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diff --git a/old/simple.html b/old/simple.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50541eb --- /dev/null +++ b/old/simple.html @@ -0,0 +1,39053 @@ + +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>Latin for Beginners</title> +<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; +charset=US-ASCII"> + +</head> + +<body> + +<p><tt> +{Transcriber's Note:<br> +This simplified html file is intended for use on browsers that suffer +from extreme age, limited font options, generalized grumpiness or all +three.<br> +Some elements of the display have been simplified. In particular, +the macrons (straight lines) of the original text are here shown as +circumflex accents: â, ê and so on. Long "y" (only used in a +few names) is shown as [y].<br> +The breve symbol, representing a short vowel, has been omitted. This +symbol was used only in the pronunciation section and in one or two +vocabulary entries.<br> +The notation [oo] represents short "oo".<br> +Letters shown with combined breve and macron have been expanded as "-ei +or -êi", "-ius or -îus".<br> +A few typographical errors have been corrected. They have been +marked in the text with <ins title = "like this">mouse-hover +popups</ins>.<br> +Footnotes are represented as "block quotes". Some browsers may display +quotation marks around these sections; they are not present in the +original text. Page numbers are used in navigation, but are not +displayed.} +</tt></p> + +<hr> +<hr> + +<h2>LATIN FOR BEGINNERS</h2> + +<br> +<h5>BY</h5> + +<h4>BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE, Ph.D.</h4> + +<h6>PROFESSOR IN THE MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL COLLEGE</h6> + +<br> +<br> +<h5>GINN AND COMPANY</h5> +<h6>BOSTON · NEW YORK · CHICAGO · LONDON</h6> + +<hr> + +<h6>COPYRIGHT, 1909, 1911 BY BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE</h6> +<h6>ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL<br> +ALL RIGHTS RESERVED<br> +013.4</h6> + +<br> +<br> +<h6><u>The Athenæum Press</u><br> +GINN AND COMPANY · PROPRIETORS ·<br> +BOSTON · U.S.A.</h6> + +<hr> + +<a name = "pagev"> </a> +<h4>PREFACE</h4> + +<p> +To make the course preparatory to Cæsar at the same time +systematic, thorough, clear, and interesting is the purpose of this +series of lessons.</p> + +<p> +The first pages are devoted to a brief discussion of the Latin language, +its history, and its educational value. The body of the book, consisting +of seventy-nine lessons, is divided into three parts.</p> + +<p> +Part I is devoted to pronunciation, quantity, accent, and kindred +introductory essentials.</p> + +<p> +Part II carries the work through the first sixty lessons, and is devoted +to the study of forms and vocabulary, together with some elementary +constructions, a knowledge of which is necessary for the translation of +the exercises and reading matter. The first few lessons have been made +unusually simple, to meet the wants of pupils not well grounded in +English grammar.</p> + +<p> +Part III contains nineteen lessons, and is concerned primarily with the +study of syntax and of subjunctive and irregular verb forms. The last +three of these lessons constitute a review of all the constructions +presented in the book. There is abundant easy reading matter; and, in +order to secure proper concentration of effort upon syntax and +translation, no new vocabularies are introduced, but the vocabularies in +Part II are reviewed.</p> + +<p> +It is hoped that the following features will commend themselves to +teachers:</p> + +<p> +The forms are presented in their natural sequence, and are given, for +the most part, in the body of the book as well as in a grammatical +appendix. The work on the verb is intensive in character, work in other +directions being reduced to a minimum while this is going on. The forms +of the subjunctive are studied in correlation with the subjunctive +constructions.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "pagevi"> </a> +The vocabulary has been selected with the greatest care, using Lodge's +"Dictionary of Secondary Latin" and Browne's "Latin Word List" as a +basis. There are about six hundred words, exclusive of proper names, in +the special vocabularies, and these are among the simplest and commonest +words in the language. More than ninety-five per cent of those chosen +are Cæsarian, and of these more than ninety per cent are used in +Cæsar five or more times. The few words not Cæsarian are of +such frequent occurrence in Cicero, Vergil, and other authors as to +justify their appearance here. But teachers desiring to confine word +study to Cæsar can easily do so, as the Cæsarian words are +printed in the vocabularies in distinctive type. Concrete nouns have +been preferred to abstract, root words to compounds and derivatives, +even when the latter were of more frequent occurrence in Cæsar. To +assist the memory, related English words are added in each special +vocabulary. To insure more careful preparation, the special vocabularies +have been removed from their respective lessons and placed by +themselves. The general vocabulary contains about twelve hundred words, +and of these above eighty-five per cent are found in Cæsar.</p> + +<p> +The syntax has been limited to those essentials which recent +investigations, such as those of Dr. Lee Byrne and his collaborators, +have shown to belong properly to the work of the first year. The +constructions are presented, as far as possible, from the standpoint of +English, the English usage being given first and the Latin compared or +contrasted with it. Special attention has been given to the +constructions of participles, the gerund and gerundive, and the +infinitive in indirect statements. Constructions having a logical +connection are not separated but are treated together.</p> + +<p> +Exercises for translation occur throughout, those for translation into +Latin being, as a rule, only half as long as those for translation into +English. In Part III a few of the commoner idioms in Cæsar are +introduced and the sentences are drawn mainly from that author. From +first to last a consistent effort is made to instill a proper regard for +Latin word order, the first principles of which are laid down early in +the course.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "pagevii"> </a> +Selections for reading are unusually abundant and are introduced from +the earliest possible moment. These increase in number and length as the +book progresses, and, for the most part, are made an integral part of +the lessons instead of being massed at the end of the book. This +arrangement insures a more constant and thorough drill in forms and +vocabulary, promotes reading power, and affords a breathing spell +between succeeding subjects. The material is drawn from historical and +mythological sources, and the vocabulary employed includes but few words +not already learned. The book closes with a continued story which +recounts the chief incidents in the life of a Roman boy. The last +chapters record his experiences in Cæsar's army, and contain much +information that will facilitate the interpretation of the Commentaries. +The early emphasis placed on word order and sentence structure, the +simplicity of the syntax, and the familiarity of the vocabulary, make +the reading selections especially useful for work in sight +translation.</p> + +<p> +Reviews are called for at frequent intervals, and to facilitate this +branch of the work an Appendix of Reviews has been prepared, covering +both the vocabulary and the grammar.</p> + +<p> +The illustrations are numerous, and will, it is hoped, do much to +stimulate interest in the ancient world and to create true and lasting +impressions of Roman life and times.</p> + +<p> +A consistent effort has been made to use simple language and clear +explanation throughout.</p> + +<p> +As an aid to teachers using this book a "Teacher's Manual" has been +prepared, which contains, in addition to general suggestions, notes on +each lesson.</p> + +<p> +The author wishes to express his gratitude to the numerous teachers who +tested the advance pages in their classes, and, as a result of their +experience, have given much valuable aid by criticism and suggestion. +Particular acknowledgments are due to Miss A. Susan Jones of the Central +High School, Grand Rapids, Michigan; to Miss Clara Allison of the High +School at Hastings, Michigan; and to Miss Helen B. Muir and Mr. Orland +O. Norris, teachers of Latin in this institution.</p> + +<p align = "right"> +BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE<br> +Michigan State Normal College</p> + +<hr> +<hr> + +<p align = "center"><b>CONTENTS</b></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td>LESSON</td> +<td></td> +<td>PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +<a href = "#pagev">Preface</a> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +To the Student—By way of Introduction</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page1">1-4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +<p align = "center">PART I. THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +Alphabet, Sounds of the Letters, Syllables, Quantity, Accent, How to +Read Latin</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page5">5-11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +<p align = "center">PART II. WORDS AND FORMS</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">I-VI.</td> +<td> +First Principles—<i>Subject and Predicate, Inflection, Number, +Nominative Subject, Possessive Genitive, Agreement of Verb, Direct +Object, Indirect Object, etc.</i>—Dialogue +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page12">12-24</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">VII-VIII.</td> +<td> +First or <i>Â</i>-Declension—<i>Gender, Agreement of +Adjectives, Word Order</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page25">25-30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">IX-X.</td> +<td> +Second or <i>O</i>-Declension—General Rules for +Declension—<i>Predicate Noun, Apposition</i>—Dialogue +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page31">31-35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XI.</td> +<td> +Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page36">36-37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XII.</td> +<td> +Nouns in <b>-ius</b> and <b>-ium</b>—Germânia +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page38">38-39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XIII.</td> +<td> +Second Declension (<i>Continued</i>)—Nouns in <b>-er</b> and +<b>-ir</b>—Italia—Dialogue +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page39">39-41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XIV.</td> +<td> +Possessive Adjective Pronouns +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page42">42-43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XV.</td> +<td> +Ablative Denoting With—<i>Cause, Means, Accompaniment, +Manner</i>—The Romans Prepare for War +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page44">44-46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XVI.</td> +<td> +The Nine Irregular Adjectives +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page46">46-47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XVII.</td> +<td> +The Demonstrative <b>is</b>, <b>ea</b>, <b>id</b>—Dialogue +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page48">48-50</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XVIII.</td> +<td> +Conjugation—Present, Imperfect, and Future of +<b>sum</b>—Dialogue +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page51">51-53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XIX.</td> +<td> +Present Active Indicative of <b>amô</b> and <b>moneô</b> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page54">54-56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XX.</td> +<td> +Imperfect Active Indicative of <b>amô</b> and +<b>moneô</b>—<i>Meaning of the Imperfect</i>—Niobe and +her Children +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page56">56-57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXI.</td> +<td> +Future Active Indicative of <b>amô</b> and +<b>moneô</b>—Niobe and her Children (<i>Concluded</i>) +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page58">58-59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXII.</td> +<td> +Review of Verbs—<i>The Dative with Adjectives</i>—Cornelia +and her Jewels +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page59">59-61</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXIII.</td> +<td> +ix +Present Active Indicative of <b>regô</b> and +<b>audiô</b>—Cornelia and her Jewels (<i>Concluded</i>) +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page61">61-63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXIV.</td> +<td> +Imperfect Active Indicative of <b>regô</b> and +<b>audiô</b>—<i>The Dative with Special Intransitive +Verbs</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page63">63-65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXV.</td> +<td> +Future Active Indicative of <b>regô</b> and <b>audiô</b> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page65">65-66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXVI.</td> +<td> +Verbs in <b>-iô</b>—Present, Imperfect, and Future Active +Indicative of <b>capiô</b>—<i>The Imperative</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page66">66-68</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXVII.</td> +<td> +Passive Voice—Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative of +<b>amô</b> and <b>moneô</b>—Perseus and Andromeda +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page68">68-71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXVIII.</td> +<td> +Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative Passive of <b>regô</b> +and <b>audiô</b>—Perseus and Andromeda (<i>Continued</i>) +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page72">72-73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXIX.</td> +<td> +Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative Passive of <b>-iô</b> +Verbs—Present Passive Infinitive and Imperative +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page73">73-75</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXX.</td> +<td> +Synopses in the Four Conjugations—The Ablative Denoting +From—<i>Place from Which, Separation, Personal Agent</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page75">75-78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXXI.</td> +<td> +Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect of <b>sum</b>—Dialogue +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page79">79-81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXXII.</td> +<td> +Perfect Active Indicative of the Four Regular +Conjugations—<i>Meanings of the Perfect</i>—Perseus and +Andromeda (<i>Continued</i>) +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page81">81-83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXXIII.</td> +<td> +Pluperfect and Future Perfect Active Indicative—Perfect Active +Infinitive +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page84">84-85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXXIV.</td> +<td> +Review of the Active Voice—Perseus and Andromeda +(<i>Concluded</i>) +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page86">86-87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXXV.</td> +<td> +Passive Perfects of the Indicative—Perfect Passive and Future +Active Infinitive +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page88">88-90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXXVI.</td> +<td> +Review of Principal Parts—<i>Prepositions, Yes-or-No Questions</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page90">90-93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXXVII.</td> +<td> +Conjugation of <b>possum</b>—<i>The Infinitive used as in +English</i>—<i>Accusative Subject of an Infinitive</i>—The +Faithless Tarpeia +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page93">93-96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXXVIII.</td> +<td> +The Relative Pronoun and the Interrogative Pronoun—<i>Agreement of +the Relative</i>—The Faithless Tarpeia (<i>Concluded</i>) +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page97">97-101</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XXXIX-XLI.</td> +<td> +The Third Declension—Consonant Stems +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page101">101-106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XLII.</td> +<td> +Review Lesson—Terror Cimbricus +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XLIII.</td> +<td> +Third Declension—<i>I</i>-Stems +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page108">108-110</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align = "right">XLIV.</td> +<td> +x +Irregular Nouns of the Third Declension—Gender in the Third +Declension—The First Bridge over the Rhine +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page111">111-112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XLV.</td> +<td> +Adjectives of the Third Declension—The Romans Invade the Enemy's +Country +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page113">113-115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XLVI.</td> +<td> +The Fourth or <i>U</i>-Declension +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page116">116-117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XLVII.</td> +<td> +Expressions of Place—<i>Place to Which, Place from Which, Place at +or in Which, the Locative</i>—Declension of +<b>domus</b>—Dædalus and Icarus +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page117">117-121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XLVIII.</td> +<td> +The Fifth or <i>Ê</i>-Declension—<i>Ablative of +Time</i>—Dædalus and Icarus (<i>Continued</i>) +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page121">121-123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">XLIX.</td> +<td> +Pronouns—Personal and Reflexive Pronouns—Dædalus and +Icarus (<i>Concluded</i>) +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page123">123-126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">L.</td> +<td> +The Intensive Pronoun <b>ipse</b> and the Demonstrative +<b>îdem</b>—How Horatius Held the Bridge +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page126">126-127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LI.</td> +<td> +The Demonstratives <b>hic</b>, <b>iste</b>, <b>ille</b>—A German +Chieftain Addresses his Followers—How Horatius Held the Bridge +(<i>Continued</i>) +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page128">128-130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LII.</td> +<td> +The Indefinite Pronouns—How Horatius Held the Bridge +(<i>Concluded</i>) +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page130">130-132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LIII.</td> +<td> +Regular Comparison of Adjectives +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page133">133-135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LIV.</td> +<td> +Irregular Comparison of Adjectives—<i>Ablative with +Comparatives</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page135">135-136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LV.</td> +<td> +Irregular Comparison of Adjectives (<i>Continued</i>)—Declension +of <b>plûs</b> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page137">137-138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LVI.</td> +<td> +Irregular Comparison of Adjectives (<i>Concluded</i>)—<i>Ablative +of the Measure of Difference</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page138">138-139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LVII.</td> +<td> +Formation and Comparison of Adverbs +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page140">140-142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LVIII.</td> +<td> +Numerals—<i>Partitive Genitive</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page142">142-144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LIX.</td> +<td> +Numerals (<i>Continued</i>)—<i>Accusative of +Extent</i>—Cæsar in Gaul +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page144">144-146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LX.</td> +<td> +Deponent Verbs—<i>Prepositions with the Accusative</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page146">146-147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +<p align = "center">PART III. CONSTRUCTIONS</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXI.</td> +<td> +The Subjunctive Mood—Inflection of the Present—<i>Indicative +and Subjunctive Compared</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page148">148-152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXII.</td> +<td> +The Subjunctive of Purpose +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page152">152-153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXIII.</td> +<td> +Inflection of the Imperfect Subjunctive—<i>Sequence of Tenses</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page153">153-155</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXIV.</td> +<td> +Inflection of the Perfect and Pluperfect +Subjunctive—<i>Substantive Clauses of Purpose</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page156">156-159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXV.</td> +<td> +<a name = "pagexi"> </a> +Subjunctive of <b>possum</b>—<i>Verbs of Fearing</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page160">160-161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXVI.</td> +<td> +The Participles—Tenses and Declension +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page161">161-164</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXVII.</td> +<td> +The Irregular Verbs <b>volô</b>, <b>nôlô</b>, +<b>mâlô</b>—<i>Ablative Absolute</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page164">164-166</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXVIII.</td> +<td> +The Irregular Verb <b>fîô</b>—<i>Subjunctive of +Result</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page167">167-168</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXIX.</td> +<td> +Subjunctive of Characteristic—<i>Predicate Accusative</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page169">169-171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXX.</td> +<td> +Constructions with <b>cum</b>—<i>Ablative of Specification</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page171">171-173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXXI.</td> +<td> +Vocabulary Review—<i>Gerund and Gerundive</i>—<i>Predicate +Genitive</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page173">173-177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXXII.</td> +<td> +The Irregular Verb <b>eô</b>—<i>Indirect Statements</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page177">177-180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXXIII.</td> +<td> +Vocabulary Review—The Irregular Verb +<b>ferô</b>—<i>Dative with Compounds</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page181">181-183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXXIV.</td> +<td> +Vocabulary Review—<i>Subjunctive in Indirect Questions</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page183">183-185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXXV.</td> +<td> +Vocabulary Review—<i>Dative of Purpose or End for Which</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page185">185-186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXXVI.</td> +<td> +Vocabulary Review—<i>Genitive and Ablative of Quality or +Description</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page186">186-188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXXVII.</td> +<td> +Review of Agreement—<i>Review of the Genitive, Dative, and +Accusative</i> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page189">189-190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXXVIII.</td> +<td> +Review of the Ablative +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page191">191-192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "right">LXXIX.</td> +<td> +Review of the Syntax of Verbs +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page192">192-193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +<p align = "center">READING MATTER</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td> +Introductory Suggestions +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page194">194-195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td> +The Labors of Hercules +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page197">196-203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td> +P. Cornelius Lentulus: The Story of a Roman Boy +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page204">204-215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +<p align = "center">APPENDIXES AND VOCABULARIES</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td> +Appendix I. Tables of Declensions, Conjugations, Numerals, etc. +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page226">226-260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td> +Appendix II. Rules of Syntax</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page261">261-264</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td> +Appendix III. Reviews</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page265">265-282</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td> +Special Vocabularies</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page283">283-298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td> +Latin-English Vocabulary</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page299">299-331</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td> +English-Latin Vocabulary</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page332">332-343</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td> +<p align = "center">INDEX</p> +</td> +<td align = "right"> +<a href = "#page344">344-348</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<!-- xii +<a name = "pagexii"> </a> +[**map of Italy on this page not included in textkit scan] + +<hr> + +--> +<hr> + +<a name = "page1"> </a> +<p align = "center"><font size = "+1">LATIN FOR BEGINNERS</font></p> + + +<p align = "center"><b>TO THE STUDENT—BY WAY OF +INTRODUCTION</b></p> + +<p><b>What is Latin?</b> +If you will look at the map of Italy on the opposite page, you will find +near the middle of the peninsula and facing the west coast a district +called Latium,<sup>1</sup> and Rome its capital. The Latin language, +meaning the language of Latium, was spoken by the ancient Romans and +other inhabitants of Latium, and Latin was the name applied to it after +the armies of Rome had carried the knowledge of her language far beyond +its original boundaries. As the English of to-day is not quite the same +as that spoken two or three hundred years ago, so Latin was not always +the same at all times, but changed more or less in the course of +centuries. The sort of Latin you are going to learn was in use about two +thousand years ago. And that period has been selected because the +language was then at its best and the greatest works of Roman literature +were being produced. This period, because of its supreme excellence, is +called the Golden Age of Roman letters.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Pronounce <i>Lâ´shi-um</i>. +</blockquote> + +<p><b>The Spread of Latin.</b> +For some centuries after Rome was founded, the Romans were a feeble and +insignificant people, their territory was limited to Latium, and their +existence constantly threatened by warlike neighbors. But after the +third century before Christ, Rome's power grew rapidly. She conquered +all Italy, then reached out for the lands across the sea and beyond the +Alps, and finally ruled over the whole ancient world. The empire thus +established lasted for more than four +<a name = "page2"> </a> +hundred years. The importance of Latin increased with the growth of +Roman power, and what had been a dialect spoken by a single tribe became +the universal language. Gradually the language changed somewhat, +developing differently in different countries. In Italy it has become +Italian, in Spain Spanish, and in France French. All these nations, +therefore, are speaking a modernized form of Latin.</p> + +<p><b>The Romans and the Greeks.</b> +In their career of conquest the Romans came into conflict with the +Greeks. The Greeks were inferior to the Romans in military power, but +far superior to them in culture. They excelled in art, literature, +music, science, and philosophy. Of all these pursuits the Romans were +ignorant until contact with Greece revealed to them the value of +education and filled them with the thirst for knowledge. And so it came +about that while Rome conquered Greece by force of arms, Greece +conquered Rome by force of her intellectual superiority and became her +schoolmaster. It was soon the established custom for young Romans to go +to Athens and to other centers of Greek learning to finish their +training, and the knowledge of the Greek language among the educated +classes became universal. At the same time many cultured +Greeks—poets, artists, orators, and philosophers—flocked to +Rome, opened schools, and taught their arts. Indeed, the +preëminence of Greek culture became so great that Rome almost lost +her ambition to be original, and her writers vied with each other in +their efforts to reproduce in Latin what was choicest in Greek +literature. As a consequence of all this, the civilization and national +life of Rome became largely Grecian, and to Greece she owed her +literature and her art.</p> + +<p><b>Rome and the Modern World.</b> +After conquering the world, Rome impressed her language, laws, customs +of living, and modes of thinking upon the subject nations, and they +became Roman; and the world has remained largely Roman ever since. Latin +continued to live, and the knowledge of Latin was the only light of +learning that burned steadily through the dark ages that followed the +downfall of the Roman Empire. Latin was the common language of scholars +and remained so even down to the days of Shakespeare. Even yet it is +<a name = "page3"> </a> +more nearly than any other tongue the universal language of the learned. +The life of to-day is much nearer the life of ancient Rome than the +lapse of centuries would lead one to suppose. You and I are Romans still +in many ways, and if Cæsar and Cicero should appear among us, we +should not find them, except for dress and language, much unlike men of +to-day.</p> + +<p><b>Latin and English.</b> +Do you know that more than half of the words in the English dictionary +are Latin, and that you are speaking more or less Latin every day? How +has this come about? In the year 1066 William the Conqueror invaded +England with an army of Normans. The Normans spoke French—which, +you remember, is descended from Latin—and spread their language to +a considerable extent over England, and so Norman-French played an +important part in the formation of English and forms a large proportion +of our vocabulary. Furthermore, great numbers of almost pure Latin words +have been brought into English through the writings of scholars, and +every new scientific discovery is marked by the addition of new terms of +Latin derivation. Hence, while the simpler and commoner words of our +mother tongue are Anglo-Saxon, and Anglo-Saxon forms the staple of our +colloquial language, yet in the realms of literature, and especially in +poetry, words of Latin derivation are very abundant. Also in the learned +professions, as in law, medicine, and engineering, a knowledge of Latin +is necessary for the successful interpretation of technical and +scientific terms.</p> + +<p><b>Why study Latin?</b> +The foregoing paragraphs make it clear why Latin forms so important a +part of modern education. We have seen that our civilization rests upon +that of Greece and Rome, and that we must look to the past if we would +understand the present. It is obvious, too, that the knowledge of Latin +not only leads to a more exact and effective use of our own language, +but that it is of vital importance and of great practical value to any +one preparing for a literary or professional career. To this it may be +added that the study of Latin throws a flood of light upon the structure +of language in general and lays an excellent foundation for all +grammatical study. +<a name = "page4"> </a> +Finally, it has been abundantly proved that there is no more effective +means of strengthening the mind than by the earnest pursuit of this +branch of learning.</p> + +<p><b>Review Questions</b>. +Whence does Latin get its name? Where is Latium? Where is Rome? Was +Latin always the same? What sort of Latin are we to study? Describe the +growth of Rome's power and the spread of Latin. What can you say of the +origin of Italian, French, and Spanish? How did the ancient Greeks and +Romans compare? How did Greece influence Rome? How did Rome influence +the world? In what sense are we Romans still? What did Latin have to do +with the formation of English? What proportion of English words are of +Latin origin, and what kind of words are they? Why should we study +Latin?</p> + +<hr> + +<a name = "page5"> </a> +<p align = "center"><font size = "+1"><a name = "latin_text">PART +I</a></font></p> + +<p align = "center"><b>THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN</b></p> + +<p align = "center">THE ALPHABET</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec1"><b>1.</b></a> +The Latin alphabet contains the same letters as the English except that +it has no <i>w</i> and no <i>j</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec2"><b>2.</b></a> +The vowels, as in English, are <i>a, e, i, o, u, y</i>. The other +letters are consonants.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec3"><b>3.</b></a> +<i>I</i> is used both as a vowel and as a consonant. Before a vowel in +the same syllable it has the value of a consonant and is called <i>I +consonant</i>.</p> + +<p>Thus in Iû-li-us the first <i>i</i> is a consonant, the second +a vowel.</p> + + +<p align = "center">SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS<sup>1</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +1. N.B. The sounds of the letters are best learned by hearing them +correctly pronounced. The matter in this section is, therefore, intended +for reference rather than for assignment as a lesson. As a first step it +is suggested that the teacher pronounce the examples in class, the +pupils following. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec4"><b>4.</b></a> +Latin was not pronounced like English. The Romans at the beginning of +the Christian era pronounced their language substantially as described +below.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec5"><b>5.</b></a> +The vowels have the following sounds:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Vowels<sup>2</sup></th> +<th>Latin Examples</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +â as in <i>father</i> +<p> +a like the first <i>a</i> in <i>aha´</i>, never as in +<i>hat</i></p> +</td> +<td> +hâc, stâs<br> +a´-mat, ca-nâs +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +ê as in <i>they</i><br> +e as in <i>met</i> +</td> +<td> +tê´-la, mê´-ta<br> +te´-net, mer´-cês +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +î as in <i>machine</i><br> +<a name = "page6"> </a> +i as in <i>bit</i> +</td> +<td> +ser´-tî, prâ´-tî<br> +si´-tis, bi´-bî +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +ô as in <i>holy</i><br> +o as in <i>wholly</i>, never as in <i>hot</i> +</td> +<td> +Rô´-ma, ô´-ris<br> +mo´-do, bo´-nôs +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p> +û as in <i>rude</i>, or as <i>oo</i> in <i>boot</i></p> +<p> +u as in <i>full</i>, or as <i>oo</i> in <i>foot</i></p> +</td> +<td> +û´-mor, tû´-ber<br> +ut, tû´-tus +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +2. Long vowels are marked ¯, short ones [)].<br> +<tt>{Transcriber's Addendum: Short vowels are not marked in this version +of the text.}</tt> +</blockquote> + +<p> +Note. It is to be observed that there is a decided difference in sound, +except in the case of <i>a</i>, between the long and the short vowels. +It is not merely a matter of <i>quantity</i> but also of +<i>quality</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec6"><b>6.</b></a> +In <b>diphthongs</b> (two-vowel sounds) both vowels are heard in a +single syllable.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Diphthongs</th> +<th>Latin Examples</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>ae</b> as <i>ai</i> in <i>aisle</i><br> +<b>au</b> as <i>ou</i> in <i>out</i> +</td> +<td> +tae´-dae<br> +gau´-det +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>ei</b> as <i>ei</i> in <i>eight</i> +<p> +<b>eu</b> as <i>e´[oo]</i> (a short <i>e</i> followed by a short +<i>u</i> in one syllable)</p> +</td> +<td> +dein´-de<br> +seu +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>oe</b> like <i>oi</i> in <i>toil</i> +<p> +<b>ui</b> like <i>[oo]´i</i> (a short <i>u</i> followed by a short +<i>i</i> in one syllable. Cf. English <i>we</i>)</p> +</td> +<td> +foe´-dus<br> +cui, huic +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Note. Give all the vowels and diphthongs their proper sounds and do not +slur over them in unaccented syllables, as is done in English.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec7"><b>7.</b></a> +<b>Consonants</b> are pronounced as in English, except that</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Consonants</th> +<th>Latin Examples</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p> +<b>c</b> is always like <i>c</i> in <i>cat</i>, never as in +<i>cent</i></p> +<p> +<b>g</b> is always like <i>g</i> in <i>get</i>, never as in +<i>gem</i></p> +<p> +<b>i consonant</b> is always like <i>y</i> in <i>yes</i></p> +<p> +<b>n</b> before <i>c, qu</i>, or <i>g</i> is like <i>ng</i> in +<i>sing</i> (compare the sound of <i>n</i> in <i>anchor</i>)</p> +</td> +<td> +ca´-dô, ci´-bus, cê´-na<br> +ge´-mô, gig´-nô<br> +iam, io´-cus<br> +an´-co-ra (ang´-ko-ra) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p> +<b>qu</b>, <b>gu</b>, and sometimes <b>su</b> before a vowel have the +sound of <i>qw, gw</i>, and <i>sw</i>. Here <i>u</i> has the value of +consonant <i>v</i> and is not counted a vowel</p> +</td> +<td> +<p> +in´-quit, quî, lin´-gua, san´-guis, +suâ´-de-ô</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>s</b> is like <i>s</i> in <i>sea</i>, never as in <i>ease</i> +<p> +<b>t</b> is always like <i>t</i> in <i>native</i>, never as in +<i>nation</i></p> +</td> +<td> +ro´-sa, is<br> +ra´-ti-ô, nâ´-ti-ô +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "page7"> </a> +<p> +<b>v</b> is like <i>w</i> in <i>wine</i>, never as in <i>vine</i></p> +<p> +<b>x</b> has the value of two consonants (<i>cs</i> or <i>gs</i>) and is +like <i>x</i> in <i>extract</i>, not as in <i>exact</i></p> +</td> +<td> +vî´-num, vir<br> +ex´-trâ, ex-âc´-tus +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p> +<b>bs</b> is like <i>ps</i> and <b>bt</b> like <i>pt</i></p> +<p> +<b>ch</b>, <b>ph</b>, and <b>th</b> are like <i>c</i>, <i>p</i>, +<i>t</i></p> +</td> +<td> +urbs, ob-ti´-ne-ô +<p> +pul´-cher, Phoe´-bê, the-â´-trum</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In combinations of consonants give each its distinct sound. +Doubled consonants should be pronounced with a slight pause between the +two sounds. Thus pronounce <i>tt</i> as in <i>rat-trap</i>, not as in +<i>rattle</i>; <i>pp</i> as in <i>hop-pole</i>, not as in <i>upper</i>. +Examples, <b>mit´-tô</b>, <b>Ap´pi-us</b>, +<b>bel´-lum</b>.</p> + + +<p align = "center">SYLLABLES</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec8"><b>8.</b></a> +A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs. Thus +<b>aes-tâ´-te</b> has three syllables, +<b>au-di-en´-dus</b> has four.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Two vowels with a consonant between them never make one +syllable, as is so often the case in English. Compare English +<i>inside</i> with Latin în-sî´-de.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec9"><b>9.</b></a> +Words are divided into syllables as follows:</p> + +<p>1. A single consonant between two vowels goes with the second. Thus +<b>a-mâ´-bi-lis</b>, <b>me-mo´-ri-a</b>, +<b>in-te´-re-â</b>, <b>a´-best</b>, +<b>pe-rê´-git</b>.3</p> + +<blockquote> +3. In writing and printing it is customary to divide the parts of a +compound, as <b>inter-eâ</b>, <b>ab-est</b>, +<b>sub-âctus</b>, <b>per-êgit</b>, contrary to the correct +phonetic rule. +</blockquote> + +<p>2. Combinations of two or more consonants:</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> A consonant followed by <i>l</i> or <i>r</i> goes with the +<i>l</i> or <i>r</i>. Thus <b>pû´-bli-cus</b>, +<b>a´-grî</b>.</p> + +<p> +Exception. Prepositional compounds of this nature, as also <i>ll</i> and +<i>rr</i>, follow rule <i>b</i>. Thus <b>ab´-lu-ô</b>, +<b>ab-rum´-pô</b>, <b>il´-le</b>, +<b>fer´-rum</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> In all other combinations of consonants the first consonant +goes with the preceding vowel.<sup>4</sup> Thus <b>mag´-nus</b>, +<b>e-ges´-tâs</b>, <b>vic-tô´-ri-a</b>, +<b>hos´-pes</b>, <b>an´-nus</b>, +<b>su-bâc´-tus</b>.</p> + +<blockquote> +4. The combination <b>nct</b> is divided <b>nc-t</b>, as +<b>fûnc-tus, sânc-tus</b>. +</blockquote> + +<p>3. The last syllable of a word is called the <i>ul´-ti-ma</i>; +the one next to the last, the <i>pe-nult´</i>; the one before the +penult, the <i>an´-te-pe-nult´</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "page8"> </a> +<a name = "sec10"><b>10.</b></a> +EXERCISE</p> + +<p>Divide the words in the following passage into syllables and +pronounce them, placing the accent as indicated:</p> + +<p>Vâ´de ad formî´cam, Ô pi´ger, et +cônsî´derâ vi´âs e´ius et +di´sce sapie´ntiam: quae cum nôn ha´beat +du´cem nec praeceptô´rem nec prî´ncipem, +pa´rat in aestâ´te ci´bum si´bi et +co´ngregat in me´sse quod co´medat.</p> + +<p>[Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: which, +having no guide, overseer, or ruler, provideth her meat in the summer +and gathereth her food in the harvest.]</p> + + +<p align = "center">QUANTITY</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec11"><b>11.</b></a> +The quantity of a vowel or a syllable is the time it takes to pronounce +it. Correct pronunciation and accent depend upon the proper observance +of quantity.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec12"><b>12.</b></a> +<b>Quantity of Vowels.</b> Vowels are either long (¯) or short. In +this book the long vowels are marked. Unmarked vowels are to be +considered short.</p> + +<p>1. A vowel is short before another vowel or <i>h</i>; as +<b>po-ê´-ta</b>, <b>tra´-hô</b>.</p> + +<p>2. A vowel is short before <i>nt</i> and <i>nd</i>, before final +<i>m</i> or <i>t</i>, and, except in words of one syllable, before final +<i>l</i> or <i>r</i>. Thus <b>a´-mant</b>, +<b>a-man´-dus</b>, <b>a-mâ´-bam</b>, +<b>a-mâ´-bat</b>, <b>a´-ni-mal</b>, +<b>a´-mor</b>.</p> + +<p>3. A vowel is long before <i>nf</i>, <i>ns</i>, <i>nx</i>, and +<i>nct</i>. Thus <b>în´-fe-rô</b>, +<b>re´-gêns</b>, <b>sân´-xî</b>, +<b>sânc´-tus</b>.</p> + +<p>4. Diphthongs are always long, and are not marked.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec13"><b>13.</b></a> +<b>Quantity of Syllables.</b> Syllables are either long or short, and +their quantity must be carefully distinguished from that of vowels.</p> + +<p>1. <b>A syllable is short</b>,</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> If it ends in a short vowel; as <b>a´-mô</b>, +<b>pi´-gri</b>.</p> + +<p> +Note. In final syllables the short vowel may be followed by a final +consonant. Thus the word <b>me-mo´-ri-am</b> contains four short +syllables. In the first three a short vowel ends the syllable, in the +last the short vowel is followed by a final consonant.</p> + +<p><a name = "page9"> </a> +2. <b>A syllable is long</b>,</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> If it contains a long vowel or a diphthong, as +<b>cû´-rô</b>, <b>poe´-nae</b>, +<b>aes-tâ´-te</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> If it ends in a consonant which is followed by another +consonant, as <b>cor´-pus</b>, <b>mag´-nus</b>.</p> + +<p> +Note. The vowel in a long syllable may be either long or short, and +should be pronounced accordingly. Thus in <b>ter´-ra</b>, +<b>in´-ter</b>, the first syllable is long, but the vowel in each +case is short and should be given the short sound. In words like +<b>saxum</b> the first syllable is long because <i>x</i> has the value +of two consonants (<i>cs</i> or <i>gs</i>).</p> + +<p>3. In determining quantity <i>h</i> is not counted a consonant.</p> + +<p> +Note. Give about twice as much time to the long syllables as to the +short ones. It takes about as long to pronounce a short vowel plus a +consonant as it does to pronounce a long vowel or a diphthong, and so +these quantities are considered equally long. For example, it takes +about as long to say <b>cur´-rô</b> as it does +<b>cû´-rô</b>, and so each of these first syllables is +long. Compare <b>mol´-lis</b> and <b>mô´-lis</b>, +<b>â-mis´-sî</b> and +<b>â-mi´-sî</b>.</p> + + +<p align = "center">ACCENT</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec14"><b>14.</b></a> +Words of two syllables are accented on the first, as +<b>mên´-sa</b>, <b>Cae´-sar</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec15"><b>15.</b></a> +Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult if the +penult is long. If the penult is short, accent the antepenult. Thus +<b>mo-nê´-mus</b>, <b>re´-gi-tur</b>, +<b>a-gri´-co-la</b>, <b>a-man´-dus</b>.</p> + +<p> +Note. Observe that the position of the accent is determined by the +length of the <i>syllable</i> and not by the length of the vowel in the +syllable. (Cf. <a href = "#sec13">§ 13. 2</a>, Note.)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec16"><b>16.</b></a> +Certain little words called <i>enclit´ics</i>5 which have no +separate existence, are added to and pronounced with a preceding word. +The most common are <b>-que</b>, <i>and</i>; <b>-ve</b>, <i>or</i>; and +<b>-ne</b>, the question sign. The syllable before an enclitic takes the +accent, regardless of its quantity. Thus <b>populus´que</b>, +<b>dea´que</b>, <b>rêgna´ve</b>, +<b>audit´ne</b>.</p> + +<blockquote> +5. Enclitic means <i>leaning back</i>, and that is, as you see, just +what these little words do. They cannot stand alone and so they lean +back for support upon the preceding word. +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page10"> </a> +<p align = "center">HOW TO READ LATIN</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec17"><b>17.</b></a> +To read Latin well is not so difficult, if you begin right. Correct +habits of reading should be formed now. Notice the quantities carefully, +especially the quantity of the penult, to insure your getting the accent +on the right syllable. (Cf. <a href = "#sec15">§ 15</a>.) Give +every vowel its proper sound and every syllable its proper length. Then +bear in mind that we should read Latin as we read English, in phrases +rather than in separate words. Group together words that are closely +connected in thought. No good reader halts at the end of each word.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec18"><b>18.</b></a> +Read the stanzas of the following poem by Longfellow, one at a time, +first the English and then the Latin version. The syllables inclosed in +parentheses are to be slurred or omitted to secure smoothness of +meter.</p> + +<p align = "center">EXCELSIOR [HIGHER]! 6</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +The shades of night were falling fast,<br> +As through an Alpine village passed<br> +A youth, who bore, 'mid snow and ice,<br> +A banner with the strange device,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +<td> +Cadêbant noctis umbrae, dum<br> +Ibat per vîcum Alpicum<br> +Gelû nivequ(e) adolêscêns,<br> +Vêxillum cum signô ferêns,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +His brow was sad; his eye beneath,<br> +Flashed like a falchion from its sheath,<br> +And like a silver clarion rung<br> +The accents of that unknown tongue,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +<td> +Frôns trîstis, micat oculus<br> +Velut ê vâgînâ gladius;<br> +Sonantque similês tubae<br> +Accentûs lingu(ae) incognitae,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +In happy homes he saw the light<br> +Of household fires gleam warm and bright;<br> +Above, the spectral glaciers shone,<br> +And from his lips escaped a groan,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +<td> +In domibus videt clârâs<br> +Focôrum lûcês calidâs;<br> +Relucet glaciês âcris,<br> +Et rumpit gemitûs labrîs,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +"Try not the Pass!" the old man said;<br> +"Dark lowers the tempest overhead,<br> +<a name = "page11"> </a> +The roaring torrent is deep and wide!"<br> +And loud that clarion voice replied,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +<td> +Dîcit senex, "Nê trânseâs!<br> +Suprâ nigrêscit tempestâs;<br> +Lâtus et altus est torrêns."<br> +Clâra vênit vôx respondêns,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +At break of day, as heavenward<br> +The pious monks of Saint Bernard<br> +Uttered the oft-repeated prayer,<br> +A voice cried through the startled air,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +<td> +Iam lûcêscêbat, et frâtrês<br> +Sânctî Bernardî vigilês<br> +Ôrâbant precês solitâs,<br> +Cum vôx clâmâvit per aurâs,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +A traveler, by the faithful hound,<br> +Half-buried in the snow was found,<br> +Still grasping in his hand of ice<br> +That banner with the strange device,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +<td> +Sêmi-sepultus viâtor<br> +Can(e) â fîdô reperîtur,<br> +Comprêndêns pugnô gelidô<br> +Illud vêxillum cum signô,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +There in the twilight cold and gray,<br> +Lifeless, but beautiful, he lay,<br> +And from the sky, serene and far,<br> +A voice fell, like a falling star,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +<td> +Iacet corpus exanimum<br> +Sed lûce frîgidâ pulchrum;<br> +Et caelô procul exiêns<br> +Cadit vôx, ut Stella cadêns,<br> +Excelsior! +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +6. Translation by C. W. Goodchild in <i>Praeco Latinus</i>, October, +1898. +</blockquote> + + +<hr> + +<a name = "page12"> </a> +<p align = "center"><font size = "+1">PART II</font></p> + +<p align = "center"><b>WORDS AND FORMS</b></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_I"> +LESSON I</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>FIRST PRINCIPLES</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec19"><b>19.</b></a> +<b>Subject and Predicate.</b> 1. Latin, like English, expresses thoughts +by means of sentences. A sentence is a combination of words that +expresses a thought, and in its simplest form is the statement of a +single fact. Thus,</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Galba is a farmer</i><br> +<b>Galba est agricola</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>The sailor fights</i><br> +<b>Nauta pugnat</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In each of these sentences there are two parts:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td>Subject</td> +<td> +<i>Galba</i><br> +<b>Galba</b><br> +<br> +<i>The sailor</i><br> +<b>Nauta</b> +</td> +<td>Predicate</td> +<td> +<i>is a farmer</i><br> +<b>est agricola</b><br> +<br> +<i>fights</i><br> +<b>pugnat</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>2. The subject is that person, place, or thing about which something +is said, and is therefore a <i>noun</i> or some word which can serve the +same purpose.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Pronouns, as their name implies (<i>pro</i>, "instead of," and +<i>noun</i>), often take the place of nouns, usually to save repeating +the same noun, as, <i>Galba is a farmer; <b>he</b> is a sturdy +fellow</i>.</p> + +<p>3. The predicate is that which is said about the subject, and +consists of a verb with or without modifiers.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> A verb is a word which asserts something (usually an act) +concerning a person, place, or thing.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page13"> </a> +<a name = "sec20"><b>20.</b></a> +<b>The Object.</b> In the two sentences, <i>The boy hit the ball</i> and +<i>The ball hit the boy</i>, the same words are used, but the meaning is +different, and depends upon the order of the words. The <b>doer</b> of +the act, that about which something is said, is, as we have seen above, +the <b>subject</b>. <b>That to which something is done</b> is the +<b>direct object</b> of the verb. <i>The boy hit the ball</i> is +therefore analyzed as follows:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Subject</th> +<th>Predicate</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center"><i>The boy</i></td> +<td align = "center"> +<i>hit the ball</i><br> +(verb) (direct object) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> A verb whose action passes over to the object directly, as in +the sentence above, is called a <b>transitive verb</b>. A verb which +does not admit of a direct object is called <b>intransitive</b>, as, +<i>I walk, he comes</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec21"><b>21.</b></a> +<b>The Copula.</b> The verb <i>to be</i> in its different +forms—<i>are</i>, <i>is</i>, <i>was</i>, etc.—does not tell +us anything about the subject; neither does it govern an object. It +simply connects the subject with the word or words in the predicate that +possess a distinct meaning. Hence it is called the <b>copula</b>, that +is, <i>the joiner</i> or <i>link</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec22"><b>22.</b></a> +In the following sentences pronounce the Latin and name the <i>nouns, +verbs, subjects, objects, predicates, copulas</i>:</p> + +<table width = "80%"> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td> +<b>America est patria mea</b><br> +<i>America is fatherland my</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td> +<b>Agricola fîliam amat</b><br> +<i>(The) farmer (his) daughter loves</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3.</td> +<td> +<b>Fîlia est Iûlia</b><br> +<i>(His) daughter is Julia</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4.</td> +<td> +<b>Iûlia et agricola sunt in însulâ</b><br> +<i>Julia and (the) farmer are on (the) island</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5.</td> +<td> +<b>Iûlia aquam portat</b><br> +<i>Julia water carries</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>6.</td> +<td> +<b>Rosam in comîs habet</b><br> +<i>(A) rose in (her) hair (she) has</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>7.</td> +<td> +<b>Iûlia est puella pulchra</b><br> +<i>Julia is (a) girl pretty</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>8.</td> +<td> +<b>Domina fîliam pulchram habet</b><br> +<i>(The) lady (a) daughter beautiful has</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The sentences above show that Latin does not express some +words which are necessary in English. First of all, <i>Latin has no +article <b>the</b> or <b>a</b></i>; thus <i><b>agricola</b></i> may mean +<i>the farmer, a farmer</i>, or simply <i>farmer</i>. Then, too, the +personal pronouns, <i>I, you, he, she</i>, etc., and the possessive +pronouns, <i>my, your, his, her</i>, etc., are not expressed if the +meaning of the sentence is clear without them.</p> + + +<a name = "page14"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_II"> +LESSON II</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>FIRST PRINCIPLES (<i>Continued</i>)</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec23"><b>23.</b></a> +<b>Inflection.</b> Words may change their forms to indicate some change +in sense or use, as, <i>is, are; was, were; who, whose, whom; farmer, +farmer's; woman, women</i>. This is called <b>inflection</b>. The +inflection of a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its +<b>declension</b>, that of a verb its <b>conjugation</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec24"><b>24.</b></a> +<b>Number.</b> Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular and +plural. In English we usually form the plural by adding <i>-s</i> or +<i>-es</i> to the singular. So Latin changes the singular to the plural +by changing the ending of the word. Compare</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>Naut-a pugnat</b><br> +<i>The sailor fights</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Naut-ae pugnant</b><br> +<i>The sailors fight</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec25"><b>25.</b></a> +Rule. <i>Nouns that end in <b>-a</b> in the singular end in <b>-ae</b> +in the plural</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec26"><b>26.</b></a> +Learn the following nouns so that you can give the English for the Latin +or the Latin for the English. Write the plural of each.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>agri´cola</b>, <i>farmer</i> (agriculture)1<br> +<b>aqua</b>, <i>water</i> (aquarium)<br> +<b>causa</b>, <i>cause, reason</i><br> +<b>do´mina</b>, <i>lady of the house, mistress</i> (dominate)<br> +<b>filia</b>, <i>daughter</i> (filial)<br> +<b>fortû´na</b>, <i>fortune</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>fuga</b>, <i>flight</i> (fugitive)<br> +<b>iniû´ria</b>, <i>wrong, injury</i><br> +<b>lûna</b>, <i>moon</i> (lunar)<br> +<b>nauta</b>, <i>sailor</i> (nautical)<br> +<b>puel´la</b>, <i>girl</i><br> +<b>silva</b>, forest (silvan)<br> +<b>terra</b>, <i>land</i> (terrace) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. The words in parentheses are English words related to the Latin. When +the words are practically identical, as <b>causa</b>, <i>cause</i>, no +comparison is needed. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec27"><b>27.</b></a> +Compare again the sentences</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>Nauta pugna-t</b><br> +<i>The sailor fights</i> +</td> +<td> </td> +<td> +<b>Nautae pugna-nt</b><br> +<i>The sailors fight</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the first sentence the verb <b>pugna-t</b> is in the third person +singular, in the second sentence <b>pugna-nt</b> is in the third person +plural.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page15"> </a> +<a name = "sec28"><b>28.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Agreement of Verb.</b> <i>A finite verb must always be in the +same person and number as its subject.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec29"><b>29.</b></a> +Rule. <i>In the conjugation of the Latin verb the third person singular +active ends in <b>-t</b>, the third person plural in <b>-nt</b>. The +endings which show the person and number of the verb are called +<b>personal endings</b>.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec30"><b>30.</b></a> +Learn the following verbs and write the plural of each. The personal +pronouns <i>he</i>, <i>she</i>, <i>it</i>, etc., which are necessary in +the inflection of the English verb, are not needed in the Latin, because +the personal endings take their place. Of course, if the verb's subject +is expressed we do not translate the personal ending by a pronoun; thus +<b>nauta pugnat</b> is translated <i>the sailor fights</i>, not <i>the +sailor he fights</i>.</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><b>ama-t</b></td> +<td><i>he (she, it)</i></td> +<td><i>loves, is loving, does love</i> (amity, amiable)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>labô´ra-t</b></td> +<td align = "center">" " "</td> +<td><i>labors, is laboring, does labor</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>nûntia-t</b><sup>2</sup></td> +<td align = "center">" " "</td> +<td><i>announces, is announcing, does announce</i></td> +<tr> +<td><b>porta-t</b></td> +<td align = "center">" " "</td> +<td><i>carries, is carrying, does carry</i> (porter)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pugna-t</b></td> +<td align = "center">" " "</td> +<td><i>fights, is fighting, does fight</i> (pugnacious)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +2. The <i>u</i> in <b>nûntiô</b> is long by exception. (Cf. +<a href = "#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec31"><b>31.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. The daughter loves, the daughters love. 2. The sailor is +carrying, the sailors carry. 3. The farmer does labor, the farmers +labor. 4. The girl is announcing, the girls do announce. +5. The ladies are carrying, the lady carries.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Nauta pugnat, nautae pugnant. 2. Puella amat, puellae +amant. 3. Agricola portat, agricolae portant. 4. Fîlia +labôrat, fîliae labôrant. 5. Nauta nûntiat, +nautae nûntiant. 6. Dominae amant, domina amat.</p> + + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: seated lady<br> +Caption: DOMINA]</p> + + +<a name = "page16"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_III"> +LESSON III</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>FIRST PRINCIPLES (<i>Continued</i>)</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec32"><b>32.</b></a> +<b>Declension of Nouns.</b> We learned above (<a href = +"#sec19">§§ 19</a>, <a href = "#sec20">20</a>) the +difference between the subject and object, and that in English they may +be distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the +order is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence +<i>The lady her daughter loves</i> might mean either that the lady loves +her daughter, or that the daughter loves the lady.</p> + +<p>1. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the +subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the words, +but by the endings of the words themselves. Compare the following +sentences:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>Domina fîliam amat</b><br> +<b>Fîliam domina amat</b><br> +<b>Amat fîliam domina</b><br> +<b>Domina amat fîliam</b> +</td> +<td> +The lady loves her daughter +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>Fîlia dominam amat</b><br> +<b>Dominam fîlia amat</b><br> +<b>Amat dominam fîlia</b><br> +<b>Fîlia amat dominam</b> +</td> +<td> +The daughter loves the lady +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in +<b>-a</b> and the object in <b>-am</b>. The <i>form</i> of the noun +shows how it is used in the sentence, and the order of the words has no +effect on the essential meaning.</p> + +<p>2. As stated above (<a href = "#sec23">§ 23</a>), this +change of ending is called <b>declension</b>, and each different ending +produces what is called a <b>case</b>. When we decline a noun, we give +all its different cases, or changes of endings. In English we have three +cases,—nominative, possessive, and objective; but, in nouns, the +nominative and objective have the same form, and only the possessive +case shows a change of ending, by adding <i>'s</i> or the apostrophe. +The interrogative pronoun, however, has the fuller declension, +<i>who?</i> <i>whose?</i> <i>whom?</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "page17"> </a> +<a name = "sec33"><b>33.</b></a> +The following table shows a comparison between English and Latin +declension forms, and should be thoroughly memorized:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">English Cases</th> +<th colspan = "2">Latin Cases</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +Declension of <i>who?</i></td> +<td> +Name of case and use</td> +<td> +Declension of <b>domina</b> and translation</td> +<td> +Name of case and use</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3"> +S<br> +i<br> +n<br> +g<br> +u<br> +l<br> +a<br> +r +</td> +<td>Who?</td> +<td> +<p>Nominative—<br> +case of the subject</td> +<td> +<b>do´min-a</b><br> +<i>the lady</i></td> +<td> +<p>Nominative—<br> +case of the subject</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Whose?</td> +<td> +<p>Possessive—<br> +case of the possessor</td> +<td> +<b>domin-ae</b><br> +<i>the lady's</i> +</td> +<td> +<p>Genitive—<br> +case of the possessor +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Whom?</td> +<td> +<p>Objective—<br> +case of the object +</td> +<td> +<b>domin-am</b><br> +<i>the lady</i> +</td> +<td> +<p>Accusative—<br> +case of the direct object</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3"> +P<br> +l<br> +u<br> +r<br> +a<br> +l +</td> +<td>Who?</td> +<td> +<p>Nominative—<br> +case of the subject +</td> +<td> +<b>domin-ae</b><br> +<i>the ladies</i> +</td> +<td> +<p>Nominative—<br> +case of the subject +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Whose?</td> +<td> +<p>Possessive—<br> +case of the possessor +</td> +<td> +<b>domin-â´rum</b><br> +<i>the ladies'</i><br> +<i>of the ladies</i> +</td> +<td> +Genitive—<br> +case of the possessor +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Whom?</td> +<td> +Objective—<br> +case of the object +</td> +<td> +<b>domin-âs</b><br> +<i>the ladies</i> +</td> +<td> +Accusative—<br> +case of the direct object +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>When the nominative singular of a noun ends in <b>-a</b>, observe +that</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The nominative plural ends in <b>-ae</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The genitive singular ends in <b>-ae</b> and the genitive +plural in <b>-ârum</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> The accusative singular ends in <b>-am</b> and the accusative +plural in <b>-âs</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> The genitive singular and the nominative plural have the same +ending.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec34"><b>34.</b></a> +EXERCISE</p> + +<p>Pronounce the following words and give their general meaning. Then +give the number and case, and the use of each form. Where the same form +stands for more than one case, give all the possible cases and uses.</p> + +<p>1. Silva, silvâs, silvam. 2. Fugam, fugae, fuga. +3. Terrârum, terrae, terrâs. 4. Aquâs, +causam, lûnâs. 5. Fîliae, fortûnae, +lûnae. 6. Iniûriâs, agricolârum, +aquârum. 7. Iniûriârum, agricolae, puellâs. +8. Nautam, agricolâs, nautâs. 9. Agricolam, +puellam, silvârum.</p> + + +<a name = "page18"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_IV"> +LESSON IV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>FIRST PRINCIPLES (<i>Continued</i>)</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec35"><b>35.</b></a> +We learned from the table (<a href = "#sec33">§ 33</a>) that +the Latin nominative, genitive, and accusative correspond, in general, +to the nominative, possessive, and objective in English, and that they +are used in the same way. This will be made even clearer by the +following sentence:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Fîlia agricolae nautam amat</b>,<br> +<i>the farmer's daughter</i> (or <i>the daughter of the farmer</i>) +<i>loves the sailor</i> +</p> + +<p>What is the subject? the direct object? What case is used for the +subject? for the direct object? What word denotes the possessor? In what +case is it?</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec36"><b>36.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Nominative Subject.</b> <i>The subject of a finite verb is in +the Nominative and answers the question Who? or What?</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec37"><b>37.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Accusative Object.</b> <i>The direct object of a transitive +verb is in the Accusative and answers the question Whom? or +What?</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec38"><b>38.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Genitive of the Possessor.</b> <i>The word denoting the owner +or possessor of something is in the Genitive and answers the question +Whose?</i></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Diana shoots an arrow at a bear<br> +Caption: DIANA SAGITTAS PORTAT ET FERAS NECAT]</p> + +<p><a name = "page19"> </a> +<a name = "sec39"><b>39.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec39vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 283.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Diâna est dea. 2. Lâtôna est dea. +3. Diâna et Lâtôna sunt deae. 4. Diâna +est dea lûnae. 5. Diâna est fîlia +Lâtônae. 6. Lâtôna Diânam amat. +7. Diâna est dea silvârum. 8. Diâna silvam +amat. 9. Diâna sagittâs portat. 10. Diâna +ferâs silvae necat. 11. Ferae terrârum pugnant.</p> + +<p>For the order of words imitate the Latin above.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The daughter of Latona does love the forests. 2. Latona's +daughter carries arrows. 3. The farmers' daughters do labor. +4. The farmer's daughter loves the waters of the forest. +5. The sailor is announcing the girls' flight. 6. The girls +announce the sailors' wrongs. 7. The farmer's daughter labors. +8. Diana's arrows are killing the wild beasts of the land.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec40"><b>40.</b></a> +CONVERSATION</p> + +<p>Translate the questions and answer them in Latin. The answers may be +found in the exercises preceding.</p> + +<p> +1. Quis est Diâna?<br> +2. Cuius fîlia est Diâna?<br> +3. Quis Diânam amat?<br> +4. Quis silvam amat?<br> +5. Quis sagittâs portat?<br> +6. Cuius fîliae labôrant? +</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_V"> +LESSON V</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>FIRST PRINCIPLES (<i>Continued</i>)</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec41"><b>41.</b></a> +<b>The Dative Case.</b> In addition to the relationships between words +expressed by the nominative, genitive (possessive), and accusative +(objective) cases, there are other relationships, to express which in +English we use such words as <i>from</i>, <i>with</i>, <i>by</i>, +<i>to</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>at</i>.1</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Words like <i>to</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>by</i>, <i>from</i>, <i>in</i>, +etc., which define the relationship between words, are called +<b>prepositions</b>. +</blockquote> + +<p>Latin, too, makes frequent use of such prepositions; but often it +expresses these relations without them by means of case forms which +<a name = "page20"> </a> +English does not possess. One of the cases found in the Latin declension +and lacking in English is called the <i>dative</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec42"><b>42.</b></a> +When the nominative singular ends in <b>-a</b>, the dative singular ends +in <b>-ae</b> and the dative plural in <b>-îs</b>.</p> + +<p> +Note. Observe that the <i>genitive singular</i>, the <i>dative +singular</i>, and the <i>nominative plural</i> all have the same ending, +<b>-ae</b>; but the uses of the three cases are entirely different. The +general meaning of the sentence usually makes clear which case is +intended.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Form the dative singular and plural of the following nouns: +<b>fuga</b>, <b>causa</b>, <b>fortûna</b>, <b>terra</b>, +<b>aqua</b>, <b>puella</b>, <b>agricola</b>, <b>nauta</b>, +<b>domina</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec43"><b>43.</b></a> +<b>The Dative Relation.</b> The dative case is used to express the +relations conveyed in English by the prepositions <i>to</i>, +<i>towards</i>, <i>for</i>.</p> + +<p>These prepositions are often used in English in expressions of +motion, such as <i>She went to town</i>, <i>He ran towards the +horse</i>, <i>Columbus sailed for America</i>. In such cases the dative +is not used in Latin, as <i>motion through space</i> is foreign to the +dative relation. But the dative is used to denote that <i>to</i> or +<i>towards which</i> a benefit, injury, purpose, feeling, or quality is +directed, or that <i>for which</i> something serves or exists.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> What dative relations do you discover in the following?</p> + +<p>The teacher gave a prize to John because he replied so promptly to +all her questions—a good example for the rest of us. It is a +pleasure to us to hear him recite. Latin is easy for him, but it is very +hard for me. Some are fitted for one thing and others for another.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec44"><b>44.</b></a> +<b>The Indirect Object.</b> Examine the sentence</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Nauta fugam nûntiat</b>, +<i>the sailor announces the flight</i></p> + +<p>Here the verb, <b>nûntiat</b>, governs the direct object, +<b>fugam</b>, in the accusative case. If, however, we wish to mention +the persons <b>to whom</b> the sailor announces the flight, as, <i>The +sailor announces the flight <b>to the farmers</b></i>, the verb will +have two objects:</p> + +<p> +1. Its direct object, <i>flight</i> (<b>fugam</b>)<br> +2. Its indirect object, <i>farmers</i> +</p> + +<p>According to the preceding section, <i>to the farmers</i> is a +relation covered by the dative case, and we are prepared for the +following rule:</p> + +<p><a name = "page21"> </a> +<a name = "sec45"><b>45.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Dative Indirect Object.</b> <i>The indirect object of a verb is +in the Dative.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The indirect object usually stands before the direct +object.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec46"><b>46.</b></a> +We may now complete the translation of the sentence <i>The sailor +announces the flight to the farmers</i>, and we have</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Nauta agricolîs fugam nûntiat</b></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec47"><b>47.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec47vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 283.</p> + +<p><i>Point out the direct and indirect objects and the genitive of the +possessor.</i></p> + +<p>I. 1. Quis nautîs pecûniam dat? 2. Fîliae agricolae +nautîs pecûniam dant. 3. Quis fortûnam pugnae +nûntiat? 4. Galba agricolîs fortunam pugnae +nûntiat. 5. Cui domina fâbulam nârrat? +6. Fîliae agricolae domina fâbulam nârrat. +7. Quis Diânae corônam dat? 8. Puella Diânae +corônam dat quia Diânam amat. 9. Dea lûnae +sagittâs portat et ferâs silvârum necat. +10. Cuius victôriam Galba nûntiat? 11. Nautae +victôriam Galba nûntiat.</p> + +<p>Imitate the word order of the preceding exercise.</p> + +<p>II. 1. To whom do the girls give a wreath? 2. The girls give a +wreath to Julia, because Julia loves wreaths. 3. The sailors tell +the ladies<sup>2</sup> a story, because the ladies love stories. +4. The farmer gives his (<a href = +"#sec22">§ 22. <i>a</i></a>) daughter water. +5. Galba announces the cause of the battle to the sailor. +6. The goddess of the moon loves the waters of the forest. +7. Whose wreath is Latona carrying? Diana's.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. Observe that in English the indirect object often stands without a +preposition <i>to</i> to mark it, especially when it precedes the direct +object. +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page22"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_VI"> +LESSON VI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>FIRST PRINCIPLES (<i>Continued</i>)</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec48"><b>48.</b></a> +<b>The Ablative Case.</b> Another case, lacking in English but found in +the fuller Latin declension, is the <i>ab´la-tive.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec49"><b>49.</b></a> +When the nominative singular ends in <b>-a</b>, the ablative singular +ends in <b>-â</b> and the ablative plural in <b>-îs</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the final -a of the nominative is short, while +the final -â of the ablative is long, as,</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i> <b>fîlia</b></td> +<td> </td> +<td><i>Abl.</i> <b>fîliâ</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Observe that the ablative plural is like the dative +plural.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> Form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns: +<b>fuga</b>, <b>causa</b>, <b>fortûna</b>, <b>terra</b>, +<b>aqua</b>, <b>puella</b>, <b>agricola</b>, <b>nauta</b>, +<b>domina</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec50"><b>50.</b></a> +<b>The Ablative Relation.</b> The ablative case is used to express the +relations conveyed in English by the prepositions <i>from</i>, +<i>with</i>, <i>by</i>, <i>at</i>, <i>in</i>. It denotes</p> + +<p>1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or +of which it is deprived—generally translated by <i>from</i>.</p> + +<p>2. That with which something is associated or by means of which it is +done—translated by <i>with</i> or <i>by</i>.</p> + +<p>3. The place where or the time when something +happens—translated by <i>in</i> or <i>at</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> What ablative relations do you discover in the following?</p> + +<p>In our class there are twenty boys and girls. Daily at eight o'clock +they come from home with their books, and while they are at school they +study Latin with great zeal. In a short time they will be able to read +with ease the books written by the Romans. By patience and perseverance +all things in this world can be overcome.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec51"><b>51.</b></a> +<b>Prepositions.</b> While, as stated above (<a href = +"#sec41">§ 41</a>), many relations expressed in English by +prepositions are in Latin expressed by case forms, still prepositions +are of frequent occurrence, but only with the accusative or +ablative.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page23"> </a> +<a name = "sec52"><b>52.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Object of a Preposition.</b> <i>A noun governed by a +preposition must be in the Accusative or Ablative case.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec53"><b>53.</b></a> +Prepositions denoting the ablative relations <i>from, with, in, on</i>, +are naturally followed by the ablative case. Among these are</p> + +<p> +<b>â</b><sup>1</sup> or <b>ab</b>, <i>from, away from</i><br> +<b>dê</b>, <i>from, down from</i><br> +<b>ê</b><sup>1</sup> or <b>ex</b>, <i>from, out from, out +of</i><br> +<b>cum</b>, <i>with</i><br> +<b>in</b>, <i>in, on</i> +</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>â</b> and <b>ê</b> are used only before words +beginning with a consonant; <b>ab</b> and <b>ex</b> are used before +either vowels or consonants. +</blockquote> + +<p>1. <i>Translate into Latin, using prepositions.</i> In the water, on +the land, down from the forest, with the fortune, out of the forests, +from the victory, out of the waters, with the sailors, down from the +moon.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec54"><b>54.</b></a> +<b>Adjectives.</b> Examine the sentence</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Puella parva bonam deam amat</b>, <i>the little girl loves the good +goddess</i></p> + +<p>In this sentence <b>parva</b> (<i>little</i>) and <b>bonam</b> +(<i>good</i>) are not nouns, but are descriptive words expressing +quality. Such words are called <i>adjectives</i>,2 and they are said to +belong to the noun which they describe.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. <i>Pick out the adjectives in the following:</i> "When I was a little +boy, I remember that one cold winter's morning I was accosted by a +smiling man with an ax on his shoulder. 'My pretty boy,' said he, 'has +your father a grindstone?' 'Yes, sir,' said I. 'You are a fine little +fellow,' said he. 'Will you let me grind my ax on it?'" +</blockquote> + +<p>You can tell by its ending to which noun an adjective belongs. The +ending of <b>parva</b> shows that it belongs to <b>puella</b>, and the +ending of <b>bonam</b> that it belongs to <b>deam</b>. Words that belong +together are said to agree, and the belonging-together is called +<i>agreement</i>. Observe that <i>the adjective and its noun agree in +number and case</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec55"><b>55.</b></a> +Examine the sentences</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Puella est parva</b>, <i>the girl is little</i><br> +<b>Puella parva bonam deam amat</b>, <i>the little girl loves the good +goddess</i> +</p> + +<p>In the first sentence the adjective <b>parva</b> is separated from +its noun by the verb and stands in the predicate. It is therefore called +a <i>predicate adjective</i>. In the second sentence the adjectives +<b>parva</b> and +<a name = "page24"> </a> +<b>bonam</b> are closely attached to the nouns <b>puella</b> and +<b>deam</b> respectively, and are called <i>attributive +adjectives.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Pick out the attributive and the predicate adjectives in the +following:</p> + +<p> +Do you think Latin is hard? Hard studies make strong brains. Lazy +students dislike hard studies. We are not lazy.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec56"><b>56.</b></a> +DIALOGUE</p> + +<p align = "center">Julia and Galba</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec56vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 283.</p> + +<p> +I. Quis, Galba, est Diâna?<br> +G. Diâna, Iûlia, est pulchra dea lûnae et +silvârum.<br> +I. Cuius fîlia, Galba, est Diâna?<br> +G. Lâtônae fîlia, Iûlia, est Diâna.<br> +I. Quid Diâna portat?<br> +G. Sagittâs Diâna portat.<br> +I. Cûr Diâna sagittâs portat?<br> +G. Diâna sagittâs portat, Iûlia, quod malâs +ferâs silvae magnae necat.<br> +I. Amatne Lâtôna fîliam?<br> +G. Amat, et fîlia Lâtônam amat.<br> +I. Quid fîlia tua parva portat?<br> +G. Corônâs pulchrâs fîlia mea parva portat.<br> +I. Cui fîlia tua corônâs pulchrâs dat?<br> +G. Diânae corônâs dat.<br> +I. Quis est cum fîliâ tuâ? Estne sôla?<br> +G. Sôla nôn est; fîlia mea parva est cum ancillâ +meâ. +</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> When a person is called or addressed, the case used is called +the <i>voc´ative</i> (Latin <i>vocâre</i>, "to call"). <i>In +form the vocative is regularly like the nominative</i>. In English the +name of the person addressed usually stands first in the sentence. +<i>The Latin vocative rarely stands first</i>. Point out five examples +of the vocative in this dialogue.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Observe that questions answered by <i>yes</i> or <i>no</i> in +English are answered in Latin by repeating the verb. Thus, if you wished +to answer in Latin the question <i>Is the sailor fighting?</i> +<b>Pugnatne nauta?</b> you would say <b>Pugnat</b>, <i>he is +fighting</i>, or <b>Nôn pugnat</b>, <i>he is not fighting.</i></p> + + +<a name = "page25"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_VII"> +LESSON VII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE FIRST OR <i>Â</i>-DECLENSION</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec57"><b>57.</b></a> +In the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases, singular +and plural, of nouns whose nominative singular ends in <b>-a</b>. All +Latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in <b>-a</b> belong to the +First Declension. It is also called the <i>Â</i>-Declension +because of the prominent part which the vowel <b>a</b> plays in the +formation of the cases. We have also learned what relations are +expressed by each case. These results are summarized in the following +table:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Case</th> +<th>Noun</th> +<th>Translation</th> +<th>Use and General Meaning of Each Case</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<th>Singular</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>do´min<b>-a</b></td> +<td><i>the lady</i></td> +<td>The subject</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>-ae</b></td> +<td> +<i>of the lady</i>, or <i>the lady's</i></td> +<td> +The possessor of something</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>-ae</b></td> +<td> +<i>to</i> or <i>for the lady</i></td> +<td> +Expressing the relation <i>to</i> or <i>for</i>, +especially the indirect object</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>-am</b></td> +<td><i>the lady</i></td> +<td>The direct object</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>-â</b></td> +<td> +<i>from, with, by, in, the lady</i></td> +<td> +Separation (<i>from</i>), association or means (<i>with, by</i>), +place where or time when (<i>in, at</i>)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<th>Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>-ae</b></td> +<td><i>the ladies</i></td> +<td rowspan = "5">The same as the singular</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>-â´rum</b></td> +<td> +<i>of the ladies</i>, or <i>the ladies'</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>-îs</b></td> +<td> +<i>to</i> or <i>for the ladies</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>-âs</b></td> +<td><i>the ladies</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>-îs</b></td> +<td> +<i>from, with, by, in, the ladies</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec58"><b>58.</b></a> +<b>The Base.</b> That part of a word which remains unchanged in +inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the +<b>base</b>.</p> + +<p> +Thus, in the declension above, <b>domin-</b> is the base and <b>-a</b> +is the termination of the nominative singular.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page26"> </a> +<a name = "sec59"><b>59.</b></a> +Write the declension of the following nouns, separating the base from +the termination by a hyphen. Also give them orally.</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>pugna, terra, lûna, ancil´la, corô´na, +în´sula, silva</b></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec60"><b>60.</b></a> +<b>Gender.</b> In English, names of living beings are either masculine +or feminine, and names of things without life are neuter. This is called +<b>natural gender</b>. Yet in English there are some names of things to +which we refer as if they were feminine; as, "Have you seen my yacht? +<i>She</i> is a beauty." And there are some names of living beings to +which we refer as if they were neuter; as, "Is the baby here? No, the +nurse has taken <i>it</i> home." Some words, then, have a gender quite +apart from sex or real gender, and this is called <b>grammatical +gender</b>.</p> + +<p>Latin, like English, has three genders. Names of males are usually +masculine and of females feminine, but <i>names of things have +grammatical gender and may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter</i>. +Thus we have in Latin the three words, <b>lapis</b>, <i>a stone</i>; +<b>rûpês</b>, <i>a cliff</i>; and <b>saxum</b>, <i>a +rock</i>. <b>Lapis</b> is <i>masculine</i>, <b>rûpês</b> +<i>feminine</i>, and <b>saxum</b> <i>neuter</i>. The gender can usually +be determined by the ending of the word, and <i>must always be +learned</i>, for without knowing the gender it is impossible to write +correct Latin.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec61"><b>61.</b></a> +<b>Gender of First-Declension Nouns.</b> Nouns of the first declension +are feminine unless they denote males. Thus <b>silva</b> is feminine, +but <b>nauta</b>, <i>sailor</i>, and <b>agricola</b>, <i>farmer</i>, are +masculine.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec62"><b>62.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec62vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 284.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Agricola cum fîliâ in casâ habitat. +2. Bona fîlia agricolae cênam parat. 3. Cêna +est grâta agricolae<sup>1</sup> et agricola bonam fîliam +laudat. 4. Deinde fîlia agricolae gallînâs ad +cênam vocat. 5. Gallînae fîliam agricolae amant. +6. Malae fîliae bonâs cênâs nôn +parant. 7. Fîlia agricolae est grâta dominae. +8. Domina in însulâ magnâ habitat. 9. Domina +bonae puellae parvae pecûniam dat.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page27"> </a> +II. 1. Where does the farmer live? 2. The farmer lives in the small +cottage. 3. Who lives with the farmer? 4. (His) little +daughter lives with the farmer. 5. (His) daughter is getting +(<b>parat</b>) a good dinner for the farmer. 6. The farmer praises +the good dinner. 7. The daughter's good dinner is pleasing to the +farmer.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Note that the relation expressed by the dative case covers that <i>to +which a feeling is directed.</i> (Cf. <a href = +"#sec43">§ 43</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center"> +[Illustration: In front of a farmhouse: daughter feeding chickens, +father holding a bowl, mother standing"]</p> + +<p>What Latin words are suggested by this picture?</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec63"><b>63.</b></a> +CONVERSATION</p> + +<p>Answer the questions in Latin.</p> + +<p> +1. Quis cum agricolâ in casâ habitat?<br> +2. Quid bona fîlia agricolae parat?<br> +3. Quem agricola laudat?<br> +4. Vocatne fîlia agricolae gallînâs ad +cênam?<br> +5. Cuius fîlia est grâta dominae?<br> +6. Cui domina pecûniam dat? +</p> + + +<a name = "page28"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_VIII"> +LESSON VIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>FIRST DECLENSION (<i>Continued</i>)</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec64"><b>64.</b></a> +We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together and +you have noticed an agreement between them in <i>case</i> and in +<i>number</i> (<a href = "#sec54">§ 54</a>). They agree also +in <i>gender</i>. In the phrase <b>silva magna</b>, we have a feminine +adjective in <b>-a</b> agreeing with a feminine noun in <b>-a</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec65"><b>65.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Agreement of Adjectives.</b> <i>Adjectives agree with their +nouns in gender, number, and case.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec66"><b>66.</b></a> +Feminine adjectives in <b>-a</b> are declined like feminine nouns in +<b>-a</b>, and you should learn to decline them together as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Noun</th> +<th colspan = "2">Adjective</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<b>domina</b> (base <b>domin-</b>), f., <i>lady</i></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<b>bona</b> (base <b>bon-</b>), <i>good</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>do´min<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>am</b></td> +<td>bon<b>am</b></td> +<td><b>-am</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>â</b></td> +<td>bon<b>â</b></td> +<td><b>-â</b></td> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>â´rum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>â´rum</b></td> +<td><b>-ârum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>âs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>âs</b></td> +<td><b>-âs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In the same way decline together <b>puella mala</b>, <i>the +bad girl</i>; <b>ancil´la parva</b>, <i>the little maid</i>; +<b>fortû´na magna</b>, <i>great fortune.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec67"><b>67.</b></a> +The words <b>dea</b>, <i>goddess</i>, and <b>fîlia</b>, +<i>daughter</i>, take the ending <b>-âbus</b> instead of +<b>-îs</b> in the <i>dative and ablative plural.</i> Note the +<i>dative and ablative plural</i> in the following declension:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "3"> +<a name = "page29"> </a> +<b>dea bona</b> (bases <b>de-</b> <b>bon-</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Singular</th> +<th>Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>de<b>a</b> bon<b>a</b></td> +<td>de<b>ae</b> bon<b>ae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ae</b> bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>de<b>â´rum</b> bon<b>â´rum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ae</b> bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>de<b>â´bus</b> bon<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>de<b>am</b> bon<b>am</b></td> +<td>de<b>âs</b> bon<b>âs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>de<b>â</b> bon<b>â</b></td> +<td>de<b>a´bus</b> bon<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In the same way decline together <b>fîlîa +parva</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec68"><b>68.</b></a> +<b>Latin Word Order.</b> The order of words in English and in Latin +sentences is not the same.</p> + +<p>In English we arrange words in a fairly fixed order. Thus, in the +sentence <i>My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers</i>, we cannot +alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence. We can, +however, throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more +force. Try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force +on <i>my, daughter, dinner, farmers</i>.</p> + +<p>In Latin, where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by +its <i>ending</i> (cf. <a href = "#sec32">§ 32. 1</a>), +and not by its <i>position</i>, the order of words is more free, and +position is used to secure the same effect that in English is secured by +emphasis of voice. To a limited extent we can alter the order of words +in English, too, for the same purpose. Compare the sentences</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<i>I saw a game of football at Chicago last November</i> (normal +order)<br> +<i><b>Last November</b> I saw a game of football at Chicago</i><br> +<i>At Chicago, last November, I saw a game of <b>football</b></i> +</p> + +<p>1. In a Latin sentence the most emphatic place is the <i>first</i>; +next in importance is the <i>last</i>; the weakest point is the +<i>middle</i>. Generally the <i>subject</i> is the most important word, +and is placed <i>first</i>; usually the <i>verb</i> is the next in +importance, and is placed <i>last</i>. The other words of the sentence +stand between these two in the order of their importance. Hence the +normal order of words—that is, where no unusual emphasis is +expressed—is as follows:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b><i>subject</i>—<i>modifiers of the +subject</i>—<i>indirect object</i>—<i>direct +object</i>—<i>adverb</i>—<i>verb</i></b></p> + +<p>Changes from the normal order are frequent, and are due to the desire +for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase. <i>Notice the order of +the</i> +<a name = "page30"> </a> +<i>Latin words when you are translating, and imitate it when you are +turning English into Latin.</i></p> + +<p>2. Possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after +their nouns. When placed before their nouns they are emphatic, as +<b>fîlia mea</b>, <i>my daughter</i>; <b>mea fîlia</b>, +<i><b>my</b> daughter</i>; <b>casa Galbae</b>, <i>Galba's cottage</i>; +<b>Galbae casa</b>, <i><b>Galba's</b> cottage</i>.</p> + +<p>Notice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following +sentence in different ways:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Fîlia mea agricolîs cênam parat</b> (normal +order)<br> +<b>Mea fîlia agricolîs parat cênam</b> (<b>mea</b> and +<b>cênam</b> emphatic)<br> +<b>Agricolîs fîlia mea cênam parat</b> +(<b>agricolîs</b> emphatic) +</p> + +<p>3. An adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it +follows. When great emphasis is desired, the adjective is separated from +its noun by other words.</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Fîlia mea casam parvam nôn amat</b> (<b>parvam</b> not +emphatic)<br> +<b>Fîlia mea parvam casam nôn amat</b> (<b>parvam</b> more +emphatic)<br> +<b>Parvam fîlia mea casam nôn amat</b> (<b>parvam</b> very +emphatic) +</p> + +<p>4. Interrogative words usually stand first, the same as in +English.</p> + +<p>5. The copula (as <b>est</b>, <b>sunt</b>) is of so little importance +that it frequently does not stand last, but may be placed wherever it +sounds well.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec69"><b>69.</b></a> +EXERCISE</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec69vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 284.</p> + +<p><i>Note the order of the words in these sentences and pick out those +that are emphatic.</i></p> + +<p>1. Longae nôn sunt tuae viae. 2. Suntne tubae novae in +meâ casâ? Nôn sunt. 3. Quis lâtâ in +silvâ habitat? Diâna, lûnae clârae pulchra dea, +lâtâ in silvâ habitat. 4. Nautae altâs et +lâtâs amant aquâs. 5. Quid ancilla tua portat? +Ancilla mea tubam novam portat. 6. Ubi sunt Lesbia et Iûlia? +In tuâ casa est Lesbia et Iûlia est in meâ. +7. Estne Italia lâta terra? Longa est Italia, nôn +lâta. 8. Cui Galba agricola fâbulam novam nârrat? +Fîliâbus dominae clârae fâbulam novam +nârrat. 9. Clâra est însula Sicilia. +10. Quem laudat Lâtôna? Lâtôna laudat +fîliam.</p> + + +<hr> +<a name = "page31"> </a> + +<p align = "center"> +<a href = "#review_I"> +First Review of Vocabulary and Grammar, +§§ 502-505</a></p> + +<hr> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_IX"> +LESSON IX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE SECOND OR <i>O</i>-DECLENSION</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec70"><b>70.</b></a> +Latin nouns are divided into five declensions.</p> + +<p> +The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the ending of the +genitive singular. This should always be learned along with the +nominative and the gender.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec71"><b>71.</b></a> +The nominative singular of nouns of the Second or <i>O</i>-Declension +ends in <b>-us</b>, <b>-er</b>, <b>-ir</b>, or <b>-um</b>. The genitive +singular ends in <b>-î</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec72"><b>72.</b></a> +<b>Gender.</b> Nouns in <b>-um</b> are neuter. The others are regularly +masculine.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec73"><b>73.</b></a> +<b>Declension of nouns in -<i>us</i> and -<i>um</i>.</b> Masculines in +<b>-us</b> and neuters in <b>-um</b> are declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>dominus</b> (base <b>domin-</b>), m., <i>master</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>pîlum</b> (base <b>pîl-</b>), n., <i>spear</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>do´min<b>us</b><sup>1</sup></td> +<td><b>-us</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Voc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ô´rum</b></td> +<td><b>-ôrum</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>ô´rum</b></td> +<td><b>-ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ôs</b></td> +<td><b>-ôs</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. Compare the declension of <b>domina</b> and of <b>dominus</b>. +</blockquote> + +<a name = "page32"> </a> +<p> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same +terminations excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative and +accusative plural.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The vocative singular of words of the second declension in +<b>-us</b> ends in <b>-e</b>, as <b>domine</b>, <i>O master</i>; +<b>serve</b>, <i>O slave</i>. This is the most important exception to +the rule in <a href = "#sec56">§ 56. <i>a</i></a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec74"><b>74.</b></a> +Write side by side the declension of <b>domina</b>, <b>dominus</b>, and +<b>pîlum</b>. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following +rules, which are of great importance because they apply to all five +declensions:</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The vocative, with a single exception (see <a href = +"#sec73">§ 73. <i>b</i></a>), is like the nominative. +That is, the vocative singular is like the nominative singular, and the +vocative plural is like the nominative plural.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are +alike, and in the plural end in <b>-a</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in +<b>-m</b> and the accusative plural in <b>-s</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> The dative and ablative plural are always alike.</p> + +<p> +<i>e.</i> Final <b>-i</b> and <b>-o</b> are always <i>long</i>; final +<b>-a</b> is <i>short</i>, except in the ablative singular of the first +declension.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec75"><b>75.</b></a> +Observe the sentences</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Lesbia est bona</b>, <i>Lesbia is good</i><br> +<b>Lesbia est ancilla</b>, <i>Lesbia is a maidservant</i> +</p> + +<p>We have learned (<a href = "#sec55">§ 55</a>) that +<b>bona</b>, when used, as here, in the predicate to describe the +subject, is called a <i>predicate adjective</i>. Similarly a +<i>noun</i>, as <b>ancilla</b>, used in the <i>predicate</i> to define +the subject is called a <b>predicate noun</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec76"><b>76.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Predicate Noun.</b> <i>A predicate noun agrees in case with the +subject of the verb.</i></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: spears<br> +Caption: PILA]</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page33"> </a> +<a name = "sec77"><b>77.</b></a> +DIALOGUE</p> + +<p align = "center"> +[Illustration: officer with spear and trumpet<br> +Caption: LEGATUS CUM PILO ET TUBA</p> + +<p align = "center">Galba and Marcus</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec77vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 285.</p> + +<p> +G. Quis, Mârce, est lêgâtus cum pîlô et +tubâ?<br> +M. Lêgâtus, Galba, est Sextus.<br> +G. Ubi Sextus habitat?2<br> +M. In oppidô Sextus cum fîliâbus habitat.<br> +G. Amantne oppidânî Sextum?<br> +M. Amant oppidânî Sextum et laudant, quod magnâ cum +cônstantiâ pugnat.<br> +G. Ubi, Mârce, est ancilla tua? Cûr nôn cênam +parat?<br> +M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equô lêgâtî aquam et +frûmentum dat.<br> +G. Cûr nôn servus Sextî equum dominî +cûrat?<br> +M. Sextus et servus ad mûrum oppidî properant. +Oppidânî bellum parant.<sup>3</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +<a name = "note33_1">2.</a> <b>habitat</b> is here translated <i>does +live</i>. Note the <i>three</i> possible translations of the Latin +present tense: +</blockquote> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>habitat</b> +</td> +<td> +he lives<br> +he is living<br> +he does live +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +Always choose the translation which makes the best sense.</blockquote> + + +<blockquote> +3. Observe that the verb <b>parô</b> means not only <i>to +prepare</i> but also <i>to prepare for</i>, and governs the accusative +case. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "page34"> </a> +<a name = "sec78"><b>78.</b></a> +CONVERSATION</p> + +<p>Translate the questions and answer them in Latin.</p> + +<p> +1. Ubi fîliae Sextî habitant?<br> +2. Quem oppidânî amant et laudant?<br> +3. Quid ancilla equô lêgâtî dat?<br> +4. Cuius equum ancilla cûrat?<br> +5. Quis ad mûrum cum Sextô properat?<br> +6. Quid oppidânî parant? +</p> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_X"> +LESSON X</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>SECOND DECLENSION (<i>Continued</i>)</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec79"><b>79.</b></a> +We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like <b>bona</b>, in +agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like +them. <i>Masculine</i> adjectives of this class are declined like +<b>dominus</b>, and <i>neuters</i> like pîlum. The adjective and +noun, masculine and neuter, are therefore declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3"> +Masculine Noun and Adjective</th> +<th colspan = "2"> +Neuter Noun and Adjective</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "3"> +<b>dominus bonus</b>, <i>the good master</i></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<b>pîlum bonum</b>, <i>the good spear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "3"> +Bases <b>domin- bon-</b></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Bases <b>pîl- bon-</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>do´min<b>us</b> bon<b>us</b></td> +<td><b>-us</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>um</b> bon<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>î</b> bon<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>î</b> bon<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ô</b> bon<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>ô</b> bon<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>um</b> bon<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>um</b> bon<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ô</b> bon<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>ô</b> bon<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Voc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>e</b> bon<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>um</b> bon<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>î</b> bon<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>a</b> bon<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ô´rum</b> bon<b>ô´rum</b></td> +<td><b>-ôrum</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>ô´rum</b> bon<b>ô´rum</b></td> +<td><b>-ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>îs</b> bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>îs</b> bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ôs</b> bon<b>ôs</b></td> +<td><b>-ôs</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>a</b> bon<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>îs</b> bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>îs</b> bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page35"> </a> +Decline together <b>bellum longum, equus parvus, servus malus, +mûrus altus, frûmentum novum</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec80"><b>80.</b></a> +Observe the sentences</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Lesbia ancilla est bona</b>, <i>Lesbia, the maidservant, is +good</i><br> +<b>Fîlia Lesbiae ancillae est bona</b>, <i>the daughter of Lesbia, +the maidservant, is good</i><br> +<b>Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat</b>, <i>the slave loves Lesbia, the +maidservant</i> +</p> + +<p>In these sentences <b>ancilla</b>, <b>ancillae</b>, and +<b>ancillam</b> denote the class of persons to which <i>Lesbia</i> +belongs and explain who she is. Nouns so related that the second is only +another name for the first and explains it are said to be in apposition, +and are always in the same case.