pomeroy, Lockport, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel Pomeroy, Lockport, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Howard Pomeroy, Lockport, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">C. C. Laney, Rochester, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Dunbar, Rochester, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. B. Holden, Hilton, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. and Mrs. B. S. Abrams, Charlotte, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry Hohener, Rochester, N.Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Charles Forbes, Brick Church Institute, Rochester, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PROGRAM FOR AUTOMOBILE TRIPS SEPTEMBER</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">1st and 2d, 1915</span></h4> + + +<p>The program below is intended as a guide only. It may be necessary on +account of conditions to vary this. It is therefore highly important +that all automobiles follow one another along the lines later designated +in this sheet.</p> + +<p>On the afternoons of September 1st and 2d, we propose to drive in +automobiles to the various trees of interest in the immediate +neighborhood of Rochester. The limit of the trip on September 1st will +be Hilton, N. Y. The present plan is to visit the trees in the following +order:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1—230 Saratoga Avenue, Persian Walnut seedling;</p> + +<p>2—Kramer, Emerson Street and Lake Avenue, Persian Walnut (This is +the parent tree of the Thompson Grove seedlings at East Avon, N. +Y.);</p> + +<p>3—Riverside Cemetery, Hybrid Hickory Laneyii (tree named after Mr. +Calvin C. Laney, Superintendent of Parks, Rochester, N. Y., by Dr. +Sargeant of the Arnold Arboretum);</p> + +<p>4—Westgate farm, Stone Road, Persian Walnut seedlings and filberts +(nuts for the seedling trees and filbert bushes imported from +England);</p> + +<p>5—W. H. Anderson and Wm. Twitchill, Ridge Road, seedling Walnut +(of these one tree 105 years old);</p> + +<p>6—Hilton, N. Y., Holden trees, from which the Holden Walnuts +originated;</p> + +<p>7—McGlennon Nursery, Denise Road, filbert plantings, two years +old;</p> + +<p>8—Clifford Avenue, between St. Paul Street and Clinton Avenue +North, seedling Walnuts;</p> + +<p>9—Spiegel Park, seedling Walnuts;</p> + +<p>10—Culver Road and Parsells Avenue, Hybrid Walnut and Butternuts.</p> + +<p class='center'>(End of trip September 1st, 1915)</p> + +<p class='center'><i>September 2d, 1915</i></p> + +<p>1—Gregory Street, McGlennon Nursery, filberts; 2—Highland Park, +Hazel; 3—West Brighton, Mrs. W. J. Miller, seedling Walnuts; +4—Golah, N. Y., King Nut Hickory; 5—Seedling Walnut grove, +Adelbert Thompson, East Avon, N. Y. </p></div> + +<p>All automobiles intended to convey members of the Association will have +a sign "Northern Nut Growers Association." All cars will follow a pilot +car, which will be plainly marked. There will be one relief car, which +will be plainly marked, and will carry no passengers except in +emergency. In the event of any break-down in an automobile, the +emergency car will immediately pick up the passengers of the one +delayed, and transfer its sign to the delayed car. The delayed car, +after repairs, will act as a relief car in its place.</p> + +<p>The start of both trips will be made from Powers Hotel at 1:45 <span class="smcap">P. +M.</span> All members are requested to be on hand promptly, as the several +stops will consume considerable time. Unless delay in starting is +provided against, the trip may be prolonged beyond a comfortable limit.</p> + +<p class='center'> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Local Committee</i></span></p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ralph T. Olcott</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Supt. C. C. Laney, Park Dept.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Asst. Supt. John Dunbar, Park Dept.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M. E. Wile</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James S. McGlennon</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. Robert Bruce</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Hall, Secy. W.N.Y. Hort. Soc.