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec81"><b>81.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Apposition.</b> <i>An appositive agrees in case with the noun +which it explains.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec82"><b>82.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec82vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 285.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Patria servî bonî, vîcus servôrum +bonôrum, bone popule. 2. Populus oppidî magnî, in +oppidô magnô, in oppidîs magnîs. 3. Cum +pîlîs longîs, ad pîla longa, ad +mûrôs lâtôs. 4. Lêgâte male, +amîcî legâtî malî, cêna grâta +dominô bonô. 5. Frûmentum equôrum +parvôrum, domine bone, ad lêgâtôs +clârôs. 6. Rhênus est in Germâniâ, +patriâ meâ. 7. Sextus lêgâtus pîlum +longum portat. 8. Oppidânî bonî Sextô +lêgâtô clârâ pecûniam dant. +9. Malî servî equum bonum Mârcî +dominî necant. 10. Galba agricola et Iûlia fîlia +bona labôrant. 11. Mârcus nauta in însulâ +Siciliâ habitat.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise +Galba, your master? 2. My friend is from (<b>ex</b>) a village of +Germany, my fatherland. 3. My friend does not love the people of +Italy. 4. Who is caring for<sup>1</sup> the good horse of Galba, +the farmer? 5. Mark, where is Lesbia, the maidservant? 6. She +is hastening<sup>1</sup> to the little cottage<sup>2</sup> of Julia, the +farmer's daughter.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. See <a href = "#note33_1">footnote</a> 1, p. 33. Remember that +<b>cûrat</b> is transitive and governs a direct object. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Not the dative. (Cf. <a href = "#sec43">§ 43</a>.) +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page36"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XI"> +LESSON XI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND +DECLENSIONS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec83"><b>83.</b></a> +Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the three +genders as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASCULINE</td> +<td>FEMININE</td> +<td>NEUTER</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>us</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>î</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ô</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +<td>bon<b>am</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ô</b></td> +<td>bon<b>â</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Voc.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>e</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>î</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ârum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ôs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>âs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Write the declension and give it orally <i>across the +page</i>, thus giving the three genders for each case.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Decline <b>grâtus, -a, -um</b>; <b>malus, -a, -um</b>; +<b>altus, -a, -um</b>; <b>parvus, -a, -um</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec84"><b>84.</b></a> +Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the nouns. +However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does +<i>not</i> mean that they must have the same termination. If the +adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations +will, in many cases, not be the same. For example, <b>nauta</b>, +<i>sailor</i>, is masculine and belongs to the first declension. The +masculine form of the adjective <b>bonus</b> is of the second +declension. Consequently, <i>a good sailor</i> is <b>nauta bonus</b>. +So, <i>the wicked farmer</i> is <b>agricola malus</b>. Learn the +following declensions:</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page37"> </a> +<a name = "sec85"><b>85.</b></a> +<b>nauta bonus</b> (bases <b>naut- bon-</b>), m., <i>the good sailor</i> +</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>us</b></td> +<td>naut<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>î</b></td> +<td>naut<b>ârum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ô</b></td> +<td>naut<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>am</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +<td>naut<b>âs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ôs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>â</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ô</b></td> +<td>naut<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Voc.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>e</b></td> +<td>naut<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec86"><b>86.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec86vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 285.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Est<sup>1</sup> in vîcô nauta bonus. 2. Sextus +est amîcus nautae bonî. 3. Sextus nautae bonô +galeam dat. 4. Populus Rômânus nautam bonum laudat. +5. Sextus cum nautâ bonô praedam portat. 6. Ubi, +nauta bone, sunt arma et têla lêgâtî +Rômânî? 7. Nautae bonî ad bellum properant. +8. Fâma nautârum bonôrum est clâra. +9. Pugnae sunt grâtae nautîs bonîs. +10. Oppidânî nautâs bonôs cûrant. +11. Cûr, nautae bonî, malî agricolae ad +Rhênum properant? 12. Malî agricolae cum bonîs +nautîs pugnant.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The wicked farmer is hastening to the village with (his) +booty. 2. The reputation of the wicked farmer is not good. +3. Why does Galba's daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked +farmer? 4. Lesbia invites the good sailor to dinner. 5. Why is +Lesbia with the good sailor hastening from the cottage? 6. Sextus, +where is my helmet? 7. The good sailors are hastening to the +toilsome battle. 8. The horses of the wicked farmers are small. +9. The Roman people give money to the good sailors. +10. Friends care for the good sailors. 11. Whose friends are +fighting with the wicked farmers?</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>Est</b>, beginning a declarative sentence, <i>there is.</i> +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: helmets<br> +Caption: GALEAE]</p> + + +<a name = "page38"> </a> +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XII"> +LESSON XII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>NOUNS IN <i>-IUS</i> AND <i>-IUM</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec87"><b>87.</b></a> +Nouns of the second declension in <b>-ius</b> and <b>-ium</b> end in +<b>-î</b> in the genitive singular, <i>not</i> in +<b>-iî</b>, and the accent rests on the penult; as, +<b>fîlî</b> from <b>fîlius</b> (<i>son</i>), +<b>praesi´dî</b> from <b>praesi´dium</b> +(<i>garrison</i>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec88"><b>88.</b></a> +Proper names of persons in <b>-ius</b>, and <b>fîlius</b>, end in +<b>-î</b> in the vocative singular, <i>not</i> in <b>-e</b>, and +the accent rests on the penult; as, <b>Vergi´lî</b>, <i>O +Vergil</i>; <b>fîlî</b>, <i>O son.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Observe that in these words the vocative and the genitive are +alike.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec89"><b>89.</b></a> +<b>praesidium</b> (base <b>praesidi-</b>), n., <i>garrison</i> +<b>fîlius</b> (base <b>fîli-</b>), m., <i>son</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>praesidi<b>um</b></td> +<td>fîli<b>us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>praesi´d<b>î</b></td> +<td>fîl<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>praesidi<b>ô</b></td> +<td>fîli<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>praesidi<b>um</b></td> +<td>fîli<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>praesidi<b>ô</b></td> +<td>fîli<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Voc</i>.</td> +<td>praesidi<b>um</b></td> +<td>fîl<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The plural is regular. Note that the <b>-i-</b> of the base is lost +only in the genitive singular, and in the vocative of words like +<b>fîlius</b>.</p> + +<p>Decline together <b>praesidium parvum</b>; <b>fîlius bonus</b>; +<b>fluvius longus</b>, <i>the long river</i>; <b>proelium +clârum</b>, <i>the famous battle.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec90"><b>90.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec90vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 285.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Frûmentum bonae terrae, gladî malî, +bellî longî. 2. Cônstantia magna, praesidia +magna, clâre Vergi´lî. 3. Male serve, Ô +clârum oppidum, male fîlî, fîliî +malî, fîlî malî. 4. Fluvî +longî, fluviî longî, fluviôrum longôrum, +fâma praesi´dî magnî. 5. Cum gladiîs +parvîs, cum deâbus clârîs, ad nautâs +clârôs. 6. Multôrum proeliôrum, praedae +magnae, ad proelia dûra.</p> + +<a name = "page39"> </a> +<p align = "center">Germânia</p> + +<p>II. Germânia, patria Germânôrum, est clâra +terra. In Germâniâ sunt fluviî multî. +Rhênus magnus et lâtus fluvius Germâniae est. In +silvîs lâtîs Germâniae sunt ferae multae. Multi +Germânii in oppidîs magnis et in vîcîs +parvîs habitant et multî sunt agricolae bonî. Bella +Germânôrum sunt magna et clâra. Populus +Germâniae bellum et proelia amat et saepe cum finitimîs +pugnat. Fluvius Rhênus est fînitimus +oppidîs<sup>1</sup> multîs et clârîs.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Dative with <b>fînitimus</b>. (See <a href = +"#sec43">§ 43</a>.) +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XIII"> +LESSON XIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>SECOND DECLENSION (<i>Continued</i>)</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec91"><b>91.</b></a> +<b>Declension of Nouns in <i>-er</i> and <i>-ir</i>.</b> In early Latin +all the masculine nouns of the second declension ended in <b>-os</b>. +This <b>-os</b> later became <b>-us</b> in words like <b>servus</b>, and +was dropped entirely in words with bases ending in <b>-r</b>, like +<b>puer</b>, <i>boy</i>; <b>ager</b>, <i>field</i>; and <b>vir</b>, +<i>man</i>. These words are therefore declined as follows:</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec92"><b>92.</b></a> +<b>puer</b>, m., <i>boy</i> +<b>ager</b>, m., <i>field</i> +<b>vir</b>, m., <i>man</i> +</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +Base <b>puer-</b></td> +<td> +Base <b>agr-</b></td> +<td> +Base <b>vir-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>puer</td> +<td>ager</td> +<td>vir</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>î</b></td> +<td>agr<b>î</b></td> +<td>vir<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ô</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ô</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>um</b></td> +<td>agr<b>um</b></td> +<td>vir<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ô</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ô</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>î</b></td> +<td>agr<b>î</b></td> +<td>vir<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td><b>-ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>îs</b></td> +<td>agr<b>îs</b></td> +<td>vir<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ôs</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ôs</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ôs</b></td> +<td><b>-ôs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>îs</b></td> +<td>agr<b>îs</b></td> +<td>vir<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page40"> </a> +<i>a.</i> The vocative case of these words is like the nominative, +following the general rule (<a href = +"#sec74">§ 74. <i>a</i></a>).</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The declension differs from that of <b>servus</b> only in the +nominative and vocative singular.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> Note that in <b>puer</b> the <b>e</b> remains all the way +through, while in <b>ager</b> it is present only in the nominative. In +<b>puer</b> the <b>e</b> belongs to the base, but in <b>ager</b> (base +<b>agr-</b>) it does not, and was inserted in the nominative to make it +easier to pronounce. Most words in <b>-er</b> are declined like +<b>ager</b>. <i>The genitive shows whether you are to follow</i> +<b>puer</b> <i>or</i> <b>ager</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec93"><b>93.</b></a> +Masculine adjectives in <b>-er</b> of the second declension are declined +like nouns in <b>-er</b>. A few of them are declined like <b>puer</b>, +but most of them like <b>ager</b>. The feminine and neuter nominatives +show which form to follow, thus,</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Masc.</th> +<th>Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>lîber</b></td> +<td><b>lîbera</b></td> +<td><b>lîberum</b></td> +<td>(<i>free</i>)</td> +<td>is like <b>puer</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pulcher</b></td> +<td><b>pulchra</b></td> +<td><b>pulchrum</b></td> +<td>(<i>pretty</i>)</td> +<td>is like <b>ager</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>For the full declension in the three genders, see <a href = +"#sec469">§ 469</a>. <i>b.</i> <i>c.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec94"><b>94.</b></a> +Decline together the words <b>vir lîber</b>, <b>terra +lîbera</b>, <b>frûmentum lîberum</b>, <b>puer +pulcher</b>, <b>puella pulchra</b>, <b>oppidum pulchrum</b></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec95"><b>95.</b></a> +Italia<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec95vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 286.</p> + +<p>Magna est Italiae fâma, patriae Rômânôrum, et +clâra est Rôma, domina orbis terrârum.<sup>2</sup> +Tiberim,<sup>3</sup> fluvium Rômânum, quis nôn laudat +et pulchrôs fluviô fînitimôs agrôs? +Altôs mûrôs, longa et dûra bella, +clârâs victôriâs quis nôn laudat? Pulchra +est terra Italia. Agrî bonî agricolîs praemia dant +magna, et equî agricolârum côpiam frûmentî +ad oppida et vîcôs portant. In agrîs populî +Rômânî labôrant multî servî. Viae +Italiae sunt longae et lâtae. Fînitima Italiae est +însula Sicilia.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. In this selection note especially the emphasis as shown by the order +of the words. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>orbis terrârum</b>, <i>of the world</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>Tiberim</b>, <i>the Tiber</i>, accusative case. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "page41"> </a> +<a name = "sec96"><b>96.</b></a> +DIALOGUE</p> + +<p align = "center">Marcus and Cornelius</p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: legionary<br> +Caption: LEGIONARIUS]</p> + +<p> +C. Ubi est, Mârce, fîlius tuus? Estne in pulchrâ +terrâ Italiâ?<br> +M. Nôn est, Cornêlî, in Italiâ. Ad fluvium +Rhênum properat cum côpiîs Rômânîs +quia est<sup>4</sup> fâma Novî bellî cum +Germânîs. Lîber Germâniae populus +Rômânôs Nôn amat.<br> +C. Estne fîlius tuus copiârum Rômânârum +lêgâtus?<br> +M. Lêgâtus nôn est, sed est apud +legiônâriôs.<br> +C. Quae<sup>5</sup> arma portat<sup>6</sup>?<br> +M. Scûtum magnum et lôrîcam dûram et galeam +pulchram portat.<br> +C. Quae têla portat?<br> +M. Gladium et pîlum longum portat.<br> +C. Amatne lêgâtus fîlium tuum?<br> +M. Amat, et saepe fîliô meô praemia pulchra et praedam +multam dat.<br> +C. Ubi est terra Germânôrum?<br> +M. Terra Germânôrum, Cornêlî est fînitima +Rhênô, fluviô magnô et altô. +</p> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>est</b>, before its subject, <i>there is</i>; so <b>sunt</b>, +<i>there are.</i> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>Quae</b>, <i>what kind of</i>, an interrogative adjective pronoun. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. What are the three possible translations of the present tense? +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page42"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XIV"> +LESSON XIV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec97"><b>97.</b></a> +Observe the sentences</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<i>This is my shield</i><br> +<i>This shield is mine</i> +</p> + +<p>In the first sentence <i>my</i> is a possessive adjective; in the +second <i>mine</i> is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a +noun, <i>this shield is mine</i> being equivalent to <i>this shield is +my shield</i>. Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes +<i>adjectives</i> and sometimes <i>pronouns</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec98"><b>98.</b></a> +The possessives <i>my, mine, your, yours</i>, etc. are declined like +adjectives of the first and second declensions.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>meus, mea, meum</b></td> +<td><i>my, mine</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>tuus, tua, tuum</b></td> +<td><i>your, yours</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>suus, sua, suum</b></td> +<td><i>his (own), her (own), its (own)</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>noster, nostra, nostrum</b></td> +<td><i>our, ours</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>vester, vestra, vestrum</b></td> +<td><i>your, yours</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>suus, sua, suum</b></td> +<td><i>their (own), theirs</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Note. <b>Meus</b> has the irregular vocative singular masculine +<b>mî</b>, as <b>mî fîlî</b>, <i>O my +son</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The possessives agree with the name of the <i>thing +possessed</i> in gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin +in</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Sextus is calling <b>his</b> boy</i><br> +<i>Julia is calling <b>her</b> boy</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Sextus</b><br> +<b>Iûlia</b> +</td> +<td>suum puerum vocat</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Observe that <b>suum</b> agrees with <b>puerum</b>, and is unaffected by +the gender of Sextus or Julia.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> When <i>your, yours</i>, refers to <i>one</i> person, use +<b>tuus</b>; when to <i>more than one</i>, <b>vester</b>; as,</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Lesbia, your wreaths are pretty<br> +Girls, your wreaths are pretty</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Corônae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae<br> +Corônae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page43"> </a> +<i>c.</i> <b>Suus</b> is a <i>reflexive</i> possessive, that is, it +usually stands in the predicate and regularly refers back to the +<i>subject</i>. Thus, <b>Vir suôs servôs vocat</b> means +<i>The man calls his (own) slaves.</i> Here <i>his</i> +(<b>suôs</b>) refers to <i>man</i> (<b>vir</b>), and could not +refer to any one else.</p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, +being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec22">§ 22</a>. a.) This is especially true of <b>suus, -a, +-um</b>, which, when inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our <i>his +own, her own</i>, etc.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec99"><b>99.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec99vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 286.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Mârcus amîcô Sextô cônsilium suum +nûntiat 2. Est côpia frûmentî in agrîs +nostrîs. 3. Amîcî meî bonam cênam +ancillae vestrae laudant 4. Tua lôrîca, mî +fîlî, est dûra. 5. Scûta nostra et +têla, mî amîce, in castrls Rômânîs +sunt. 6. Suntne virî patriae tuae lîberî? Sunt. +7. Ubi, Cornêlî, est tua galea pulchra? 8. Mea +galea, Sexte, est in casâ meâ. 9. Pîlum longum +est tuum, sed gladius est meus. 10. Iûlia +gallînâs suâs pulchrâs amat et gallînae +dominam suam amant. 11. Nostra castra sunt vestra. 12. Est +côpia praedae in castrîs vestrîs. +13. Amîcî tuî miserîs et aegrîs cibum +et pecûniam saepe dant.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Our teacher praises Mark's industry. 2. My son Sextus is +carrying his booty to the Roman camp.<sup>1</sup> 3. Your good +girls are giving aid to the sick and wretched.<sup>2</sup> 4. There +are 3 frequent battles in our villages. 5. My son, where is the +lieutenant's food? 6. The camp is mine, but the weapons are +yours.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Not the dative. Why? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Here the adjectives <i>sick</i> and <i>wretched</i> are used like +nouns. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Where should <b>sunt</b> stand? Cf. I. 2 above. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: a farmer plowing with oxen<br> +Caption: AGRICOLA ARAT]</p> + + +<a name = "page44"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XV"> +LESSON XV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE ABLATIVE DENOTING <i>WITH</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec100"><b>100.</b></a> +Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (<a href = +"#sec50">§ 50</a>) there is none more important than that +expressed in English by the preposition <i>with</i>. This little word is +not so simple as it looks. It does not always convey the same meaning, +nor is it always to be translated by <b>cum</b>. This will become clear +from the following sentences:</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Mark is feeble <i>with</i> (<i>for</i> or <i>because of</i>) +want of food<br> +<i>b.</i> Diana kills the beasts <i>with</i> (or <i>by</i>) her +arrows<br> +<i>c.</i> Julia is <i>with</i> Sextus<br> +<i>d.</i> The men fight <i>with</i> great steadiness +</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In sentence <i>a</i>, <i>with want</i> (<i>of food</i>) gives +the cause of Mark's feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the +ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the +<b>ablative of cause</b>:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Mârcus est înfîrmus inopiâ cibî</b></p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> In sentence <i>b</i>, <i>with</i> (or <i>by</i>) <i>her +arrows</i> tells <b>by means of what</b> Diana kills the beasts. This +idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and +the construction is called the <b>ablative of means</b>:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Diâna sagittîs suîs ferâs necat</b></p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> In sentence <i>c</i> we are told that Julia is not alone, but +<b>in company with</b> Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the +ablative with the preposition <b>cum</b>, and the construction is called +the <b>ablative of accompaniment</b>:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Iûlia est cum Sextô</b></p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> In sentence <i>d</i> we are told how the men fight. The idea +is one of <b>manner</b>. This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with +<b>cum</b>, unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case +<b>cum</b> may be omitted. This construction is called the <b>ablative +of manner</b>:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Virî (cum) cônstantiâ magnâ pugnant</b></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec101"><b>101.</b></a> +You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting +<i>with</i>:</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page45"> </a> +<a name = "sec102"><b>102.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of Cause.</b> <i>Cause is denoted by the ablative +without a preposition. This answers the question Because of +what?</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec103"><b>103.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of Means.</b> <i>Means is denoted by the ablative +without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? With +what?</i></p> + +<p> +N.B. <b>Cum</b> must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or +means.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec104"><b>104.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of Accompaniment.</b> <i>Accompaniment is denoted by +the ablative with <b>cum</b>. This answers the question With +whom?</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec105"><b>105.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of Manner.</b> <i>The ablative with <b>cum</b> is used +to denote the manner of an action. <b>Cum</b> may be omitted, if an +adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In +what manner?</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec106"><b>106.</b></a> +What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage, and +what question does each answer?</p> + +<p>The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the +gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, +attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the +stream was swollen with (<i>or</i> by) the rain. Because of this many +were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with +fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther +shore.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec107"><b>107.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec107vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 286.</p> + +<p>I. <i>The Romans prepare for War.</i> Rômânî, +clârus Italiae populus, bellum parant. Ex agrîs suîs, +vicîs, oppidîsque magnô studiô virî +validî ad arma properant. Iam lêgatî cum +legiônariîs ex Italiâ ad Rhênum, fluvium +Germâniae altum et lâtum, properant, et servî +equîs et carrîs cibum frûmentumque ad castra +Rômâna portant. Inopiâ bonôrum +têlôrum înfirmî sunt Germânî, sed +Rômânî armâti galeîs, +lôrîcîs, scûtîs, gladiîs, +pîlîsque sunt validî.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page46"> </a> +II. 1. The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great +diligence. 2. Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are +fighting with the Germans. 3. The Roman legionaries are armed with +long spears. 4. Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with +my friends in Galba's cottage. 5. Many are sick because of bad +water and for lack of food. 6. The Germans, with (their) sons and +daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons.</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XVI"> +LESSON XVI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec108"><b>108.</b></a> +There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions +which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of +all genders:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Masc.</th> +<th>Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>-îus</b></td> +<td><b>-îus</b></td> +<td><b>-îus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Otherwise they are declined like <b>bonus, -a, -um</b>. Learn the +list +and the meaning of each:</p> + +<p> +<b>alius, alia, aliud</b>, <i>other, another</i> (of several)<br> +<b>alter, altera, alterum</b>, <i>the one, the other</i> (of two)<br> +<b>ûnus, -a, -um</b>, <i>one, alone</i>; (in the plural) +<i>only</i><br> +<b>ûllus, -a, -um</b>, <i>any</i><br> +<b>nûllus, -a, -um</b>, <i>none, no</i><br> +<b>sôlus, -a, -um</b>, <i>alone</i><br> +<b>tôtus, -a, -um</b>, <i>all, whole, entire</i><br> +<b>uter, utra, utrum</b>, <i>which?</i> (of two)<br> +<b>neuter, neutra, neutrum</b>, <i>neither</i> (of two) +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec109"><b>109.</b></a> +PARADIGMS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "6">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>nûll<b>us</b></td> +<td>nûll<b>a</b></td> +<td>nûll<b>um</b></td> +<td>ali<b>us</b></td> +<td>ali<b>a</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ud</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>nûll<b>î´us</b></td> +<td>nûll<b>î´us</b></td> +<td>nûll<b>î´us</b></td> +<td>alî´<b>us</b></td> +<td>alî´<b>us</b></td> +<td>alî´<b>us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>nûll<b>î</b></td> +<td>nûll<b>î</b></td> +<td>nûll<b>î</b></td> +<td>ali<b>î</b></td> +<td>ali<b>î</b></td> +<td>ali<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>nûll<b>um</b></td> +<td>nûll<b>am</b></td> +<td>nûll<b>um</b></td> +<td>ali<b>um</b></td> +<td>ali<b>am</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ud</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>nûll<b>ô</b></td> +<td>nûll<b>â</b></td> +<td>nûll<b>ô</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ô</b></td> +<td>ali<b>â</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "6">The Plural is Regular</th> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page47"> </a> +<i>a.</i> Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in <b>-d</b> of +<b>alius</b>. The genitive <b>alîus</b> is rare. Instead of it use +<b>alterîus</b>, the genitive of <b>alter</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension +of pronouns (see <a href = "#sec114">§ 114</a>). For this +reason these adjectives are sometimes called the <b>pronominal +adjectives</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec110"><b>110.</b></a> +Learn the following idioms:</p> + +<p> +<b>alter, -era, -erum</b> ... <b>alter, -era, -erum</b>, <i>the one ... +the other</i> (of two)<br> +<b>alius, -a, -ud</b> ... <b>alius, -a, -ud</b>, <i>one ... another </i> +(of any number)<br> +<b>aliî, -ae, -a</b> ... <b>aliî, -ae, -a</b>, <i>some ... +others</i> +</p> + +<p align = "center"><i>EXAMPLES</i></p> + +<p>1. <b>Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum</b>, <i>the one town +is large, the other small</i> (of two towns).</p> + +<p>2. <b>Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud înfîrmum</b>, +<i>one town is strong, another weak</i> (of towns in general).</p> + +<p>3. <b>Aliî gladiôs, aliî scûta portant</b>, +<i>some carry swords, others shields.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec111"><b>111.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. In utrâ casâ est Iûlia? Iûlia est in +neutrâ casâ. 2. Nûllî malô puerô +praemium dat magister. 3. Alter puer est nauta, alter agricola. +4. Aliî virî aquam, aliî terram amant. +5. Galba ûnus (<i>or</i> sôlus) cum studiô +labôrat. 6. Estne ûllus carrus in agrô meô? +7. Lesbia est ancilla alterîus dominî, Tullia +alterîus. 8. Lesbia sôla cênam parat. +9. Cêna nûllîus alterîus ancillae est bona. +10. Lesbia nûllî aliî virô cênam dat.</p> + +<p> +Note. The pronominal adjectives, as you observe, regularly stand before +and not after their nouns.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. 2. Some +towns are great and others are small. 3. One boy likes chickens, +another horses. 4. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. +5. Our whole village is suffering for (i.e. <i>weak because of</i>) +lack of food. 6. The people are already hastening to the other +town. 7. Among the Romans (there) is no lack of grain.</p> + + +<a name = "page48"> </a> +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XVII"> +LESSON XVII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE DEMONSTRATIVE <i>IS, EA, ID</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec112"><b>112.</b></a> +A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as +<i>this, that, these, those</i>. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, +<i>Do you hear these?</i> and sometimes adjectives, as, <i>Do you hear +these men?</i> In the former case they are called <b>demonstrative +pronouns</b>, in the latter <b>demonstrative adjectives</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec113"><b>113.</b></a> +Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as <i>pronouns</i> and +as <i>adjectives</i>. The one used most is</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>is</b>, masculine; <b>ea</b>, feminine; <b>id</b>, neuter +</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td>Singular</td> +<td> +<i>this<br> +that</i></td> +<td>Plural</td> +<td> +<i>these<br> +those</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec114"><b>114.</b></a> +<b>Is</b> is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of +<b>alius</b>, <a href = "#sec109">§ 109</a>.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "7">Base <b>e-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>is</td> +<td>ea</td> +<td>id</td> +<td>eî (<i>or</i> iî)</td> +<td>eae</td> +<td>ea</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eôrum</td> +<td>eârum</td> +<td>eôrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>eî</td> +<td>eî</td> +<td>eî</td> +<td>eîs (<i>or</i> iîs)</td> +<td>eîs (<i>or</i> iîs)</td> +<td>eîs (<i>or</i> iîs)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>eum</td> +<td>eam</td> +<td>id</td> +<td>eôs</td> +<td>eâs</td> +<td>ea</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>eô</td> +<td>eâ</td> +<td>eô</td> +<td>eîs (<i>or</i> iîs)</td> +<td>eîs (<i>or</i> iîs)</td> +<td>eîs (<i>or</i> iîs)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Note that the base <b>e-</b> changes to <b>i-</b> in a few cases. The +genitive singular <b>eius</b> is pronounced <i>eh´yus</i>. In the +plural the forms with two <b>i</b>'s are preferred and the two +<b>i</b>'s are pronounced as one. Hence, pronounce <b>iî</b> as +<b>î</b> and <b>iîs</b> as <b>îs</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec115"><b>115.</b></a> +Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the Latin +demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun <i>he, she, +it</i>. As a personal pronoun, then, <b>is</b> would have the following +meanings:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "5"> +Sing. +</td> +<td> +<a name = "page49"> </a> +<i>Nom.</i></td> +<td> +<b>is</b>, <i>he</i>; <b>ea</b>, <i>she</i>; <b>id</b>, <i>it</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td> +<b>eius</b>, <i>of him</i> or <i>his</i>; <b>eius</b>, <i>of her, +her</i>, or <i>hers</i>; <b>eius</b>, <i>of it</i> or <i>its</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td> +<b>eî</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for him</i>; <b>eî</b>, <i>to</i> +or <i>for her</i>; <b>eî</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for it</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td> +<b>eum</b>, <i>him</i>; <b>eam</b>, <i>her</i>; <b>id</b>, <i>it</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td> +<b>eô</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., <i>him</i>; <b>eâ</b>, +<i>with, from</i>, etc., <i>her</i>; <b>eô</b>, <i>with, from</i>, +etc., <i>it</i> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan = "5"> +Plur. +</td> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td> +<b>eî</b> or <b>iî</b>, <b>eae</b>, <b>ea</b>, <i>they</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td> +<b>eôrum, eârum, eôrum</b>, <i>of them, their</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td> +<b>eîs</b> or <b>iîs</b>, <b>eîs</b> or +<b>iîs</b>, <b>eîs</b> or <b>iîs</b>, <i>to</i> or +<i>for them</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td> +<b>eôs, eâs, ea</b>, <i>them</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td> +<b>eîs</b> or <b>iîs</b>, <b>eîs</b> or +<b>iîs</b>, <b>eîs</b> or <b>iîs</b>, <i>with, +from</i>, etc., <i>them</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec116"><b>116.</b></a> +<b>Comparison between <i>suus</i> and <i>is</i>.</b> We learned above +(<a href = "#sec98">§ 98. <i>c</i></a>) that <b>suus</b> +is a <i>reflexive</i> possessive. When <i>his, her</i> (poss.), <i>its, +their</i>, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express +<i>his, her, its</i> by <b>eius</b>, the genitive singular of <b>is</b>, +<b>ea</b>, <b>id</b>; and <i>their</i> by the genitive plural, using +<b>eôrum</b> to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and +<b>eârum</b> to refer to a feminine one.</p> + +<p align = "center"><i>EXAMPLES</i></p> + +<p align = "center"> +<i>Galba calls his</i> (own) <i>son</i>, <b>Galba suum fîlium +vocat</b><br> +<i>Galba calls his son</i> (not his own, but another's), <b>Galba eius +fîlium vocat</b><br> +<i>Julia calls her</i> (own) <i>children</i>, <b>Iûlia suôs +lîberôs vocat</b><br> +<i>Julia calls her children</i> (not her own, but another's), +<b>Iûlia eius lîberôs vocat</b><br> +<i>The men praise their</i> (own) <i>boys</i>, <b>virî suôs +puerôs laudant</b><br> +<i>The men praise their boys</i> (not their own, but others'), +<b>virî eôrum puerôs laudant</b><br> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec117"><b>117.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec117vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 287.</p> + +<p>1. He praises her, him, it, them. 2. This cart, that report, +these teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes. 3. That +strong garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, +those frequent plans.</p> + +<p> +4. The other woman is calling her chickens (<i>her own</i>). +5. Another woman is calling her chickens (<i>not her own</i>). +6. The Gaul praises +<a name = "page50"> </a> +his arms (<i>his own</i>). 7. The Gaul praises his arms (<i>not his +own</i>). 8. This farmer often plows their fields. 9. Those +wretched slaves long for their master (<i>their own</i>). 10. Those +wretched slaves long for their master (<i>not their own</i>). +11. Free men love their own fatherland. 12. They love its +villages and towns.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec118"><b>118.</b></a> +DIALOGUE<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p align = "center">Cornelius and Marcus</p> + +<p> +M. Quis est vir, Cornêlî, cum puerô parvô? Estne +Rômânus et lîber?<br> +C. Rômânus nôn est, Mârce. Is vir est servus et +eius domicilium est in silvîs Galliae.<br> +M. Estne puer fîlius eius servî an alterîus?<br> +C. Neutrîus fîlius est puer. Is est fîlius +lêgâtî Sextî.<br> +M. Quô puer cum eô servô properat?<br> +C. Is cum servô properat ad lâtôs Sextî +agrôs.<sup>2</sup> Tôtum frûmentum est iam +mâtûrum et magnus servôrum numerus in +Italiae<sup>3</sup> agrîs labôrat.<br> +M. Agricolaene sunt Gallî et patriae suae agrôs arant?<br> +C. Nôn agricolae sunt. Bellum amant Gallî, nôn +agrî cultûram. Apud eôs virî pugnant et +fêminae auxiliô lîberôrum agrôs arant +parantque cibum.<br> +M. Magister noster puerîs puellîsque grâtâs +Gallôrum fâbulâs saepe nârrat et laudat +eôs saepe.<br> +C. Mala est fortûna eôrum et saepe miserî servî +multîs cum lacrimîs patriam suam dêsîderant. +</p> + +<blockquote> +1. There are a number of departures from the normal order in this +dialogue. Find them, and give the reason. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. When a noun is modified by both a genitive and an adjective, a +favorite order of words is <i>adjective, genitive, noun</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. A modifying genitive often stands between a preposition and its +object. +</blockquote> + + +<hr> + +<p align = "center"> +<a href = "#review_II"> +Second Review, Lessons IX-XVII, §§ 506-509</a></p> + +<hr> + +<a name = "page51"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XVIII"> +LESSON XVIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>CONJUGATION: THE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE +TENSES OF <b>SUM</b></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec119"><b>119.</b></a> +The inflection of a verb is called its <i>conjugation</i> (cf. <a href = +"#sec23">§ 23</a>). In English the verb has but few changes in +form, the different meanings being expressed by the use of personal +pronouns and auxiliaries, as, <i>I am carried, we have carried, they +shall have carried</i>, etc. In Latin, on the other hand, instead of +using personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs, the form changes with the +meaning. In this way the Romans expressed differences in <i>tense, mood, +voice, person</i>, and <i>number</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec120"><b>120.</b></a> +<b>The Tenses.</b> The different forms of a verb referring to different +times are called its <i>tenses</i>. The chief distinctions of time are +present, past, and future:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +1. <b>The present</b>, that is, <i>what is happening now</i>, or <i>what +usually happens</i>, is expressed by +</td> +<td> +the Present Tense +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +2. <b>The past</b>, that is, <i>what was happening, used to happen, +happened, has happened</i>, or <i>had happened</i>, is expressed by +</td> +<td> +the Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect Tenses +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +3. <b>The future</b>, that is, <i>what is going to happen</i>, is +expressed by +</td> +<td> +the Future and Future Perfect Tenses +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec121"><b>121.</b></a> +<b>The Moods.</b> Verbs have inflection of <i>mood</i> to indicate the +manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the +<i>indicative, subjunctive, imperative</i>, and <i>infinitive</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> A verb is in the <i>indicative</i> mood when it makes a +statement or asks a question about something assumed as a fact. All the +verbs we have used thus far are in the present indicative.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec122"><b>122.</b></a> +<b>The Persons.</b> There are three persons, as in English. The first +person is the person speaking (<i>I sing</i>); the second person the +person spoken to (<i>you sing</i>); the third person the person spoken +of +<a name = "page52"> </a> +(<i>he sings</i>). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different +persons in the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the +personal endings (cf. <a href = +"#sec22">§ 22 <i>a</i></a>; <a href = "#sec29">29</a>). +We have already learned that <b>-t</b> is the ending of the third person +singular in the active voice and <b>-nt</b> of the third person plural. +The complete list of personal endings of the active voice is as +follows:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td><i>I</i></td> +<td><b>-m</b> or <b>-ô</b></td> +<td><i>we</i></td> +<td><b>-mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td><i>thou</i> or <i>you</i></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +<td><i>you</i></td> +<td><b>-tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td><i>he, she, it</i></td> +<td><b>-t</b></td> +<td><i>they</i></td> +<td><b>-nt</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec123"><b>123.</b></a> +Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and are +called <i>regular</i> verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called +<i>irregular</i>. The verb <i>to be</i> is irregular in Latin as in +English. The present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are +inflected as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Present Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>SINGULAR</td> +<td>PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td>su-<b>m</b>, <i>I am</i></td> +<td>su-<b>mus</b>, <i>we are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td>e-<b>s</b>, <i>you<sup>1</sup> are</i></td> +<td>es-<b>tis</b>, <i>you<sup>1</sup> are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td>es-<b>t</b>, <i>he, she</i>, or <i>it is</i></td> +<td>su-<b>nt</b>, <i>they are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Imperfect Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td>er-a-<b>m</b>, <i>I was</i></td> +<td>er-â´-<b>mus</b>, <i>we were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td>er-â-<b>s</b>, <i>you were</i></td> +<td>er-â´-<b>tis</b>, <i>you were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td> +er-a-<b>t</b>, <i>he, she</i>, or <i>it was</i></td> +<td>er-â-<b>nt</b>, <i>they were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Future Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td>er-<b>ô</b>, <i>I shall be</i></td> +<td>er´-i-<b>mus</b>, <i>we shall be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td>er-i-<b>s</b>, <i>you will be</i></td> +<td>er´-i-<b>tis</b>, <i>you will be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td>er-i-<b>t</b>, <i>he will be</i></td> +<td>er-u-<b>nt</b>, <i>they will be</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and +consult <a href = "#sec12">§§ 12.2</a>; <a href = +"#sec14">14</a>; <a href = "#sec15">15</a>.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Observe that in English <i>you are</i>, <i>you were</i>, etc. may be +either singular or plural. In Latin the singular and plural forms are +never the same. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "page53"> </a> +<a name = "sec124"><b>124.</b></a> +DIALOGUE</p> + +<p align = "center">The Boys Sextus and Marcus</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec124vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 287.</p> + +<p> +S. Ubi es, Mârce? Ubi est Quîntus? Ubi estis, +amîcî?<br> +M. Cum Quîntô, Sexte, in silvâ sum. Nôn +sôlî sumus; sunt in silvâ multî aliî +puerî.<br> +S. Nunc laetus es, sed nûper nôn laetus erâs. +Cûr miser erâs?<br> +M. Miser eram quia amîcî meî erant in aliô +vicô et eram sôlus. Nunc sum apud sociôs meôs. +Nunc laetî sumus et erimus.<br> +S. Erâtisne in lûdo hodiê?<br> +M. Hodiê nôn erâmus in lûdô, quod magister +erat aeger.<br> +S. Eritisne mox in lûdô?<br> +M. Amîcî meî ibi erunt, sed ego (<i>I</i>) nôn +erô.<br> +S. Cûr nôn ibi eris? Magister, saepe irâtus, inopiam +tuam studî dîligentiaeque nôn laudat.<br> +M. Nûper aeger eram et nunc înfîrmus sum. +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec125"><b>125.</b></a> +EXERCISE</p> + +<p>1. You are, you were, you will be<ins title = +"punctuation as in original">, (</ins><i>sing. and plur.</i>). 2. I +am, I was, I shall be. 3. He is, he was, he will be. 4. We +are, we were, we shall be. 5. They are, they were, they will be.</p> + +<p>6. Why were you not in school to-day? I was sick. 7. Lately he +was a sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher. +8. To-day I am happy, but lately I was wretched. 9. The +teachers were happy because of the boys' industry.</p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Roman boys in school<br> +Caption: PUERI ROMANI IN LUDO]</p> + + +<a name = "page54"> </a> +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XIX"> +LESSON XIX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS · PRESENT +ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>AMÔ</i> AND <i>MONEÔ</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec126"><b>126.</b></a> +There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These conjugations are +distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present +conjugation-stem.<sup>1</sup> This vowel is called the <i>distinguishing +vowel</i>, and is best seen in the present infinitive.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. The <i>stem</i> is the body of a word to which the terminations are +attached. It is often identical with the base (cf. <a href = +"#sec58">§ 58</a>). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the +latter does not appear in the base, but is variously combined with the +inflectional terminations. This point is further explained in <a href = +"#sec230">§ 230</a>. +</blockquote> + +<p>Below is given the <i>present infinitive</i> of a verb of each +conjugation, the <i>present stem</i>, and the <i>distinguishing +vowel.</i></p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation</th> +<th>Pres. Infin.</th> +<th>Pres. Stem</th> +<td> +<i>DISTINGUISHING<br> +VOWEL</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>I.</td> +<td><b>amâ´re</b>, <i>to love</i></td> +<td><b>amâ-</b></td> +<td><b>â</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>II.</td> +<td><b>monê´re</b>, <i>to advise</i></td> +<td><b>monê-</b></td> +<td><b>ê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>III.</td> +<td><b>re´gere</b>, <i>to rule</i></td> +<td><b>rege-</b></td> +<td><b>e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>IV.</td> +<td><b>audî´re</b>, <i>to hear</i></td> +<td><b>audi-</b></td> +<td><b>î</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by +dropping <b>-re</b>, the ending of the present infinitive.</p> + +<p> +Note. The present infinitive of <b>sum</b> is <b>esse</b>, and +<b>es-</b> is the present stem.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec127"><b>127.</b></a> +From the present stem are formed the <i>present</i>, <i>imperfect</i>, +and <i>future</i> tenses.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec128"><b>128.</b></a> +The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the +second conjugation is as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center"> +<b>a´mô, amâ´re</b> (<i>love</i>)</td> +<td align = "center"> +<b>mo´neô, monê´re</b> (<i>advise</i>)</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center"> +Pres. Stem <b>amâ-</b></td> +<td align = "center"> +Pres. Stem <b>monê-</b></td> +<td> +<i>PERSONAL<br> +ENDINGS</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3"> +Sing. +</td> +<td>1. a´m<b>ô</b>, <i>I love</i></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>ô</b>, <i>I advise</i></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. a´mâ<b>s</b>, <i>you love</i></td> +<td>mo´nê<b>s</b>, <i>you advise</i></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. a´ma<b>t</b>, <i>he (she, it) loves</i></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>t</b>, <i>he (she, it) advises</i></td> +<td><b>-t</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3"> +Plur. +</td> +<td>1. amâ´<b>mus</b>, <i>we love</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>mus</b>, <i>we advise</i></td> +<td><b>-mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ´<b>tis</b>, <i>you love</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>tis</b>, <i>you advise</i></td> +<td><b>-tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. a´ma<b>nt</b>, <i>they love</i></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>nt</b>, <i>they advise</i></td> +<td><b>-nt</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "page55"> </a> +1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the +present stem, and its first person uses <b>-o</b> and not <b>-m</b>. The +form <b>amô</b> is for <b>amâ-ô</b>, the two vowels +<b>â-ô</b> contracting to <b>ô</b>. In +<b>moneô</b> there is no contraction. <i>Nearly all regular verbs +ending in <b>-eo</b> belong to the second conjugation.</i></p> + +<p>2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before +another vowel (<b>monê-ô</b> = <b>mo´neô</b>), +and before final <b>-t</b> (<b>amat</b>, <b>monet</b>) and <b>-nt</b> +(<b>amant</b>, <b>monent</b>). Compare <a href = +"#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec129"><b>129.</b></a> +Like <b>amô</b> and <b>moneô</b> inflect the present active +indicative of the following verbs<sup>2</sup>:</p> + +<blockquote> +2. The only new verbs in this list are the five of the second +conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings. +</blockquote> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Indicative Present</th> +<th>Infinitive Present</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>a´rô</b>, <i>I plow</i></td> +<td><b>arâ´re</b>, <i>to plow</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>cû´rô</b>, <i>I care for</i></td> +<td><b>cûrâ´re</b>, <i>to care for</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>*<b>dê´leô</b>, <i>I destroy</i></td> +<td><b>dêlê´re</b>, <i>to destroy</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dêsî´derô</b>, <i>I long for</i></td> +<td><b>dêsîderâ´re</b>, <i>to long for</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dô</b>,3 <i>I give</i></td> +<td><b>da´re</b>, <i>to give</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>*<b>ha´beô</b>, <i>I have</i></td> +<td><b>habê´re</b>, <i>to have</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ha´bitô</b>, <i>I live, I dwell</i></td> +<td><b>habitâ´re</b>, <i>to live, to dwell</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>*<b>iu´beô</b>, <i>I order</i></td> +<td><b>iubê´re</b>, <i>to order</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>labô´rô</b>, <i>I labor</i></td> +<td><b>labôrâ´re</b>, <i>to labor</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>lau´dô</b>, <i>I praise</i></td> +<td><b>laudâ´re</b>, <i>to praise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>mâtû´rô</b>, <i>I hasten</i></td> +<td><b>mâtûrâ´re</b>, <i>to hasten</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>*<b>mo´veô</b>, <i>I move</i></td> +<td><b>movê´re</b>, <i>to move</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>nâr´rô</b>, <i>I tell</i></td> +<td><b>nârrâ´re</b>, <i>to tell</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ne´cô</b>, <i>I kill</i></td> +<td><b>necâ´re</b>, <i>to kill</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>nûn´tiô</b>, <i>I announce</i></td> +<td><b>nûntiâ´re</b>, <i>to announce</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pa´rô</b>, <i>I prepare</i></td> +<td><b>parâ´re</b>, <i>to prepare</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>por´tô</b>, <i>I carry</i></td> +<td><b>portâ´re</b>, <i>to carry</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pro´perô</b>, <i>I hasten</i></td> +<td><b>properâ´re</b>, <i>to hasten</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pug´nô</b>, <i>I fight</i></td> +<td><b>pugnâ´re</b>, <i>to fight</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>*<b>vi´deô</b>, <i>I see</i></td> +<td><b>vidê´re</b>, <i>to see</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>vo´cô</b>, <i>I call</i></td> +<td><b>vocâ´re</b>, <i>to call</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +3. Observe that in <b>dô, dare</b>, the <b>a</b> is <i>short</i>, +and that the present stem is <b>da-</b> and not <b>dâ-</b>. The +only forms of <b>dô</b> that have a long are <b>dâs</b> +(pres. indic.), <b>dâ</b> (pres. imv.), and <b>dâns</b> +(pres. part.). +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec130"><b>130.</b></a> +<b>The Translation of the Present.</b> In English there are three ways +of expressing present action. We may say, for example, <i>I live, I am +living</i>, or <i>I do live</i>. In Latin the one expression +<b>habitô</b> covers all three of these expressions.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page56"> </a> +<a name = "sec131"><b>131.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>Give the <i>voice</i>, <i>mood</i>, <i>tense</i>, <i>person</i>, and +<i>number</i> of each form.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Vocâmus, properâtis, iubent. 2. Movêtis, +laudâs, vidês. 3. Dêlêtis, habêtis, +dant. 4. Mâtûrâs, dêsîderat, +vidêmus. 5. Iubet, movent, necat. +6. Nârrâmus, movês, vident. +7. Labôrâtis, properant, portâs, parant. +8. Dêlet, habêtis, iubêmus, dâs.</p> + +<p> +N.B. Observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in +translating a Latin verb form. Give that your first attention.</p> + +<p>II. 1. We plow, we are plowing, we do plow. 2. They care for, +they are caring for, they do care for. 3. You give, you are having, +you do have (<i>sing</i>.). 4. We destroy, I do long for, they are +living. 5. He calls, they see, we are telling. 6. We do fight, +we order, he is moving, he prepares. 7. They are laboring, we kill, +you announce.</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XX"> +LESSON XX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>AMÔ</i> +AND <i>MONEÔ</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec132"><b>132.</b></a> +<b>Tense Signs.</b> Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express +differences in tense, like <i>was</i>, <i>shall</i>, <i>will</i>, etc., +Latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of +auxiliary verbs. These are called <i>tense signs</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec133"><b>133.</b></a> +<b>Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect.</b> The tense sign of the +imperfect is <b>-bâ-</b>, which is added to the present stem. The +imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Present Stem</th> +<th>Tense Sign</th> +<td><i>PERSONAL<br> +ENDING</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>amâ-</b></td> +<td><b>ba-</b></td> +<td><b>m</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>loving</i></td> +<td><i>was</i></td> +<td><i>I</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The inflection is as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation I</th> +<th>Conjugation II</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +SINGULAR +</td> +<td><i>PERSONAL<br> +ENDINGS</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´<b>bam</b>, <i>I was loving</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>bam</b>, <i>I was advising</i></td> +<td><b>-m</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ´<b>bâs</b>, <i>you were loving</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>bâs</b>, <i>you were advising</i></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´<b>bat</b>, <i>he was loving</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>bat</b>, <i>he was advising</i></td> +<td><b>-t</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +PLURAL +</td> +<td> +<a name = "page57"> </a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ<b>bâ´mus</b>, <i>we were loving</i></td> +<td>monê<b>bâ´mus</b>, <i>we were advising</i></td> +<td><b>-mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ<b>bâ´tis</b>, <i>you were loving</i></td> +<td>monê<b>bâ´tis</b>, <i>you were advising</i></td> +<td><b>-tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´<b>bant</b>, <i>they were loving</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>bant</b>, <i>they were advising</i></td> +<td><b>-nt</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Note that the <b>â</b> of the tense sign +<b>-bâ-</b> is shortened before <b>-nt</b>, and before <b>m</b> +and <b>t</b> when final. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.)</p> + +<p>In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in <a href = +"#sec129">§ 129</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec134"><b>134.</b></a> +<b>Meaning of the Imperfect.</b> The Latin imperfect describes an act as +<i>going on</i> or <i>progressing in past time</i>, like the English +past-progressive tense (as, <i>I was walking</i>). It is the regular +tense used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec135"><b>135.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Vidêbâmus, dêsîderâbat, +mâtûrâbâs. 2. Dabant, +vocâbâtis, dêlêbâmus. 3. Pugnant, +laudâbâs, movêbâtis. 4. Iubêbant, +properâbâtis, portâbâmus. 5. Dabâs, +nârrâbant, labôrâbâtis. +6. Vidêbant, movêbâs, +nûntiâbâmus. 7. Necâbat, movêbam, +habêbat, parâbâtis.</p> + +<p>II. 1. You were having (<i>sing. and plur.</i>), we were killing, +they were laboring. 2. He was moving, we were ordering, we were +fighting. 3. We were telling, they were seeing, he was calling. +4. They were living, I was longing for, we were destroying. +5. You were giving, you were moving, you were announcing, (<i>sing. +and plur.</i>). 6. They were caring for, he was plowing, we were +praising.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec136"><b>136.</b></a> +Ni´obe and her Children</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec136vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 287.</p> + +<p>Niobê, rêgina Thêbânôrum, erat pulchra +fêmina sed superba. Erat superba nôn sôlum +fôrmâ<sup>1</sup> suâ marîtîque +potentiâ<sup>1</sup> sed etiam magnô lîberôrum +numerô.1 Nam habêbat<sup>2</sup> septem fîliôs +et septem fîliâs. Sed ea superbia erat +rêgînae<sup>3</sup> causa magnae trîstitiae et +lîberîs<sup>3</sup> causa dûrae poenae.</p> + +<p> +Note. The words <b>Niobê</b>, <b>Thêbânôrum</b>, +and <b>marîtî</b> will be found in the general vocabulary. +Translate the selection without looking up any other words.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Ablative of cause. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Translate <i>had</i>; it denotes a past situation. (See <a href = +"#sec134">§ 134</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Dative, cf. <a href = "#sec43">§ 43</a>. +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page58"> </a> +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXI"> +LESSON XXI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>AMÔ</i> AND +<i>MONEÔ</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec137"><b>137.</b></a> +The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second +conjugations is <b>-bi-</b>. This is joined to the present stem of the +verb and followed by the personal ending, as follows:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Present Stem</th> +<th>Tense Sign</th> +<td><i>PERSONAL<br> +ENDING</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>amâ-</b></td> +<td><b>bi-</b></td> +<td><b>s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>love</i></td> +<td><i>will</i></td> +<td><i>you</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec138"><b>138.</b></a> +The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation I</th> +<th>Conjugation II</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´<b>bô</b>, <i>I shall love</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>bô</b>, <i>I shall advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ´<b>bis</b>, <i>you will love</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>bis</b>, <i>you will advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´<b>bit</b>, <i>he will love</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>bit</b>, <i>he will advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´<b>bimus</b>, <i>we shall love</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>bimus</b>, <i>we shall advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ´<b>bitis</b> <i>will love</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>bitis</b>, <i>you will advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´<b>bunt</b>, <i>they will love</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>bunt</b>, <i>they will advise</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The personal endings are as in the present. The ending +<b>-bô</b> in the first person singular is contracted from +<b>-bi-ô</b>. The <b>-bi-</b> appears as <b>-bu-</b> in the third +person plural. Note that the inflection is like that of +<b>erô</b>, the future of <b>sum</b>. <i>Pay especial attention to +the accent.</i></p> + +<p>In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in <a href = +"#sec129">§ 129</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec139"><b>139.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Movêbitis, laudâbis, arâbô. 2. +Dêlêbitis, vocâbitis, dabunt. +3. Mâtûrâbis, dêsîderâbit, +vidêbimus. 4. Habêbit, movêbunt, necâbit. +5. Nârrâbimus, monêbis, vidêbunt. +6. Labôrâbitis, cûrâbunt, dabis. +7. Habitâbimus, properâbitis, iubêbunt, +parâbit. 8. Nûntiâbô, portâbimus, +iubêbô.</p> + +<p>II. 1. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. 2. I +shall carry, he will plow, they will care for. 3. You will +announce, you will +<a name = "page59"> </a> +move, you will give, (<i>sing. and plur.</i>). 4. We shall fight, +we shall destroy, I shall long for. 5. He will call, they will see, +you will tell (<i>plur.</i>). 6. They will dwell, we shall order, +he will praise. 7. They will labor, we shall kill, you will have +(<i>sing. and plur.</i>), he will destroy.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec140"><b>140.</b></a> +Niobe and her Children +(<i>Concluded</i>)</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec140vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 288.</p> + +<p>Apollô et Diâna erant lîberî +Lâtônae. Iîs Thêbânî sacra +crêbra parâbant.<sup>1</sup> Oppidânî +amâbant Lâtônam et lîberôs eius. Id +superbae rêgînae erat molestum. "Cûr," inquit, +"Lâtônae et lîberîs sacra parâtis? +Duôs lîberôs habet Lâtôna; quattuordecim +habeô ego. Ubi sunt mea sacra?" Lâtôna iîs +verbîs<sup>2</sup> îrâta lîberôs +suôs vocat. Ad eam volant Apollô Diânaque et +sagittîs<sup>3</sup> suîs miserôs lîberôs +rêgînae superbae dêlent. Niobê, nûper +laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud lîberôs interfectôs et +cum perpetuîs lacrimîs<sup>4</sup> eôs +dêsîderat.</p> + +<p> +Note. Consult the general vocabulary for <b>Apollô</b>, +<b>inquit</b>, <b>duôs</b>, and <b>quattuordecim</b>. Try to +remember the meaning of all the other words.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Observe the force of the imperfect here, <i>used to prepare</i>, +<i>were in the habit of preparing</i>; so <b>amâbant</b> denotes a +past situation of affairs. (See <a href = +"#sec134">§ 134</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Ablative of cause. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Ablative of means. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. This may be either manner or accompaniment. It is often impossible to +draw a sharp line between means, manner, and accompaniment. The Romans +themselves drew no sharp distinction. It was enough for them if the +general idea demanded the ablative case. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXII"> +LESSON XXII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>REVIEW OF VERBS · THE DATIVE WITH +ADJECTIVES</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec141"><b>141.</b></a> +Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both orally +and in writing, of <b>sum</b> and the verbs in <a href = +"#sec129">§ 129</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec142"><b>142.</b></a> +We learned in <a href = "#sec43">§ 43</a> for what sort of +expressions we may expect the dative, and in <a href = +"#sec44">§ 44</a> that one of its commonest uses is with +<i>verbs</i> to express the indirect object. It is also very common with +<i>adjectives</i> to express the object toward which the quality denoted +by the adjective is directed. We have already had a number of cases +<a name = "page60"> </a> +where <b>grâtus</b>, <i>agreeable to</i>, was so followed by a +dative; and in the last lesson we had <b>molestus</b>, <i>annoying +to</i>, followed by that case. The usage may be more explicitly stated +by the following rule:</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec143"><b>143.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Dative with Adjectives.</b> <i>The dative is used with +adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is +directed. Such are, especially, those meaning <b>near</b>, also +<b>fit</b>, <b>friendly</b>, <b>pleasing</b>, <b>like</b>, and their +opposites.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec144"><b>144.</b></a> +Among such adjectives memorize the following:</p> + +<p> +<b>idôneus, -a, -um</b>, <i>fit, suitable</i> (for)<br> +<b>amîcus, -a, -um</b>, <i>friendly</i> (to)<br> +<b>inimicus, -a, -um</b>, <i>hostile</i> (to)<br> +<b>grâtus, -a, -um</b>, <i>pleasing</i> (to), <i>agreeable</i> +(to)<br> +<b>molestus, -a, -um</b>, <i>annoying</i> (to), +<i>troublesome</i> (to)<br> +<b>fînitimus, -a, -um</b>, <i>neighboring</i> (to)<br> +<b>proximus, -a, -um</b>, <i>nearest, next</i> (to)<br> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec145"><b>145.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Rômânî terram idôneam agrî +cultûrae habent. 2. Gallî côpiîs +Rômânîs inimîcî erant. 3. Cui dea +Lâtôna amîca non erat? 4. Dea Lâtôna +superbae rêgînae amîca nôn erat. 5. Cibus +noster, Mârce, erit armâtîs virîs grâtus. +6. Quid erat molestum populîs Italiae? 7. Bella longa +cum Gallîs erant molesta populîs Italiae. 8. Agrî +Germânôrum fluviô Rhênô +fînitimî erant. 9. Rômânî ad silvam +oppidô proximam castra movêbant. 10. Nôn +sôlum fôrma sed etiam superbia rêgînae erat +magna. 11. Mox rêgîna pulchra erit aegra +trîstitiâ. 12. Cûr erat Niobê, +rêgîna Thêbânôrum, laeta? Laeta erat +Niobê multîs fîliîs et fîliâbus.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty +queen. 2. The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also +to Diana. 3. Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona. +4. The punishment of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess +Diana. 5. The Romans will move their forces to a large +field<sup>1</sup> suitable for a camp. 6. Some of the allies were +friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Why not the dative? +</blockquote> + +<a name = "page61"> </a> +<p> +<a name = "sec146"><b>146.</b></a> +Cornelia and her Jewels</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec146vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 288.</p> + +<p>Apud antîquâs dominâs, Cornêlia, +Âfricânî fîlia, erat<sup>2</sup> maximê +clâra. Fîliî eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et +Gâius Gracchus. Iî puerî cum Cornêliâ in +oppidô Rômâ, clârô Italiae oppidô, +habitâbant. Ibi eôs cûrâbat Cornêlia et +ibi magnô cum studiô eôs docêbat. Bona +fêmina erat Cornêlia et bonam disciplînam maximê +amâbat.</p> + +<p> +Note. Can you translate the paragraph above? There are no new words.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. Observe that all the imperfects denote continued or progressive +action, or describe a state of affairs. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec134">§ 134</a>.) +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXIII"> +LESSON XXIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>REGÔ</i> +AND <i>AUDIÔ</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec147"><b>147.</b></a> +As we learned in <a href = "#sec126">§ 126</a>, the present +stem of the third conjugation ends in <b>-e</b>, and of the fourth in +<b>-î</b>. The inflection of the Present Indicative is as +follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation III</th> +<th>Conjugation IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center"> +<b>re´gô, re´gere</b> (<i>rule</i>)</td> +<td align = "center"> +<b>au´dio, audî´re</b> (<i>hear</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center"> +Pres. Stem <b>rege-</b></td> +<td align = "center"> +Pres. Stem <b>audî-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. re´g<b>ô</b>, <i>I rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>ô</b>, <i>I hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. re´gi<b>s</b>, <i>you rule</i></td> +<td>au´dî<b>s</b>, <i>you hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. re´gi<b>t</b>, <i>he (she, it) rules</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>t</b>, <i>he (she, it) hears</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. re´gi<b>mus</b>, <i>we rule</i></td> +<td>audî´<b>mus</b>, <i>we hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. re´gi<b>tis</b>, <i>you rule</i></td> +<td>audî´<b>tis</b>, <i>you hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. re´g<b>unt</b>, <i>they rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>unt</b>, <i>they hear</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. The personal endings are the same as before.</p> + +<p>2. The final short <b>-e-</b> of the stem <b>rege-</b> combines with +the <b>-ô</b> in the first person, becomes <b>-u-</b> in the third +person plural, and becomes <b>-i-</b> elsewhere. The inflection is like +that of <b>erô</b>, the future of <b>sum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "page62"> </a> +3. In <b>audiô</b> the personal endings are added regularly to the +stem <b>audî-</b>. In the third person plural <b>-u-</b> is +inserted between the stem and the personal ending, as <b>audi-u-nt</b>. +Note that the long vowel of the stem is shortened before final <b>-t</b> +just as in <b>amô</b> and <b>moneô</b>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.)</p> + +<p>Note that <b>-i-</b> is always short in the third conjugation and +long in the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. +(Cf. <a href = "#sec12">§ 12. 1, 2</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec148"><b>148.</b></a> +Like <b>regô</b> and <b>audiô</b> inflect the present active +indicative of the following verbs:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Indicative Present</th> +<th>Infinitive Present</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>agô</b>, <i>I drive</i></td> +<td><b>agere</b>, <i>to drive</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dîcô</b>, <i>I say</i></td> +<td><b>dîcere</b>, <i>to say</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dûcô</b>, <i>I lead</i></td> +<td><b>dûcere</b>, <i>to lead</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>mittô</b>, <i>I send</i></td> +<td><b>mittere</b>, <i>to send</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>mûniô</b>, <i>I fortify</i></td> +<td><b>mûnîre</b>, <i>to fortify</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>reperiô</b>, <i>I find</i></td> +<td><b>reperîre</b>, <i>to find</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>veniô</b>, <i>I come</i></td> +<td><b>venîre</b>, <i>to come</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec149"><b>149.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Quis agit? Cûr venit? Quem mittit? Quem dûcis? +2. Quid mittunt? Ad quem veniunt? Cuius castra mûniunt? +3. Quem agunt? Venîmus. Quid puer reperit? 4. Quem +mittimus? Cuius equum dûcitis? Quid dîcunt? +5. Mûnîmus, venîtis, dîcit. 6. Agimus, +reperîtis, mûnîs. 7. Reperis, ducitis, +dîcis. 8. Agitis, audimus, regimus.</p> + +<p>II. 1. What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come? +2. Whose camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we +saying? 3. I am driving, you are leading, they are hearing. +4. You send, he says, you fortify (<i>sing. and plur.</i>). +5. I am coming, we find, they send. 6. They lead, you drive, +he does fortify. 7. You lead, you find, you rule, (<i>all +plur.</i>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec150"><b>150.</b></a> +Cornelia and her Jewels +(<i>Concluded</i>)</p> + +<p>Proximum domicîliô Cornêliae erat pulchrae +Campânae domicilium. Campâna erat superba nôn +sôlum fôrmâ suâ sed maximê +ôrnâmentîs suîs. Ea<sup>1</sup> laudâbat +semper. "Habêsne tû ûlla ornâmenta, +Cornêlia?" +<a name = "page63"> </a> +inquit. "Ubi sunt tua ôrnâmenta?" Deinde Cornêlia +fîliôs suôs Tiberium et Gâium vocat. +"Puerî meî," inquit, "sunt mea ôrnâmenta. Nam +bonî lîberî sunt semper bonae fêminae +ôrnâmenta maximê clâra."</p> + +<p> +Note. The only new words here are <b>Campâna</b>, <b>semper</b>, +and <b>tû</b>.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>Ea</b>, accusative plural neuter. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Cornelia with her sons<br> +Caption: "PUERI MEI SUNT MEA ORNAMENTA"]</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXIV"> +LESSON XXIV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>REGÔ</i> +AND <i>AUDIÔ</i> · THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL INTRANSITIVE +VERBS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec151"><b>151.</b></a> +PARADIGMS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation III</th> +<th>Conjugation IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. regê´<b>bam</b>, <i>I was ruling</i></td> +<td>audiê´<b>bam</b>, <i>I was hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. regê´<b>bâs</b>, <i>you were riding</i></td> +<td>audiê´<b>bâs</b>, <i>you were hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. regê´<b>bat</b>, <i>he was ruling</i></td> +<td>audiê´<b>bat</b>, <i>he was hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. regê<b>bâ´mus</b>, <i>we were ruling</i></td> +<td>audiê<b>bâ´mus</b>, <i>we were hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. regê<b>bâ´tis</b>, <i>you were ruling</i></td> +<td>audiê<b>bâ´tis</b>, <i>you were hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. regê´<b>bant</b>, <i>they were ruling</i></td> +<td>audiê´<b>bant</b>, <i>they were hearing</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "page64"> </a> +1. The tense sign is <b>-bâ-</b>, as in the first two +conjugations.</p> + +<p>2. Observe that the final <b>-e-</b> of the stem is lengthened before +the tense sign <b>-bâ-</b>. This makes the imperfect of the third +conjugation just like the imperfect of the second (cf. +<b>monêbam</b> and <b>regêbam</b>).</p> + +<p>3. In the fourth conjugation <b>-ê-</b> is inserted between the +stem and the tense sign <b>-bâ-</b> +(<b>audi-ê-ba-m</b>).</p> + +<p>4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in <a href = +"#sec148">§ 148</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec152"><b>152.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Agêbat, veniêbat, mittêbat, +dûcêbant. 2. Agêbant, mittêbant, +dûcêbas, mûniêbant. +3. Mittêbâmus, dûcêbâtis, +dîcêbant. 4. Mûniêbâmus, +veniêbâtis, dîcêbâs. +5. Mittêbâs, veniêbâmus, reperiêbat. +6. Reperiêbâs, veniêbâs, +audiêbâtis. 7. Agêbâmus, +reperiêbâtis, mûniêbat. +8. Agêbâtis, dîcêbam, +mûniêbam.</p> + +<p>II. 1. They were leading, you were driving (<i>sing. and plur.</i>), +he was fortifying. 2. They were sending, we were finding, I was +coming. 3. You were sending, you were fortifying, (<i>sing. and +plur.</i>), he was saying. 4. They were hearing, you were leading +(<i>sing. and plur.</i>), I was driving. 5. We were saying, he was +sending, I was fortifying. 6. They were coming, he was hearing, I +was finding. 7. You were ruling (<i>sing. and plur.</i>), we were +coming, they were ruling.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec153"><b>153.</b></a> +<b>The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs.</b> We learned above (<a +href = "#sec20">§ 20. <i>a</i></a>) that a verb which +does not admit of a direct object is called an <i>intransitive</i> verb. +Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning that they can govern an +indirect object, which will, of course, be in the dative case (<a href = +"#sec45">§ 45</a>). Learn the following list of intransitive +verbs with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is +the person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed. +(Cf. <a href = "#sec43">§ 43</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<b>crêdô, crêdere</b>, <i>believe</i> (give belief +to)<br> +<b>faveô, favêre</b>, <i>favor</i> (show favor to)<br> +<b>noceô, nocêre</b>, <i>injure</i> (do harm to)<br> +<b>pâreô, pârêre</b>, <i>obey</i> (give +obedience to)<br> +<b>persuâdeô, persuâdêre</b>, <i>persuade</i> +(offer persuasion to)<br> +<b>resistô, resistere</b>, <i>resist</i> (offer resistance to)<br> +<b>studeô, studêre</b>, <i>be eager for</i> (give attention +to)<br> + +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page65"> </a> +<a name = "sec154"><b>154.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Dative with Intransitive Verbs.</b> <i>The dative of the +indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs +<b>crêdô</b>, <b>faveô</b>, <b>noceô</b>, +<b>pâreô</b>, <b>persuâdeô</b>, +<b>resistô</b>, <b>studeô</b>, and others of like +meaning.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec155"><b>155.</b></a> +EXERCISE</p> + +<p> +1. Crêdisne verbîs sociôrum? Multî verbîs +eôrum nôn crêdunt. 2. Meî +fînitimî cônsiliô tuô nôn +favêbunt, quod bellô student. 3. Tiberius et +Gâius disciplînae dûrae nôn resistêbant et +Cornêliae pârêbant. 4. Dea erat inimîca +septem fîliâbus rêgînae. 5. Dûra +poena et perpetua trîstitia rêgînae nôn +persuâdêbunt. 6. Nûper ea resistêbat et +nunc resistit potentiae Lâtônae. 7. Mox sagittae +volâbunt et lîberîs miserîs nocêbunt.</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXV"> +LESSON XXV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>REGÔ</i> AND +<i>AUDIÔ</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec156"><b>156.</b></a> +In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet with a +new tense sign. Instead of using <b>-bi-</b>, as in the first and second +conjugations, we use <b>-â-</b><sup>1</sup> in the first person +singular and <b>-ê-</b> in the rest of the tense. In the third +conjugation the final <b>-e-</b> of the stem is dropped before this +tense sign; in the fourth conjugation the final <b>-î-</b> of the +stem is retained.<sup>2</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +1. The <b>-â-</b> is shortened before <b>-m</b> final, and +<b>-ê-</b> before <b>-t</b> final and before <b>-nt</b>. (Cf. <a +href = "#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. The <b>-î-</b> is, of course, shortened, being before another +vowel. (Cf. <a href = "#sec12">§ 12. 1</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec157"><b>157.</b></a> +PARADIGMS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation III</th> +<th>Conjugation IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. re´g<b>am</b>, <i>I shall rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>am</b>, <i>I shall hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. re´g<b>ês</b>, <i>you will rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>ês</b>, <i>you will hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. re´g<b>et</b>, <i>he will rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>et</b>, <i>he will hear</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. reg<b>ê´mus</b>, <i>we shall rule</i></td> +<td>audi<b>ê´mus</b>, <i>we shall hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. reg<b>ê´tis</b>, <i>you will rule</i></td> +<td>audi<b>ê´tis</b>, <i>you will hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. re´g<b>ent</b>, <i>they will rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>ent</b>, <i>they will hear</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page66"> </a> +<p>1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the +present of the second, excepting in the first person singular.</p> + +<p>2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in <a href = +"#sec148">§ 148</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec158"><b>158.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Dîcet, dûcêtis, mûniêmus. 2. +Dîcent, dîcêtis, mittêmus. +3. Mûnient, venient, mittent, agent. 4. Dûcet, +mittês, veniet, aget. 5. Mûniet, reperiêtis, +agêmus. 6. Mittam, veniêmus, regent. +7. Audiêtis, veniês, reperiês. 8. Reperiet, +agam, dûcêmus, mittet. 9. Vidêbitis, +sedêbô, vocâbimus.</p> + +<p>II. 1. I shall find, he will hear, they will come. 2. I shall +fortify, he will send, we shall say. 3. I shall drive, you will +lead, they will hear. 4. You will send, you will fortify, (<i>sing. +and plur.</i>), he will say. 5. I shall come, we shall find, they +will send.</p> + +<p> +6. Who<sup>3</sup> will believe the story? I4 shall believe the story. +7. Whose friends do you favor? We favor our friends. 8. Who +will resist our weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons. 9. Who +will persuade him? They will persuade him. 10. Why were you +injuring my horse? I was not injuring your horse. 11. Whom does a +good slave obey? A good slave obeys his master. 12. Our men were +eager for another battle.</p> + +<blockquote> +3. Remember that <b>quis</b>, <i>who</i>, is singular in number. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. Express by <b>ego</b>, because it is emphatic. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXVI"> +LESSON XXVI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>VERBS IN <i>-IÔ</i> OF THE THIRD +CONJUGATION · THE IMPERATIVE MOOD</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec159"><b>159.</b></a> +There are a few common verbs ending in <b>-iô</b> which do not +belong to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. +The fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the +ending of the infinitive. (Cf. <a href = "#sec126">§ 126</a>.) +Compare</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>audiô, audî´re</b> (<i>hear</i>), fourth +conjugation<br> +<b>capiô, ca´pere</b> (<i>take</i>), third conjugation<br> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page67"> </a> +<a name = "sec160"><b>160.</b></a> +The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of +<b>capiô</b> are inflected as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "3"> +<b>capiô, capere</b>, <i>take</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "3"> +Pres. Stem <b>cape-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Present</th> +<th>Imperfect</th> +<th>Future</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. ca´pi<b>ô</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´bam</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>am</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. ca´pi<b>s</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´bâs</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. ca´pi<b>t</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´bat</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>et</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. ca´pi<b>mus</b></td> +<td>capi<b>êbâ´mus</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. ca´pi<b>tis</b></td> +<td>capi<b>êbâ´tis</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. ca´pi<b>unt</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´bant</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ent</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that <b>capiô</b> and the other <b>-iô</b> +verbs follow the fourth conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation +<i>two vowels occur in succession.</i> (Cf. capiô, audiô; +capiunt, audiunt; and all the imperfect and future.) All other forms are +like the third conjugation. (Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.)</p> + +<p>2. Like <b>capiô</b>, inflect</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>faciô, facere</b>, <i>make, do</i><br> +<b>fugiô, fugere</b>, <i>flee</i><br> +<b>iaciô, iacere</b>, <i>hurl</i><br> +<b>rapiô, rapere</b>, <i>seize</i><br> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec161"><b>161.</b></a> +<b>The Imperative Mood.</b> The imperative mood expresses a command; as, +<i>come!</i> <i>send!</i> The present tense of the imperative is used +only in the second person, singular and plural. <i>The singular in the +active voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The +plural is formed by adding <b>-te</b> to the singular.</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Conjugation</th> +<th>Singular</th> +<th>Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>I.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>amâ</b>, <i>love thou</i></td> +<td><b>amâ´te</b>, <i>love ye</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>II.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>monê</b>, <i>advise thou</i></td> +<td><b>monê´te</b>, <i>advise ye</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>III.</td> +<td>(<i>a</i>)</td> +<td><b>rege</b>, <i>rule thou</i></td> +<td><b>re´gite</b>, <i>rule ye</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>(<i>b</i>)</td> +<td><b>cape</b>, <i>take thou</i></td> +<td><b>ca´pite</b>, <i>take ye</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>IV.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>audî</b>, <i>hear thou</i></td> +<td><b>audî´te</b>, <i>hear ye</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"><b>sum</b> (irregular)</td> +<td><b>es</b>, <i>be thou</i></td> +<td><b>este</b>, <i>be ye</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. In the third conjugation the final -e- of the stem becomes -i- in +the plural.</p> + +<p><a name = "page68"> </a> +2. The verbs <b>dîcô</b>, <i>say</i>; +<b>dûcô</b>, <i>lead</i>; and <b>faciô</b>, +<i>make</i>, have the irregular forms <b>dîc</b>, +<b>dûc</b>, and <b>fac</b> in the singular.</p> + +<p>3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of +<b>veniô</b>, <b>dûcô</b>, <b>vocô</b>, +<b>doceô</b>, <b>laudô</b>, <b>dîcô</b>, +<b>sedeô</b>, <b>agô</b>, <b>faciô</b>, +<b>mûniô</b>, <b>mittô</b>, <b>rapiô</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec162"><b>162.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Fugient, faciunt, iaciêbat. 2. Dêlê, +nûntiâte, fugiunt. 3. Venîte, dîc, +faciêtis. 4. Dûcite, iaciam, fugiêbant. +5. Fac, iaciêbâmus, fugimus, rapite. +6. Sedête, reperî, docête. +7. Fugiêmus, iacient, rapiês. 8. Reperient, +rapiêbâtis, nocent. 9. Favête, resistê, +pârêbitis.</p> + +<p> +10. Volâ ad multâs terrâs et dâ auxilium. +11. Ego têla mea capiam et multâs ferâs +dêlêbô. 12. Quis fâbulae tuae crêdet? +13. Este bonî, puerî, et audîte verba grâta +magistrî.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons. +2. With her weapons she will destroy many beasts. 3. She will +give aid to the weak.<sup>1</sup> 4. She will fly to many lands and +the beasts will flee. 5. Romans, tell<sup>2</sup> the famous story +to your children.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Plural. An adjective used as a noun. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec99">§ 99</a>. II. 3.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Imperative. The imperative generally stands first, as in English. +</blockquote> + + +<hr> + +<p align = "center"> +<a href = "#review_III"> +Third Review, Lessons XVIII-XXVI, §§ 510-512</a></p> + +<hr> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXVII"> +LESSON XXVII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE PASSIVE VOICE · PRESENT, IMPERFECT, +AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF <i>AMÔ</i> AND <i>MONEÔ</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec163"><b>163.</b></a> +<b>The Voices.</b> Thus far the verb forms have been in the <i>active +voice</i>; that is, they have represented the subject as +<i>performing</i> an action; as,</p> + +<p align = "center"> +The lion——> <i>killed</i>——> the hunter +</p> + +<p>A verb is said to be in the <i>passive voice</i> when it represents +its subject as <i>receiving</i> an action; as,</p> + +<p align = "center"> +The lion <—— <i>was killed</i> <—— by the +hunter +</p> + +<p>Note the direction of the arrows.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page69"> </a> +<a name = "sec164"><b>164.</b></a> +<b>Passive Personal Endings.</b> In the passive voice we use a different +set of personal endings. They are as follows:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3"> +Sing.</td> +<td>1. <b>-r</b>, <i>I</i></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +Plur.</td> +<td>1. <b>-mur</b>, <i>we</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. <b>-ris</b>, <b>-re</b>, <i>you</i></td> +<td>2. <b>-minî</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. <b>-tur</b>, <i>he, she, it</i></td> +<td>3. <b>-ntur</b>, <i>they</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the letter <b>-r</b> appears somewhere in all but +one of the endings. This is sometimes called the <i>passive +sign</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec165"><b>165.</b></a> +PARADIGMS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center"><b>amô, amâre</b></td> +<td align = "center"><b>monêo, monêre</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center"> +Pres. Stem <b>amâ-</b></td> +<td align = "center"> +Pres. Stem <b>monê-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Present Indicative</th> +<td><i>PERSONAL<br> +ENDINGS</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td> +a´m<b>or</b>, <i>I am loved</i> +</td> +<td> +mo´ne<b>or</b>, <i>I am advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-or</b><sup>1</sup></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ´<b>ris</b> or amâ´<b>re</b>, <i>you are +loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê´<b>ris</b> or monê´<b>re</b>, <i>you are +advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-ris</b> or <b>-re</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ´<b>tur</b>, <i>he is loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê´<b>tur</b>, <i>he is advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td> +amâ´<b>mur</b>, <i>we are loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê´<b>mur</b>, <i>we are advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ´<b>minî</b>, <i>you are loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê´<b>minî</b>, <i>you are advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-mini</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +ama<b>n´tur</b>, <i>they are loved</i> +</td> +<td> +mone<b>n´tur</b>, <i>they are advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-ntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Imperfect Indicative +(Tense Sign <b>-bâ-</b>)</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td> +amâ´<b>bar</b>, <i>I was being loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê´<b>bar</b>, <i>I was being advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-r</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ<b>bâ´ris</b> or amâ<b>bâ´re</b>, +<i>you were being loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê<b>bâ´ris</b> or +monê<b>bâ´re</b>, <i>you were being advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-ris</b> or <b>-re</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ<b>bâ´tur</b>, <i>he was being loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê<b>bâ´tur</b>, <i>he was being advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td> +amâ<b>bâ´mur</b>, <i>we were being loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê<b>bâ´mur</b>, <i>we were being advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ<b>bâ´minî</b>, <i>you were being loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê<b>bâ´minî</b>, <i>you were being +advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ<b>ban´tur</b>, <i>they were being loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê<b>ban´tur</b>, <i>they were being advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-ntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "page70"> </a> +</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Future +(Tense Sign <b>-bi-</b>)</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td> +amâ´<b>bor</b>, <i>I shall be loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê´<b>bor</b>, <i>I shall be advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-r</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ´<b>beris</b> <i>or</i> amâ´<b>bere</b>, +<i>you will be loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê´<b>beris</b> <i>or</i> monê´<b>bere</b>, +<i>you will be advised</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>-ris</b> or <b>-re</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ´<b>bitur</b>, <i>he will be loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê´<b>bitur</b>, <i>he will be advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td> +amâ´<b>bimur</b>, <i>we shall be loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê´<b>bimur</b>, <i>we shall be advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ<b>bi´minî</b>, <i>you will be loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê<b>bi´minî</b>, <i>you will be advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amâ<b>bun´tur</b>, <i>they will be loved</i> +</td> +<td> +monê<b>bun´tur</b>, <i>they will be advised</i> +</td> +<td><b>-ntur</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. In the present the personal ending of the first person singular is +<b>-or</b>. +</blockquote> + +<p>1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the +active.</p> + +<p>2. In the future the tense sign <b>-bi-</b> appears as <b>-bo-</b> in +the first person, <b>-be-</b> in the second, singular number, and as +<b>-bu-</b> in the third person plural.</p> + +<p>3. Inflect <b>laudô</b>, <b>necô</b>, <b>portô</b>, +<b>moveô</b>, <b>dêleô</b>, <b>iubeô</b>, in the +present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec166"><b>166.</b></a> +Intransitive verbs, such as <b>mâtûrô</b>, <i>I +hasten</i>; <b>habitô</b>, <i>I dwell</i>, do not have a passive +voice with a personal subject.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec167"><b>167.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Laudâris <i>or</i> laudâre, laudâs, datur, +dat. 2. Dabitur, dabit, vidêminî, vidêtis. +3. Vocâbat, vocâbâtur, dêlêbitis, +dêlêbiminî. 4. Parâbâtur, +parâbat, cûrâs, cûrâris <i>or</i> +cûrâre. 5. Portâbantur, portâbant, +vidêbimur, vidêbimus. 6. Iubêris <i>or</i> +iubêre, iubês, laudâbâris <i>or</i> +laudâbâre, laudâbâs. 7. Movêberis or +movêbere, movêbis, dabantur, dabant. 8. Dêlentur, +dêlent, parâbâmur, parâbâmus.</p> + +<p>II. 1. We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, +you were carrying, you were being carried. 2. I see, I am seen, it +was being announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be +ordered. 3. You will be killed, you will kill, you move, you are +moved, we are praising, we are being praised. 4. I am called, I +call, +<a name = "page71"> </a> +you will have, you are cared for. 5. They are seen, they see, we were +teaching, we were being taught, they will move, they will be moved.</p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Perseus saves Andromeda<br> +Caption: PERSEUS ANDROMEDAM SERVAT]</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec168"><b>168.</b></a> +Per´seus and Androm´eda</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec168vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 288.</p> + +<p>Perseus fîlius erat Iovis,<sup>2</sup> maximî<sup>3</sup> +deôrum. Dê eô multâs fabulâs nârrant +poêtae. Eî favent deî, eî magica arma et +âlâs dant. Eîs têlîs armâtus et +âlîs frêtus ad multâs terrâs volâbat +et mônstra saeva dêlêbat et miserîs +înfîrmîsque auxilium dabat. +<a name = "page72"> </a> +Aethiopia est terra Âfricae. Eam terram Cêpheus<sup>5</sup> +regêbat. Eî<sup>6</sup> +Neptûnus, maximus aquârum deus, erat îrâtus et +mittit<sup>7</sup> mônstrum saevum ad Aethiopiam. Ibi +mônstrum nôn sôlum lâtîs pulchrîsque +Aethiopiae agrîs nocêbat sed etiam domicilia +agricolârum dêlêbat, et multôs virôs, +fêminâs, lîberôsque necâbat. Populus ex +agrîs fugiêbat et oppida mûrîs validîs +mûniêbat. Tum Cêpheus magnâ +trîstitiâ commôtus ad Iovis ôrâculum +properat et ita dîcit: "Amîcî meî necantur; +agrî meî vâstantur. Audî verba mea, Iuppiter. +Dâ miserîs auxilium. Age mônstrum saevum ex +patriâ."</p> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>Iovis</b>, the genitive of <b>Iuppiter</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Used substantively, <i>the greatest</i>. So below, l. 4, +<b>miserîs</b> and <b>înfîrmîs</b> are used +substantively. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. Pronounce in two syllables, <i>Ce´pheus</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>Eî</b>, <i>at him</i>, dative with +<b>îrâtus</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. The present is often used, as in English, in speaking of a past +action, in order to make the story more vivid and exciting. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXVIII"> +LESSON XXVIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE +OF <i>REGÔ</i> AND <i>AUDIÔ</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec169"><b>169.</b></a> +Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of +<b>regô</b> and <b>audiô</b>, and learn the passive of the +same tenses (<a href = "#sec490">§§ 490</a>, <a href = +"#sec491">491</a>).</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are +the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal endings +(<a href = "#sec164">§ 164</a>) are added instead of the +active ones.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular +present of the third conjugation. There the final <b>-e-</b> of the stem +is not changed to <b>-i-</b>, as it is in the active. We therefore have +<b>re´geris</b> or <b>re´gere</b>, <i>not</i> +<b>re´giris</b>, <b>re´gire</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> Inflect <b>agô</b>, <b>dîcô</b>, +<b>dûcô</b>, <b>mûniô</b>, <b>reperiô</b>, +in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and +passive.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec170"><b>170.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Agêbat, agêbâtur, mittêbat, +mittêbâtur, dûcêbat. 2. Agunt, aguntur, +mittuntur, mittunt, mûniunt. 3. Mittor, mittar, mittam, +dûcêre, dûcere. 4. Dîcêmur, +dîcimus, dîcêmus, dîcimur, +mûniêbaminî. 5. Dûcitur, +dûciminî, reperîmur, reperiar, agitur. +6. Agêbâmus, agêbâmur, reperîris, +reperiêminî. 7. Mûnîminî, +veniêbam, dûcêbar, +<a name = "page73"> </a> +dîcêtur. 8. Mittiminî, mittitis, mittêris, +mitteris, agêbâminî. 9. Dîcitur, +dîcit, mûniuntur, reperient, audientur.</p> + +<p>II. 1. I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were +being led, he says, it is said. 2. I shall send, I shall be sent, +you will find, you will be found, they lead, they are led. 3. I am +found, we are led, they are driven, you were being led (<i>sing. and +plur.</i>). 4. We shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is +being led, they will come, they will be fortified. 5. They were +ruling, they were being ruled, you will send, you will be sent, you are +sent, (<i>sing. and plur.</i>). 6. He was being led, he will come, +you are said (<i>sing. and plur.</i>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec171"><b>171.</b></a> +Perseus and Andromeda (<i>Continued</i>)</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec171vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 288.</p> + +<p>Tum ôrâculum ita respondet: "Mala est fortûna tua. +Neptûnus, magnus aquârum deus, terrae Aethiopiae +inimîcus, eâs poenâs mittit. Sed parâ +îrâtô deô sacrum idôneum et mônstrum +saevum ex patriâ tuâ agêtur. Andromeda fîlia tua +est mônstrô grâta. Dâ eam mônstrô. +Servâ câram patriam et vîtam populî tuî." +Andromeda autem erat puella pulchra. Eam amâbat Cêpheus +maximê.</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXIX"> +LESSON XXIX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE +OF <i>-IÔ</i> VERBS · PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND +IMPERATIVE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec172"><b>172.</b></a> +Review the active voice of <b>capiô</b>, present, imperfect, and +future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (<a href = +"#sec492">§ 492</a>).</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The present forms <b>capior</b> and <b>capiuntur</b> are like +<b>audior, audiuntur</b>, and the rest of the tense is like +<b>regor</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> In like manner inflect the passive of <b>iaciô</b> and +<b>rapiô</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec173"><b>173.</b></a> +<b>The Infinitive.</b> The infinitive mood gives the general meaning of +the verb without person or number; as, <b>amâre</b>, <i>to +love</i>. Infinitive means <i>unlimited</i>. The forms of the other +moods, being limited by person and number, are called the <i>finite</i>, +or limited, verb forms.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page74"> </a> +<a name = "sec174"><b>174.</b></a> +The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as +follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conj.</th> +<th>Pres. Stem</th> +<th>Pres. Infinitive Active</th> +<th>Pres. Infinitive Passive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>I.</td> +<td><b>amâ-</b></td> +<td>amâ´<b>re</b>, <i>to love</i></td> +<td>amâ´<b>rî</b>, <i>to be loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>II.</td> +<td><b>monê-</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>re</b>, <i>to advise</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>rî</b>, <i>to be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>III.</td> +<td><b>rege-</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>re</b>, <i>to rule</i></td> +<td>re´g<b>î</b>, <i>to be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>cape-</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>re</b>, <i>to take</i></td> +<td>ca´p<b>î</b>, <i>to be taken</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>IV.</td> +<td><b>audî-</b></td> +<td>audî´<b>re</b>, <i>to hear</i></td> +<td>audî<b>rî</b>, <i>to be heard</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add +<b>-re</b> to the present stem.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The present infinitive of <b>sum</b> is <b>esse</b>. There is +no passive.</p> + +<p>2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the +active by changing final <b>-e</b> to <b>-î</b>, except in the +third conjugation, which changes final <b>-ere</b> to +<b>-î</b>.</p> + +<p>3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of +<b>doceô</b>, <b>sedeô</b>, <b>volô</b>, +<b>cûrô</b>, <b>mittô</b>, <b>dûcô</b>, +<b>mûniô</b>, <b>reperiô</b>, <b>iaciô</b>, +<b>rapiô</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec175"><b>175.</b></a> +The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as +follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Active<sup>1</sup></th> +<th colspan = "2">Passive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>CONJ.</td> +<td>SING.</td> +<td>PLUR.</td> +<td>SING.</td> +<td>PLUR.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>I.</td> +<td>a´mâ</td> +<td>amâ´<b>te</b></td> +<td>amâ´<b>re</b>, <i>be thou loved</i></td> +<td>amâ´<b>minî</b>, <i>be ye loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>II.</td> +<td>mo´nê</td> +<td>monê´<b>te</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>re</b>, <i>be thou advised</i></td> +<td>monê´<b>minî</b>, <i>be ye advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>III.</td> +<td>re´ge</td> +<td>re´gi<b>te</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>re</b>, <i>be thou ruled </i></td> +<td>regi´<b>minî</b>, <i>be ye ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>ca´pe</td> +<td>ca´pi<b>te</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>re</b>, <i>be thou taken</i></td> +<td>capi´<b>minî</b>, <i>be ye taken</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>IV.</td> +<td>au´dî</td> +<td>audî´<b>te</b></td> +<td>audî´<b>re</b>, <i>be thou heard</i></td> +<td>audî´<b>minî</b>, <i>be ye heard</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive +imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both singular +and plural are like the second person singular<sup>2</sup> and plural, +respectively, of the present passive indicative.</p> + +<p>2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs +in <a href = "#sec174">§ 174. 3</a>.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from <a href = +"#sec161">§ 161</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. That is, using the personal ending <b>-re</b>. A form like +<b>amâre</b> may be either <i>indicative</i>, <i>infinitive</i>, +or <i>imperative</i>. +</blockquote> + +<p><a name = "page75"> </a> +<a name = "sec176"><b>176.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec176vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 289.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Tum Perseus âlîs ad terrâs multâs +volabit. 2. Mônstrum saevum per aquâs properat et mox +agrôs nostrôs vâstâbit. 3. Sî autem +Cêpheus ad ôrâculum properâbit, +ôrâculum ita respondêbit. 4. Quis +têlîs Perseî superâbitur? Multa mônstra +têlîs eius superâbuntur. 5. Cum cûrîs +magnîs et lacrimîs multîs agricolae ex +domiciliîs cârîs aguntur. 6. Multa loca +vâstâbantur et multa oppida dêlêbantur. +7. Mônstrum est validum, tamen superâbitur. +8. Crêdêsne semper verbîs +ôrâculî? Ego iîs non semper crêdam. +9. Pârêbitne Cêpheus ôrâculô? +Verba ôrâculî eî persuâdêbunt. +10. Si nôn fugiêmus, oppidum capiêtur et +oppidânî necâbuntur. 11. Vocâte +puerôs et nârrâte fâbulam clâram dê +mônstrô saevô.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou. 2. To +lead, to be led, be ye seized, fortify thou. 3. To be hurled, to +fly, send thou, to be found. 4. To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to +be taken. 5. Find thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified.</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXX"> +LESSON XXX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS · THE +ABLATIVE DENOTING <i>FROM</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec177"><b>177.</b></a> +You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as +follows:1</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Conjugation I</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conjugation II</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>ACTIVE</td> +<td>PASSIVE</td> +<td>ACTIVE</td> +<td>PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>a´m<b>ô</b></td> +<td>a´m<b>or</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>ô</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>or</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Imperf.</i></td> +<td>amâ´<b>bam</b></td> +<td>amâ´<b>bar</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>bam</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>bar</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>amâ´<b>bo</b></td> +<td>amâ´<b>bor</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>bo</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>bor</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +<a name = "page76"> </a> +Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>a´m<b>â</b></td> +<td>amâ´<b>re</b></td> +<td>mo´n<b>ê</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>re</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>amâ´<b>re</b></td> +<td>amâ´<b>rî</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>re</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>rî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Conjugation III</th> +<th colspan = "2"> +Conjugation III<br> +(-iô verbs) +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>ACTIVE</td> +<td>PASSIVE</td> +<td>ACTIVE</td> +<td>PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>re´g<b>ô</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>or</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ô</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>or</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Imperf.</i></td> +<td>regê´<b>bam</b></td> +<td>regê´<b>bar</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´bam</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´bar</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>re´g<b>am</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>ar</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>am</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ar</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>re´g<b>e</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>re</b></td> +<td>ca´p<b>e</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>re</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>re´ge<b>re</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>î</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>re</b></td> +<td>ca´p<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Conjugation IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td>ACTIVE</td> +<td>PASSIVE</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>au´d<b>iô</b></td> +<td>au´d<b>ior</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><i>Imperf.</i></td> +<td>aud<b>iê´bam</b></td> +<td>aud<b>iê´bar</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>au´d<b>iam</b></td> +<td>au´d<b>iar</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>au´d<b>î</b></td> +<td>aud<b>î´re</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>aud<b>î´re</b></td> +<td>aud<b>î´rî</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. Synopses should be given not only in the first person, but in other +persons as well, particularly in the third singular and plural. +</blockquote> + +<p>1. Give the synopsis of <b>rapiô</b>, <b>mûniô</b>, +<b>reperiô</b>, <b>doceô</b>, <b>videô</b>, +<b>dîcô</b>, <b>agô</b>, <b>laudô</b>, +<b>portô</b>, and vary the person and number.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec178"><b>178.</b></a> +We learned in <a href = "#sec50">§ 50</a> that one of the +three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by +the preposition <i>from.</i> This is sometimes called the <i>separative +ablative</i>, and it has a number of special uses. You have already +grown familiar with the first mentioned below.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page77"> </a> +<a name = "sec179"><b>179.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of the Place From.</b> <i>The place from which is +expressed by the ablative with the prepositions <b>â</b> or +<b>ab</b>, <b>dê</b>, <b>ê</b> or <b>ex</b>.</i></p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Agricolae ex agrîs veniunt</b>, <i>the farmers come from the +fields</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> <b>â</b> or <b>ab</b> denotes <i>from near</i> a place; +<b>ê</b> or <b>ex</b>, <i>out from</i> it; and <b>dê</b>, +<i>down from</i> it. This may be represented graphically as follows:</p> + +<pre> + _________ + â or ab | | ê or ex + /____________| _____|_____________\ + \ | Place | / + |_________| + | + | dê + | + V +</pre> + +<p> +<a name = "sec180"><b>180.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of Separation.</b> <i>Words expressing separation or +deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> If the separation is <i>actual</i> and <i>literal</i> of one +material thing from another, the preposition <b>â</b> or +<b>ab</b>, <b>ê</b> or <b>ex</b>, or <b>dê</b> is generally +used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing from another, no +preposition is necessary.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td>(<i>a</i>)</td> +<td> +<b>Perseus terram â mônstrîs lîberat</b><br> +<i>Perseus frees the land from monsters</i> +(literal separation— actual motion is expressed) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(<i>b</i>)</td> +<td> +<b>Perseus terram trîstitiâ lîberat</b><br> +<i>Perseus frees the land from sorrow</i> +(figurative separation— no actual motion is expressed) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec181"><b>181.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of the Personal Agent.</b> <i>The word expressing the +person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the +ablative with the preposition <b>â</b> or <b>ab</b>.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In this construction the English translation of +<b>â</b>, <b>ab</b> is <i>by</i> rather than <i>from</i>. This +ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the <i>person +by whom</i> the act was performed.</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Mônstrum â Perseô necâtur</b>, <i>the monster +is being slain by</i> (lit. <i>from</i>) <i>Perseus</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "page78"> </a> +<i>b.</i> Note that the active form of the above sentence would be +<b>Perseus monstrum necat</b>, <i>Perseus is slaying the monster</i>. In +the passive the <i>object</i> of the active verb becomes the +<i>subject</i>, and the <i>subject</i> of the active verb becomes the +<i>ablative of the personal agent</i>, with <b>â</b> or +<b>ab</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the +ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English +by the preposition <i>by</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec100">§ 100</a>. <i>b.</i>) <i>Means is a <b>thing</b>; +the agent or actor is a <b>person</b></i>. The ablative of means has no +preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has <b>â</b> or +<b>ab</b>. Compare</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Fera sagittâ necâtur</b>, <i>the wild beast is killed by +an arrow</i><br> +<b>Fera â Diânâ necâtur</b>, <i>the wild beast +is killed by Diana</i><br> +</p> + +<p> +<b>Sagittâ</b>, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; +<b>â Diânâ</b>, in the second, is the ablative of the +personal agent.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec182"><b>182.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec182vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 289.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Viri inopiâ cibî dêfessî ab eô +locô discêdent. 2. Gerinânî castrîs +Rômânîs adpropinquâbant, tamen +lêgâtus côpiâs â proeliô +continêbat. 3. Multa Gallôrum oppida ab +Rômanîs capientur. 4. Tum Rômânî +tôtum populum eôrum oppidôrum gladiîs +pîlîsque interficient. 5. Oppidânî +Rômânîs resistent, sed defessî longô +proelîo fugient. 6. Multî ex Galliâ +fugiêbant et in Germânôrum vicîs +habitâbant. 7. Miserî nautae vulnerantur ab +inimîcîs<sup>2</sup> saevîs et cibô egent. +8. Discêdite et date virîs frûmentum et +côpiam vînî. 9. Côpiae nostrae â +proeliô continêbantur ab Sextô lêgatô. +10. Id oppidum ab prôvinciâ Rômânâ +longê aberat.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess +Diana. 2. They were without food and without wine. 3. Then +Galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus. +4. Already they are not far away from the land, and they see armed +men on a high place. 5. They are kept from the land by the men with +spears and arrows. 6. The men kept hurling their weapons down from +the high place with great eagerness.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>inimîcîs</b>, here used as a noun. See vocabulary. +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page79"> </a> +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXXI"> +LESSON XXXI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF +<i>SUM</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec183"><b>183.</b></a> +<b>Principal Parts.</b> There are certain parts of the verb that are of +so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the +<i>principal parts.</i></p> + +<p>The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and +the past participle; as <i>go, went, gone; see, saw, seen</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>The principal parts of the Latin verb are the <i>first person +singular of the present indicative</i>, the <i>present infinitive</i>, +the <i>first person singular of the perfect indicative</i>, and <i>the +perfect passive participle.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec184"><b>184.</b></a> +<b>Conjugation Stems.</b> From the principal parts we get three +conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We have +already learned about the <b>present stem</b>, which is found from the +present infinitive (cf. <a href = +"#sec126">§ 126. <i>a</i></a>). The other two stems are +the <b>perfect stem</b> and the <b>participial stem</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec185"><b>185.</b></a> +<b>The Perfect Stem.</b> The perfect stem of the verb is formed in +various ways, but may always be <i>found by dropping <b>-î</b> +from the first person singular of the perfect</i>, the third of the +principal parts. From the perfect stem are formed the following +tenses:</p> + +<p> +The Perfect Active Indicative<br> +The Pluperfect Active Indicative (English Past Perfect)<br> +The Future Perfect Active Indicative +</p> + +<p>All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future +time respectively.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec186"><b>186.</b></a> +<b>The Endings of the Perfect.</b> The perfect active indicative is +inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. +These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are +as follows:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td>1. <b>-î</b>, <i>I</i></td> +<td rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td>1. <b>-imus</b>, <i>we</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. <b>-istî</b>, <i>you</i></td> +<td>2. <b>-istis</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. <b>-it</b>, <i>he, she, it</i></td> +<td>3. <b>-êrunt</b> or <b>-êre</b>, <i>they</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page80"> </a> +<a name = "sec187"><b>187.</b></a> +Inflection of <b>sum</b> in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect +indicative:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Pres. Indic.</th> +<th>Pres. Infin.</th> +<th>Perf. Indic.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Prin. Parts</td> +<th>sum</th> +<th>esse</th> +<th>fuî</th> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Perfect Stem <b>fu-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Perfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>SINGULAR</td> +<td>PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>î</b>, <i>I have been, I was</i></td> +<td>fu´<b>imus</b>, <i>we have been, we were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fuis´<b>tî</b>, <i>you have been, you were</i></td> +<td>fuis´<b>tis</b>, <i>you have been, you were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>it</b>, <i>he has been, he was</i></td> +<td>fuê´<b>runt</b> <i>or</i> fuê´<b>re</b>, +<i>they have been, they were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Pluperfect (Tense Sign +<b>-erâ-</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>eram</b>, <i>I had been</i></td> +<td>fuerâ´<b>mus</b>, <i>we had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>erâs</b>, <i>you had been</i></td> +<td>fuerâ´<b>tis</b>, <i>you had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>erat</b>, <i>he had been</i></td> +<td>fu´<b>erant</b>, <i>they had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Future Perfect (Tense Sign +<b>-erâ-</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>erô</b>, <i>I shall have been</i></td> +<td>fue´<b>rimus</b>, <i>we shall have been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>eris</b>, <i>you will have been</i></td> +<td>fue´<b>ritis</b>, <i>you will have been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>erit</b>, <i>he will have been</i></td> +<td>fu´<b>erint</b>, <i>they will have been</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.</p> + +<p>2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding <b>eram</b>, +the imperfect of <b>sum</b>, to the perfect stem. The tense sign is +<b>-erâ-</b>.</p> + +<p>3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding +<b>erô</b>, the future of <b>sum</b>, to the perfect stem. But the +third person plural ends in <b>-erint</b>, not in <b>-erunt</b>. The +tense sign is <b>-eri-</b>.</p> + +<p>4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed +on the perfect stem and inflected in the same way.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec188"><b>188.</b></a> +DIALOGUE</p> + +<p align = "center">The Boys Titus, Marcus, and Quintus</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec188vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 289.</p> + +<p> +M. Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quînte?<br> +T. Ego in meô lûdô fuî et Quîntus in +suô lûdô fuit. Bonî puerî fuimus. Fuitne +Sextus in vîcô hodiê?<br> +M. Fuit. Nûper per agrôs proximôs fluviô +properâbat. Ibi is et Cornêlius habent nâvigium.<br> +<a name = "page81"> </a> +T. <i>Nâvigium</i> dîcis? Aliî<sup>1</sup> +nârrâ eam fâbulam!<br> +M. Vêrô (<i>Yes, truly</i>), pulchrum et novum +nâvigium!<br> +Q. Cuius pecûniâ<sup>2</sup> Sextus et Cornêlius id +nâvigium parant? Quis iîs pecûniam dat?<br> +M. Amîcî Cornêlî multum habent aurum et puer +pecûniâ nôn eget.<br> +T. Quô puerî nâvigâbunt? +Nâvigâbuntne longê â terrâ?<br> +M. Dubia sunt cônsilia eôrum. Sed hodiê, +crêdô, sî ventus erit idôneus, ad maximam +însulam nâvigâbunt. Iam anteâ ibi fuêrunt. +Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et puerî magnô in +perîculô erant.<br> +Q. Aqua ventô commôta est inimîca nautîs semper, +et saepe perfidus ventus nâvigia rapit, agit, dêletque. +Iî puerî, sî nôn fuerint maximê +attentî, îrâtâ aquâ et validô +ventô superâbuntur et ita interficientur. +</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Dative case. (Cf. <a href = "#sec109">§ 109</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Ablative of means. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec189"><b>189.</b></a> +EXERCISE</p> + +<p>1. Where had the boys been before? They had been in school. +2. Where had Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river. +3. Who has been with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him. +4. Who says so? Marcus. 5. If the wind has been suitable, the +boys have been in the boat. 6. Soon we shall sail with the boys. +7. There<sup>3</sup> will be no danger, if we are (shall have been) +careful.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +3. The expletive <i>there</i> is not expressed, but the verb will +precede the subject, as in English. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. This predicate adjective must be nominative plural to agree with +<i>we</i>. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXXII"> +LESSON XXXII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR +CONJUGATIONS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec190"><b>190.</b></a> +<b>Meanings of the Perfect.</b> The perfect tense has two distinct +meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present +perfect, or perfect with <i>have</i>, and denotes that the action of the +verb is complete at the time of speaking; as, <i>I have finished my +work</i>. As this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is +called the <b>perfect definite</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page82"> </a> +The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened <i>sometime +in the past</i>; as, <i>I finished my work.</i> As no definite time is +specified, this is called the <b>perfect indefinite</b>. It corresponds +to the ordinary use of the English past tense.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Note carefully the difference between the following +tenses:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><i>I</i></td> +<td>was finishing<br> +used to finish</td> +<td><i>my work</i> +(imperfect, <a href = "#sec134">§ 134</a>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3"> +<i>I finished my work</i> (perfect indefinite) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3"> +<i>I have finished my work</i> (perfect definite) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>When telling a story the Latin uses the <i>perfect indefinite</i> to +mark the different <i>forward steps</i> of the narrative, and the +<i>imperfect</i> to <i>describe situations and circumstances</i> that +attend these steps. If the following sentences were Latin, what tenses +would be used?</p> + +<p>"Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of +mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home."</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec191"><b>191.</b></a> +<b>Inflection of the Perfect.</b> We learned in <a href = +"#sec186">§ 186</a> that any perfect is inflected by adding +the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. The inflection in the +four regular conjugations is then as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>amâvî</b></td> +<td><b>monuî</b></td> +<td><b>rêxî</b></td> +<td><b>cêpî</b></td> +<td><b>audîvî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>I have loved<br> +I loved</i> or <i>did love</i> +</td> +<td> +<i>I have advised<br> +I advised</i> or <i>did advise</i> +</td> +<td> +<i>I have ruled<br> +I ruled</i> or <i>did rule</i> +</td> +<td> +<i>I have taken<br> +I took</i> or <i>did take</i> +</td> +<td> +<i>I have heard<br> +I heard</i> or <i>did hear</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Perfect Stems</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>amâv-</b></td> +<td><b>monu-</b></td> +<td><b>rêx-</b></td> +<td><b>cêp-</b></td> +<td><b>audîv-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´v<b>î</b></td> +<td>mo´nu<b>î</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>î</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>î</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâvis´<b>tî</b></td> +<td>monuis´<b>tî</b></td> +<td>rêxis´<b>tî</b></td> +<td>cêpis´<b>tî</b></td> +<td>audîvis´<b>tî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´v<b>it</b></td> +<td>mo´nu<b>it</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>it</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>it</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>it</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´v<b>imus</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>imus</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>imus</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>imus</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>imus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâv<b>is´tis</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´tis</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>is´tis</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>is´tis</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>is´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +3. amâv<b>ê´runt</b> <i>or</i> +amâv<b>ê´re</b> +</td> +<td> +monu<b>ê´runt</b> <i>or</i> monu<b>ê´re</b> +</td> +<td> +rêx<b>ê´runt</b> <i>or</i> +rêx<b>ê´re</b> +</td> +<td> +cêp<b>ê´runt</b> <i>or</i> +cêp<b>ê´re</b> +</td> +<td> +audîv<b>ê´runt</b> <i>or</i> +audîv<b>ê´re</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "page83"> </a> +1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the +principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. <i>This shows the +absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly.</i></p> + +<p>2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding +<b>-vî</b> to the present stem. Like <b>amâvî</b> +inflect <b>parâvî</b>, <b>vocâvî</b>, +<b>cûrâvî</b>, <b>laudâvî</b>.</p> + +<p>3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on it.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec192"><b>192.</b></a> +Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Pres. Indic.</th> +<th>Pres. Infin.</th> +<th>Perf. Indic.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dô</b></td> +<td><b>dare</b></td> +<td><b>dedî</b></td> +<td><i>give</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dêleô</b></td> +<td><b>dêlêre</b></td> +<td><b>dêlêvî</b></td> +<td><i>destroy</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>habeô</b></td> +<td><b>habêre</b></td> +<td><b>habuî</b></td> +<td><i>have</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>moveô</b></td> +<td><b>movêre</b></td> +<td><b>môvî</b></td> +<td><i>move</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pâreô</b></td> +<td><b>pârêre</b></td> +<td><b>pâruî</b></td> +<td><i>obey</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>prohibeô</b></td> +<td><b>prohibêre</b></td> +<td><b>prohîbuî</b></td> +<td><i>restrain, keep from</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>videô</b></td> +<td><b>vidêre</b></td> +<td><b>vîdî</b></td> +<td><i>see</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dîcô</b></td> +<td><b>dîcere</b></td> +<td><b>dîxî</b></td> +<td><i>say</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>discêdô</b></td> +<td><b>discêdere</b></td> +<td><b>discessî</b></td> +<td><i>depart</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dûcô</b></td> +<td><b>dûcere</b></td> +<td><b>dûxî</b></td> +<td><i>lead</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>faciô</b></td> +<td><b>facere</b></td> +<td><b>fêcî</b></td> +<td><i>make, do</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>mittô</b></td> +<td><b>mittere</b></td> +<td><b>mîsî</b></td> +<td><i>send</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>mûniô</b></td> +<td><b>mûnîre</b></td> +<td><b>mûnîvî</b></td> +<td><i>fortify</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>veniô</b></td> +<td><b>venîre</b></td> +<td><b>vênî</b></td> +<td><i>come</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec193"><b>193.</b></a> +Perseus and Andromeda (<i>Continued</i>)</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec193vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 290.</p> + +<p>Cêpheus, adversâ fortûnâ maximê +commôtus, discessit et multîs cum lacrimîs +populô Aethiopiae verba ôrâculî +nârrâvit. Fâta Andromedae, puellae pulchrae, â +tôtô populô dêplôrâbantur, tamen +nûllum erat auxilium. Deinde Cêpheus cum plênô +trîstitiae animô câram suam fîliam ex +oppidî portâ ad aquam dûxit et bracchia eius ad saxa +dûra revînxit. Tum amîcî puellae miserae +longê discessêrunt et diû mônstrum saevum +exspectâvêrunt.</p> + +<p>Tum forte Perseus, âlîs frêtus, super Aethiopiam +volâbat. Vîdit populum, Andromedam, lacrimâs, et, +magnopere attonitus, ad terram dêscendit. Tum Cêpheus +eî tôtâs cûrâs nârrâvit et ita +dîxit: "Pârêbô verbîs +ôrâculî, et prô patriâ fîliam meam +dabô; sed sî id mônstrum interficiês et +Andromedam servâbis, tibi (<i>to you</i>) eam dabô."</p> + + +<a name = "page84"> </a> +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXXIII"> +LESSON XXXIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE +· PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec194"><b>194.</b></a> +</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>amô</b></td> +<td><b>moneô</b></td> +<td><b>regô</b></td> +<td><b>capiô</b></td> +<td><b>audiô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Perfect Stems</td> +<td><b>amâv-</b></td> +<td><b>monu-</b></td> +<td><b>rêx-</b></td> +<td><b>cêp-</b></td> +<td><b>audîv-</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Pluperfect Indicative Active +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "5"> +Tense Sign <b>-erâ-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>I had loved</i></td> +<td><i>I had advised</i></td> +<td><i>I had ruled</i></td> +<td><i>I had taken</i></td> +<td><i>I had heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´v<b>eram</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>eram</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>eram</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>eram</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>eram</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ´v<b>erâs</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erâs</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>erâs</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>erâs</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>erâs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´v<b>erat</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erat</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>erat</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>erat</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>erat</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâv<b>erâ´mus</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erâ´mus</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>erâ´mus</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>erâ´mus</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>erâ´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâv<b>erâ´tis</b></td> +<td>monuer<b>â´tis</b></td> +<td>rêxer<b>â´tis</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>erâ´tis</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>erâ´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. ama´v<b>erant</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erant</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>erant</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>erant</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>erant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Future Perfect Indicative Active +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "5"> +Tense Sign <b>-eri-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +I shall have loved +</td> +<td> +I shall have advised +</td> +<td> +I shall have ruled +</td> +<td> +I shall have taken +</td> +<td> +I shall have heard +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´v<b>erô</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erô</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>erô</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>erô</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>erô</b> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ´v<b>eris</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>eris</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>eris</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>eris</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>eris</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´v<b>erit</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erit</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>erit</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>erit</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>erit</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâv<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>monu<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>e´rimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâv<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>monu<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>e´ritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´v<b>erint</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erint</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>erint</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>erint</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>erint</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for +formation given in <a href = "#sec187">§ 187. 2-4</a> +hold good here.</p> + +<p>2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect +indicative active of <b>dô</b>, <b>portô</b>, +<b>dêleô</b>, <b>moveô</b>, <b>habeô</b>, +<b>dîcô</b>, <b>discêdô</b>, <b>faciô</b>, +<b>veniô</b>, <b>mûniô.</b></p> + +<p> +<a name = "page85"> </a> +<a name = "sec195"><b>195.</b></a> +<b>The Perfect Active Infinitive.</b> The perfect active infinitive is +formed by adding <b>-isse</b> to the perfect stem.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Conj.</th> +<th>Perfect Stem</th> +<th>Perfect Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>I.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>amâv-</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>II.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>monu-</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>III.</td> +<td>(<i>a</i>)</td> +<td><b>rêx-</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have ruled</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>(<i>b</i>)</td> +<td><b>cêp-</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have taken</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>IV.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>audîv-</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"><b>sum</b></td> +<td><b>fu-</b></td> +<td>fu<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have been</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of +<b>dô</b>, <b>portô</b>, <b>dêleô</b>, +<b>moveô</b>, <b>habeô</b>, <b>dîcô</b>, +<b>discêdô</b>, <b>faciô</b>, <b>veniô</b>, +<b>mûniô</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec196"><b>196.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Habuistî, môvêrunt, miserant. 2. Vîdit, +dîxeris, dûxisse. 3. Mîsistis, +pâruêrunt, discesserâmus. 4. Mûnîvit, +dederam, mîserô. 5. Habuerimus, +dêlêvî, pâruit, fuisse. 6. Dederâs, +mûnîveritis, vênerâtis, mîsisse. +7. Vênerâs, fêcisse, dederâtis, +portâveris.</p> + +<p>8. Quem verba ôrâculî môverant? Populum verba +ôrâculî môverant. 9. Cui Cêpheus +verba ôrâculî nârrâverit? Perseô +Cêpheus verba ôrâculî nârrâverit. +10. Amîcî ab Andromedâ discesserint. +11. Mônstrum saevum domicilia multa dêlêverat. +12. Ubi mônstrum vîdistis? Id in aquâ +vîdimus. 13. Quid mônstrum faciet? Mônstrum +Andromedam interficiet.</p> + +<p>II. 1. They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had. +2. We shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified. 3. I +had departed, he has obeyed, you have sent (<i>sing. and plur.</i>). +4. To have destroyed, to have seen, he will have given, they have +carried. 5. He had destroyed, he has moved, you have had (<i>sing. +and plur.</i>). 6. I have given, you had moved (<i>sing. and +plur.</i>), we had said. 7. You will have made (<i>sing. and +plur.</i>), they will have led, to have given.</p> + +<p>8. Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it. 9. Why had +the men departed from<sup>1</sup> the towns? They had departed because +the monster had come. 10. Did Cepheus obey<sup>2</sup> the +oracle<sup>3</sup>? He did.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>ex</b>. What would <b>ab</b> mean? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <i>Did ... obey</i>, perfect tense. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. What case? +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page86"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXXIV"> +LESSON XXXIV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec197"><b>197.</b></a> +A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following +formation:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "6"> +TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE +</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +Present += First of the principal parts +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +Imperfect += Present stem + <b>-ba-m</b> +</td> +<td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +Future += Present stem + +</td> +<td> +<b>-bô</b>, Conj. I and II<br> +<b>-a-m</b>, Conj. III and IV +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +Perfect += Third of the principal parts +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +Pluperfect += Perfect stem + <b>-era-m</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +Future Perfect += Perfect stem + <b>-erô</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec198"><b>198.</b></a> +The synopsis of the active voice of <b>amô</b>, as far as we have +learned the conjugation, is as follows:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +Principal Parts +<b>amô, amâre, amâvî</b> +</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Pres. Stem +<b>amâ-</b> +</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Perf. Stem +<b>amâv-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3"> +Indic. +</td> +<td><i>Pres.</i> am<b>ô</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +Indic. +</td> +<td><i>Perf.</i> amâv<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Imperf.</i> am<b>âbam</b></td> +<td><i>Pluperf.</i> amâv<b>eram</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i> amâ<b>bô</b> +<td><i>Fut. perf.</i> amâv<b>erô</b> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +Pres. Imv. am<b>â</b> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +Pres. Infin. amâ<b>re</b> +</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +Perf. Infin. amâv<b>isse</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal +parts and synopsis of <b>parô</b>, <b>dô</b>, +<b>laudô</b>, <b>dêleô</b>, <b>habeô</b>, +<b>moveô</b>, <b>pâreô</b>, <b>videô</b>, +<b>dîcô</b>, <b>discêdô</b>, +<b>dûcô</b>, <b>mittô</b>, <b>capiô</b>, +<b>muniô</b>, <b>veniô</b>.1</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the first person +singular but in any person of either number. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec199"><b>199.</b></a> +Learn the following principal parts:2</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Pres. Indic.</th> +<th>Pres. Infin.</th> +<th>Perf. Indic.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +Irregular<br> +Verbs +</td> +<td> +<b>sum</b><br> +<b>ab´sum</b><br> +<b>dô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>esse</b><br> +<b>abes´se</b><br> +<b>dare</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>fuî</b><br> +<b>â´fuî</b><br> +<b>dedî</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>be</i><br> +<i>be away</i><br> +<i>give</i> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "page87"> </a> +Conjugation<br> +II</td> +<td> +<b>contineô</b><br> +<b>doceô</b><br> +<b>egeô</b><br> +<b>faveô</b><br> +<b>iubeô</b><br> +<b>noceô</b><br> +<b>persuâdeô</b><br> +<b>respondeô</b><br> +<b>sedeô</b><br> +<b>studeô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>continêre</b><br> +<b>docêre</b><br> +<b>egêre</b><br> +<b>favêre</b><br> +<b>iubêre</b><br> +<b>nocêre</b><br> +<b>persuâdêre</b><br> +<b>respondêre</b><br> +<b>sedêre</b><br> +<b>studêre</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>continuî</b><br> +<b>docuî</b><br> +<b>eguî</b><br> +<b>fâvî</b><br> +<b>iussî</b><br> +<b>nocuî</b><br> +<b>persuâsî</b><br> +<b>respondî</b><br> +<b>sêdî</b><br> +<b>studuî</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>hold in, keep</i><br> +<i>teach</i><br> +<i>need</i><br> +<i>favor</i><br> +<i>order</i><br> +<i>injure</i><br> +<i>persuade</i><br> +<i>reply</i><br> +<i>sit</i><br> +<i>be eager</i> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Conjugation<br> +III</td> +<td> +<b>agô</b><br> +<b>crêdô</b><br> +<b>fugiô</b><br> +<b>iaciô</b><br> +<b>interficiô</b><br> +<b>rapiô</b><br> +<b>resis´tô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>agere</b><br> +<b>crêdere</b><br> +<b>fugere</b><br> +<b>iacere</b><br> +<b>interficere</b><br> +<b>rapere</b><br> +<b>resis´tere</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>êgî</b><br> +<b>crêdidî</b><br> +<b>fûgî</b><br> +<b>iêcî</b><br> +<b>interfêcî</b><br> +<b>rapuî</b><br> +<b>re´stitî</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>drive</i><br> +<i>believe</i><br> +<i>flee</i><br> +<i>hurl</i><br> +<i>kill</i><br> +<i>seize</i><br> +<i>resist</i> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Conjugation<br> +IV</td> +<td><b>repe´riô</b></td> +<td><b>reperî´re</b></td> +<td><b>rep´perî</b></td> +<td><i>find</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +2. These are all verbs that you have had before, and the perfect is the +only new form to be learned. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec200"><b>200.</b></a> +Perseus and Andromeda (<i>Concluded</i>)</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec200vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 290. Read the whole story.</p> + +<p>Perseus semper proeliô studêbat<sup>3</sup> et +respondit,<sup>3</sup> "Verba tua sunt maximê grâta," et +laetus arma sua magica parâvit.<sup>3</sup> Subitô +mônstrum vidêtur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae +adpropinquat. Eius amîcî longê absunt et misera puella +est sôla. Perseus autem sine morâ super aquam +volâvit.<sup>3</sup> Subitô dêscendit<sup>3</sup> et +dûrô gladiô saevum mônstrum graviter +vulnerâvit.<sup>3</sup> Diû pugnâtur,<sup>4</sup> +diû proelium est dubium. Dênique autem Perseus +mônstrum interfêcit<sup>3</sup> et victôriam +reportâvit.<sup>3</sup> Tum ad saxum vênit<sup>3</sup> et +Andromedam lîberâvit<sup>3</sup> et eam ad Cêpheum +dûxit.<sup>3</sup> Is, nûper miser, nunc laetus, ita +dîxit<sup>3</sup>: "Tuô auxiliô, mî amîce, +câra fîlia mea est lîbera; tua est Andromeda." +Diû Perseus cum Andromedâ ibi habitâbat<sup>3</sup> et +magnopere â tôtô populô +amâbâtur.<sup>3</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +3. See if you can explain the use of the perfects and imperfects in this +passage. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. The verb pugnâtur means, literally, <i>it is fought</i>; +translate freely, <i>the battle is fought</i>, or <i>the contest +rages</i>. The verb pugnô in Latin is intransitive, and so does +not have a personal subject in the passive. A verb with an indeterminate +subject, designated in English by <i>it</i>, is called impersonal. +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page88"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXXV"> +LESSON XXXV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE · +THE PERFECT PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec201"><b>201.</b></a> +The fourth and last of the principal parts (<a href = +"#sec183">§ 183</a>) is the <b>perfect passive participle</b>. +<i>From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future +active infinitive and all the passive perfects.</i></p> + +<p>1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time +given in full:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conj.</th> +<th>Pres. Indic.</th> +<th>Pres. Infin.</th> +<th>Perf. Indic.</th> +<th>Perf. Pass. Part</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>I.</td> +<td><b>amô</b></td> +<td><b>amâ´-re</b></td> +<td><b>amâ´v-î</b></td> +<td><b>amâ´t-us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5" align = "center"> +This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>II.</td> +<td><b>mo´neô</b></td> +<td><b>monê´-re</b></td> +<td><b>mo´nu-î</b></td> +<td><b>mo´nit-us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>III.</td> +<td><b>regô</b></td> +<td><b>re´ge-re</b></td> +<td><b>rêx-î</b></td> +<td><b>rêct-us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>ca´piô</b></td> +<td><b>ca´pe-re</b></td> +<td><b>cêp-î</b></td> +<td><b>capt-us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>IV.</td> +<td><b>au´diô</b></td> +<td><b>audî´-re</b></td> +<td><b>audî´v-î</b></td> +<td><b>audî´t-us</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping <b>-us</b> +from the perfect passive participle.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec202"><b>202.</b></a> +In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the +indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb <i>to +be</i> and the past participle; as, <i>I have been loved</i>, <i>I had +been loved</i>, <i>I shall have been loved.</i></p> + +<p>Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect +passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of +<b>sum</b> as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, +as</p> + +<p align = "center"> +Perfect passive, <b>amâ´tus sum</b>, <i>I have been</i> or +<i>was loved</i><br> +Pluperfect passive, <b>amâ´tus eram</b>, <i>I had been +loved</i><br> +Future perfect passive, <b>amâ´tus erô</b>, <i>I shall +have been loved</i> +</p> + +<p>1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of +<b>moneô</b>, <b>regô</b>, <b>capiô</b>, and +<b>audiô</b>, and give the English meanings.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec203"><b>203.</b></a> +<b>Nature of the Participle.</b> A participle is partly verb and partly +adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it +<a name = "page89"> </a> +is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and +case.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec204"><b>204.</b></a> +The perfect passive participle is declined like <b>bonus, bona, +bonum</b>, and in the compound tenses (<a href = +"#sec202">§ 202</a>) it agrees as a predicate adjective with +the subject of the verb.</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +Examples in<br> +Singular +</td> +<td> +<b>Vir laudâtus est</b>, <i>the man was praised</i>, or <i>has +been praised</i><br> +<b>Puella laudâta est</b>, <i>the girl was praised</i>, or <i>has +been praised</i><br> +<b>Cônsilium laudâtum est</b>, <i>the plan was praised</i>, +or <i>has been praised</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +Examples in<br> +Plural +</td> +<td> +<b>Virî laudâtî sunt</b>, <i>the men were praised</i>, +or <i>have been praised</i><br> +<b>Puellae laudâtae sunt</b>, <i>the girls were praised</i>, or +<i>have been praised</i><br> +<b>Cônsilia laudâta sunt</b>, <i>the plans were praised</i>, +or <i>have been praised</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative +passive of <b>amô</b>, <b>moneô</b>, <b>regô</b>, +<b>capiô</b>, and <b>audiô</b> (<a href = +"#sec488">§§ 488-492</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec205"><b>205.</b></a> +<b>The perfect passive infinitive</b> is formed by adding <b>esse</b>, +the present infinitive of <b>sum</b>, to the perfect passive participle; +as, amâ´t<b>-us</b> (<b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>) <b>esse</b>, +<i>to have been loved</i>; mo´nit<b>-us</b> (<b>-a</b>, +<b>-um</b>) <b>esse</b>, <i>to have been advised</i>.</p> + +<p>1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of <b>regô</b>, +<b>capiô</b>, <b>audiô</b>, and give the English +meanings.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec206"><b>206.</b></a> +The future active infinitive is formed by adding <b>esse</b>, the +present infinitive of <b>sum</b>, to the future active participle. This +participle is made by adding <b>-ûrus, -a, -um</b> to the base of +the participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of +<b>amô</b> is amat<b>-û´rus</b> (<b>-a</b>, +<b>-um</b>) <b>esse</b>, <i>to be about to love</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive +we use all three conjugation stems:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +Present, amâ<b>re</b> (present stem), <i>to love</i><br> +Perfect, amâv<b>isse</b> (perfect stem), <i>to have loved</i><br> +Future, amât<b>ûrus esse</b> (participial stem), <i>to be +about to love</i> +</p> + +<p>1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of +<b>laudô</b>, <b>moneô</b>, <b>regô</b>, +<b>capiô</b>, <b>audiô</b>, with the English meanings.</p> + +<p><a name = "page90"> </a> +<a name = "sec207"><b>207.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Fâbula Andromedae nârrâta est. 2. Multae +fâbulae â magistrô nârrâtae sunt. +3. Ager ab agricolâ validô arâtus erat. +4. Agrî ab agricolîs validîs arâtî +erant. 5. Aurum â servô perfidô ad domicilium +suum portâtum erit. 6. Nostra arma â +lêgâtô laudâta sunt. Quis vestra arma +laudâvit? 7. Ab ancillâ tuâ ad cênam +vocâtae sumus. 8. Andromeda mônstrô nôn +data est, quia mônstrum â Perseô necâtum +erat.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, +the towns will have been laid waste. 2. The oracles were heard, the +oracle was heard, the oracles had been heard. 3. The oracle will +have been heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been +captured. 4. The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the +girls will have been advised. 5. The towns had been ruled, we shall +have been captured, you will have been heard.</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXXVI"> +LESSON XXXVI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS · PREPOSITIONS +<i>YES</i>-OR-<i>NO</i> QUESTIONS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec208"><b>208.</b></a> +The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have +had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before +are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form +for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are +lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A +few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active +participle in <b>-ûrus</b>, which appears in the principal parts +instead.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Irregular Verbs +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>sum</b><br> +<b>absum</b><br> +<b>dô</b><sup>1</sup> +</td> + +<td> +<b>esse</b><br> +<b>abesse</b><br> +<b>dare</b> +</td> + +<td width = "20%"> +<b>fuî</b><br> +<b>âfuî</b><br> +<b>dedî</b> +</td> + +<td> +<b>futûrus</b><br> +<b>âfutûrus</b><br> +<b>datus</b> +</td> + +<td> +<i>be</i><br> +<i>be away</i><br> +<i>give</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>dô</b> is best classed with the irregular verbs because of +the short <b>a</b> in the present and participial stems. +</blockquote> + +<a name = "page91"> </a> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Conjugation I</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>portô</b></td> +<td><b>portâre</b></td> +<td><b>portâvî</b></td> +<td><b>portâtus</b></td> +<td><i>carry</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> +So for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Conjugation II</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>contineô</b><br> +<b>dêleô</b><br> +<b>doceô</b><br> +<b>egeô</b><br> +<b>faveô</b><br> +<b>iubeô</b><br> +<b>moveô</b><br> +<b>noceô</b><br> +<b>pâreô</b><br> +<b>persuâdeô</b><br> +<b>prohibeô</b><br> +<b>respondeô</b><br> +<b>sedeô</b><br> +<b>studeô</b><br> +<b>videô</b> +</td> + +<td> +<b>continêre</b><br> +<b>dêlêre</b><br> +<b>docêre</b><br> +<b>egêre</b><br> +<b>favêre</b><br> +<b>iubêre</b><br> +<b>movêre</b><br> +<b>nocêre</b><br> +<b>pârêre</b><br> +<b>persuâdêre</b><br> +<b>prohibêre</b><br> +<b>respondêre</b><br> +<b>sedêre</b><br> +<b>studêre</b><br> +<b>vidêre</b> +</td> + +<td width = "20%"> +<b>continuî</b><br> +<b>dêlêvî</b><br> +<b>docuî</b><br> +<b>eguî</b><br> +<b>fâvî</b><br> +<b>iussî</b><br> +<b>môvî</b><br> +<b>nocuî</b><br> +<b>pâruî</b><br> +<b>persuâsî</b><br> +<b>prohibuî</b><br> +<b>respondî</b><br> +<b>sêdî</b><br> +<b>studuî</b><br> +<b>vîdî</b> +</td> + +<td> +<b>contentus</b><br> +<b>dêlêtus</b><br> +<b>doctus</b><br> +——<br> +<b>fautûrus</b><br> +<b>iussus</b><br> +<b>môtus</b><br> +<b>nocitûrus</b><br> +——<br> +<b>persuâsus</b><br> +<b>prohibitus</b><br> +<b>respônsus</b><br> +<b>-sessus</b><br> +——<br> +<b>vîsus</b> +</td> + +<td> +<i>hold in, keep</i><br> +<i>destroy</i><br> +<i>teach</i><br> +<i>lack</i><br> +<i>favor</i><br> +<i>order</i><br> +<i>move</i><br> +<i>injure</i><br> +<i>obey</i><br> +<i>persuade (from)</i><br> +<i>restrain, keep</i><br> +<i>reply</i><br> +<i>sit</i><br> +<i>be eager</i><br> +<i>see</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Conjugation III</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>agô</b><br> +<b>crêdô</b><br> +<b>dîcô</b><br> +<b>discêdô</b><br> +<b>dûcô</b><br> +<b>faciô</b><sup>2</sup><br> +<b>fugiô</b><br> +<b>iaciô</b><br> +<b>interficiô</b><br> +<b>mittô</b><br> +<b>rapiô</b><br> +<b>resistô</b> +</td> + +<td> +<b>agere</b><br> +<b>crêdere</b><br> +<b>dîcere</b><br> +<b>discêdere</b><br> +<b>dûcere</b><br> +<b>facere</b><br> +<b>fugere</b><br> +<b>iacere</b><br> +<b>interficere</b><br> +<b>mittere</b><br> +<b>rapere</b><br> +<b>resistere</b> +</td> + +<td> +<b>êgî</b><br> +<b>crêdidî</b><br> +<b>dîxî</b><br> +<b>discessî</b><br> +<b>dûxî</b><br> +<b>fêcî</b><br> +<b>fûgî</b><br> +<b>iêcî</b><br> +<b>interfêcî</b><br> +<b>mîsî</b><br> +<b>rapuî</b><br> +<b>restitî</b> +</td> + +<td> +<b>âctus</b><br> +<b>crêditus</b><br> +<b>dictus</b><br> +<b>discessus</b><br> +<b>ductus</b><br> +<b>factus</b><br> +<b>fugitûrus</b><br> +<b>iactus</b><br> +<b>interfectus</b><br> +<b>missus</b><br> +<b>raptus</b><br> +—— +</td> + +<td> +<i>drive</i><br> +<i>believe</i><br> +<i>say</i><br> +<i>depart</i><br> +<i>lead</i><br> +<i>make</i><br> +<i>flee</i><br> +<i>hurl</i><br> +<i>kill</i><br> +<i>send</i><br> +<i>seize</i><br> +<i>resist</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Conjugation IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>mûniô</b><br> +<b>reperiô</b><br> +<b>veniô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>mûnîre</b><br> +<b>reperîre</b><br> +<b>venîre</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>mûnîvî</b><br> +<b>rep´perî</b><br> +<b>vênî</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>mûnîtus</b><br> +<b>repertus</b><br> +<b>ventus</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>fortify</i><br> +<i>find</i><br> +<i>come</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>faciô</b> has an irregular passive which will be presented +later. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "page92"> </a> +<a name = "sec209"><b>209.</b></a> +<b>Prepositions.</b> 1. We learned in <a href = +"#sec52">§§ 52</a>, <a href = "#sec53">53</a> that only +the <i>accusative</i> and the <i>ablative</i> are used with +prepositions, and that prepositions expressing ablative relations govern +the ablative case. Those we have had are here summarized. The table +following should be learned.</p> + +<p> +<b>â</b> or <b>ab</b>, <i>from, by</i><br> +<b>cum</b>, <i>with</i><br> +<b>dê</b>, <i>down from, concerning</i><br> +<b>ê</b> or <b>ex</b>, <i>out from, out of</i><br> +<b>prô</b>, <i>before, in front of; for, in behalf of</i><br> +<b>sine</b>, <i>without</i> +</p> + +<p>2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the +<i>accusative</i> (<a href = "#sec52">§ 52</a>). Of these we +have had the following:</p> + +<p> +<b>ad</b>, <i>to</i><br> +<b>apud</b>, <i>among</i><br> +<b>per</b>, <i>through</i> +</p> + +<p>There are many others which you will meet as we proceed.</p> + +<p>3. The preposition <b>in</b> when meaning <i>in</i> or <i>on</i> +governs the <i>ablative</i>; when meaning <i>to, into, against</i> +(relations foreign to the ablative) <b>in</b> governs the +<i>accusative</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec210"><b>210.</b></a> +<b><i>Yes</i>-or-<i>No</i> Questions.</b> Questions not introduced by +some interrogative word like <i>who, why, when</i>, etc., but expecting +the answer <i>yes</i> or <i>no</i>, may take one of three forms:</p> + +<p> +1. <i>Is he coming?</i> (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to +the answer expected.)<br> +2. <i>Is he not coming?</i> (Expecting the answer <i>yes</i>.)<br> +3. <i>He isn´t coming, is he?</i> (Expecting the answer +<i>no</i>.)</p> + +<p>These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows:</p> + +<p> +1. <b>Venitne?</b> <i>is he coming?</i><br> +2. <b>Nônne venit?</b> <i>is he not coming?</i><br> +3. <b>Num venit?</b> <i>he isn´t coming, is he?</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> <b>-ne</b>, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, +which then stands first.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> We learned in <a href = +"#sec56">§ 56. <i>b</i></a> that <i>yes</i>-or-<i>no</i> +questions are usually answered by repeating the verb, with or without a +negative. Instead of this, <b>ita</b>, <b>vêrô</b>, +<b>certê</b>, etc. (<i>so, truly, certainly</i>, etc.) may be used +for <i>yes</i>, and <b>nôn</b>, <b>minimê</b>, etc. for +<i>no</i> if the denial is emphatic, as, <i>by no means</i>, <i>not at +all</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "page93"> </a> +<a name = "sec211"><b>211.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec211vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 290.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Nônne habêbat Cornêlia ôrnâmenta +aurî? Habêbat. 2. Num Sextus lêgâtus +scûtum in dextrô bracchiô gerêbat? Nôn in +dextrô, sed sinistrô in bracchiô Sextus scûtum +gerêbat. 3. Frûstrâ bella multa ab Gallîs +gesta erant. 4. Ubi oppidum â perfidô Sextô +occupâtum est, oppidânî miserî gladiô +interfectî sunt. 5. Id oppidum erat plênum +frûmentî. 6. Nônne Sextus ab +oppidânîs frûmentum postulâvit? +Vêrô, sed iî recûsâvêrunt +frûmentum dare. 7. Cûr oppidum ab Sextô +dêlêtum est? Quia frûmentum recûsâtum est. +8. Ea victôria nôn dubia erat. +9. Oppidânî erant dêfessî et armîs +egêbant. 10. Num fugam temptâvêrunt? +Minimê.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had +ordered. 2. Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments +of gold. 3. Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She +did. 4. Who captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held +her by the left arm. 5. She didn´t have the lady's gold, did +she? No, the gold had been taken by a faithless maid and has been +brought back.</p> + + +<hr> + +<p align = "center"> +<a href = "#review_IV"> +Fourth Review, Lessons XXVII-XXXVI, §§ 513-516</a></p> + +<hr> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXXVII"> +LESSON XXXVII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>CONJUGATION OF <i>POSSUM</i> · THE +INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec212"><b>212.</b></a> +Learn the principal parts of <b>possum</b>, <i>I am able</i>, <i>I +can</i>, and its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. <a +href = "#sec495">§ 495</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> <b>Possum</b>, <i>I can</i>, is a compound of <b>potis</b>, +<i>able</i>, and <b>sum</b>, <i>I am</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec213"><b>213.</b></a> +<b>The Infinitive with Subject Accusative.</b> The <i>infinitive</i> +(cf. <a href = "#sec173">§ 173</a>) is a <i>verbal noun</i>. +Used as a noun, it has the constructions of a noun. As a verb it can +govern a case and be modified by an adverb. The uses of the infinitive +are much the same in Latin as in English.</p> + +<p><a name = "page94"> </a> +1. In English certain verbs of <i>wishing, commanding, forbidding</i>, +and the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive +in the objective case and an infinitive, as, <i>he commanded the men to +flee</i>. Such object clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the +substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive.</p> + +<p>Similarly in Latin, some verbs of <i>wishing, commanding, +forbidding</i>, and the like are used with an object clause consisting +of an infinitive with a subject in the accusative case, as, <b>Is +virôs fugere iussit</b>, <i>he commanded the men to flee</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec214"><b>214.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Subject of the Infinitive.</b> <i>The subject of the infinitive +is in the accusative.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec215"><b>215.</b></a> +<b>The Complementary Infinitive.</b> In English a verb is often followed +by an infinitive to complete its meaning, as, <i>the Romans are able to +conquer the Gauls</i>. This is called the <i>complementary</i> +infinitive, as the predicate is not <i>complete</i> without the added +infinitive.</p> + +<p>Similarly in Latin, <i>verbs of incomplete predication</i> are +completed by the infinitive. Among such verbs are <b>possum</b>, <i>I am +able, I can</i>; <b>properô</b>, <b>mâtûrô</b>, +<i>I hasten</i>; <b>temptô</b>, <i>I attempt</i>; as</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Rômânî Gallôs superâre possunt</b>, +<i>the Romans are able to</i> (or <i>can</i>) <i>conquer the +Gauls</i><br> +<b>Bellum gerere mâtûrant</b>, <i>they hasten to wage +war</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive +agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main +verb.</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Malî puerî esse bonî nôn possunt</b>, <i>bad +boys are not able to</i> (or <i>cannot</i>) <i>be good.</i></p> + +<p>Observe that <b>bonî</b> agrees with <b>puerî</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec216"><b>216.</b></a> +<b>The Infinitive used as a Noun.</b> In English the infinitive is often +used as a pure noun, as the subject of a sentence, or as a predicate +nominative. For example, <i>To conquer</i> (= conquering) <i>is +pleasing; To see</i> (= seeing) <i>is to believe</i> (= believing). The +same use of the infinitive is found in Latin, especially with +<b>est</b>, as</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Superâre est grâtum</b>, <i>to conquer is +pleasing</i><br> +<b>Vidêre est crêdere</b>, <i>to see is to believe</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page95"> </a> +<i>a.</i> In the construction above, the infinitive often has a subject, +which must then be in the accusative case, as</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Galbam superâre inimîcôs est grâtum +multîs</b>,<br> +<i>for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many</i></p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular. Thus, in the +sentence <b>superâre est grâtum</b>, the predicate adjective +<b>grâtum</b> is in the neuter nominative singular to agree with +<b>superâre</b> the subject.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec217"><b>217.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec217vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 291.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Magister lûdî lîberôs cum +dîligentiâ labôrâre iussit. 2. Egêre +cibô et vinô est virîs molestum. 3. Virî +armâtî vetuêrunt Gallôs castra ibi pônere. +4. Estne lêgâtus in castellô an in +mûrô? Is est prô portâ. 5. Ubi +nostrî<sup>1</sup> fugere incêpêrunt, +lêgâtus ab vestrîs<sup>1</sup> captus est. +6. Gallî castellum ibi oppugnâverant ubi praesidium +erat înfîrmum. 7. Aliî pugnâre +temptâbant, aliî portâs petêbant. +8. Fêminae prô domiciliîs sedêbant neque +resistere validîs Gallîs poterant. 9. Bellum est +saevum, nec înfîrmîs nec miserîs favet. +10. Sed virî arma postulâbant et studêbant +Gallôs dê mûrîs agere. 11. Id castellum ab +Gallîs occupârî Rômânîs nôn +grâtum erit. 12. Gallî ubi â +Rômânîs victî sunt, esse +lîberî<sup>2</sup> cessâvêrunt. +13. Diû sine aquâ vîvere nôn potestis.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Supply <i>men</i>. <b>nostri</b>, <b>vestrî</b>, and +<b>suî</b> are often used as nouns in this way. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Not <i>children</i>. The Romans used <b>lîberî</b> either +as an adjective, meaning <i>free</i>, or as a noun, meaning <i>the +free</i>, thereby signifying their <i>free-born children</i>. The word +was never applied to children of slaves. +</blockquote> + +<p>II. 1. The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the +gates. 2. The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for +a battle. 3. For a long time they tried in vain to seize the +redoubt. 4. Neither did they cease to hurl weapons +against<sup>3</sup> the walls. 5. But they were not able to (could +not) take the town.</p> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>in</b> with the accusative. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec218"><b>218.</b></a> +The Faithless Tarpe´ia</p> + +<p>Sabînî ôlim cum Rômânîs bellum +gerêbant et multâs victôriâs +reportâverant. Iam agrôs proximôs mûrîs +vâstâbant, iam oppidô adpropinquâbant. +Rômânî autem in Capitôlium fûgerant et +longê perîculô +<a name = "page96"> </a> +aberant. Mûrîs validîs et saxîs altîs +crêdêbant. Frûstrâ Sabînî têla +iaciêbant, frûstrâ portâs dûrâs +petêbant; castellum occupâre nôn poterant. Deinde +novum cônsilium cêpêrunt.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<p>Tarpêia erat puella Rômâna pulchra et superba. +Cotîdiê aquam côpiîs Rômânîs +in Capitôlium portâbat. Eî<sup>5</sup> nôn +nocêbant Sabînî, quod ea sine armîs erat neque +Sabînî bellum cum fêminîs lîberîsque +gerêbant. Tarpêia autem maximê amâbat +ôrnâmenta aurî. Cotîdiê +Sabînôrum ôrnâmenta vidêbat et mox ea +dêsîderâre incipiêbat. Eî ûnus +ex<sup>6</sup> Sabînîs dîxit, "Dûc +côpiâs Sabînâs intrâ portâs, +Tarpêia, et maxima erunt praemia tua."</p> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>cônsilium capere</b>, <i>to make a plan</i>. Why is the +<i>perfect</i> tense used here and the imperfect in the preceding +sentences? Explain the use of tenses in the next paragraph. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. Dative with <b>nocêbant</b>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec154">§ 154</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>ex</b>, <i>out of</i>, i.e. <i>from the nuumber of</i>; best +translated <i>of</i>. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Tarpeia opens the gate for the +soldiers<br> +Caption: TARPEIA PUELLA PERFIDA]</p> + + +<a name = "page97"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXXVIII"> +LESSON XXXVIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE +PRONOUN</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec219"><b>219.</b></a> +Sentences are <i>simple, compound</i>, or <i>complex</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> A <i>simple sentence</i> is a sentence containing but one +statement, that is, one subject and one predicate: <i>The Romans +approached the town.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> A <i>compound sentence</i> is a sentence containing two or +more independent statements: <i>The Romans approached the town</i> | and +| <i>the enemy fled.</i></p> + +<p> +Note. An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not +depend upon another statement.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> A <i>complex sentence</i> is a sentence containing one +independent statement and one or more dependent statements: <i>When the +Romans approached the town | the enemy fled.</i></p> + +<p> +Note. A dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on or +qualifies another statement; thus <i>the enemy fled</i> is independent, +and <i>when the Romans approached the town</i> is dependent or +subordinate.</p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are +called <i>clauses</i>. In a complex sentence the independent statement +is called the <i>main clause</i> and the dependent statement the +<i>subordinate clause.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec220"><b>220.</b></a> +Examine the complex sentence</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<i>The Romans killed the men who were taken</i></p> + +<p>Here are two clauses:</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The main clause, <i>The Romans killed the men</i></p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The subordinate clause, <i>who were taken</i></p> + +<p>The word <i>who</i> is a pronoun, for it takes the place of the noun +<i>men</i>. It also connects the subordinate clause <i>who were +taken</i> with the noun <i>men</i>. Hence the clause is an <i>adjective +clause</i>. A pronoun that connects an <i>adjective clause</i> with a +substantive is called a <i>relative pronoun</i>, and the substantive for +which the relative pronoun stands is called its <i>antecedent</i>. The +relative pronouns in English are <i>who, whose, whom, which, what, +that</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page98"> </a> +<a name = "sec221"><b>221.</b></a> +The relative pronoun in Latin is <b>quî</b>, <b>quae</b>, +<b>quod</b>, and it is declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>quî</b></td> +<td><b>quae</b></td> +<td><b>quod</b></td> +<td><b>quî</b></td> +<td><b>quae</b></td> +<td><b>quae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>cuius</b></td> +<td><b>cuius</b></td> +<td><b>cuius</b></td> +<td><b>quôrum</b></td> +<td><b>quârum</b></td> +<td><b>quôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>cui</b></td> +<td><b>cui</b></td> +<td><b>cui</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>quem</b></td> +<td><b>quam</b></td> +<td><b>quod</b></td> +<td><b>quôs</b></td> +<td><b>quâs</b></td> +<td><b>quae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>quô</b></td> +<td><b>quâ</b></td> +<td><b>quô</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Review the declension of <b>is</b>, <a href = +"#sec114">§ 114</a>, and note the similarity in the endings. +The forms <b>quî</b>, <b>quae</b>, and <b>quibus</b> are the only +forms showing new endings.</p> + +<p> +Note. The genitive <b>cuius</b> and the dative <b>cui</b> are pronounced +<i>c[oo]i´y[oo]s</i> (two syllables) and <i>c[oo]i</i> (one +syllable).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec222"><b>222.</b></a> +<b>The Relative Pronoun is translated as follows:</b><sup>1</sup></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Masc. and Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><i>who, that</i></td> +<td><i>which, what, that</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><i>of whom, whose</i></td> +<td><i>of which, of what, whose</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><i>to</i> or <i>for whom</i></td> +<td><i>to</i> or <i>for which, to</i> or <i>for what</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><i>whom, that</i></td> +<td><i>which, what, that</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><i>from</i>, etc., <i>whom</i></td> +<td><i>from</i>, etc., <i>which</i> or <i>what</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is inserted for +reference when translating. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> We see from the table above that <b>quî</b>, when it +refers to a person, is translated by some form of <i>who</i> or by +<i>that</i>; and that when it refers to anything else it is translated +by <i>which, what</i>, or <i>that</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec223"><b>223.</b></a> +Note the following sentences:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<i>The Romans killed the men who were taken</i><br> +<i>The Romans killed the woman who was taken</i><br> +<b>Rômânî interfêcêrunt virôs +quî captî sunt</b><br> +<b>Rômânî interfêcêrunt fêminam quae +capta est</b> +</p> + +<p>In the first sentence <i>who</i> (<b>quî</b>) refers to the +antecedent <i>men</i> (<b>virôs</b>), and is <i>masculine +plural</i>. In the second, <i>who</i> (<b>quae</b>) refers to +<i>woman</i> (<b>fêminam</b>), and <i>feminine singular</i>. From +this we learn that the relative must agree +<a name = "page99"> </a> +with its antecedent in <i>gender</i> and <i>number</i>. In neither of +the sentences are the antecedents and relatives in the same case. +<b>Virôs</b> and <b>fêminam</b> are accusatives, and +<b>quî</b> and <b>quae</b> are nominatives, being the subjects of +the subordinate clauses. Hence</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec224"><b>224.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Agreement of the Relative.</b> <i>A relative pronoun must agree +with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by +the way it is used in its own clause.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec225"><b>225.</b></a> +<b>Interrogative Pronouns.</b> An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun +that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are <i>who?</i> +<i>which?</i> <i>what?</i> In Latin they are <b>quis?</b> <b>quid?</b> +(pronoun) and <b>quî?</b> <b>quae?</b> <b>quod?</b> +(adjective).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec226"><b>226.</b></a> +Examine the sentences</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> <i>Who is the man?</i> <b>Quis est vir?</b><br> +<i>b.</i> <i>What man is leading them?</i> <b>Quî vir eôs +dûcit?</b> +</p> + +<p>In <i>a</i>, <i>who</i> is an interrogative <i>pronoun</i>. In +<i>b</i>, <i>what</i> is an interrogative <i>adjective</i>. Observe that +in Latin <b>quis</b>, <b>quid</b> is the <i>pronoun</i> and +<b>quî</b>, <b>quae</b>, <b>quod</b> is the <i>adjective</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec227"><b>227.</b></a> +1. The interrogative adjective <b>quî</b>, <b>quae</b>, +<b>quod</b> is declined just like the relative pronoun. (See <a href = +"#sec221">§ 221</a>.)</p> + +<p>2. The interrogative pronoun <b>quis</b>, <b>quid</b> is declined +like <b>quî</b>, <b>quae</b>, <b>quod</b> in the plural. In the +singular it is declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Masc. and Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>quis</b>, <i>who?</i></td> +<td><b>quid</b>, <i>what? which?</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>cuius</b>, <i>whose?</i></td> +<td><b>cuius</b>, <i>whose?</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>cui</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for whom?</i></td> +<td><b>cui</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for what</i> or <i>which?</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>quem</b>, <i>whom?</i></td> +<td><b>quid</b>, <i>what? which?</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>quô</b>, <i>from</i>, etc., <i>whom?</i></td> +<td><b>quô</b>, <i>from</i>, etc., <i>which</i> or <i>what?</i> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Note. Observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the +forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative, excepting quis +and quid.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec228"><b>228.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Quis est aeger? Servus quem amô est aeger. 2. Cuius +scûtum habês? Scûtum habeô quod +lêgâtus ad castellum mîsit. 3. Cui +lêgâtus suum scûtum dabit? Fîliô meô +scûtum dabit. 4. Ubi Germânî +<a name = "page100"> </a> +antîquî vîvêbant? In terrâ quae est +proxima Rhênô Germânî vîvêbant. +5. Quibuscum<sup>2</sup> Germânî bellum gerêbant? +Cum Rômânîs, qui eôs superâre +studêbant, Germânî bellum gerêbant. +6. Quî virî castra pônunt? Iî sunt +virî quôrum armîs Germânî victî +sunt. 7. Quibus têlîs côpiae nostrae +eguêrunt? Gladiîs et telîs nostrae côpiae +eguêrunt. 8.  quibus porta sinistra +tenêbâtur?  sociîs porta sinistra +tenêbâtur. 9. Quae prôvinciae â +Rômânîs occupâtae sunt? Multae prôvinciae +â Rômânîs occupâtae sunt. 10. Quibus +virîs deî favêbunt? Bonîs virîs deî +favêbunt.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>cum</b> is added to the ablative of relative, interrogative, and +personal pronouns instead of being placed before them. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: warriors coming home to Gaul<br> +Caption: GERMANI ANTIQUI]</p> + +<p>II. 1. What victory will you announce? 2. I will announce to the +people the victory which the sailors have won. 3. The men who were +pitching camp were eager for battle. 4. Nevertheless they were soon +conquered by the troops which Sextus had sent. 5. They could not +resist our forces, but fled from that place without delay.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec229"><b>229.</b></a> +The Faithless Tarpeia (<i>Concluded</i>)3</p> + +<p>Tarpêia, commôta ôrnamentîs +Sabînôrum pulchrîs, diû resistere nôn +potuit et respondit: "Date mihi<sup>4</sup> ôrnâmenta quae +in sinistrîs bracchîs geritis, et celeriter +côpiâs vestrâs in Capitôlium dûcam." Nec +<a name = "page101"> </a> +Sabînî recûsâvêrunt, sed per +dûrâs magnâsque castellî portâs +properâvêrunt quô<sup>5</sup> Tarpêia +dûxit et mox intrâ validôs et altôs +mûrôs stâbant. Tum sine morâ in<sup>6</sup> +Tarpêiam scûta graviter iêcêrunt; nam +scûta quoque in sinistrîs bracchiîs gerêbant. +Ita perfida puella Tarpêia interfecta est; ita Sabînî +Capitôlium occupâvêrunt.</p> + +<blockquote> +3. Explain the use of the tenses in this selection. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <i>to me.</i> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. quô = <i>whither</i>, <i>to the place where</i>. Here +<b>quo</b> is the relative adverb. We have had it used before as the +interrogative adverb, <i>whither?</i> <i>to what place?</i> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <i>upon</i>. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XXXIX"> +LESSON XXXIX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT +STEMS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec230"><b>230.</b></a> +<b>Bases and Stems.</b> In learning the first and second declensions we +saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case terminations +to the part of the word that did not change, which we called the +<b>base</b>. If to the base we add <b>-â</b> in the first +declension, and <b>-o</b> in the second, we get what is called the +<b>stem</b>. Thus <b>porta</b> has the base <b>port-</b> and the stem +<b>portâ-</b>; <b>servus</b> has the base <b>serv-</b> and the +stem <b>servo-</b>.</p> + +<p>These stem vowels, <b>-â-</b> and <b>-o-</b>, play so important +a part in the formation of the case terminations that these declensions +are named from them respectively the <i>Â</i>- and +<i>O</i>-Declensions.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec231"><b>231.</b></a> +<b>Nouns of the Third Declension.</b> The third declension is called the +Consonant or <i>I</i>-Declension, and its nouns are classified according +to the way the <i>stem</i> ends. If the last letter of the stem is a +consonant, the word is said to have a <i>consonant stem</i>; if the stem +ends in <b>-i-</b>, the word is said to have an <b>i-</b><i>stem</i>. +<i>In consonant stems the stem is the same as the base. In</i> +<b>i-</b><i>stems the stem is formed by adding</i> <b>-i-</b> <i>to the +base.</i> The presence of the <b>i</b> makes a difference in certain of +the cases, so the distinction is a very important one.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec232"><b>232.</b></a> +Consonant stems are divided into two classes:</p> + +<p> +I. Stems that add <b>-s</b> to the base to form the nominative +singular.</p> +<p> +II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular.</p> + +<a name = "page102"> </a> +<p align = "center">CLASS I</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec233"><b>233.</b></a> +Stems that add <b>-s</b> to the base in the nominative singular are +either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>prînceps</b>, m., <i>chief</i></td> +<td><b>mîles</b>, m., <i>soldier</i></td> +<td><b>lapis</b>, m., <i>stone</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases or<br> +Stems</th> +<td><b>prîncip-</b></td> +<td><b>mîlit-</b></td> +<td><b>lapid-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations<br> +M. and F.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>prîncep<b>s</b></td> +<td>mîle<b>s</b></td> +<td>lapi<b>s</b></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>is</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>is</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>î</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>î</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>em</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>em</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>e</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>e</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>ês</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>ês</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>um</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>um</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>prînci´p<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>ês</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>ês</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>prînci´p<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> <br></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>rêx</b>, m., <i>king</i></td> +<td><b>iûdex</b>, m., <i>judge</i></td> +<td><b>virtûs</b>, f., <i>manliness</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases or<br> +Stems</th> +<td><b>rêg-</b></td> +<td><b>iûdic-</b></td> +<td><b>virtût-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>rêx</td> +<td>iûdex</td> +<td>virtû<b>s</b></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>is</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>is</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>î</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>î</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>em</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>em</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>e</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>e</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>ês</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>ês</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>um</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>um</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>ês</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>ês</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. The base or stem is found by dropping <b>-is</b> in the genitive +singular.</p> + +<p>2. Most nouns of two syllables, like <b>prînceps</b> +(<b>prîncip-</b>), <b>mîles</b> (<b>mîlit-</b>), +<b>iûdex</b> +(<b>iûdic-</b>), have <b>i</b> in the base, but <b>e</b> in the +nominative.</p> + +<a name = "page103"> </a> +<p> +<i>a.</i> <b>lapis</b> is an exception to this rule.</p> + +<p>3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the +nominative:</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> A final <b>-t</b> or <b>-d</b> is dropped before <b>-s</b>; +thus <b>mîles</b> for <b>mîlets</b>, <b>lapis</b> for +<b>lapids</b>, <b>virtûs</b> for <b>virtûts</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> A final <b>-c</b> or <b>-g</b> unites with <b>-s</b> and forms +<b>-x</b>; thus <b>iûdec</b> + <b>s</b> = <b>iûdex</b>, +<b>rêg</b> + <b>s</b> = <b>rêx</b>.</p> + +<p>4. Review <a href = "#sec74">§ 74</a> and apply the rules +to this declension.</p> + +<p>In like manner decline <b>dux, ducis</b>, m., <i>leader</i>; +<b>eques, equitis</b>, m., <i>horseman</i>; <b>pedes, peditis</b>, m., +<i>foot soldier</i>; <b>pês, pedis</b>, m.,<i>foot</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec234"><b>234.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec234vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 291.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Neque peditês neque equitês occupâre +castellum Rômânum poterant. 2. Summâ +virtûte mûrôs altôs cotîdiê +oppugnâbant. 3. Pedes mîlitum lapidibus quî +dê mûrô iaciêbantur saepe vulnerâbantur. +4. Quod novum cônsilium dux cêpit? 5. Is perfidam +puellam pulchrîs ôrnâmentîs temptâvit. +6. Quid puella fêcit? 7. Puella commôta aurô +mîlitês per portâs dûxit. 8. Tamen praemia +quae summô studiô petîverat nôn +reportâvit. 9. Apud Rômânôs +antîquôs Tarpêia nôn est laudâta.</p> + +<p>II. 1. What ship is that which I see? That (<b>illud</b>) ship is the +<i>Victory</i>. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon +approach Italy. 2. The judges commanded the savages to be seized +and to be killed. 3. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to +flee, but were quickly captured by the horsemen. 4. The king led +the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling +stones with the greatest zeal.</p> + +<p align = "center"> +[Illustration: ship with oars<br> +Caption: NAVIGIUM]</p> + + +<a name = "page104"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XL"> +LESSON XL</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS +(<i>Continued</i>)</i></p> + +<p align = "center">CLASS II</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec235"><b>235.</b></a> +Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined +in the other cases exactly like those that add <b>-s</b>. They may be +masculine, feminine, or neuter.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec236"><b>236.</b></a> +PARADIGMS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Masculines and Feminines</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>cônsul</b>, m., <i>consul</i></td> +<td><b>legiô</b>, f., <i>legion</i></td> +<td><b>ôrdô</b>, m., <i>row</i></td> +<td><b>pater</b>, m., <i>father</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases or<br> +Stems</th> +<td><b>cônsul-</b></td> +<td><b>legiôn-</b></td> +<td><b>ôrdin-</b></td> +<td><b>patr-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations<br> +M. and F.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>cônsul</td> +<td>legiô</td> +<td>ôrdô</td> +<td>pater</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>is</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>is</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>is</b></td> +<td>patr<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>î</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>î</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>î</b></td> +<td>patr<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>em</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>em</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>em</b></td> +<td>patr<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>e</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>e</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>e</b></td> +<td>patr<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>ês</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>ês</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>ês</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>um</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>um</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>um</b></td> +<td>patr<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>ês</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>ês</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>ês</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly +the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way.</p> + +<p>2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in <b>-in-</b> and +<b>-ôn-</b> drop <b>-n-</b> and end in <b>-ô</b> in the +nominative, as <b>legiô</b> (base or stem <b>legiôn-</b>), +<b>ôrdô</b> (base or stem <b>ôrdin-</b>).</p> + +<p>3. Bases or stems in <b>-tr-</b> have <b>-ter</b> in the nominative, +as <b>pater</b> (base or stem <b>patr-</b>).</p> + +<p>4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole +declension. <i>Always learn this with the nominative.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "page105"> </a> +<a name = "sec237"><b>237.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec237vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 291.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Audîsne tubâs, Mârce? Nôn sôlum +tubâs audiô sed etiam ôrdinês militum et +carrôs impedîmentôrum plênôs vidêre +possum. 2. Quâs legiônês vidêmus? Eae +legiônês nûper ex Galliâ vênêrunt. +3. Quid ibi fêcêrunt? Studêbantne pugnâre +an sine virtûte erant? 4. Multa proelia +fêcêrunt<sup>1</sup> et magnâs victôriâs +et multôs captîvôs reportâvêrunt. 5. Quis +est imperâtor eârum legiônum? Caesar, summus +Rômânôrum imperâtor. 6. Quis est eques quî +pulchram corônam gerit? Is eques est frâter meus. Eî +corôna â cônsule data est quia summâ +virtûte pugnâverat et â barbarîs patriam +servâverat.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now +(<b>nûper</b>). He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother +and sister. 3. When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, +they cannot be restrained<sup>2</sup> from wrong<sup>3</sup>. +4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, the general. +5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was +held by the consul. 6. The king forbade the baggage of the captives +to be destroyed.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>proelium facere</b> = <i>to fight a battle.</i> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>contineô</b>. Cf. <a href = "#sec180">§ 180</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Abl. iniûriâ. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XLI"> +LESSON XLI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS +(<i>Concluded</i>)</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec238"><b>238.</b></a> +Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are +declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>flûmen</b>, n., <i>river</i></td> +<td><b>tempus</b>, n., <i>time</i></td> +<td><b>opus</b>, n., <i>work</i></td> +<td><b>caput</b>, n., <i>head</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases or<br> +Stems</th> +<td><b>flûmin-</b></td> +<td><b>tempor-</b></td> +<td><b>oper-</b></td> +<td><b>capit-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>flûmen</td> +<td>tempus</td> +<td>opus</td> +<td>caput</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>is</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>is</b></td> +<td>oper<b>is</b></td> +<td>capit<b>is</b> -is</td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>î</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>î</b></td> +<td>oper<b>î</b></td> +<td>capit<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>flûmen</td> +<td>tempus</td> +<td>opus</td> +<td>caput</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>e</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>e</b></td> +<td>oper<b>e</b></td> +<td>capit<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "page106"> </a> +</td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>a</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>a</b></td> +<td>oper<b>a</b></td> +<td>capit<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>um</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>um</b></td> +<td>oper<b>um</b></td> +<td>capit<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>oper<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>capit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>a</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>a</b></td> +<td>oper<b>a</b></td> +<td>capit<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>oper<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>capit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Review <a href = "#sec74">§ 74</a> and apply the rules +to this declension.</p> + +<p>2. Bases or stems in <b>-in-</b> have <b>-e-</b> instead of +<b>-i-</b> in the nominative, as flûmen, base or stem +<b>flûmin-</b>.</p> + +<p>3. Most bases or stems in <b>-er-</b> and <b>-or-</b> have <b>-us</b> +in the nominative, as <b>opus</b>, base or stem <b>oper-</b>; +<b>tempus</b>, base or stem <b>tempor-</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec239"><b>239.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec239vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 292.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Barbarî ubi Rômam cêpêrunt, maxima +rêgum opera dêlêvêrunt. +2. Rômânî multâs calamitâtês +â barbarîs accêpêrunt. 3. Ubi erat summus +terror apud oppidânôs, animî dubiî eôrum +ab ôrâtôre clarô cônfîrmâti +sunt. 4. Rôma est in rîpîs fiûminis +magnî. 5. Ubi Caesar imperâtor mîlitês +suôs arma capere iussit, iî â proeliô +continêrî nôn potuêrunt. 6. Ubi proelium +factum est, imperâtor reperîrî nôn potuit. +7. Imperâtor sagittâ in capite vulnerâtus erat et +stâre nôn poterat. 8. Eum magnô labôre +pedes ex proeliô portâvit. 9. Is bracchiîs +suîs imperâtôrem tenuit et eum ex +perîculîs summîs servâvit. +10. Virtûte suâ bonus mîles ab +imperâtôre corônam accêpit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. +2. Before the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A +famous orator praised him and said, "By your labors you have saved the +fatherland from disaster." 4. The words of the orator were pleasing +to the victor. 5. To save the fatherland was a great task.</p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: garland with text "civis +observatos"<br> +Caption: CORONA]</p> + + +<a name = "page107"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XLII"> +LESSON XLII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>REVIEW LESSON</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec240"><b>240.</b></a> +Review the paradigms in <a href = "#sec233">§§ 233</a>, +<a href = "#sec236">236</a>, <a href = "#sec238">238</a>; and decline +all nouns of the third declension in this selection.</p> + +<p align = "center">Terror Cimbricus<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>Ôlim Cimbrî et Teutonês, populî +Germâniae, cum fêminîs lîberîsque Italiae +adpropinquâverant et côpiâs Rômânâs +maximô proeliô vîcerant. Ubi fuga legiônum +nûntiâta est, summus erat terror tôtîus +Rômae, et Rômânî, graviter commôtî, +sacra crêbra deîs faciêbant et salûtem +petêbant.</p> + +<p>Tum Mânlius ôrâtor animôs populî ita +cônfîrmâvit:—"Magnam calamitâtem +accêpimus. Oppida nostra â Cimbrîs Teutonibusque +capiuntur, agricolae interficiuntur, agrî vâstantur, +côpiae barbarôrum Rômae adpropinquant. Itaque, nisi +novîs animîs proelium novum faciêmus et +Germânôs ex patriâ nostrâ sine morâ +agêmus, erit nûlla salûs fêminîs +nostrîs lîberîsque. Servâte lîberôs! +Servâte patriam! Anteâ superâtî sumus quia +imperâtôrês nostrî fuêrunt +înfîrmî. Nunc Marius, clârus imperâtor, +quî iam multâs aliâs victôriâs +reportâvit, legiônês dûcet et animôs +nostrôs terrôre Cimbricô lîberâre +mâtûrâbit."</p> + +<p>Marius tum in Âfricâ bellum gerêbat. Sine +morâ ex Âfricâ in Italiam vocâtus est. +Côpiâs novâs nôn sôlum tôtî +Italiae sed etiam prôvinciîs sociôrum +imperâvit.<sup>2</sup> Disciplînâ autem +dûrâ labôribusque perpetuîs mîlitês +exercuit. Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, quî iam proeliô +studêbant, ad Germânôrum castra celeriter +properâvit. Diû et âcriter pugnâtum +est.<sup>3</sup> Dênique barbarî fûgêrunt et +multî in fugâ ab equitibus sunt interfectî. Marius +pater patriae vocâtus est.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. About the year 100 B.C. the Romans were greatly alarmed by an +invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and Teutons. They +were traveling with wives and children, and had an army of 300,000 +fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and the city was in a +panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their greatest general, to +save the country. First he defeated the Teutons in Gaul. Next, returning +to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible battle ensued, in which the +Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the <i>terror Cimbricus</i> continued +to haunt the Romans for many a year thereafter. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <i>He made a levy</i> (of troops) <i>upon</i>, <b>imperâvit</b> +with the acc. and the dat. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Cf. <a href = "#sec200">§ 200</a>. II. 2. +</blockquote> + +<a name = "page108"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XLIII"> +LESSON XLIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE THIRD DECLENSION · +<i>I</i>-STEMS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec241"><b>241.</b></a> +To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know whether +or not it is an <b>i</b>-stem. Nouns with <b>i</b>-stems are</p> + +<p>1. Masculines and feminines:</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Nouns in <b>-ês</b> and <b>-îs</b> with the same +number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. Thus +<b>caedês, caedis</b>, is an <b>i</b>-stem, but <b>mîles, +mîlitis</b>, is a consonant stem.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Nouns in <b>-ns</b> and <b>-rs</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> Nouns of one syllable in <b>-s</b> or <b>-x</b> preceded by a +consonant.</p> + +<p> +<i>2.</i> Neuters in <b>-e</b>, <b>-al</b>, and <b>-ar</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec242"><b>242.</b></a> +The declension of <b>i</b>-stems is nearly the same as that of consonant +stems. Note the following differences:</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Masculines and feminities have <b>-ium</b> in the genitive +plural and <b>-îs</b> or <b>-ês</b> in the accusative +plural.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Neuters have <b>-î</b> in the ablative singular, and an +<b>-i-</b> in every form of the plural.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec243"><b>243.</b></a> +<b>Masculine and Feminine <i>I</i>-Stems.</b> Masculine and feminine +<b>i</b>-stems are declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>caedês</b>, f., <i>slaughter</i></td> +<td><b>hostis</b>, m., <i>enemy</i></td> +<td><b>urbs</b>, f., <i>city</i></td> +<td><b>cliêns</b>, m., <i>retainer</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Stems</th> +<td><b>caedi-</b></td> +<td><b>hosti-</b></td> +<td><b>urbi-</b></td> +<td><b>clienti-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases</th> +<td><b>caed-</b></td> +<td><b>host-</b></td> +<td><b>urb-</b></td> +<td><b>client-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations<br> +M. and F.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ês</b></td> +<td>host<b>is</b></td> +<td>urb<b>s</b></td> +<td>cliên<b>s</b><sup>1</sup></td> +<td><b>-s</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>or</i> <b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>is</b></td> +<td>host<b>is</b></td> +<td>urb<b>is</b></td> +<td>client<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>î</b></td> +<td>host<b>î</b></td> +<td>urb<b>î</b></td> +<td>client<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>em</b></td> +<td>host<b>em</b></td> +<td>urb<b>em</b></td> +<td>client<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b> (<b>-im</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>e</b></td> +<td>host<b>e</b></td> +<td>urb<b>e</b></td> +<td>client<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b> (<b>-î</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "page109"> </a> +</td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ês</b></td> +<td>host<b>ês</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ês</b></td> +<td>client<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ium</b></td> +<td>host<b>ium</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ium</b></td> +<td>client<b>ium</b></td> +<td><b>-ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>host<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>client<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>host<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>urb<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>client<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td><b>-îs, -ês</b> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>host<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>client<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. Observe that the vowel before <b>-ns</b> is long, but that it is +shortened before <b>-nt</b>. Cf. <a href = "#sec12">§ 12. +2, 3</a>. +</blockquote> + +<p>1. <b>avis</b>, <b>cîvis</b>, <b>fînis</b>, <b>ignis</b>, +<b>nâvis</b> have the ablative singular in <b>-î</b> or +<b>-e</b>.</p> + +<p>2. <b>turris</b> has accusative <b>turrim</b> and ablative +<b>turrî</b> or <b>turre</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec244"><b>244.</b></a> +<b>Neuter <i>I</i>-Stems.</b> Neuter <b>i</b>-stems are declined as +follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>însigne</b>, n., <i>decoration</i></td> +<td><b>animal</b>, n., <i>animal</i></td> +<td><b>calcar</b>, n., <i>spur</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Stems</th> +<td><b>însigni-</b></td> +<td><b>animâli-</b></td> +<td><b>calcâri-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases</th> +<td><b>însign-</b></td> +<td><b>animâl-</b></td> +<td><b>calcâr-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>e</b></td> +<td>animal</td> +<td>calcar</td> +<td><b>-e</b> <i>or</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>is</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>is</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>î</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>î</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>e</b></td> +<td>animal</td> +<td>calcar</td> +<td><b>-e</b> <i>or</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>î</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>î</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>ia</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>ia</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>ia</b></td> +<td><b>-ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>ium</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>ium</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>ium</b></td> +<td><b>-ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>ia</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>ia</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>ia</b></td> +<td><b>-ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Review <a href = "#sec74">§ 74</a> and see how it +applies to this declension.</p> + +<p>2. The final <b>-i-</b> of the stem is usually dropped in the +nominative. If not dropped, it is changed to <b>-e</b>.</p> + +<p>3. A long vowel is shortened before final <b>-l</b> or <b>-r</b>. +(Cf. <a href = "#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec245"><b>245.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec245vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 292.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Quam urbem vidêmus? Urbs quam vidêtis est +Rôma. 2. Cîvês Rômânî urbem +suam turribus altîs et mûrîs longîs +mûnîverant. 3. Ventî nâvîs +longâs prohibêbant fînibus hostium +adpropinquâre. 4. Imperâtor a clientibus suîs +calcâria aurî et alia însignia accêpit. +5. Mîlitês Rômânî cum hostibus bella +saeva gessêrunt et eôs caede +<a name = "page110"> </a> +magnâ superâvêrunt. 6. Alia animâlia terram, +alia mare amant. 7. Nâvês longae quae auxilium ad +imperâtôrem portâbant ignî ab hostibus +dêlêtae sunt. 8. In eô marî avis +multâs vîdimus quae longê â terrâ +volâverant. 9. Nônne vîdistis nâvîs +longâs hostium et ignîs quibus urbs nostra +vâstâbâtur? Certê, sed nec caedem cîvium +nec fugam clientium vîdimus. 10. Avês et alia +animâlia, ubi ignem vîdêrunt, salûtem fugâ +petere celeriter incêpêrunt. 11. Num. iûdex in +peditum ôrdinibus stâbat? Minimê, iûdex erat +apud equitês et equus eius însigne pulchrum +gerêbat.</p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: longboats with oars and sails<br> +Caption: NAVES LONGAE]</p> + +<p>II. 1. Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were +not able to live. 2. When the general<sup>2</sup> heard the rumor, +he quickly sent a horseman to the village. 3. The horseman had a +beautiful horse and wore spurs of gold. 4. He said to the citizens, +"Send your retainers with horses and wagons to our camp, and you will +receive an abundance of grain." 5. With happy hearts they hastened +to obey his words.<sup>3</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +2. Place first. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Not the accusative. Why? +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page111"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XLIV"> +LESSON XLIV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION · +GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec246"><b>246.</b></a> +PARADIGMS</p> + +<p><tt> +{Transcriber's Note:<br> +The "Stems" are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied +from the inflectional table in the Appendix.} +</tt></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>vîs</b>, f., <i>force</i></td> +<td><b>iter</b>, n., <i>march</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Stems</th> +<td><ins title = +"given in original as first of two 'Bases'"><b>vî-</b></ins> and +<b>vîri-</b></td> +<td><b>iter-</b> and <b>itiner-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases</th> +<td><b>v-</b> and <ins title = +"given in original as second of two +'Bases'"><b>vîr-</b></ins></td> +<td><b>iter-</b> and <b>itiner-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>vî<b>s</b></td> +<td>iter</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>vîs (rare)</td> +<td>itiner<b>is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>vî (rare)</td> +<td>itiner<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>vi<b>m</b></td> +<td>iter</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>vî</td> +<td>itiner<b>e</b> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>vîr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>vîr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>vîr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>vîr<b>îs</b>, or <b>-ês</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>vîr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec247"><b>247.</b></a> +There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not +present numerous exceptions.<sup>1</sup> The following rules, however, +are of great service, and should be thoroughly mastered:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Masculine</b> are nouns in <b>-or</b>, <b>-ôs</b>, +<b>-er</b>, <b>-es</b> (gen. <b>-itis</b>).</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> <b>arbor</b>, <i>tree</i>, is feminine; and <b>iter</b>, +<i>march</i>, is neuter.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Feminine</b> are nouns in <b>-ô</b>, <b>-is</b>, +<b>-x</b>, and in <b>-s</b> preceded by a consonant or by any long vowel +but <b>ô</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Masculine are <b>collis</b> (<i>hill</i>), <b>lapis</b>, +<b>mênsis</b> (<i>month</i>), <b>ôrdô</b>, +<b>pês</b>, and nouns in <b>-nis</b> and <b>-guis</b>—as +<b>ignis</b>, <b>sanguis</b> (<i>blood</i>)—and the four +monosyllables</p> + +<p> +<b>dêns</b>, <i>a tooth</i><br> +<b>môns</b>, <i>a mountain</i><br> +<b>pôns</b>, <i>a bridge</i><br> +<b>fôns</b>, <i>a fountain</i> +</p> + +<p>3. <b>Neuters</b> are nouns in <b>-e</b>, <b>-al</b>, <b>-ar</b>, +<b>-n</b>, <b>-ur</b>, <b>-us</b>, and <b>caput</b>.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Review <a href = "#sec60">§ 60</a>. Words denoting males +are, of course, masculine, and those denoting females, feminine. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "page112"> </a> +<a name = "sec248"><b>248.</b></a> +Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it is +determined:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><b>animal</b></td> +<td><b>calamitâs</b></td> +<td><b>flûmen</b></td> +<td><b>lapis</b></td> +<td><b>nâvis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>avis</b></td> +<td><b>caput</b></td> +<td><b>ignis</b></td> +<td><b>legiô</b></td> +<td><b>opus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>caedês</b></td> +<td><b>eques</b></td> +<td><b>însigne</b></td> +<td><b>mare</b></td> +<td><b>salûs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>calcar</b></td> +<td><b>fînis</b></td> +<td><b>labor</b></td> +<td><b>mîles</b></td> +<td><b>urbs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec249"><b>249.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec249vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 292.</p> + +<p>I. <i>The First Bridge over the Rhine.</i> Salûs sociôrum +erat semper câra Rômânîs. Ôlim +Gallî, amîcî Rômânôrum, multâs +iniûriâs ab Germânîs quî trâns +flûmen Rhênum vivêbant accêperant. Ubi +lêgâtî ab iîs ad Caesarem +imperâtôrem Rômânum vênêrunt et +auxilium postulâvêrunt, Rômânî +magnîs itineribus ad hostium fînîs +properâvêrunt. Mox ad rîpâs magnî +flûminis vênêrunt. Imperâtor studêbat +côpiâs suâs trâns fluvium dûcere, sed +nûllâ viâ<sup>2</sup> poterat. Nûllâs +nâvîs habêbat. Alta erat aqua. Imperâtor autem, +vir clârus, numquam adversâ fortûnâ +commôtus, novum cônsilium cêpit. Iussit +suôs<sup>3</sup> in<sup>4</sup> lâtô flûmine +facere pontem. Numquam anteâ pôns in Rhênô +vîsus erat. Hostês ubi pontem quem Rômânî +fêcerant vîdêrunt, summô terrôre +commôtî, sine morâ fugam parâre +incêpêrunt.