</span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>EXHIBITS</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Exhibits"> +<tr><td align='left'>Corylus cornuta</td><td align='left'>Beaked Hazel</td><td align='left'>Branch</td><td align='left'>Dr. R. T. Morris</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corylus avellana</td><td align='left'>European Hazel</td><td align='left'>Stem showing blight</td><td align='left'>Dr. R. T. Morris</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corylus colurna</td><td align='left'>Byzantine Hazel</td><td align='left'>Branch</td><td align='left'>Dr. R. T. Morris</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corylus avellana</td><td align='left'>Purple Variety</td><td align='left'>Branch</td><td align='left'>Dr. R. T. Morris</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corylus pontica</td><td align='left'>Pontine Hazel</td><td align='left'>Branch</td><td align='left'>Dr. R. T. Morris</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corylus avellana</td><td align='left'>Var. Barcelona</td><td align='left'>Branch</td><td align='left'>J. G. Rush</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corylus americana</td><td align='left'>Var. Rush</td><td align='left'>Branch</td><td align='left'>J. G. Rush</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Long Hazel</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Joseph Risseu,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Walworth, N.Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Round Hazel</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Joseph Risseu,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Walworth, N.Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hicoria ovata</td><td align='left'>Var. Taylor</td><td align='left'>Nuts</td><td align='left'>Dr. R. T. Morris</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hicoria ovata</td><td align='left'>Var. LeFevre</td><td align='left'>Nuts</td><td align='left'>J. G. Rush</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hicoria ovata</td><td align='left'>Plate</td><td align='left'>Nuts</td><td align='left'>Miss Ruth N. Reeves</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Newark, N.Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Juglans regia</td><td align='left'>Var. Alpine</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Miss Ruth N. Reeves,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Newark, N.Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Juglans regia</td><td align='left'>Var. Nebo</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Miss Ruth N. Reeves,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Newark, N.Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Rush</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Miss Ruth N. Reeves,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Newark, N.Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Hall</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Miss Ruth N. Reeves,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Newark. N.Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Juglans hybrid</td><td align='left'>supposed J. regia</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Miss Ruth N. Reeves,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>X cinerea</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Newark, N.Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Juglans regia</td><td align='left'>Var. Holden spec.</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>E. B. Holden,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Hilton, N.Y.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Juglans cathayensis</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Foliage</td><td align='left'>Park Board,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Juglans rupestris</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>2 clusters, 4 nuts</td><td align='left'>Park Board,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>each and foliage</td><td align='left'>Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Juglans sieboldiana</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>cluster 7 nuts and</td><td align='left'>Park Board,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>foliage</td><td align='left'>Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pteryocarya stenoptera</td><td align='left'>False Walnut Foliage</td><td align='left'>Park Board,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Castanea sativa</td><td align='left'>Var. Paragon</td><td align='left'>Branch with one very</td><td align='left'>J. S. Parish,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>large bur</td><td align='left'>Eastham, Va.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Castanea pumila</td><td align='left'>Common chinquapin</td><td align='left'>Branch with cluster</td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>quapin</td><td align='left'>of nuts</td><td align='left'>Dr. R. T. Morris</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Castanea pumila</td><td align='left'>Southwestern</td><td align='left'>Branch with nuts</td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>chinquapin</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Dr. R. T. Morris</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">Panel with general collection of pecans, hickory nuts and walnuts, W. C. Reed,</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vincennes, Ind.