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain. +2. There were many trees on the opposite hills. 3. We pitched +our camp near (<b>ad</b>) a beautiful spring. 4. A march through +the enemies' country is never without danger. 5. The time of the +month was suitable for the march. 6. The teeth of the monster were +long. 7. When the foot soldiers<sup>4</sup> saw the blood of the +captives, they began to assail the fortifications with the greatest +violence.<sup>5</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +2. Abl. of manner. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>suôs</b>, used as a noun, <i>his men</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. We say <i>build a bridge over</i>; the Romans, <i>make a bridge +on</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. Place first. +</blockquote> + + +<hr> + +<p align = "center"> +<a href = "#review_V"> +Fifth Review, Lessons XXXVII-XLIV, §§ 517-520</a></p> + +<hr> + + +<a name = "page113"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XLV"> +LESSON XLV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION · +<i>I</i>-STEMS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec250"><b>250.</b></a> +Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like +<b>bonus</b>, <b>aeger</b>, or <b>lîber</b>), or they are of the +third declension.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec251"><b>251.</b></a> +Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have +<b>i</b>-<i>stems</i>, and they are declined almost like nouns with +<b>i</b>-stems.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec252"><b>252.</b></a> +Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative +for each gender, as, <b>bonus</b>, m.; <b>bona</b>, f.; <b>bonum</b>, n. +Such an adjective is called an <i>adjective of three endings</i>. +Adjectives of the third declension are of the following classes:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td>I.</td> +<td> +Adjectives of three endings—<br> +a different form in the nominative for each gender. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>II.</td> +<td> +Adjectives of two endings—<br> +masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>III.</td> +<td> +Adjectives of one ending—<br> +masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike. +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec253"><b>253.</b></a> +Adjectives of the third declension in <b>-er</b> have three endings; +those in <b>-is</b> have two endings; the others have one ending.</p> + +<p align = "center">CLASS I</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec254"><b>254.</b></a> +Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +<b>âcer, âcris, âcre</b>, <i>keen, eager</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Stem <b>âcri-</b></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Base <b>âcr-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>âce<b>r</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>is</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>e</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>âcr<b>is</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>is</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>is</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>âcr<b>em</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>em</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>e</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a name = "page114"> </a> +<p align = "center">CLASS II</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec255"><b>255.</b></a> +Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<b>omnis, omne</b>, <i>every, all</i>1 +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Stem <b>omni-</b></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Base <b>omn-</b></td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>e</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ês</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ium</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>î</b></td> +<td>omn<b>î</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>em</b></td> +<td>omn<b>e</b></td> +<td>omn<b>îs, ês</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>î</b></td> +<td>omn<b>î</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>omnis</b> is usually translated <i>every</i> in the singular and +<i>all</i> in the plural. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">CLASS III</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec256"><b>256.</b></a> +Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<b>pâr</b>, <i>equal</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Stem <b>pari-</b></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Base <b>par-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>pâr</td> +<td>pâr</td> +<td>par<b>ês</b></td> +<td>par<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>par<b>is</b></td> +<td>par<b>is</b></td> +<td>par<b>ium</b></td> +<td>par<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>par<b>î</b></td> +<td>par<b>î</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>par<b>em</b></td> +<td>pâr</td> +<td>par<b>îs, ês</b></td> +<td>par<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>par<b>î</b></td> +<td>par<b>î</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. All <b>i</b>-stem adjectives have <b>-î</b> in the ablative +singular.</p> + +<p>2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have +the same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and +in the nominative and accusative plural.</p> + +<p>3. Decline <b>vir âcer</b>, <b>legiô âcris</b>, +<b>animal âcre</b>, <b>ager omnis</b>, <b>scûtum omne</b>, +<b>proelium pâr</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec257"><b>257.</b></a> +There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant stems. They +are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page115"> </a> +<a name = "sec258"><b>258.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec258vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 293.</p> + +<p>I. <i>The Romans invade the Enemy's Country.</i> Ôlim +peditês Rômânî cum equitibus +vêlôcibus in hostium urbem iter faciêbant. Ubi +nôn longê âfuêrunt, rapuêrunt agricolam, +quî eîs viam brevem et facilem +dêmônstrâvit. Iam Rômânî moenia +alta, turrîs validâs aliaque opera urbis vidêre +poterant. In moenibus stâbant multî prîncipês. +Prîncipês ubi vîdêrunt +Rômânôs, iussêrunt cîvîs +lapidês aliaque têla dê mûrîs iacere. Tum +mîlitês fortês continêrî â +proeliô nôn poterant et âcer imperâtor signum +tubâ darî iussit. Summâ vî omnês +mâtûrâvêrunt. Imperâtor Sextô +lêgâtô impedîmenta omnia mandâvit. Sextus +impedîmenta in summô colle conlocâvit. Grave et +âcre erat proelium, sed hostês nôn parês +Rômânîs erant. Aliî interfectî, aliî +captî sunt. Apud captîvôs erant mâter sororque +rêgis. Paucî Rômânôrum ab hostibus +vulnerâtî sunt. Secundum proelium Rômânîs +erat grâtum. Fortûna fortibus semper favet.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Some months are short, others are long. 2. To seize the +top of the mountain was difficult. 3. Among the hills of Italy are +many beautiful springs. 4. The soldiers were sitting where the +baggage had been placed because their feet were weary. 5. The city +which the soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong +walls and high towers. 6. Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of +gold and all his money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had +never before been faithless.</p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: legionary eagle, SPQR<br> +Caption: AQUILA LEGIONIS]</p> + + +<a name = "page116"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XLVI"> +LESSON XLVI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE FOURTH OR <i>U</i>-DECLENSION</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec259"><b>259.</b></a> +Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec260"><b>260.</b></a> +Masculine nouns end in <b>-us</b>, neuters in <b>-û</b>. The +genitive ends in <b>-ûs</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Feminine by exception are <b>domus</b>, <i>house</i>; +<b>manus</b>, <i>hand</i>; and a few others.</p> + +<p align = "center"><i>PARADIGMS</i></p> + +<p><tt> +{Transcriber's Note:<br> +The "Stems" are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied +from the inflectional table in the Appendix.} +</tt></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>adventus</b>, m., <i>arrival</i></td> +<td><b>cornû</b>, n., <i>horn</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stems</td> +<td><b>adventu-</b></td> +<td><b>cornu-</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bases</td> +<td><b>advent-</b></td> +<td><b>corn-</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2" rowspan = "2">Singular</th> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>us</b></td> +<td>corn<b>û</b></td> +<td><b>-us</b></td> +<td><b>-û</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ûs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ûs</b></td> +<td><b>-ûs</b></td> +<td><b>-ûs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>uî</b> (<b>û</b>)</td> +<td>corn<b>û</b></td> +<td><b>-uî</b> (<b>û</b>)</td> +<td><b>-û</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>um</b></td> +<td>corn<b>û</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td><b>-û</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>û</b></td> +<td>corn<b>û</b></td> +<td><b>-û</b></td> +<td><b>-û</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ûs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ua</b></td> +<td><b>-ûs</b></td> +<td><b>-ua</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>uum</b></td> +<td>corn<b>uum</b></td> +<td><b>-uum</b></td> +<td><b>-uum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ûs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ua</b></td> +<td><b>-ûs</b></td> +<td><b>-ua</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by +dropping the ending of the genitive singular.</p> + +<p>2. <b>lacus</b>, <i>lake</i>, has the ending <b>-ubus</b> in the +dative and ablative plural; <b>portus</b>, <i>harbor</i>, has either +<b>-ubus</b> or <b>-ibus</b>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>cornû</b> is the only neuter that is in common use.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec261"><b>261.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec261vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 293.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Ante adventum Caesaris vêlôcês hostium +equitês âcrem impetum in castra fêcêrunt. +2. Continêre exercitum â proeliô nôn facile +erat. 3. Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legiônês ex +castrîs +<a name = "page117"> </a> +dûcî. 4. Prô castrîs cum hostium +equitâtû pugnâtum est. 5. Post tempus breve +equitâtus trâns flûmen fûgit ubi castra hostium +posita erant. 6. Tum victor imperâtor agrôs +vâstâvit et vîcôs hostium cremâvit. +7. Castra autem nôn oppugnâvit quia mîlitês +erant dêfessî et locus difficilis. 8. Hostês +nôn cessâvêrunt iacere têla, quae paucîs +nocuêrunt. 9. Post adversum proelium principês +Gallôrum lêgâtôs ad Caesarem mittere +studêbant, sed populô persuâdêre nôn +poterant.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Did you see the man-of-war on the lake? 2. I did not see +it (<i>fem</i>.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor. +3. Because of the strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to +sail. 4. Cæsar didn´t make an attack on the cavalry on +the right wing, did he? 5. No, he made an attack on the left wing. +6. Who taught your swift horse to obey? 7. I trained my horse +with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult. 8. He is a +beautiful animal and has great strength.</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XLVII"> +LESSON XLVII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE · THE DECLENSION OF +<i>DOMUS</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec262"><b>262.</b></a> +We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the +following:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Galba ad</b> (or <b>in</b>) <b>oppidum properat</b><br> +<b>Galba ab</b> (<b>dê</b> or <b>ex</b>) <b>oppidô +properat</b><br> +<b>Galba in oppidô habitat</b> +</p> + +<p>From these expressions we may deduce the following rules:</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec263"><b>263.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Accusative of the Place to.</b> <i>The <b>place to which</b> is +expressed by <b>ad</b> or <b>in</b> with the accusative. This answers +the question Whither?</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec264"><b>264.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of the Place from.</b> <i>The <b>place from which</b> +is expressed by <b>â</b> or <b>ab</b>, <b>dê</b>, +<b>ê</b> or <b>ex</b>, with the separative ablative. This answers +the question Whence?</i> (Cf. Rule, <a href = +"#sec179">§ 179</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec265"><b>265.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of the Place at or in.</b> <i>The <b>place at or in +which</b> is expressed by the ablative with <b>in</b>. This answers the +question Where?</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "page118"> </a> +<i>a.</i> The ablative denoting the <i>place where</i> is called the +<i>locative ablative</i> (cf. <b>locus</b>, <i>place</i>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec266"><b>266.</b></a> +<b>Exceptions.</b> Names of towns, small islands,<sup>1</sup> +<b>domus</b>, <i>home</i>, <b>rûs</b>, <i>country</i>, and a few +other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions of place, +as,</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Galba Athênâs properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens to +Athens</i><br> +<b>Galba Athênîs properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens from +Athens</i><br> +<b>Galba Athênîs habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at</i> (or +<i>in</i>) <i>Athens</i><br> +<b>Galba domum properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens home</i><br> +<b>Galba rûs properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens to the country</i><br> +<b>Galba domô properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens from home</i><br> +<b>Galba rûre properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens from the +country</i><br> +<b>Galba rûrî</b> (less commonly <b>rûre</b>) +<b>habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives in the country</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Names of <i>countries</i>, like <b>Germânia</b>, +<b>Italia</b>, etc., do not come under these exceptions. <i>With them +prepositions must not be omitted.</i></p> + +<blockquote> +1. Small islands are classed with towns because they generally have but +one town, and the name of the town is the same as the name of the +island. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec267"><b>267.</b></a> +<b>The Locative Case.</b> We saw above that the place-relation expressed +by <i>at</i> or <i>in</i> is regularly covered by the locative ablative. +However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form +known as the <i>locative case</i>. This case has been everywhere merged +in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second +declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the +genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small +islands, <b>domî</b>, <i>at home</i>, and a few other words.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec268"><b>268.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Locative and Locative Ablative.</b> <i>To express the <b>place +in which</b> with names of towns and small islands, <b>if they are +singular and of the first or second declension</b>, use the locative; +otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition; as</i>,</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Galba Rômae habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at Rome</i><br> +<b>Galba Corinthî habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at Corinth</i><br> +<b>Galba domî habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at home</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page119"> </a> +Here <b>Rômae</b>, <b>Corinthî</b>, and <b>domî</b> +are <i>locatives</i>, being <i>singular</i> and of the first and second +declensions respectively. But in</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Galba Athênîs habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at +Athens</i>,<br> +<b>Galba Pompêiîs habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at Pompeii</i> +</p> + +<p><b>Athênîs</b> and <b>Pompêiîs</b> are +locative ablatives. These words can have no locative case, as the +nominatives <b>Athênae</b> and <b>Pompêiî</b> +are<i>plural</i> and there is no plural locative case form.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec269"><b>269.</b></a> +The word <b>domus</b>, <i>home, house</i>, has forms of both the second +and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec270"><b>270.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec270vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 293.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Corinthî omnia însignia aurî â ducibus +victôribus rapta erant. 2. Caesar Genâvam exercitum +magnîs itineribus dûxit. 3. Quem pontem hostês +cremâverant? Pontem in Rhênô hostês +cremâverant. 4. Pompêiîs multâs +Rômânôrum domôs vidêre poteritis. +5. Rômâ cônsul equô +vêlôcî rûs properâvit. 6. Domî +cônsulis hominês multî sedêbant. +7. Imperâtor iusserat lêgâtum Athênâs +cum multîs nâvibus longîs nâvigâre. +8. Ante moenia urbis sunt ôrdinês arborum +altârum. 9. Propter arborês altâs nec lacum nec +portum reperîre potuimus. 10. Proeliîs +crêbrîs Caesar legiônês suâs quae erant in +Galliâ exercêbat. 11. Cotîdiê in locô +idoneô castra pônêbat et mûniêbat.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Cæsar, the famous general, when he had departed from +Rome, hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.<sup>2</sup> +2. He had heard a rumor concerning the allies at Geneva. +3. After his arrival Cæsar called the soldiers together and +commanded them to join battle. 4. The enemy hastened to retreat, +some because<sup>3</sup> they were afraid, others because<sup>3</sup> of +wounds. 5. Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the +judges used to sit.<sup>4</sup> 6. Marcus and Sextus are my +brothers; the one lives at Rome, the other in the country.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. Latin says "by a swift horse." What construction? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Distinguish between the English conjunction <i>because</i> +(<b>quia</b> or <b>quod</b>) and the preposition <i>because of</i> +(<b>propter</b>). +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <i>used to sit</i>, express by the imperfect. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center"> +<a name = "page120"> </a> +[Illustration: Daedalus and Icarus<br> +Caption: DAEDALUS ET ICARUS</p> + +<a name = "page121"> </a> +<p> +<a name = "sec271"><b>271.</b></a> +Daed´alus and Ic´arus</p> + +<p>Crêta est însula antîqua quae aquâ altâ +magnî maris pulsâtur. Ibi ôlim Mînôs erat +rêx. Ad eum vênit Daedalus quî ex Graeciâ +patriâ fugiêbat. Eum Mînôs rêx +benignîs verbîs accêpit et eî domicilium in +Crêtâ dedit. <sup>5</sup>Quô in locô Daedalus +sine cûrâ vîvebat et rêgî multa et +clâra opera faciêbat. Post tempus longum autem Daedalus +patriam câram dêsîderâre incêpit. Domum +properâre studêbat, sed rêgî +persuâdêre nôn potuit et mare saevum fugam +vetâbat.</p> + +<blockquote> +5. <i>And in this place</i>; <b>quô</b> does not here introduce a +subordinate relative clause, but establishes the connection with the +preceding sentence. Such a relative is called a <i>connecting +relative</i>, and is translated by <i>and</i> and a demonstrative or +personal pronoun. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XLVIII"> +LESSON XLVIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE FIFTH OR Ê-DECLENSION · THE +ABLATIVE OF TIME</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec272"><b>272.</b></a> +<b>Gender.</b> Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except +<b>diês</b>, <i>day</i>, and <b>merîdiês</b>, +<i>midday</i>, which are usually masculine.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec273"><b>273.</b></a> +PARADIGMS</p> + +<p><tt> +{Transcriber's Note:<br> +The "Stems" are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied +from the inflectional table in the Appendix.} +</tt></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>diês</b>, m., <i>day</i></td> +<td><b>rês</b>, f. <i>thing</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Stems</th> +<td><b>diê-</b></td> +<td><b>rê-</b> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases</th> +<td><b>di-</b></td> +<td><b>r-</b> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ês</b></td> +<td>r<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>di<b>êî</b></td> +<td>re<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-êî</b> <i>or</i> <b>-eî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>di<b>êî</b></td> +<td>re<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-êî</b> <i>or</i> <b>-eî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>di<b>em</b></td> +<td>r<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ê</b></td> +<td>r<b>ê</b></td> +<td><b>-ê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ês</b></td> +<td>r<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>di<b>êrum</b></td> +<td>r<b>êrum</b></td> +<td><b>-êrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>di<b>êbus</b></td> +<td>r<b>êbus</b></td> +<td><b>-êbus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ês</b></td> +<td>r<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>di<b>êbus</b></td> +<td>r<b>êbus</b></td> +<td><b>-êbus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "page122"> </a> +1. The vowel <b>e</b> which appears in every form is regularly long. It +is shortened in the ending <b>-eî</b> after a consonant, as in +<b>r-eî</b>; and before <b>-m</b> in the accusative singular, as +in <b>di-em</b>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.)</p> + +<p>2. Only <b>diês</b> and <b>rês</b> are complete in the +plural. Most other nouns of this declension lack the plural. +<b>Aciês</b>, <i>line of battle</i>, and <b>spês</b>, +<i>hope</i>, have the nominative and accusative plural.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec274"><b>274.</b></a> +The ablative relation (<a href = "#sec50">§ 50</a>) which is +expressed by the prepositions <i>at, in</i>, or <i>on</i> may refer not +only to place, but also to time, as <i>at noon, in summer, on the first +day</i>. The ablative which is used to express this relation is called +the <i>ablative of time</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec275"><b>275.</b></a> +Rule. <b>The Ablative of Time.</b> <i>The time <b>when</b> or <b>within +which</b> anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a +preposition.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Occasionally the preposition <b><i>in</i></b> is found. +Compare the English <i>Next day we started</i> and <i><b>On</b> the next +day we started</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec276"><b>276.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec276vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 294.</p> + +<p>I. <i>Galba the Farmer.</i> Galba agricola rûrî +vîvit. Cotîdiê prîmâ lûce +labôrâre incipit, nec ante noctem in studiô suô +cessat. Merîdiê Iûlia fîlia eum ad cênam +vocat. Nocte pedês dêfessôs domum vertit. +Aestâte fîliî agricolae auxilium patrî dant. +Hieme agricola eôs in lûdum mittit. Ibi magister pueris +multâs fâbulâs dê rêbus gestîs +Caesaris nârrat. Aestâte fîliî agricolae +perpetuîs labôribus exercentur nec grave agrî opus est +iîs molestum. Galba sine ûllâ cûrâ vivit +nec rês adversâs timet.</p> + +<p>II. 1. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. 2. The +cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon Cæsar's line of battle. +3. In the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the +billows. 4. On the second day the savages were eager to come under +Cæsar's protection. 5. The king had joined battle, moved by +the hope of victory. 6. That year a fire destroyed many birds and +other animals. 7. We saw blood on the wild beast's teeth.</p> + +<a name = "page123"> </a> +<p> +<a name = "sec277"><b>277.</b></a> +Daed´alus and Ic´arus (<i>Continued</i>)</p> + +<p>Tum Daedalus gravibus cûrîs commôtus +fîliô suô Îcarô ita dixit: "Animus meus, +Îcare, est plênus trîstitiae nec oculî +lacrimîs egent. Discêdere ex Crêtâ, +Athênâs properâre, maximê studeô; sed +rêx recûsat audîre verba mea et omnem reditûs +spem êripit. Sed numquam rêbus adversîs vincar. Terra +et mare sunt inimîca, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam." Tum in +artîs ignôtâs animum dîmittit et mîrum +capit cônsilium. Nam pennâs in ôrdine pônit et +vêrâs âlâs facit.</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_XLIX"> +LESSON XLIX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>PRONOUNS CLASSIFIED · PERSONAL AND +REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec278"><b>278.</b></a> +We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They are +divided into the following eight classes:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Personal pronouns</b>, which show the person speaking, spoken +to, or spoken of; as, <b>ego</b>, <i>I</i>; <b>tû</b>, <i>you</i>; +<b>is</b>, <i>he</i>. (Cf. <a href = "#sec279">§ 279</a>. +etc.)</p> + +<p>2. <b>Possessive pronouns</b>, which denote possession; as, +<b>meus</b>, <b>tuus</b>, <b>suus</b>, etc. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec98">§ 98</a>.)</p> + +<p>3. <b>Reflexive pronouns</b>, used in the predicate to refer back to +the subject; as, <i>he saw himself</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec281">§ 281</a>.)</p> + +<p>4. <b>Intensive pronouns</b>, used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; +as, <i>I myself saw it</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec285">§ 285</a>.)</p> + +<p>5. <b>Demonstrative pronouns</b>, which point out persons or things; +as, <b>is</b>, <i>this, that</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec112">§ 112</a>.)</p> + +<p>6. <b>Relative pronouns</b>, which connect a subordinate adjective +clause with an antecedent; as, <b>quî</b>, <i>who</i>. (Cf. <a +href = "#sec220">§ 220</a>.)</p> + +<p>7. <b>Interrogative pronouns</b>, which ask a question; as, +<b>quis</b>, <i>who?</i> (Cf. <a href = +"#sec225">§ 225</a>.)</p> + +<p>8. <b>Indefinite pronouns</b>, which point out indefinitely; as, +<i>some one, any one, some, certain ones</i>, etc. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec296">§ 296</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec279"><b>279.</b></a> +The demonstrative pronoun <b>is</b>, <b>ea</b>, <b>id</b>, as we learned +in <a href = "#sec115">§ 115</a>, is regularly used as the +personal pronoun of the third person (<i>he</i>, <i>she</i>, <i>it</i>, +<i>they</i>, etc.).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page124"> </a> +<a name = "sec280"><b>280.</b></a> +The personal pronouns of the first person are <b>ego</b>, <i>I</i>; +<b>nôs</b>, <i>we</i>; of the second person, <b>tû</b>, +<i>thou</i> or <i>you</i>; <b>vôs</b>, <i>ye</i> or <i>you</i>. +They are declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>FIRST PERSON</td> +<td>SECOND PERSON</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>ego</b>, <i>I</i></td> +<td><b>tû</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>meî</b>, <i>of me</i></td> +<td><b>tuî</b>, <i>of you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>mihi</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for me</i></td> +<td><b>tibi</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>mê</b>, <i>me</i></td> +<td><b>tê</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>mê</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., <i>me</i></td> +<td><b>tê</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., +<i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>nôs</b>, <i>we</i></td> +<td><b>vôs</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>nostrum</b> or <b>nostrî</b>, <i>of us</i></td> +<td><b>vestrum</b> or <b>vestrî</b>, <i>of you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>nôbîs</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for us</i></td> +<td><b>vôbîs</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>nôs</b>, <i>us</i></td> +<td><b>vôs</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>nôbîs</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., <i>us</i></td> +<td><b>vôbîs</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for +emphasis or contrast.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec281"><b>281.</b></a> +<b>The Reflexive Pronouns.</b> 1. The personal pronouns <b>ego</b> and +<b>tû</b> may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as,</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><b>videô mê</b>, <i>I see myself</i></td> +<td><b>vidêmus nôs</b>, <i>we see ourselves</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>vidês tê</b>, <i>you see yourself</i></td> +<td><b>vidêtis vôs</b>, <i>you see yourselves</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (<i>himself, herself, +itself, themselves</i>) has a special form, used only in these senses, +and declined alike in the singular and plural.</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular and Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>suî</b></td> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>sê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>sibi</b></td> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>sê</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td>Examples</td> +<td> +<b>Puer sê videt</b>, <i>the boy sees himself</i><br> +<b>Puella sê videt</b>, <i>the girl sees herself</i><br> +<b>Animal sê videt</b>, <i>the animal sees itself</i><br> +<b>Iî sê vident</b>, <i>they see themselves</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The form <b>sê</b> is sometimes doubled, +<b>sêsê</b>, for emphasis.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page125"> </a> +3. Give the Latin for</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><i>I teach myself</i></td> +<td><i>We teach ourselves</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>You teach yourself</i></td> +<td><i>You teach yourselves</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>He teaches himself</i></td> +<td><i>They teach themselves</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec282"><b>282.</b></a> +The preposition <b>cum</b>, when used with the ablative of <b>ego</b>, +<b>tû</b>, or <b>suî</b>, is appended to the form, as, +<b>mêcum</b>, <i>with me</i>; <b>têcum</b>, <i>with you</i>; +<b>nôbîscum</b>, <i>with us</i>; etc.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec283"><b>283.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec283vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 294.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Mea mâter est câra mihi et tua mâter est +câra tibi. 2. Vestrae litterae erant grâtae nôbis +et nostrae litterae erant grâtae vôbîs. +3. Nûntius rêgis quî nôbîscum est +nihil respondêbit. 4. Nûntiî pâcem +amîcitiamque sibi et suîs sociîs +postulâvêrunt. 5. Sî tû arma +sûmês, ego rêgnum occupâbô. 6. Uter +vestrum est cîvis Rômânus? Neuter nostrum. +7. Eô tempore multî supplicium dedêrunt quia +rêgnum petierant. 8. Sûme supplicium, Caesar, dê +hostibus patriae âcribus. 9. Prîmâ lûce +aliî metû commôtî sêsê fugae +mandâvêrunt; aliî autem magnâ virtûte +impetum exercitûs nostrî sustinuêrunt. 10. Soror +rêgis, ubi dê adversô proeliô audîvit, +sêsê Pompêiîs interfêcit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Whom do you teach? I teach myself. 2. The soldier wounded +himself with his sword. 3. The master praises us, but you he does +not praise. 4. Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we +shall not suffer punishment. 5. Who will march (i.e. make a march) +with me to Rome? 6. I will march with you to the gates of the city. +7. Who will show us<sup>1</sup> the way? The gods will show +you<sup>1</sup> the way.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Not accusative. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">Daed´alus and Ic´arus +(<i>Concluded</i>)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec284"><b>284.</b></a> +Puer Îcarus ûnâ<sup>2</sup> stâbat et +mîrum patris opus vidêbat. Postquam manus ultima<sup>3</sup> +âlîs imposita est, Daedalus eâs temptâvit et +similis avî in aurâs volâvit. Tum âlâs +umerîs fîlî adligâvit et docuit eum volâre +et dîxit, "Tê vetô, mî fîlî, +adpropinquâre aut sôlî aut marî. Sî +fluctibus adpropinquâveris,<sup>4</sup> aqua âlîs +tuîs nocêbit, et sî sôlî +adpropinquâveris,<sup>4</sup> +<a name = "page126"> </a> +ignis eâs cremâbit." Tum pater et filius iter difficile +incipiunt. Âlâs movent et aurae sêsê committunt. +Sed stultus puer verbîs patris nôn pâret. +Sôlî adpropinquat. Âlae cremantur et Îcarus in +mare dêcidit et vitam âmittit. Daedalus autem sine +ûllô perîculô trâns fluctûs ad +însulam Siciliam volâvit.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. Adverb, see vocabulary. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>manus ultima</b>, <i>the finishing touch</i>. What literally? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. Future perfect. Translate by the present. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_L"> +LESSON L</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN <i>IPSE</i> AND THE +DEMONSTRATIVE <i>ÎDEM</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec285"><b>285.</b></a> +<b>Ipse</b> means <i>-self</i> (<i>him-self, her-self</i>, etc.) or is +translated by <i>even</i> or <i>very</i>. It is used to emphasize a noun +or pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an +adjective.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> <b>Ipse</b> must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive +<b>suî</b>. The latter is always used as a pronoun, while +<b>ipse</b> is regularly adjective. Compare</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Homô sê videt</b>, <i>the man sees himself</i> +(reflexive)<br> +<b>Homô ipse perîculum videt</b>, <i>the man himself</i> +(intensive) <i>sees the danger</i><br> +<b>Homô ipsum perîculum videt</b>, <i>the man sees the +danger itself</i> (intensive) +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec286"><b>286.</b></a> +Except for the one form <b>ipse</b>, the intensive pronoun is declined +exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. <a href = +"#sec108">§§ 108</a>, <a href = "#sec109">109</a>). Learn +the declension (<a href = "#sec481">§ 481</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec287"><b>287.</b></a> +The demonstrative <b>îdem</b>, meaning <i>the same</i>, is a +compound of <b>is</b>. It is declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>îdem</b></td> +<td><b>e´adem</b></td> +<td><b>idem</b></td> +<td><b>iî´dem</b><br> +<b>eî´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eae´dem</b></td> +<td><b>e´adem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>eius´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eius´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eius´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eôrun´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eârun´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eôrun´dem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>eî´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eî´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eî´dem</b></td> +<td><b>iîs´dem</b><br> +<b>eîs´dem</b></td> +<td><b>iîs´dem</b><br> +<b>eîs´dem</b></td> +<td><b>iîs´dem</b><br> +<b>eîs´dem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>eun´dem</b></td> +<td><b>ean´dem</b></td> +<td><b>idem</b></td> +<td><b>eôs´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eâs´dem</b></td> +<td><b>e´adem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>eî´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eî´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eî´dem</b></td> +<td><b>iîs´dem</b><br> +<b>eîs´dem</b></td> +<td><b>iîs´dem</b><br> +<b>eîs´dem</b></td> +<td><b>iîs´dem</b><br> +<b>eîs´dem</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> From forms like <b>eundem</b> (<b>eum</b> + <b>-dem</b>), +<b>eôrundem</b> (<b>eôrum</b> + <b>-dem</b>), we learn the +rule that <b>m</b> before <b>d</b> is changed to <b>n</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The forms <b>iîdem</b>, <b>iîsdem</b> are often +spelled and pronounced with one <b>î</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page127"> </a> +<a name = "sec288"><b>288.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec288vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 295.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Ego et tû<sup>1</sup> in eâdem urbe vîvimus. +2. Iter ipsum nôn timêmus sed ferâs saevâs +quae in silvâ dênsâ esse dîcuntur. +3. Ôlim nôs ipsî idem iter fêcimus. +4. Eô tempore multâs ferâs vîdimus. +5. Sed nôbîs nôn nocuêrunt. 6. Caesar +ipse scûtum dê manibus mîlitis êripuit et in +ipsam aciem properâvit. 7. Itaque mîlitês +summâ virtûte têla in hostium corpora +iêcêrunt. 8. Rômânî quoque gravia +vulnera accêpêrunt. 9. Dênique hostês terga +vertêrunt et ommîs in partîs<sup>2</sup> +fûgêrunt. 10. Eâdem hôrâ litterae +Rômam ab imperâtôre ipsô missae sunt. +11. Eôdem mênse captîvî quoque in Italiam +missî sunt. 12. Sed multî propter vulnera iter +difficile trâns montîs facere recûsâbant et +Genâvae esse dîcêbantur.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Observe that in Latin we say <i>I and you</i>, not <i>you and I</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Not <i>parts</i>, but <i>directions</i>. +</blockquote> + +<p>II. 1. At Pompeii there is a wonderful mountain. 2. When I was +in that place, I myself saw that mountain. 3. On the same day many +cities were destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain. +4. You have not heard the true story of that calamity, have you?3 +5. On that day the very sun could not give light to men. +6. You yourself ought to tell (to) us that story.</p> + +<blockquote> +3. Cf. <a href = "#sec210">§ 210</a>. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec289"><b>289.</b></a> +How Horatius held the Bridge<sup>4</sup></p> + +<p>Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rêx +Rômânôrum, ubi in exsilium ab îrâtîs +Rômânîs êiectus est, â Porsenâ, +rêge Etrûscôrum, auxilium petiit. Mox Porsena +magnîs cum côpiîs Rômam vênit, et ipsa +urbs summô in perîculô erat. Omnibus in partibus +exercitus Rômânus victus erat. Iam rêx montem +Iâniculum<sup>5</sup> occupâverat. Numquam anteâ +Rômânî tantô metû tenêbantur. Ex +agrîs in urbem properabânt et summô studiô urbem +ipsam mûniêbant.</p> + +<blockquote> +4. The story of Horatius has been made familiar by Macaulay's well-known +poem "Horatius" in his <i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i>. Read the poem in +connection with this selection. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. The Janiculum is a high hill across the Tiber from Rome. +</blockquote> + +<a name = "page128"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LI"> +LESSON LI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS <i>HIC, ISTE, +ILLE</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec290"><b>290.</b></a> +We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun +<b>is</b> and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to persons +or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to place +or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time, +we must use <b>hic</b>, <b>iste</b>, or <b>ille</b>. These +demonstratives, like <b>is</b>, are used both as pronouns and as +adjectives, and their relation to the speaker may be represented +graphically thus:</p> + +<pre> + hic iste ille + SPEAKER ---------->-------------->----------------> + _this_, _he_; _that_, _he_; _that_, _he_ + (near); (remote); (more remote) +</pre> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In dialogue <b>hic</b> refers to a person or thing near the +speaker; <b>iste</b>, to a person or thing near the person addressed; +<b>ille</b>, to a person or thing remote from both. These distinctions +are illustrated in the model sentences, <a href = +"#sec293">§ 293</a>, which should be carefully studied and +imitated.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec291"><b>291.</b></a> +<b>Hic</b> is declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>hic</b></td> +<td><b>haec</b></td> +<td><b>hoc</b></td> +<td><b>hî</b></td> +<td><b>hae</b></td> +<td><b>haec</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>huius</b></td> +<td><b>huius</b></td> +<td><b>huius</b></td> +<td><b>hôrum</b></td> +<td><b>hârum</b></td> +<td><b>hôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>huic</b></td> +<td><b>huic</b></td> +<td><b>huic</b></td> +<td><b>hîs</b></td> +<td><b>hîs</b></td> +<td><b>hîs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>hunc</b></td> +<td><b>hanc</b></td> +<td><b>hoc</b></td> +<td><b>hôs</b></td> +<td><b>hâs</b></td> +<td><b>haec</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>hôc</b></td> +<td><b>hâc</b></td> +<td><b>hôc</b></td> +<td><b>hîs</b></td> +<td><b>hîs</b></td> +<td><b>hîs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> <b>Huius</b> is pronounced <i>h[oo]´y[oo]s</i>, and +<b>huic</b> is pronounced <i>h[oo]ic</i> (one syllable).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec292"><b>292.</b></a> +The demonstrative pronouns <b>iste</b>, <b>ista</b>, <b>istud</b>, and +<b>ille</b>, <b>illa</b>, <b>illud</b>, except for the nominative and +accusative singular neuter forms <b>istud</b> and <b>illud</b>, are +declined exactly like <b>ipse</b>, <b>ipsa</b>, <b>ipsum</b>. (See <a +href = "#sec481">§ 481</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page129"> </a> +<a name = "sec293"><b>293.</b></a> +MODEL SENTENCES</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Is this horse</i> (of mine) <i>strong?</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Estne hic equus valîdus?</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>That horse</i> (of yours) <i>is strong, but that one</i> (yonder) +<i>is weak</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Iste equus est validus, sed ille est înfîrmus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Are these</i> (men by me) <i>your friends?</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Suntne hî amîcî tuî?</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Those</i> (men by you) <i>are my friends, but those</i> (men yonder) +<i>are enemies</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Istî sunt amîcî meî, sed illî sunt +inimîcî</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec294"><b>294.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec294vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 295.</p> + +<p>I. <i>A German Chieftain addresses his Followers.</i> Ille fortis +Germânôrum dux suôs convocâvit et hôc +modô animôs eôrum cônfirmâvit. "Vôs, +quî in hîs fînibus vîvitis, in hunc locum +convocâvî<sup>1</sup> quia mêcum dêbêtis +istôs agrôs et istâs domôs ab +iniûriîs Rômânôrum liberâre. Hoc +nôbîs nôn difficile erit, quod illî hostês +hâs silvâs dênsâs, ferâs saevâs +quârum vestîgia vident, montês altôs timent. +Sî fortês erimus, deî ipsî nôbîs +viam salûtis dêmonstrâbunt. Ille sôl, istî +oculî calamîtâtês nostrâs +vîdêrunt.<sup>1</sup> Itaque nômen illîus +reî pûblicae Rômânae nôn sôlum +nôbis, sed etiam omnibus hominibus quî +lîbertâtem amant, est invîsum. Ad arma vôs +vocô. Exercête istam prîstinam virtûtem et +vincêtis."</p> + +<p>II. 1. Does that bird (of yours)2 sing? 2. This bird (of mine)2 +sings both<sup>3</sup> in summer and in winter and has a beautiful +voice. 3. Those birds (yonder)2 in the country don´t sing in +winter. 4. Snatch a spear from the hands of that soldier (near +you)2 and come home with me. 5. With those very eyes (of yours)2 +you will see the tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and +made an attack on my brother. 6. For (<b>propter</b>) these deeds +(<b>rês</b>) we ought to inflict punishment on him without delay. +7. The enemies of the republic do not always suffer punishment.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. The perfect definite. (Cf. <a href = "#sec190">§ 190</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. English words in parentheses are not to be translated. They are +inserted to show what demonstratives should be used. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec290">§ 290</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <i>both ... and</i>, <b>et ... et</b>. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center"> +<a name = "page130"> </a> +[Illustration: Horatius at the bridge<br> +Caption: HORATIUS PONTEM DEFENDIT</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec295"><b>295.</b></a> +How Horatius held the Bridge (<i>Continued</i>)</p> + +<p>Altera urbis pars mûrîs, altera flûmine satis +mûnîrî vidêbâtur. Sed erat pôns in +flûmine quî hostibus iter paene dedit. Tum Horâtius +Cocles, fortis vir, magnâ vôce dîxit, "Rescindite +pontem, Rômânî! Brevî tempore Porsena in urbem +côpiâs suâs trâdûcet." Iam hostês in +ponte erant, sed Horâtius cum duôbus (cf. <a href = +"#sec479">§ 479</a>) comitibus ad extrêmam pontis partem +properâvit, et hi sôli aciem hostium sustinuêrunt. Tum +vêrô cîvês Rômânî pontem +â tergô rescindere incipiunt, et hostês +frûstrâ Horâtium superâre temptant.</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LII"> +LESSON LII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec296"><b>296.</b></a> +The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to <i>some person</i> or +<i>some thing</i>, without indicating which particular one is meant. The +pronouns <b>quis</b> and <b>quî</b>, which we have learned in +their interrogative and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and +nearly all the other indefinite pronouns are compounds of <b>quis</b> or +<b>quî</b> and declined almost like them. Review the declension of +these words, <a href = "#sec221">§§ 221</a>, <a href = +"#sec227">227</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page131"> </a> +<a name = "sec297"><b>297.</b></a> +Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Masc.</th> +<th>Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"><b>quis</b></td> +<td> +<b>quid</b>, <i>some one, any one</i> (substantive) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>quî</b></td> +<td><b>qua</b> or <b>quae</b></td> +<td> +<b>quod</b>, <i>some, any</i> (adjective), <a href = +"#sec483">§ 483</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<b>aliquis</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>aliquid</b>, <i>some one, any one</i> (substantive), <a href = +"#sec487">§ 487</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>aliquî</b></td> +<td><b>aliqua</b></td> +<td> +<b>aliquod</b>, <i>some, any</i> (adjective), <a href = +"#sec487">§ 487</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>quîdam</b></td> +<td><b>quaedam</b></td> +<td> +<b>quoddam, quiddam</b>, <i>a certain, a certain one</i>, <a href = +"#sec485">§ 485</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<b>quisquam</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>quicquam</b> or <b>quidquam</b> (no plural), <i>any one</i> (at all) +(substantive), <a href = "#sec486">§ 486</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<b>quisque</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>quidque</b>, <i>each one, every one</i> (substantive), <a href = +"#sec484">§ 484</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>quisque</b></td> +<td><b>quaeque</b></td> +<td> +<b>quodque</b>, <i>each, every</i> (adjective), <a href = +"#sec484">§ 484</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><tt> +{Transcriber's Note:<br> +In the original text, the combined forms (masculine/feminine) were +printed in the "masculine" column.} +</tt></p> + +<p> +Note. The meanings of the neuters, <i>something</i>, etc., are easily +inferred from the masculine and feminine.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites, +<b>quis-</b>forms and <b>quid-</b>forms are mostly used as substantives, +<b>quî-</b>forms and <b>quod-</b>forms as adjectives.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The indefinites <b>quis</b> and <b>quî</b> never stand +first in a clause, and are rare excepting after <b>sî</b>, +<b>nisi</b>, <b>nê</b>, <b>num</b> (as, <b>sî quis</b>, +<i>if any one</i>; <b>sî quid</b>, <i>if anything</i>; <b>nisi +quis</b>, <i>unless some one</i>). Generally <b>aliquis</b> and +<b>aliquî</b> are used instead.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> The forms <b>qua</b> and <b>aliqua</b> are both feminine +nominative singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite +adjectives <b>quî</b> and <b>aliquî</b> respectively. How do +these differ from the corresponding forms of the relative +<b>quî?</b></p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> Observe that <b>quîdam</b> (<b>quî</b> + +<b>-dam</b>) is declined like <b>quî</b>, except that in the +accusative singular and genitive plural <b>m</b> of <b>quî</b> +becomes <b>n</b> (cf. <a href = +"#sec287">§ 287. <i>a</i></a>): <b>quendam</b>, +<b>quandam</b>, <b>quôrundam</b>, <b>quârundam;</b> also +that the neuter has <b>quiddam</b> (substantive) and <b>quoddam</b> +(adjective) in the nominative and accusative singular. +<b>Quîdam</b> is the least indefinite of the indefinite pronouns, +and implies that you could name the person or thing referred to if you +cared to do so.</p> + +<p> +<i>e.</i> <b>Quisquam</b> and <b>quisque</b> (substantive) are declined +like <b>quis</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>f.</i> <b>Quisquam</b>, <i>any one</i> (<b>quicquam</b> or +<b>quidquam</b>, <i>anything</i>), is always used substantively and +chiefly in negative sentences. The corresponding adjective <i>any</i> is +<b>ûllus, -a, -um</b> (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>).</p> + +<p><a name = "page132"> </a> +<a name = "sec298"><b>298.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec298vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 295.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Aliquis dê ponte in flûmen dêcidit sed sine +ûllô perîculô servâtus est. 2. Est +vêrô in vîtâ cuiusque hominis aliqua bona +fortûna. 3. Nê mîlitum quidem<sup>1</sup> +quisquam in castrîs mânsit. 4. Sî quem meae +domî vidês, iubê eum discêdere. 5. Sî +quis pontem tenet, nê tantus quidem exercitus capere urbem potest. +6. Urbs nôn satis mûnîta erat et +merîdiê rêx quîdam paene côpiâs +suâs trâns pontem trâdûxerat. +7. Dênique mîles quîdam armâtus in +fluctûs dêsiluit et incolumis ad alteram rîpam +oculôs vertit. 8. Quisque illî fortî +mîlitî aliquid dare dêbet. 9. Tanta +vêrô virtûs Rômânus semper placuit. +10. Ôlim Corinthus erat urbs satis magna et paene par +Rômae ipsî; nunc vêrô moenia +dêcidêrunt et pauca vestîgia urbis illîus +reperîrî possunt. 11. Quisque lîbertâtem +amat, et aliquibus vêrô nômen rêgis est +invîsum.</p> + +<p>II. 1. If you see a certain Cornelius at Corinth, send him to me. +2. Almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were +unharmed. 3. Not even at Pompeii did I see so great a fire. +4. I myself was eager to tell something to some one. 5. Each +one was praising his own work. 6. Did you see some one in the +country? I did not see any one. 7. Unless some one will remain on +the bridge with Horatius, the commonwealth will be in the greatest +danger.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Observe that <b>quîdam</b> and <b>quidem</b> are different +words. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec299"><b>299.</b></a> +How Horatius held the Bridge (<i>Concluded</i>)</p> + +<p>Mox, ubi parva pars pontis mânsit, Horâtius iussit +comitês discêdere et sôlus mîrâ +cônstantiâ impetum illius tôtius exercitûs +sustinêbat. Dênique magnô fragôre pôns in +flûmen dêcîdit. Tum vêrô Horâtius +tergum vertit et armâtus in aquâs dêsiluit. In eum +hostês multa têla iêcêrunt; incolumis autem per +fiuctûs ad alteram rîpam trânâvit. Eî +propter tantâs rês gestâs populus Rômânus +nôn sôlum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam statuam +Horâti in locô pûblicô posuit.</p> + + +<hr> + +<p align = "center"> +<a href = "#review_VI"> +Sixth Review, Lessons XLV-LII, §§ 521-523</a></p> + +<hr> + + +<a name = "page133"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LIII"> +LESSON LIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec300"><b>300.</b></a> +The quality denoted by an adjective may exist in either a higher or a +lower degree, and this is expressed by a form of inflection called +comparison. The mere presence of the quality is expressed by the +positive degree, its presence in a higher or lower degree by the +comparative, and in the highest or lowest of all by the superlative. In +English the usual way of comparing an adjective is by using the suffix +<i>-er</i> for the comparative and <i>-est</i> for the superlative; as, +positive <i>high</i>, comparative <i>higher</i>, superlative +<i>highest</i>. Less frequently we use the adverbs <i>more</i> and +<i>most</i>; as, positive <i>beautiful</i>, comparative <i>more +beautiful</i>, superlative <i>most beautiful.</i></p> + +<p>In Latin, as in English, adjectives are compared by adding suffixes +or by using adverbs.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec301"><b>301.</b></a> +Adjectives are compared by using suffixes as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>clârus, -a, -um</b> (<i>bright</i>)<br> +(Base <b>clâr-</b>) +</td> +<td> +<b>clârior, clârîus</b> (<i>brighter</i>) +</td> +<td> +<b>clârissimus, -a, -um</b> (<i>brightest</i>) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>brevis, breve</b> (<i>short</i>)<br> +(Base <b>brev-</b>) +</td> +<td> +<b>brevior, brevius</b> (<i>shorter</i>) +</td> +<td> +<b>brevissimus, -a, -um</b> (<i>shortest</i>) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>vêlôx</b> (<i>swift</i>)<br> +(Base <b>veloc-</b>) +</td> +<td> +<b>vêlôcior, vêlôcius</b> (<i>swifter</i>) +</td> +<td> +<b>vêlôcissimus, -a, -um</b> (<i>swiftest</i>) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The comparative is formed from the base of the positive by +adding <b>-ior</b> masc. and fem., and <b>-ius</b> neut.; the +superlative by adding <b>-issimus, -issima, -issimum</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec302"><b>302.</b></a> +Less frequently adjectives are compared by using the adverbs +<b>magis</b>, <i>more</i>; <b>maximê</b>, <i>most</i>; as, +<b>idôneus</b>, <i>suitable</i>; <b>magis idôneus</b>, +<i>more suitable</i>; <b>maximê idôneus</b>, <i>most +suitable.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec303"><b>303.</b></a> +<b>Declension of the Comparative.</b> Adjectives of the comparative +degree are declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i>.</td> +<td><b>clârior</b></td> +<td><b>clârîus</b></td> +<td><b>clârîôrês</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôra</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>clâriôris</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôris</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôrum</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>clâriôrî</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôrî</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôribus</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôribus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>clâriôrem</b></td> +<td><b>clârius</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôrês</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôra</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>clâriôre</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôre</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôribus</b></td> +<td><b>clâriôribus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page134"> </a> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the endings are those of the consonant stems of +the third declension.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Compare <b>longus</b>, <i>long</i>; <b>fortis</b>, +<i>brave</i>; <b>recêns</b> (base, <b>recent-</b>), <i>recent</i>; +and decline the comparative of each.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec304"><b>304.</b></a> +Adjectives in <b>-er</b> form the comparative regularly, but the +superlative is formed by adding <b>-rimus, -a, -um</b> to the nominative +masculine of the positive; as,</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>âcer, âcris, âcre</b><br> +(Base <b>acr-</b>) +</td> +<td><b>âcrior, âcrius</b></td> +<td><b>âcerrimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum</b><br> +(Base <b>pulchr-</b>) +</td> +<td><b>pulchrior, pulchrius</b></td> +<td><b>pulcherrimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>lîber, lîbera, lîberum</b><br> +(Base <b>lîber-</b>) +</td> +<td><b>lîberior, lîberius</b></td> +<td><b>lîberrimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In a similar manner compare <b>miser</b>, <b>aeger</b>, +<b>crêber</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec305"><b>305.</b></a> +The comparative is often translated by <i>quite, too</i>, or +<i>somewhat</i>, and the superlative by <i>very</i>; as, <b>altior</b>, +<i>quite</i> (<i>too, somewhat</i>) <i>high</i>; <b>altissimus</b>, +<i>very high.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec306"><b>306.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec306vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 296.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Quid explôrâtôrês quaerêbant? +Explôrâtôrês tempus opportfûissimum +itinerî quaerêbant. 2. Mediâ in silvâ +ignîs quam crêberrimôs fêcimus, quod ferâs +tam audâcis numquam anteâ vîderâmus. +3. Antîquîs temporibus Germânî erant +fortiôrês quam Gallî. 4. Caesar erat +clârior quam inimîcî<sup>1</sup> quî eum +necâvêrunt. 5. Quisque scûtum ingêns et +pîlum longius gerêbat. 6. Apud barbarôs +Germânî erant audâcissimî et fortissimî. +7. Mêns hominum est celerior quam corpus. 8. Virî +aliquârum terrârum sunt miserrimî. 9. Corpora +Germânôrum erant ingentiôra quam +Rômânôrum. 10. Âcerrimî +Gallôrum prîncipês sine ûllâ morâ +trâns flûmen quoddam equôs +vêlôcissimôs trâdûxêrunt. +11. Aestâte diês sunt longiôrês quam hieme. +12. Imperâtor quîdam ab +explôrâtôribus dê recentî adventû +nâvium longârum quaesîvit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest. 2. Certain +animals are swifter than the swiftest horse. 3. The Roman name was +most +<a name = "page135"> </a> +hateful to the enemies of the commonwealth. 4. The Romans always +inflicted the severest<sup>2</sup> punishment on faithless allies. +5. I was quite ill, and so I hastened from the city to the country. +6. Marcus had some friends dearer than Cæsar.<sup>3</sup> +7. Did you not seek a more recent report concerning the battle? +8. Not even after a victory so opportune did he seek the general's +friendship.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Why is this word used instead of <b>hostês</b>? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Use the superlative of <b>gravis</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Accusative. In a comparison the noun after <b>quam</b> is in the same +case as the one before it. +</blockquote> + +<p> +N.B. Beginning at this point, the +<a href = "#reading_LIII">selections for reading</a> +will be found near the end of the volume. (See <a href = "#page197">p. +197</a>.)</p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LIV"> +LESSON LIV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES · THE +ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES WITHOUT <i>QUAM</i></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec307"><b>307.</b></a> +The following six adjectives in <b>-lis</b> form the comparative +regularly; but the superlative is formed by adding <b>-limus</b> to the +base of the positive. Learn the meanings and comparison.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>facilis, -e</b>, <i>easy</i></td> +<td><b>facilior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>facillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>difficilis, -e</b>, <i>hard</i></td> +<td><b>difficilior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>difficillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>similis, -e</b>, <i>like</i></td> +<td><b>similior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>simillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dissimilis, -e</b>, <i>unlike</i></td> +<td><b>dissimilior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>dissimillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>gracilis, -e</b>, <i>slender</i></td> +<td><b>gracilior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>gracillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>humilis, -e</b>, <i>low</i></td> +<td><b>humilior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>humillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec308"><b>308.</b></a> +From the knowledge gained in the preceding lesson we should translate +the sentence <i>Nothing is brighter than the sun</i></p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Nihil est clârius quam sôl</b> +</p> + +<p>But the Romans, especially in negative sentences, often expressed the +comparison in this way,</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Nihil est clârius sôle</b> +</p> + +<p>which, literally translated, is <i>Nothing is brighter away from the +sun</i>; that is, <i>starting from the sun as a standard, nothing is +brighter</i>. This relation is expressed by the separative ablative +<b>sôle</b>. Hence the rule</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page136"> </a> +<a name = "sec309"><b>309.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative with Comparatives.</b> <i>The comparative degree, if +<b>quam</b> is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec310"><b>310.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec310vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 296.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Nêmô mîlitês alacriôrês +Rômânîs vîdit. 2. Statim imperâtor iussit +nûntiôs quam celerrimôs litterâs Rômam +portâre. 3. Multa flûmina sunt lêniôra +Rhênô. 4. Apud Rômanôs quis erat +clârior Caesare? 5. Nihil pulchrius urbe Rômâ +vîdî. 6. Subitô multitûdo audacissima +magnô clamôre proelium âcrius commîsit. +7. Num est equus tuus tardus? Nôn vêrô tardus, +sed celerior aquilâ. 8. Ubi Romae fuî, nêmô +erat mihi amicior Sextô. 9. Quaedam mulierês cibum +mîlitibus dare cupîvêrunt. 10. Rêx vetuit +cîvis ex urbe noctû discêdere. 11. Ille puer est +gracilior hâc muliere. 12. Explôrâtor duâs +(<i>two</i>) viâs, alteram facilem, alteram difficiliôrem, +dêmônstrâvit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. What city have you seen more beautiful than Rome? 2. The +Gauls were not more eager than the Germans. 3. The eagle is not +slower than the horse. 4. The spirited woman did not fear to make +the journey by night. 5. The mind of the multitude was quite gentle +and friendly. 6. But the king's mind was very different. +7. The king was not like (similar to) his noble father. +8. These hills are lower than the huge mountains of our +territory.</p> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LIV"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Roman weapons and armor<br> +Caption: ARMA ROMANA]</p> + + +<a name = "page137"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LV"> +LESSON LV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES +(<i>Continued</i>)</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec311"><b>311.</b></a> +Some adjectives in English have irregular comparison, as <i>good, +better, best</i>; <i>many, more, most.</i> So Latin comparison presents +some irregularities. Among the adjectives that are compared irregularly +are</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><b>bonus, -a, -um</b>, <i>good</i></td> +<td><b>melior, melius</b></td> +<td><b>optimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>magnus, -a, -um</b>, <i>great</i></td> +<td><b>maior, maius</b></td> +<td><b>maximus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>malus, -a, -um</b>, <i>bad</i></td> +<td><b>peior, peius</b></td> +<td><b>pessimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>multus, -a, -um</b>, <i>much</i></td> +<td>——, <b>plûs</b></td> +<td><b>plûrimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>multî, -ae, -a</b>, <i>many</i></td> +<td><b>plûrês, plûra</b></td> +<td><b>plûrimî, -ae, -a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>parvus, -a, -um</b>, <i>small</i></td> +<td><b>minor, minus</b></td> +<td><b>minimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec312"><b>312.</b></a> +The following four adjectives have two superlatives. Unusual forms are +placed in parentheses.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>exterus, -a, -um</b>, <i>outward</i> +</td> +<td> +(<b>exterior, -ius</b>, <i>outer</i>) +</td> +<td> +<b>extrêmus, -a, -um</b><br> +(<b>extimus, -a, -um</b>) +</td> +<td> +<i>outermost, last</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>înferus, -a, -um</b>, <i>low</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>înferior, -ius</b>, <i>lower</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>înfimus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>îmus, -a, -um</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>lowest</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>posterus, -a, -um</b>, <i>next</i> +</td> +<td> +(<b>posterior, -ius</b>, <i>later</i>) +</td> +<td> +<b>postrêmus, -a, -um</b><br> +(<b>postumus, -a, -um</b>) +</td> +<td> +<i>last</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>superus, -a, -um</b>, <i>above</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>superior, -ius</b>, <i>higher</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>suprêmus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>summus, -a, -um</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>highest</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec313"><b>313.</b></a> +<b>Plûs</b>, <i>more</i> (plural <i>more, many, several</i>), is +declined as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plûs</td> +<td>plûr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plûr<b>is</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plûr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plûs</td> +<td>plûr<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plûr<b>e</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In the singular <b>plûs</b> is used only as a neuter +substantive.</p> + +<p><a name = "page138"> </a> +<a name = "sec314"><b>314.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec314vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 296.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Reliquî hostês, quî â dextrô +cornû proelium commîserant, dê superiôre +locô fûgêrunt et sêsê in silvam maximam +recêpêrunt. 2. In extrêmâ parte silvae +castra hostium posita erant. 3. Plûrimî +captîvî ab equitibus ad Caesarem ductî sunt. +4. Caesar vêrô iussit eôs in servitûtem +trâdî. 5. Posterô diê magna +multitûdô mulierum ab Rômânîs in valle +îmâ reperta est. 6. Hae mulierês maximê +perterritae adventû Caesaris sêsê occîdere +studêbant. 7. Eae quoque plûrîs +fâbulâs dê exercitûs Rômânî +sceleribus audîverant. 8. Fâma illôrum +mîlitum optima nôn erat. 9. In barbarôrum +aedificiîs maior côpia frûmentî reperta est. +10. Nêmô crêbrîs proeliîs contendere +sine aliquô perîculô potest.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The remaining women fled from their dwellings and hid +themselves. 2. They were terrified and did not wish to be captured +and given over into slavery. 3. Nothing can be worse than slavery. +4. Slavery is worse than death. 5. In the Roman empire a great +many were killed because they refused to be slaves. 6. To surrender +the fatherland is the worst crime.</p> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LV"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LVI"> +LESSON LVI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES +(<i>Concluded</i>) · ABLATIVE OF THE MEASURE OF +DIFFERENCE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec315"><b>315.</b></a> +The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the +superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in +parentheses.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>citerior</b>, <i>hither</i></td> +<td>(<b>citimus</b>, <i>hithermost</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>interior</b>, <i>inner</i></td> +<td>(<b>intimus</b>, <i>inmost</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>prior</b>, <i>former</i></td> +<td><b>prîmus</b>, <i>first</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>propior</b>, <i>nearer</i></td> +<td><b>proximus</b>, <i>next, nearest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ulterior</b>, <i>further</i></td> +<td><b>ultimus</b>, <i>furthest</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec316"><b>316.</b></a> +In the sentence <i>Galba is a head taller than Sextus</i>, the phrase +<i>a head taller</i> expresses the <b>measure of difference</b> in +height between +<a name = "page139"> </a> +Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be <i>Galba is +taller than Sextus <b>by a head</b></i>. This is clearly an ablative +relation, and the construction is called the <b>ablative of the measure +of difference</b>.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +Examples +</td> +<td> +<b>Galba est altior capite quam Sextus</b><br> +<i>Galba is a head taller</i> (taller by a head) <i>than Sextus</i>.<br> +<b>Illud iter ad Italiam est multô brevius</b><br> +<i>That route to Italy is much shorter</i> (shorter by much) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec317"><b>317.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of the Measure of Difference.</b> <i>With comparatives +and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure +of difference.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Especially common in this construction are the neuter +ablatives</p> + +<p> +<b>eô</b>, <i>by this, by that</i><br> +<b>hôc</b>, <i>by this</i><br> +<b>multô</b>, <i>by much</i><br> +<b>nihilô</b>,<sup>1</sup> <i>by nothing</i><br> +<b>paulô</b>, <i>by a little</i> +</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>nihil</b> was originally <b>nihilum</b> and declined like +<b>pîlum</b>. There is no plural. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec318"><b>318.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec318vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 297.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Barbarî proelium committere statuêrunt eô +magis quod Rômânî înfîrmî esse +vidêbantur. 2. Meum cônsilium est multô melius +quam tuum quia multô facilius est. 3. Haec via est +multô lâtior quam illa. 4. Barbarî erant +nihilô tardiôrês quam Rômânî. +5. Tuus equus est paulô celerior quam meus. 6. Iî +quî paulô fortiôrês erant prohibuêrunt +reliquôs aditum relinquere. 7. Inter illâs +cîvitâtês Germânia mîlitês habet +optimôs. 8. Propior via quae per hanc vallem dûcit est +inter portum et lacum. 9. Servî, quî agrôs +citeriôrês incolêbant, priôrês +dominôs relinquere nôn cupîvêrunt, quod +eôs amâbant. 10. Ultimae Germâniae partês +numquam in fidem Rômânôrum vênêrunt. +11. Nam trâns Rhênum aditus erat multô +difficilior exercituî Rômânô.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Another way much more difficult (more difficult by much) was +left through hither Gaul. 2. In ancient times no state was stronger +than the Roman empire. 3. The states of further Gaul did not wish +to give hostages to Cæsar. 4. Slavery is no better (better by +nothing) than death. 5. The best citizens are not loved by the +worst. 6. The active enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest +forest, for they were terrified by Cæsar's recent victories.</p> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LVI"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<a name = "page140"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LVII"> +LESSON LVII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec319"><b>319.</b></a> +Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives, as in English (e.g. adj. +<i>sweet</i>, adv. <i>sweetly</i>). Like adjectives, they can be +compared; but they have no declension.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec320"><b>320.</b></a> +Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second declensions are +formed and compared as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Adj.</i><br> +<i>Adv.</i></td> +<td><b>cârus</b>, <i>dear</i><br> +<b>cârê</b>, <i>dearly</i></td> +<td><b>cârior</b><br> +<b>cârius</b></td> +<td><b>cârissimus</b><br> +<b>cârissimê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Adj.</i><br> +<i>Adv.</i></td> +<td><b>pulcher</b>, <i>beautiful</i><br> +<b>pulchrê</b>, <i>beautifully</i></td> +<td><b>pulchrior</b><br> +<b>pulchrius</b></td> +<td><b>pulcherrimus</b><br> +<b>pulcherrimê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Adj.</i><br> +<i>Adv.</i></td> +<td><b>lîber</b>, <i>free</i><br> +<b>lîberê</b>, <i>freely</i></td> +<td><b>lîberior</b><br> +<b>lîberius</b></td> +<td><b>lîberrimus</b><br> +<b>lîberrimê</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The positive of the adverb is formed by adding <b>-ê</b> +to the base of the positive of the adjective. The superlative of the +adverb is formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative +singular of the comparative of the adjective.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec321"><b>321.</b></a> +Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are formed like +those described above in the comparative and superlative. The positive +is usually formed by adding <b>-iter</b> to the base of adjectives of +three endings or of two endings, and <b>-ter</b> to the base of those of +one ending;<sup>1</sup> as,</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Adj.</i><br> +<i>Adv.</i></td> +<td><b>fortis</b>, <i>brave</i><br> +<b>fortiter</b>, <i>bravely</i></td> +<td><b>fortior</b><br> +<b>fortius</b></td> +<td><b>fortissimus</b><br> +<b>fortissimê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Adj.</i><br> +<i>Adv.</i></td> +<td><b>audâx</b>, <i>bold</i><br> +<b>audâcter</b>, <i>boldly</i></td> +<td><b>audâcior</b><br> +<b>audâcius</b></td> +<td><b>audâcissimus</b><br> +<b>audâcissimê</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. This is a good working rule, though there are some exceptions to it. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "page141"> </a> +<a name = "sec322"><b>322.</b></a> +<b>Case Forms as Adverbs.</b> As we learned above, the neuter accusative +of comparatives is used adverbially. So in the positive or superlative +some adjectives, instead of following the usual formation, use the +accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially; as,</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Adj.</i><br> +<i>Adv.</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>facilis</b>, <i>easy</i><br> +<b>facile</b> (acc.), <i>easily</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>prîmus</b>, <i>first</i><br> +<b>prîmum</b> (acc.), <i>first</i><br> +<b>prîmô</b> (abl.), <i>at first</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Adj.</i><br> +<i>Adv.</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>multus</b>, <i>many</i><br> +<b>multum</b> (acc.), <i>much</i><br> +<b>multô</b> (abl.), <i>by much</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>plûrimus</b>, <i>most</i><br> +<b>plûrimum</b> (acc.), <i>most</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec323"><b>323.</b></a> +Learn the following irregular comparisons:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><b>bene</b>, <i>well</i></td> +<td><b>melius</b>, <i>better</i></td> +<td><b>optimê</b>, <i>best</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>diû</b>, <i>long</i> (time)</td> +<td><b>diûtius</b>, <i>longer</i></td> +<td><b>diûtissimê</b>, <i>longest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>magnopere</b>, <i>greatly</i></td> +<td><b>magis</b>, <i>more</i></td> +<td><b>maximê</b>, <i>most</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>parum</b>, <i>little</i></td> +<td><b>minus</b>, <i>less</i></td> +<td><b>minimê</b>, <i>least</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>prope</b>, <i>nearly, near</i></td> +<td><b>propius</b>, <i>nearer</i></td> +<td><b>proximê</b>, <i>nearest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>saepe</b>, <i>often</i></td> +<td><b>saepius</b>, <i>oftener</i></td> +<td><b>saepissimê</b>, <i>oftenest</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec324"><b>324.</b></a> +Form adverbs from the following adjectives, using the regular rules, and +compare them: <b>laetus</b>, <b>superbus</b>, <b>molestus</b>, +<b>amîcus</b>, <b>âcer</b>, <b>brevis</b>, <b>gravis</b>, +<b>recêns</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec325"><b>325.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Adverbs.</b> <i>Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other +adverbs.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec326"><b>326.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec326vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 297.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Nûlla rês melius gesta est quam proelium +illud<sup>2</sup> ubi Marius multô minôre exercitû +multô maiôrês côpiâs +Germânôrum in fugam dedit. 2. Audâcter in +Rômânôrum cohortîs hostês impetûs +fêcêrunt 3. Marius autem omnês hôs +fortissimê sustinuit. 4. Barbarî nihilô +fortiôrês erant quam Rômânî. +5. Prîmô barbarî esse superiôrês +vidêbantur, tum Rômânî âcrius +contendêrunt. 6. Dênique, ubi iam +diûtissimê paene aequô proeliô pugnâtum +est, barbarî fugam petiêrunt. 7. Quaedam +Germânôrum gentês, simul atque rûmôrem +illîus calamitâtis audîvêrunt, sêsê +in ultimîs regiônibus fînium suôrum +abdidêrunt. +<a name = "page142"> </a> +8. Rômânî saepius quam hostês +vîcêrunt, quod meliôra arma habêbant. +9. Inter omnîs gentîs Rômânî +plûrimum valêbant. 10. Hae cohortês simul atque +in aequiôrem regiônem sê recêpêrunt, +castra sine ûllâ difficultâte posuêrunt.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Some nations are easily overcome by their enemies. +2. Germany is much larger than Gaul. 3. Were not the Romans +the most powerful among the tribes of Italy? 4. On account of (his) +wounds the soldier dragged his body from the ditch with the greatest +difficulty. 5. He was able neither to run nor to fight. 6. Who +saved him? A certain horseman boldly undertook the matter. 7. The +rumors concerning the soldier's death were not true.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>ille</b> standing after its noun means <i>that well-known, that +famous</i>. +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LVII"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LVIII"> +LESSON LVIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>NUMERALS · THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec327"><b>327.</b></a> +The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Cardinal Numerals</b>, answering the question <i>how many?</i> +as, <b>ûnus</b>, <i>one</i>; <b>duo</b>, <i>two</i>; etc.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Ordinal Numerals</b>, derived in most cases from the cardinals +and answering the question <i>in what order?</i> as, +<b>prîmus</b>, <i>first</i>; <b>secundus</b>, <i>second</i>; etc.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Distributive Numerals</b>, answering the question <i>how many +at a time?</i> as, <b>singulî</b>, <i>one at a time</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec328"><b>328.</b></a> +<b>The Cardinal Numerals.</b> The first twenty of the cardinals are as +follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td>1, <b>ûnus</b></td> +<td>6, <b>sex</b></td> +<td>11, <b>ûndecim</b></td> +<td>16, <b>sêdecim</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2, <b>duo</b></td> +<td>7, <b>septem</b></td> +<td>12, <b>duodecim</b></td> +<td>17, <b>septendecim</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3, <b>três</b></td> +<td>8, <b>octô</b></td> +<td>13, <b>tredecim</b></td> +<td>18, <b>duodêvîgintî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4, <b>quattuor</b></td> +<td>9, <b>novem</b></td> +<td>14, <b>quattuordecim</b></td> +<td>19, <b>ûndêvîgintî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5, <b>quînque</b></td> +<td>10, <b>decem</b></td> +<td>15, <b>quîndecim</b></td> +<td>20, <b>vîgintî</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Learn also <b>centum</b> = 100, <b>ducentî</b> = 200, +<b>mîlle</b> = 1000.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec329"><b>329.</b></a> +<b>Declension of the Cardinals.</b> Of the cardinals only +<b>ûnus</b>, <b>duo</b>, <b>três</b>, the hundreds above one +hundred, and <b>mîlle</b> used as a noun, are declinable.</p> + +<a name = "page143"> </a> +<p> +<i>a.</i> <b>ûnus</b> is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and +is declined like <b>nûllus</b> (cf. <a href = +"#sec109">§§ 109</a>, <a href = "#sec470">470</a>). The +plural of <b>ûnus</b> is used to agree with a plural noun of a +singular meaning, as, <b>ûna castra</b>, <i>one camp</i>; and with +other nouns in the sense of <i>only</i>, as, <b>Gallî +ûnî</b>, <i>only the Gauls</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Learn the declension of <b>duo</b>, <i>two</i>; +<b>três</b>, <i>three</i>; and <b>mîlle</b>, <i>a +thousand</i>. (<a href = "#sec479">§ 479</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of +<b>bonus</b>; as,</p> + +<p> +ducent<b>î, -ae, -a</b><br> +ducent<b>ôrum, -ârum, -ôrum</b><br> +etc. etc. etc. +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec330"><b>330.</b></a> +We have already become familiar with sentences like the following:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Omnium avium aquila est vêlôcissima</b><br> +<i>Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest</i><br> +<b>Hoc ôrâculum erat omnium clârissimum</b><br> +<i>This oracle was the most famous of all</i> +</p> + +<p>In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it +modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the +whole of which a part is taken, is called a <b>partitive +genitive</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec331"><b>331.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Partitive Genitive.</b> <i>Words denoting a part are often used +with the genitive of the whole, known as the <b>partitive +genitive</b>.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and +other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting <b>mîlle</b> +regularly take the ablative with <b>ex</b> or <b>dê</b> instead of +the partitive genitive.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> <b>Mîlle</b>, <i>a thousand</i>, in the singular is +usually an indeclinable adjective (as, <b>mîlle +mîlitês</b>, <i>a thousand soldiers</i>), but in the plural +it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive genitive (as, <b>decem +mîlia mîlitum</b>, <i>ten thousand soldiers</i>).</p> + +<p>Examples:</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Fortissimî hôrum sunt Germânî</b><br> +<i>The bravest of these are the Germans</i><br> +<b>Decem mîlia hostium interfecta sunt</b><br> +<i>Ten thousand</i> (lit. <i>thousands</i>) <i>of the enemy were +slain</i><br> +<b>Ûna ex captîvîs erat soror rêgis</b><br> +<i>One of the captives was the king's sister</i> +</p> + +<p><a name = "page144"> </a> +<a name = "sec332"><b>332.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec332vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 297.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Caesar maximam partem aedificiôrum incendit. 2. Magna +pars mûnîtiônis aquâ flûminis +dêlêta est. 3. Gallî huius regiônis +quînque mîlia hominum coêgerant. 4. Duo ex +meîs frâtribus eundem rûmôrem +audîvêrunt. 5. Quis Rômânôrum erat +clarior Caesare? 6. Quînque cohortês ex illâ +legiône castra quam fortissimê dêfendêbant. +7. Hic locus aberat aequô spatiô<sup>1</sup> ab +castrîs Caesaris et castrîs Germânôrum. +8. Caesar simul atque pervênit, plûs +commeâtûs ab sociîs postulâvit. +9. Nônne mercâtôrês magnitûdinem +însulae cognôverant? Longitûdinem sed nôn +lâtitûdinem cognôverant. 10. Paucî hostium +obtinêbant collem quem explôrâtôrês +nostrî vîdêrunt.</p> + +<p>II. 1. I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome. +2. Cæsar stormed that very town with three legions. +3. In one hour he destroyed a great part of the fortification. +4. When the enemy could no longer<sup>2</sup> defend the gates, +they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.<sup>3</sup> +5. There three thousand of them bravely resisted the +Romans.<sup>4</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +1. Ablative of the measure of difference. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Not <b>longius</b>. Why? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Latin, <i>was distant by a small space.</i> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. Not the accusative. +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LVIII"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LIX"> +LESSON LIX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>NUMERALS (<i>Continued</i>) · THE +ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec333"><b>333.</b></a> +Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (<a href = +"#sec478">§ 478</a>). The ordinals are all declined like +<b>bonus</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec334"><b>334.</b></a> +The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of <b>bonus</b>. +The first three are</p> + +<p> +<b>singulî, -ae, -a</b>, <i>one each, one by one</i><br> +<b>bînî, -ae, -a</b>, <i>two each, two by two</i><br> +<b>ternî, -ae, -a</b>, <i>three each, three by three</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec335"><b>335.</b></a> +We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative is used +to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have had such +expressions as <b>per plûrimôs annôs</b>, <i>for a +great many</i> +<a name = "page145"> </a> +<i>years</i>; <b>per tôtum diem</b>, <i>for a whole day</i>. Here +the space relation is one of <i>extent of time</i>. We could also say +<b>per decem pedês</b>, <i>for ten feet</i>, where the space +relation is one of <i>extent of space</i>. While this is correct Latin, +the usual form is to use the accusative with no preposition, as,</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Vir tôtum diem cucurrit</b>, <i>the man ran for a whole +day</i><br> +<b>Caesar mûrum decem pedês môvit</b>, +<i>Cæsar moved the wall ten feet</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec336"><b>336.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Accusative of Extent.</b> <i>Duration of time and extent of +space are expressed by the accusative.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> This accusative answers the questions <i>how long? how far?</i></p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time <i>how +long</i> and the ablative of time <i>when</i>, or <i>within +which.</i></p> + +<p>Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in +the following:</p> + +<p>When did the general arrive? He arrived at two o'clock. How long had +he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched +sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the +river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp +is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the +king's death.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec337"><b>337.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec337vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 298.</p> + +<p>I. <i>Cæsar in Gaul</i>. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem +annôs gessit. Prîmô annô Helvêtiôs +vîcit, et eôdem annô multae Germanôrum +gentês eî sêsê dêdidêrunt. +Multôs iam annôs Germânî Gallôs +vexabant<sup>1</sup> et ducês Germânî +côpiâs suâs trâns Rhênum saepe +trâdûcêbant.<sup>1</sup> Nôn singulî +veniêbant, sed multa milia hominum in Galliam contendêbant. +Quâ dê causâ prîncipês Galliae concilium +convocâvêrunt atque statuêrunt legates ad Caesarem +mittere. Caesar, simul atque hunc rûmôrem audîvit, +côpiâs suâs sine morâ coêgit. Primâ +lûce fortiter cum Germanîs proelium commîsit. +Tôtum diem âcriter pugnâtum est. Caesar ipse â +dextrô cornû acicm dûxit. Magna pars exercitûs +Germânî cecidit. Post magnam caedem paucî multa milia +passuum ad flûmen fûgêrunt.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page146"> </a> +II. 1. Cæsar pitched camp two miles from the river. 2. He +fortified the camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine +feet high. 3. The camp of the enemy was a great way off (was +distant by a great space). 4. On the next day he hastened ten miles +in three hours. 5. Suddenly the enemy with all their forces made an +attack upon (<b>in</b> <i>with acc.</i>) the rear. 6. For two hours +the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians. 7. In three hours +the barbarians were fleeing.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Translate as if pluperfect. +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LIX"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LX"> +LESSON LX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>DEPONENT VERBS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec338"><b>338.</b></a> +A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, +<b>hortor</b>, <i>I encourage</i>; <b>vereor</b>, <i>I fear</i>. Such +verbs are called <b>deponent</b> because they have laid aside +(<b>dê-pônere</b>, <i>to lay aside</i>) the active +forms.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs +have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms +which will be noted later. (Sec<a href = +"#sec375">§§ 375</a>, <a href = +"#sec403">403.<i>b</i></a>.)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec339"><b>339.</b></a> +The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as,</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><i>Conj. I</i></td> +<td></td> +<td> +<b>hortor, hortârî, hortâtus sum</b>, <i>encourage</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Conj. II</i></td> +<td></td> +<td> +<b>vereor, verêrî, veritus sum</b>, <i>fear</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Conj. III</i></td> +<td>(<i>a</i>)</td> +<td> +<b>sequor, sequî, secûtus sum</b>, <i>follow</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>(<i>b</i>)</td> +<td> +<b>patior, patî, passus sum</b>, <i>suffer, allow</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Conj. IV</i></td> +<td></td> +<td> +<b>partior, partîrî, partîtus sum</b>, <i>share, +divide</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See <a href = +"#sec493">§ 493</a>.) <b>Patior</b> is conjugated like the +passive of <b>capiô</b> (<a href = +"#sec492">§ 492</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec340"><b>340.</b></a> +PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE</p> + +<p>The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently +are</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>ante</b>, <i>before</i><br> +<b>apud</b>, <i>among</i><br> +<b>circum</b>, <i>around</i><br> +<b>contrâ</b>, <i>against, contrary to</i><br> +<b>extrâ</b>, <i>outside of</i><br> +<b>in</b>, <i>into, in, against, upon</i><br> +<b>inter</b>, <i>between, among</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>intrâ</b>, <i>within</i><br> +<b>ob</b>, <i>on account of</i> (<b>quam ob rem</b>, <i>wherefore, +therefore</i>)<br> +<b>per</b>, <i>through, by means of</i><br> +<b>post</b>, <i>after, behind</i><br> +<b>propter</b>, <i>on account of, because of</i><br> +<b>trâns</b>, <i>across, over</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and +learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the +ablative, <a href = "#sec209">§ 209</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "page147"> </a> +<a name = "sec341"><b>341.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href = "#sec341vocab">special vocabulary</a>, +p. 298.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Três ex lêgâtîs, contrâ Caesaris +opîniônem, iter facere per hostium fînîs +verêbantur. 2. Quis eôs hortâtus est? +Imperâtor eôs hortâtus est et iîs +persuâdêre cônâtus est, sed nôn potuit. +3. Quid lêgâtôs perterruit? Aut timor hostium, +quî undique premêbant, aut longitûdô viae +eôs perterruit. 4. Tamen omnês ferê Caesarem +multô magis quam hostîs veritî sunt. +5. Fortissimae gentês Galliae ex Germânîs +oriêbantur. 6. Quam ob rem tam fortês erant? Quia nec +vînum nec alia quae virtûtem dêlent ad sê +portârî patiêbantur. 7. Caesar ex +mercâtôribus dê însulâ Britanniâ +quaesîvit, sed nihil cognôscere potuit. 8. Itaque ipse +statuit hanc terram petere, et mediâ ferê aestâte cum +multîs nâvibus longîs profectus est. +9. Magnâ celeritâte iter confêcit et in +opportûnissimô locô êgressus est. +10. Barbarî summîs vîribus eum ab +însulâ prohibêre cônâtî sunt. +11. Ille autem barbarôs multa mîlia passuum +însecûtus est; tamen sine equitâtû eôs +cônsequî nôn potuit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry +followed close after them. 2. From all parts of the multitude the +shouts arose of those who were being wounded. 3. Cæsar did +not allow the cavalry to pursue too far.<sup>1</sup> 4. The cavalry +set out at the first hour and was returning<sup>2</sup> to camp at the +fourth hour. 5. Around the Roman camp was a rampart twelve feet +high. 6. Cæsar will delay three days because of the grain +supply. 7. Nearly all the lieutenants feared the enemy and +attempted to delay the march.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Comparative of <b>longê</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Will this be a deponent or an active form? +</blockquote> + + +<hr> + +<p align = "center"> +<a href = "#review_VII"> +Seventh Review, Lessons LIII-LX, §§ 524-526</a></p> + +<hr> + + +<p align = "center"> +<a name = "page148"> </a> +[Illustration: man reading scrolls (no caption)]</p> + + + +<p align = "center"><font size = "+1">PART III</font></p> + +<p align = "center"><b>CONSTRUCTIONS</b></p> + + +<p align = "center">INTRODUCTORY NOTE</p> + +<p>The preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms +and vocabulary. There remain still to be learned the forms of the +Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb, +and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs. These will be taken +up in connection with the study of constructions, which will be the +chief subject of our future work. The special vocabularies of the +preceding lessons contain, exclusive of proper names, about six hundred +words. As these are among the commonest words in the language, <i>they +must be mastered</i>. They properly form the basis of the study of +words, and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the +remaining lessons.</p> + +<p>For practice in reading and to illustrate the constructions +presented, a continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this +point (see p. 204). It has been divided into chapters of convenient +length to accompany progress through the lessons, but may be read with +equal profit after the lessons are finished. The story gives an account +of the life and adventures of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman boy, +who fought in Cæsar's campaigns and shared in his triumph. The +colored plates illustrating the story are faithful representations of +ancient life and are deserving of careful study.</p> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LX"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<a name = "page149"> </a> +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXI"> +LESSON LXI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec342"><b>342.</b></a> +In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods, which +you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive. The +tenses of the subjunctive are</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +Present<br> +Imperfect<br> +Perfect<br> +Pluperfect +</td> +<td> +Active and Passive +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec343"><b>343.</b></a> +The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the +corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, <i>each of +them may refer to future time</i>. No meanings of the tenses will be +given in the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction +used.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec344"><b>344.</b></a> +The present subjunctive is inflected as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Active Voice</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. a´m<b>em</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>am</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>am</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>am</b></td> +<td>au´di<b>am</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. a´m<b>ês</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>âs</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>âs</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>âs</b></td> +<td>au´di<b>âs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. a´m<b>et</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>at</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>at</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>at</b></td> +<td>au´di<b>at</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. am<b>ê´mus</b></td> +<td>mone<b>â´mus</b></td> +<td>reg<b>â´mus</b></td> +<td>capi<b>â´mus</b></td> +<td>audi<b>â´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. am<b>ê´tis</b></td> +<td>mone<b>â´tis</b></td> +<td>reg<b>â´tis</b></td> +<td>capi<b>â´tis</b></td> +<td>audi<b>â´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. a´m<b>ent</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>ant</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>ant</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ant</b></td> +<td>au´di<b>ant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Passive Voice</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. a´m<b>er</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>ar</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>ar</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ar</b></td> +<td>au´di<b>ar</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. am<b>ê´ris</b> (<b>-re</b>)</td> +<td>mone<b>â´ris</b> (<b>-re</b>)</td> +<td>reg<b>â´ris</b> (<b>-re</b>)</td> +<td>capi<b>â´ris</b> (<b>-re</b>)</td> +<td>audi<b>â´ris</b> (<b>-re</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. am<b>ê´tur</b></td> +<td>mone<b>â´tur</b></td> +<td>reg<b>â´tur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>â´tur</b></td> +<td>audi<b>â´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> +<a name = "page150"> </a> +PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. am<b>ê´mur</b></td> +<td>mone<b>â´mur</b></td> +<td>reg<b>â´mur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>â´mur</b></td> +<td>audi<b>â´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. am<b>ê´minî</b></td> +<td>mone<b>â´minî</b></td> +<td>reg<b>â´minî</b></td> +<td>capi<b>â´minî</b></td> +<td>audi<b>â´minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. am<b>en´tur</b></td> +<td>mone<b>an´tur</b></td> +<td>reg<b>an´tur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>an´tur</b></td> +<td>audi<b>an´tur</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The mood sign of the present subjunctive is <b>-ê-</b> +in the first conjugation and <b>-â-</b> in the others. It is +shortened in the usual places (cf. <a href = +"#sec12">§ 12</a>), and takes the place of the final vowel of +the stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and +fourth.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> The personal endings are the same as in the indicative.</p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of +<b>cûrô</b>, <b>iubeô</b>, <b>sûmô</b>, +<b>iaciô</b>, <b>mûniô</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec345"><b>345.</b></a> +The present subjunctive of the irregular verb <b>sum</b> is inflected as +follows:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +Sing. +</td> +<td> +1. <b>sim</b><br> +2. <b>sîs</b><br> +3. <b>sit</b> +</td> +<td> +Plur. +</td> +<td> +1. <b>sîmus</b><br> +2. <b>sîtis</b><br> +3. <b>sint</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec346"><b>346.</b></a> +<b>The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared.</b> 1. The two most +important of the finite moods are the indicative and the subjunctive. +The indicative deals with facts either real or assumed. If, then, we +wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire after a fact, we use +the indicative.</p> + +<p> +2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a <i>desire</i> or +<i>wish</i>, a <i>purpose</i>, a <i>possibility</i>, an +<i>expectation</i>, or some such notion, we must use the subjunctive. +The following sentences illustrate the difference between the indicative +and the subjunctive ideas.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Indicative Ideas</th> +<td></td> +<th>Subjunctive Ideas</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td> +<i>He is brave</i><br> +<b>Fortis est</b> +</td> +<td>1.</td> +<td> +<i>May he be brave</i><br> +<b>Fortis sit</b> (idea of wishing) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td> +<i>We set out at once</i><br> +<b>Statim proficîscimur</b> +</td> +<td>2.</td> +<td> +<i>Let us set out at once</i><br> +<b>Statim proficîscâmur</b> (idea of willing) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3.</td> +<td> +<i>You hear him every day</i><br> +<b>Cotîdiê eum audîs</b> +</td> +<td>3.</td> +<td> +<i>You can hear him every day</i><br> +<b>Cotîdiê eum audiâs</b> (idea of possibility) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "page151"> </a> +4.</td> +<td> +<i>He remained until the ship arrived</i><br> +<b>Mânsit dum nâvis pervênit</b> +</td> +<td>4.</td> +<td> +<i>He waited until the ship should arrive</i><br> +<b>Exspectâvit dum nâvis pervenîret</b><sup>1</sup> +(idea of expectation) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5.</td> +<td> +<i>Cæsar sends men who find the bridge</i><br> +<b>Caesar mittit hominês quî pontem reperiunt</b> +</td> +<td>5.</td> +<td> +<i>Cæsar sends men who are to find</i> (or <i>to find</i>) <i>the +bridge</i><br> +<b>Caesar hominês mittit quî pontem reperiant</b> (idea of +purpose) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>pervenîret</b>, imperfect subjunctive. +</blockquote> + +<p> +Note. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be +used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more +common in the latter than in the former.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec347"><b>347.</b></a> +EXERCISE</p> + +<p>Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and +which in the subjunctive in a Latin translation?</p> + +<p>There have been times in the history of our country when you might be +proud of being an American citizen. Do you remember the day when Dewey +sailed into Manila Bay to capture or destroy the enemy's fleet? You +might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his +orders. He did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the +harbor's mouth, but sailed in at once. Let us not despair of our country +while such valor exists, and may the future add new glories to the +past.</p> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXI"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXII"> +LESSON LXII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec348"><b>348.</b></a> +Observe the sentence</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Caesar hominês mittit quî pontem reperiant</b>,<br> +<i>Cæsar sends men to find the bridge</i> +</p> + +<p>The verb <b>reperiant</b> in the dependent clause is in the +subjunctive because it tells us what Cæsar wants the men to do; in +other words, it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a +use of the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page152"> </a> +<a name = "sec349"><b>349.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Subjunctive of Purpose.</b> <i>The subjunctive is used in a +dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal +clause.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec350"><b>350.</b></a> +A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:</p> + +<p>I. If something is wanted, by</p> + +<p> +<b>quî</b>, the relative pronoun (as above)<br> +<b>ut</b>, conj., <i>in order that, that</i><br> +<b>quô</b> (abl. of <b>quî</b>, <i>by which</i>), <i>in +order that, that</i>, used when the purpose clause contains a +comparative. The ablative <b>quô</b> expresses the measure of +difference. (Cf. <a href = "#sec317">§ 317</a>.) +</p> + +<p>II. If something is not wanted, by</p> + +<p> +<b>nê</b>, conj., <i>in order that not, that not, lest</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec351"><b>351.</b></a> +EXAMPLES</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td> +<b>Caesar côpiâs côgit quibus hostîs +însequâtur</b><br> +<i>Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe</i> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td> +<b>Pâcem petunt ut domum revertantur</b><br> +<i>They ask for peace in order that they may return home</i> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3.</td> +<td> +<b>Pontem faciunt quô facilius oppidum capiant</b><br> +<i>They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily</i> (lit. +<i>by which the more easily</i>) +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4.</td> +<td> +<b>Fugiunt nê vulnerentur</b><br> +<i>They flee that they may not</i> (or <i>lest they</i>) <i>be +wounded</i> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec352"><b>352.</b></a> +<b>Expression of Purpose in English.</b> In English, purpose clauses are +sometimes introduced by <i>that</i> or <i>in order that</i>, but much +more frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as +<i>We eat to live</i>, <i>She stoops to conquer</i>. In Latin prose, on +the other hand, <b>purpose is never expressed by the infinitive</b>. Be +on your guard and do not let the English idiom betray you into this +error.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec353"><b>353.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +1. Veniunt ut</td> +<td> +dûcant, mittant, videant, audiant, dûcantur, mittantur, +videantur, audiantur. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +2. Fugimus nê</td> +<td> +capiâmur, trâdâmur, videâmus, necêmur, +rapiâmur, resistâmus. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "page153"> </a> +3. Mittit nûntiôs quî</td> +<td> +dicant, audiant, veniant, nârrent, audiantur, in conciliô +sedeant. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +4. Castra mûniunt quô facilius</td> +<td> +sêsê dêfendant, impetum sustineant, hostîs +vincant, salûtem petant. +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>II. 1. The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek<sup>1</sup> peace. +2. They are setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a +longer march before night. 3. They will hide the women in the +forest (<i>acc. with</i> <b>in</b>) that they may not be captured. +4. The Gauls wage many wars to free<sup>1</sup> their fatherland +from slavery. 5. They will resist the Romans<sup>2</sup> +bravely lest they be destroyed.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Not infinitive. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Not accusative. +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXII"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXIII"> +LESSON LXIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE THE +SEQUENCE OF TENSES</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec354"><b>354.</b></a> +The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings +to the present active infinitive.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">ACTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´<b>rem</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>rem</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>rem</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>rem</b></td> +<td>audî´<b>rem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ´<b>rês</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>rês</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>rês</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>rês</b></td> +<td>audî´<b>rês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´<b>ret</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>ret</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>ret</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>ret</b></td> +<td>audî´<b>ret</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>1. amâ<b>rê´mus</b></td> +<td>monê<b>rê´mus</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rê´mus</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rê´mus</b></td> +<td>audî<b>rê´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ<b>rê´tis</b></td> +<td>monê<b>rê´tis</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rê´tis</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rê´tis</b></td> +<td>audî<b>rê´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´<b>rent</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>rent</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>rent</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>rent</b></td> +<td>audî´<b>rent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´<b>rer</b></td> +<td>monê´<b>rer</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>rer</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>rer</b></td> +<td>audî´<b>rer</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ<b>rê´ris(-re)</b></td> +<td>monê<b>rê´ris(-re)</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rê´ris(-re)</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rê´ris(-re)</b></td> +<td>audî<b>rê´ris(-re)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ<b>rê´tur</b></td> +<td>monê<b>rê´tur</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rê´tur</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rê´tur</b></td> +<td>audî<b>rê´tur</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>1. amâ<b>rê´mur</b></td> +<td>monê<b>rê´mur</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rê´mur</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rê´mur</b></td> +<td>audî<b>rê´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ<b>rê´minî</b></td> +<td>monê<b>rê´minî</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rê´minî</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rê´minî</b></td> +<td>audî<b>re´minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ<b>ren´tur</b></td> +<td>monê<b>ren´tur</b></td> +<td>rege<b>ren´tur</b></td> +<td>cape<b>ren´tur</b></td> +<td>audî<b>ren´tur</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and +passive, of <b>cûrô</b>, <b>iubeô</b>, +<b>sûmô</b>, <b>iaciô</b>, +<b>mûniô</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page154"> </a> +<a name = "sec355"><b>355.</b></a> +The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb <b>sum</b> is inflected +as follows:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td>1. es´<b>sem</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td>1. es<b>sê´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. es´<b>sês</b></td> +<td>2. es<b>sê´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. es´<b>set</b></td> +<td>3. es´<b>sent</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec356"><b>356.</b></a> +The three great distinctions of time are <i>present</i>, <i>past</i>, +and <i>future</i>. All tenses referring to present or future time are +called <b>primary tenses</b>, and those referring to past time are +called <b>secondary tenses</b>. Now it is a very common law of language +that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be +of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence +<i>He <b>says</b> that he <b>is</b> coming</i>, the principal verb, +<i>says</i>, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and <i>is +coming</i>, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. If I +change <i>he says</i> to <i>he said</i>,—in other words, if I make +the principal verb secondary in character,—I feel it natural to +change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, <i>He +<b>said</b> that he <b>was</b> coming</i>. This following of a tense by +another of the same kind is called <i>tense sequence</i>, from +<i>sequî</i>, "to follow."</p> + +<p>In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable +regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is +followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense +of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and +a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of +the subjunctive. Learn the following table:</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec357"><b>357.</b></a> +Table for Sequence of Tenses</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "2"></td> +<td align = "center" rowspan = "2"> +Principal Verb in the<br> +Indicative</td> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +Dependent Verbs in the Subjunctive</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center"><i>Incomplete or<br> +Continuing Action</i></td> +<td align = "center"><i>Completed Action</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Primary</i></td> +<td align = "center"> +Present<br> +Future<br> +Future perfect +</td> +<td align = "center">Present</td> +<td align = "center">Perfect</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Secondary</i></td> +<td align = "center"> +Imperfect<br> +Perfect<br> +Pluperfect +</td> +<td align = "center">Imperfect</td> +<td align = "center">Pluperfect</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page155"> </a> +<a name = "sec358"><b>358.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Sequence of Tenses.</b> <i>Primary tenses are followed by +primary tenses and secondary by secondary.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec359"><b>359.</b></a> +EXAMPLES</p> + +<p>I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td> +<b>Mittit</b><br> +<b>Mittet</b><br> +<b>Mîserit</b> +</td> +<td colspan = "3"> +<b>hominês ut agrôs vâstent</b> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><i>He</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>sends</i><br> +<i>will send</i><br> +<i>will have sent</i> +</td> +<td> +<i>men</i> +</td> +<td> +<i>that they may</i><br> +<i>in order to</i><br> +<i>to</i> +</td> +<td> +<i>lay waste the fields</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td> +<b>Mittêbat</b><br> +<b>Mîsit</b><br> +<b>Mîserat</b> +</td> +<td colspan = "3"> +<b>hominês ut agrôs vâstârent</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>He</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>was sending</i><br> +<i>sent or has sent</i><br> +<i>had sent</i> +</td> +<td> +<i>men</i> +</td> +<td> +<i>that they might</i><br> +<i>in order to</i><br> +<i>to</i> +</td> +<td> +<i>lay waste the fields</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec360"><b>360.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<p> +1. Vênerant ut</td> +<td> +dûcerent, mitterent, vidêrent, audîrent, +dûcerentur, mitterentur, vidêrentur, audirentur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p> +2. Fugiêbat nê</td> +<td> +caperêtur, trâderêtur, vidêrêtur, +necârêtur, raperêtur, +resiteret.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p> +3. Misit nûntiôs quî</td> +<td> +dîcerent, audîrent, venîrent, nârrârent, +audîrentur, in conciliô +sedêrent.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p> +4. Castra mûnîvêrunt quô facilius</td> +<td> +sêsê dêfenderent, impetum sustinêrent, +hostîs vincerent, +salûtem peterent.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>II. 1. Cæsar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might +fight more bravely. 2. The Helvetii left their homes to wage war. +3. The scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the +Germans. 4. Cæsar inflicted punishment on them in order that +the others might be more terrified. 5. He sent messengers to Rome +to announce the victory.</p> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXIII"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<a name = "page156"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXIV"> +LESSON LXIV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE +SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec361"><b>361.</b></a> +The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as +follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Perfect Subjunctive Active</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´v<b>erim</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erim</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>erim</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>erim</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>erim</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ´v<b>eris</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>eris</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>eris</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>eris</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>eris</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´v<b>erit</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erit</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>erit</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>erit</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>erit</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâv<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>monu<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>e´rimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâv<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>monu<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>e´ritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´v<b>erint</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erint</b></td> +<td>rê´x<b>erint</b></td> +<td>cê´p<b>erint</b></td> +<td>audî´v<b>erint</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Pluperfect Subjunctive Active</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâv<b>is´sem</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´sem</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>is´sem</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>is´sem</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>is´sem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâv<b>is´sês</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´sês</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>is´sês</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>is´sês</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>is´sêm</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâv<b>is´set</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´set</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>is´set</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>is´set</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>is´set</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâv<b>issê´mus</b></td> +<td>monu<b>issê´mus</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>issê´mus</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>issê´mus</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>issê´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâv<b>issê´tis</b></td> +<td>monu<b>issê´tis</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>issê´tis</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>issê´tis</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>issê´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâv<b>is´sent</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´sent</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>is´sent</b></td> +<td>cêp<b>is´sent</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>is´sent</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in +the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future +perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends +in <b>-m</b> and not in <b>-ô</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed +by adding <b>-issem, -issês</b>, etc. to the perfect stem.</p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect +subjunctive active of <b>cûrô</b>, <b>iubeô</b>, +<b>sûmô</b>, <b>iaciô</b>, +<b>mûniô</b>.</p> + +<a name = "page157"> </a> +<p> +<a name = "sec362"><b>362.</b></a> +The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the +perfect passive participle with <b>sim</b>, the present subjunctive of +<b>sum.</b></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Perfect Subjunctive Passive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´t<b>us sim</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>us sim</b></td> +<td>rêc´t<b>us sim</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>us sim</b></td> +<td>audî´t<b>us sim</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ´t<b>us sîs</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>us sîs</b></td> +<td>rêc´t<b>us sîs</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>us sîs</b></td> +<td>audî´t<b>us sîs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´t<b>us sit</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>us sit</b></td> +<td>rêc´t<b>us sit</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>us sit</b></td> +<td>audî´t<b>us sit</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amâ´t<b>î sîmus</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>î sîmus</b></td> +<td>rêc´t<b>î sîmus</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>î sîmus</b></td> +<td>audî´t<b>î sîmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amâ´t<b>î sîtis</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>î sîtis</b></td> +<td>rêc´t<b>î sîtis</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>î sîtis</b></td> +<td>audî´t<b>î sîtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amâ´t<b>î sint</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>î sint</b></td> +<td>rêc´t<b>î sint</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>î sint</b></td> +<td>audî´t<b>î sint</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec363"><b>363.</b></a> +The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the +perfect passive participle with <b>essem</b>, the imperfect subjunctive +of <b>sum</b>.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amât<b>us essem</b></td> +<td>monit<b>us essem</b></td> +<td>rêct<b>us essem</b></td> +<td>capt<b>us essem</b></td> +<td>audît<b>us essem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amât<b>us essês</b></td> +<td>monit<b>us essês</b></td> +<td>rêct<b>us essês</b></td> +<td>capt<b>us essês</b></td> +<td>audît<b>us essês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amât<b>us esset</b></td> +<td>monit<b>us esset</b></td> +<td>rêct<b>us esset</b></td> +<td>capt<b>us esset</b></td> +<td>audît<b>us esset</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amât<b>î essêmus</b></td> +<td>monit<b>î essêmus</b></td> +<td>rêct<b>î essêmus</b></td> +<td>capt<b>î essêmus</b></td> +<td>audît<b>î essêmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amât<b>î essêtis</b></td> +<td>monit<b>î essêtis</b></td> +<td>rêct<b>î essêtis</b></td> +<td>capt<b>î essêtis</b></td> +<td>audît<b>î essêtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amât<b>î essent</b></td> +<td>monit<b>î essent</b></td> +<td>rêct<b>î essent</b></td> +<td>capt<b>î essent</b></td> +<td>audît<b>î essent</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<i>a.</i> In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect +subjunctive passive of <b>cûrô</b>, <b>iubeô</b>, +<b>sûmô</b>, <b>iaciô</b>, +<b>mûniô.</b></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec364"><b>364.</b></a> +The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb <b>sum</b> +are inflected as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Perfect</th> +<th colspan = "2">Pluperfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>´erim</b></td> +<td>fu<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>fu<b>is´sem</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issê´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>´eris</b></td> +<td>fu<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>fu<b>is´sês</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issê´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>´erit</b></td> +<td>fu<b>´erint</b></td> +<td>fu<b>is´set</b></td> +<td>fu<b>is´sent</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page158"> </a> +<p> +<a name = "sec365"><b>365.</b></a> +A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,</p> + +<p> +<i>That the men are afraid</i> is clear enough (clause as subject)<br> +He ordered <i>them to call on him</i> (clause as object) +</p> + +<p>We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this +way (cf. <a href = "#sec213">§ 213</a>), and have noted the +similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the +Latin often uses the <i>subjunctive</i> in substantive clauses, and this +marks an important difference between the two languages.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec366"><b>366.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Substantive Clauses of Purpose.</b> <i>A substantive clause of +purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of +<b>commanding</b>, <b>urging</b>, <b>asking</b>, <b>persuading</b>, or +<b>advising</b>, where in English we should usually have the +infinitive.</i></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>EXAMPLES</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td> +<i>The general ordered the soldiers to run</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Imperâtor mîlitibus imperâvit ut currerent</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td> +<i>He urged them to resist bravely</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Hortâtus est ut fortiter resisterent</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3.</td> +<td> +<i>He asked them to give the children food</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Petîvit ut lîberîs cibum darent</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4.</td> +<td> +<i>He will persuade us not to set out</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Nôbîs persuâdêbit nê +proficîscâmur</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5.</td> +<td> +<i>He advises us to remain at home</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Monet ut domî maneâmus</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The object clauses following these verbs all express the +purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not +done. (Cf. <a href = "#sec348">§ 348</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec367"><b>367.</b></a> +The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the +list and the principal parts of the new ones.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%"> +<b>hortor</b>, <i>urge</i><br> +<b>imperô</b>, <i>order</i> (with the <i>dative</i> of the +<i>person</i> ordered and a <i>subjunctive clause</i> of the +<i>thing</i> ordered done)<br> +<b>moneô</b>, <i>advise</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>petô</b>, <b>quaerô</b>, <b>rogô</b>, <i>ask, +seek</i><br> +<b>persuâdeô</b>, <i>persuade</i> (with the same +construction as imperô)<br> +<b>postulô</b>, <i>demand, require</i><br> +<b>suâdeô</b>, <i>advise</i> (cf. +<b>persuâdeô</b>) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +N.B. Remember that <b>iubeô</b>, <i>order</i>, takes the +infinitive as in English. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec213">§ 213. 1</a>.) Compare the sentences</p> + +<p> +<b>Iubeô eum venîre</b>, <i>I order him to come</i><br> +<b>Imperô eî ut veniat</b>, <i>I give orders to him that he +is to come</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page159"> </a> +We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the +difference in meaning between iubeô and imperô in the Latin +requires the <i>infinitive</i> in the one case and the +<i>subjunctive</i> in the other.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec368"><b>368.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Petit atque hortâtur ut ipse dîcat. 2. Caesar +Helvêtiîs imperrâvit nê per prôvinciam +iter facerent. 3. Caesar nôn iussit Helvêtiôs per +prôvinciam iter facere. 4. Ille cîvibus persuâsit +ut dê fînibus suîs discêderent. 5. Caesar +prîncipês monêbit nê proelium committant. +6. Postulâvit nê cum Helvêtiîs aut cum +eôrum sociîs bellum gererent. 7. Ab iîs +quaesîvî nê proficîscerentur. 8. Iîs +persuâdêre nôn potuî ut domî +manêrent.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Who ordered Cæsar to make the march? (<i>Write this +sentence both with</i> <b>imperô</b> <i>and with</i> +<b>iubeô</b>.) 2. The faithless scouts persuaded him to set +out at daybreak. 3. They will ask him not to inflict punishment. +4. He demanded that they come to the camp. 5. He advised them +to tell everything (<b>omnia</b>).</p> + +<p> +Note. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must +be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review <a href = +"#sec352">§ 352</a>.</p> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXIV"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: legion on the march<br> +Caption: LEGIO ITER FACIT]</p> + + +<a name = "page160"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXV"> +LESSON LXV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF <i>POSSUM</i> · VERBS +OF FEARING</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec369"><b>369.</b></a> +Learn the subjunctive of <b>possum</b> (<a href = +"#sec495">§ 495</a>), and note especially the position of the +accent.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec370"><b>370.</b></a> +<b>Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.</b> We have learned that what we +want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause of +purpose. In this class belong also <i>clauses after verbs of +fearing</i>, for we fear either that something will happen or that it +will not, and we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a +thing to happen and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is +introduced by <b>ut</b>. If we do not want it to happen and fear that it +will, <b>nê</b> is used. Owing to a difference between the English +and Latin idiom we translate <b>ut</b> after a verb of fearing by +<i>that not</i>, and <b>nê</b> by <i>that</i> or <i>lest</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec371"><b>371.</b></a> +EXAMPLES</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>timeô</b><br> +<b>timêbô</b><br> +<b>timuerô</b><br> +</td> +<td> +<b>ut</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>veniat</b><br> + <br> +<b>vênerit</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center"> +<i>I fear, shall fear, shall have feared, that he will not come, has not +come</i></p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>timêbam</b><br> +<b>timuî</b><br> +<b>timueram</b><br> +</td> +<td> +<b>ut</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>venîret</b><br> + <br> +<b>vênisset</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center"> +<i>I was fearing</i>, <i>feared</i>, <i>had feared</i>, <i>that he would +not come</i>, <i>had not come</i></p> + +<p>The same examples with <b>nê</b> instead of <b>ut</b> would be +translated <i>I fear that</i> or <i>lest he will come</i>, <i>has +come</i>, etc.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec372"><b>372.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.</b> <i>Verbs of fearing are +followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by <b>ut</b> +(<b>that not</b>) or <b>nê</b> (<b>that</b> or +<b>lest</b>).</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "page161"> </a> +<a name = "sec373"><b>373.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Caesar verêbâtur ut supplicium +captîvôrum Gallîs placêret. +2. Rômânî ipsî magnopere verêbantur +nê Helvêtiî iter per prôvinciam facerent. +3. Timêbant ut satis reî frûmentâriae +mittî posset. 4. Vereor ut hostium impetum sustinêre +possim. 5. Timuit nê impedîmenta ab hostibus capta +essent. 6. Caesar numquam timuit nê legiônês +vincerentur. 7. Legiônês pugnâre nôn +timuêrunt.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +1. Distinguish between what one is afraid <i>to do</i> (complementary +infinitive as here) and what one is afraid <i>will take place</i> or +<i>has taken place</i> (substantive clause with the subjunctive). +</blockquote> + +<p>II. 1. We fear that they are not coming. 2. We fear lest they +are coming. 3. We feared that they had come. 4. We feared that +they had not come. 5. They feared greatly that the camp could not +be defended. 6. Almost all feared<sup>1</sup> to leave the +camp.</p> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXV"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXVI"> +LESSON LXVI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE PARTICIPLES</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec374"><b>374.</b></a> +The Latin verb has the following Participles:1</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "5">ACTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Present</td> +<td>amâ<b>ns</b><br> +<i>loving</i></td> +<td>monê<b>ns</b><br> +<i>advising</i></td> +<td>regê<b>ns</b><br> +<i>ruling</i></td> +<td>capiê<b>ns</b><br> +<i>taking</i></td> +<td>audiê<b>ns</b><br> +<i>hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Future</td> +<td>amât<b>ûrus</b><br> +<i>about to love</i></td> +<td>monit<b>ûrus</b><br> +<i>about to advise</i></td> +<td>rêct<b>ûrus</b><br> +<i>about to rule</i></td> +<td>capt<b>ûrus</b><br> +<i>about to take</i></td> +<td>audît<b>ûrus</b><br> +<i>about to hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "5">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Perfect</td> +<td>amât<b>us</b><br> +<i>loved, having been loved</i></td> +<td>monit<b>us</b><br> +<i>advised, having been advised</i></td> +<td>rêct<b>us</b><br> +<i>ruled, having been ruled</i></td> +<td>capt<b>us</b><br> +<i>taken, having been taken</i></td> +<td>audît<b>us</b><br> +<i>heard, having been heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Future<sup>2</sup></td> +<td>ama<b>ndus</b><br> +<i>to be loved</i></td> +<td>mone<b>ndus</b><br> +<i>to be advised</i></td> +<td>rege<b>ndus</b><br> +<i>to be ruled</i></td> +<td>capie<b>ndus</b><br> +<i>to be taken</i></td> +<td>audie<b>ndus</b><br> +<i>to be heard</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. Review <a href = "#sec203">§ 203</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. The future passive participle is often called the <i>gerundive</i>. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "page162"> </a> +<i>a.</i> The present active and future passive participles are formed +from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive +participles are formed from the participial stem.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The present active participle is formed by adding <b>-ns</b> +to the present stem. In <b>-iô</b> verbs of the third conjugation, +and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of +<b>-ê-</b>, as <b>capi-ê-ns</b>, <b>audi-ê-ns</b>. It +is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. +(Cf. <a href = "#sec256">§ 256</a>.)</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"><b>amâns</b>, +<i>loving</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">Base <b>amant-</b> +</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">Stem <b>amanti-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>amâ<b>ns</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>ns</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntês</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ntis</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntis</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntium</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ntî</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntî</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntibus</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ntem</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>ns</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntîs</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ês</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ntî</b> <i>or</i> <b>-e</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntî</b> <i>or</i> <b>-e</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntibus</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in +<b>-î</b>; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in +<b>-e</b>.</p> + +<p>(2) In a similar way decline <b>monêns</b>, +<b>regêns</b>, <b>capiêns</b>, <b>audiêns</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> The future active participle is formed by adding +<b>-ûrus</b> to the base of the participial stem. We have already +met this form combined with <b>esse</b> to produce the future active +infinitive. (Cf. <a href = "#sec206">§ 206</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> For the perfect passive participle see <a href = +"#sec201">§ 201</a>. The future passive participle or +gerundive is formed by adding <b>-ndus</b> to the present stem.</p> + +<p> +<i>e.</i> All participles in <b>-us</b> are declined like +<b>bonus</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>f.</i> Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.</p> + +<p> +<i>g.</i> Give all the participles of the following verbs: +<b>cûrô</b>, <b>iubeô</b>, <b>sûmô</b>, +<b>iaciô</b>, <b>mûniô</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec375"><b>375.</b></a> +<b>Participles of Deponent Verbs.</b> Deponent verbs have the +participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently +every deponent verb has four participles, as,</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres. Act.</i></td> +<td><b>hortâns</b>, <i>urging</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut. Act.</i></td> +<td><b>hortâtûrus</b>, <i>about to urge</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf. Pass.</i> (in form)</td> +<td><b>hortâtus</b>, <i>having urged</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut. Pass.</i> (<i>Gerundive</i>)</td> +<td><b>hortandus</b>, <i>to be urged</i> +</table> + +<a name = "page163"> </a> +<p> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is +passive in form but <i>active</i> in meaning. <i>No other verbs have a +perfect active participle.</i> On the other hand, the future passive +participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other +verbs.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Give the participles of <b>cônor</b>, <b>vereor</b>, +<b>sequor</b>, <b>patior</b>, <b>partior</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec376"><b>376.</b></a> +<b>Tenses of the Participle.</b> The tenses express time as follows:</p> + +<p>1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present +active participle in <i>-ing</i>, but can be used only of an action +occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, +<b>mîlitês însequentês cêpêrunt +multôs</b>, <i>the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many.</i> +Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.</p> + +<p>2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly +passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without +the auxiliary <i>having been</i>; as, <b>audîtus</b>, <i>heard</i> +or <i>having been heard</i>.</p> + +<p>3. The future active participle, translated <i>about to</i>, etc., +denotes time after the action of the main verb.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec377"><b>377.</b></a> +Review <a href = "#sec203">§§ 203</a>, <a href = +"#sec204">204</a>, and, note the following model sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Mîlitês currentês erant +dêfessî</b>, <i>the soldiers who were running</i> (lit. +<i>running</i>) <i>were weary</i>.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Caesar profectûrus Rômam nôn +exspectâvit</b>, <i>Cæsar, when about to set out</i> (lit. +<i>about to set out</i>) <i>for Rome, did not wait</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Oppidum captum vîdimus</b>, <i>we saw the town which had +been captured</i> (lit. <i>captured town</i>).</p> + +<p>4. <b>Imperâtor trîduum morâtus profectus est</b>, +<i>the general, since</i> (<i>when</i>, or <i>after</i>) <i>he had +delayed</i> (lit. <i>the general, having delayed</i>) <i>three days, set +out</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <b>Mîlitês vîctî terga nôn +vertêrunt</b>, <i>the soldiers, though they were conquered</i> +(lit. <i>the soldiers conquered</i>), <i>did not retreat</i>.</p> + +<p>In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle +is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation +usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (<i>when, +since, after, though</i>, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each +case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a +rule, translate the participle literally.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page164"> </a> +<a name = "sec378"><b>378.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Puer timêns nê capiâtur fugit. 2. Aquila +îrâ commôta avîs reliquâs interficere +cônâta erat. 3. Mîlitês ab hostibus +pressî têla iacere nôn potuêrunt. 4. Caesar +decimam legiônem laudâtûrus ad prîmum agmen +prôgressus est. 5. Imperâtor hortâtus +equitês ut fortiter pugnârent signum proeliô dedit. +6. Mîlitês hostîs octô milia passuum +însecûtî multîs cum captîvîs ad +castra revertêrunt. 7. Sôl oriêns multôs +interfectôs vîdit. 8. Rômânî +cônsilium audâx suspicâtî barbaris +sêsê nôn commîsêrunt. 9. Nâvis +ê portû êgressa nûllô in +perîculô erat.</p> + +<p>II.3 1. The army was in very great danger while marching through the +enemy's country. 2. Frightened by the length of the way, they +longed for home. 3. When the scouts were about to set out, they +heard the shouts of victory. 4. When we had delayed many days, we +set fire to the buildings and departed. 5. While living at Rome I +heard orators much better than these. 6. The soldiers who are +fighting across the river are no braver than we.</p> + +<blockquote> +3. In this exercise use participles for the subordinate clauses. +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXVI"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXVII"> +LESSON LXVII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE IRREGULAR VERBS <i>VOLÔ</i>, +<i>NÔLÔ</i>, <i>MÂLÔ</i> · THE ABLATIVE +WITH A PARTICIPLE, OR ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec379"><b>379.</b></a> +Learn the principal parts and conjugation of <b>volô</b>, +<i>wish</i>; <b>nôlô</b> (<b>ne</b> + <b>volô</b>), +<i>be unwilling</i>; <b>mâlô</b> (<b>magis</b> + +<b>volô</b>), <i>be more willing, prefer</i> (<a href = +"#sec497">§ 497</a>). Note the irregularities in the present +indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect +subjunctive. (Cf. <a href = "#sec354">§ 354</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or +without a subject accusative; as, <b>volunt venîre</b>, <i>they +wish to come</i>; <b>volunt amîcôs venîre</b>, <i>they +wish their friends to come</i>. The English usage is the +same.<sup>1</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +1. Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See +<a href = "#sec366">§ 366</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec380"><b>380.</b></a> +Observe the following sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Magistrô laudante omnês puerî +dîligenter labôrant</b>, <i>with the teacher praising</i>, +or <i>since the teacher praises</i>, or <i>the teacher praising, all the +boys labor diligently.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "page165"> </a> +2. <b>Caesare dûcente nêmô prôgredî +timet</b>, <i>with Cæsar leading</i>, or <i>when Cæsar +leads</i>, or <i>if Cæsar leads</i>, or <i>Cæsar leading, no +one fears to advance.</i></p> + +<p>3. <b>His rêbus cognitîs mîlitês +fûgêrunt</b>, <i>when this was known</i>, or <i>since this +was known</i>, or <i>these things having been learned, the soldiers +fled.</i></p> + +<p>4. <b>Proeliô commissô multî vulnerâtî +sunt</b>, <i>after the battle had begun</i>, or <i>when the battle had +begun</i>, or <i>the battle having been joined, many were +wounded.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in +English by the preposition <i>with</i> (cf. <a href = +"#sec50">§ 50</a>). In each of the sentences above we have a +noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative, and the translation +shows that in each instance the ablative expresses <i>attendant +circumstance</i>. For example, in the first sentence the circumstance +attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise +of the teacher. This is clearly a <i>with</i> relation, and the ablative +is the case to use.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are +absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. If we +were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we should use +the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the construction is +called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a Participle. This +form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin, but rather rare in +English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the English absolute +construction to translate the ablative abolute. The attendant +circumstance may be one of <i>time</i> (when or after), or one of +<i>cause</i> (since), or one of <i>concession</i> (though), or one of +<i>condition</i> (if). In each case try to discover the precise +relation, and tranlate the ablative and its participle by a clause which +will best express the thought.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec381"><b>381.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative Absolute.</b> <i>The ablative of a noun or pronoun +with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express +attendant circumstance.</i></p> + +<p> +Note 1. The verb <b>sum</b> has no present participle. In consequence we +often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute +with no participle expressed; as, <b>tê duce</b>, <i>you</i> +(being) <i>leader</i>, <i>with you as leader</i>; <b>patre +înfirmô</b>, <i>my father</i> (being) <i>weak</i>.</p> + +<p> +Note 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and +participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare</p> + +<p> +<i>a</i>. <i>The Gauls, having been conquered by Cæsar, returned +home</i><br> +<i>b</i>. <i>The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, the army +returned home</i> +</p> + +<p> +In <i>a</i> the subject is <i>The Gauls having been conquered by +Cæsar</i>, and we translate,</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Gallî â Caesare victi domum revertêrunt</b> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page166"> </a> +In <i>b</i> the subject is <i>the army</i>. <i>The Gauls having been +conquered by Cæsar</i> is nominative absolute in English, which +requires the ablative absolute in Latin, and we translate, + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Gallîs â Caesare victîs exercitus domum +revertit</b> +</p> + +<p> +Note 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active +participle (cf. <a href = "#sec375">§ 375. <i>a</i></a>) +often compels a change of voice when translating from one language to +the other. For example, we can translate <i>Cæsar having +encouraged the legions</i> just as it stands, because <b>hortor</b> is a +deponent verb. But if we wish to say <i>Cæsar having conquered the +Gauls</i>, we have to change the voice of the participle to the passive +because <b>vincô</b> is not deponent, and say, <i>the Gauls having +been conquered by Cæsar</i> (see translation above).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec382"><b>382.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Mâvîs, nôn vîs, vultis, nôlumus. +2. Ut nôlit, ut vellêmus, ut mâlit. +3. Nôlî, velle, nôluisse, mâlle. +4. Vult, mâvultis, ut nôllet, nôlîte. +5. Sôle oriente, avês cantâre +incêpêrunt. 6. Clâmôribus +audîtîs, barbarî prôgredî +recûsâbant. 7. Caesare legiônês +hortâtô, mîlitês paulô fortius +pugnâvêrunt. 8. Hîs rêbus cognitîs, +Helvêtiî fînitimîs persuâsêrunt ut +sêcum iter facerent. 9. Labôribus +cônfectîs, mîlitês â Caesare +quaerêbant ut sibi praemia daret. 10. Conciliô +convocâtô, prîncipês ita respondêrunt. +11. Dux plûrîs diês in Helvêtiôrum +fînibus morâns multôs vîcôs incendit. +12. Magnitûdine Germânôrum cognitâ, +quîdam ex Rômânis timêbant. +13. Mercâtôribus rogâtîs, Caesar +nihilô plûs reperîre potuit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. He was unwilling, lest they prefer, they have wished. +2. You prefer, that they might be unwilling, they wish. 3. We +wish, they had preferred, that he may prefer. 4. Cæsar, when +he heard the rumor (<i>the rumor having been heard</i>), commanded +(<b>imperâre</b>) the legions to advance more quickly. +5. Since Cæsar was leader, the men were willing to make the +journey. 6. A few, terrified<sup>2</sup> by the reports which they +had heard, preferred to remain at home. 7. After these had been +left behind, the rest hastened as quickly as possible. 8. After +Cæsar had undertaken the business (<i>Cæsar, the business +having been undertaken</i>), he was unwilling to delay +longer.<sup>3</sup></p> + +<blockquote> +2. Would the ablative absolute be correct here? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Not <b>longius</b>. Why? +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXVII"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<a name = "page167"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXVIII"> +LESSON LXVIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE IRREGULAR VERB <i>FÎÔ</i> +· THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec383"><b>383.</b></a> +The verb <b>fîô</b>, <i>be made, happen</i>, serves as the +passive of <b>faciô</b>, <i>make</i>, in the present system. The +rest of the verb is formed regularly from <b>faciô</b>. Learn the +principal parts and conjugation (<a href = +"#sec500">§ 500</a>). Observe that the <b>i</b> is long except +before <b>-er</b> and in <b>fit</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The compounds of <b>facio</b> with prepositions usually form +the passive regularly, as,</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><i>Active</i></td> +<td><b>cônficiô, cônficere, cônfêcî, +cônfectus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Passive</i></td> +<td><b>cônficior, cônficî, cônfectus +sum</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec384"><b>384.</b></a> +Observe the following sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Terror erat tantus ut omnês fugerent</b>, <i>the terror +was so great that all fled.</i><br> +2. <b>Terror erat tantus ut nôn facile mîlitês +sêsê reciperent</b>, <i>the terror was so great that the +soldiers did not easily recover themselves.</i><br> +3. <b>Terror fêcit ut omnês fugerent</b>, <i>terror caused +all to flee</i> (lit. <i>made that all fled</i>).</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Each of these sentences is complex, containing a principal +clause and a subordinate clause.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The principal clause names a cause and the subordinate clause +states the <i>consequence</i> or <i>result</i> of this cause.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> The subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive, though +it is translated like an indicative. The construction is called the +<i>subjunctive of consequence or result</i>, and the clause is called a +consecutive or result clause.</p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> In the last example the clause of result is the object of the +verb <b>fêcit</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>e.</i> The conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause +is <b>ut</b> = <i>so that</i>; negative, <b>ut nôn</b> = <i>so +that not</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec385"><b>385.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Subjunctive of Result.</b> <i>Consecutive clauses of result are +introduced by <b>ut</b> or <b>ut nôn</b> and have the verb in the +subjunctive.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec386"><b>386.</b></a> +Rule. <i>Object clauses of result with <b>ut</b> or <b>ut nôn</b> +are found after verbs of <b>effecting</b> or <b>bringing +about</b>.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec387"><b>387.</b></a> +<b>Purpose and Result Clauses Compared.</b> There is great similarity in +the expression of purpose and of result in Latin. If +<a name = "page168"> </a> +the sentence is affirmative, both purpose and result clauses may be +introduced by <b>ut</b>; but if the sentence is negative, the purpose +clause has <b>nê</b> and the result clause <b>ut nôn</b>. +Result clauses are often preceded in the main clause by such words as +<b>tam</b>, <b>ita</b>, <b>sic</b> (<i>so</i>), and these serve to point +them out. Compare</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><i>a.</i></td> +<td> +<b>Tam graviter vulnerâtus est ut caperêtur</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>He was so severely wounded that he was captured</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>b.</i></td> +<td> +<b>Graviter vulnerâtus est ut caperêtur</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Which sentence contains a result clause, and how is it pointed out?</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec388"><b>388.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Fit, fîet, ut fîat, fîêbâmus. 2. +Fîô, fîês, ut fierent, fierî, fîunt. +3. Fîêtis, ut fîâmus, fîs, +fîemus. 4. Mîlitês erant tam tardî ut ante +noctem in castra nôn pervenîrent. 5. Sôl facit ut +omnia sint pulchra. 6. Eius modî perîcula erant ut +nêmô proficîscî vellet. 7. Equitês +hostium cum equitâtû nostrô in itinere +contendêrunt, ita tamen<sup>1</sup> ut nostrî omnibus in +partibus superiôrês essent. 8. Virtûs +mîlitum nostrôrum fêcit ut hostês nê +ûnum quidem<sup>2</sup> impetum sustinêrent. +9. Hominês erant tam audâcês ut nûllô +modô continêrî possent. 10. Spatium erat tam +parvum ut mîlitês têla iacere nôn facile +possent. 11. Hôc proeliô factô barbarî ita +perterritî sunt ut ab ultimîs gentibus +lêgâtî ad Caesarem mitterentur. 12. Hoc proelium +factum est nê lêgâtî ad Caesarem +mitterentur.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>ita tamen</b>, <i>with such a result however</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>nê ... quidem</b>, <i>not even</i>. The emphatic word is +placed between. +</blockquote> + +<p>II. 1. It will happen, they were being made, that it may happen. +2. It happens, he will be made, to happen. 3. They are made, +we were being made, lest it happen. 4. The soldiers are so brave +that they conquer. 5. The soldiers are brave in order that they may +conquer. 6. The fortification was made so strong that it could not +be taken. 7. The fortification was made strong in order that it +might not be taken. 8. After the town was taken,<sup>3</sup> the +townsmen feared that they would be made slaves. 9. What state is so +weak that it is unwilling to defend itself?</p> + +<blockquote> +3. Ablative absolute. +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXVIII"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<a name = "page169"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXIX"> +LESSON LXIX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC OR DESCRIPTION +· THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec389"><b>389.</b></a> +Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of the +subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description.</p> + +<p>This construction is illustrated in the following sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Quis est quî suam domum nôn amet?</b> <i>who is +there who does not love his own home?</i><br> +2. <b>Erant quî hoc facere nôllent</b>, <i>there were (some) +who were unwilling to do this.</i><br> +3. <b>Tû nôn is es quî amîcôs +trâdâs</b>, <i>you are not such a one as to</i>, or <i>you +are not the man to, betray your friends.</i><br> +4. <b>Nihil videô quod timeam</b>, <i>I see nothing to fear</i> +(nothing of such as character as to fear it).</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause +which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is. To express +this thought the subjunctive is used. A relative clause that merely +states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the indicative. +Compare the sentences</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<i>Cæsar is the man who is leading us</i>, <b>Caesar est is +quî nôs dûcit</b><br> +(mere statement of fact, no description, with the indicative)<br> +<i>Cæsar is the man to lead us</i>, <b>Caesar est is quî +nôs dûcat</b><br> +(descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive) +</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Observe that in this construction a demonstrative pronoun and +a relative, as is <b>quî</b>, are translated <i>such a one as to, +the man to</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> In which of the following sentences would you use the +indicative and in which the subjunctive?</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<i>These are not the men who did this</i><br> +<i>These are not the men to do this</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec390"><b>390.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Subjunctive of Characteristic.</b> <i>A relative clause with +the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called +the <b>subjunctive of characteristic or description</b>.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "page170"> </a> +<a name = "sec391"><b>391.</b></a> +Observe the sentences</p> + +<p> +1. Rômânî <b>Caesarem cônsulem</b> +fêcêrunt, <i>the Romans made <b>Cæsar +consul</b></i>.<br> +2. <b>Caesar cônsul</b> â Rômânîs factus +est, <i><b>Cæsar</b> was made <b>consul</b> by the Romans</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Observe in 1 that the transitive verb +<b>fêcêrunt</b>, <i>made</i>, has two objects: (1) the +direct object, <b>Caesarem</b>; (2) a second object, +<b>cônsulem</b>, referring to the same person as the direct object +and completing the predicate. The second accusative is called a +Predicate Accusative.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Observe in 2 that when the verb is changed to the passive both +of the accusatives become nominatives, the <i>direct object</i> becoming +the <i>subject</i> and the <i>predicate accusative</i> the <i>predicate +nominative</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec392"><b>392.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Two Accusatives.</b> <i>Verbs of <b>making</b>, +<b>choosing</b>, <b>calling</b>, <b>showing</b>, and the like, may take +a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the passive +voice the two accusatives become nominatives.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec393"><b>393.</b></a> +The verbs commonly found with two accusatives are</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>creo, creâre, creâvî, creâtus</b>, +</td> +<td><i>choose</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>appellô, appellâre, appellâvî, +appellâtus</b> <br> +<b>nôminô, nôminâre, nôminâvî, +nôminâtus</b> <br> +<b>vocô, vocâre, vocâvî, vocâtus</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>call</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>faciô, facere, fêcî, factus</b>, +</td> +<td><i>make</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec394"><b>394.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. In Germâniae silvis sunt<sup>1</sup> multa genera +ferârum quae reliquîs in locîs nôn vîsa +sint. 2. Erant<sup>1</sup> itinera duo quibus Helvêtiî +domô discêdere possent. 3. Erat<sup>1</sup> manus +nûlla, nûllum oppidum, nûllum praesidium quod sê +armîs dêfenderet. 4. Tôtô +frûmentô raptô, domî nihil erat quô mortem +prohibêre possent. 5. Rômânî Galbam ducem +creâvêrunt et summâ celeritâte profectî +sunt. 6. Neque erat<sup>1</sup> tantae multitûdinis quisquam +quî morârî vellet. 7. Germânî +nôn iî sunt quî adventum Caesaris vereantur. +8. Cônsulibus occîsîs erant quî<sup>2</sup> +vellent +<a name = "page171"> </a> +cum rêgem creâre. 9. Pâce factâ erat +nêmô quî arma trâdere nôllet. +10. Inter Helvêtiôs quis erat quî nôbilior +illô esset?</p> + +<p>II. 1. The Romans called the city Rome. 2. The city was called +Rome by the Romans. 3. The better citizens wished to choose him +king. 4. The brave soldier was not the man to run. 5. There +was no one <sup>3</sup>to call me friend. 6. These are not the men +to<sup>4</sup> betray their friends. 7. There were (some) who +called him the bravest of all.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Remember that when the verb <b>sum</b> precedes its subject it is +translated <i>there is</i>, <i>there are</i>, <i>there were</i>, etc. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>erant quî</b>, <i>there were</i> (some) <i>who</i>. A wholly +indefinite antecedent of <b>quî</b> does not need to be expressed. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. A relative clause of characteristic or description. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. See <a href = "#sec389">§ 389.b</a>. +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXIX"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<hr> + +<p align = "center"> +<a href = "#review_VIII"> +Eighth Review, Lessons LXI-LXIX, §§ 527-528</a></p> + +<hr> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXX"> +LESSON LXX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE CONJUNCTION <i>CUM</i> +· THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec395"><b>395.</b></a> +The conjunction <b>cum</b> has the following meanings and +constructions:</p> + +<p> +<b>cum</b> temporal = <i>when</i>, followed by the indicative or the +subjunctive<br> +<b>cum</b> causal = <i>since</i>, followed by the subjunctive<br> +<b>cum</b> concessive = <i>although</i>, followed by the subjunctive +</p> + +<p>As you observe, the mood after <b>cum</b> is sometimes indicative and +sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study +of the following sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Caesarem vîdî tum cum in Galliâ eram</b>, +<i>I saw Cæsar at the time when I was in Gaul</i>.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Caesar in eôs impetum fêcit cum pâcem +peterent</b>, <i>Cæsar made an attack upon them when they were +seeking peace</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Hoc erat difficile cum paucî sine vulneribus essent</b>, +<i>this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <b>Cum prîmî ôrdinês fûgissent, +tamen reliquî fortiter cônsistêbant</b>, <i>though the +front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood their ground</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf. +<a href = "#sec389">§ 389.a</a>). When the <b>cum</b> clause +states a fact and simply <i>fixes the time</i> at which the main action +took place, the indicative mood is used. So, in the first example, +<b>cum in Galliâ eram</b> fixes the time when I saw +Cæsar.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page172"> </a> +<i>b.</i> On the other hand, when the <b>cum</b> clause <i>describes the +circumstances</i> under which the main act took place, the subjunctive +mood is used. So, in the second example, the principal clause states +that Cæsar made an attack, and the <b>cum</b> clause describes the +circumstances under which this act occurred. The idea of <i>time</i> is +also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of <i>description</i>. +Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of <i>cause</i> and we translate +<b>cum</b> by <i>since</i>; sometimes it denotes <i>concession</i> and +<b>cum</b> is translated <i>although</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec396"><b>396.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Constructions with <i>Cum</i></b>. <i>The conjunction +<b>cum</b> means <b>when</b>, <b>since</b>, or <b>although</b>. It is +followed by the subjunctive unless it means <b>when</b> and its clause +fixes the time at which the main action took place.</i></p> + +<p> +Note. <b>Cum</b> in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much +more common than its use with the indicative.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec397"><b>397.</b></a> +Note the following sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Oppidum erat parvum magnitûdine sed magnum +multitûdine hominum</b>, <i>the town was small in size but great +in population</i>.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Homô erat corpore înfîrmus sed validus +animô</b>, <i>the man was weak in body but strong in +courage</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Observe that <b>magnitûdine</b>, +<b>multitûdine</b>, <b>corpore</b>, and <b>animô</b> tell +<i>in what respect</i> something is true. The relation is one covered by +the ablative case, and the construction is called the <i>ablative of +specification</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec398"><b>398.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of Specification.</b> <i>The ablative is used to +denote <b>in what respect</b> something is true.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec399"><b>399.</b></a> +IDIOMS</p> + +<p> +<b>aliquem certiôrem facere</b>, <i>to inform some one</i> (lit. +<i>to make some one more certain</i>)<br> +<b>certior fierî</b>, <i>to be informed</i> (lit. <i>to be made +more certain</i>)<br> +<b>iter dare</b>, <i>to give a right of way, allow to pass</i><br> +<b>obsidês inter sê dare</b>, <i>to give hostages to each +other</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec400"><b>400.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Helvêtiî cum patrum nostrôrum tempore +domô prefectî essent, cônsulis exercitum in fugam +dederant. 2. Cum Caesar in Galliam vênit, +Helvêtiî aliôs agrôs petêbant. +3. Caesar cum in citeriôre Gallia esset, tamen dê +Helvêtiôrum cônsiliîs certior +fîêbat. +<a name = "page173"> </a> +4. Cum Helvêtiî bellô clârissimî essent, +Caesar iter per prôvinciam dare recûsâvit. +5. Lêgâtus cum haec audîvisset, Caesarem +certiôrem fecit. 6. Cum principês inter sê +obsidês darent, Rômânî bellum +parâvêrunt. 7. Caesar, cum id nûntiâtum +esset, mâtûrat ab urbe proficîscî. +8. Nê virtûte quidem Gallî erant parês +Germânis. 9. Caesar neque corpore neque animô +înfîrmus erat. 10. Illud bellum tum incêpit cum +Caesar fuit cônsul.</p> + +<p> +Observe in each case what mood follows <b>cum</b>, and try to give the +reasons for its use. In the third sentence the <b>cum</b> clause is +concessive, in the fourth and sixth causal.</p> + +<p>II. 1. That battle was fought at the time when (<b>tum cum</b>) I was +at Rome. 2. Though the horsemen were few in number, nevertheless +they did not retreat. 3. When the camp had been sufficiently +fortified, the enemy returned home. 4. Since the tribes are giving +hostages to each other, we shall inform Cæsar. 5. The Gauls +and the Germans are very unlike in language and laws.</p> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXX"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXXI"> +LESSON LXXI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE GERUND AND +GERUNDIVE · THE PREDICATE GENITIVE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec401"><b>401.</b></a> +Review the word lists in <a href = "#sec510">§§ 510</a>, +<a href = "#sec511">511</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec402"><b>402.</b></a> +<b>The Gerund.</b> Suppose we had to translate the sentence</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<i>By overcoming the Gauls Cæsar won great glory</i> +</p> + +<p>We can see that <i>overcoming</i> here is a verbal noun corresponding +to the English infinitive in <i>-ing</i>, and that the thought calls for +the ablative of means. To translate this by the Latin infinitive would +be impossible, because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has +no ablative case form. Latin, however, has another verbal noun of +corresponding meaning, called the <b>gerund</b>, declined as a neuter of +the second declension in the <i>genitive</i>, <i>dative</i>, +<i>accusative</i>, and <i>ablative singular</i>, and thus supplying the +cases that the infinitive lacks.<sup>1</sup> Hence, to +<a name = "page174"> </a> +decline in Latin the verbal noun <i>overcoming</i>, we should use the +infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the other cases, as +follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>superâre</b></td> +<td><i>overcoming</i><br> +<i>to overcome</i></td> +<td>Infinitive</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Gen.</i><br> +<i>Dat.</i><br> +<i>Acc.</i><br> +<i>Abl.</i> +</td> +<td colspan = "2"><p> +<b>superandî</b>, <i>of overcoming</i><br> +<b>superandô</b>, <i>for overcoming</i><br> +<b>superandum</b>, <i>overcoming</i><br> +<b>superandô</b>, <i>by overcoming</i></td> +<td>Gerund</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Like the infinitive, the gerund governs the same case as the verb +from which it is derived. So the sentence given above becomes in +Latin</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<b>Superandô Gallôs Caesar magnam glôriam +reportâvit</b> +</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Sometimes, however, the infinitive is used as an accusative. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec403"><b>403.</b></a> +The gerund<sup>2</sup> is formed by adding <b>-ndî, -ndô, +-ndum, -ndô</b>, to the present stem, which is shortened or +otherwise changed, as shown below:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "5"> +Paradigm of the Gerund +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>CONJ. I</td> +<td>CONJ. II</td> +<td colspan = "2">CONJ. III</td> +<td>CONJ. IV</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ndî</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ndî</b></td> +<td>rege<b>ndî</b></td> +<td>capie<b>ndî</b></td> +<td>audie<b>ndî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ndô</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ndô</b></td> +<td>rege<b>ndô</b></td> +<td>capie<b>ndô</b></td> +<td>audie<b>ndô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ndum</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ndum</b></td> +<td>rege<b>ndum</b></td> +<td>capie<b>ndum</b></td> +<td>audie<b>ndum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ndô</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ndô</b></td> +<td>rege<b>ndô</b></td> +<td>capie<b>ndô</b></td> +<td>audie<b>ndô</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Give the gerund of <b>cûrô</b>, +<b>dêleô</b>, <b>sûmô</b>, <b>iaciô</b>, +<b>veniô</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Deponent verbs have the gerund of the active voice (see <a +href = "#sec493">§ 493</a>). Give the gerund of +<b>cônor</b>, <b>vereor</b>, <b>sequor</b>, <b>patior</b>, +<b>partior</b>.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. The gerund is the neuter singular of the future passive participle +used as a noun, and has the same formation. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec374">§ 374. <i>d</i></a>.) +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec404"><b>404.</b></a> +<b>The Gerundive.</b> The gerundive is the name given to the future +passive participle (<a href = +"#sec374">§ 374. <i>d</i></a>) when the participle +approaches the meaning of a verbal noun and is translated like a gerund. +It is the adjective corresponding to the gerund. For example, to +translate <i>the plan of waging war</i>, we may use the gerund with its +direct object and say <b>cônsilium gerendî bellum</b>; or we +may use the gerundive and say <b>cônsilium bellî +gerendî</b>, which means, literally, <i>the plan of the war to be +waged</i>, but which came to have the same force as the gerund with its +object, and was even preferred to it.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page175"> </a> +<a name = "sec405"><b>405.</b></a> +Compare the following parallel uses of the gerund and gerundive:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Gerund</th> +<th>Gerundive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td> +<b>Spês faciendî pâcem</b><br> +<i>The hope of making peace</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Spês faciendae pâcis</b><br> +<i>The hope of making peace</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td> +<b>Locus idôneus pugnandô</b><br> +<i>A place suitable for fighting</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Locus idôneus castrîs pônendîs</b><br> +<i>A place suitable for pitching camp</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td> +<b>Mîsit equitês ad însequendum</b><br> +<i>He sent horsemen to pursue</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Mîsit equitês ad însequendôs +hostîs</b><br> +<i>He sent horsemen to pursue the enemy</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td> +<b>Nârrandô fâbulâs magister puerîs +placuit</b><br> +<i>The teacher pleased the boys by telling stories</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Nârrandîs fâbulîs magister puerîs +placuit</b><br> +<i>The teacher pleased the boys by telling stories</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> We observe</p> + +<p> +(1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective.</p> + +<p> +(2) That the gerund, being a noun, may stand alone or with an +object.</p> + +<p> +(3) That the gerundive, being an adjective, is used only in agreement +with a noun.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec406"><b>406.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Gerund and Gerundive.</b> 1. <i>The Gerund is a verbal +noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative +singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as +those of other nouns.</i></p> + +<p>2. <i>The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of +gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a +preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more +usual.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec407"><b>407.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Gerund or Gerundive of Purpose.</b> <i>The accusative of the +gerund or gerundive with</i> <b>ad</b>, <i>or the genitive with +<b>causâ</b><sup>3</sup> (= for the sake of), is used to express +purpose.</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Gerund</th> +<th>Gerundive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>Ad audiendum vênêrunt</b> or<br> +<b>Audiendî causâ vênêrunt</b><br> +<i>They came to hear</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Ad urbem videndam vênêrunt</b> or<br> +<b>Urbis videndae causâ vênêrunt</b><br> +<i>They came to see the city</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>causâ</b> always <i>follows</i> the genitive. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "page176"> </a> +Note. These sentences might, of course, be written with the subjunctive +of purpose,—<b>vênêrunt ut audîrent</b>; +<b>vênêrunt ut urbem vidêrent.</b> In short +expressions, however, the gerund and gerundive of purpose are rather +more common.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec408"><b>408.</b></a> +We have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of +something is in the genitive, as, <b>equus Galbae</b>, <i>Galba's +horse.</i> If, now, we wish to express the idea <i>the horse is +Galba's</i>, Galba remains the possessor, and hence in the genitive as +before, but now stands in the predicate, as, <b>equus est Galbae</b>. +Hence this is called the predicate genitive.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec409"><b>409.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Predicate Genitive.</b> <i>The possessive genitive often stands +in the predicate, especially after the forms of <b>sum</b>, and is then +called the predicate genitive.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec410"><b>410.</b></a> +IDIOMS</p> + +<p> +<b>alîcui negôtium dare</b>, <i>to employ someone</i> (lit. +<i>to give business to some one</i>)<br> +<b>novîs rêbus studêre</b>, <i>to be eager for a +revolution</i> (lit. <i>to be eager for new things</i>)<br> +<b>reî mîlitâris perîtissimus</b>, <i>very +skillful in the art of war</i><br> +<b>sê suaque omnia</b>, <i>themselves and all their +possessions</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec411"><b>411.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Caesar cum in Galliâ bellum gereret, militibus decimae +legiônis maximê fâvit quia reî +mîlitâris perîtissimî erant. +2. Sociîs negôtium dedit reî frumentâriae +cûrandae. 3. Lêgâti nôn sôlum +audiendî causâ sed etiam dicendî causâ +vênêrunt. 4. Imperâtor iussit +explôrâtôres locum idôneum mûnindô +reperîre. 5. Nuper hae gentês novîs rêbus +studêbant; mox iîs persuâdêbô ut +Caesarî sê suaque omnia dêdant. 6. Iubêre +est regînae<sup>1</sup> et pârêre est +multitûdinis.<sup>4</sup> 7. Hôc proeliô +factô quîdam ex hostibus ad pâcem petendam +venêrunt. 8. Erant quî arma trâdere +nôllent. 9. Hostês tam celeriter prôgressî +sunt ut spatium pîla in hostîs iaciendî non +darêtur. 10. Spatium neque arma capiendî<sup>5</sup> +neque auxilî petendî<sup>2</sup> datum est.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page177"> </a> +II. 1. These ornaments <sup>6</sup>belong to Cornelia. 2. Men very +skillful in the art of war were sent <sup>7</sup>to capture the town. +3. The scouts found a hill suitable for fortifying very near to the +river. 4. Soon the cavalry will come <sup>8</sup>to seek supplies. +5. The mind of the Gauls is eager for revolution and for +undertaking wars. 6. To lead the line of battle <sup>8</sup>belongs +to the general. 7. 10Whom shall we employ to look after the grain +supply?</p> + +<blockquote> +4. Predicate genitive. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. Which of these expressions is gerund and which gerundive? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <i>belong to</i> = <i>are of</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. Use the gerundive with <b>ad</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. Use the genitive with <b>causâ</b>. Where should +<b>causâ</b> stand? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. Compare the first sentence. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. Compare the second sentence in the Latin above. +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXXI"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXXII"> +LESSON LXXII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>THE IRREGULAR VERB <i>EÔ</i> · +INDIRECT STATEMENTS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec412"><b>412.</b></a> +Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of <b>eô</b>, +<i>go</i> (<a href = "#sec499">§ 499</a>).</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Notice that <b>î-</b>, the root of <b>eô</b>, is +changed to <b>e-</b> before a vowel, excepting in <b>iêns</b>, the +nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system <b>-v-</b> +is regularly dropped.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec413"><b>413.</b></a> +Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of +<b>eô</b> with prepositions:</p> + +<p> +<b>ad´eô, adî´re, ad´iî, +ad´itus</b>, <i>go to, visit</i>, with the accusative<br> +<b>ex´eô, exî´re, ex´iî, +ex´itus</b>, <i>go forth</i>, with <b>ex</b> or <b>dê</b> +and the ablative of the place from which<br> +<b>in´eô, inî´re, in´iî, +in´itus</b>, <i>begin, enter upon</i>, with the accusative<br> +<b>red´eô, redî´re, red´iî, +red´itus</b>, <i>return</i>, with <b>ad</b> or <b>in</b> and the +accusative of the place to which<br> +<b>trâns´eô, trânsî´re, +trâns´iî, trâns´itus</b>, <i>cross</i>, +with the accusative +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec414"><b>414.</b></a> +<b>Indirect Statements in English.</b> Direct statements are those which +the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact +language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of +words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following +direct and indirect statements:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "33%"> +Direct statements +</td> +<td> +1. The Gauls are brave<br> +2. The Gauls were brave<br> +3. The Gauls will be brave +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "page178"> </a> +Indirect statements after a verb in the present tense +</td> +<td> +1. <i>He says</i> that the Gauls <i>are</i> brave<br> +2. <i>He says</i> that the Gauls <i>were</i> brave<br> +3. <i>He says</i> that the Gauls <i>will be</i> brave +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +Indirect statements after a verb in a past tense +</td> +<td> +1. <i>He said</i> that the Gauls <i>were</i> brave<br> +2. <i>He said</i> that the Gauls <i>had been</i> brave<br> +3. <i>He said</i> that the Gauls <i>would be</i> brave +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p>We see that in English</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the +conjunction <i>that</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The verb is finite (cf. <a href = +"#sec173">§ 173</a>) and its subject is in the nominative.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the +past tense, <i>He said.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec415"><b>415.</b></a> +<b>Indirect Statements in Latin.</b> In Latin the direct and indirect +statements above would be as follows:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +Direct<br> +Statements +</td> +<td> +1. <b>Gallî sunt fortês</b><br> +2. <b>Gallî erant fortês</b><br> +3. <b>Gallî erunt fortês</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +Indirect<br> +Statements +</td> +<td> +1. <b>Dîcit</b> or <b>Dîxit Gallôs esse +fortîs</b> (<i>He says</i> or <i>He said the Gauls to be +brave</i>)<sup>1</sup><br> +2. <b>Dîcit</b> or <b>Dîxit Gallôs fuisse +fortîs</b> (<i>He says</i> or <i>He said the Gauls to have been +brave</i>)<sup>1</sup><br> +3. <b>Dîcit</b> or <b>Dîxit Gallôs futûrôs +esse fortîs</b> (<i>He says</i> or <i>He said the Gauls to be +about to be brave</i>)<sup>1</sup> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but +merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin. +</blockquote> + +<p>Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the +preceding section, we observe three marked differences:</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> There is no conjunction corresponding to <i>that</i>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the +accusative.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past +tense of the principal verb.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec416"><b>416.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Indirect Statements.</b> <i>When a direct statement becomes +indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its +subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "page179"> </a> +<a name = "sec417"><b>417.</b></a> +<b>Tenses of the Infinitive.</b> When the sentences in <a href = +"#sec415">§ 415</a> were changed from the direct to the +indirect form of statement, <b>sunt</b> became <b>esse</b>, <b>erant</b> +became <b>fuisse</b>, and <b>erunt</b> became <b>futûrôs +esse</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec418"><b>418.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements.</b> <i>A present +indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the +indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future +indicative becomes future infinitive.</i></p> + +<p> +Note. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first +decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct +form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the +indirect.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec419"><b>419.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Verbs followed by Indirect Statements.</b> <i>The +accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found +after verbs of <b>saying</b>, <b>telling</b>, <b>knowing</b>, +<b>thinking</b>, and <b>perceiving</b>.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec420"><b>420.</b></a> +Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><i>a</i>.</td> +<td> +Verbs of saying and telling:<br> +<b>dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictus</b>, +<i>say</i><br> +<b>negô, negâre, negâvî, negâtus</b>, +<i>deny, say not</i><br> +<b>nûntiô, nûntiâre, nûntiâvî, +nûntiâtus</b>, <i>announce</i><br> +<b>respondeô, respondêre, respondî, +respônsus</b>, <i>reply</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>b</i>.</td> +<td> +Verbs of knowing:<br> +<b>cognôscô, cognôscere, cognôvî, +cognitus</b>, <i>learn</i>, (in the perf.) <i>know</i><br> +<b>sciô, scîre, scîvî, scîtus</b>, +<i>know</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>c</i>.</td> +<td> +Verbs of thinking:<br> +<b>arbitror, arbitrârî, arbitrâtus sum</b>, <i>think, +consider</i><br> +<b>exîstimô, exîstimâre, +exîstimâvî, exîstimâtus</b>, <i>think, +believe</i><br> +<b>iûdicô, iûdicâre, iûdicâvi, +iûdicâtus</b>, <i>judge, decide</i><br> +<b>putô, putâre, putâvî, putâtus</b>, +<i>reckon, think</i><br> +<b>spêrô, spêrâre, spêrâvi, +spêrâtus</b>, <i>hope</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>d</i>.</td> +<td> +Verbs of perceiving:<br> +<b>audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtus</b>, +<i>hear</i><br> +<b>sentiô, sentîre, sênsî, sênsus</b>, +<i>feel, perceive</i><br> +<b>videô, vidêre, vîdî, vîsus</b>, +<i>see</i><br> +<b>intellegô, intellegere, intellêxî, +intellêctus</b>, <i>understand, perceive</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page180"> </a> +<a name = "sec421"><b>421.</b></a> +IDIOMS</p> + +<p> +<b>postrîdiê eius diêî</b>, <i>on the next +day</i> (lit. <i>on the next day of that day</i>)<br> +<b>initâ aestâte</b>, <i>at the beginning of summer</i><br> +<b>memoriâ tenêre</b>, <i>to remember</i> (lit. <i>to hold +by memory</i>)<br> +<b>per explôrâtôrês cognôscere</b>, <i>to +learn through scouts</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec422"><b>422.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. It, îmus, îte, îre. 2. Euntî, iisse +<i>or</i> îsse, îbunt, eunt. 3. Eundi, ut eant, +îbitis, îs. 4. Nê îrent, î, +îbant, ierat. 5. Caesar per explorâtores cognôvit +Gallôs flûmen trânsîsse. +6. Rômânî audîvêrunt +Helvêtiôs initâ aestâte dê fînibus +suîs exitûrôs esse. 7. Legâtî +respondêrunt nêminem ante Caesarem illam însulam +adîsse. 8. Prîncipês Gallôrum dîcunt +sê nûllum cônsilium contrâ Caesaris imperium +initûrôs esse. 9. Arbitrâmur potentiam +rêgînae esse maiôrem quam cîvium. +10. Rômânî negant se lîbertâtem +Gallîs êreptûrôs esse. 11. Hîs +rêbus cognitîs sênsimus lêgâtôs non +vênisse ad pâcem petendam. 12. Helvêtii sciunt +Rômânôs priôrês victôriâs +memoriâ tenêre. 13. Sociî cum intellegerent +multôs vulnerârî, statuêrunt in suôs +fînîs redîre. 14. Aliquis nûntiâvit +Mârcum cônsulem creâtum esse.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be +slow. 2. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged +that the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong. 3. We think +that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer. +4. The next day we learned through scouts that the enemy's town was +ten miles off.<sup>2</sup> 5. The king replied that the ornaments +belonged to<sup>3</sup> the queen.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. <i>to be off, to be distant</i>, <b>abesse</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Latin, <i>were of</i> (<a href = "#sec409">§ 409</a>). +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXXII"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: trumpet<br> +Caption: TUBA]</p> + + +<a name = "page181"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXXIII"> +LESSON LXXIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE IRREGULAR VERB +<i>FERÔ</i> · THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec423"><b>423.</b></a> +Review the word lists in <a href = "#sec513">§§ 513</a>, +<a href = "#sec514">514</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec424"><b>424.</b></a> +Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb <b>ferô</b>, +<i>bear</i> (<a href = "#sec498">§ 498</a>).</p> + +<p>1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds +of ferô, <i>bear</i>:</p> + +<p> +<b>ad´ferô, adfer´re, at´tulî, +adlâ´tus</b>, <i>bring to; report</i><br> +<b>côn´ferô, cônfer´re, +con´tulî, conlâ´tus</b>, <i>bring together, +collect</i><br> +<b>dê´ferô, dêfer´re, +dê´tulî, dêlâ´tus</b>, <i>bring to; +report; grant, confer</i><br> +<b>în´ferô, înfer´re, in´tulî, +inlâ´tus</b>, <i>bring in, bring against</i><br> +<b>re´ferô, refer´re, ret´tulî, +relâ´tus</b>, <i>bear back, report</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec425"><b>425.</b></a> +The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive verbs +take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative (cf. <a +href = "#sec153">§ 153</a>). Transitive verbs take a direct +object in the accusative; but sometimes they have an indirect object or +dative as well. <i>The whole question, then, as to whether or not a verb +takes the dative, defends upon its capacity for governing an indirect +object.</i> A number of verbs, some transitive and some intransitive, +which in their simple form would not take an indirect object, when +compounded with certain prepositions, have a meaning which calls for an +indirect object. Observe the following sentences:</p> + +<p> +1. <b>Haec rês exercituî magnam calamitâtem +attulit</b>, <i>this circumstance brought great disaster to the +army.</i><br> +2. <b>Germânî Gallîs bellum înferunt</b>, <i>the +Germans make war upon the Gauls.</i><br> +3. <b>Hae côpiae proeliô nôn intererant</b>, <i>these +troops did not take part in the battle.</i><br> +4. <b>Equitês fugientibus hostibus occurrunt</b>, <i>the horsemen +meet the fleeing enemy.</i><br> +5. <b>Galba côpiîs fîlium praefêcit</b>, +<i>Galba put his son in command of the troops.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page182"> </a> +In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a +preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec426"><b>426.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Dative with Compounds.</b> <i>Some verbs compounded with +<b>ad</b>, <b>ante</b>, <b>con</b>, <b>dê</b>, <b>in</b>, +<b>inter</b>, <b>ob</b>, <b>post</b>, <b>prae</b>, <b>prô</b>, +<b>sub</b>, <b>super</b>, admit the dative of the indirect object. +Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative.</i></p> + +<p> +Note 1. Among such verbs are<sup>1</sup></p> + +<p> +<b>ad´ferô, adfer´re, at´tulî, +adlâ´tus</b>, <i>bring to; report</i><br> +<b>ad´sum, ades´se, ad´fuî, +adfutû´rus</b>, <i>assist; be present</i><br> +<b>dê´ferô, dêfer´re, +dê´tulî, dêlâtus</b>, <i>report; grant, +confer</i><br> +<b>dê´sum, dees´se, dê´fuî, +——</b>, <i>be wanting, be lacking</i><br> +<b>în´ferô, înfer´re, in´tulî, +inlâ´tus</b>, <i>bring against, bring upon</i><br> +<b>inter´sum, interes´se, inter´fuî, +interfutû´rus</b>, <i>take part in</i><br> +<b>occur´rô, occur´rere, occur´rî, +occur´sus</b>, <i>run against, meet</i><br> +<b>praefi´ciô, praefi´cere, +praefê´cî, praefec´tus</b>, <i>appoint over, +place in command of</i><br> +<b>prae´sum, praees´se, prae´fuî, +——</b>, <i>be over, be in command</i> +</p> + +<blockquote> +1. But the accusative with <b>ad</b> or <b>in</b> is used with some of +these, when the idea of <i>motion to</i> or <i>against</i> is strong. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec427"><b>427.</b></a> +IDIOMS</p> + +<p> +<b>graviter</b> or <b>molestê ferre</b>, <i>to be annoyed at, to +be indignant at</i>, followed by the accusative and infinitive<br> +<b>sê cônferre ad</b> or <b>in</b>, with the accusative, +<i>to betake one's self to</i><br> +<b>alicui bellum înferre</b>, <i>to make war upon some one</i><br> +<b>pedem referre</b>, <i>to retreat</i> (lit. <i>to bear back the +foot</i>) +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec428"><b>428.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Fer, ferent, ut ferant, ferunt. 2. Ferte, ut ferrent, +tulisse, tulerant. 3. Tulimus, ferêns, lâtus esse, +ferre. 4. Cum nâvigia insulae adpropinquârent, +barbarî terrôre commôtî pedem referre +cônâtî sunt. 5. Gallî molestê +ferêbant Rômânôs agrôs vastâre. +6. Caesar sociîs imperâvit nê fînitimis +suîs bellum înferrent. +7. Explorâtôrês, qui Caesarî +occurrêrunt, dîxêrunt exercitum hostium vulneribus +dêfessum sêsê in alium locum contulisse. +8. Hostes sciêbant Rômânôs +frûmentô egêre et hanc rem Caesarî summum +perîculum adlâtûram esse. +9. Impedîmentîs in ûnum locum conlâtis, +aliquî mîlitum flûmen quod nôn longê +<a name = "page183"> </a> +aberat trânsiêrunt. 10. Hôs rêx hortâtus +est ut ôrâculum adîrent et rês +audîtâs ad sê referrent. 11. Quem imperâtor +illî legiônî praefêcit? Pûblius illî +legiônî pracerat. 12. Cum esset Caesar in +citeriôre Galliâ, crêbrî ad eum<sup>2</sup> +rûmôrês adferêbantur litterîsque quoque +certior fîêbat Gallôs obsidês inter sê +dare.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The Gauls will make war upon Cæsar's allies. 2. We +heard that the Gauls would make war upon Cæsar's allies. +3. Publius did not take part in that battle. 4. We have been +informed that Publius did not take part in that battle. 5. The man +who was in command of the cavalry was wounded and began to retreat. +6. Cæsar did not place you in command of the cohort to +bring<sup>3</sup> disaster upon the army.</p> + +<blockquote> +2. Observe that when <b>adferô</b> denotes <i>motion to</i>, +it is not followed by the dative; cf. <ins title = +"previous footnote, accusative with 'ad' or 'in'">footnote, +p. 182</ins>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Not the infinitive. (Cf. <a href = "#sec352">§ 352</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXXIII"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXXIV"> +LESSON LXXIV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN +INDIRECT QUESTIONS</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec429"><b>429.</b></a> +Review the word lists in <a href = "#sec517">§§ 517</a>, +<a href = "#sec518">518</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec430"><b>430.</b></a> +When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have an +indirect statement. (Cf. <a href = "#sec414">§ 414</a>.) So, +if we report a question instead of asking it directly, we have an +indirect question.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Direct Question</th> +<th>Indirect Question</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center"> +<i>Who conquered the Gauls?</i></td> +<td align = "center"> +<i>He asked who conquered the Gauls</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb +of asking (as <b>petô</b>, <b>postulô</b>, +<b>quaerô</b>, <b>rogô</b>) or upon some verb or expression +of saying or mental action. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec420">§ 420</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec431"><b>431.</b></a> +Compare the following direct and indirect questions:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Direct</th> +<th colspan = "2">Indirect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "2"> +<b>Quis Gallôs vincit?</b><br> +<i>Who is conquering the Gauls?</i> +</td> +<td><i>a.</i></td> +<td> +<p> +<b>Rogat quis Gallôs vincat</b><br> +<i>He asks who is conquering the Gauls</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>b.</i></td> +<td> +<p> +<b>Rogavit quis Gallôs vinceret</b><br> +<i>He asked who was conquering the Gauls</i></p> +</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td rowspan = "2"> +<a name = "page184"> </a> +<b>Ubî est Rôma?</b><br> +<i>Where is Rome?</i> +</td> +<td><i>a.</i></td> +<td> +<b>Rogat ubi sit Rôma</b><br> +<i>He asks where Rome is</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>b.</i></td> +<td> +<b>Rogâvit ubi esset Rôma</b><br> +<i>He asked where Rome was</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "2"> +<b>Caesarne Gallôs vîcit?</b><br> +<i>Did Cæsar conquer the Gauls?</i> +</td> +<td><i>a.</i></td> +<td> +<b>Rogat num Caesar Gallôs vîcerit</b><br> +<i>He asks whether Cæsar conquered the Gauls</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>b.</i></td> +<td> +<b>Rogâvit num Caesar Gallôs vîcisset</b><br> +<i>He asked whether Cæsar had conquered the Gauls</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but +the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense +sequence.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative +words as introduce direct questions, excepting +that<i>yes</i>-or-<i>no</i> direct questions (cf. <a href = +"#sec210">§ 210</a>) on becoming indirect are usually +introduced by <b>num</b>, <i>whether</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec432"><b>432.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Indirect Questions.</b> <i>In an indirect question the verb is +in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense +sequence.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec433"><b>433.</b></a> +IDIOMS</p> + +<p> +<b>dê tertiâ vigiliâ</b>, <i>about the third +watch</i><br> +<b>iniûriâs alicui înferre</b>, <i>to inflict injuries +upon some one </i><br> +<b>facere verba prô</b>, with the ablative, <i>to speak in behalf +of </i><br> +<b>in reliquum tempus</b>, <i>for the future</i> +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec434"><b>434.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Rêx rogâvit quid lêgâtî +postulârent et cûr ad sê vênissent. +2. Quaesîvit quoque num nec recentîs +iniûriâs nec dubiam Rômânôrum +amîcitiam memoriâ tenêrent. 3. Vidêtisne +quae oppida hostês oppugnâverint? 4. Nônne +scîtis cûr Gallî sub montem sêse contulerint? +5. Audîvimus quâs iniûrias tibi +Germânî intulissent. 6. Dê tertiâ +vigiliâ imperâtor mîsit hominês quî +cognôscerent quae esset nâtûra montis. +7. Prô hîs ôrâtor verba fêcit et +rogâvit cûr cônsulês nâvîs ad +plênem summî perîculî locum mittere vellent. +8. Lêgâtîs convocâtîs +dêmônstrâvit quid fierî vellet. +9. Nûntius referêbat quid +<a name = "page185"> </a> +in Gallôrum conciliô dê armîs +trâdendîs dictum esset. 10. Moneô nê in +reliquum tempus peditês et equitês trâns flûmen +dûcâs.</p> + +<p>II. 1. What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized. +2. Who has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents? +3. They asked who had inflicted those injuries upon their +dependents. 4. Whither did you go about the third watch? You know +whither I went. 5. At what time did the boys return home? I will +ask at what time the boys returned home.</p> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXXIV"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXXV"> +LESSON LXXV</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE, +OR END FOR WHICH</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec435"><b>435.</b></a> +Review the word lists in <a href = "#sec521">§§ 521</a>, +<a href = "#sec522">522</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec436"><b>436.</b></a> +Observe the following sentences:</p> + +<p> +1. <b>Explôrâtôrês locum castrîs +dêlêgêrunt</b>, <i>the scouts chose a place for a +camp.</i><br> +2. <b>Hoc erat magnô impedîmentô Gallîs</b>, +<i>this was</i> (for) <i>a great hindrance to the Gauls.</i><br> +3. <b>Duâs legiônês praesidiô castrîs +relîquit</b>, <i>he left two legions as</i> (lit. <i>for</i>) <i>a +guard to the camp.</i> +</p> + +<p> +In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the <i>purpose or +end for which</i> something is intended or for which it serves. These +datives are <b>castrîs</b>, <b>impedîmentô</b>, and +<b>praesidiô</b>. In the second and third sentences we find a +second dative expressing the <i>person or thing affected</i> +(<b>Gallîs</b> and <b>castrîs</b>). As you notice, these are +true datives, covering the relations of <i>for which</i> and <i>to +which</i>. (Cf. <a href = "#sec43">§ 43</a>.)</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec437"><b>437.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Dative of Purpose or End.</b> <i>The dative is used to denote +the <b>purpose or end for which</b>, often with another dative denoting +the <b>person or thing affected</b>.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec438"><b>438.</b></a> +IDIOMS</p> + +<p> +<b>cônsilium omittere</b>, <i>to give up a plan</i><br> +<b>locum castrîs dêligere</b>, <i>to choose a place for a +camp</i><br> +<b>alicui magnô ûsuî esse</b>, <i>to be of great +advantage to some one</i> (lit. <i>for great advantage to some one</i>) +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page186"> </a> +<a name = "sec439"><b>439.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Rogâvit cûr illae côpiae relictae essent. +Respondêrunt illâs côpiâs esse praesidiô +castrîs. 2. Caesar mîsit +explôrâtôrês ad locum dêligendum +castrîs. 3. Quisque exîstimâvit ipsum nômen +Caesaris magnô terrôrî barbarîs futûrum +esse. 4. Prîmâ lûce îdem exercitus proelium +âcre commîsit, sed gravia suôrum vulnera magnae +cûrae imperâtôrî erant. 5. Rêx +respondit amîcitiam populî Rômânî sibi +ôrnâmentô et praesidiô dêbêre esse. +6. Quis praeerat equitâtuî quem auxiliô +Caesarî sociî mîserant? 7. Aliquibus rês +secundae sunt summae calamitâtî et rês adversae sunt +mîrô ûsuî. 8. Gallîs magnô ad +pugnam erat impedîmentô quod equitâtus â +dextrô cornû premêbat. 9. Memoria prîstinae +virtûtis nôn minus quam metus hostium erat nostrîs +magnô ûsuî. 10. Tam dênsa erat silva ut +prôgredî nôn possent.</p> + +<p>II. 1. I advise you <sup>1</sup>to give up the plan <sup>2</sup>of +making war upon the brave Gauls. 2. Do you know <sup>3</sup>where +the cavalry has chosen a place for a camp? 3. The fear of the enemy +will be of great advantage to you. 4. Cæsar left three +cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage. 5. In winter the waves of +the lake are so great <sup>4</sup>that they are (for) a great hindrance +to ships. 6. Cæsar inflicted severe<sup>5</sup> punishment on +those who burned the public buildings.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Subjunctive of purpose. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec366">§ 366</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Express by the genitive of the gerundive. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Indirect question. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. A clause of result. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>gravis, -e</b>. +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXXV"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXXVI"> +LESSON LXXVI</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE GENITIVE AND +ABLATIVE OF QUALITY OR DESCRIPTION</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec440"><b>440.</b></a> +Review the word lists in <a href = "#sec524">§§ 524</a>, +<a href = "#sec525">525</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec441"><b>441.</b></a> +Observe the English sentences</p> + +<p align = "center"> +(1) <i>A man <b>of</b> great courage</i>, or (2) <i>A man <b>with</b> +great courage</i><br> +(3) <i>A forest <b>of</b> tall trees</i>, or (4) <i>A forest <b>with</b> +tall trees</i> +</p> + +<p>Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description. +In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The +descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions <i>of</i> and +<i>with</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page187"> </a> +In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar.</p> + +<p>The prepositions <i>of</i> and <i>with</i> suggest the genitive and +the ablative respectively, and we translate the sentences above</p> + +<p align = "center"> +(1) <b>Vir magnae virtûtis</b>, or (2) <b>Vir magnâ +virtûte</b><br> +(3) <b>Silva altârum arborum</b>, or (4) <b>Silva altîs +arboribus</b> +</p> + +<p>There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the +English. In English we may say, for example, <i>a man of courage</i>, +using the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. <i>In Latin, +however, an adjective modifier must always be used</i>, as above.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in +that <i>numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive</i> and +<i>descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative.</i> +Other descriptive phrases may be in either case.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec442"><b>442.</b></a> +EXAMPLES</p> + +<p> +1. <b>Fossa duodecim pedum</b>, <i>a ditch of twelve feet</i>.<br> +2. <b>Homô magnîs pedibus et parvô capite</b>, <i>a +man with big feet and a small head</i>.<br> +3. <b>Rêx erat vir summâ audâciâ</b> or +<b>rêx erat vir summae audâciae</b>, <i>the king was a man +of the greatest boldness</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec443"><b>443.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Genitive of Description.</b> <i>Numerical descriptions of +measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying +adjective.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec444"><b>444.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Ablative of Description.</b> <i>Descriptions of physical +characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying +adjective.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec445"><b>445.</b></a> +Rule. <b>Genitive or Ablative of Description.</b> <i>Descriptions +involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may +be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying +adjective.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec446"><b>446.</b></a> +IDIOMS</p> + +<p> +<b>Helvêtiîs in animô est</b>, <i>the Helvetii +intend</i>, (lit. <i>it is in mind to the Helvetians</i>)<br> +<b>in mâtrimônium dare</b>, <i>to give in marriage</i><br> +<b>nihil posse</b>, <i>to have no power</i><br> +<b>fossam perdûcere</b>, <i>to construct a ditch</i> (lit. <i>to +lead a ditch through</i>) +</p> + +<p><a name = "page188"> </a> +<a name = "sec447"><b>447.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Mîlitês fossam decem pedum per eôrum +fînîs perdûxêrunt. 2. Prînceps +Helvêtiôrum, vir summae audâciae, prîncipibus +gentium fînitimârum sorôrês in +mâtrimônium dedit. 3. Eôrum amîcitiam +cônfîrmâre voluit quô facilius +Rômânîs bellum înferret. 4. Germanî +et Gallî nôn erant eiusdem gentis. 5. Omnês +ferê Germânî erant magnîs corporum +vîribus.<sup>1</sup> 6. Gallî qui oppidum fortiter +dêfendêbant saxa ingentis magnitûdinis dê +mûrô iaciêbant. 7. Cum Caesar ab +explôrâtôribus quaereret quî illud oppidum +incolerent, explôrâtôrês respondêrunt +eôs esse homines summâ virtûte et magnô +cônsiliô. 8. Moenia vîgintî pedum â +sinistrâ parte, et â dextrâ parte flûmen magnae +altitûdinis oppidum dêfendêbant. 9. Cum Caesar in +Galliam pervênisset, erat rûmor Helvêtiîs in +animô esse iter per prôvinciam Rômânam facere. +10. Caesar, ut eôs ab fînibus Rômânis +prohibêret, mûnîtiônem <sup>2</sup>multa +mîlia passuum longam fêcit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Cæsar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness, +and very skillful in the art of war. 2. The Germans were of great +size, and thought that the Romans had no power. 3. Men of the +highest courage were left in the camp as (for) a guard to the baggage. +4. The king's daughter, who was given in marriage to the chief of a +neighboring state, was a woman of very beautiful appearance. 5. The +soldiers will construct a ditch of nine feet around the camp. 6. A +river of great width was between us and the enemy.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. From <b>vîs</b>. (Cf. <a href = "#sec468">§ 468</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Genitives and ablatives of description are adjective phrases. When we +use an <i>adverbial</i> phrase to tell <i>how long</i> or <i>how +high</i> or <i>how deep</i> anything is, we must use the accusative of +extent. (Cf. <a href = "#sec336">§ 336</a>.) For example, in +the sentence above <b>multa mîlia passuum</b> is an adverbial +phrase (accusative of extent) modifying <b>longam</b>. If we should omit +<b>longam</b> and say <i>a fortification of many miles</i>, the genitive +of description (an adjective phrase) modifying +<b>mûnîtiônem</b> would be used, as +<b>mûnîtiônem multôrum mîlium passuum</b>. +</blockquote> + +<p><a href = "#reading_LXXVI"> +Reading Selection</a></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: swords<br> +Caption: GLADII]</p> + + +<a name = "page189"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXXVII"> +LESSON LXXVII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>REVIEW OF AGREEMENT, AND OF THE GENITIVE, DATIVE, +AND ACCUSATIVE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec448"><b>448.</b></a> +There are four agreements:</p> + +<p>1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to +which it belongs (<a href = "#sec76">§§ 76</a>, <a href = +"#sec81">81</a>).</p> + +<p>2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its +noun (<a href = "#sec65">§ 65</a>).</p> + +<p>3. That of a verb with its subject (<a href = +"#sec28">§ 28</a>).</p> + +<p>4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (<a href = +"#sec224">§ 224</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec449"><b>449.</b></a> +The relation expressed by the <b>genitive</b> is, in general, denoted in +English by the preposition <i>of</i>. It is used to express</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +1. Possession +</td> +<td> +<i>a.</i> As attributive (<a href = "#sec38">§ 38</a>).<br> +<i>b.</i> In the predicate (<a href = "#sec409">§ 409</a>). +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (<a href = +"#sec331">§ 331</a>). +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +3. Quality or description (<a href = +"#sec443">§§ 443</a>, <a href = "#sec445">445</a>). +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec450"><b>450.</b></a> +The relation expressed by the <b>dative</b> is, in general, denoted in +English by the prepositions <i>to</i> or <i>for</i> when they do not +imply motion through space. It is used to express</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +1. The indirect object +</td> +<td> +<p> +<i>a.</i> With intransitive verbs and with transitive verbs in +connection with a direct object in the accusative (<a href = +"#sec45">§ 45</a>).</p> +<p> +<i>b</i>. With special intransitive verbs (<a href = +"#sec154">§ 154</a>).</p> +<p> +<i>c</i>. With verbs compounded with <b>ad</b>, <b>ante</b>, <b>con</b>, +<b>dê</b>, <b>in</b>, <b>inter</b>, <b>ob</b>, <b>post</b>, +<b>prae</b>, <b>prô</b>, <b>sub</b>, <b>super</b> (<a href = +"#sec426">§ 426</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p> +2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (<a href += "#sec143">§ 143</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p> +3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting +the person or thing affected (<a href = +"#sec437">§ 437</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page190"> </a> +<p> +<a name = "sec451"><b>451.</b></a> +The <b>accusative</b> case corresponds, in general, to the English +objective. It is used to express</p> + +<p>1. The direct object of a transitive verb (<a href = +"#sec37">§ 37</a>).</p> + +<p>2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after +verbs of <i>making, choosing, falling, showing</i>, and the like (<a +href = "#sec392">§ 392</a>).</p> + +<p>3. The subject of the infinitive (<a href = +"#sec214">§ 214</a>).</p> + +<p>4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (<a +href = "#sec340">§ 340</a>).</p> + +<p>5. The duration of time and the extent of space (<a href = +"#sec336">§ 336</a>).</p> + +<p>6. The place to which (<a href = "#sec263">§§ 263</a>, +<a href = "#sec266">266</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec452"><b>452.