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Juglans nigra</td><td align='left'>Var. Rush</td><td align='left'>Nuts</td><td align='left'>J. G. Rush</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Juglans regia</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Branch</td><td align='left'>Mrs. B. S. Abrams,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Latta Farm,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Charlotte, N.Y.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>RESOLUTIONS</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Passed by the Northern Nut Growers Association in<br />Session at +Rochester, N. Y., September 1 and 2, 1915</span></h4> + + +<p>No chestnut stock should go out unless it is thoroughly sterilized by +some satisfactory method and tagged by proper authority to show that +fact.</p> + +<p>States that are still clear of the blight are advised that effective +quarantine is desirable to delay, for a time at least, the spread of the +blight. Four infestations of chestnut blight have been found in Indiana +in July and August, 1915. This fact, and the continued spread of this +fatal fungus, are some of the reasons for this recommendation.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Nut trees may and do sometimes come fairly true to type but they do not +come true to variety. Consequently our association does not approve of +the sale of seedling trees under variety names; and this association +further recommends to all journals that they take no advertisements for +nut trees if such trees are not sold under conditions that clearly +comply with the provisions of this resolution.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE YEAR.</h2> + + +<p>The Chestnut Bark Disease on Freshly Fallen Nuts. J. Franklin Collins. +Reprinted from <i>Phytopathology</i>, Vol. V, No. 4, August, 1913. With One +Figure in the Text.</p> + +<p>Melaxuma of the Walnut, "Juglans regia." (A Preliminary Report.) Howard +S. Fawcett. Bulletin No. 261, Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, +California, November, 1915.</p> + +<p>The Pecan Business. From Planting the Nuts to Gathering the Nuts. +Catalogue of B. W. Stone, nurseryman, Thomasville, Georgia, containing +cuts and information about pecan growing in the South.</p> + +<p>Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Convention of the National Nut +Growers Association, held at Albany, Georgia, October 27-29, 1915.</p> + +<p>Report of the Proceedings at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Northern +Nut Growers Association at Rochester, New York, September 1 and 2, 1915. +(In press.)</p> + +<p>Walnut Aphides in California. W. M. Davidson. (Professional Paper.) +Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture No. 100, August +31, 1914.</p> + +<p>The Possibilities of Nut Growing in the East. W. C. Deming. <i>Women's +National Agricultural and Horticultural Association Quarterly</i>, August, +1915.</p> + +<p>The <i>Walnut Book and Horticultural Digest</i>, A Monthly Publication +Devoted to the Production, Distribution and Consumption of the Walnut. +Vol. I, No. 1, November, 1915. The Walnut Book Publishing Co., Orenco, +Oregon. One dollar a year. Official Organ of the Western Walnut +Association.</p> + +<p>Nut Trees for the Country's Waste Places. Gilbert E. Bailey, Ph.D. +University of Southern California. <i>American Fruits</i>, July, 1915, p. 8.</p> + +<p>The Inside of a Graft. F. A. Waugh, <i>The Country Gentleman</i>, February +20, 1915, p. 328.</p> + +<p>Progress of Nut Culture in the East. Possibilities of a Coming Industry. +W. C. Deming. <i>The Rural New-Yorker</i>, March 6, 1915, p. 327. +Illustrations of methods of budding and grafting nut trees.</p> + +<p>Air and Wind Dissemination of Ascospores of the Chestnut-Blight Fungus. +F. D. Heald, M. W. Gardner, and R. A. Studhalter. Reprint from <i>Journal +of Agricultural Research</i>, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., +March 25, 1915. Vol. III, No. 6.</p> + +<p>Grafting and Budding the Walnut. E. R. Lake. Weekly News Letter to Crop +Correspondents, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. +C., April 7, 1915. Vol. II, No. 35. Numerous cuts.</p> + +<p>Neglected Northern Pecans. Dr. J. Russell Smith, University of +Pennsylvania. <i>Country Gentleman</i>, January 9, 1915.</p> + +<p>Riehl Fun for Nuts. Dr. J. Russell Smith, University of Pennsylvania. +<i>Country Gentleman</i>, October 9, 1915.