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Mîlitês quôs vîdimus +dîxêrunt imperium bellî esse Caesaris +imperâtôris. 2. Helvêtiî statuêrunt +quam<sup>1</sup> maximum numerum equôrum et carrôrum +côgere. 3. Tôtîus Galliae Helvêtiî +plûrimum valuêrunt. 4. Multâs hôrâs +âcriter pugnâtum est neque quisquam poterat vidêre +hostem fugientem. 5. Virî summae virtûtis hostîs +decem mîlia passuum însecûtî sunt. +6. Caesar populô Rômânô persuâsit ut +sê cônsulem creâret. 7. Victôria +exercitûs erat semper imperâtôrî +grâtissima. 8. Trîduum iter fêcêrunt et +Genâvam, in oppidum<sup>2</sup> hostium, pervênêrunt. +9. Caesar audîvit Germânôs bellum Gallîs +intulisse. 10. Magnô ûsuî mîlitibus +Caesaris erat quod priôribus proeliîs sêsê +exercuerant.</p> + +<p>II. 1. One<sup>3</sup> of the king's sons and many of his men were +captured. 2. There was no one who wished<sup>4</sup> to appoint her +queen. 3. The grain supply was always a care (for a care) to +Cæsar, the general. 4. I think that the camp is ten miles +distant. 5. We marched for three hours through a very dense forest. +6. The plan <sup>5</sup>of making war upon the allies was not +pleasing to the king. 7. When he came to the hill he fortified it +<sup>6</sup>by a twelve-foot wall.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. What is the force of <b>quam</b> with superlatives? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>urbs</b> or <b>oppidum</b>, appositive to a name of a town, takes +a preposition. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. What construction is used with numerals in preference to the +partitive genitive? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. What mood? (Cf. <a href = "#sec390">§ 390</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. Use the gerund or gerundive. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. Latin, <i>by a wall of twelve feet.</i> +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page191"> </a> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXXVIII"> +LESSON LXXVIII</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec453"><b>453.</b></a> +The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in English by +the prepositions <i>with</i> (or <i>by</i>), <i>from</i> (or <i>by</i>), +and <i>in</i> (or <i>at</i>). The constructions growing out of these +meanings are</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td><b>I.</b></td> +<td><b>Ablative rendered <i>with</i> (or <i>by</i>):</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +1. Cause (<a href = "#sec102">§ 102</a>)<br> +2. Means (<a href = "#sec103">§ 103</a>)<br> +3. Accompaniment (<a href = "#sec104">§ 104</a>)<br> +4. Manner (<a href = "#sec105">§ 105</a>)<br> +5. Measure of difference (<a href = "#sec317">§ 317</a>)<br> +6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (<a href = +"#sec381">§ 381</a>)<br> +7. Description or quality (<a href = +"#sec444">§§ 444</a>, <a href = "#sec445">445</a>)<br> +8. Specification (<a href = "#sec398">§ 398</a>) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>II.</b></td> +<td><b>Ablative rendered <i>from</i> (or <i>by</i>):</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +1. Place from which (<a href = "#sec179">§§ 179</a>, <a +href = "#sec264">264</a>)<br> +2. Ablative of separation (<a href = "#sec180">§ 180</a>)<br> +3. Personal agent with a passive verb (<a href = +"#sec181">§ 181</a>)<br> +4. Comparison without <b>quam</b> (<a href = +"#sec309">§ 309</a>) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>III.</b></td> +<td><b>Ablative rendered <i>in</i> (or <i>at</i>):</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +1. Place at or in which (<a href = "#sec265">§§ 265</a>, +<a href = "#sec266">266</a>)<br> +2. Time when or within which (<a href = "#sec275">§ 275</a>) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec454"><b>454.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Gallî locîs superiôribus +occupâtîs itinere exercitum prohibêre cônantur. +2. Omnês oppidânî ex oppidô +êgressî salûtem fugâ petere +incêpêrunt. 3. Caesar docet sê mîlitum +vîtam suâ salûte habêre multô +câriôrem. 4. Cum celerius omnium opîniône +pervênisset, hostês ad eum obsidês +mîsêrunt 5. Vîcus in valle positus montibus +altissimîs undique continêtur. 6. Plûrimum inter +Gallôs haec gêns et virtûte et hominum numerô +valêbat. 7. Secundâ vigiliâ nûllô +certô ôrdine neque imperiô ê castrîs +êgressî sunt. 8. Duâbus legiônibus +Genâvae relictîs, +<a name = "page192"> </a> +proximô diê cum reliquîs domum profectus est. +9. Erant itinera duo quibus itineribus Helvêtiî +domô exîre possent. 10. Rêx erat summâ +audâciâ et magnâ apud populum potentiâ. +11. Gallî timôre servitûtis commôtî +bellum parâbant. 12. Caesar monet lêgâtôs +ut contineant militês, nê studiô pugnandî aut +spê praedae longius<sup>1</sup> prôgrediantur. +13. Bellum âcerrimum â Caesare in Gallôs gestum est.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his +(men) from battle. 2. All the Gauls differ from each other in laws. +3. This tribe is much braver than the rest. 4. This road is +<sup>2</sup>ten miles shorter than that. 5. In summer Cæsar +carried on war in Gaul, in winter he returned to Italy. 6. At +midnight the general set out from the camp with three legions. 7. I +fear that you cannot protect<sup>3</sup> yourself from these enemies. +8. <sup>4</sup>After this battle was finished peace was made by all +the Gauls.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>longius</b>, <i>too far</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec305">§ 305</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Latin, <i>by ten thousands of paces</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>dêfendere</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. Ablative absolute. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "lesson_LXXIX"> +LESSON LXXIX</a></p> + +<p align = "center"><i>REVIEW OF THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE, THE +INFINITIVE, AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE</i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec455"><b>455.</b></a> +The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, +accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are +in general the same as those of other nouns (<a href = +"#sec402">§§ 402</a>; <a href = "#sec406">406.1</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec456"><b>456.</b></a> +The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + +object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a +preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more +usual (<a href = "#sec406">§ 406.2</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec457"><b>457.</b></a> +The infinitive is used:</p> + +<p>I. As in English.</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> As subject or predicate nominative (<a href = +"#sec216">§ 216</a>).</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication +(complementary infinitive) (<a href = +"#sec215">§ 215</a>).</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> As object with subject accusative after verbs of <i>wishing, +commanding, forbidding</i>, and the like (<a href = +"#sec213">§ 213</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page193"> </a> +II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs of +<i>saying </i>and <i>mental action</i>. The subject is in the accusative +(<a href = "#sec416">§§ 416</a>, <a href = +"#sec418">418</a>, <a href = "#sec419">419</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec458"><b>458.</b></a> +The subjunctive is used:</p> + +<p>1. To denote purpose (<a href = "#sec349">§§ 349</a>, +<a href = "#sec366">366</a>, <a href = "#sec372">372</a>).</p> + +<p>2. To denote consequence or result (<a href = +"#sec385">§§ 385</a>, <a href = "#sec386">386</a>).</p> + +<p>3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (<a href = +"#sec390">§ 390</a>).</p> + +<p>4. In <b>cum</b> clauses of time, cause, and concession (<a href = +"#sec396">§ 396</a>).</p> + +<p>5. In indirect questions (<a href = +"#sec432">§ 432</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec459"><b>459.</b></a> +EXERCISES</p> + +<p>I. 1. Caesar, cum pervênisset, militês +hortâbâtur nê cônsilium oppidî capiendi +omitterent. 2. Rêx, castrîs prope oppidum +positîs, mîsit explôrâtôrês +quî cognôscerent ubi exercitus Rômanus esset. +3. Nêmo relinquêbâtur quî arma ferre +posset. 4. Nûntiî vîdêrunt ingentem +armôrum multitudinem dê mûrô in fossani iactam +esse. 5. Dux suôs trânsîre flûmen iussit. +Trânsîre autem hoc flûmen erat difficillimum. +6. Rômânî cum hanc calamitâtem +molestê ferrant, tamen terga vertere +recûsâvêrunt. 7. Hôc rûmôre +audîtô, tantus terror omnium animôs occupâvit ut +nê fortissimî quidem proelium committere vellent. +8. Erant quî putârent tempus annî idôneum +nôn esse itinerî faciendô. 9. Tam âcriter +ab utraque parte pugnâbâtur ut multa mîlia hominum +occîderentur. 10. Quid timês? Timeô nê +Rômânîs in animô sit tôtam Galliam +superâre et nôbîs iniûriâs inferre.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Do you not see who is standing on the wall? 2. We hear +that the plan of taking the town has been given up. 3. Since the +Germans thought that the Romans could not cross the Rhine, Cæsar +ordered a bridge to be made. 4. When the bridge was finished, the +savages were so terrified that they hid themselves. 5. They feared +that Cæsar would pursue them. 6. Cæsar +<sup>1</sup>asked the traders what the size of the island was. +7. The traders advised him not <sup>2</sup>to cross the sea. +8. He sent scouts <sup>3</sup>to choose a place for a camp.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>quaerere ab</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Not infinitive. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Use the gerundive with <b>ad</b>. +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page194"> </a> +<p align = "center"><b><a name = "readings">READING MATTER</a></b></p> + +<p align = "center">INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS</p> + +<p><b>How to Translate.</b> You have already had considerable practice +in translating simple Latin, and have learned that the guide to the +meaning lies in the endings of the words. If these are neglected, no +skill can make sense of the Latin. If they are carefully noted and +accurately translated, not many difficulties remain. Observe the +following suggestions:</p> + +<p>1. Read the Latin sentence through to the end, noting endings of +nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.</p> + +<p>2. Read it again and see if any of the words you know are nominatives +or accusatives. This will often give you what may be called the backbone +of the sentence; that is, subject, verb, and object.</p> + +<p>3. Look up the words you do not know, and determine their use in the +sentence from their endings.</p> + +<p>4. If you cannot yet translate the sentence, put down the English +meanings of all the words <i>in the same order as the Latin words</i>. +You will then generally see through the meaning of the sentence.</p> + +<p>5. Be careful to</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Translate adjectives with the nouns to which they belong.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Translate together prepositions and the nouns which they +govern.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> Translate adverbs with the words that they modify.</p> + +<p> +<i>d.</i> <i>Make sense.</i> If you do not make sense, you have made a +mistake. One mistake will spoil a whole sentence.</p> + +<p>6. When the sentence is correctly translated, read the Latin over +again, and try to understand it as Latin, without thinking of the +English translation.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page195"> </a> +<b>The Parts of a Sentence.</b> You will now meet somewhat longer +sentences than you have had before. To assist in translating them, +remember, first of all, that every sentence conveys a meaning and either +tells us something, asks a question, or gives a command. Every sentence +must have a subject and a verb, and the verb may always have an adverb, +and, if transitive, will have a direct object.</p> + +<p> +However long a sentence is, you will usually be able to recognize its +subject, verb, and object or predicate complement without any +difficulty. These will give you the leading thought, and they must never +be lost sight of while making out the rest of the sentence. The chief +difficulty in translating arises from the fact that instead of a single +adjective, adverb, or noun, we often have a phrase or a clause taking +the place of one of these; for Latin, like English, has adjective, +adverbial, and substantive clauses and phrases. For example, in the +sentence <i>The idle boy does not study</i>, the word <i>idle</i> is an +adjective. In <i>The boy wasting his time does not study</i>, the words +<i>wasting his time</i> form an adjective phrase modifying <i>boy</i>. +In the sentence <i>The boy who wastes his time does not study</i>, the +words <i>who wastes his time</i> form an adjective clause modifying +<i>boy</i>, and the sentence is complex. These sentences would show the +same structure in Latin.</p> + +<p> +In translating, it is important to keep the parts of a phrase and the +parts of a clause together and not let them become confused with the +principal sentence. To distinguish between the subordinate clauses and +the principal sentence is of the first importance, and is not difficult +if you remember that a clause regularly contains a word that marks it as +a clause and that this word usually stands first. These words join +clauses to the words they depend on, and are called <i>subordinate +conjunctions</i>. They are not very numerous, and you will soon learn to +recognize them. In Latin they are the equivalents for such words as +<i>when, while, since, because, if, before, after, though, in order +that, that</i>, etc. Form the habit of memorizing the Latin subordinate +conjunctions as you meet them, and of noting carefully the mood of the +verb in the clauses which they introduce.</p> + +<p align = "center"> +<a name = "page196"> </a> +[Illustration: statue of Hercules<br> +Caption: HERCULES]</p> + +<hr> + +<a name = "page197"> </a> +<p align = "center">THE LABORS OF HERCULES</p> + +<p> +Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued +throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant he +strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his +boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, and +on reaching manhood he succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the +oppression of the Minyæ. In a fit of madness, sent upon him by +Juno, he slew his own children; and, on consulting the Delphic oracle as +to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to +submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to +perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, +and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve +extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was +caused, unintentionally, by his wife Deiani´ra. Hercules had shot +with his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted +Deianira. Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Deianira, +and told her it would act as a charm to secure her husband's love. Some +time after, Deianira, wishing to try the charm, soaked one of her +husband's garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. +Hercules put on the robe, and, after suffering terrible torments, died, +or was carried off by his father Jupiter.</p> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LIII" +href = "#lesson_LIII">LIII</a>.<sup>1</sup> +THE INFANT HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS</i></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: infant Hercules fighting two +serpents<br> +Caption: HERCULES ET SERPENTES]</p> + +<p> +Dî<sup>2</sup> grave supplicium sûmmit de malîs, sed +iî quî lêgibus<sup>3</sup> deôrum pârent, +etiam post mortem cûrantur. Illa vîta dîs<sup>2</sup> +erat grâtissima quae hominibus miserîs ûtilissima +fuerat. Omnium autem praemiôrum summum erat +immortâlitâs. Illud praemium Herculî datum est.</p> + +<p> +Herculis pater fuit Iuppiter, mâter Alcmêna, et omnium +hominum validissimus fuisse dîcitur. Sed Iûnô, +rêgîna deôrum, eum, adhûc +<a name = "page198"> </a> +înfantem, interficere studêbat; nam eî<sup>4</sup> +et<sup>5</sup> Herculês et Alcmêna erant invîsî. +Itaque mîsit duâs serpentîs, utramque saevissimam, +quae mediâ nocte domum<sup>6</sup> Alcmênae +vênêrunt. Ibi Herculês, cum frâtre suô, +nôn in lectulô sed in scûtô ingentî +dormiêbat. Iam audâcês serpentês +adpropinquâverant, iam scûtum movêbant. Tum +frâter, terrôre commôtus, magnâ vôce +mâtrem vocâvit, sed Herculês ipse, fortior quam +frâter, statim ingentîs serpentîs manibus suîs +rapuit et interfêcit.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. This number refers to the lesson after which the selection may be +read. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>Dî</b> and <b>dîs</b> are from <b>deus</b>. Cf. <a +href = "#sec468">§ 468</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>lêgibus</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501. 14</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>eî</b>, <i>to her</i>, referring to Juno. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>et ... et</b>, <i>both ... and</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>domum</b>, <a href = "#sec501_20">§ 501. 20</a>. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LIV" href = "#lesson_LIV">LIV.</a> +HERCULES CONQUERS THE MINYÆ</i></p> + +<p> +Herculês â puerô<sup>1</sup> corpus suum +gravissimîs et difficillimîs labôribus exercêbat +et hôc modô vîrês<sup>2</sup> suâs +cônfirmâvit. Iam adulêscêns +Thêbîs<sup>3</sup> habitâbat. Ibi Creôn +quîdam erat rêx. Minyae, gêns validissima, erant +fînitimî Thêbânîs, et, quia ôlim +Thêbânôs vîcerant, quotannîs +lêgâtôs mittêbant et vectîgal +postulâbant. Herculês autem cônstituit +cîvîs suôs hôc vectîgâlî +lîberâre et dixit rêgî, "Dâ mihi exercitum +tuum et ego hôs superbôs hostîs superâbô." +Hanc condiciônem rêx nôn recûsâvit, et +Herculês nûntiôs in omnîs partis +dîmîsit et côpiâs coêgit.<sup>4</sup> Tum +tempore opportûnissimô proelium cum Minyîs +commîsit. Diû pugnâtum est, sed dênique +illî impetum Thêbânôrum sustinêre +nôn potuêrunt et terga vertêrunt fugamque +cêpêrunt.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>â puerô</b>, <i>from boyhood</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>virês</b>, from <b>vîs</b>. Cf. <a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>Thêbîs</b>, <a href = "#sec501_36">§ 501. +36. 1</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>coêgit</b>, from <b>côgô</b>. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i>HE COMMITS A CRIME AND GOES TO THE DELPHIAN ORACLE TO SEEK +EXPIATION</i></p> + +<p> +Post hoc proelium Creôn rêx, tantâ +victôriâ laetus, fîliam suam Herculî in +mâtrimônium dedit. Thêbîs Herculês cum +uxôre suâ diû vîvêbat et ab omnibus +magnopere amâbâtur; sed post multôs annôs +subitô <sup>1</sup>in furôrem incidit et ipse suâ +manû lîberôs suôs interfêcit. Post breve +tempus <sup>2</sup>ad sânitâtem reductus tantum scelus +expiâre cupiêbat et cônstituit ad ôrâculum +Delphicum iter facere. Hoc autem ôrâculum erat omnium +clârissimum. Ibi sedêbat fêmina quaedam quae P[y]thia +appellâbâtur. Ea cônsilium dabat iîs quî +ad ôrâculum veniêbant.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>in furôrem incidit</b>, <i>went mad</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>ad sânitâtem reductus</b>, lit. <i>led back to +sanity</i>. What in good English? +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"> +<a name = "page199"> </a> +[Illustration: Hercules fights the Nemean lion<br> +Caption: HERCULES LEONEM SUPERAT]</p> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LV" href = "#lesson_LV">LV.</a> +HERCULES BECOMES SUBJECT TO EURYSTHEUS<sup>1</sup> · +HE STRANGLES THE NEME´AN LION</i></p> + +<p> +Itaque Herculês P[y]thiae tôtam rem dêmonstrâvit +nec scelus suum abdidit. Ubi iam Herculês fînem fêcit, +P[y]thia iussit eum ad urbem Tîryntha<sup>2</sup> discêdere +et ibi rêgî Eurystheô sêsê committere. +Quae<sup>3</sup> ubi audîvit, Herculês ad illam urbem statim +contendit et Eurystheô sê in servitûtem trâdidit +et dîxit, "Quid prîmum, Ô rêx, mê facere +iubês?" Eurystheus, quî perterrêbâtur vî +et corpore ingentî Herculis et eum occidî<sup>4</sup> +studêbat, ita respondit: "Audî, Herculês! Multa +mira<sup>5</sup> nârrantur dê leône saevissimô +quî hôc tempore in valle Nemaeâ omnia vâstat. +Iubeô tê, virôrum omnium fortissimum, illô +mônstrô hominês lîberâre." Haec verba +Herculî maximê placuêrunt. "Properâbo," inquit, +<a name = "page200"> </a> +"et parêbô imperiô<sup>6</sup> tuô." Tum in +silvâs in quibus leô habitâbat statim iter +fêcit. Mox feram vîdit et plûrîs impetûs +fêcit; frûstrâ tamen, quod neque sagittîs neque +ûllô aliô têlô mônstrum +vulnerâre potuit. Dênique Herculês saevum leônem +suîs ingentibus bracchiîs rapuit et faucîs eius +omnibus vîribus compressit. Hôc modô brevî +tempore eum interfêcit. Tum corpus leônis ad oppidum in +umerîs reportâvit et pellem posteâ +prô<sup>7</sup> veste gerêbat. Omnês autem quô +eam regiônem incolêbant, ubi fâmam dê morte +leônis ingentis accêpêrunt, erant laetissimî et +Herculem laudâbant verbîs amplissimîs.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>Eu-rys´theus</b> (pronounced <i>U-ris´thûs</i>) +was king of <i>Tî´ryns</i>, a Grecian city, whose foundation +goes back to prehistoric times. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>Tîryntha</b>, the acc. case of <b>Tîryns</b>, a Greek +noun. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>Quae</b>, obj. of <b>audîvit</b>. It is placed first to make +a close connection with the preceding sentence. This is called a +connecting relative. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>occîdî</b>, pres. pass. infin. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>mîra</b>, <i>marvelous things</i>, the adj. being used as a +noun. Cf. <b>omnia</b>, in the next line. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>imperiô</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501. 14</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>prô</b>, <i>for, instead of</i>. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LVI" href = "#lesson_LVI">LVI.</a> +SLAYING THE LERNE´AN HYDRA</i></p> + +<p> +Deinde Herculês ab Eurystheô iussus est Hydram +occîdere. Itaque cum amîcô +Iolâô<sup>1</sup> contendit ad palûdem Lernaeam ubi +Hydra incolêbat. Hoc autem mônstrum erat serpêns +ingêns quae novem capita habêbat. Mox is mônstrum +repperit et summô<sup>2</sup> cum perîculô collum eius +sinistrâ manû rapuit et tenuit. Tum dextrâ manû +capita novem abscîdere incêpit, sed frûstrâ +labôrâbat, quod quotiêns hoc fêcerat +totiêns alia nova capita vidêbat. Quod<sup>3</sup> ubi +vîdit, statuit capita ignî cremâre. Hôc +modô octô capita dêlêvit, sed extrêmum +caput vulnerârî nôn potuit, quod erat immortâle. +Itaque illud sub ingentî saxô Herculês posuit et ita +victôriam reportâvit.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>Iolâô</b>, abl. of <i>I-o-lâ´us</i>, the +hero's best friend. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Note the emphatic position of this adjective. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>Quod ubi</b>, <i>when he saw this</i>, another instance of the +connecting relative. Cf. <ins title = "'quae ubi audivit'">p. 199, l. +3.</ins> +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LVII" href = "#lesson_LVII">LVII.</a> +THE ARCADIAN STAG AND THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR</i></p> + +<p> +Postquam Eurystheô mors Hydrae nuntiata est, summus terror animum +eius occupavit. Itaque iussit Herculem capere et ad sê +reportâre cervum quendam; nam minimê cupîvit tantum +virum in rêgnô suô tenêre. Hie autem cervus +dîcêbâtur aurea cornua et pedês +multô<sup>1</sup> celeriôrês ventô<sup>2</sup> +habêre. Prîmum Herculês vestîgia animâlis +petîvit, deinde, ubi cervum ipsum vîdit, omnibus +vîribus currere incêpit. Per plûrimôs diês +contendit nec noctû cessâvit. Dênique postquam per +<a name = "page201"> </a> +tôtum annum cucurrerat—ita dîcitur—cervum iam +dêfessum cêpit et ad Eurystheum portâvit.</p> + +<p> +Tum vêrô iussus est Herculês aprum quendam capere +quî illô tempore agrôs Erymanthiôs +vâstâbat et hominês illîus locî magnopere +perterrêbat. Herculês laetê negôtium +suscêpit et in Arcadiam celeriter sê recêpit. Ibi mox +aprum repperit. Ille autem; simul atque Herculem vîdit, statim +quam<sup>3</sup> celerrimê fûgit et metû perterritus +in fossam altam sêsê abdidit. Herculês tamen +summâ cum difficultâte eum extrâxit, nec aper +ûllô modô sêsê lîberâre +potuit, et vîvus ad Eurystheum portâtus est.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>multô</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_27">§ 501. 27</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>ventô</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_34">§ 501. 34</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>quam</b>. What is the force of <b>quam</b> with a superlative? +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LVIII" href = "#lesson_LVIII">LVIII.</a> +HERCULES CLEANS THE AUGE´AN STABLES AND KILLS THE STYMPHALIAN +BIRDS</i></p> + +<p> +Deinde Eurystheus Herculî hunc labôrem multô +graviôrem imperâvit. Augêâs<sup>1</sup> +quîdam, quî illô tempore rêgnum +Êlidis<sup>2</sup> obtinêbat, tria mîlia +boum<sup>3</sup> habêbat. Hî<sup>4</sup> ingentî +stabulô continêbantur. Hoc stabulum, quod per +trîgintâ annôs nôn pûrgâtum erat, +Herculês intrâ spatium ûnîus diêî +pûrgâre iussus est. llle negôtium alacriter +suscêpit, et prîmum labôre gravissimô maximam +fossam fôdit per quam flûminis aquam dê montibus ad +mûrum stabulî dûxit. Tum partem parvam +mûrî dêlêvit et aquam in stabulum immîsit. +Hôc modô fînm operis fêcit ûnô +diê facillimê.</p> + +<p> +Post paucôs diês Herculês ad oppidum Stymphâlum +iter fêcit; nam Eurystheus iusserat eum avis +Stymphâlidês occîdere. Hae avês rôstra +ferrea habêbant et hominês miserôs +dêvorâbant. Ille, postquam ad locum pervênit, lacum +vîdit in quô avês incolêbant. Nûllô +tamen modô Herculês avibus adpropinquâre potuit; lacus +enim nôn ex aquâ sed ê lîmô +cônstitit.<sup>5</sup> Dênique autem avês +<sup>6</sup>dê aliquâ causâ perterritae in aurâs +volâvêrunt et magna pars eârum sagittîs Herculis +occîsa est.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>Augêâs</b>, pronounced in English +<i>Aw-jê´as</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>Êlidis</b>, gen. case of <b>Êlis</b>, a district of +Greece. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>boum</b>, gen. plur. of <b>bôs</b>. For construction see <a +href = "#sec501_11">§ 501. 11</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>ingentî stabulô</b>, abl. of means, but in our idiom +we should say <i>in a huge stable</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>cônstitit</b>, from <b>consto</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>dê aliquâ causâ perterritae</b>, <i>frightened +for some reason</i>. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"> +<a name = "page202"> </a> +[Illustration: Hercules and the Cretan bull<br> +Caption: HERCULES ET TAURUS]</p> + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LIX" href = "#lesson_LIX">LIX.</a> +HERCULES CAPTURES THE CRETAN BULL AND CARRIES HIM LIVING TO +EURYSTHEUS</i></p> + +<p> +Tum Eurystheus iussit Herculem portâre vîvum ex +însulâ Crêtâ taurum quendam saevissimum. Ille +igitur nâvem cônscendit—nam ventus erat +idôneus—atque statim solvit. Postquam trîduum +nâvigavit, incolumis însulae adpropinquâvit. Deinde, +postquam omnia parâta sunt, contendit ad eam regiônem quam +taurus vexâbat. Mox taurum vîdit ac sine ûllô +metû cornua eius corripuit. Tum ingentî labôre +mônstrum ad nâvem trâxit atque cum hâc +praedâ ex însulâ discessit.</p> + + +<p><i>THE FLESH-EATING HORSES OF DIOME´DES</i></p> + +<p> +Postquam ex însulâ Crêtâ domum pervênit, +Hercules ab Eurystheô in Thrâciam missus est. Ibi +Diomêdês quîdam, vir saevissimus, rêgnum +obtinêbat et omnîs â fînibus suîs +prohibêbat. Herculês iussus erat equôs Diomedis rapere +et ad Eurystheum dûcere. Hî autem equî hominês +miserrimôs dêvorâbant dê quibus rêx +supplicium sûmere cupiêbat. Herculês ubi +pervênit, prîmum equôs â rêge +postulâvit, sed rêx eôs dêdere +recûsâvit. Deinde ille îrâ commôtus +rêgem occîdit et corpus eius equîs trâdidit. +Itaque is quî anteâ multôs necâverat, ipse +eôdem suppliciô necâtus est. Et equî, +nûper saevissima animâlia, postquam dominî suî +corpus dêvorâvêrunt, mânsuêtî +erant.</p> + + +<a name = "page203"> </a> +<p><i><a name = "reading_LX" href = "#lesson_LX">LX.</a> +THE BELT OF HIPPOL´YTE, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS</i></p> + +<p> +Gêns Amâzonum<sup>1</sup> dîcitur<sup>2</sup> +omnînô ex mulieribus fuisse. Hae cum virîs proelium +committere nôn verêbantur. Hippolytê, Amâzonum +rêgîna, balteum habuit pulcherrimum. Hunc balteum +possidêre fîlia Eurystheî vehementer cupiêbat. +Itaque Eurystheus iussit Herculem impetum in Amâzonês +facere. Ille multîs cum côpiîs nâvem +cônscendît et paucis diêbus in Amâzonum +fînîs pervênit, ac balteum postulâvit. Eum +trâdere ipsa Hipporytê quidem cupîvit; reliquîs +tamen Amazonibus<sup>3</sup> persuâdêre nôn potuit. +Postrîdiê Herculês proelium commîsit. +Multâs hôrâs utrimque quam fortissimê +pugnâtum est Dênique tamen mulieres terga vertêrunt et +fugâ salûtem petiêrunt. Multae autem captae sunt, in +quô numerô erat ipsa Hippolytê. Herculês +postquam balteum accêpit, omnibus captîvîs +lîbertâtem dedit.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. A fabled tribe of warlike women living in Asia Minor. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>omnînô</b>, etc., <i>to have consisted entirely of +women.</i> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>Amâzonibus</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501. 14</a>. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i>THE DESCENT TO HADES AND THE DOG CER´BERUS</i></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Hercules and Cerberus<br> +Caption: HERCULES ET CERBERUS]</p> + +<p> +Iamque ûnus modo ê duodecim labôribus +relinquêbâtur sed inter omnîs hic erat difficillimus. +Iussus est enim canem Cerberum<sup>4</sup> ex Orcô in lûcem +trahere. Ex Orcô autem nêmô anteâ reverterat. +Praetereâ Cerberus erat mônstrum maximê horribile et +tria capita habêbat. Herculês postquam imperia +Eurystheî accêpit, statim profectus est et in Orcum +dêscendit. Ibi vêrô nôn sine summô +periculô Cerberum manibus rapuit et ingentî cum labôre +ex Orcô in lûcem et adurbem Eurystheî +trâxit.</p> + +<p> +Sic duodecim laborês illî<sup>5</sup> intrâ duodecim +annôs cônfectî sunt. Dêmum post longam +vîtam Herculês â deîs receptus est et Iuppiter +fîliô suô dedit immortâlitâtem.</p> + +<blockquote> +4. The dog Cerberus guarded the gate of Orcus, the abode of the dead. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>illî</b>, <i>those famous.</i> +</blockquote> + +<hr> + +<a name = "page204"> </a> +<p align = "center">P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY1</p> + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXI" href = "#lesson_LXI">LXI.</a> +PUBLIUS IS BORN NEAR POMPE´II</i></p> + +<p> +P. Cornêlius Lentulus,<sup>2</sup> adulêscêns +Rômânus, amplissimâ familiâ<sup>3</sup> +nâtus est; nam pater eius, Mârcus, erat dux +perîtissimus, cuius virtûte<sup>4</sup> et +cônsiliô multae victôriae reportâtae erant; +atque mater eius, lûlia, â clârissimîs +maiôribus orta est. Nôn vêrô in urbe sed +rûrî<sup>5</sup> Pûblius nâtus est, et cum +mâtre habitâbat in vîllâ quae in maris +lîtore et sub radîcibus magnî montis sita erat. +Môns autem erat Vesuvius et parva urbs Pompêiî +octô mîlia<sup>6</sup> passuum<sup>7</sup> aberat. In +Italiâ antîquâ erant plûrimae quidem villae et +pulchrae, sed inter hâs omnîs nûlla erat pulchrior +quam villa Mârcî Iûliaeque. Frôns vîllae +mûrô a maris fluctibus mûniêbâtur. Hinc +mare et lîtora et însulae longê lâtêque +cônspicî<sup>8</sup> ac saepe nâvês longae et +onerâriae poterant.  tergô et ab utrôque latere +agrî ferâcissimî patêbant. Undique erat magna +variôrum flôrum côpia et multa ingentium arborum +genera quae aestâte<sup>9</sup> umbram +<a name = "page205"> </a> +dêfessîs agricolîs grâtissimam adferêbant. +Praetereâ erant<sup>1</sup> in agrîs stabulîsque multa +animâlium genera, nôn sôlum equî et bovês +sed etiam rârae avês. Etiam erat<sup>10</sup> magna +piscîna plêna piscium; nam Rômânî +piscîs dîligenter colêbant.</p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Roman boys<br> +Caption: PUERI ROMANI]</p> + +<blockquote> +1. This story is fiction with certain historical facts in Cæsar's +career as a setting. However, the events chronicled might have happened, +and no doubt did happen to many a Roman youth. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. A Roman had three names, as, <b>Pûblius</b> (given name), +<b>Cornêlius</b> (name of the <i>gêns</i> or clan), +<b>Lentulus</b> (family name). +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Abl. of source, which is akin to the abl. of separation (<a href = +"#sec501_32">§ 501. 32</a>). +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>virtûte</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_24">§ 501. 24</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>rûrî</b>, <a href = "#sec501_36">§ 501. +36. 1</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>mîlia</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_21">§ 501. 21</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>passuum</b>, <a href = "#sec501_11">§ 501. 11</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>cônspicî</b>, infin. with poterant, <a href = +"#sec215">§ 215</a>. Consult the map of Italy for the +approximate location of the villa. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. <b>aestâte</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_35">§ 501. 35</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. How are the forms of <b>sum</b> translated when they precede the +subject? +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXII" href = "#lesson_LXII">LXII.</a> +HIS LIFE ON THE FARM</i></p> + +<p> +Huius vîllae Dâvus, servus Mârcî, est +vîlicus<sup>1</sup> et cum Lesbiâ uxôre omnia +cûrat. Vîlicus et uxor in casâ humilî, +mediîs in agrîs sitâ, habitant.  +prîmâ lûce ûsque ad vesperum +sê<sup>2</sup> gravibus labôribus exercent ut omnî +rês bene gerant.<sup>3</sup> Plûrima enim sunt officia +Dâvî et Lesbiae. Vîlicus servôs regit nê +tardî sint<sup>4</sup>; mittit aliôs quî agrôs +arent,<sup>4</sup> aliôs quî hortôs +inrigent,<sup>4</sup> et opera in<sup>5</sup> tôtum diem +impônit. Lesbia autem omnibus vestîmenta parat, cibum +coquit, pânem facit.</p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Roman cottage<br> +Caption: CASA ROMANA]</p> + +<p> +Nôn longê ab hôrum casâ et in summô colle +situm surgêbat domicilium ipsîus dominî dominaeque +amplissimum. Ibi plûrîs annôs<sup>6</sup> +Pûblius cum mâtre vîtam fêlîcem +agêbat; nam pater eius, Mârcus, in terrîs +longinquîs gravia reî pûblicae bella gerêbat nec +domum<sup>7</sup> revertî poterat. Neque puerô quidem +molestum est rûrî<sup>8</sup> vîvere. Eum multae +rês dêlectant. Magnopere amat silvâs, agrôs, +equôs, bovês, gallînâs, avîs, reliquaque +animâlia. Saepe plûrîs hôrâs<sup>9</sup> +ad mare sedet quô<sup>9</sup> melius fluctûs et +nâvîs spectet. Nec omnînô sine comitibus erat, +quod L[y]dia, Dâvî fîlia, quae erat eiusdem +aetâtis, cum eô adhûc infante lûdêbat, +inter quôs cum annîs amîcitia crêscêbat. +L[y]dia nûllum alium ducem dêligêbat et Pûblius +ab puellae latere rârô +<a name = "page206"> </a> +discêdêbat. Itaque sub clârô Italiae sôle +Pûblius et L[y]dia, amîcî fidêlissimî, per +campôs collîsque cotîdiê vagâbantur. Modo +in silvâ fînitimâ lûdebant ubi Pûblius +sagittîs<sup>10</sup> celeribus avis dêiciêbat et +L[y]dia corônîs variôrum flôrum comâs +suâs ôrnâbat; modo aquam et cibum portâbant ad +Dâvum servôsque dêfessôs quî agrôs +colêbant: modo in casâ parvâ aut hôrâs +lactâs in lûdô cônsûmêbant aut +auxilium dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum virô et servîs +parâbat vel aliâs rês domesticâs +agêbat.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. The <b>vîlicus</b> was a slave who acted as overseer of a farm. +He directed the farming operations and the sale of the produce. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<a name = "note205_2">2.</a> <b>se</b>, reflexive pron., object of +<b>exercent</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. For the construction, see <a href = +"#sec501_40">§ 501. 40</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>in</b>, <i>for</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>annôs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_21">§ 501. 21</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>domum</b>, <a href = "#sec501_20">§ 501. 20</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>rûrî</b>, <a href = "#sec501_36">§ 501. +36. 1</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>hôrâs</b>, cf. <b>annôs</b>, line 17. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. <b>quô ... spectet</b>, <a href = +"#sec349">§§ 349</a>, <a href = "#sec350">350</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>sagittis</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_24">§ 501. 24</a>. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXIII" href = "#lesson_LXIII">LXIII.</a> +MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED · JULIA +RECEIVES A LETTER FROM HIM</i></p> + +<p> +Iam Pûblius<sup>1</sup> decem annôs habêbat cum +M. Cornêlius Lentulus, pater eius, quî quînque +annôs<sup>2</sup> grave bellum in Asiâ gerêbat, non +sine glôriâ domum<sup>3</sup> revertêbâtur. +Namque multa secunda proelia fêcerat, maximâs hostium +côpiâs dêlêverat, multâs urbîs +populo<sup>4</sup> Rômânô inimîcâs +cêperat. Primum nûntius pervênit quî â +Lentulô<sup>5</sup> missus erat<sup>6</sup> ut profectiônem +suam nûntiâret. Deinde plûrîs +diês<sup>7</sup> reditum virî optimî mâter +fîliusque exspectâbant et animîs<sup>8</sup> +sollicitis deôs immortâlîs frûstrâ +colêbant. Tum dêmum hâs litterâs summo cum +gaudiô accêpêrunt:</p> + +<p> +<sup>9</sup>"Mârcus Iûliae suac salûtem dîcit. +Sî valês, bene est; ego valeô. Ex Graeciâ, +quô<sup>10</sup> praeter spem et opîniônem hodiê +pervênî, hâs litterâs ad tê scribô. +Namque nâvis nostra frâcta est; nôs +autem—<sup>11</sup>dîs est gratia—incolumes sumus. Ex +Asiae<sup>12</sup> portû nâvem lênî ventô +solvimus. Postquam<sup>13</sup> altum mare tenuimus <sup>14</sup>nec iam +ûllae terrae appâruêrunt, caelum undique et undique +fluctûs, subitô magna tempestâs coorta est et +nâvem vehementissimê adflîxit. Ventîs +fluctibusque +<a name = "page207"> </a> +adflîctâtî<sup>15</sup> nec sôlem discernere nec +cursum tenêre poterâmus et omnia praesentem mortem +intentâbant. Trîs diês<sup>16</sup> et trîs +noctîs<sup>16</sup> sine rêmîs vêlîsque +agimur. Quârtô diê<sup>17</sup> prîmum terra +vîsa est et violenter in saxa, quae nôn longê â +lîtore aberant, dêiectî sumus. Tum vêrô +maiôra perîcula timêbâmus; sed nauta +quîdam, vir fortissimus, ex nâve in fluctûs +îrâtôs dêsiluit <sup>18</sup>ut fûnem ad +lîtus portâret; quam rem summô labôre vix +effêcit. Ita omnês servâtî sumus. +Grâtiâs igitur et honôrem Neptûnô +dêbêmus, quî deus nôs ê +perîculô êripuit. Nunc +Athênîs<sup>19</sup> sum, quô +cônfûgî ut mihi paucâs hôrâs ad +quiêtem darem.<sup>20</sup> Quam prîmum autem aliam +nâvem condûcam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum cônficiam +et domum<sup>21</sup> ad meôs cârôs revertar. +Salûtâ nostrum Pûblium amîcissimê et +valêtûdinem tuam cûrâ dîligenter. +<sup>22</sup>Kalendîs Mârtiîs."</p> + +<blockquote> +<a name = "note206_1">1.</a> <i>was ten years old</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>annôs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_21">§ 501. 21</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>domum</b>, <a href = "#sec501_20">§ 501. 20</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>populô</b>, dat. with inimîcâs, cf. <a href = +"#sec501_16">§ 501. 16</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>Lentulô</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_33">§ 501. 33</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>ut ... nûntiâret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_40">§ 501. 40</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>diês</b>, cf. annôs, 1. 9. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>animîs</b>, abl. of manner. Do you see one in line 15? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. This is the usual form for the beginning of a Latin letter. First we +have the greeting, and then the expression Sî valês, etc. +The date of the letter is usually given at the end, and also the place +of writing, if not previously mentioned in the letter. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>quô</b>, <i>where</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +11. <b>dîs est grâtia</b>, <i>thank God</i>, in our idiom. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +12. Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in Asia Minor. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +13. <b>altum mare tenuimus</b>, <i>we were well out to sea.</i> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +14. <b>nec iam</b>, <i>and no longer</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +16. <b>adflîctâtî</b>, perf. passive part. <i>tossed +about</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +16. What construction? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +17. <b>diê</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_35">§ 501. 35</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +18. <b>ut ... portâret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_40">§ 501. 40</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +19. <b>Athênîs</b>, <a href = "#sec501_36">§ 501. +36. 1</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +20. <b>darem</b>, cf. <b>portâret</b>, l. 6. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +21. Why not <b>ad domum</b>? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +22. <b>Kalendîs Mârtiîs</b>, <i>the Calends</i> or +<i>first of March</i>; abl. of time, giving the date of the letter. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXIV" href = "#lesson_LXIV">LXIV.</a> +LENTULUS REACHES HOME · PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS +FATHER</i></p> + +<p> +Post paucôs diês nâvis M. Cornêlî +Lentulî portum Mîsênî<sup>1</sup> petiit, +quî portus nôn longê â Pompêiîs +situs est; quô in portû classis Rômânâ +pônêbâtur et ad pugnâs nâvâlîs +ôrnâbâtur. Ibi nâvês omnium generum +cônspicî poterant. Iamque incrêdibilî +celeritâte nâvis longa quâ Lentulus +vehêbâtur lîtorî adpropinquâvit; nam +nôn sôlum ventô sed etiam rêmîs +impellêbâtur. In altâ puppe stâbat +gubernâtor et nôn procul aliquî mîlitês +Rômânî cum armîs splendidîs, inter +quôs clârissimus erat Lentulus. Deinde servî +rêmîs contendere cessâvêrunt<sup>2</sup>; nautae +vêlum contrâxêrunt et ancorâs +iêcêrunt. Lentulus statim ê nâvî +êgressus est et<sup>3</sup> ad villam suam properâvit. Eum +Iûlia, Pûblius, tôtaque familia +excêpêrunt. <sup>4</sup>Quî complexûs, quanta +gaudia fuêrunt!</p> + +<p> +Postrîdiê eius diêî Lentulus fîliô +suô dîxit, "Venî, mî Pûblî, +mêcum. +<a name = "page208"> </a> +Pompêiôs iter hodiê faciam. Mâter tua +suâdet<sup>5</sup> ut frûctûs et cibâria emam. +Namque plûrîs amîcôs ad cênam +vocâvimus et multîs rêbus<sup>6</sup> egêmus. Ea +hortâtur ut quam prîmum proficîscâmur." +"Libenter, mî pater," inquit Pûblius. "Têcum esse mihi +semper est grâtum; nec Pompêiôs umquam +vîdî. Sine morâ proficîscî parâtus +sum." Tum celeriter currum cônscendêrunt et ad urbis +mûrôs vectî sunt. Stabiânâ +portâ<sup>7</sup> urbem ingressî sunt. Pûblius +strâtâs viâs mîrâtur et saxa altiôra +quae in mediô disposita erant et altâs orbitâs +quâs rotae inter haec saxa fêcerant. Etiam strepitum +mîrâtur, multitûdinem, carrôs, fontîs, +domôs, tabernâs, forum<sup>8</sup> cum statuîs, +templîs, reliquîsque aedificiîs +pûblicîs.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Misenum had an excellent harbor, and under the emperor Augustus +became the chief naval station of the Roman fleet. See map of Italy. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. Why is the infinitive used with <b>cessâvêrunt</b>? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. See Plate I, Frontispiece. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. Observe that these words are exclamatory. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. What construction follows <b>suâdeô</b>? <a href = +"#sec501_41">§ 501. 41</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>rêbus</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_32">§ 501. 32</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<a name = "note208_7">7.</a> This is the abl. of the <i>way by which</i> +motion takes place, sometimes called the abl. of route. The construction +comes under the general head of the abl. of means. For the scene here +described, see Plate II, <a href = "#page53">p. 53</a>, and notice +especially the stepping-stones for crossing the street (<b>saxa quae in +mediô disposita erant</b>). +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. The forum of Pompeii was surrounded by temples, public halls, and +markets of various sorts. Locate Pompeii on the map. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXV" href = "#lesson_LXV">LXV.</a> +A DAY AT POMPEII</i></p> + +<p> +Apud forum ê currû dêscendêrunt et Lentulus +dîxit, "Hîc sunt multa tabernârum genera, mî +Pûblî. Ecce, trâns viam est popîna! +<sup>1</sup>Hoc genus tabernârum cibâria vêndit. +Frûctûs quoque ante iânuam stant. Ibi cibâria +mea emam." "Optimê," respondit Pûblius. "At ubi, mî +pater, crûstula emere possumus? Namque mâter +nôbîs imperâvit <sup>2</sup>ut haec quoque +parârêmus. Timeô ut<sup>3</sup> ista popîna +vêndat crûstula." "Bene dîcis," inquit Lentulus. "At +nônne vidês illum fontem â dextrâ ubi aqua per +leônis caput fluit? In illô ipsô locô est +taberna pîstôris quî sine dubiô vêndit +crûstula."</p> + +<p> +Brevî tempore<sup>4</sup> omnia erant parâta, iamque +<sup>5</sup>quînta hôra erat. Deinde Lentulus et +fîlius ad caupônam properâvêrunt, quod +famê<sup>6</sup> et +<a name = "page209"> </a> +sitî<sup>7</sup> urgêbantur. Ibi sub arboris umbrâ +sêdêrunt et puerô imperâvêrunt ut +sibi<sup>8</sup> cibum et vînum daret. Huic +imperiô<sup>9</sup> puer celeriter pâruit. Tum laetî +sê<sup>10</sup> ex labôre refêcêrunt.</p> + +<p> +Post prandium prefectî sunt ut alia urbis spectâcula +vidêrent. Illô tempore fuêrunt +Pompêiîs<sup>11</sup> multa templa, duo theâtra, +thermae magnumque amphitheâtrum, quae omnia post paucôs +annôs flammîs atque incendiîs Vesuvî et terrae +môtû dêlêta sunt. Ante hanc calamitâtem +autem hominês <sup>1</sup>nihil dê monte veritî sunt. +In amphitheâtrô quidem Pûblius morârî +cupîvit ut spectâcula gladiâtôria vidêret, +quae in<sup>13</sup> illum ipsum diem prôscrîpta erant et +iam <sup>15</sup>rê vêrâ incêperant. Sed +Lentulus dîxit, "Morârî, Pûblî, +<sup>16</sup>vereor ut possîmus. Iam decima hôra est et via +est longa. Tempus suâdet ut quam prîmum domum +revertâmur." Itaque servô imperâvit ut equôs +iungeret, et sôlis occâsû<sup>16</sup> ad vîllam +pervênêrunt.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. We say, <i>this kind of shop</i>; Latin, <i>this kind of shops</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>ut ... parârêmus</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_41">§ 501. 41</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. How is <b>ut</b> translated after a verb of fearing? How +<b>nê</b>? Cf. <a href = +"#sec501_42">§ 501. 42</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>tempore</b>, <a href = "#sec501_35">§ 501. 35</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>quînta hôra</b>. The Romans numbered the hours of the +day consecutively from sunrise to sunset, dividing the day, whether long +or short, into twelve equal parts. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>famê</b> shows a slight irregularity in that the abl. ending +<b>-e</b> is long. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>sitis</b>, <i>thirst</i>, has <b>-im</b> in the acc. sing., +<b>-î</b> in the abl. sing., and no plural. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. Observe that the reflexive pronoun <b>sibi</b> does not here refer to +the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands, but to the +subject of the main clause. This so-called <i>indirect</i> use of the +reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. What case? Cf. <a href = "#sec501_14">§ 501. 14</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>sê</b>, cf. <ins title = +"'se ... exercent'">p. 205, l. 7</ins>, and <a href = +"#note205_2">note</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +11. <b>Pompêiîs</b>, <a href = "#sec501_36">§ 501. +36. 1</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +12. <b>nihil ... veritî sunt</b>, <i>had no fears of the +mountain</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +13. <b>in</b>, <i>for</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +14. <b>rê vêrâ</b>, <i>in fact</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +15. <b>vereor ut</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_42">§ 501. 42</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +16. <b>occâsû</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_35">§ 501. 35</a>. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXVI" href = "#lesson_LXVI">LXVI.</a> +LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON</i></p> + +<p> + prîmîs annîs quidem Iûlia ipsa +fîlium suum docuerat, et Pûblius nôn sôlum +<sup>1</sup>pûrê et Latînê loquî poterat +sed etiam commodê legêbat et scrîbêbat. Iam +Ennium<sup>2</sup> aliôsque poêtâs lêgerat. Nunc +vêrô Pûblius <sup>3</sup>duodecim annôs +habêbat; itaque eî pater bonum magistrum, <sup>4</sup>virum +omnî doctrînâ et virtûte +ôrnâtissimum, parâvit, <sup>5</sup>quî Graeca, +mûsicam, aliâsque artîs docêret. +<sup>6</sup>Namque illîs temporibus omnês ferê +gentês Graecê loquêbantur. Cum Pûbliô +aliî puerî, Lentulî amîcôrum +<a name = "page210"> </a> +fîliî,7 discêbant. Nam saepe apud +Rômânôs môs erat <sup>8</sup>nôn in +lûdum fîliôs mittere sed domî per magistrum +docêre. Cotîdiê discipulî cum magistrô in +perist[y]lô<sup>9</sup> Mârcî domûs +sedêbant. Omnês puerî bullam auream, orîginis +honestae signum, in collô gerêbant, et omnês +togâ praetextâ amictî erant, <sup>10</sup>quod +nôndum sêdecim annôs<sup>11</sup> nâtî +sunt.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>pûrê ... poterat</b>, freely, <i>could speak Latin +well</i>. What is the literal translation? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>Ennium</b>, the father of Latin poetry. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>duodecim ... habêbat</b>, cf. <ins title = +"'Publius ... decem annos habebat'">p. 206, l. 8</ins>, and <a href = +"#note206_1">note</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>virum</b>, etc., <i>a very well-educated and worthy man</i>. +Observe the Latin equivalent. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>quî ... docêret</b>, a relative clause of purpose. Cf. +<a href = "#sec349">§§ 349</a>, <a href = +"#sec350">350</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. In Cæsar's time Greek was spoken more widely in the Roman world +than any other language. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>fîliî</b>, in apposition with <b>puerî</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>nôn ... mittere</b>. This infinitive clause is the subject +of <b>erat</b>. Cf. <a href = "#sec216">§ 216</a>. The same +construction is repeated in the next clause, <b>domî ... +docêre</b>. The object of <b>docêre</b> is +<b>fîliôs</b> understood. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. The peristyle was an open court surrounded by a colonnade. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<a name = "note210_10">10.</a> At the age of sixteen a boy laid aside +the <i>bulla</i> and the <i>toga praetexta</i> and assumed <i>toga +virîlis</i> or manly gown. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +<a name = "note210_11">11.</a> <b>annôs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_21">§ 501. 21</a>. The expression +<b>nôndum sêdecim annôs nâtî sunt</b> +means literally, <i>they were born not yet sixteen years</i>. This is +the usual expression for age. What is the English equivalent? +</blockquote> + +<p><i>SCENE IN SCHOOL · AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION</i></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: woman with tablet and stylus<br> +Caption: TABULA ET STILUS]</p> + +<p> +Discipulî. Salvê, magister.</p> + +<p> +Magister. Vôs quoque omnês, salvête. +<sup>1</sup>Tabulâsne portâvistis et stilôs?</p> + +<p> +D. Portâvimus.</p> + +<p> +M. Iam fâbulam Aesôpî<sup>2</sup> discêmus. Ego +legam, vôs in tabulîs scrîbite. Et tû, +Pûblî, dâ mihi ê capsâ<sup>3</sup> +Aesôpî volûmen.<sup>4</sup> Iam audîte +omnês: <i>Vulpês et Ûva</i>.</p> + +<p> +Vulpês ôlim famê coâcta ûvam +dêpendentem vîdit. Ad ûvam saliêbat, +sûmere cônâns. Frûstrâ diû +cônâta, tandem îrâta erat et salîre +cessâns dîxit: "Illa ûva est acerba; acerbam +ûvam <sup>5</sup>nihil moror."</p> + +<p> +Omnia´ne scrîpsistis, puerî?</p> + +<p> +D. Omnia, magister.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax. The writing was +done with a stylus, a pointed instrument like a pencil, made of bone or +metal, with a knob at the other end. The knob was used to smooth over +the wax in making erasures and corrections. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>Aesôpî</b>, the famous Greek to whom are ascribed most +of the fables current in the ancient world. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. A cylindrical box for holding books and papers, shaped like a hatbox. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. Ancient books were written on rolls made of papy´rus. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>nihil moror</b>, <i>I care nothing for</i>. +</blockquote> + + +<a name = "page211"> </a> +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXVII" href = "#lesson_LXVII">LXVII.</a> +PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION</i></p> + +<p> +Iamque Pûblius, <sup>1</sup>quîndecim annôs +nâtus, <sup>2</sup>prîmîs litterârum +elementîs cônfectîs, Rômam petere voluit ut +scholâs grammaticôrum et philosophôrum +frequentâret. Et facillimê patrî<sup>3</sup> +suô, qui ipse philosophiae studiô tenêbâtur, +persuâsit. Itaque <sup>4</sup>omnibus rêbus ad +profectiônem comparâtîs, pater fîliusque +equîs animôsîs vectî<sup>5</sup> ad magnam urbem +profectî sunt. Eôs proficîscentîs Iûlia +tôtaque familia vôtîs precibusque +prôsecûtae sunt. Tum per loca<sup>6</sup> plâna et +collis silvîs vestîtôs viam ingressî sunt ad +Nôlam, quod oppidum eôs hospitiô modicô +excêpit. Nôlae<sup>7</sup> duâs hôrâs +morâtî sunt, quod sôl merîdiânus +ârdêbat. Tum rêctâ viâ<sup>8</sup> +circiter vîgintî mîlia<sup>9</sup> passuum<sup>9</sup> +Capuam,<sup>9</sup> ad însignem Campâniae urbem, +contendêrunt. Eô<sup>10</sup> multâ nocte +dêfessî pervênêrunt. +<sup>11</sup>Postrîdiê eius diêî, somnô et +cibô recreâtî, Capuâ discessêrunt et +<sup>13</sup>viam Appiam ingressî, quae Capuam tangit et +ûsque ad urbem Rômam dûcit, ante merîdiem +Sinuessam pervênêrunt, quod oppidum tangit mare. Inde +prîmâ lûce proficîscentês +Formiâs<sup>13</sup> properâvêrunt, ubi Cicerô, +ôrâtor clarissimus, quî forte apud vîllam suam +erat, eôs benignê excêpit. Hinc <sup>14</sup>itinere +vîgintî quînque mîlium passuum factô, +Tarracînam, oppidum in saxîs altissimîs situm, +vîdêrunt. Iamque nôn longê aberant +palûdês magnae, quae multa mîlia passuum undique +patent. Per eâs pedestris via est gravis et in nâve +viâtôrês vehuntur. Itaque <sup>15</sup>equîs +relictîs Lentulus et Pûblius nâvem +cônscendêrunt, et, ûnâ nocte in +trânsitû cônsûmptâ, Forum Appî +vênêrunt. Tum brevî tempore Arîcia eôs +excêpit. Hoc oppidum, in colle +<a name = "page212"> </a> +situm, ab urbe Româ sêdecim mîlia passuum abest. Inde +dêclivis via ûsque ad latum campum dûcit ubi +Rôma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Pûblius vênit et +Rômam adhûc remôtam, maximam tôtîus orbis +terrârum urbem, cônspêxit, summâ +admîrâtiône et gaudiô adfectus est. Sine +morâ dêscendêrunt, et, mediô +intervâllô quam celerrimê superâtô, urbem +portâ Capênâ ingressî sunt.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>quîndecim</b>, etc., cf. <ins title = +"'nondum sedecim annos nati sunt'">p. 210, l. 5</ins>, and +<a href = "#note210_11">note</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>prîmîs ... cônfectîs</b>, abl. abs. Cf. <a +href = "#sec501_28">§ 501. 28</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>patrî</b>, dat. with <b>persuâsit</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>omnibus ... comparâtîs</b>, cf. note 2. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>vectî</b>, perf. pass. part. of <b>vehô</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. What is there peculiar about the gender of this word? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>Nôlae</b>, locative case, <a href = +"#sec501_36">§ 501. 36</a>.2. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>viâ</b>, cf. <b>portâ</b>, <ins title = +"'porta ... ingressi sunt'">p. 208, l. 7</ins>, and <a href = +"#note208_7">note</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. What construction? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>Eô</b>, adv. <i>there</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +11. <b>Postrîdiê eius diêî</b>, <i>on the next +day</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +12. <b>viam Appiam</b>, the most famous of all Roman roads, the great +highway from Rome to Tarentum and Brundisium, with numerous branches. +Locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in the lines that +follow. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +13. <b>Formiâs</b>, <i>Formiæ</i>, one of the most beautiful +spots on this coast, and a favorite site for the villas of rich Romans. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +14. <b>itinere ... factô</b>, abl. abs. The gen. +<b>mîlium</b> modifies <b>itinere</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +15. <b>equîs relictîs</b>. What construction? Point out a +similar one in the next line. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXVIII" href = "#lesson_LXVIII">LXVIII.</a> +PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS</i></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Bulla<br> +Caption: BULLA]</p> + +<p> +Pûblius iam tôtum annum Rômae +morâbâtur<sup>1</sup> multaque urbis spectâcula +vîderat et multôs sibi<sup>2</sup> amîcôs +parâverat. Eî<sup>3</sup> omnês favêbant; +<sup>4</sup>dê eô omnês bene spêrâre +poterant. Cotîdiê Pûblius scholas philosophôrum +et grammaticôrum tantô studiô frequentâbat +<sup>5</sup>ut aliîs clârum exemplum praebêret. Saepe +erat cum patre in cûriâ<sup>6</sup>; quae rês +effêcit <sup>7</sup>ut summôs reî pûblicae +virôs et audîret et vidêret. Ubi +<sup>8</sup>sêdecim annôs natus est, bullam<sup>9</sup> +auream et togam praetextam môre Rômânô +dêposuit atque virîlem togam sûmpsit. Virîlis +autem toga erat omnînô alba, sed praetexta clâvum +purpureum in margine habêbat. <sup>10</sup>Dêpônere +togam praetextam et sûmere togam virîlem erat rês +grâtissima puerô Rômânô, quod posteâ +vir et cîvis Rômânus habêbâtur.</p> + +<p> +<sup>11</sup>Hîs rêbus gestîs Lentulus ad uxôrem +suam hâs litterâs scrîpsit:</p> + +<p> +<sup>12</sup>"Mârcus Iûliae suae salûtem dîcit. +Sî valês, bene est; ego valeô. Accêpî +tuâs litterâs. Hâs nunc Rômâ per servum +fidêlissimum mittô ut dê Pûbliô +nostrô quam celerrimê sciâs. Nam hodiê eî +togam virîlem dedî. Ante lucem +surrêxî<sup>13</sup> et prîmum bullam auream dê +collô eius +<a name = "page213"> </a> +remôvî. Hâc Laribus<sup>14</sup> +cônsecrâtâ et sacrîs factîs, eum +togâ virîlî vestîvî. Interim +plûrês amîcî cum multitûdine +optimôrum cîvium et honestôrum clientium +pervênerant <sup>15</sup>quî Pûblium domô in +forum dêdûcerent. Ibi in cîvitâtem receptus est +et nômen, Pûblius Cornêlius Lentulus, apud +cîvîs Rômânôs ascrîptum est. +Omnês eî amîcissimî fuêrunt et +magna<sup>16</sup> de eô praedîcunt. Sapientior enim +aequâlibus<sup>17</sup> est et magnum ingenium habet. +<sup>18</sup>Cûrâ ut valeâs."</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>morâbâtur</b>, translate as if pluperfect. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>sibi</b>, <i>for himself</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>Eî</b>, why dat.? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>dê ... poterant</b>, in English, <i>all regarded him as a +very promising youth;</i> but what does the Latin say? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>ut ... praebêret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_43">§ 501. 43</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>cûriâ</b>, a famous building near the Roman Forum. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>ut ... audîret et vidêret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_44">§ 501. 44</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>sêdecim, etc.</b>, cf. <ins title = +"'nondum sedecim annos nati sunt'">p. 210, l. 5</ins>, and <a href = +"#note210_11">note</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. <b>bullam</b>, cf. <ins title = "'bullam auream ... gerebant'">p. +210, l. 3</ins>, and <a href = "#note210_10">note 4</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. These infinitive clauses are the subject of <b>erat</b>. Cf. <a href += "#sec216">§ 216</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +11. <b>Hîs rêbus gestîs</b>, i.e. the assumption of +the <i>toga virilis</i> and attendant ceremonies. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +12. Compare the beginning of this letter with the one on page 206. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +13. <b>surrêxî</b>, from <b>surgô</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +14. The Lares were the spirits of the ancestors, and were worshiped as +household gods. All that the house contained was confided to their care, +and sacrifices were made to them daily. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +15. <b>quî ... dêdûcerent</b>, <a href = +"#sec350">§ 350</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +16. <b>magna</b>, <i>great things</i>, a neuter adj. used as a noun. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +17. <b>aequâlibus</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_34">§ 501. 34</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +18. <b>Cûrâ ut valeâs</b>, <i>take good care of your +health</i>. How does the Latin express this idea? +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXIX" href = "#lesson_LXIX">LXIX.</a> +PUBLIUS JOINS CÆSAR'S ARMY IN GAUL</i></p> + +<p> +Pûblius iam adulêscêns postquam togam virîlem +sûmpsit, aliîs rêbus studêre incêpit et +praesertim ûsû<sup>1</sup> armôrum +sê<sup>2</sup> dîligenter exercuit. Magis magisque +amâvit illâs artîs quae mîlitârem animum +dêlectant. Iamque erant <sup>3</sup>quî eî cursum +mîlitârem praedîcerent. Nec sine causâ, quod +certê patris îsigne exemplum <sup>4</sup>ita multum +trahêbat. <sup>5</sup>Paucîs ante annîs C. +Iûlius Caesar, ducum Rômânôrum maximus, +cônsul creâtus erat et hôc tempore in Galliâ +bellum grave gerêbat. Atque in exercitû eius +plûrês adulêscentês mîlitâbant, apud +quôs erat amîcus quîdam Pûblî. Ille +Pûblium crêbrîs litterîs vehementer +hortâbâtur <sup>6</sup>ut iter in Galliam faceret. Neque +Pûblius recûsâvit, et, multîs amîcîs +ad portam urbis prôsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. +Quârtô diê postquam iter ingressus est, ad +Alpîs, montîs altissimôs, pervênit. Hîs +summâ difficultâte superâtîs, tandem +Gallôrum in fînibus erat. Prîmô autem veritus +est ut<sup>7</sup> castrîs Rômânîs +adpropinquâre posset, quod Gallî, maximîs +côpiîs coâctîs, Rômânôs +obsidêbant et viâs omnîs iam clauserant. Hîs +rêbus commôtus Pûblius vestem Gallicam induit nê +â Gallîs caperêtur, et ita per hostium +côpiâs incolumis ad castra +<a name = "page214"> </a> +pervenîre potuit. Intrâ mûnîtiônes +acceptus, â Caesare benignê exceptus est. Imperâtor +fortem adulêscentem amplissimîs verbîs laudâvit +et eum <sup>8</sup>tribûnum mîlîtum creâvit.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Abl. of means. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>sê</b>, reflexive object of <b>exercuit</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>quî ... praedîcerent</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_45">§ 501. 45</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>ita multum trahêbat</b>, <i>had a great influence in that +direction</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>Paucîs ante annîs</b>, <i>a few years before</i>; in +Latin, <i>before by a few years</i>, <b>ante</b> being an adverb and +<b>annîs</b> abl. of degree of difference. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>ut ... faceret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_41">§ 501. 41</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>ut</b>, how translated here? See <a href = +"#sec501_42">§ 501. 42</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. The <i>military tribune</i> was a commissioned officer nearly +corresponding to our rank of colonel. The tribunes were often +inexperienced men, so Cæsar did not allow them much +responsibility. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: military baggage<br> +Caption: IMPEDIMENTA]</p> + +<p><i>HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED</i></p> + +<p> +Exercitus quî in hostium fînibus bellum genit multîs +perîcuîs circumdatus est. <sup>1</sup>Quae perîcula ut +vîtâret, Rômâni summam cûram +adhîbêre solêbant. Adpropinquanteês +côpiîs hostium agmen ita dispônêbant +<sup>2</sup>ut imperâtor ipse cum plâribus legiônibus +expedîtîs<sup>3</sup> prîmum agmen dûceret. Post +eâs côpiâs impedîmenta<sup>4</sup> +tôtîus exercitûs +<a name = "page215"> </a> +conlocâbant. <sup>5</sup>Tum legiônês quae +proximê cônscrîptae erant tôtum agmen +claudêbant. Equitês quoque in omnîs partîs +dîmittêbantur quî loca explôrârent; et +centuriônês praemittêbantur ut locum castrîs +idôneum dêligerent. Locus habêbatur idôneus +castrîs <sup>6</sup>quî facile dêfendî posset et +prope aquam esset. Quâ dê causâ castra<sup>7</sup> in +colle ab utrâque parte arduô, â fronte lêniter +dêclîvî saepe pônêbantur; vel locus +palûdibus cînctus vel in flûminis rîpîs +situs dêligêbâtur. Ad locum postquam exercitus +pervênit, aliî mîlitum <sup>8</sup>in armîs +erant, aliî castra mûnîre incipiêbant. Nam +<sup>9</sup>quô tûtiôrês ab hostibus +mîlitês essent, nêve incautî et +imparâtî opprimerentur, castra fossâ lâtâ +et vâllô altô mûniêbant. In castrîs +portae quattuor erant ut êruptiô mîlitum omnîs +in partîs fierî posset. In angulîs castrôrum +erant turrês dê quibus têla in hostîs +coniciêbantur. <sup>10</sup>Tâlibus in castrîs +quâlia dêscrîpsimus Pûblius â Caesare +exceptus est.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>Quae perîcula</b>, object of <b>vîtârent</b>. It +is placed first to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>ut ... dûceret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_43">§ 501. 43</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>expedîtîs</b>, i.e. without baggage and ready for +action. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>impedîmenta</b>. Much of the baggage was carried in carts +and on beasts of burden, as is shown above; but, besides this, each +soldier (unless <b>expedîtus</b>) carried a heavy pack. See also +picture, <a href = "#page159">p. 159</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. The newest legions were placed in the rear, because they were the +least reliable. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>quî ... posset ... esset</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_45">§ 501. 45</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>castra</b>, subject of <b>pônêbantur</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>in armîs erant</b>, <i>stood under arms</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. <b>quô ... essent</b>. When is <b>quô</b> used to +introduce a purpose clause? See <a href = +"#sec350">§ 350. I</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>Tâlibus in castrîs quâlia</b>, <i>in such a +camp as</i>. It is important to remember the correlatives <b>tâlis +... quâlis</b>, <i>such ... as</i>. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXX" href = "#lesson_LXX">LXX.</a> +THE RIVAL CENTURIONS</i></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: centurion<br> +Caption: CENTURIO]</p> + +<p> +Illîs in castrîs erant duo +centuriônês,<sup>1</sup> fortissimî virî, T. +Pullô et L. Vorênus, quôrum neuter alterî +virtûte<sup>2</sup> cêdere volêbat. Inter eôs +iam multôs annôs înfênsum certâmen +gerêbâtur. Tum dêmum fînis contrôversiae +hôc modô<sup>3</sup> factus est. Diê tertiô +postquam Pûblius pervênit, hostês, maiôribus +côpiîs coâctîs, âcerrimum impetum in +castra fêcêrunt. Tum Pullô, <sup>4</sup>cum +Rômânî tardiôrês<sup>5</sup> +vidêrentur, "Cûr dubitâs," inquit, "Vorêne? Quam +commodiôrem occâsiônem exspectâs? Hic diês +dê virtûte nostrâ iûdicâbit." +Haec<sup>6</sup> cum dîxisset, +<a name = "page216"> </a> +extrâ mûnîtiônês prôcessit et in eam +hostium partem quae côfertissima <sup>7</sup>vidêbâtur +inrûpit. Neque Vorênus quidem tum +vâllô<sup>8</sup> sêsê continet, sed +Pullônem subsequitur. Tum Pullô pîlum in hostîs +immittit atque ûnum ex multitûdine prôcurrentem +trâicit. Hunc percussum et exanimâtum hostês +scûtîs prôtegunt et in Pullônem omnês +têla coniciunt. Eius scûtum trânsfîgitur et +têlum in balteô dêfîgitur. Hic câsus +vâgînam âvertit et dextram manum eius gladium +êdûcere cônantis<sup>9</sup> morâtur. Eum ita +impedîtum hostês circumsistunt.</p> + +<p> +Tum vêro <sup>10</sup>eî labôrantî +Vorênus, cum sit inimîcus, tamen auxilium dat. Ad hunc +cônfestim 11â Pullône omnis multitûdô +sê convertit. Gladiô comminus pugnat Vorênus, atque, +ûnô interfectô, reliquôs paulum prôpellit. +Sed înstâns cupidius<sup>12</sup> înfêlîx, +<sup>13</sup>pede sê fallente, concidit.</p> + +<p> +Huic rûrsus circumventô auxilium dat Pullô, atque +ambô incolumês, plûribus interfectîs, +summâ cum laude intrâ mûnîtiônês +sê recipiunt. Sic inimîcôrum alter alterî +auxilium dedit nec de eôrum virtûte quisquam +iûdicâre potuit.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. A centurion commanded a company of about sixty men. He was a common +soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his courage and +fighting qualities. The centurions were the real leaders of the men in +battle. There were sixty of them in a legion. The centurion in the +picture (p. 216) has in his hand a staff with a crook at one end, the +symbol of his authority. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>virtûte</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_30">§ 501. 30</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. Abl. of manner. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>cum ... vidêrentur</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_46">§ 501. 46</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>tardiôrês</b>, <i>too slow</i>, a not infrequent +translation of the comparative degree. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>Haec</b>, obj. of <b>dîxisset</b>. It is placed before +<b>cum</b> to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. What +is the construction of <b>dîxisset</b>? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>vidêbatur, inrûpit</b>. Why is the imperfect used in +one case and the perfect in the other? Cf. <a href = +"#sec190">§ 190</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>vâllô</b>, abl. of means, but in English we should say +<i>within the rampart</i>. Cf. <b>ingentî stabulô</b>, p. +201, l. 13, and note. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. <b>cônantis</b>, pres. part. agreeing with <b>eius</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>eî labôrantî</b>, indir. obj. of dat. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +11. <b>â Pullône</b>, <i>from Pullo</i>, abl. of separation. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +12. <b>cupidius</b>, <i>too eagerly</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +13. <b>pede sê fallente</b>, lit. <i>the foot deceiving +itself</i>; in our idiom, <i>his foot slipping</i>. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXXI" href = "#lesson_LXXI">LXXI.</a> +THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED</i></p> + +<p> +Cum iam sex hôrâs pugnatum esset<sup>1</sup> ac nôn +sôlum vîrês sed etiam têla +Rômânôs dêficerent<sup>1</sup>, atque +hostês âcrius instârent,<sup>1</sup> et vâllum +scindere fossamque complêre incêpissent,<sup>1</sup> Caesar, +vir reî mîlitâris perîtissimus, +<a name = "page217"> </a> +suîs imperâvit ut proelium paulisper +intermitterent,<sup>2</sup> et, signô datô, ex castrîs +êrumperent.<sup>2</sup> <sup>3</sup>Quod iussî sunt faciunt, +et subitô ex omnibus portîs êrumpunt. Atque tam +celeriter mîlitês concurrêrunt et tam propinquî +erant hostês<sup>4</sup> ut spatium pîla +coniciendî<sup>5</sup> nôn darêtur. Itaque +reiectîs pîlîs <sup>6</sup>comminus gladiîs +pugnâtum est. Diû et audâcter hostês +restitêrunt et in extrêmâ spê salûtis +tantam virtûtem praestitêrunt ut â dextrô +cornû vehementer <sup>7</sup>multitûdine suôrum aciem +Rômanam premerent. <sup>8</sup>Id imperâtor cum +animadvertisset, Pûblium adulêscentem cum +equitâtû mîsit quî +labôrantibus<sup>9</sup> auxilium daret. Eius impetum +sustinêre nôn potuêrunt hostês<sup>10</sup> et +omnês terga vertêrunt. Eôs in fugam datôs +Pûblius subsecûtus est ûsque ad flûmen +Rhênum, quod ab eô locô quînque mîlia +passuum aberat. Ibi paucî salûtem sibi repperêrunt. +Omnibus reliquîs interfectîs, Pûblius et equitês +in castra sêsê recêpêrunt. Dê hâc +calamitâte fînitimae gentês cum certiôrês +factae essent, ad Caesarem lêgâtôs +mîsêrunt et sê suaque omnia +dêdidêrunt.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>pugnâtum esset, dêficerent, înstârent, +incêpissent</b>. These are all subjunctives with <b>cum</b>. Cf. +<a href = "#sec501_46">§ 501. 46</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>intermitterent, êrumperent</b>. What use of the subjunctive? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>Quod</b>, etc., <i>they do as ordered</i>. The antecedent of +<b>quod</b> is <b>id</b> understood, which would be the object of +<b>faciunt</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>ut ... darêtur</b>. Is this a clause of purpose or of +result? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>coniciendî</b>, <a href = "#sec402">§ 402</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>comminus gladiîs pugnâtum est</b>, <i>a hand-to-hand +conflict was waged with swords</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>multitûdine suôrum</b>, <i>by their numbers</i>. +<b>suôrum</b> is used as a noun. What is the literal translation +of this expression? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>Id imperâtor. Id</b> is the obj. and <b>imperâtor</b> +the subj. of <b>animadvertisset</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. <b>labôrantibus</b>. This participle agrees with +<b>iîs</b> understood, the indir. obj. of <b>daret; qui ... +daret</b> is a purpose clause, <a href = +"#sec501_40">§ 501. 40</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>hostês</b>, subj. of <b>potuêrunt</b>. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXXII" href = "#lesson_LXXII">LXXII.</a> +PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY · ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE +ANIMALS</i></p> + +<p> +Initâ aestâte Caesar litterîs certior +fîêbat et per explôrâtôrês +cognôscêbat plûrîs cîvitâtês +Galliae novîs rêbus studêre,<sup>1</sup> et +contrâ populum Rômânum +coniûrâre<sup>1</sup> obsidêsque <sup>2</sup>inter +sê dare,<sup>1</sup> atque cum hîs Germânôs +quôsdam quoque sêsê coniûnctûrôs +esse.<sup>1</sup> Hîs litterîs nûntiîsque +commôtus Caesar cônstituit quam celerrimê in +Gallôs proficîscî,3 ut eôs +inopînantîs opprimeret, et Labiênum +lêgâtum cum duâbus legiônibus peditum et +duôbus mîlibus equitum in Germânôs +mittere.<sup>3</sup> +<a name = "page218"> </a> +<sup>4</sup>Itaque rê frûmentâriâ +comparâtâ castra môvit. Ab utrôque<sup>5</sup> +rês bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium +fînîs pervênit ut spatium +<sup>6</sup>côpiâs côgendî nôn +darêtur<sup>7</sup>; et Labiênus dê +Germânîs tam grave supplicium sûmpsit ut +nêmô ex eâ gente in reliquum tempus Gallîs +auxilium dare audêret.<sup>7</sup></p> + +<p> +Hoc iter in Germâniam Pûblius quoque fêcit et, +<sup>8</sup>cum ibi morârêtur, multa mîrâbilia +vîdit. Praesertim vêrô ingentem silvam +mîrâbâtur, quae tantae magnitûdinis esse +dîcêbâtur <sup>9</sup>ut nêmô eam +trânsîre posset, nec quisquam scîret aut initium aut +fînem. Quâ dê rê plûra cognôverat +â mîlite quôdam quî ôlim captus â +Germânîs multôs annôs ibi incoluit. +Ille<sup>10</sup> dê silvâ dîcêns, +"Înfînîtae magnitûdinis est haec silva," inquit; +"nee quisquam est <sup>11</sup>huius Germâniae +<sup>12</sup>quî initium eius sciat aut ad fînem adierit. +Nâscuntur illîc multa tâlia animâlium genera +quâlia reliquîs in locîs nôn inveniuntur. Sunt +bovês quî ûnum<sup>13</sup> cornû habent; sunt +etiam animâlia quae appellantur alcês. Hae +nûllôs crûrum<sup>14</sup> articulôs habent. +Itaque, sî forte concidêrunt, sêsê êrigere +nûllô modô possunt. Arborês habent +prô<sup>15</sup> cubîlibus; ad eâs sê applicant +atque ita reclînâtae quiêtem capiunt. Tertium est +genus eôrum quî ûrî appellantur. Hî sunt +paulô minôrês elephantîs.<sup>16</sup> Magna vis +eôrum est et magna vêlôcitâs. Neque hominî +neque ferae parcunt.<sup>17</sup>"</p> + +<blockquote> +1. Observe that all these infinitives are in indirect statements after +<b>certior fîêbat</b>, <i>he was informed</i>, and +<b>cognôscêbat</b>, <i>he learned</i>. Cf. <a href = +"#sec501_48">§ 501.48</a>, 49. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>inter sê</b>, <i>to each other</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>proficîscî, mittere</b>. These infinitives depend upon +<b>cônstituit</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. Before beginning a campaign, food had to be provided. Every fifteen +days grain was distributed. Each soldier received about two pecks. This +he carried in his pack, and this constituted his food, varied +occasionally by what he could find by foraging. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. Abl. of personal agent, <a href = +"#sec501_33">§ 501. 33</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>côpiâs côgendî</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_37">§ 501. 37. 1</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>darêtur, audêret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_43">§ 501. 43</a>. <b>audêret</b> is not +from <b>audiô</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>cum ... morârêtur</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_46">§ 501. 46</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. <b>ut ... posset, ... scîret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_43">§ 501. 43</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>Ille</b>, subj. of <b>inquit</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +11. <b>huius Germâniae</b>, <i>of this part of Germany</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +12. <b>quî ... scîat ... adierit</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_45">§ 501. 45</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +13. <b>ûnum</b>, <i>only one</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +14. <b>crûrum</b>, from <b>crûs</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +15. <b>prô</b>, <i>for, in place of</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +16. <b>elephantîs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_34">§ 501. 34</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +17. <b>parcunt</b>. What case is used with this verb? +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXXIII" href = "#lesson_LXXIII">LXXIII.</a> +THE STORMING OF A CITY</i></p> + +<p> +Pûblius plûrîs diês in Germâniâ +morâtus<sup>1</sup> in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra +sê contulit. Ille quia molestê ferêbat +Gallôs<sup>2</sup> eius regiônis obsidês dare +recûsâvisse et exercituî frûmentum +praebêre +<a name = "page219"> </a> +nôluisse, cônstituit eîs<sup>3</sup> bellum +înferre. Agrîs vâstâtîs, vîcîs +incênsîs, pervênit ad oppidum validissimum quod et +nâtûrâ et arte mûnîtum erat. +Cingêbâtur mûrô vîgintî +quînque pedês<sup>4</sup> altô.  lateribus +duôsitum, praeruptô fastîgiô ad plânitiem +vergêgat; â quârtô tantum<sup>5</sup> latere +aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnâre, <sup>6</sup>cum opus +esset difficillimum, tamen cônstituit Caesar. Et castrîs +mûnîtîs Pûbliô negôtium dedit ut +rês <sup>7</sup>ad oppugnandum necessâriâs +parâret.</p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: siege shed<br> +Caption: VINEA]</p> + +<p> +Rômânôrum autem oppugnâtiô est +haec.<sup>8</sup> Prîmum turrês aedificantur quibus +mîlitês in summum mûrum êvâdere +possint<sup>9</sup>; vîneae<sup>10</sup> fîunt quibus +têctî mîlitês ad mûrum succêdant; +pluteî<sup>11</sup> parantur post quôs mîlitês +tormenta<sup>12</sup> administrent; sunt quoque arietês quî +mûrum et portâs discutiant. Hîs omnibus rêbus +comparâtîs, deinde <sup>13</sup>agger ab eâ parte ubi +aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum +<a name = "page220"> </a> +vîneîs ad ipsum oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere +prômovêtur; arietibus quî sub vîneîs +conlocâtî erant mûrus et portae discutiuntur; +ballistîs, catapultîs, reliquîsque tormentîs +lapidês et têla in oppidum coniciuntur. Postrêmô +cum iam turris et agger altitûdinem mûrî adaequant et +arietês moenia perfrêgêrunt,<sup>14</sup> signô +datô mîlitês inruunt et oppidum expugnant.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>morâtus</b>. Is this part. active or passive in meaning? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>Gallôs</b>, subj. acc. of the infins. +<b>recûsâvisse</b> and <b>nôluisse</b>. The indirect +statement depends upon <b>molestê ferêbat</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>eîs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_15">§ 501. 15</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>pedês</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_21">§ 501. 21</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>tantum</b>, adv. <i>only</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>cum ... esset</b>, a clause of concession, <a href = +"#sec501_46">§ 501. 46</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>ad oppugnandum</b>, a gerund expressing purpose. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>haec</b>, <i>as follows</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. <b>possint</b>, subjv. of purpose. Three similar constructions +follow. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>vîneae</b>. These <b>vîneae</b> were wooden sheds, +open in front and rear, used to protect men who were working to take a +fortification. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and +double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from being +set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +11. <b>pluteî</b>, large screens or shields with small wheels +attached to them. These were used to protect besiegers while moving up +to a city or while serving the engines of war. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +12. <b>tormenta</b>. The engines of war were chiefly the catapult for +shooting great arrows, and the ballista, for hurling large stones. They +had a range of about two thousand feet and were very effective. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +13. The <b>agger</b>, or mound, was of chief importance in a siege. It +was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy, and then +gradually extended towards the point to be attacked. At the same time +its height gradually increased until on a level with the top of the +wall, or even higher. It was made of earth and timber, and had covered +galleries running through it for the use of the besiegers. Over or +beside the <i>agger</i> a tower was moved up to the wall, often with a +battering-ram (<i>aries</i>) in the lowest story. (See picture, <a href += "#page221">p. 221</a>.) +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +14. <b>perfrêgêrunt</b>, from <b>perfringô</b>. +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXXIV" href = "#lesson_LXXIV">LXXIV.</a> +THE CITY IS TAKEN · THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED</i></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: ballista<br> +Caption: BALLISTA]</p> + +<p> +Omnibus rêbus necessâriîs ad oppugnandum â +Pûbliô comparâtîs, dêlîberâtur +in conciliô quod cônsilium <sup>1</sup>oppidî +expugnandî ineant.<sup>2</sup> Tum ûnus<sup>3</sup> ex +centuriônibus, vir reî mîlitâris +perîtissimus, "Ego suâdeô," inquit, "ut ab eâ +parte, ubi aditus sit<sup>4</sup> facillimus, aggerem +exstruâmus<sup>5</sup> et turrim +prômoveâmus<sup>5</sup> atque ariete admôtô +simul mûrum discutere cônêmur.5" <sup>6</sup>Hoc +cônsilium cum omnibus placêret, Caesar concilium +dîmîsit. Deinde mîlitês hortâtus ut +priôrês victôriâs memoriâ<sup>7</sup> +tenêrent, iussit aggerem exstruî, turrim et arietem +admovêrî. Neque oppidânîs<sup>8</sup> +cônsilium dêfuit. Aliî ignem et omne genus +têlôrum dê mûrô in turrim +coniêcêrunt, aliî ingentia saxa in vîneâs +et arietem dêvolvêrunt. Diû utrimque +âcerrimê +<a name = "page221"> </a> +pugnâtum est. Nê vulnerâtî quidem pedem +rettulêrunt. Tandem, <sup>9</sup>dê tertiâ +vigiliâ, Pûblius, quem Caesar illî +operî<sup>10</sup> praefêcerat, nûntiâvit +partem<sup>11</sup> mûrî ictibus arietis labefactam +concidisse. Quâ rê audîtâ Caesar signum dat; +mîlitês inruunt et magnâ cum caede hostium oppidum +capiunt.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>oppidî expugnandî</b>. Is this a gerund or a gerundive +construction? Cf. <a href = "#sec501_37">§ 501. 37</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>ineant</b>. <a href = "#sec501_50">§ 501. 50</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>ûnus</b>. subj. of <b>inquit</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>sit</b>. This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction, which +means that the clause beginning with <b>ubi</b> stands in such close +connection with the subjv. clause beginning with <b>ut</b>, that its +verb is attracted into the same mood. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. All these verbs are in the same construction. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>Hoc cônsilium</b>, subj. of <b>placêret</b>. For the +order cf. <b>Haec cum</b>, etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; <b>Id +imperâtor cum</b>, p. 217, l. 8. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>memoriâ</b>, abl. of means. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>oppidânîs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_15">§ 501. 15</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. Between twelve and three o'clock in the morning. The night was +divided into four watches. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>operî</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_15">§ 501. 15</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +11. <b>partem</b>, subj. acc. of <b>concidisse</b>. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: siege towers, battering rams, siege +shed<br> +Caption: TURRES, ARIETES, VINEA]</p> + +<p> +Postrîdiê eius diêî, hôc oppidô +expugnâtô, <sup>12</sup>captîvôrum quî +nôbilissimî sunt ad imperâtôrem ante +praetôrium<sup>13</sup> addûcuntur. Ipse, +lôrîcâ aurâtâ et paludâmentô +purpureô însignis, captîvôs per interpretem in +hunc modum interrogat:14 Vôs quî estis<sup>15</sup>?</p> + +<p> +Interpres. Rogat imperâtor quî sîtis.</p> + +<p> +Captîvî. Fîliî rêgis sumus.</p> + +<p> +Interpres. Dîcunt sê fîliôs esse +rêgis.</p> + +<p> +Imperâtor. Cûr mihi tantâs iniûriâs +intulistis?</p> + +<p> +Interpres. Rogat cûr sibi tantâs iniûriâs +intuleritis.</p> + +<p> +Captîvî. Iniûriâs eî nôn intulimus +sed prô patriâ bellum gessimus. Semper voluimus +Rômânîs esse amîcî, sed +Rômânî sine causâ nôs domô +patriâque expellere cônâtî sunt.</p> + +<p> +Interpres. <sup>16</sup>Negant sê iniûriâs tibi +intulisse, sed prô patriâ bellum gessisse. +<sup>17</sup>Semper sê voluisse amîcôs +Rômânîs esse, sed Rômânôs sine +causâ sê domô patriâque expellere +cônâtôs esse.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page222"> </a> +Imperâtor. <sup>18</sup>Manêbitisne in reliquum tempus in +fidê, hâc rebelliône condônâtâ?</p> + +<p> +Tum vêrô captîvî multîs cum lacrimîs +iûrâvêrunt sê in fidê +mânsûrôs esse, et Caesar eôs incolumîs +domum dîmîsit.</p> + +<blockquote> +12. <b>captîvôrum ... sunt</b>, <i>the noblest of the +captives</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +13. The general's headquarters. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +14. Study carefully these direct questions, indirect questions, and +indirect statements. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +15. See Plate III, <a href = "#page148">p. 148</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +16. <b>Negant</b>, etc., <i>they say that they have not</i>, etc. +<b>Negant</b> is equivalent to <b>dîcunt nôn</b>, and the +negative modifies <b>intulisse</b>, but not the remainder of the +indirect statement. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +17. <b>Semper</b>, etc., <i>that they have always</i>, etc. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +18. <b>Manêbitisne in fidê</b>, <i>will you remain +loyal?</i> +</blockquote> + + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXXV" href = "#lesson_LXXV">LXXV.</a> +CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY · THE BATTLE +OF PHARSALIA</i></p> + +<p> +Nê cônfectô<sup>1</sup> quidem bellô +Gallicô, <sup>2</sup>bellum cîvîle inter Caesarem et +Pompêium exortum est. Nam Pompêius, quî summum +imperium petêbat, senâtuî persuâserat ut +Caesarem reî pûblicae hostem<sup>3</sup> +iûdicâret et exercitum eius dîmittî +iubêret. Quibus cognitîs rêbus Caesar exercitum suum +dîmittere recûsâvit, atque, hortâtus +mîlitês ut ducem totiêns victôrem ab +inimîcôrum iniûriîs dêfenderent, +imperâvit ut sê Rômam sequerentur. Summâ cum +alacritâte mîlitês pâruêrunt, et +trânsitô Rubicône<sup>4</sup> initium bellî +cîvîlis factum est.</p> + +<p> +Italiae urbês quidem omnês ferê +<sup>5</sup>rêbus Caesaris favêbant et eum benignê +excêpêrunt. Quâ rê commôtus Pompêius +ante Caesaris adventum Rômâ excessit et +Brundisium<sup>6</sup> pervênit, inde <sup>7</sup>paucîs +post diêbus cum omnibus côpiîs ad Êpîrum +mare trânsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem legiônibus et +quîngentîs equitibus secûtus est, et însignis +inter Caesaris comitâtum erat Pûblius.</p> + +<p> +Plûribus leviôribus proeliîs factîs, tandem +côpiae adversae ad Pharsâlum<sup>8</sup> in Thessaliâ +sitam castra posuêrunt. Cum Pompeî exercitus +<a name = "page223"> </a> +esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multî quî +veterânâs legiônês quae Gallôs et +Germânôs superâverant vehementer timêbant. +Quôs<sup>9</sup> <sup>10</sup>ante proelium commissum +Labiênus<sup>11</sup> lêgâtus, quî ab Caesare +nûper dêfêcerat, ita adlocûtus est: +"<sup>12</sup>Nôlîte exîstimâre hunc esse +exercitum veterânôrum mîlitum. Omnibus interfuî +proeliîs<sup>13</sup> neque temerê incognitam rem +prônûntiô. Perexigua pars illîus exercitûs +quî Gallôs superâvit adhûc superest. Magna pars +occîsa est, multî domum discessêrunt, multî sunt +relictî in Italiâ. Hae côpiae quâs vidêtis +in <sup>14</sup>citeriôre Galliâ nûper +cônscrîptae sunt." Haec<sup>15</sup> cum dîxisset, +iûrâvit sê nisi victôrem in castra nôn +reversûrum esse. <sup>16</sup>Hoc idem Pompêius et +omnês reliquî iûrâvêrunt, et magnâ +spê et laetitiâ, sîcut certam ad victôriam, +côpiae ê castrîs exiêrunt.</p> + +<p> +Item Caesar, animô<sup>17</sup> ad dîmicandum parâtus, +exercitum suum êdûxit et septem cohortibus +<sup>18</sup>praesidiô castrîs relictîs +côpiâs triplicî aciê înstrûxit. Tum, +mîlitibus studiô pugnae ârdentibus, tubâ signum +dedit. Mîlitês prôcurrêrunt et pîlîs +missîs gladiôs strînxêrunt. Neque +vêrô virtûs hostibus dêfuit. Nam et têla +missa sustinuêrunt et impetum gladiôrum +excêpêrunt et ôrdinês +cônservâvêrunt. Utrimque diû et âcriter +pugnâtum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitês +Pompêî aciem Caesaris circumîre +cônâtî sunt. Quod<sup>19</sup> ubi Caesar +animadvertit, tertiam aciem,<sup>20</sup> quae ad id tempus quiêta +fuerat, prôcurrere iussit. Tum vêrô integrôrum +impetum<sup>21</sup> dêfessî hostês sustinêre +nôn potuêrunt et omnês terga vertêrunt. Sed +Pompêius dê fortûnîs suîs +dêspêrâns sê in castra equô contulit, inde +mox cum paucîs equitibus effûgit.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. With <b>nê ... quidem</b> the emphatic word stands between the +two. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry between +Cæsar and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent death +of Pompey and the elevation of Cæsar to the lordship of the Roman +world. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>hostem</b>, predicate accusative, <a href = +"#sec501_22">§ 501. 22</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that marked the +boundary of Cæsar's province. By crossing it with an armed force +Cæsar declared war upon Pompey and the existing government. +Cæsar crossed the Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>rêbus Caesaris favêbant</b>, <i>favored Cæsar's +side</i>. In what case is <b>rêbus</b>? +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. <b>Brundisium</b>, a famous port in southern Italy whence ships +sailed for Greece and the East. See map. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. <b>paucîs post diêbus</b>, <i>a few days later</i>; +literally, <i>afterguards by a few days</i>. Cf. <b>paucîs ante +annîs</b>, p. 213, l. 12, and note. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C. In importance +it ranks as one of the great battles of the world. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. <b>Quôs</b>, obj. of <b>adlocûtus est</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>ante proelium commissum</b>, <i>before the beginning of the +battle</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +11. <b>Labiênus</b>, Cæsar's most faithful and skillful +lieutenant in the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in 49 +B.C., he deserted Cæsar and joined Pompey. His defection caused +the greatest joy among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the +expectations of his new friends, and never accomplished anything of +importance. He fought against his old commander in several battles and +was slain at the battle of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +12. <b>Nôlîte exîstimâre</b>, <i>don´t +think</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +13. <b>proeliîs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_15">§ 501. 15</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +14. <b>citeriôre Galliâ</b>. This name is applied to +Cisalpine Gaul, or Gaul south of the Alps. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +15. <b>Haec</b>, obj. of <b>dîxisset</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +16. <b>Hoc idem</b>, obj. of <b>iûrâvêrunt</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +17. <b>animô</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_30">§ 501. 30</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +18. <b>praesidiô castrîs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_17">§ 501. 17</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +19. <b>Quod</b>, obj. of <b>animadvertit</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +20. <b>aciem</b>, subj. of <b>prôcurrere</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +21. <b>impetum</b>, obj. of <b>sustinêre</b>. +</blockquote> + +<a name = "page224"> </a> + +<p><i><a name = "reading_LXXVI" href = "#lesson_LXXVI">LXXVI.</a> +THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR</i></p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: standard-bearer<br> +Caption: SIGNIFER]</p> + +<p> +Pompêiô amîcîsque eius superâtîs +atque omnibus hostibus ubîque victîs, Caesar imperâtor +Rômam rediit et <sup>1</sup>extrâ moenia urbis in +campô Mârtiô castra posuit. Tum vêrô +amplissimîs honôribus adfectus est. Dictâtor +creâtus est, et eî triumphus â senâtû est +dêcrêtus. <sup>2</sup>Quô diê de Gallîs +triumphum êgit, tanta multitûdô hominum in urbem +undique cônflûxit <sup>3</sup>ut omnia loca essent +cônferta. Templa patêbant, ârae fûmâbant, +columnae sertîs ôrnâtae erant. <sup>4</sup>Cum +vêrô pompa urbem intrâret, quantus hominum fremitus +ortus est! Prîmum per portam ingressî sunt senâtus et +magistrâtûs. Secûtî sunt +tîbîcinês, signiferî, peditês laureâ +corônâtî canentês: "Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, +quî subêgit Galliam," et "Mîlle, mîlle, +mîlle, mîlle Gallôs trucîdâvimus." +Multî praedam captârum urbium portâbant, arma, omnia +bellî înstrûmenta. Secûtî sunt +equitês, animôsîs atque splendidissimê +ôrnâtîs equîs vectî, inter quôs +Pûblius adulêscêns fortissimus habêbâtur. +Addûcêbantur taurî, arietês, +<sup>5</sup>quî dîs immortâlibus immolârentur. +Ita longô agmine prôgrediêns exercitus +<sup>6</sup>sacrâ viâ per forum in Capitôlium +perrêxit.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: lictors with fasces<br> +Caption: LICTORES CUM FASCIBUS]</p> + +<p> +Imperâtor ipse cum urbem intrâret, undique laetô +clâmôre multitûdinis salûtâtus est. +Stâbat in currû aureô quem quattuor albî +equî vehêbant. Indûtus <sup>7</sup>togâ +pictâ, alterâ manû habênâs et lauream +<a name = "page225"> </a> +tenêbat, alterâ eburneum scêptrum. Post eum servus in +currû stâns auream corônam super caput eius +tenêbat. Ante currum miserrimî captîvî, +rêgês prîncipêsque superâtârum +gentium, catênîs vînctî, +prôgrediêbantur; et vîgintî quattuor +lîctôrês<sup>8</sup> laureatâs fascîs +ferentês et signiferî currum Caesaris comitâbantur. +Conclûdit agmen multitûdô captîvôrum, +quî, in servitûtem redâctî,9 dêmissô +vultû, vînctîs<sup>10</sup> bracchiîs, +sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissimô ôrdine +mîlitês, etiam hî praedam vel insignia +mîlitâria ferentês.</p> + +<p> +Caesar cum Capitôlium ascendisset, in templô Iovî +Capitôlînô sacra fêcit. Simul<sup>11</sup> +captivôrum quî nôbilissimî erant, abductî +in carcerem,<sup>12</sup> interfectî sunt. Sacrîs +factîs Caesar dê Capitôliô dêscendit et in +forô mîitibus suîs honôrês +mîlitârîs dedit eîsque pecûniam ex +bellî praedâ distribuit.</p> + +<p> +Hîs omnibus rêbus cônfectîs, Pûblius +Caesarem valêre<sup>13</sup> iussit et quam celerrimê ad +vîllam contendit ut patrem mâtremque +salûtâret.</p> + +<p> +<sup>15</sup>Dê rêbus gestîs P. Cornêlî +Lentulî hâctenus.</p> + +<blockquote> +1. A victorious general with his army was not allowed to enter the city +until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the greatest of all military +honors. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. <b>Quô diê</b>, <i>on the day that</i>, abl. of time. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +3. <b>ut ... essent</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_43">§ 501. 43</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +4. <b>Cum ... intrâret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_46">§ 501. 46</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +5. <b>quî ... immolârentur</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_40">§ 501. 40</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +6. The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one side of the Forum +to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose summit stood the +magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This route was always +followed by triumphal processions. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +7. The <b>toga picta</b> worn by a general in his triumph was a splendid +robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate IV, <a href = +"#page213">p. 213</a>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +8. The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the higher +magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On their +shoulders they carried the <i>fasces</i>, a bundle of rods with an ax in +the middle, symbolizing the power of the law. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +9. <b>dêmissô vultû</b>, <i>with downcast +countenance</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +10. <b>vînctîs</b>, from <b>vinciô</b>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +12. <b>Simul</b>, etc., <i>At the same time those of the captives who +were the noblest.</i> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +12. The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of the +Capitoline Hill. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +13. <b>valêre iussit</b>, <i>bade farewell to</i>. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +14. This sentence marks the end of the story. +</blockquote> + + + + +<a name = "page226"> </a> +<p align = "center"><font size = "+1"><a name = "inflections">APPENDIX +I</a></font></p> + +<p align = "center"><b>DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.</b></p> + +<p align = "center">NOUNS</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec460"><b>460.</b></a> +Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the final +letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive singular.</p> + +<p> +First Declension—<b>Â-</b>stems, Gen. Sing. <b>-ae</b></p> + +<p> +Second Declension—<b>O-</b>stems, Gen. Sing. <b>-î</b></p> + +<p> +Third Declension—Consonant stems and <b>I-</b>stems, Gen. Sing. +<b>-is</b></p> + +<p> +Fourth Declension—<b>U-</b>stems, Gen. Sing. <b>-ûs</b></p> + +<p> +Fifth Declension—<b>Ê-</b>stems, Gen. Sing. +<b>-êî</b> or <b>-eî</b></p> + + +<p> +<a name = "sec461"><b>461.</b></a> +FIRST DECLENSION. <i>Â</i>-STEMS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<b>domina</b>, <i>lady</i> +Stem <b>dominâ-</b> +Base <b>domin-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +<td>domin<b>ârum</b></td> +<td><b>-ârum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +<td>domin<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>am</b></td> +<td><b>-am</b></td> +<td>domin<b>âs</b></td> +<td><b>-âs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>â</b></td> +<td><b>-â</b></td> +<td>domin<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> <b>Dea</b> and <b>fîlia</b> have the termination +<b>-âbus</b> in the dative and ablative plural.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page227"> </a> +<a name = "sec462"><b>462.</b></a> +SECOND DECLENSION. <i>O</i>-STEMS</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Masculines in <b>-us</b> +</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<b>dominus</b>, <i>master</i> +Stem <b>domino-</b> +Base <b>domin-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>us</b></td> +<td><b>-us</b></td> +<td>domin<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +<td>domin<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td><b>-ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +<td>domin<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td>domin<b>ôs</b></td> +<td><b>-ôs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +<td>domin<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Nouns in <b>-us</b> of the second declension have the termination +<b>-e´</b> in the vocative singular, as <b>domine</b>.</p> + +<p>2. Proper names in <b>-ius</b>, and <b>filius</b>, end in +<b>-î</b> in the vocative singular, and the accent rests on the +penult, as <b>Vergi´lî, fîlî</b>.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Neuters in <b>-um</b> +</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<b>pîlum</b>, <i>spear</i> +Stem +<b>pîlo-</b> Base <b>pîl-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>pîl<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>pîl<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td><b>-ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>pîl<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>pîl<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>pîl<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +<td>pîl<b>îs</b></td> +<td><b>-îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Masculines in <b>-ius</b> and neuters in <b>-ium</b> end in +<b>-î</b> in the genitive singular, <i>not</i> in +<b>-iî</b>, and the accent rests on the penult.</p> + +<p> +<i>c.</i> Masculines in <b>-er</b> +and <b>-ir</b> +</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>puer</b>, <i>boy</i></td> +<td><b>ager</b>, <i>field</i></td> +<td><b>vir</b>, <i>man</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Stems</th> +<td><b>puero-</b></td> +<td><b>agro-</b></td> +<td><b>viro-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases</th> +<td><b>puer-</b></td> +<td><b>agr-</b></td> +<td><b>vir-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>puer</td> +<td>ager</td> +<td>vir</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>î</b></td> +<td>agr<b>î</b></td> +<td>vir<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ô</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ô</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>um</b></td> +<td>agr<b>um</b></td> +<td>vir<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ô</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ô</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ô</b></td> +<td><b>-ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "page228"> </a> +</td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>î</b></td> +<td>agr<b>î</b></td> +<td>vir<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ô</b>rum</td> +<td>agr<b>ô</b>rum</td> +<td>vir<b>ô</b>rum</td> +<td><b>-ô</b>rum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>î</b>s</td> +<td>agr<b>î</b>s</td> +<td>vir<b>î</b>s</td> +<td><b>-î</b>s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ô</b>s</td> +<td>agr<b>ô</b>s</td> +<td>vir<b>ô</b>s</td> +<td><b>-ô</b>s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>î</b>s</td> +<td>agr<b>î</b>s</td> +<td>vir<b>î</b>s</td> +<td><b>-î</b>s</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec463"><b>463.</b></a> +THIRD DECLENSION.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "2"> +CLASSIFICATION +</td> +<th>I. Consonant Stems</th> +<td> +1. Stems that add <b>-s</b> to the base to form the nominative singular: +masculines and feminines only. +<br> +2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular: <i>a.</i> +masculines and feminines; <i>b.</i> neuters. +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>II. <i>I</i>-Stems.</th> +<td>Masculines, feminines, and neuters.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec464"><b>464.</b></a> +I. CONSONANT STEMS</p> +<!--all capped in fact--> + +<p>1. <i>Nouns that add <b>-s</b> to the base to form the nominative +singular: masculines and feminines only</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>prînceps</b>, m., <i>chief</i></td> +<td><b>mîles</b>, m., <i>soldier</i></td> +<td><b>lapis</b>, m., <i>stone</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases or<br> +Stems</th> +<td><b>prîncip-</b></td> +<td><b>mîlit-</b></td> +<td><b>lapid-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>prîncep<b>s</b></td> +<td>mîle<b>s</b></td> +<td>lapi<b>s</b></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>is</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>is</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>î</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>î</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>em</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>em</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>e</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>e</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>ês</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>ês</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>um</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>um</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>prînci´p<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>prîn´cip<b>ês</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>ês</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>prînci´p<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mîlit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> <br></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>rêx</b>, m., <i>king</i></td> +<td><b>iûdex</b>, m., <i>judge</i></td> +<td><b>virtûs</b>, f., <i>manliness</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases or<br> +Stems</th> +<td><b>rêg-</b></td> +<td><b>iûdic-</b></td> +<td><b>virtût-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>rêx</td> +<td>iûdex</td> +<td>virtû<b>s</b></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>is</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>is</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>î</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>î</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>em</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>em</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>e</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>e</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>ês</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>ês</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>um</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>um</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>ês</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>ês</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>rêg<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>iûdic<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>virtû´t<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Note. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. <a href = +"#sec233">§ 233. 3</a>.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Nouns that have no termination in the nominative +singular</i></p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Masculines and Feminines +</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>cônsul</b>, m., <i>consul</i></td> +<td><b>legiô</b>, f., <i>legion</i></td> +<td><b>ôrdô</b>, m., <i>row</i></td> +<td><b>pater</b>, m., <i>father</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases or<br> +Stems</th> +<td><b>cônsul-</b></td> +<td><b>legiôn-</b></td> +<td><b>ôrdin-</b></td> +<td><b>patr-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>cônsul</td> +<td>legiô</td> +<td>ôrdô</td> +<td>pater</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>is</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>is</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>is</b></td> +<td>patr<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>î</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>î</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>î</b></td> +<td>patr<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>em</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>em</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>em</b></td> +<td>patr<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>e</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>e</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>e</b></td> +<td>patr<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>ês</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>ês</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>ês</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>um</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>um</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>um</b></td> +<td>patr<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>ês</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>ês</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>ês</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>cônsul<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>legiôn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ôrdin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Note. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. <a +href = "#sec236">§ 236. 1-3</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page230"> </a> +<i>b.</i> Neuters +</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>flûmen</b>, n., <i>river</i></td> +<td><b>tempus</b>, n., <i>time</i></td> +<td><b>opus</b>, n., <i>work</i></td> +<td><b>caput</b>, n., <i>head</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases or<br> +Stems</th> +<td><b>flûmin-</b></td> +<td><b>tempor-</b></td> +<td><b>oper-</b></td> +<td><b>capit-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>flûmen</td> +<td>tempus</td> +<td>opus</td> +<td>caput</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>is</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>is</b></td> +<td>oper<b>is</b></td> +<td>capit<b>is</b> -is</td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>î</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>î</b></td> +<td>oper<b>î</b></td> +<td>capit<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>flûmen</td> +<td>tempus</td> +<td>opus</td> +<td>caput</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>e</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>e</b></td> +<td>oper<b>e</b></td> +<td>capit<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>a</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>a</b></td> +<td>oper<b>a</b></td> +<td>capit<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>um</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>um</b></td> +<td>oper<b>um</b></td> +<td>capit<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>oper<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>capit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>a</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>a</b></td> +<td>oper<b>a</b></td> +<td>capit<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>flûmin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>oper<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>capit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Note. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. <a +href = "#sec238">§ 238. 2, 3</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec465"><b>465.</b></a> +II. <i>I</i>-STEMS</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Masculines and Feminines +</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>caedês</b>, f., <i>slaughter</i></td> +<td><b>hostis</b>, m., <i>enemy</i></td> +<td><b>urbs</b>, f., <i>city</i></td> +<td><b>cliêns</b>, m., <i>retainer</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Stems</th> +<td><b>caedi-</b></td> +<td><b>hosti-</b></td> +<td><b>urbi-</b></td> +<td><b>clienti-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases</th> +<td><b>caed-</b></td> +<td><b>host-</b></td> +<td><b>urb-</b></td> +<td><b>client-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ês</b></td> +<td>host<b>is</b></td> +<td>urb<b>s</b></td> +<td>cliên<b>s</b></td> +<td><b>-s, -is</b>, <i>or</i> <b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>is</b></td> +<td>host<b>is</b></td> +<td>urb<b>is</b></td> +<td>client<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>î</b></td> +<td>host<b>î</b></td> +<td>urb<b>î</b></td> +<td>client<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>em</b></td> +<td>host<b>em</b></td> +<td>urb<b>em</b></td> +<td>client<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b> (<b>-im</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>e</b></td> +<td>host<b>e</b></td> +<td>urb<b>e</b></td> +<td>client<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b> (<b>-î</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ês</b></td> +<td>host<b>ês</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ês</b></td> +<td>client<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ium</b></td> +<td>host<b>ium</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ium</b></td> +<td>client<b>ium</b></td> +<td><b>-ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>host<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>client<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>host<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>urb<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>client<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td><b>-îs, -ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>host<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>client<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. <b>Avis</b>, <b>cîvis</b>, <b>fînis</b>, <b>ignis</b>, +<b>nâvis</b>, have the abl. sing. in <b>-î</b> or +<b>-e</b>.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Turris</b> has accusative <b>turrim</b> and ablative +<b>turrî</b> or <b>turre</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page231"> </a> +<i>b.</i> Neuters</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>însigne</b>, n., <i>decoration</i></td> +<td><b>animal</b>, n., <i>animal</i></td> +<td><b>calcar</b>, n., <i>spur</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Stems</th> +<td><b>însigni-</b></td> +<td><b>animâli-</b></td> +<td><b>calcâri-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases</th> +<td><b>însign-</b></td> +<td><b>animâl-</b></td> +<td><b>calcâr-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>e</b></td> +<td>animal</td> +<td>calcar</td> +<td><b>-e</b> <i>or</i> —</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>is</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>is</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>î</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>î</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>e</b></td> +<td>animal</td> +<td>calcar</td> +<td><b>-e</b> <i>or</i> —</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>î</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>î</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>î</b></td> +<td><b>-î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>ia</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>ia</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>ia</b></td> +<td><b>-ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>ium</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>ium</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>ium</b></td> +<td><b>-ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>ia</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>ia</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>ia</b></td> +<td><b>-ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>însign<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>animâl<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>calcâr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name = "sec466"><b>466.</b></a> +THE FOURTH DECLENSION. <i>U</i>-STEMS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>adventus</b>, m., <i>arrival</i></td> +<td><b>cornû</b>, n., <i>horn</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Stems</th> +<td><b>adventu-</b></td> +<td><b>cornu-</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases</th> +<td><b>advent-</b></td> +<td><b>corn-</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2" rowspan = "2">Singular</th> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>us</b></td> +<td>corn<b>û</b></td> +<td><b>-us</b></td> +<td><b>-û</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ûs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ûs</b></td> +<td><b>-ûs</b></td> +<td><b>-ûs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>uî</b> (<b>û</b>)</td> +<td>corn<b>û</b></td> +<td><b>-uî</b> (<b>û</b>)</td> +<td><b>-û</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>um</b></td> +<td>corn<b>û</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td><b>-û</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>û</b></td> +<td>corn<b>û</b></td> +<td><b>-û</b></td> +<td><b>-û</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ûs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ua</b></td> +<td><b>-ûs</b></td> +<td><b>-ua</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>uum</b></td> +<td>corn<b>uum</b></td> +<td><b>-uum</b></td> +<td><b>-uum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ûs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ua</b></td> +<td><b>-ûs</b></td> +<td><b>-ua</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page232"> </a> +<a name = "sec467"><b>467.</b></a> +THE FIFTH DECLENSION. <i>Ê</i>-STEMS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>diês</b>, m., <i>day</i></td> +<td><b>rês</b>, f. <i>thing</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Stems</th> +<td><b>diê-</b></td> +<td><b>rê-</b> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases</th> +<td><b>di-</b></td> +<td><b>r-</b> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<td><i>Terminations</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ês</b></td> +<td>r<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>di<b>êî</b></td> +<td>r<b>eî</b></td> +<td><b>-êî</b> <i>or</i> <b>-eî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>di<b>êî</b></td> +<td>r<b>eî</b></td> +<td><b>-êî</b> <i>or</i> <b>-eî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>di<b>em</b></td> +<td>r<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ê</b></td> +<td>r<b>ê</b></td> +<td><b>-ê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ês</b></td> +<td>r<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>di<b>êrum</b></td> +<td>r<b>êrum</b></td> +<td><b>-êrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>di<b>êbus</b></td> +<td>r<b>êbus</b></td> +<td><b>-êbus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ês</b></td> +<td>r<b>ês</b></td> +<td><b>-ês</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>di<b>êbus</b></td> +<td>r<b>êbus</b></td> +<td><b>-êbus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec468"><b>468.</b></a> +SPECIAL PARADIGMS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>deus</b>, m., <i>god</i></td> +<td><b>domus</b>, f., <i>house</i></td> +<td><b>vîs</b>, f., <i>strength</i></td> +<td><b>iter</b>, n., <i>way</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Stems</th> +<td><b>deo-</b></td> +<td><b>domu-</b></td> +<td><b>vî-</b> and <b>vîri-</b></td> +<td><b>iter-</b> and <b>itiner-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Bases</th> +<td><b>de-</b></td> +<td><b>dom-</b></td> +<td><b>v-</b> and <b>vîr-</b></td> +<td><b>iter-</b> and <b>itiner-</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>de<b>us</b></td> +<td>dom<b>us</b></td> +<td>v<b>îs</b></td> +<td>iter</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>de<b>î</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ûs</b></td> +<td>v<b>îs</b> (rare)</td> +<td>itiner<b>is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ô</b></td> +<td>dom<b>uî, -ô</b></td> +<td>v<b>î</b> (rare)</td> +<td>itiner<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>de<b>um</b></td> +<td>dom<b>um</b></td> +<td>v<b>im</b></td> +<td>iter</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ô</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ô, -û</b></td> +<td>v<b>î</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>e</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>de<b>î</b>, d<b>î</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ûs</b></td> +<td>vîr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ôrum</b>, de<b>um</b></td> +<td>dom<b>uum, -ôrum</b></td> +<td>vîr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>de<b>îs</b>, d<b>îs</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>vîr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ôs</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ôs, -ûs</b></td> +<td>vîr<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>de<b>îs</b>, d<b>îs</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>vîr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The vocative singular of <b>deus</b> is like the +nominative.</p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> The locative of <b>domus</b> is <b>domî</b>.</p> + + +<a name = "page233"> </a> +<p align = "center">ADJECTIVES</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec469"><b>469.</b></a> +FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. <i>O</i>- AND +<i>Â</i>-STEMS</p> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> Adjectives in <b>-us</b></p> + + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<b>bonus</b>, <i>good</i> +Stems <b>bono-</b> m. and n., +<b>bona-</b> f. +Base <b>bon-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>us</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>î</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ô</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +<td>bon<b>am</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ô</b></td> +<td>bon<b>â</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>î</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ârum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ôs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>âs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> Adjectives in <b>-er</b></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<b>lîber</b>, <i>free</i> +Stems <b>lîbero-</b> m. and n., +<b>lîberâ-</b> f. +Base <b>lîber-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>lîber</td> +<td>lîber<b>a</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>lîber<b>î</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>ae</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>lîber<b>ô</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>ae</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>lîber<b>um</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>am</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>lîber<b>ô</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>â</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>lîber<b>î</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>ae</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>lîber<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>ârum</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>lîber<b>îs</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>îs</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>lîber<b>ôs</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>âs</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>lîber<b>îs</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>îs</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page234"> </a> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<b>pulcher</b>, <i>pretty</i> +Stems <b>pulchro-</b> m. and n., +<b>pulchrâ-</b> f. +Base <b>pulchr-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>pulcher</td> +<td>pulchr<b>a</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>î</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ae</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ô</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ae</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>um</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>am</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ô</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>â</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ô</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>î</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ae</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ârum</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>îs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>îs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ôs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>âs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>îs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>îs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec470"><b>470.</b></a> +THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "7"> +<b>alius</b>, <i>another</i> +Stems <b>alio-</b> m. and n., +<b>aliâ-</b> f. +Base <b>ali-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ali<b>us</b></td> +<td>ali<b>a</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ud</b></td> +<td>ali<b>î</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ae</b></td> +<td>ali<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>alî<b>us</b></td> +<td>alî<b>us</b></td> +<td>alî<b>us</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ârum</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ali<b>î</b></td> +<td>ali<b>î</b></td> +<td>ali<b>î</b></td> +<td>ali<b>îs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>îs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ali<b>um</b></td> +<td>ali<b>am</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ud</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ôs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>âs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ali<b>ô</b></td> +<td>ali<b>â</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ô</b></td> +<td>ali<b>îs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>îs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "7"> +<b>ûnus</b>, <i>one, only</i> +Stems <b>ûno-</b> m. and n., +<b>ûnâ-</b> f. +Base <b>ûn-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ûn<b>us</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>a</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>um</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>î</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>ae</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>ûn<b>îus</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>îus</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>îus</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>ârum</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>ôrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ûn<b>î</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>î</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>î</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>îs</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>îs</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ûn<b>um</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>am</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>um</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>ôs</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>âs</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ûn<b>ô</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>â</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>ô</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>îs</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>îs</b></td> +<td>ûn<b>îs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> For the complete list see +<a href = "#sec108">§ 108</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page235"> </a> +<a name = "sec471"><b>471.</b></a> +ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. +<i>I</i>-STEMS</p> + +<p align = "center">I. THREE ENDINGS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "3"> +<b>âcer, âcris, âcre</b>, <i>keen, eager</i> +</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "3"> +Stem <b>âcri-</b> +Base <b>âcr-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>âcer</td> +<td>âcr<b>is</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>e</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>âcr<b>is</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>is</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>is</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>âcr<b>em</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>em</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>e</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>î</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>âcr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">II. TWO ENDINGS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<b>omnis, omne</b>, <i>every, all</i> +</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +Stem <b>omni-</b> +Base <b>omn-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>e</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ês</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ium</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>î</b></td> +<td>omn<b>î</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>em</b></td> +<td>omn<b>e</b></td> +<td>omn<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>î</b></td> +<td>omn<b>î</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">III. ONE ENDING</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<b>pâr</b>, <i>equal</i> +Stem <b>pari-</b> +Base <b>par-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>pâr</td> +<td>pâr</td> +<td>par<b>ês</b></td> +<td>par<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>par<b>is</b></td> +<td>par<b>is</b></td> +<td>par<b>ium</b></td> +<td>par<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>par<b>î</b></td> +<td>par<b>î</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>par<b>em</b></td> +<td>pâr</td> +<td>par<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>par<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>par<b>î</b></td> +<td>par<b>î</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have <b>-î</b> in the +ablative singular.</p> + +<p><tt> +{This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag +on the page.} +</tt></p> + +<p> +<a name = "page236"> </a> +<a name = "sec472"><b>472.</b></a> +PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<b>amâns</b>, <i>loving</i> +Stem <b>amanti-</b> +Base <b>amant-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>amâns</td> +<td>amâns</td> +<td>amant<b>ês</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>amant<b>is</b></td> +<td>amant<b>is</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ium</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>amant<b>î</b></td> +<td>amant<b>î</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>amant<b>em</b></td> +<td>amâns</td> +<td>amant<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>amant<b>e, -î</b></td> +<td>amant<b>e, -î</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<b>iêns</b>, <i>going</i> +Stem <b>ienti-, eunti-</b> +Base <b>ient-, eunt-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>iêns</td> +<td>iêns</td> +<td>eunt<b>ês</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>eunt<b>is</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>is</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ium</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>eunt<b>î</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>î</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>eunt<b>em</b></td> +<td>iêns</td> +<td>eunt<b>îs, -ês</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>eunt<b>e, -î</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>e, -î</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec473"><b>473.</b></a> +REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th colspan = "2">Comparative</th> +<th colspan = "3">Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>altus (alto-)</td> +<td>alt<b>ior</b></td> +<td>alt<b>ius</b></td> +<td>alt<b>issimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>lîber (lîbero-)</td> +<td>lîber<b>ior</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>ius</b></td> +<td>lîber<b>rimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>pulcher (pulchro-)</td> +<td>pulchr<b>ior</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ius</b></td> +<td>pulcher<b>rimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audâx (audâci-)</td> +<td>audâc<b>ior</b></td> +<td>audâc<b>ius</b></td> +<td>audâc<b>issimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>brevis (brevi-)</td> +<td>brev<b>ior</b></td> +<td>brev<b>ius</b></td> +<td>brev<b>issimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>âcer (âcri-)</td> +<td>âcrior</td> +<td>âcrius</td> +<td>âcer<b>rimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec474"><b>474.</b></a> +DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "5"> +<b>altior</b>, <i>higher</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>altior</td> +<td>altius</td> +<td>altiôr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>altiôr<b>is</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>is</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>um</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>altiôr<b>î</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>î</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>altiôr<b>em</b></td> +<td>altius</td> +<td>altiôr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>altiôr<b>e</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>e</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>altiôr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> +<a name = "page237"> </a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "5"> +<b>plûs</b>, <i>more</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plûs</td> +<td>plûr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plûr<b>is</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plûr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plûs</td> +<td>plûr<b>îs</b> (<b>-ês</b>)</td> +<td>plûr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plûr<b>e</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>plûr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec475"><b>475.</b></a> +IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th colspan = "2">Superlative</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>bon<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>good</i></td> +<td>mel<b>ior</b>, mel<b>ius</b>, <i>better</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +opt<b>imus, -a, -um</b>, <i>best</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mal<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>bad</i></td> +<td>pe<b>ior</b>, pe<b>ius</b>, <i>worse</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +pess<b>imus, -a, -um</b>, <i>worst</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>magn<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>great</i></td> +<td>ma<b>ior</b>, ma<b>ius</b>, <i>greater</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +max<b>imus, -a, -um</b>, <i>greatest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mult<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>much</i></td> +<td>——, plûs, <i>more</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +plûr<b>imus, -a, -um</b>, <i>most</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>parv<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>small</i></td> +<td>min<b>or</b>, min<b>us</b>, <i>smaller</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +min<b>imus, -a, -um</b>, <i>smallest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>sen<b>ex</b>, sen<b>is</b>, <i>old</i></td> +<td>sen<b>ior</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">max<b>imus</b> nâtû</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>iuven<b>is, -e</b>, <i>young</i></td> +<td>iûn<b>ior</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">min<b>imus</b> nâtû</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>vet<b>us</b>, vet<b>eris</b>, <i>old</i></td> +<td>vetust<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +veter<b>rimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>facil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>easy</i></td> +<td>facil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +facil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>difficil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>difficult</i></td> +<td>difficil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +difficil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>simil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>similar</i></td> +<td>simil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +simil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>dissimil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>dissimilar</i></td> +<td>dissimil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +dissimil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>humil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>low</i></td> +<td>humil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +humil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>gracil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>slender</i></td> +<td>gracil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +gracil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>exter<b>us</b>, <i>outward</i></td> +<td>exter<b>ior</b>, <i>outer, exterior</i></td> +<td>extrê<b>mus</b><br> +ext<b>imus</b></td> +<td><i>outermost, last</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>înfer<b>us</b>, <i>below</i></td> +<td>înfer<b>ior</b>, <i>lower</i></td> +<td>înf<b>imus</b><br> +<b>îmus</b></td> +<td><i>lowest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>poster<b>us</b>, <i>following</i></td> +<td>poster<b>ior</b>, <i>later</i></td> +<td>postrê<b>mus</b><br> +post<b>umus</b></td> +<td><i>last</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>super<b>us</b>, <i>above</i></td> +<td>super<b>ior</b>, <i>higher</i></td> +<td>suprê<b>mus</b><br> +sum<b>mus</b></td> +<td><i>highest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[cis, citrâ, <i>on this side</i>]</td> +<td>citer<b>ior</b>, <i>hither</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +citi<b>mus</b>, <i>hithermost</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[in, intrâ, <i>in, within</i>]</td> +<td>inter<b>ior</b>, <i>inner</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +int<b>imus</b>, <i>inmost</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[prae, prô, <i>before</i>]</td> +<td>pr<b>ior</b>, <i>former</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +prî<b>mus</b>, <i>first</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[prope, <i>near</i>]</td> +<td>prop<b>ior</b>, <i>nearer</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +prox<b>imus</b>, <i>next</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[ultrâ, <i>beyond</i>]</td> +<td>ulter<b>ior</b>, <i>further</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +ult<b>imus</b>, <i>furthest</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page238"> </a> + +<p> +<a name = "sec476"><b>476.</b></a> +REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>câr<b>ê</b> (<b>cârus</b>), <i>dearly</i></td> +<td>câr<b>ius</b></td> +<td>câr<b>issimê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>miser<b>ê</b> (<b>miser</b>), <i>wretchedly</i></td> +<td>miser<b>ius</b></td> +<td>miser<b>rimê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>âcri<b>ter</b> (<b>âcer</b>), <i>sharply</i></td> +<td>âcr<b>ius</b></td> +<td>âcer<b>rimê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>facil<b>e</b> (<b>facilis</b>), <i>easily</i></td> +<td>facil<b>ius</b></td> +<td>facil<b>limê</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name = "sec477"><b>477.</b></a> +IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>diû, <i>long, a long time</i></td> +<td>diût<b>ius</b></td> +<td>diût<b>issimê</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ben<b>e</b> (<b>bonus</b>), <i>well</i></td> +<td>mel<b>ius</b>, <i>better</i></td> +<td>opt<b>imê</b>, <i>best</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mal<b>e</b> (<b>malus</b>), <i>ill</i></td> +<td>pe<b>ius</b>, <i>worse</i></td> +<td>pes<b>simê</b>, <i>worst</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>magnopere, <i>greatly</i></td> +<td>magis, <i>more</i></td> +<td>max<b>imê</b>, <i>most</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mult<b>um</b> (<b>multus</b>), <i>much</i></td> +<td>plûs, <i>more</i></td> +<td>plûr<b>imum</b>, <i>most</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>par<b>um</b>, <i>little</i></td> +<td>min<b>us</b>, <i>less</i></td> +<td>min<b>imê</b>, <i>least</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>saep<b>e</b>, <i>often</i></td> +<td>saep<b>îus</b></td> +<td>saep<b>issimê</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec478"><b>478.</b></a> +NUMERALS</p> + +<p>The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting <b>ûnus, duo, +três</b>, the hundreds above one hundred, and <b>mîlle</b> +used as a noun. The ordinals are declined like <b>bonus, -a, +-um</b>.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Cardinals</th> +<th colspan = "2">Ordinals</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +(<i>How many</i>) +</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +(<i>In what order</i>) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1,</td> +<td>ûnus, -a, -um,</td> +<td><i>one</i></td> +<td>prîmus, -a, -um</td> +<td><i>first</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2,</td> +<td>duo, duae, duo</td> +<td><i>two</i></td> +<td>secundus (<i>or</i> alter)</td> +<td><i>second</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3,</td> +<td>três, tria</td> +<td><i>three</i>,</td> +<td>tertius</td> +<td><i>third</i>,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4,</td> +<td>quattuor</td> +<td>etc.</td> +<td>quârtus</td> +<td>etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quînque</td> +<td colspan = "2">quîntus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>6,</td> +<td colspan = "2">sex</td> +<td colspan = "2">sextus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>7,</td> +<td colspan = "2">septem</td> +<td colspan = "2">septimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>8,</td> +<td colspan = "2">octô</td> +<td colspan = "2">octâvus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>9,</td> +<td colspan = "2">novem</td> +<td colspan = "2">nônus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>10,</td> +<td colspan = "2">decem</td> +<td colspan = "2">decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>11,</td> +<td colspan = "2">ûndecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">ûndecimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>12,</td> +<td colspan = "2">duodecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">duodecimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>13,</td> +<td colspan = "2">tredecim (decem (et) três)</td> +<td colspan = "2">tertius decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>14,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quattuordecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">quârtus decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>15, +<a name = "page239"> </a> +</td> +<td colspan = "2">quîndecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">quîntus decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>16,</td> +<td colspan = "2">sêdecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">sextus decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>17,</td> +<td colspan = "2">septendecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">septimus decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>18,</td> +<td colspan = "2">duodêvîgintî (octôdecim)</td> +<td colspan = "2">duodêvîcênsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>19,</td> +<td colspan = "2">ûndêvîgintî (novendecim)</td> +<td colspan = "2">ûndêvîcênsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>20,</td> +<td colspan = "2">vîgintî</td> +<td colspan = "2">vîcênsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>21,</td> +<td colspan = "2">vîgintî ûnus <i>or</i><br> +ûnus et vîgintî, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2">vîcênsimus prîmus <i>or</i><br> +ûnus et vîcênsimus, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>30,</td> +<td colspan = "2">trîgintâ</td> +<td colspan = "2">trîcênsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>40,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quadrâgintâ</td> +<td colspan = "2">quadrâgênsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>50,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quînquâgintâ</td> +<td colspan = "2">quînquâgênsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>60,</td> +<td colspan = "2">sexâgintâ</td> +<td colspan = "2">sexâgênsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>70,</td> +<td colspan = "2">septuâgintâ</td> +<td colspan = "2">septuâgênsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>80,</td> +<td colspan = "2">octôgintâ</td> +<td colspan = "2">octôgênsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>90,</td> +<td colspan = "2">nônâgintâ</td> +<td colspan = "2">nônâgênsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>100,</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>101,</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) ûnus, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) ûnus, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>120,</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) vîgintî</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) vîgintî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>121,</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) vîgintî ûnus, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) vîgintî ûnus, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>200,</td> +<td colspan = "2">ducentî, -ae, -a</td> +<td colspan = "2">ducentî, -ae, -a</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>300,</td> +<td colspan = "2">trecentî</td> +<td colspan = "2">trecentî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>400,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quadringentî</td> +<td colspan = "2">quadringentî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>500,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quîngentî</td> +<td colspan = "2">quîngentî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>600,</td> +<td colspan = "2">sescentî</td> +<td colspan = "2">sescentî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>700,</td> +<td colspan = "2">septingentî</td> +<td colspan = "2">septingentî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>800,</td> +<td colspan = "2">octingentî</td> +<td colspan = "2">octingentî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>900,</td> +<td colspan = "2">nôngentî</td> +<td colspan = "2">nôngentî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1000,</td> +<td colspan = "2">mîlle</td> +<td colspan = "2">mîlle</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec479"><b>479.</b></a> +Declension of <b>duo</b>, <i>two</i>, <b>três</b>, <i>three</i>, +and <b>mîlle</b>, <i>a thousand</i>.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Masc.</th> +<th>Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +<th>M. and F.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +<th>Sing.</th> +<th>Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>N.</i></td> +<td>du<b>o</b></td> +<td>du<b>ae</b></td> +<td>du<b>o</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>tr<b>îa</b></td> +<td>mîl<b>le</b></td> +<td>mîl<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>G.</i></td> +<td>du<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td>du<b>ârum</b></td> +<td>du<b>ôrum</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>mîl<b>le</b></td> +<td>mîl<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>D.</i></td> +<td>du<b>ôbus</b></td> +<td>du<b>âbus</b></td> +<td>du<b>ôbus</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mîl<b>le</b></td> +<td>mîl<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>A.</i></td> +<td>du<b>ôs</b> <i>or</i> du<b>o</b></td> +<td>du<b>âs</b></td> +<td>du<b>o</b></td> +<td>tr<b>îs</b> <i>or</i> tr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ia</b></td> +<td>mîl<b>le</b></td> +<td>mîl<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>A.</i></td> +<td>du<b>ôbus</b></td> +<td>du<b>âbus</b></td> +<td>du<b>ôbus</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mîl<b>le</b></td> +<td>mîl<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Note. <b>Mîlle</b> is used in the plural as a noun with a +modifying genitive, and is occasionally so used in the nominative and +accusative singular. For the declension of <b>ûnus</b> cf. <a href += "#sec470">§ 470</a>.</p> + +<a name = "page240"> </a> +<p align = "center">PRONOUNS</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec480"><b>480.</b></a> +PERSONAL</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>ego</b>, <i>I</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tû</b>, <i>you</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>suî</b>, +<i>of himself, etc.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Sing.</td> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td>Sing.</td> +<td>Plur.</td> +<td>Sing.</td> +<td>Plur.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ego</td> +<td>nôs</td> +<td>tû</td> +<td>vôs</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>meî</td> +<td>nostrum, -trî</td> +<td>tuî</td> +<td>vestrum, -trî</td> +<td>suî</td> +<td>suî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>mihi</td> +<td>nôbîs</td> +<td>tibi</td> +<td>vôbîs</td> +<td>sibi</td> +<td>sibi</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>mê</td> +<td>nôs</td> +<td>tê</td> +<td>vôs</td> +<td>sê, sêsê</td> +<td>sê, sêsê</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>mê</td> +<td>nôbîs</td> +<td>tê</td> +<td>vôbîs</td> +<td>sê, sêsê</td> +<td>sê, sêsê</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Note that <b>suî</b> is always reflexive.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec481"><b>481.</b></a> +DEMONSTRATIVE</p> + +<p>Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have +the pronominal endings <b>-îus</b> or <b>-ius</b> and +<b>-î</b> in the gen. and dat. sing.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "7"> +<b>ipse</b>, <i>self</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ipse</td> +<td>ipsa</td> +<td>ipsum</td> +<td>ipsî</td> +<td>ipsae</td> +<td>ipsa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>ipsî´us</td> +<td>ipsî´us</td> +<td>ipsî´us</td> +<td>ipsôrum</td> +<td>ipsârum</td> +<td>ipsôrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ipsî</td> +<td>ipsî</td> +<td>ipsî</td> +<td>ipsîs</td> +<td>ipsîs</td> +<td>ipsîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ipsum</td> +<td>ipsam</td> +<td>ipsum</td> +<td>ipsôs</td> +<td>ipsâs</td> +<td>ipsa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ipsô</td> +<td>ipsâ</td> +<td>ipsô</td> +<td>ipsîs</td> +<td>ipsîs</td> +<td>ipsîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "7"> +<b>hic</b>, <i>this</i> (here), <i>he</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>hic</td> +<td>haec</td> +<td>hoc</td> +<td>hî</td> +<td>hae</td> +<td>haec</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>huius</td> +<td>huius</td> +<td>huius</td> +<td>hôrum</td> +<td>hârum</td> +<td>hôrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>huic</td> +<td>huic</td> +<td>huic</td> +<td>hîs</td> +<td>hîs</td> +<td>hîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>hunc</td> +<td>hanc</td> +<td>hoc</td> +<td>hôs</td> +<td>hâs</td> +<td>haec</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>hôc</td> +<td>hâc</td> +<td>hôc</td> +<td>hîs</td> +<td>hîs</td> +<td>hîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "7"> +<b>iste</b>, <i>this, that</i> (of yours), <i>he</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>iste</td> +<td>ista</td> +<td>istud</td> +<td>istî</td> +<td>istae</td> +<td>ista</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>istî´us</td> +<td>istî´us</td> +<td>istî´us</td> +<td>istôrum</td> +<td>istârum</td> +<td>istôrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>istî</td> +<td>istî</td> +<td>istî</td> +<td>istîs</td> +<td>istîs</td> +<td>istîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>istum</td> +<td>istam</td> +<td>istud</td> +<td>istôs</td> +<td>istâs</td> +<td>ista</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>istô</td> +<td>istâ</td> +<td>istô</td> +<td>istîs</td> +<td>istîs</td> +<td>istîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> +<a name = "page241"> </a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "7"> +<b>ille</b>, <i>that</i> (yonder), <i>he</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ille</td> +<td>illa</td> +<td>illud</td> +<td>illî</td> +<td>illae</td> +<td>illa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>illî´us</td> +<td>illî´us</td> +<td>illî´us</td> +<td>illôrum</td> +<td>illârum</td> +<td>illôrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>illî</td> +<td>illî</td> +<td>illî</td> +<td>illîs</td> +<td>illîs</td> +<td>illîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>illum</td> +<td>illam</td> +<td>illud</td> +<td>illôs</td> +<td>illâs</td> +<td>illa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>illô</td> +<td>illâ</td> +<td>illô</td> +<td>illîs</td> +<td>illîs</td> +<td>illîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "7"> +<b>is</b>, <i>this, that, he</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>is</td> +<td>ea</td> +<td>id</td> +<td>iî, eî</td> +<td>eae</td> +<td>ea</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eôrum</td> +<td>eârum</td> +<td>eôrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>eî</td> +<td>eî</td> +<td>eî</td> +<td>iîs, eîs</td> +<td>iîs, eîs</td> +<td>iîs, eîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>eum</td> +<td>eam</td> +<td>id</td> +<td>eôs</td> +<td>eâs</td> +<td>ea</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>eô</td> +<td>eâ</td> +<td>eô</td> +<td>iîs, eîs</td> +<td>iîs, eîs</td> +<td>iîs, eîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "7"> +<b>îdem</b>, <i>the same</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>îdem</td> +<td>e´adem</td> +<td>idem</td> +<td>iî´dem<br> +eî´dem</td> +<td>eae´dem</td> +<td>e´adem</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>eius´dem</td> +<td>eius´dem</td> +<td>eius´dem</td> +<td>eôrun´dem</td> +<td>eârun´dem</td> +<td>eôrun´dem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>eî´dem</td> +<td>eî´dem</td> +<td>eî´dem</td> +<td>iîs´dem<br> +eîs´dem</td> +<td>iîs´dem<br> +eîs´dem</td> +<td>iîs´dem<br> +eîs´dem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>eun´dem</td> +<td>ean´dem</td> +<td>idem</td> +<td>eôs´dem</td> +<td>eâs´dem</td> +<td>e´adem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>eô´dem</td> +<td>eâ´dem</td> +<td>eô´dem</td> +<td>iîs´dem<br> +eîs´dem</td> +<td>iîs´dem<br> +eîs´dem</td> +<td>iîs´dem<br> +eîs´dem</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Note. In the plural of <b>is</b> and <b>îdem</b> the forms with +two i's are preferred, the two i's being pronounced as one.</p> + + +<p> +<a name = "sec482"><b>482.</b></a> +RELATIVE</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "7"> +<b>quî</b>, <i>who, which, that</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quî</td> +<td>quae</td> +<td>quod</td> +<td>quî</td> +<td>quae</td> +<td>quae</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cuius</td> +<td>cuius</td> +<td>cuius</td> +<td>quôrum</td> +<td>quârum</td> +<td>quôrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cui</td> +<td>cui</td> +<td>cui</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quem</td> +<td>quam</td> +<td>quod</td> +<td>quôs</td> +<td>quâs</td> +<td>quae</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quô</td> +<td>quâ</td> +<td>quô</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page242"> </a> +<a name = "sec483"><b>483.</b></a> +INTERROGATIVE</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +<b>quis</b>, substantive, <i>who, what</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quis</td> +<td>quid</td> +<td>qui</td> +<td>quae</td> +<td>quae</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cuius</td> +<td>cuius</td> +<td>quôrum</td> +<td>quârum</td> +<td>quôrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cui</td> +<td>cui</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quem</td> +<td>quid</td> +<td>quôs</td> +<td>quâs</td> +<td>quae</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quô</td> +<td>quô</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The interrogative adjective <b>quî, quae, quod</b>, is declined +like the relative.</p> + + +<p> +<a name = "sec484"><b>484.</b></a> +INDEFINITES</p> + +<p><b>quis</b> and <b>quî</b>, as declined above,<sup>1</sup> are +used also as indefinites (<i>some, any</i>). The other indefinites are +compounds of <b>quis</b> and <b>quî</b>.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +<b>quisque</b>, <i>each</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Substantive</th> +<th colspan = "3">Adjective</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quisque</td> +<td>quidque</td> +<td>quisque</td> +<td>quaeque</td> +<td>quodque</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cuius´que</td> +<td>cuius´que</td> +<td>cuius´que</td> +<td>cuius´que</td> +<td>cuius´que</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cuique</td> +<td>cuique</td> +<td>cuique</td> +<td>cuique</td> +<td>cuique</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quemque</td> +<td>quidque</td> +<td>quemque</td> +<td>quamque</td> +<td>quodque</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quôque</td> +<td>quôque</td> +<td>quôque</td> +<td>quâque</td> +<td>quôque</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. <b>qua</b> is generally used instead of <b>quae</b> in the feminine +nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and accusative plural. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "sec485"><b>485.</b></a> +<b>quîdam</b>, <i>a certain one, a certain</i></p> + +<p>Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has <b>quoddam</b> +and the substantive <b>quiddam</b>.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quîdam</td> +<td>quaedam</td> +<td>quoddam<br> +quiddam (<i>subst.</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cuius´dam</td> +<td>cuius´dam</td> +<td>cuius´dam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cuidam</td> +<td>cuidam</td> +<td>cuidam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quendam</td> +<td>quandam</td> +<td>quoddam<br> +quiddam (<i>subst.</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quôdam</td> +<td>quâdam</td> +<td>quôdam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +<a name = "page243"> </a> +Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quîdam</td> +<td>quaedam</td> +<td>quaedam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>quôrun´dam</td> +<td>quârun´dam</td> +<td>quôrun´dam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quôsdam</td> +<td>quâsdam</td> +<td>quaedam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name = "sec486"><b>486.</b></a> +<b>quisquam</b>, substantive, <i>any one</i> +(at all)</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quisquam</td> +<td>quicquam (quidquam)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cuius´quam</td> +<td>cuius´quam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cuiquam</td> +<td>cuiquam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quemquam</td> +<td>quicquam (quidquam)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quôquam</td> +<td>quôquam</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name = "sec487"><b>487.</b></a> +<b>aliquis</b>, substantive, <i>some one</i>. + <b>aliquî</b>, adjective, <i>some</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "6">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Substantive</th> +<th colspan = "3">Adjective</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>aliquis</td> +<td>aliquid</td> +<td>aliquî</td> +<td>aliqua</td> +<td>aliquod</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>alicu´ius</td> +<td>alicu´ius</td> +<td>alicu´ius</td> +<td>alicu´ius</td> +<td>alicu´ius</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>alicui</td> +<td>alicui</td> +<td>alicui</td> +<td>alicui</td> +<td>alicui</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>aliquem</td> +<td>aliquid</td> +<td>aliquem</td> +<td>aliquam</td> +<td>aliquod</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>aliquô</td> +<td>aliquô</td> +<td>aliquô</td> +<td>aliquâ</td> +<td>aliquô</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Plural for both Substantive and Adjective +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MASC.</td> +<td>FEM.</td> +<td>NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>aliquî</td> +<td>aliquae</td> +<td>aliqua</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>aliquô´rum</td> +<td>aliquâ´rum</td> +<td>aliquô´rum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>aliquôs</td> +<td>aliquâs</td> +<td>aliqua</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> <b>quis</b> (<b>quî</b>), <i>any one, any</i>, is the +least definite (<a href = "#sec297">§ 297. <i>b</i></a>). +<b>aliquis</b> (<b>aliquî</b>), <i>some one, some</i>, is more +definite than <b>quis</b>. <b>quisquam</b>, <i>any one</i> (at all), and +its adjective <b>ûllus</b>, <i>any</i>, occur mostly with a +negative, expressed or implied, and in clauses of comparison.</p> + + +<a name = "page244"> </a> +<p align = "center">REGULAR VERBS</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec488"><b>488.</b></a> +FIRST CONJUGATION. <i>Â</i>-VERBS. <i>AMÔ</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Principal Parts <b>amô, amâre, amâvî, +amâtus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Pres. Stem amâ- +Perf. Stem amâv- +Part. Stem amât- +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6">INDICATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I love, am loving, do love</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I am loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>am<b>ô</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>mus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>or</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâ<b>s</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>tis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ama<b>t</b></td> +<td>ama<b>nt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">ama<b>ntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I loved, was loving, did love</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I was loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâ<b>bam</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>bâmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>bar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>bâmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâ<b>bâs</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>bâtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>bâris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>bâminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâ<b>bat</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>bant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>bâtur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>bantur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall love</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall be loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâ<b>bô</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>bimus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>bor</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>bimur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâ<b>bis</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>bitis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>beris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>biminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâ<b>bit</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>bunt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>bitur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâ<b>buntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I have loved, loved, did love</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I have been (was) loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâ<b>vi</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>vimus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">amâ<b>tus, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sum</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">amâ<b>tî, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sumus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâ<b>vistî</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>vistis</b></td> +<td><b>es</b></td> +<td><b>estis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâ<b>vit</b></td> +<td>amâ<b>vêrunt, -re</b></td> +<td><b>est</b></td> +<td><b>sunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I had loved</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I had been loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>eram</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>erâmus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">amât<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>eram</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">amâ<b>tî, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erâmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>erâs</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>erâtis</b></td> +<td><b>erâs</b></td> +<td><b>erâtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>erat</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>erant</b></td> +<td><b>erat</b></td> +<td><b>erant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall have loved</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall have been loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>erô</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>erimus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">amât<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>erô</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">amâ<b>tî, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>eris</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>eris</b></td> +<td><b>eritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>erit</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>erit</b></td> +<td><b>erunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +<a name = "page245"> </a> +SUBJUNCTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>am<b>em</b></td> +<td>am<b>êm</b>us</td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>er</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>êmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>am<b>ês</b></td> +<td>am<b>êtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>êris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>êminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>am<b>et</b></td> +<td>am<b>ent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>êtur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>entur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâr<b>em</b></td> +<td>amâr<b>emus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâr<b>er</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâr<b>êmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâr<b>ês</b></td> +<td>amâr<b>êtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâr<b>êris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâr<b>êminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâr<b>et</b></td> +<td>amâr<b>ent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâr<b>êtur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amâr<b>entur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>erim</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>erimus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">amât<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sim</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">amât<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sîmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>eris</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>sîs</b></td> +<td><b>sîtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>erit</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>sit</b></td> +<td><b>sint</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>issem</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>issêmus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">amât<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>essem</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">amât<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>essêmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>issês</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>issêtis</b></td> +<td><b>essês</b></td> +<td><b>essêtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amâv<b>isset</b></td> +<td>amâv<b>issent</b></td> +<td><b>esset</b></td> +<td><b>essent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +IMPERATIVE +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +amâ, <i>love thou</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amâ<b>re</b>, <i>be thou loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +amâ<b>te</b>, <i>love ye</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amâ<b>minî</b>, <i>be ye loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +amâ<b>tô</b>, <i>thou shalt love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amât<b>or</b>, <i>thou shalt be loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +amâ<b>tô</b>, <i>he shall love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amât<b>or</b>, <i>he shall be loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +amât<b>ôte</b>, <i>you shall love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +ama<b>ntô</b>, <i>they shall love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +ama<b>ntor</b>, <i>they shall be loved</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +INFINITIVE</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> amâ<b>re</b>, <i>to love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amâ<b>rî</b>, <i>to be loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> amâv<b>isse</b>, <i>to have loved</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amât<b>us, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to have been loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> amât<b>ûrus, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to be about to +love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +[amât<b>um îrî</b>], <i>to be about to be loved</i> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6">PARTICIPLES</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> amâ<b>ns, -antis</b>, <i>loving</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> amât<b>ûrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>about to +love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +Gerundive<sup>1</sup> ama<b>ndus, -a, -um</b>, <i>to be loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> ——</td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Perf.</i> amât<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>having been loved, +loved</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">GERUND</td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Nom.</i> ——</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +SUPINE (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Gen.</i> ama<b>ndî</b>, <i>of loving</i> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Acc.</i> [amâ<b>tum</b>], <i>to love</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Dat.</i> ama<b>ndô</b>, <i>for loving</i> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Abl.</i> [amâ<b>tû</b>], <i>to love, in the +loving</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Acc.</i> ama<b>ndum</b>, <i>loving</i> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Abl.</i> ama<b>ndô</b>, <i>by loving</i> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. Sometimes called the future passive participle. +</blockquote> + +<p> +<a name = "page246"> </a> +<a name = "sec489"><b>489.</b></a> +SECOND CONJUGATION. <i>Ê</i>-VERBS. <i>MONEÔ</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Principal Parts +<b>moneô, monêre, monuî, monitus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Pres. Stem <b>monê-</b> +Perf. Stem <b>monu-</b> +Part. Stem <b>monit-</b> +</td> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6">INDICATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I advise</i>, etc.,</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I am advised,</i> etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mone<b>ô</b></td> +<td>monê<b>mus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>or</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monê<b>s</b></td> +<td>monê<b>tis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mone<b>t</b></td> +<td>mone<b>nt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>ntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I was advising</i>, etc.,</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I was advised</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monê<b>bam</b></td> +<td>monê<b>bâmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>bar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>bâmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monê<b>bâs</b></td> +<td>monê<b>bâtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>bâris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>bâminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monê<b>bat</b></td> +<td>monê<b>bant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>bâtur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>bântur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall advise</i>, etc.,</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall be advised</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monê<b>bô</b></td> +<td>monê<b>bimus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>bor</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>bimur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monê<b>bis</b></td> +<td>monê<b>bitis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>beris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>biminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monê<b>bit</b></td> +<td>monê<b>bunt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>bitur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>buntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I have advised, I advised</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I have been (was) advised</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>î</b></td> +<td>monu<b>imus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">monit<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sum</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">monit<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sumus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>istî</b></td> +<td>monu<b>istis</b></td> +<td><b>es</b></td> +<td><b>estis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>it</b></td> +<td>monu<b>êrunt, -re</b></td> +<td><b>est</b></td> +<td><b>sunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I had advised</i>, etc.,</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I had been advised</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>eram</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erâmus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">monit<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>eram</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">monit<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erâmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erâs</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erâtis</b></td> +<td><b>eras</b></td> +<td><b>eratis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erat</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erant</b></td> +<td><b>erat</b></td> +<td><b>erant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall have advised</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall have been advised</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erô</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erimus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">monit<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>erô</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">monit<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>eris</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erîtis</b></td> +<td><b>eris</b></td> +<td><b>eritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erit</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erînt</b></td> +<td><b>erit</b></td> +<td><b>erunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +<a name = "page247"> </a> +SUBJUNCTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mone<b>am</b></td> +<td>mone<b>âmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>ar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>âmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mone<b>âs</b></td> +<td>mone<b>âtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>âris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>âminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mone<b>at</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>âtur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>antur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monê<b>rem</b></td> +<td>monê<b>rêmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>rer</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>rêmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monê<b>rês</b></td> +<td>monê<b>rêtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>rêris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>rêminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monê<b>ret</b></td> +<td>monê<b>rent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>rêtur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monê<b>rentur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erim</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erimus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">monit<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sim</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">monit<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sîmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>eris</b></td> +<td>monu<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>sîs</b></td> +<td><b>sîtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erit</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>sit</b></td> +<td><b>sint</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>issem</b></td> +<td>monu<b>issêmus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">monit<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>essem</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3">monit<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>essêmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>issês</b></td> +<td>monu<b>issêtis</b></td> +<td><b>essês</b></td> +<td><b>essêtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>isset</b></td> +<td>monu<b>issent</b></td> +<td><b>esset</b></td> +<td><b>essent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6">IMPERATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +monê, <i>advise thou</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monê<b>re</b>, <i>be thou advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +monê<b>te</b>, <i>advise ye</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monê<b>minî</b>, <i>be ye advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +monê<b>tô</b>, <i>thou shall advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monê<b>tor</b>, <i>thou shalt be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +monê<b>tô</b>, <i>he shall advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monê<b>tor</b>, <i>he shall be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +monê<b>tôte</b>, <i>you shall advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +mone<b>ntô</b>, <i>they shall advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +mone<b>ntor</b>, <i>they shall be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +INFINITIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> monê<b>re</b>, <i>to advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monê<b>rî</b>, <i>to be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> monu<b>isse</b>, <i>to have advised</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monit<b>us, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to have been advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> monit<b>ûrus, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to be about to +advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +[monit<b>um îrî</b>], <i>to be about to be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6">PARTICIPLES</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> monê<b>ns</b>, -e<b>ntis</b>, <i>advising</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> monit<b>ûrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>about to advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Ger.</i> mone<b>ndus, -a, -um</b>, <i>to be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> ——</td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Perf.</i> monit<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>having been advised, +advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">GERUND</td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Nom.</i> ——</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +SUPINE (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Gen.</i> mone<b>ndî</b>, <i>of advising</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Acc.</i> [monit<b>um</b>], <i>to advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Dat.</i> mone<b>ndô</b>, <i>for advising</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Abl.</i> [monit<b>û</b>], <i>to advise, in the +advising</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Acc.</i> mone<b>ndum</b>, <i>advising</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Abl.</i> mone<b>ndô</b>, <i>by advising</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page248"> </a> +<a name = "sec490"><b>490.</b></a> +THIRD CONJUGATION. <i>E</i>-VERBS. <i>REGÔ</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Principal Parts +<b>regô, regere, rexî, rêctus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Pres. Stem rege- +Perf. Stem rêx- +Part. Stem rêct- +</td> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6">INDICATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I rule</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I am ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>ô</b></td> +<td>reg<b>imus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +re´g<b>or</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +re´g<b>imur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>is</b></td> +<td>reg<b>itis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +re´g<b>eris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>i´minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>it</b></td> +<td>reg<b>unt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +re´g<b>itur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>un´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I was ruling</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I was ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>êbam</b></td> +<td>reg<b>êbâmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ê´bar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>êbâ´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>êbâs</b></td> +<td>reg<b>êbâtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>êbâ´ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>êbâ´minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>êbat</b></td> +<td>reg<b>êbant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>êbâ´tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>êban´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall rule</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall be ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>am</b></td> +<td>reg<b>êmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +re´g<b>ar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ê´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>ês</b></td> +<td>reg<b>êtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ê´ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ê´minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>et</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ê´tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>en´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I have ruled</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I have been ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>î</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>imus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +rêct<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sum</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +rêct<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sumus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>istî</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>istis</b></td> +<td><b>es</b></td> +<td><b>estis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>it</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>êrunt, -re</b></td> +<td><b>est</b></td> +<td><b>sunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I had ruled</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I had been ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>eram</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>erâmus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +rêct<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>eram</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +rêct<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erâmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>erâs</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>erâtis</b></td> +<td><b>erâs</b></td> +<td><b>erâtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>erat</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>erant</b></td> +<td><b>erat</b></td> +<td><b>erant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall have ruled</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall have been ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>erô</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>erimus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +rêct<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>erô</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +rêct<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>eris</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>eris</b></td> +<td><b>eritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>erit</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>erit</b></td> +<td><b>erunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +<a name = "page249"> </a> +SUBJUNCTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>am</b></td> +<td>reg<b>âmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>ar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>âmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>âs</b></td> +<td>reg<b>âtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>âris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>âminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>at</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>âtur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>antur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>erem</b></td> +<td>reg<b>erêmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erer</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erêmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>erês</b></td> +<td>reg<b>erêtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erêris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erêminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>eret</b></td> +<td>reg<b>erent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erêtur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erentur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>erim</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>erimus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +rêct<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sim</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +rêct<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sîmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>eris</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>sîs</b></td> +<td><b>sîtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>erit</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>sit</b></td> +<td><b>sint</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>issem</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>issêmus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +rêct<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>essem</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +rêct<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>essêmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>issês</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>issêtis</b></td> +<td><b>essês</b></td> +<td><b>essêtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rêx<b>isset</b></td> +<td>rêx<b>issent</b></td> +<td><b>esset</b></td> +<td><b>essent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6">IMPERATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>e</b>, <i>rule thou</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>ere</b>, <i>be thou ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ite</b>, <i>rule ye</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>iminî</b>, <i>be ye ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>itô</b>, <i>thou shalt rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>itor</b>, <i>thou shalt be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>itô</b> <i>he shall rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>itor</b>, <i>he shall be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>itôte</b>, <i>ye shall rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>untô</b>, <i>they shall rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>untor</b>, <i>they shall be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +INFINITIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> reg<b>ere</b>, <i>to rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>î</b>, <i>to be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> rêx<b>isse</b>, <i>to have ruled</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +rêct<b>us, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to have been ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i>rêct<b>ûrus, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to be about to +rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +[rêct<b>um</b> îrî], <i>to be about to be +ruled</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +PARTICIPLES</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> reg<b>êns, -entis</b>, <i>ruling</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> rêct<b>ûrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>about to +rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Ger.</i> rege<b>ndus, -a, -um</b>, <i>to be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> ——</td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Perf.</i> rêct<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>having been ruled, +ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">GERUND</td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Nom.</i> ——</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4">SUPINE (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Gen.</i> rege<b>ndî</b>, <i>of ruling</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Acc</i> [rêct<b>um</b>], <i>to rule</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Dat.</i> rege<b>ndô</b>, <i>for ruling</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Abl.</i> [rêct<b>û</b>], <i>to rule, in +the ruling</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Acc.</i> rege<b>ndum</b>, <i>ruling</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Abl.</i> rege<b>ndô</b>, <i>by ruling</i> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page250"> </a> +<a name = "sec491"><b>491.</b></a> +FOURTH CONJUGATION. <i>Î</i>-VERBS. <i>AUDIÔ</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Principal Parts +<b>audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Pres. Stem <b>audî-</b> +Perf. Stem <b>audîv-</b> +Part. Stem <b>audît-</b> +</td> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6">INDICATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I hear</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I am heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>ô</b></td> +<td>audî<b>mus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">au´d<b>ior</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audî´<b>mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audî<b>s</b></td> +<td>audî<b>tis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audî´<b>ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audî´<b>minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>t</b></td> +<td>audi<b>unt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audî´<b>tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>un´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I was hearing</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I was heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>êbam</b></td> +<td>audi<b>êbâmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ê´bar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>êbâ´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>êbâs</b></td> +<td>audi<b>êbâtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>êbâ´ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>êbâ´minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>êbat</b></td> +<td>audi<b>êbant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>êbâ´tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>êban´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall hear</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall be heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>am</b></td> +<td>audi<b>êmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">au´di<b>ar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ê´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>ês</b></td> +<td>audi<b>êtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ê´ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ê´minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>et</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ê´tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>en´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I have heard</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I have been heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audîv<b>î</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>imus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +audît<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sum</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +audît<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sumus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audîv<b>istî</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>istis</b></td> +<td><b>es</b></td> +<td><b>estis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audîv<b>it</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>êrunt, -re</b></td> +<td><b>est</b></td> +<td><b>sunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I had heard</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I had been heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audîv<b>eram</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>erâmus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +audît<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>eram</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +audît<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erâmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audîv<b>erâs</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>erâtis</b></td> +<td><b>erâs</b></td> +<td><b>erâtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audîv<b>erat</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>erant</b></td> +<td><b>erat</b></td> +<td><b>erant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall have heard</i>, etc.</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall have been heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audîv<b>erô</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>erimus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +audît<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>erô</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +audît<b>î, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audîv<b>eris</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>eris</b></td> +<td><b>eritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audîv<b>erit</b></td> +<td>audîv<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>erit</b></td> +<td><b>erunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +<a name = "page251"> </a> +SUBJUNCTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>audi<b>am</b></td> +<td>audi<b>âmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>ar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>âmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>âs</b></td> +<td>audi<b>âtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>âris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>âminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>at</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>âtur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>antur</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>audî<b>rem</b></td> +<td>audî<b>rêmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>rer</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>rêmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audî<b>rês</b></td> +<td>audî<b>rêtis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>rêris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>rêminî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audî<b>ret</b></td> +<td>audî<b>rent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>rêtur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>rentur</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>audî<b>verim</b></td> +<td>audi<b>verimus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +audî<b>tus, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sim</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +audî<b>tî, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sîmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audî<b>veris</b></td> +<td>audi<b>veritis</b></td> +<td><b>sîs</b></td> +<td><b>sîtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audî<b>verit</b></td> +<td>audî<b>verint</b></td> +<td><b>sit</b></td> +<td><b>sint</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audî<b>vissem</b></td> +<td>audî<b>vissêmus</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +audî<b>tus, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>essem</b></td> +<td rowspan = "3"> +audî<b>tî, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>essêmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audî<b>vissês</b></td> +<td>audî<b>vissêtis</b></td> +<td><b>essês</b></td> +<td><b>essêtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audî<b>visset</b></td> +<td>audî<b>vissent</b></td> +<td><b>esset</b></td> +<td><b>essent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6">IMPERATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî, <i>hear thou</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audî<b>re</b>, <i>be thou heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>te</b>, <i>hear ye</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audî<b>minî</b>, <i>be ye heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>tô</b>, <i>thou shalt hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audî<b>tor</b>, <i>thou shalt be heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>tô</b>, <i>he shall hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audî<b>tor</b>, <i>he shall be heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>tôte</b>, <i>ye shall hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>untô</b>, <i>they shall hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audi<b>untor</b>, <i>they shall be heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +INFINITIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> audî<b>re</b>, <i>to hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audî<b>rî</b>, <i>to be heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>visse</b>, <i>to have heard</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audî<b>tus, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to have been heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audî<b>tûrus, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to be about to +hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +[audî<b>tum îrî</b>, <i>to be about to be +heard</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +PARTICIPLES</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> audi<b>êns</b>, -entis, <i>hearing</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> audî<b>tûrus</b>, -a, -um, <i>about to +hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Ger.</i> audi<b>endus</b>, -a, -um <i>to be heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> ——</td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Perf.</i> audî<b>tus</b>, -a, -um, <i>having been heard, +heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">GERUND</td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Nom.</i> ——</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4">SUPINE (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Gen.</i> audi<b>endî</b>, <i>of hearing</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Acc.</i> [audî<b>tum</b>], <i>to +hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Dat.</i> audi<b>endô</b>, <i>for hearing</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Abl.</i> [audî<b>tu</b>], <i>to hear, in the +hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Acc.</i> audi<b>endum</b>, <i>hearing</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Abl.</i> audi<b>endô</b>, <i>by hearing</i> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page252"> </a> +<a name = "sec492"><b>492.</b></a> +THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN <i>-IÔ</i>. +<i>CAPIÔ</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +Principal Parts +<b>capiô, capere, cêpî, captus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +Pres. Stem <b>cape-</b> +Perf. Stem <b>cêp-</b> +Part. Stem <b>capt-</b> +</td> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4">INDICATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>ô</b></td> +<td>capi<b>mus</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>or</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>s</b></td> +<td>capi<b>tis</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>ris, -re</b></td> +<td>capi´minî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>t</b></td> +<td>capi<b>unt</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>tur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>un´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>êbam</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ebamus</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´bar</b></td> +<td>capi<b>êbâ´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>êbas</b></td> +<td>capi<b>êbâtis</b></td> +<td>capi<b>êba´ris, -re</b></td> +<td>capi<b>êbâ´minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>êbat</b></td> +<td>capi<b>êbant</b></td> +<td>capi<b>êbâ´tur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>eban´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>am</b></td> +<td>capi<b>êmus</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ar</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>ês</b></td> +<td>capi<b>êtis</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´ris, -re</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>et</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ent</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ê´tur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>en´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cêp<b>î</b>, cêp<b>istî</b>, cêp<b>it</b>, +etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us, -a, -um</b> <b>sum, es, est</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cêp<b>eram</b>, cêp<b>erâs</b>, cêp<b>erat</b>, +etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us, -a, -um</b> <b>eram, erâs, erat</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +FUTURE PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cêp<b>erô</b>, cêp<b>eris</b>, cêp<b>erit</b>, +etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us, -a, -um</b> <b>erô, eris, erit</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4">SUBJUNCTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +capi<b>am</b>, capi<b>âs</b>, capi<b>at</b>, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capi<b>ar, -iâris, -re, -iâtur</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cape<b>rem</b>, cape<b>rês</b>, cape<b>ret</b>, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +cape<b>rer, -erêris, -re, -erêtur</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cêp<b>erim</b>, cêp<b>eris</b>, cêp<b>erit</b>, +etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us, -a, -um</b> <b>sim, sîs, sit</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cêp<b>issem</b>, cêp<b>issês</b>, +cêp<b>isset</b>, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us,-a, -um</b> <b>essem, essês, esset</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4">IMPERATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>2d Pers.</i> cape</td> +<td> +capi<b>te</b></td> +<td> +cape<b>re</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>minî</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +<a name = "page253"> </a> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>2d Pers.</i> capi<b>tô</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>tôte</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>tor</b></td> +<td> +——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>3rd Pers.</i> capi<b>tô</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>untô</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>tor</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>untor</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +INFINITIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> cape<b>re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +cap<b>î</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> cêp<b>isse</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us, -a, -um esse</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> capt<b>ûrus, -a, -um esse</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +[capt<b>um</b> îrî]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4">PARTICIPLES</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> capi<b>êns, -ientis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> capt<b>ûrus, -a, -um</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Ger.</i> capi<b>endus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> ——</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> capt<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">GERUND</td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "2">SUPINE (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Gen.</i> capi<b>endî</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Acc.</i> [capt<b>um</b>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Abl.</i> [capt<b>û</b>]</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p> +<a name = "sec493"><b>493.</b></a> +DEPONENT VERBS</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "4"> +Principal Parts</td> +<td> +I.</td> +<td><b>hortor, hortârî, hortâtus sum</b>, +<i>urge</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +II.</td> +<td><b>vereor, verêrî, veritus sum</b>, <i>fear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +III.</td> +<td><b>sequor, sequî, secûtus sum</b>, <i>follow</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +IV.