</p> + +<p>A Georgia Tree Farmer. Dr. J. Russell Smith, University of Pennsylvania. +<i>Country Gentleman</i>, December 4, 1915.</p> + +<p>Shade Trees that Bear Nuts. Dr. J. Russell Smith, University of +Pennsylvania. <i>Country Gentleman</i>, January 7, 1916.</p> + +<p>Grafting Nut Trees. Dr. J. Russell Smith, University of Pennsylvania. +<i>Country Gentleman</i>, January 28, 1916.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> + +<h3>FOOTNOTES</h3> +<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Bulletin No. 231 by Prof. Ralph E. Smith of the University +of California, is authority for this history of walnut introduction into +that state.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> G. Harold Powell, Bull. XLII, Delaware Agricultural +Experiment Station, 1898.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Paper No. 21, Citrus Experiment Station, College of +Agriculture, University of California, Riverside, California.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p></div></div> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + +<blockquote><h3>"No, we would not think of planting a tree without using dynamite."—</h3> + +<p>Extract from a letter received from Edwards & Patterson, Milledgeville, +Ga., who are amongst Georgia's best known pecan growers.</p> + +<p>Blasting with <b>RED CROSS EXPLOSIVES</b> shatters the compact soil, extends +the feeding area of roots and increases the water-holding capacity of +the ground.</p> + +<p>Tree-planting in blasted ground is "life insurance" for all kinds of +fruit and nut trees. Plant your pecans in blasted ground, and stop +first-year losses.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img080.jpg" alt="Fig. 103" title="Fig. 103" /></div> + +<p>Edwards & Patterson's pecans, actual size, sent to us as fair average +samples of nuts grown on unblasted and blasted trees. The pecan at the +top was grown on a tree in unblasted soil,—at the bottom is the pecan +grown where the soil was blasted.</p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img0802.jpg" alt="Fig. 103" title="Fig. 103" /></div> + +<p>Write for HANDBOOK OF EXPLOSIVES telling about tree-planting and other +ways of using RED CROSS EXPLOSIVES.</p> + +<p class='center'><b>E. I. du PONT de NEMOURS & CO.</b></p> + +<p class='center'>WILMINGTON, DEL.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<blockquote><h3>Vincennes Nurseries</h3> + +<h4>PROPAGATORS OF</h4> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Nut Varieties"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>The Pecan</i></td><td align='left'><i>The Chestnut</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>The Persian Walnut</i></td><td align='left'><i>The Almond</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>The Hickory</i></td><td align='left'><i>The Hazelnut.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan='2'><i>And the Persimmon.</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<h4>SEND FOR OUR SPECIAL NUT CATALOGUE</h4> + +<p class='center'>We offer also a general line of Nursery Stock</p> + + +<p><span class="left">W. C. REED,</span><span class="right">VINCENNES</span><br /> +<span class="left"> <i>Proprietor</i></span><span class="right">INDIANA</span></p></blockquote> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<blockquote><p class='center'>Plant My Hardy Pennsylvania Grown, Budded and Grafted</p> + +<h3>ENGLISH WALNUT AND PECAN TREES</h3> + +<h4>IF YOU WANT TO START RIGHT</h4> + +<hr style="width: 35%;" /> + +<p class='center'>You can't afford to experiment with trees of doubtful hardiness, neither +do you want seedlings or inferior varieties</p> + +<p class='center'><i>My 1915-16 Catalogue is yours for the asking</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 35%;" /> + +<blockquote><p class='center'>Address</p> + +<h3>J. F. JONES, The Nut Tree Specialist</h3> + +<p><span class="left">LANCASTER</span><span class="right">PENNSYLVANIA</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h3>CHESTER VALLEY NURSERIES</h3> + +<p class='center'>ESTABLISHED 1853</p> + +<p class='center'>Choice Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Cherry Trees on Mazzard Roots, Hardy +Evergreens, Flowering Shrubs, Hedge Plants, etc. Originators of the</p> + +<h4>THOMAS BLACK WALNUT</h4> + +<p class='center'>JOS. W. THOMAS & SONS, King of Prussia P. O., Montgomery Co., Pa.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> +</blockquote> +<p><br /></p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Sixth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 18288-h.htm or 18288-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/2/8/18288/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Janet Blenkinship, +E. 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