</td> +<td><b>partior, partîrî, partîtus sum</b>, <i>share, +divide</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +Note. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain +forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -iô +verbs of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of +capiô.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>hortor</td> +<td>vereor</td> +<td>sequor</td> +<td>partior</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>hortâris, -re</td> +<td>verêris, -re</td> +<td>sequeris, -re</td> +<td>partîris, -re</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>hortâtur</td> +<td>verêtur</td> +<td>sequitur</td> +<td>partîtur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>hortâmur</td> +<td>verêmur</td> +<td>sequimur</td> +<td>partîmur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>hortâminî</td> +<td>verêminî</td> +<td>sequiminî</td> +<td>partîminî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>hortantur</td> +<td>verentur</td> +<td>sequuntur</td> +<td>partiuntur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>hortâbar</td> +<td>verêbar</td> +<td>sequêbar</td> +<td>partiêbar</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>hortâbor</td> +<td>verêbor</td> +<td>sequar</td> +<td>partiar</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>hortâtus sum</td> +<td>veritus sum</td> +<td>secûtus sum</td> +<td>partîtus sum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>hortâtus eram</td> +<td>veritus eram</td> +<td>secûtus eram</td> +<td>partîtus eram</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td>hortâtus erô</td> +<td>veritus erô</td> +<td>secûtus erô</td> +<td>partîtus erô</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +<a name = "page254"> </a> +Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>horter</td> +<td>verear</td> +<td>sequar</td> +<td>partiar</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>hortârer</td> +<td>verêrer</td> +<td>sequerer</td> +<td>partîrer</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>hortâtus sim</td> +<td>veritus sim</td> +<td>secûtus sim</td> +<td>partîtus sim</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>hortâtus essem</td> +<td>veritus essem</td> +<td>secûtus essem</td> +<td>partîtus essem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>hortâre</td> +<td>verêre</td> +<td>sequere</td> +<td>partîre</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>hortâtor</td> +<td>verêtor</td> +<td>sequitor</td> +<td>partîtor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>hortârî</td> +<td>verêrî</td> +<td>sequî</td> +<td>partîrî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>hortâtus esse</td> +<td>veritus esse</td> +<td>secûtus esse</td> +<td>partîtus esse</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>*<b>hortâtûrus esse</b></td> +<td>*<b>veritûrus esse</b></td> +<td>*<b>secûtûrus esse</b></td> +<td>*<b>partîtûrus esse</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Participles</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>*<b>hortâns</b></td> +<td>*<b>verêns</b></td> +<td>*<b>sequêns</b></td> +<td>*<b>partiêns</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>*<b>hortâturus</b></td> +<td>*<b>veritûrus</b></td> +<td>*<b>secûtûrus</b></td> +<td>*<b>partîtûrus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>hortâtus</td> +<td>veritus</td> +<td>secûtus</td> +<td>partîtus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Ger.</i></td> +<td>hortandus</td> +<td>verendus</td> +<td>sequendus</td> +<td>partiendus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Gerund</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>*<b>hortandî</b>, etc.</td> +<td>*<b>verendî</b>, etc.</td> +<td>*<b>sequendî</b>, etc.</td> +<td>*<b>partiendî</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Supine</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>*[<b>hortâtus, -tû</b>]</td> +<td>*[<b>veritum, -tû</b>]</td> +<td>*[<b>secûtum, -tû</b>]</td> +<td>*[<b>partîtum, -tû</b>]</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">IRREGULAR VERBS</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec494"><b>494.</b></a> +<b>sum</b>, <i>am, be</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +Principal Parts +<b>sum, esse, fuî, futûrus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +Pres. Stem <b>es-</b> +Perf. Stem <b>fu-</b> +Part. Stem <b>fut-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Present</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">SINGULAR</td> +<td colspan = "2">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sum</b>, <i>I am</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sumus</b>, <i>we are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>es</b>, <i>thou art</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>estis</b>, <i>you are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>est</b>, <i>he (she, it) is</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sunt</b>, <i>they are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Imperfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>am</b>, <i>I was</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>âmus</b>, <i>we were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>âs</b>, <i>thou wast</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>âtis</b>, <i>you were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>at</b>, <i>he was</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>ant</b>, <i>they were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +<a name = "page255"> </a> +Future</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>ô</b>, <i>I shall be</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>imus</b>, <i>we shall be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>is</b>, <i>thou wilt be</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>itis</b>, <i>you will be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>it</b>, <i>he will be</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>unt</b>, <i>they will be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Perfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>î</b>, <i>I have been, was</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>imus</b>, <i>we have been, were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>istî</b>, <i>thou hast been, wast</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>istis</b>, <i>you have been, were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>it</b>, <i>he has been, was</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>êrunt</b>, fuêre, <i>they have been, +were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Pluperfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>eram</b>, <i>I had been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erâmus</b>, <i>we had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erâs</b>, <i>thou hadst been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erâtis</b>, <i>you had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erat</b>, <i>he had been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erant</b>, <i>they had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Future Perfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erô</b>, <i>I shall have been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erimus</b>, <i>we shall have been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>eris</b>, <i>thou wilt have been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>eritis</b>, <i>you will have been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erit</b>, <i>he will have been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erint</b>, <i>they will have been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Present</th> +<th colspan = "2">Imperfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>SINGULAR</td> +<td>PLURAL</td> +<td>SINGULAR</td> +<td>PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>s<b>im</b></td> +<td>s<b>îmus</b></td> +<td>es<b>sem</b></td> +<td>es<b>sêmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>s<b>îs</b></td> +<td>s<b>îtis</b></td> +<td>es<b>sês</b></td> +<td>es<b>sêtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>s<b>it</b></td> +<td>s<b>int</b></td> +<td>es<b>set</b></td> +<td>es<b>sent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Perfect</th> +<th colspan = "2">Pluperfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>erim</b></td> +<td>fu<b>erimus</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issem</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issêmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>eris</b></td> +<td>fu<b>eritis</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issês</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issêtis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>erit</b></td> +<td>fu<b>erint</b></td> +<td>fu<b>isset</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +PRESENT</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>2d Pers. Sing.</i> <b>es</b>, <i>be thou</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>2d Pers. Sing.</i> es<b>tô</b>, <i>thou shalt be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>2d Pers. Plur.</i> es<b>te</b>, <i>be ye</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>3d Pers. Sing.</i> es<b>tô</b>, <i>he shall be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>2d Pers. Plur.</i> es<b>tôte</b>, <i>ye shall be</i><br> +<i>3d Pers. Plur.</i> s<b>untô</b>, <i>they shall be</i> +</td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2"> +Infinitive</th> +<th colspan = "2"> +Participle</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> es<b>se</b>, <i>to be</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> fu<b>isse</b>, <i>to have been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> <b>futûrus, -a, -um esse</b> or <b>fore</b>,<br> +<i>to be about to be</i> +</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>futûrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>about to be</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page256"> </a> +<a name = "sec495"><b>495.</b></a> +<b>possum</b>, <i>be able, can</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "5"> +Principal Parts +<b>possum, posse, potuî</b>, —— +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Indicative</th> +<th colspan = "2">Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>SINGULAR</td> +<td>PLURAL</td> +<td>SINGULAR</td> +<td>PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>possum</td> +<td>pos´sumus</td> +<td>possim</td> +<td>possî´mus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>potes</td> +<td>potes´tis</td> +<td>possîs</td> +<td>possî´tis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>potest</td> +<td>possunt</td> +<td>possit</td> +<td>possint</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>poteram</td> +<td>poterâmus</td> +<td>possem</td> +<td>possê´mus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>poterô</td> +<td>poterimus</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>potuî</td> +<td>potuimus</td> +<td>potuerim</td> +<td>potuerimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>potueram</td> +<td>potuerâmus</td> +<td>potuissem</td> +<td>potuissêmus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td>potuerô</td> +<td>potuerimus</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Pres.</i> posse</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Perf.</i> potuisse</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Participle</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Pres.</i> potens, <i>gen</i>. -entis, (adjective) +<i>powerful</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec496"><b>496.</b></a> +<b>prôsum</b>, <i>benefit</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "5"> +Principal Parts +<b>prôsum, prôdesse, prôfuî, +prôfutûrus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td align = "center" colspan = "4"> +Pres. Stem <b>prôdes-</b> +Perf. Stem <b>prôfu-</b> +Part. Stem <b>prôfut-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Indicative</th> +<th colspan = "2">Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>SINGULAR</td> +<td>PLURAL</td> +<td>SINGULAR</td> +<td>PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>prôsum</td> +<td>prô´sumus</td> +<td>prôsim</td> +<td>prôsî´mus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>prôdes</td> +<td>prôdes´tis</td> +<td>prôsîs</td> +<td>prôsî´tis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>prôdest</td> +<td>prôsunt</td> +<td>prôsit</td> +<td>prôsint</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>prôderam</td> +<td>prôderâmus</td> +<td>prôdessem</td> +<td>prodessê´mus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>prôderô</td> +<td>prôderimus</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>prôfuî</td> +<td>prôfuimus</td> +<td>prôfuerim</td> +<td>prôfuerimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>prôfueram</td> +<td>prôfuerâmus</td> +<td>prôfuissem</td> +<td>prôfuissêmus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td>prôfuerô</td> +<td>prôfuerimus</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Pres. 2d Pers.</i> prôdes, +prôdeste</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Fut. 2d Pers.</i> prôdestô, +prôdestôte</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Pres.</i> prôdesse</td> +<td><i>Perf.</i> prôfuisse</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Fut.</i> prôfutûrus, -a, -um +esse</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "5"> +Future Participle prôfutûrus, -a, -um +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page257"> </a> +<a name = "sec497"><b>497.</b></a></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +Principal<br> +Parts</td> +<td> +<b>volô, velle, voluî</b>, ——, +<i>be willing, will, wish</i><br> +<b>nôlô, nôlle, nôluî</b>, ——, +<i>be unwilling, will not</i><br> +<b>mâlô, mâlle, mâluî</b>, ——, +<i>be more willing, prefer</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><b>Nôlô</b> and <b>mâlô</b> are compounds of +<b>volô</b>. <b>Nôlô</b> is for <b>ne</b> (<i>not</i>) ++ <b>volô</b>, and <b>mâlô</b> for <b>mâ</b> +(from <b>magis</b>, <i>more</i>) + <b>volô</b>. The second person +<b>vîs</b> is from a different root.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>volô</td> +<td>nôlô</td> +<td>mâlô</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>vîs</td> +<td>nôn vis</td> +<td>mâvîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>vult</td> +<td>nôn vult</td> +<td>mâvult</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>volumus</td> +<td>nôlumus</td> +<td>mâlumus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>vultis</td> +<td>nôn vultis</td> +<td>mâvul´tis +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>volunt</td> +<td>nôlunt</td> +<td>mâlunt</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>volêbam</td> +<td>nôlêbam</td> +<td>mâlêbam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>volam, volês, etc.</td> +<td>nôlam, nôlês, etc.</td> +<td>mâlam, mâlês, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>voluî</td> +<td>nôluî</td> +<td>mâluî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>volueram</td> +<td>nôlueram</td> +<td>mâlueram</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td>voluerô</td> +<td>nôluerô</td> +<td>mâluerô</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>velim</td> +<td>nôlim</td> +<td>mâlim</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>velîs</td> +<td>nôlîs</td> +<td>mâlîs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>velit</td> +<td>nôlit</td> +<td>mâlit</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>velî´mus</td> +<td>nôlî´mus</td> +<td>mâlî´mus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>velî´tis</td> +<td>nôlî´tis</td> +<td>mâlî´tis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>velint</td> +<td>nôlint</td> +<td>mâlint</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>vellem</td> +<td>nôllem</td> +<td>mâllem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>voluerim</td> +<td>nôluerim</td> +<td>mâluerim</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>voluissem</td> +<td>nôluissem</td> +<td>mâluissem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td> +nôlî<br> +nôlîte +</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>nôlîtô, etc.</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +<a name = "page258"> </a> +Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>velle</td> +<td>nôlle</td> +<td>mâlle</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>voluisse</td> +<td>nôluisse</td> +<td>mâluisse</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Participle</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>volêns, -entis</td> +<td>nôlêns, -entis</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec498"><b>498.</b></a> +<b>ferô</b>, <i>bear, carry, endure</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "5"> +Principal Parts +<b>ferô, ferre, tulî, lâtus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "5"> +Pres. Stem <b>fer-</b> +Perf. Stem <b>tul-</b> +Part. Stem <b>lât-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td colspan = "2">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>ferô</td> +<td>ferimus</td> +<td>feror</td> +<td>ferimur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>fers</td> +<td>fertîs</td> +<td>ferris, -re</td> +<td>ferimimî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>fert</td> +<td>ferunt</td> +<td>fertur</td> +<td>feruntur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ferêbam</td> +<td colspan = "2">ferêbar</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">feram, ferês, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2">ferar, ferêris, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tulî</td> +<td colspan = "2">lâtus, -a, -um sum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tuleram</td> +<td colspan = "2">lâtus, -a, -um eram</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tulerô</td> +<td colspan = "2">lâtus, -a, -um erô</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">feram, ferâs, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2">ferar, ferâris, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ferrem</td> +<td colspan = "2">ferrer</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tulerim</td> +<td colspan = "2">lâtus, -a, -um sim</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tulissem</td> +<td colspan = "2">lâtus, -a, -um essem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Pres. 2d Pers.</i> fer</td> +<td>ferte</td> +<td>ferre</td> +<td>feriminî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Fut. 2d Pers.</i> fertô</td> +<td>fertôte</td> +<td>fertor</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><i>3d Pers.</i> fertô</td> +<td>ferunto</td> +<td>fertor</td> +<td>feruntor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ferre</td> +<td colspan = "2">ferrî</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tulisse</td> +<td colspan = "2">lâtus, -a, -um esse</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">lâtûrus, -a, -um esse</td> +<td colspan = "2">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Participles</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ferêns, -entis</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">lâtûrus, -a, -um</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Ger.</i> ferendus, -a, -um</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">——</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Perf.</i> lâtus, -a, -um</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2"> +<a name = "page259"> </a> +Gerund</th> +<td align = "center"> +Supine (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i> ferendî</td> +<td><i>Acc.</i> ferendum</td> +<td><i>Acc.</i> [lâtum]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i> ferendô</td> +<td><i>Abl.</i> ferendô</td> +<td><i>Abl.</i> [lâtû]</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec499"><b>499.</b></a> +<b>eô</b>, <i>go</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Principal Parts +<b>eô, îre, iî</b> (<b>îvî</b>), +<b>itum</b> (n. perf. part.) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Pres. Stem <b>î-</b> +Perf. Stem <b>î-</b> +or <b>îv-</b> +Part. Stem <b>it-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2" rowspan = "2">Indicative</th> +<th rowspan = "2">Subjunctive</th> +<th colspan = "2">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>SING.</td> +<td>PLUR.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td> +eô<br> +îs<br> +it +</td> +<td> +îmus<br> +îtis<br> +eunt +</td> +<td>eam</td> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i> î</td> +<td>îte</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">îbam</td> +<td>îrem</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">îbô</td> +<td>——</td> +<td> +<i>2d Pers.</i> îtô<br> +<i>3d Pers.</i> îtô +</td> +<td> +îtôte<br> +euntô +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">iî (îvî)</td> +<td>ierim (îverim)</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ieram (îveram)</td> +<td>îssem (îvissem)</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ierô (îverô) +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2"> +Infinitive</th> +<th colspan = "4"> +Participles</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">îre</td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Pres.</i> iêns, <i>gen.</i> euntis +(<a href = "#sec472">§ 472</a>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">îsse (îvisse)</td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Fut.</i> itûrus, -a, -um</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">itûrus, -a, -um esse</td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Ger.</i> eundum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<th>Gerund</th> +<th colspan = "2">Supine</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td><i>Gen.</i> eundî</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Acc.</i> [itum]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td><i>Dat.</i> eundô</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Abl.</i> [itû]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td><i>Acc.</i> eundum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td><i>Abl.</i> eundô</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<i>a.</i> The verb <b>eô</b> is used impersonally in the third +person singular of the passive, as <b>îtur</b>, <b>itum est</b>, +<i>etc.</i></p> + +<p> +<i>b.</i> In the perfect system the forms with <b>v</b> are very +rare.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec500"><b>500.</b></a> +<b>fîô</b>, passive of <b>faciô</b>; +<i>be made, become, happen</i></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td align = "center" colspan = "6"> +Principal Parts +<b>fîô, fierî, factus sum</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Indicative</th> +<th>Subjunctive</th> +<th colspan = "2">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td> +fîô<br> +fîs<br> +fit +</td> +<td> +——<br> +——<br> +fîunt +</td> +<td>fîam</td> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i> fî</td> +<td>fîte</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fîêbam</td> +<td>fierem</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fîam</td> +<td>——</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name = "page260"> </a> +<i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">factus, -a, -um sum</td> +<td>factus, -a, -um sim</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Plup.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">factus, -a, -um eram</td> +<td>factus, -a, -um essem +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>F. P.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">factus, -a, -um erô</td> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2"> +Infinitive</th> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2"> +Participles</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fierî</td> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Perf.</i> factus, -a, -um</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">factus, -a, -um esse</td> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Ger.</i> faciendus, -a, -um</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">[factum îrî]</td> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Fortification protected by a wall and +a ditch<br> +Caption: CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR]</p> + + +<a name = "page261"> </a> +<p align = "center"><font size = "+1">APPENDIX II</font></p> + + +<p> +<a name = "sec501"><b>501.</b></a> +RULES OF SYNTAX</p> + +<p> +Note. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered +consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears +is given at the end of each.</p> + +<p><i><b>Nominative Case</b></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_1"><b>1.</b></a> +The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the +question Who? or What? <a href = "#sec36">§ 36</a>.</p> + +<p><i><b>Agreement</b></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_2"><b>2.</b></a> +A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its +subject. <a href = "#sec28">§ 28</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_3"><b>3.</b></a> +A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. <a href = +"#sec76">§ 76</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_4"><b>4.</b></a> +An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains. <a href = +"#sec81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_5"><b>5.</b></a> +Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. <a href = +"#sec65">§ 65</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_6"><b>6.</b></a> +A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in +gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. <a href = +"#sec215">§ 215. <i>a</i></a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_7"><b>7.</b></a> +A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; +but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. <a +href = "#sec224">§ 224</a>.</p> + +<p><i><b>Prepositions</b></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_8"><b>8.</b></a> +A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative +case. <a href = "#sec52">§ 52</a>.</p> + +<p><i><b>Genitive Case</b></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_9"><b>9.</b></a> +The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive +and answers the question Whose? <a href = +"#sec38">§ 38</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_10"><b>10.</b></a> +The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after +the forms of <b>sum</b>, and is then called the <i>predicate +genitive</i>. <a href = "#sec409">§ 409</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_11"><b>11.</b></a> +Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, +known as <i>the partitive genitive</i>. <a href = +"#sec331">§ 331</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_12"><b>12.</b></a> +Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a +modifying adjective. <a href = "#sec443">§ 443</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page262"> </a> +<i><b>Dative Case</b></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_13"><b>13.</b></a> +The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. <a href = +"#sec45">§ 45</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_14"><b>14.</b></a> +The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs +<b>crêdô</b>, <b>faveô</b>, <b>noceô</b>, +<b>pâreô</b>, <b>persuâdeô</b>, +<b>resistô</b>, <b>studeô</b>, and others of like meaning. +<a href = "#sec154">§ 154</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_15"><b>15.</b></a> +Some verbs compounded with <b>ad</b>, <b>ante</b>, <b>con</b>, +<b>dê</b>, <b>in</b>, <b>inter</b>, <b>ob</b>, <b>post</b>, +<b>prae</b>, <b>prô</b>, <b>sub</b>, <b>super</b>, admit the +dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an +accusative and a dative. <a href = "#sec426">§ 426</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_16"><b>16.</b></a> +The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the +given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning +<i>near</i>, also <i>fit, friendly, pleasing, like</i>, and their +opposites. <a href = "#sec143">§ 143</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_17"><b>17.</b></a> +The dative is used to denote the <i>purpose</i> or <i>end for which</i>; +often with another dative denoting <i>the person or thing affected</i>. +<a href = "#sec437">§ 437</a>.</p> + +<p><i><b>Accusative Case</b></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_18"><b>18.</b></a> +The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers +the question Whom? or What? <a href = "#sec37">§ 37</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_19"><b>19.</b></a> +The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. <a href = +"#sec214">§ 214</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_20"><b>20.</b></a> +The <i>place to which</i> is expressed by <b>ad</b> or <b>in</b> with +the accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, <b>domus</b>, and +<b>rûs</b> the preposition is omitted. <a href = +"#sec263">§§ 263</a>, <a href = "#sec266">266</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_21"><b>21.</b></a> +<i>Duration of time</i> and <i>extent of space</i> are expressed by the +accusative. <a href = "#sec336">§ 336</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_22"><b>22.</b></a> +Verbs of <i>making, choosing, calling, showing</i>, and the like, may +take a <i>predicate accusative</i> along with the direct object. With +the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. <a href = +"#sec392">§ 392</a>.</p> + +<p><i><b>Ablative Case</b></i></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_23"><b>23.</b></a> +<i>Cause</i> is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This +answers the question Because of what? <a href = +"#sec102">§ 102</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_24"><b>24.</b></a> +<i>Means</i> is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This +answers the question By means of what? or With what? <a href = +"#sec103">§ 103</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_25"><b>25.</b></a> +<i>Accompaniment</i> is denoted by the ablative with <b>cum</b>. This +answers the question With whom? <a href = +"#sec104">§ 104</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_26"><b>26.</b></a> +The ablative with <b>cum</b> is used to denote the manner of an action. +<b>Cum</b> may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. +This answers the question How? or In what manner? <a href = +"#sec105">§ 105</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_27"><b>27.</b></a> +With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to +denote the <i>measure of difference</i>. <a href = +"#sec317">§ 317</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page263"> </a> +<a name = "sec501_28"><b>28.</b></a> +The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle +in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. This is called +the <i>ablative absolute</i>. <a href = +"#sec381">§ 381</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_29"><b>29.</b></a> +1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the +ablative with a modifying adjective. <a href = +"#sec444">§ 444</a>.</p> + +<p> +2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical +characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative +with a modifying adjective. <a href = "#sec445">§ 445</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_30"><b>30.</b></a> +The ablative is used to denote <i>in what respect</i> something is true. +<a href = "#sec398">§ 398</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_31"><b>31.</b></a> +The <i>place from which</i> is expressed by <b>â</b> or <b>ab</b>, +<b>dê</b>, <b>ê</b> or <b>ex</b> with the separative +ablative. This answers the question Whence? Before names of towns, small +islands, <b>domus</b>, and <b>rûs</b> the preposition is omitted. +<a href = "#sec264">§§ 264</a>, <a href = +"#sec266">266</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_32"><b>32.</b></a> +Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to +complete their meaning. This is called the <i>ablative of +separation</i>. <a href = "#sec180">§ 180</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_33"><b>33.</b></a> +The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the +subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition <b>â</b> or +<b>ab</b>. This is called the <i>ablative of the personal agent</i>. <a +href = "#sec181">§ 181</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_34"><b>34.</b></a> +The comparative degree, if <b>quam</b> is omitted, is followed by the +separative ablative. <a href = "#sec309">§ 309</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_35"><b>35.</b></a> +The <i>time when or within which</i> anything happens is expressed by +the ablative without a preposition. <a href = +"#sec275">§ 275</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_36"><b>36.</b></a> +1. The <i>place at or in which</i> is expressed by the ablative with +<b>in</b>. This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small +islands, and <b>rûs</b> the preposition is omitted. <a href = +"#sec265">§§ 265</a>, <a href = "#sec266">266</a>.</p> + +<p> +2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or +second declension, and the word <b>domus</b> express the <i>place in +which</i> by the locative. <a href = "#sec268">§ 268</a>.</p> + +<p><b><i>Gerund and Gerundive</i></b></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_37"><b>37.</b></a> +1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, +accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are +in general the same as those of other nouns. <a href = +"#sec406">§ 406. 1</a>.</p> + +<p> +2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of +gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a +preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more +usual. <a href = "#sec406">§ 406. 2</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_38"><b>38.</b></a> +The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with <b>ad</b>, or the +genitive with <b>causâ</b>, is used to express purpose. <a href = +"#sec407">§ 407</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "page264"> </a> +<b><i>Moods and Tenses of Verbs</i></b></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_39"><b>39.</b></a> +Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by +secondary. <a href = "#sec358">§ 358</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_40"><b>40.</b></a> +The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the +<i>purpose</i> of the action in the principal clause. <a href = +"#sec349">§ 349</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_41"><b>41.</b></a> +<i>A substantive clause of purpose</i> with the subjunctive is used as +object with verbs of <i>commanding, urging, asking, persuading</i>, or +<i>advising</i>, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. +<a href = "#sec366">§ 366</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_42"><b>42.</b></a> +Verbs of <i>fearing</i> are followed by a substantive clause of purpose +introduced by <b>ut</b> (<i>that not</i>) or <b>nê</b> +(<i>that</i> or <i>lest</i>). <a href = +"#sec372">§ 372</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_43"><b>43.</b></a> +<i>Consecutive clauses of result</i> are introduced by <b>ut</b> or +<b>ut nôn</b>, and have the verb in the subjunctive. <a href = +"#sec385">§ 385</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_44"><b>44.</b></a> +<i>Object clauses of result</i> with <b>ut</b> or <b>ut nôn</b> +are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. <a href = +"#sec386">§ 386</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_45"><b>45.</b></a> +A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an +antecedent. This is called the <i>subjunctive of characteristic or +description</i>. <a href = "#sec390">§ 390</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_46"><b>46.</b></a> +The conjunction <b>cum</b> means <i>when, since</i>, or <i>although</i>. +It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means <i>when</i> and its +clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. <a href = +"#sec396">§ 396</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_47"><b>47.</b></a> +When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed +to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative +of the infinitive. <a href = "#sec416">§ 416</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_48"><b>48.</b></a> +The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is +found after verbs of <i>saying, telling, knowing, thinking</i>, and +<i>perceiving</i>. <a href = "#sec419">§ 419</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_49"><b>49.</b></a> +A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of +the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future +indicative becomes future infinitive. <a href = +"#sec418">§ 418</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec501_50"><b>50.</b></a> +In an <i>indirect question</i> the verb is in the subjunctive and its +tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. <a href = +"#sec432">§ 432</a>.</p> + + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: seated lady<br> +Caption: DOMINA]</p> + + +<a name = "page265"> </a> +<p align = "center"><font size = "+1">APPENDIX III</font></p> + +<p align = "center"><b>REVIEWS<sup>1</sup></b></p> + +<blockquote> +1. It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned for a written +test. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "review_I"> +I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII</a></p> + +<p> +<a href = "#lesson_IX">Lesson IX</a></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec502"><b>502.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b><sup>1</sup></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Nouns</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +agricola<br> +ancilla<br> +<b>aqua</b><br> +<b>casa</b><br> +<b>causa</b><br> +cêna<br> +<b>corôna</b></td> +<td> +<b>dea</b><br> +domina<br> +fâbula<br> +<b>fera</b><br> +<b>fîlia</b><br> +<b>fortûna</b><br> +<b>fuga</b></td> +<td> +<b>gallîna</b><br> +iniûria<br> +<b>însula</b><br> +<b>lûna</b><br> +<b>nauta</b><br> +<b>pecûnia</b><br> +puella</td> +<td> +<b>pugna</b><br> +<b>sagitta</b><br> +<b>silva</b><br> +<b>terra</b><br> +<b>tuba</b><br> +<b>via</b><br> +<b>victôria</b></td> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "6">Adjectives</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>alta</b><br> +<b>bona</b></td> +<td> +<b>clâra</b><br> +<b>grâta</b></td> +<td> +<b>lâta</b><br> +<b>longa</b></td> +<td> +<b>magna</b><br> +<b>mala</b></td> +<td> +<b>nova</b><br> +<b>parva</b></td> +<td> +<b>pulchra</b><br> +<b>sôla</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "7">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +amat<br> +<b>dat</b></td> +<td> +<b>est</b><br> +habitat</td> +<td> +<b>labôrat</b><br> +<b>laudat</b></td> +<td> +nârrat<br> +<b>necat</b></td> +<td> +<b>nûntiat</b><br> +<b>parat</b></td> +<td> +<b>portat</b><br> +<b>pugnat</b></td> +<td> +<b>sunt</b><br> +<b>vocat</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Prepositions</th> +<th>Pronouns</th> +<th>Adverbs</th> +<th>Conjunctions</th> +<th>Interrogative<br> +Particle</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>â</b> or <b>ab</b><br> +<b>ad</b><br> +<b>cum</b><br> +<b>dê</b><br> +<b>ê</b> or <b>ex</b><br> +<b>in</b></td> +<td> +<b>mea</b><br> +<b>tua</b><br> +<b>quis</b><br> +<b>cuius</b><br> +<b>cui</b><br> +<b>quem</b><br> +<b>quid</b></td> +<td> +<b>cûr</b><br> +<b>deinde</b><br> +<b>nôn</b><br> +<b>ubi</b></td> +<td> +<b>et</b><br> +quia<br> +<b>quod</b></td> +<td> +<b>-ne</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in the reviews. +Words used in Cassar's "Gallic War" are in heavy type. +</blockquote> + +<a name = "page266"> </a> +<p><a name = "sec503"><b>503.</b></a> +<b>Give the Latin of the following words:</b><sup>1</sup></p> + +<p>Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word +till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you +have underlined.<br> +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<i>flight</i><br> +story<br> +<i>new</i><br> +lives (verb)<br> +<i>away from</i><br> +<i>who</i><br> +<i>why</i><br> +<i>forest</i><br> +<i>wreath</i><br> +<i>deep, high</i><br> +dinner<br> +<i>famous</i><br> +<i>cottage</i><br> +<i>battle</i> (noun)<br> +<i>trumpet</i><br> +lady, mistress<br> +<i>whom</i><br> +<i>island</i></td> + +<td width = "25%"><i>wide</i><br> +tells<br> +<i>money</i><br> +<i>calls</i><br> +<i>with</i><br> +<i>your</i><br> +<i>then, in the<br> +next place</i><br> +<i>daughter</i><br> +<i>to whom</i><br> +<i>fortune</i><br> +<i>out from</i><br> +<i>labors</i> (verb)<br> +<i>gives</i><br> +<i>small</i><br> +<i>in</i><br> +<i>and</i><br> +<i>sailor</i><br> +farmer</td> + +<td> +<i>goddess</i><br> +<i>wild beast</i><br> +<i>praises</i> (verb)<br> +<i>alone</i><br> +<i>pleasing</i><br> +<i>prepares</i><br> +<i>are</i><br> +<i>to</i><br> +<i>because</i><br> +<i>arrow</i><br> +<i>my</i><br> +<i>kills</i><br> +girl<br> +<i>fights</i> (verb)<br> +<i>carries</i><br> +<i>chicken</i><br> +<i>victory</i><br> +<i>land</i></td> + +<td> +<i>what</i><br> +<i>way</i><br> +<i>bad</i><br> +loves<br> +<i>pretty</i><br> +<i>water</i><br> +<i>great</i><br> +<i>is</i><br> +<i>announces</i><br> +<i>injury, wrong</i><br> +<i>where</i><br> +<i>not</i><br> +<i>good</i><br> +maid<br> +<i>down from</i><br> +<i>long</i><br> +<i>cause</i><br> +<i>whose</i></td> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. The translations of words used in Cæsar are in italics. +</blockquote> + +<p><a name = "sec504"><b>504.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> How many syllables has a Latin word? How are +words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the +antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is +the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the +predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? +conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person +singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? +Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct +object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? +Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in +Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is +meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. +What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say +of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the +adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the +rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles +of Latin word order?</p> + +<a name = "page267"> </a> +<p><a name = "sec505"><b>505.</b></a> +Fill out the following summary of the first declension:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "4"> +The First or Â-Declension</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +1. Ending in the nominative singular</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +2. Rule for gender</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +3. Case terminations</td> +<td> +a. Singular<br> +b. Plural</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +4. Irregular nouns</td> +</tr> +</table> +<blockquote> +<a href = "#lesson_IX">Go on to Lesson IX</a> +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center"><a name = "review_II"> +II. REVIEW OF LESSONS IX-XVII</a><br> +<a href = "#lesson_XVIII">Lesson XVIII</a> +<p><a name = "sec506"><b>506.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "6"> +Nouns of the First Declension +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>agrî cultûra</b><br> +<b>cônstantia</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>côpia</b><br> +<b>dîligentia</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>fâma</b><br> +fêmina +</td> +<td> +<b>galea</b><br> +<b>inopia</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>lacrima</b><br> +<b>lôrîca</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>patria</b><br> +<b>praeda</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Nouns of the Second Declension +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>ager</b><br> +<b>amîcus</b><br> +<b>arma</b> (plural)<br> +<b>auxilium</b><br> +<b>bellum</b><br> +<b>carrus</b><br> +<b>castrum</b></td> + +<td> +<b>cibus</b><br> +<b>cônsilium</b><br> +<b>domicilium</b><br> +dominus<br> +<b>equus</b><br> +<b>fîlius</b><br> +fluvius</td> + +<td> +<b>frûmentum</b><br> +<b>gladius</b><br> +<b>lêgâtus</b><br> +<b>lîberî</b><br> +magister<br> +<b>mûrus</b><br> +<b>numerus</b></td> + +<td> +<b>oppidânus</b><br> +<b>oppidum</b><br> +<b>pîlum</b><br> +<b>populus</b><br> +<b>praemium</b><br> +<b>proelium</b><br> +<b>puer</b></td> + +<td> +<b>scûtum</b><br> +<b>servus</b><br> +<b>studium</b><br> +<b>têlum</b><br> +<b>vîcus</b><br> +<b>vir</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Adjectives of the First and Second Declensons +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>aeger, aegra, aegrum</b><br> +<b>alius, alia, aliud</b><br> +<b>alter, altera, alterum</b><br> +<b>armâtus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>crêber, crêbra, crêbrum</b><br> +<b>dûrus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>fînitimus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>înfîrmus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>legiônârius, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>lîber, lîbera, lîberum</b><br> +<b>mâtûrus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>meus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>miser, misera, miserum</b><br> +<b>multus, -a, -um</b></td> + +<td> +<b>neuter, neutra, neutrum</b><br> +<b>noster, nostra, nostrum</b><br> +<b>alter, altera, alterum</b><br> +<b>pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum</b><br> +<b>sôlus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>suus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>fînitimus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>tuus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>ûllus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>ûnus, -a, -um</b><br> +<b>uter, utra, utrum</b><br> +validus, -a, -um<br> +<b>vester, vestra, vestrum</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th> +<a name = "page268"> </a> +Verbs</th> +<th>Demonstrative<br> +Pronoun</th> +<th>Adverbs</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +arat<br> +<b>cûrat</b><br> +<b>dêsîderat</b><br> +<b>mâtûrat</b><br> +<b>properat</b> +</td> + +<td width = "33%"><b>is, ea, id</b> +<p>Conjunctions<br> +<b>an</b><br> +<b>-que</b><br> +<b>sed</b> +</td> + +<td> +<b>iam</b><br> +quô<br> +<b>saepe</b> +<p>Preposition<br> +<b>apud</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "sec507"><b>507.</b></a> +<b>Give the Latin of the following words:</b></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<i>sword</i><br> +<i>corselet</i><br> +<i>man</i><br> +<i>your</i> (plural)<br> +<i>hasten</i><br> +<i>but</i><br> +<i>among</i><br> +<i>tear</i> (noun)<br> +<i>village</i><br> +strong<br> +<i>long for</i><br> +<i>and</i> (enclitic)<br> +<i>often</i><br> +<i>want</i> (noun)<br> +<i>which</i> (of two)<br> +<i>care for</i><br> +<i>or</i> (in a question)<br> +whither<br> +<i>wagon</i><br> +<i>townsman</i><br> +<i>wretched</i><br> +<i>ripe</i><br> +</td> + +<td> +<i>war</i><br> +<i>number</i><br> +<i>my</i><br> +<i>free</i> (adj.)<br> +<i>children</i><br> +<i>wall</i><br> +<i>grain</i><br> +<i>weapon</i><br> +<i>one</i><br> +plow (verb)<br> +<i>this</i> or <i>that</i><br> +<i>already</i><br> +<i>helmet</i><br> +river<br> +<i>zeal</i><br> +<i>any</i><br> +<i>he</i><br> +<i>son</i><br> +<i>slave</i><br> +<i>your</i> (singular)<br> +<i>she</i><br> +<i>woman</i><br> +<i>horse</i><br> +</td> + +<td width = "25%"><i>shield</i> (noun)<br> +<i>whole</i><br> +<i>it</i><br> +<i>aid</i> (noun)<br> +<i>legionary</i><br> +<i>weak</i><br> +<i>arms</i><br> +master<br> +(of school)<br> +<i>friend</i><br> +<i>neighboring</i><br> +<i>sick</i><br> +<i>lieutenant</i><br> +<i>field</i><br> +<i>report, rumor</i><br> +<i>abode</i><br> +<i>boy</i><br> +<i>his own</i><br> +<i>alone</i><br> +<i>prize</i> (noun)<br> +master (owner)<br> +<i>carefulness</i><br> +<i>plenty</i><br> +<i>troops</i><br> +</td> +<td> +<i>plan</i> (noun)<br> +<i>people</i><br> +<i>beautiful</i><br> +<i>no</i> (adj.)<br> +<i>our</i><br> +<i>battle</i><br> +<i>spear</i><br> +<i>food</i><br> +<i>steadiness</i><br> +<i>fatherland</i><br> +<i>town</i><br> +<i>fort</i><br> +<i>camp</i><br> +<i>neither</i> (of two)<br> +<i>much</i><br> +<i>agriculture</i><br> +<i>other</i><br> +<i>the other</i> (of two)<br> +<i>hard</i><br> +<i>booty</i><br> +<i>frequent</i><br> +<i>armed</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec508"><b>508.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> How many declensions are there? What three +things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three +cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the +plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative +singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what +does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of +an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in <b>-er</b> is declined +like <b>puer</b> or like <b>ager</b>? +<a name = "page269"> </a> +Decline <b>bonus</b>, <b>lîber</b>, <b>pulcher</b>. How can we +tell whether an adjective in <b>-er</b> is declined like +<b>lîber</b> or like <b>pulcher</b>? Why must we say <b>nauta +bonus</b> and not <b>nauta bona</b>? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. +How are they declined? With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When +do we use <b>tuus</b> and when <b>vester</b>? Why is <b>suus</b> called +a <i>reflexive</i> possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of +the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the +ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in English by +<i>with</i>? Give an illustration in Latin of the <i>ablative of +manner</i>; of the <i>ablative of cause</i>; of the <i>ablative of +means</i>; of the <i>ablative of accompaniment</i>. What ablative +regularly has <b>cum</b>? What ablative sometimes has <b>cum</b>? What +uses of the ablative never have <b>cum</b>? Name the nine pronominal +adjectives, with their meanings. Decline <b>alius</b>, +<b>nûllus</b>. Decline <b>is</b>. What does <b>is</b> mean as a +demonstrative adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it?</p> + +<p><a name = "sec509"><b>509.</b></a> +Fill out the following summary of the second declension:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "7"> +The Second or<br> +O-Declension</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +1. Endings in the nominative</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +2. Rule for gender</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +3. Case terminations of nouns in <b>-us</b></td> +<td> +a. Singular<br> +b. Plural</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>a. The vocative singular of nouns in <b>-us</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +4. Case terminations of nouns in <b>-um</b></td> +<td> +a. Singular<br> +b. Plural</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +5. Peculiarities of nouns in <b>-er</b> and <b>-ir</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +6. Peculiarities of nouns in <b>-ius</b> and <b>-ium</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +<blockquote> +<a href = "#lesson_XVIII">Go on to Lesson XVIII</a> +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "review_III"> +III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVIII-XXVI</a><br> +<a href = "#lesson_XXVII">Lesson XXVII</a> +<p><a name = "sec510"><b>510.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Nouns of the First Declension</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +<b>disciplîna</b><br> +<b>fôrma</b></td> +<td> +<b>poena</b><br> +<b>potentia</b></td> +<td> +rêgîna<br> +superbia</td> +<td><b>trîstitia</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Nouns of the Second Declension</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>lûdus</td> +<td><b>ôrnâmentum</b></td> +<td>sacrum</td> +<td><b>socius</b></td> +<td><b>verbum</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>amîcus</b><br> +<b>antîquus</b><br> +<b>fînitimus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>grâtus</b><br> +<b>idôneus</b><br> +<b>inimîcus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>interfectus</b><br> +îrâtus<br> +<b>laetus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>molestus</b><br> +<b>perpetuus</b><br> +<b>proximus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>septem</b><br> +<b>superbus</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2"> +<a name = "page270"> </a> +Adverbs</th> +<th>Conjunctions</th> +<th>Personal Pronoun</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +hodiê<br> +<b>ibi</b><br> +<b>maximê</b> +</td> +<td> +mox<br> +<b>nunc</b><br> +<b>nûper</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>etiam</b><br> +<b>nôn sôlum ... sed etiam</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>ego</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>CONJ. I</td> +<td>CONJ. II</td> +<td>CONJ. III</td> +<td>CONJ. IV</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +volô, -âre +<br> +<br> +<br> +IRREGULAR VERB<br> +<b>sum, esse</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>dêleô, -êre</b><br> +<b>doceô, -êre</b><br> +<b>faveô, -êre</b><br> +<b>habeô, -êre</b><br> +<b>iubeô, -êre</b><br> +<b>moneô, -êre</b><br> +<b>moveô, -êre</b><br> +<b>noceô, -êre</b><br> +<b>pâreô, -êre</b><br> +<b>persuâdeô, -êre</b><br> +sedeô, -êre<br> +<b>studeô, -êre</b><br> +<b>videô, -êre</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>agô, -ere</b><br> +<b>capiô, -ere</b><br> +<b>crêdô, -ere</b><br> +<b>dîcô, -ere</b><br> +<b>dûcô, -ere</b><br> +<b>faciô, -ere</b><br> +<b>fugiô, -ere</b><br> +<b>iaciô, -ere</b><br> +<b>mittô, -ere</b><br> +rapiô, -ere<br> +<b>regô, -ere</b><br> +<b>resistô, -ere</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>audiô, -îre</b><br> +<b>mûniô, -îre</b><br> +<b>reperiô, -îre</b><br> +<b>veniô, -îre</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "sec511"><b>511.</b></a> +<b>Give the Latin of the following words.</b> In the case of verbs +always give the first form and the present infinitive.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "20%"> +<i>ancient</i><br> +<i>come</i><br> +<i>resist</i><br> +<i>see</i><br> +<i>be</i><br> +fly<br> +<i>I</i><br> +<i>proud</i><br> +<i>word</i><br> +<i>sadness</i><br> +<i>find</i><br> +<i>rule</i> (verb)<br> +<i>be eager for</i> +</td> + +<td width = "20%"> +<i>not only ... but also</i><br> +<i>seven</i><br> +<i>ally, companion</i><br> +pride<br> +<i>fortify</i><br> +<i>send</i><br> +sit<br> +<i>also</i><br> +school<br> +<i>hear</i><br> +<i>hurl</i><br> +<i>persuade</i><br> +<i>only</i> +</td> + +<td width = "20%"> +<i>nearest</i><br> +sacred rite<br> +queen<br> +<i>flee</i><br> +<i>obey</i><br> +<i>lately</i><br> +<i>constant</i><br> +<i>ornament</i><br> +<i>power</i><br> +<i>make, do</i><br> +<i>injure</i><br> +<i>now</i><br> +<i>annoying</i><br> +<i>lead</i> +</td> + +<td width = "20%"> +<i>move</i><br> +soon<br> +<i>glad</i><br> +<i>punishment</i><br> +<i>believe</i><br> +<i>advise</i><br> +<i>especially, most of all</i><br> +angry<br> +<i>beauty</i><br> +<i>say</i><br> +<i>command</i> (verb)<br> +<i>there</i><br> +<i>slain</i></td> + +<td> +<i>training</i><br> +<i>take</i><br> +<i>have</i><br> +to-day<br> +<i>unfriendly</i><br> +<i>drive</i><br> +<i>favor</i> (verb)<br> +<i>suitable</i><br> +<i>pleasing</i><br> +<i>teach</i><br> +<i>neighboring</i><br> +<i>destroy</i><br> +<i>friendly</i><br> +seize +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "sec512"><b>512.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> What is conjugation? Name two important +differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? +<a name = "page271"> </a> +What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative +mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? +Name those you have had. Inflect <b>sum</b> in the three tenses you have +learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they +distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed +from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is +the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in +the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a +final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible +translations of a present, as of <b>pugnô</b>? Inflect +<b>arô, sedeô, mittô, faciô</b>, and +<b>veniô</b>, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What +forms of <b>-iô</b> verbs of the third conjugation are like +<b>audiô</b>? what like <b>regô</b>? Give the rule for the +dative with adjectives. Name the special intransitive verbs that govern +the dative. What does the imperative mood express? How is the present +active imperative formed in the singular? in the plural? What three +verbs have a shortened present active imperative? Give the present +active imperative of <b>portô, dêleô, agô, +faciô, mûniô</b>.</p> + +<blockquote> +<a href = "#lesson_XXVII">Go on to Lesson XXVII</a> +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "review_IV"> +IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVII-XXXVI</a><br> +<a href = "#lesson_XXXVII">Lesson XXXVII</a> +<p><a name = "sec513"><b>513.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "6"> +Nouns of the First Declension</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>âla</b></td> +<td><b>cûra</b></td> +<td><b>mora</b></td> +<td><b>porta</b></td> +<td><b>prôvincia</b></td> +<td><b>vîta</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "6"> +Nouns of the Second Declension</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>animus</b><br> +aurum</td> +<td> +<b>bracchium</b><br> +<b>deus</b></td> +<td> +<b>locus</b><br> +mônstrum</td> +<td> +<b>nâvigium</b><br> +ôrâculum</td> +<td> +<b>perîculum</b><br> +<b>ventus</b></td> +<td> +<b>vînum</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>adversus</b><br> +attentus<br> +<b>cârus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>commôtus</b><br> +<b>dêfessus</b><br> +<b>dexter</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>dubius</b><br> +<b>maximus</b><br> +perfidus +</td> +<td> +<b>plênus</b><br> +saevus<br> +<b>sinister</b><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Adverbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>anteâ</b><br> +<b>celeriter</b><br> +<b>dênique</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>diû</b><br> +<b>frûstrâ</b><br> +<b>graviter</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>ita</b><br> +<b>longê</b><br> +<b>semper</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>subitô</b><br> +<b>tamen</b><br> +<b>tum</b><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Conjunctions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>autem</b></td> +<td><b>sî</b></td> +<td><b>ubi</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +<a name = "page272"> </a> +Prepositions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dê</b></td> +<td><b>per</b></td> +<td><b>prô</b></td> +<td><b>sine</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +CONJ. I</td> +<td>CONJ. II</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<b>adpropinquô</b><br> +<b>nâvigô</b><br> +<b>occupô</b><br> +<b>postulô</b><br> +</td> +<td> +<b>recûsô</b><br> +<b>reportô</b><br> +<b>servô</b><br> +<b>stô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>superô</b><br> +<b>temptô</b><br> +<b>vâstô</b><br> +<b>vulnerô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>contineô</b><br> +<b>egeô</b><br> +<b>prohibeô</b><br> +<b>respondeô</b><br> +<b>teneô</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +CONJ. III</td> +<td>IRREGULAR VERB</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>discêdô</b></td> +<td><b>gerô</b></td> +<td><b>interficiô</b></td> +<td><b>absum</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "sec514"><b>514.</b></a> +<b>Translate the following words.</b> Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> + +<td width = "20%"><i>be away</i><br> +<i>wind</i><br> +<i>through</i><br> +<i>if</i><br> +savage<br> +<i>wound</i> (verb)<br> +<i>wine</i><br> +<i>delay</i><br> +faithless<br> +<i>right</i><br> +<i>seize</i><br> +<i>quickly</i><br> +<i>before, in behalf of</i><br> +<i>battle</i><br> +<i>down from</i> or <i>concerning</i> +</td> + +<td> +<i>moreover</i><br> +<i>greatest</i><br> +oracle<br> +<i>danger</i><br> +<i>lay waste</i><br> +<i>gate</i><br> +<i>doubtful</i><br> +<i>opposite, adverse</i><br> +<i>demand</i><br> +<i>finally</i><br> +attentive<br> +<i>then, at that time</i><br> +<i>weary</i><br> +<i>overcome, conquer</i> +</td> + +<td> +<i>boat, ship</i><br> +<i>sail</i> (verb)<br> +<i>life</i><br> +<i>save</i><br> +<i>full</i><br> +<i>refuse</i><br> +<i>heavily</i><br> +monster<br> +<i>approach</i><br> +<i>nevertheless</i><br> +<i>place</i><br> +<i>be without,<br> +lack</i><br> +<i>moved</i><br> +gold<br> +<i>restrain, keep from</i></td> + +<td> +<i>without</i><br> +<i>hold</i><br> +<i>suddenly</i><br> +<i>dear</i><br> +<i>always</i><br> +<i>god</i><br> +<i>hold in, keep</i><br> +<i>afar</i><br> +<i>thus, so, as follows</i><br> +<i>arm</i> (noun)<br> +<i>when</i><br> +<i>in vain</i><br> +<i>stand</i><br> +<i>bring back, win</i></td> + +<td> +<i>before, previously</i><br> +<i>depart,<br> +go away</i><br> +<i>province</i><br> +<i>care, trouble</i><br> +<i>kill</i><br> +<i>reply</i> (verb)<br> +<i>wing</i><br> +<i>mind, heart</i><br> +<i>left</i> (adj.)<br> +<i>bear, carry on</i><br> +<i>try</i><br> +<i>for a long time</i> +</td> +</table> + +<p><a name = "sec515"><b>515.</b></a> +Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>sum</b><br> +<b>dô</b><br> +<b>teneô</b><br> +<b>iubeô</b><br> +<b>agô</b><br> +<b>mittô</b><br> +<b>mûniô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>moveô</b><br> +<b>crêdô</b><br> +<b>rapiô</b><br> +<b>reperiô</b><br> +<b>dêleô</b><br> +<b>resistô</b><br> +<b>audiô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>moneô</b><br> +<b>capiô</b><br> +<b>doceô</b><br> +<b>regô</b><br> +<b>faveô</b><br> +<b>noceô</b><br> +<b>dîcô</b> +</td> +<td width = "20%"><b>pâreô</b><br> +<b>dûcô</b><br> +<b>faciô</b><br> +<b>persuâdeô</b><br> +<b>sedeô</b><br> +<b>studeô</b><br> +<b>fugiô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>veniô</b><br> +<b>iaciô</b><br> +<b>videô</b><br> +<b>absum</b><br> +<b>egeô</b><br> +<b>gerô</b><br> +<b>stô</b><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page273"> </a> +<p><a name = "sec516"><b>516.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> What are the personal endings in the passive +voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the +distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute +the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How +may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the +infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms +are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial +stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the +tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How +is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? +How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive +imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect +passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is +a participle? How are participles in <b>-us</b> declined? Give the rule +for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, +and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb +<b>sum</b> in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (<a +href = "#sec494">§ 494</a>). What is meant by the separative +ablative? How is the place <i>from which</i> expressed in Latin? Give +the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the +personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and +the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the +perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the +perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be +governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the +ablative. What does the preposition <b>in</b> mean when it governs the +ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to +introduce <i>yes</i>-and-<i>no</i> questions? Explain the force of each. +What words are sometimes used for <i>yes</i> and <i>no?</i> What are the +different meanings and uses of <b>ubi</b>?</p> +<blockquote> +<a href = "#lesson_XXXVII">Go on to Lesson XXXVII</a> +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "review_V"> +V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXVII-XLIV</a><br> +<a href = "#lesson_XLV">Lesson XLV</a> +<p><a name = "sec517"><b>517.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Nouns</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +FIRST DECLENSION</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +SECOND DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>rîpa</b></td> +<td> +<b>barbarî</b><br> +<b>captîvus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>castellum</b><br> +<b>impedîmentum</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "6"> +THIRD DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>animal</b><br> +<b>arbor</b><br> +<b>avis</b><br> +<b>caedês</b><br> +<a name = "page274"> </a> +<b>calamitâs</b><br> +calcar<br> +<b>caput</b><br> +<b>cîvis</b><br> +<b>cliêns</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>collis</b><br> +<b>cônsul</b><br> +<b>dêns</b><br> +<b>dux</b><br> +<b>eques</b><br> +<b>fînis</b><br> +<b>flûmen</b><br> +fôns<br> +<b>frâter</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>homô</b><br> +<b>hostîs</b><br> +<b>ignis</b><br> +<b>imperâtor</b><br> +<b>însigne</b><br> +<b>iter</b><br> +iûdex<br> +<b>labor</b><br> +<b>lapis</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>legiô</b><br> +<b>mare</b><br> +<b>mâter</b><br> +<b>mênsis</b><br> +<b>mîles</b><br> +<b>môns</b><br> +<b>nâvis</b><br> +<b>opus</b><br> +<b>ôrâtor</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>ôrdô</b><br> +<b>pater</b><br> +<b>pedes</b><br> +<b>pês</b><br> +pôns<br> +<b>prînceps</b><br> +<b>rêx</b><br> +<b>salûs</b><br> +<b>sanguis</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>soror</b><br> +tempus<br> +<b>terror</b><br> +<b>turris</b><br> +<b>urbs</b><br> +<b>victor</b><br> +<b>virtûs</b><br> +<b>vîs</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>barbarus</b></td> +<td><b>dexter</b></td> +<td><b>sinister</b></td> +<td><b>summus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th>Prepositions</th> +<th>Adverbs</th> +<th>Conjunctions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>in</b> with the abl.<br> +<b>in</b> with the acc.<br> +<b>trâns</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>cotîdiê</b><br> +<b>numquam</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>nec, neque</b><br> +<b>nec ... nec</b>, or <b>neque ... neque</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +CONJ. I</td> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +CONJ. III</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>cessô</b><br> +<b>confirmô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>oppugnô</b><br> +<b>vetô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>accipiô</b><br> +<b>incipiô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>petô</b><br> +<b>ponô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>vincô</b><br> +<b>vivô</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name = "sec518"><b>518.</b></a> +<b>Translate the following words.</b> Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> + +<td width = "25%"><i>forbid</i><br> +<i>rank, row</i><br> +<i>brother</i><br> +<i>force</i><br> +<i>across</i><br> +<i>savages</i><br> +<i>horseman</i><br> +<i>never</i><br> +<i>mountain</i><br> +<i>manliness, courage</i><br> +<i>leader</i><br> +<i>put, place</i><br> +<i>time</i><br> +<i>savage, barbarous</i><br> +<i>sister</i><br> +<i>seek</i><br> +<i>captive</i><br> +<i>hindrance, baggage</i> +</td> + +<td> +<i>man-of-war</i><br> +<i>judge</i><br> +<i>defeat, disaster</i><br> +<i>fire</i><br> +<i>tree</i><br> +<i>foot soldier</i><br> +<i>receive</i><br> +<i>general</i><br> +<i>highest</i><br> +<i>fountain</i><br> +<i>orator</i><br> +<i>neither ... nor</i><br> +<i>and not</i><br> +<i>left</i><br> +<i>tooth</i><br> +<i>soldier</i><br> +<i>month</i><br> +<i>city</i><br> +<i>victor</i><br> +<i>daily</i><br> +<i>live</i> (verb) +</td> + +<td> +<i>conquer</i><br> +<i>consul</i><br> +<i>mother</i><br> +<i>retainer</i><br> +<i>citizen</i><br> +<i>head</i><br> +<i>safety</i><br> +<i>assail, storm</i><br> +<i>begin</i><br> +<i>march</i><br> +<i>decoration</i><br> +<i>bridge</i><br> +<i>bird</i><br> +<i>cease</i><br> +<i>man</i><br> +<i>river</i><br> +<i>work</i> (noun)<br> +<i>and</i><br> +<i>ship</i><br> +<i>bank</i> +</td> + +<td> +<i>redoubt, fort</i><br> +<i>sea</i><br> +<i>tower</i><br> +<i>drill</i> (verb)<br> +<i>legion</i><br> +<i>terror</i><br> +<i>into, to</i><br> +<i>right</i> (adj.)<br> +<i>in</i><br> +<i>stone</i><br> +<i>blood</i><br> +<i>labor</i> (noun)<br> +<i>king</i><br> +<i>spur</i><br> +<i>chief</i><br> +<i>slaughter</i><br> +<i>strengthen</i><br> +<i>foot</i><br> +<i>enemy</i><br> +<i>animal</i><br> +<i>father</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page275"> </a> +<a name = "sec519"><b>519.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> Give the conjugation of <b>possum</b>. What is +an infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like +the English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is +meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence <i>The bad boy +cannot be happy</i>, what is the case of <i>happy</i>? Give the rule. +Decline <b>quî</b>. Give the rule for the agreement of the +relative. What are the two uses of the interrogative? Decline +<b>quis</b>. What is the base of a noun? How is the stem formed from the +base? Are the stem and the base ever the same? How many declensions of +nouns are there? Name them. What are the two chief divisions of the +third declension? How are the consonant stems classified? Explain the +formation of <b>lapis</b> from the stem <b>lapid-</b>, +<b>mîles</b> from <b>mîlit-</b>, <b>rêx</b> from +<b>rêg-</b>. What nouns have <b>i</b>-stems? What peculiarities of +form do <b>i</b>-stems have,—masc., fem., and neut.? Name the five +nouns that have <b>-î</b> and <b>-e</b> in the abl. Decline +<b>turris</b>. Give the rules for gender in the third declension. +Decline <b>mîles</b>, <b>lapis</b>, <b>rêx</b>, +<b>virtûs</b>, <b>cônsul</b>, <b>legiô</b>, +<b>homô</b>, <b>pater</b>, <b>flûmen</b>, <b>opus</b>, +<b>tempus</b>, <b>caput</b>, <b>caedês</b>, <b>urbs</b>, +<b>hostis</b>, <b>mare</b>, <b>animal</b>, <b>vîs</b>, +<b>iter</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec520"><b>520.</b></a> +Fill out the following scheme:</p> + +<table align = "center"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "4"> +The Third Declension</td> +<td> +Gender Endings</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +Masculine<br> +Feminine<br> +Neuter</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "4"> +Case Terminations</td> +<td> +I. Consonant Stems</td> +<td> +<i>a</i>. Masc. and fem.<br> +<i>b</i>. Neuters</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +II. <i>I</i>-Stems</td> +<td> +<i>a</i>. Masc. and fem.<br> +<i>b</i>. Neuters</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +Irregular Nouns</td> +</tr> +</table> +<blockquote> +<a href = "#lesson_XLV">Go on to Lesson XLV</a> +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "review_VI"> +VI. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLV-LII</a></p> + +<p><a href = "#lesson_LIII">Lesson LIII</a></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec521"><b>521.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Nouns</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +FIRST DECLENSION</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +SECOND DECLENSION</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<b>amîcitia</b><br> +<b>hôra</b><br> +<b>littera</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>annus</b><br> +<b>modus</b><br> +<b>nûntius</b><br> +<b>oculus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>rêgnum</b><br> +<b>signum</b><br> +<b>supplicium</b>,<br> +<b>supplicium dare</b><br> +<b>supplicium sûmere dê</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>tergum</b>,<br> +<b>tergum vertere</b><br> +<b>vestîgium</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<a name = "page276"> </a> +THIRD DECLENSION</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +FOURTH DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>aestâs</b><br> +<b>corpus</b><br> +<b>hiems</b><br> +<b>lîbertâs</b><br> +<b>lûx</b>,<br> +<b>prîma lûx</b><br> +<b>nômen</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>nox</b><br> +<b>pars</b><br> +<b>pâx</b><br> +rûs<br> +<b>sôl</b><br> +<b>vôx</b><br> +<b>vulnus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>adventus</b><br> +<b>cornû</b><br> +<b>domus</b><br> +<b>equitâtus</b><br> +<b>exercitus</b><br> +<b>fluctus</b><br> +</td> +<td> +<b>impetus</b><br> +<b>lacus</b><br> +<b>manus</b><br> +<b>metus</b><br> +<b>portus</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +FIFTH DECLENSION</td> +<td> +INDECLINABLE NOUN</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<b>aciês</b><br> +<b>diês</b><br> +<b>fidês</b>,<br> +<b>in fidem venîre</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>rês</b>,<br> +<b>rês gestae</b><br> +<b>rês adversae</b><br> +<b>rês pûblica</b><br> +<b>rês secundae</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>spês</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>nihil</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Adjectives</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +THIRD DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>dênsus</b><br> +<b>invîsus</b><br> +<b>mîrus</b><br> +<b>paucî</b><br> +<b>prîmus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>prîstinus</b><br> +<b>pûblicus</b><br> +<b>secundus</b><br> +<b>tantus</b><br> +<b>vêrus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>âcer, âcris, âcre</b><br> +<b>brevis, breve</b><br> +<b>difficilis, difficile</b><br> +<b>facîlis, facile</b><br> +<b>fortis, forte</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>gravis, grave</b><br> +<b>incolumis, incolume</b><br> +<b>omnis, omne</b><br> +<b>pâr, pâr</b><br> +<b>vêlôx, vêlôx</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Pronouns</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>PERSONAL</td> +<td>DEMONSTRATIVE</td> +<td>INTENSIVE</td> +<td>INDEFINITE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>ego</b><br> +<b>nôs</b><br> +<b>suî</b><br> +<b>tû</b><br> +<b>vôs</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>hic</b><br> +<b>îdem</b><br> +<b>ille</b><br> +<b>iste</b> +</td> +<td><b>ipse</b></td> +<td> +<b>aliquis, aliquî</b><br> +<b>quîdam</b><br> +<b>quis, quî</b><br> +<b>quisquam</b><br> +<b>quisque</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Adverbs</th> +<th>Conjunctions</th> +<th>Prepositions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>nê ... quidem</b><br> +ôlim +</td> +<td> +<b>paene</b><br> +<b>quoque</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>satis</b><br> +<b>vêrô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>itaque</b><br> +<b>nisi</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>ante</b><br> +<b>post</b><br> +<b>propter</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>CONJ. I</td> +<td>CONJ. II</td> +<td>CONJ. III</td> +<td>CONJ. IV</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>conlocô</b><br> +<b>convocô</b><br> +<b>cremô</b><br> +<b>dêmônstrô</b><br> +<b>mandô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>dêbeô</b><br> +<b>exerceô</b><br> +<b>maneô</b><br> +<b>placeô</b><br> +<b>sustineô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>committô</b>,<br> +<b>committere proelium</b><br> +<b>dêcidô</b><br> +<b>êripiô</b><br> +<b>sûmô</b>,<br> +<b>sûmere supplicium dê +</b><br> +<b>trâdûcô</b><br> +<b>vertô</b></td> +<td><b>dêsiliô</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page277"> </a> +<a name = "sec522"><b>522.</b></a> +<b>Translate the following words.</b> Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "25%"><i>if not, unless</i><br> +<i>on account of</i><br> +<i>unharmed</i><br> +<i>public</i><br> +<i>commonwealth</i><br> +<i>leap down, dismount</i><br> +<i>lead across</i><br> +<i>remain</i><br> +<i>call together</i><br> +<i>friendship</i><br> +<i>footprint, trace</i><br> +<i>each</i><br> +<i>fear</i> (noun)<br> +<i>hope</i><br> +<i>therefore</i><br> +<i>behind, after</i><br> +<i>so</i> great<br> +<i>equal</i><br> +<i>in truth, indeed</i><br> +<i>that</i> (yonder)<br> +<i>a certain</i><br> +<i>fall down</i><br> +<i>owe, ought</i><br> +<i>measure, mode</i><br> +<i>eye</i><br> +<i>name</i><br> +<i>wave, billow</i><br> +<i>thing, matter</i><br> +<i>exploits</i><br> +<i>republic</i><br> +<i>prosperity</i> +</td> + +<td> +<i>adversity</i><br> +<i>former, old-time</i><br> +<i>all, every</i><br> +<i>any one</i> (at all)<br> +<i>this</i> (of mine)<br> +<i>heavy, serious</i><br> +<i>hateful, detested</i><br> +<i>true</i><br> +<i>burn</i><br> +<i>snatch from</i><br> +<i>letter</i><br> +<i>punishment</i><br> +<i>inflict<br> +punishment on</i><br> +<i>suffer punishment</i><br> +<i>liberty</i><br> +<i>sun</i><br> +<i>sustain</i><br> +<i>take up, assume</i><br> +<i>hour</i><br> +<i>reign, realm</i><br> +<i>messenger</i><br> +<i>part, direction</i><br> +<i>body</i><br> +<i>harbor</i><br> +<i>faith, protection</i><br> +<i>of himself</i><br> +<i>also, too</i><br> +<i>sufficiently</i> +</td> + +<td> +<i>burn</i><br> +<i>that</i> (of yours)<br> +<i>before</i><br> +<i>you</i> (plur.)<br> +<i>light</i><br> +<i>daybreak</i><br> +<i>winter</i><br> +<i>attack</i><br> +<i>line of battle</i><br> +<i>army</i><br> +<i>drill, train</i><br> +<i>join battle</i><br> +<i>house, home</i><br> +<i>midday</i><br> +<i>wonderful</i><br> +<i>brave</i><br> +<i>almost</i><br> +<i>the same</i><br> +<i>some, any</i><br> +<i>if any one</i><br> +<i>self, very</i><br> +<i>not even</i><br> +<i>easy</i><br> +<i>dense</i><br> +<i>point out, explain</i><br> +<i>difficult</i><br> +<i>first</i><br> +<i>arrange, station</i><br> +<i>please</i><br> +<i>year</i> +</td> + +<td> +<i>peace</i><br> +<i>back</i><br> +<i>turn the back, retreat</i><br> +<i>night</i><br> +<i>hand, force</i><br> +<i>lake</i><br> +<i>day</i><br> +<i>commit, intrust</i><br> +<i>a few only</i><br> +<i>sharp, eager</i><br> +<i>we</i><br> +<i>turn</i><br> +<i>you</i> (sing.)<br> +<i>I</i><br> +<i>signal</i><br> +<i>summer</i><br> +<i>cavalry</i><br> +<i>wound</i><br> +<i>horn, wing</i><br> +<i>country</i><br> +<i>second, favorable</i><br> +<i>short</i><br> +<i>voice</i><br> +<i>formerly, once</i><br> +<i>arrival</i><br> +<i>come under the<br> +protection of</i><br> +<i>swift</i><br> +<i>nothing</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "sec523"><b>523.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> By what declensions are Latin adjectives +declined? What can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third +declension? Into what classes are these adjectives divided? How can you +tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs? Decline +<b>âcer, omnis, pâr</b>. What are the nominative endings and +genders of nouns of the fourth +<a name = "page278"> </a> +or <b>u</b>-declension? What nouns are feminine by exception? Decline +<b>adventus, lacus, cornû, domus</b>. Give the rules for the +ordinary expression of the <i>place to which</i>, the <i>place from +which</i>, the <i>place in which</i>. What special rules apply to names +of towns, small islands, and <b>rûs</b>? What is the locative +case? What words have a locative case? What is the form of the locative +case? Translate <i>Galba lives at home, Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives +at Pompeii</i>. What is the rule for gender in the fifth or +<b>ê</b>-declension? Decline <b>diês</b>, <b>rês</b>. +When is the long <b>ê</b> shortened? What can you say about the +plural of the fifth declension? Decline <b>tuba</b>, <b>servus</b>, +<b>pîlum</b>, <b>ager</b>, <b>puer</b>, <b>mîles</b>, +<b>cônsul</b>, <b>flûmen</b>, <b>caedês</b>, +<b>animal</b>. How is the <i>time when</i> expressed? Name the classes +of pronouns and define each class. Decline <b>ego, tû, is</b>. +What are the reflexives of the first and second persons? What is the +reflexive of the third person? Decline it. Translate <i>I see myself, he +sees himself, he sees him</i>. Decline <b>ipse</b>. How is <b>ipse</b> +used? Decline <b>îdem</b>. Decline <b>hic</b>, <b>iste</b>, +<b>ille</b>. Explain the use of these words. Name and translate the +commoner indefinite pronouns. Decline <b>aliquis</b>, <b>quisquam</b>, +<b>quîdam</b>, <b>quisque</b>.</p> + +<blockquote> +<a href = "#lesson_LIII">Go on to Lesson LIII</a> +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "review_VII"> +VII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LIII-LX</a></p> +<p> +<a href = "#lesson_LXI">Lesson LXI</a></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec524"><b>524.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Nouns</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +FIRST DECLENSION</td> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +SECOND DECLENSION</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<b>aquila</b><br> +<b>fossa</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>aedificium</b><br> +<b>captîvus</b><br> +<b>concilium</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>imperium</b><br> +<b>negôtium</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>spatium</b><br> +<b>vâllum</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +THIRD DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>agmen</b><br> +<b>celeritâs</b><br> +<b>cîvitâs</b><br> +<b>clâmor</b><br> +<b>cohors</b><br> +<b>difficultâs</b><br> +<b>explôrâtor</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>gêns</b><br> +<b>lâtitûdô</b><br> +<b>longitûdô</b><br> +<b>magnitûdô</b><br> +<b>mêns</b><br> +<b>mercâtor</b><br> +<b>mîlle</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>mors</b><br> +<b>mulier</b><br> +<b>multitûdô</b><br> +<b>mûnîtiô</b><br> +<b>nêmô</b><br> +<b>obses</b><br> +<b>opîniô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>regiô</b><br> +<b>rûmor</b><br> +<b>scelus</b><br> +<b>servitûs</b><br> +<b>timor</b><br> +<b>vallês</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +FOURTH DECLENSION</td> +<td> +FIFTH DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>aditus</b><br> +<b>commeâtus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>passus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>rês frûmentâria</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +<a name = "page279"> </a> +Adjectives</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>aequus</b><br> +<b>bînî</b><br> +<b>ducentî</b><br> +<b>duo</b><br> +<b>exterus</b><br> +<b>înferus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>maximus</b><br> +<b>medius</b><br> +<b>minimus</b><br> +<b>opportûnus</b><br> +<b>optimus</b><br> +<b>pessimus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>plûrimus</b><br> +<b>posterus</b><br> +<b>prîmus</b><br> +reliquus<br> +<b>secundus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>singulî</b><br> +<b>superus</b><br> +<b>tardus</b><br> +<b>ternî</b><br> +<b>ûnus</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td></td><td colspan = "2"> +THIRD DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>alacer, alacris, alacre</b><br> +<b>audâx, audâx</b><br> +<b>celer, celeris, celere</b><br> +<b>citerior, citerius</b><br> +<b>difficilis, difficile</b><br> +<b>dissimilis, dissimile</b><br> +<b>facilis, facile</b><br> +gracilis, gracile +</td> +<td> +<b>humilis, humile</b><br> +<b>ingêns, ingêns</b><br> +<b>interior, interius</b><br> +<b>lênis, lêne</b><br> +<b>maior, maius</b><br> +<b>melior, melius</b><br> +<b>minor, minus</b><br> +<b>nôbilis, nôbile</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>peior, peius</b><br> +——, <b>plûs</b><br> +<b>prior, prius</b><br> +<b>recêns, recêns</b><br> +<b>similis, simile</b><br> +<b>três, tria</b><br> +<b>ulterior, ulterius</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Adverbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>âcriter</b><br> +<b>audâcter</b><br> +<b>bene</b><br> +<b>facile</b><br> +<b>ferê</b><br> +<b>fortiter</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>magis</b><br> +<b>magnopere</b><br> +<b>maximê</b><br> +<b>melius</b><br> +<b>minimê</b><br> +<b>multum</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>optimê</b><br> +<b>parum</b><br> +<b>paulô</b><br> +<b>plûrimum</b><br> +<b>prope</b><br> +<b>propius</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>proximê</b><br> +<b>quam</b><br> +<b>statim</b><br> +<b>tam</b><br> +<b>undique</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Conjunctions</th> +<th>Prepositions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>atque, ac</b><br> +<b>aut</b><br> +<b>aut ... aut</b><br> +<b>et ... et</b><br> +<b>nam</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>quâ dê causâ</b><br> +<b>quam ob rem</b><br> +<b>simul atque</b> or<br> +<b>simul ac</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>circum</b><br> +<b>contrâ</b><br> +<b>inter</b><br> +<b>ob</b><br> +<b>trâns</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +CONJ. I</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +CONJ. II</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>cônor</b><br> +<b>hortor</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>moror</b><br> +<b>vexô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>obtineô</b><br> +<b>perterreô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>valeô</b><br> +<b>vereor</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +CONJ. III</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>abdô</b><br> +<b>cadô</b><br> +<b>cognôscô</b><br> +<b>cônsequor</b><br> +<b>contendô</b><br> +<b>cupiô</b><br> +<b>currô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>dêdô</b><br> +<b>dêfendô</b><br> +êgredior<br> +<b>incendô</b><br> +<b>incolô</b><br> +<b>însequor</b><br> +<b>occîdô</b> +</td> +<td width = "25%"><b>patior</b><br> +premô<br> +<b>proficîscor</b><br> +<b>prôgredior</b><br> +<b>quaerô</b><br> +<b>recipiô</b><br> +<b>relinquô</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>revertor</b><br> +<b>sequor</b><br> +statuô<br> +subsequor<br> +<b>suscipiô</b><br> +<b>trâdô</b><br> +<b>trahô</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> +CONJ. III</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>orior</b></td> +<td><b>perveniô</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page280"> </a> +<a name = "sec525"><b>525.</b></a> +<b>Translate the following words.</b> Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:</p> + +<table width = "80%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td> +<i>on account of</i><br> +<i>nearly</i><br> +<i>keenly, sharply</i><br> +<i>thousand</i><br> +<i>two</i><br> +<i>opportune</i><br> +<i>remaining</i><br> +<i>above</i> (adj.)<br> +<i>next</i><br> +<i>grain supply</i><br> +<i>pace</i><br> +<i>shout</i> (noun)<br> +<i>from all sides</i><br> +<i>against</i><br> +<i>around</i><br> +<i>three</i><br> +<i>further</i><br> +<i>line of march</i><br> +<i>manor</i><br> +<i>region</i><br> +<i>fortification</i><br> +<i>eagle</i><br> +<i>almost</i><br> +<i>boldly</i><br> +<i>bravely</i><br> +<i>across</i><br> +<i>between, among</i><br> +<i>hither</i> (adj.)<br> +<i>so</i><br> +<i>less</i><br> +<i>more</i><br> +<i>most</i><br> +<i>worst</i><br> +<i>difficulty</i><br> +<i>hostage</i><br> +<i>death</i><br> +<i>command, power</i><br> +<i>captive</i><br> +<i>or</i><br> +<i>and</i><br> +<i>arrive</i><br> +<i>attempt, try</i><br> +<i>length</i> +</td> + +<td> +<i>width</i><br> +<i>scout</i><br> +<i>cohort</i><br> +<i>tribe, nation</i><br> +<i>business</i><br> +<i>by a little</i><br> +<i>somewhat</i><br> +<i>crime</i><br> +<i>difficult</i><br> +<i>equal</i><br> +<i>move forward,<br> +advance</i><br> +<i>multitude</i><br> +<i>woman</i><br> +<i>desire</i> (verb)<br> +<i>give over, surrender</i><br> +<i>kill</i><br> +<i>overtake</i><br> +<i>hasten, strive</i><br> +<i>hide</i><br> +<i>one</i><br> +<i>first</i><br> +<i>second, favorable</i><br> +<i>two hundred</i><br> +<i>former</i><br> +<i>inner</i><br> +<i>middle</i><br> +<i>low</i><br> +<i>outward</i><br> +<i>three by three</i><br> +<i>provisions</i><br> +<i>speed</i><br> +<i>ditch</i><br> +<i>wherefore</i> or <i>therefore</i><br> +<i>for this reason</i><br> +<i>fear</i> (noun)<br> +<i>return</i><br> +<i>inquire</i><br> +<i>set out</i><br> +<i>move out, disembark</i></td> + +<td> +<i>fear</i> (verb)<br> +<i>worse</i><br> +<i>greater, larger</i><br> +<i>two by two</i><br> +<i>least</i> (adv.)<br> +<i>opinion,<br> +expectation</i><br> +<i>approach, entrance</i><br> +<i>trader</i><br> +<i>magnitude, size</i><br> +<i>council, assembly</i><br> +<i>space, room</i><br> +<i>either ... or</i><br> +<i>rise, arise</i><br> +<i>suffer, allow</i><br> +<i>press hard</i><br> +<i>fall</i><br> +<i>surrender</i><br> +<i>set fire to</i><br> +<i>defend</i><br> +<i>possess, hold</i><br> +<i>delay</i> (verb)<br> +<i>nearest</i> (adv.)<br> +<i>nearer</i> (adv.)<br> +<i>better</i> (adj.)<br> +<i>well known, noble</i><br> +<i>mild, gentle</i><br> +<i>swift</i><br> +<i>eager</i><br> +<i>low</i> (adj.)<br> +<i>slender</i><br> +<i>one by one</i><br> +<i>no one</i><br> +<i>least</i> (adv.)<br> +<i>little</i> (adv.)<br> +<i>learn, know</i><br> +<i>drag</i><br> +<i>undertake</i><br> +<i>run</i><br> +<i>fix, decide</i> +</td> + +<td> +<i>leave</i><br> +<i>abandon</i><br> +<i>be strong</i><br> +<i>receive, recover</i><br> +<i>terrify, frighten</i><br> +<i>dwell</i><br> +<i>state, citizenship</i><br> +<i>valley</i><br> +<i>slavery</i><br> +<i>greatly</i><br> +<i>best of all</i> (adv.)<br> +<i>better</i> (adv.)<br> +<i>well</i> (adv.)<br> +<i>very much</i><br> +<i>much</i><br> +<i>unlike</i><br> +<i>like</i> (adj.)<br> +<i>slow</i><br> +<i>very greatly, exceedingly</i><br> +<i>building</i><br> +<i>mind</i> (noun)<br> +<i>easily</i><br> +<i>easy</i><br> +<i>recent</i><br> +<i>huge, great</i><br> +<i>bold</i><br> +<i>immediately</i><br> +<i>as soon as</i><br> +<i>for</i><br> +<i>than</i><br> +<i>best</i> (adj.)<br> +<i>greatest</i><br> +<i>follow close</i><br> +<i>encourage</i><br> +<i>annoy, ravage</i><br> +<i>hide</i><br> +<i>follow</i><br> +<i>pursue</i><br> +<i>both ... and</i><br> +<i>rampart</i> +</td> + +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name = "page281"> </a> +<a name = "sec526"><b>526.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> What is meant by comparison? In what two ways +may adjectives be compared? Compare <b>clârus, brevis, +vêlôx</b>, and explain the formation of the comparative and +the superlative. What are the adverbs used in comparison? Compare +<b>brevis</b> by adverbs. Decline the comparative of +<b>vêlôx</b>. How are adjectives in <b>-er</b> compared? +Compare <b>âcer</b>, <b>pulcher</b>, <b>liber</b>. What are +possible translations for the comparative and superlative? Name the six +adjectives that form the superlative in <b>-limus</b>. Translate in two +ways <i>Nothing is brighter than the sun</i>. Give the rule for the +ablative with comparatives. Compare <b>bonus, magnus, malus, multus, +parvus, exterus, înferus, posterus, superus</b>. Decline +<b>plûs</b>. Compare <b>citerior, interior, propior, ulterior</b>. +Translate <i>That route to Italy is much shorter</i>. Give the rule for +the expression of measure of difference. Name five words that are +especially common in this construction. How are adverbs usually formed +from adjectives of the first and second declensions? from adjectives of +the third declension? Compare the adverbs <b>cârê</b>, +<b>lîberê</b>, <b>fortiter</b>, <b>audâcter</b>. What +cases of adjectives are sometimes used as adverbs? What are the adverbs +from <b>facilis</b>? <b>multus? prîmus? plûrimus</b>? +<b>bonus</b>? <b>magnus</b>? <b>parvus</b>? Compare <b>prope</b>, +<b>saepe</b>, <b>magnopere</b>. How are numerals classified? Give the +first twenty cardinals. Decline <b>ûnus, duo, três, +mîlle</b>. How are the hundreds declined? What is meant by the +partitive genitive? Give the rule for the partitive genitive. What sort +of words are commonly used with this construction? What construction is +used with <b>quîdam</b> and cardinal numbers excepting +<b>mîlle</b>? Give the first twenty ordinals. How are they +declined? How are the distributives declined? Give the rule for the +expression of duration of time and extent of space. What is the +difference between the ablative of time and the accusative of time? What +is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of one. What form always has a +passive meaning? Conjugate <b>amô</b>, <b>moneô</b>, +<b>regô</b>, <b>capiô</b>, <b>audiô</b>, in the active +and passive.</p> + +<blockquote> +<a href = "#lesson_LXI">Go on to Lesson LXI</a> +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center"><a name = "review_VIII"> +VIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXI-LXIX</a></p> +<p> +<a href = "#lesson_LXX">Lesson LXX</a></p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec527"><b>527.</b></a> +Review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See <a href = +"#sec502">§§ 502</a>, <a href = "#sec503">503</a>, <a +href = "#sec506">506</a>, <a href = "#sec507">507</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name = "sec528"><b>528.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time +is denoted by these tenses? What are the mood signs of the present +subjunctive? How may the imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the +perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in +form? How is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed? Inflect the +subjunctive active and passive of <b>cûrô</b>, +<b>dêleô</b>, <b>vincô</b>, <b>rapiô</b>, +<b>mûniô</b>. Inflect the +<a name = "page282"> </a> +subjunctive tenses of <b>sum</b>; of <b>possum</b>. What are the tenses +of the participles in the active? What in the passive? Give the active +and passive participles of <b>amô</b>, <b>moneô</b>, +<b>regô</b>, <b>capiô</b>, <b>audiô</b>. Decline +<b>regêns</b>. What participles do deponent verbs have? What is +the difference in meaning between the perfect participle of a deponent +verb and of one not deponent? Give the participles of <b>vereor</b>. How +should participles usually be translated? Conjugate <b>volô</b>, +<b>nolô</b>, <b>mâlô</b>, <b>fîô</b>.</p> + +<p>What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in +their fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English? +How is it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause +introduced? When should <b>quô</b> be used? What is meant by +sequence of tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the +subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly +followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows +<b>iubeô</b>? What construction follows verbs of <i>fearing</i>? +How is consequence or result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause +introduced? What words are often found in the principal clause +foreshadowing the coming of a result clause? How may negative purpose be +distinguished from negative result? What is meant by the subjunctive of +characteristic or description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain +the ablative absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent +occurrence in Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs +are two accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become +when the verb is passive?</p> +<blockquote> +<a href = "#lesson_LXX">Go on to Lesson LXX</a> +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: coin showing general commanding +soldiers<br> +Caption: IMPERATOR MILITES HORTATUR]</p> + + +<a name = "page283"> </a> +<p align = "center"><b>SPECIAL VOCABULARIES</b></p> + +<p><i>The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar's "Gallic +War."</i></p> + + +<p align = "center">LESSON IV, <a href = "#sec39" name = +"sec39vocab">§ 39</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> + +<b>dea</b>, <i>goddess</i> (deity)<br> +Diâ´na, <i>Diana</i><br> +<b>fera</b>, <i>a wild beast</i> (fierce)<br> +Lâtô´na, <i>Latona</i><br> +<b>sagit´ta</b>, <i>arrow</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Verbs</u></p> + +<b>est</b>, <i>he (she, it) is</i>; <b>sunt</b>, <i>they are</i><br> +<b>necat</b>, <i>he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill</i><br> + +<p><u>Conjunction</u><sup>1</sup></p> +<b>et</b>, <i>and</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p><u>Pronouns</u></p> + +<b>quis</b>, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., <i>who?</i><br> +<b>cuius</b> (pronounced <i>c[oo]i´y[oo]s</i>, two syllables), +interrog. pronoun, gen. sing., <i>whose?</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. A <i>conjunction</i> is a word which connects words, parts of +sentences, or sentences. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">LESSON V, <a href = "#sec47" name = +"sec47vocab">§ 47</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> + +<b>corô´na</b>, <i>wreath, garland, crown</i><br> +fâ´bula, <i>story</i> (fable)<br> +<b>pecû´nia</b>, <i>money</i> (pecuniary)<br> +<b>pugna</b>, <i>battle</i> (pugnacious)<br> +<b>victô´ria</b>, <i>victory</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Verbs</u></p> + +<b>dat</b>, <i>he (she, it) gives</i><br> +nârrat, <i>he (she, it) tells</i> (narrate) + +<p><u>Conjunction</u><sup>1</sup></p> +<b>quia</b> or <b>quod</b>, <i>because</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<p><ins title = +"header missing from original"><u>Pronoun</u></ins></p> + +<b>cui</b> (pronounced <i>c[oo]i</i>, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, +dat. sing., <i>to whom? for whom?</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. A <i>conjunction</i> is a word which connects words, parts of +sentences, or sentences. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">LESSON VI, <a href = "#sec56" name = +"sec56vocab">§ 56</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjectives</u></p> + +<b>bona</b>, <i>good</i><br> +<b>grâta</b>, <i>pleasing</i><br> +<b>magna</b>, <i>large, great</i><br> +<b>mala</b>, <i>bad, wicked</i><br> +<b>parva</b>, <i>small, little</i><br> +<b>pulchra</b>, <i>beautiful, pretty</i><br> +<b>sôla</b>, <i>alone</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<a name = "page284"> </a> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> +ancil´la, <i>maidservant</i><br> +Iûlia, <i>Julia</i><br> +<p><u>Adverbs</u><sup>1</sup></p> +<b>cûr</b>, <i>why</i><br> +<b>nôn</b>, <i>not</i><br> +<p><u>Pronouns</u></p> +<b>mea</b>, <i>my</i>; <b>tua</b>, <i>thy, your</i> (possesives)<br> +<b>quid</b>, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., <i>what?</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>-ne</b>, the question sign, an enclitic (<a href = +"#sec16">§ 16</a>) added to the first word, which, in a +question, is usually the verb, as <b>amat</b>, <i>he loves</i>, but +<b>amat´ne?</b> <i>does he love?</i> <b>est</b>, <i>he is</i>; +<b>estne?</b> <i>is he?</i> Of course <b>-ne</b> is not used when the +sentence contains <b>quis, cûr</b>, or some other interrogative +word.<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. An <i>adverb</i> is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or +another adverb; as, She sings <i>sweetly</i>; she is <i>very</i> +talented; she began to sing <i>very early</i>. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">LESSON VII, <a href = "#sec62" name = +"sec62vocab">§ 62</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> + +<b>casa, -ae</b>, f., <i>cottage</i><br> +cêna, -ae, f., <i>dinner</i><br> +<b>gallî´na, -ae</b>, f., <i>hen, chicken</i><br> +<b>în´sula, ae</b>, f., <i>island</i> (pen-insula) +<p><u>Adverbs</u></p> + +<b>de-in´de</b>, <i>then, in the next place</i><br> +<b>ubi</b>, <i>where</i><br> +<p><u>Preposition</u></p> +<b>ad</b>, <i>to</i>, with acc. to express motion toward<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Verbs</u></p> +ha´bitat, <i>he (she, it) lives, is living, does live</i> +(inhabit)<br> +<b>laudat</b>, <i>he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise</i> +(laud)<br> +<b>parat</b>, <i>he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does +prepare</i><br> +<b>vocat</b>, <i>he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, is +inviting, does invite</i> (vocation)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p><u>Pronoun</u></p> +<b>quem</b>, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., <i>whom?</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON VIII, <a href = "#sec69" name = +"sec69vocab">§ 69</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> + +<b>Italia, -ae</b>, f., <i>Italy</i><br> +Sicilia, -ae, f., <i>Sicily</i><br> +<b>tuba, -ae</b>, f., <i>trumpet</i> (tube)<br> +<b>via, -ae</b>, f., <i>way, road, street</i> (viaduct)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjectives</u></p> + +<b>alta</b>, <i>high, deep</i> (altitude)<br> +<b>clâra</b>, <i>clear, bright; famous</i><br> +<b>lâta</b>, <i>wide</i> (latitude)<br> +<b>longa</b>, <i>long</i> (longitude)<br> +<b>nova</b>, <i>new</i> (novelty)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page285"> </a> + +<p align = "center">LESSON IX, <a href = "#sec77" name = +"sec77vocab">§ 77</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Nouns</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>bellum, -î</b>, n., <i>war</i> (re-bel)<br> +<b>cônstantia, -ae</b>, f., <i>firmness, constancy, +steadiness</i><br> +dominus, -î, m., <i>master, lord</i> (dominate)<br> +<b>equus, -î</b>, m., <i>horse</i> (equine)<br> +<b>frûmentum, -î</b>, n., <i>grain</i><br> +<b>lêgâtus, -î</b>, m., <i>lieutenant, ambassador</i> +(legate)<br> +<b>Mârcus, -î</b>, m., <i>Marcus, Mark</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>mûrus, -î</b>, m., <i>wall</i> (mural)<br> +<b>oppidânus, -î</b>, m., <i>townsman</i><br> +<b>oppidum, -î</b>, n., <i>town</i><br> +<b>pîlum, -î</b>, n., <i>spear</i> (pile driver)<br> +<b>servus, -î</b>, m., <i>slave, servant</i><br> +Sextus, -î, m., <i>Sextus</i> +<p><u>Verbs</u></p> +<b>cûrat</b>, <i>he (she, it) cares for</i>, with acc.<br> +<b>properat</b>, <i>he (she, it) hastens</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON X, <a href = "#sec82" name = +"sec82vocab">§ 82</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Nouns</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>amîcus, -î</b>, m., <i>friend</i> (amicable)<br> +<b>Germânia, -ae</b>, f., <i>Germany</i><br> +<b>patria, -ae</b>, f., <i>fatherland</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>populus, -î</b>, m., <i>people</i><br> +<b>Rhênus, -î</b>, m., <i>the Rhine</i><br> +<b>vîcus, -î</b>, m., <i>village</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XI, <a href = "#sec86" name = +"sec86vocab">§ 86</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Nouns</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>arma, armôrum</b>, n., plur., <i>arms</i>, especially defensive +weapons<br> +<b>fâma, -ae</b>, f., <i>rumor; reputation, fame</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>galea, -ae</b>, f., <i>helmet</i><br> +<b>praeda, -ae</b>, f., <i>booty, spoils</i> (predatory)<br> +<b>têlum, -î</b>, n., <i>weapon of offense, spear</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Adjectives</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>dûrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, +toilsome</i> (durable)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>Rômânus, -a, -um</b>, <i>Roman</i>. As a noun, +<b>Rômânus, -î</b>, m., <i>a Roman</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XII, <a href = "#sec90" name = +"sec90vocab">§ 90</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> + +<b>fîlius, fîlî</b>, m., <i>son</i> (filial)<br> +fluvius, fluvî, m., <i>river</i> (fluent)<br> +<b>gladius, gladî</b>, m., <i>sword</i> (gladiator)<br> +<b>praesidium, praesi´dî</b>, n., <i>garrison, guard, +protection</i><br> +<b>proelium, proelî</b>, n., <i>battle</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjectives</u></p> + +<b>fînitimus, -a, -um</b>, <i>bordering upon, neighboring, near +to</i>. As a noun, <b>fînitimî, -ôrum</b>, m., plur., +<i>neighbors</i><br> +<b>Germânus, -a, -um</b>, <i>German</i>. As a noun, +<b>Germânus, -î</b>, m., <i>a German</i><br> +<b>multus, -a, -um</b>, <i>much</i>; plur., <i>many</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<p><u>Adverb</u></p> +<b>saepe</b>, <i>often</i> +</td> +</table> + +<a name = "page286"> </a> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XIII, <a href = "#sec95" name = +"sec95vocab">§ 95</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Nouns</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>ager, agrî</b>, m., <i>field</i> (acre)<br> +<b>côpia, -ae</b>, f., <i>plenty, abundance</i> (copious); plur., +<i>troops, forces</i><br> +<b>Cornêlius, Cornê´lî</b>, m., +<i>Cornelius</i><br> +<b>lôrî´ca, -ae</b>, f., <i>coat of mail, +corselet</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>praemium, praemî</b>, n., <i>reward, prize</i> (premium)<br> +<b>puer, puerî</b>, m., <i>boy</i> (puerile)<br> +<b>Rôma, -ae</b>, f., <i>Rome</i><br> +<b>scûtum, -î</b>, n., <i>shield</i> (escutcheon)<br> +<b>vir, virî</b>, m., <i>man, hero</i> (virile)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Adjectives</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>legiônârius, -a, -um</b>,<sup>1</sup> <i>legionary, +belonging to the legion</i>. As a noun, <b>legiônâriî, +-ôrum</b>, m., plur., <i>legionary soldiers</i><br> +<b>lîber, lîbera, lîberum</b>, <i>free</i> (liberty) +As a noun. <b>lîberî, -ôrum</b>, m., plur., +<i>children</i> (lit. <i>the freeborn</i>)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum</b>, <i>pretty, beautiful</i> +<p><u>Preposition</u></p> +<b>apud</b>, <i>among</i>, with acc. +<p><u>Conjunction</u></p> +<b>sed</b>, <i>but</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in <b>-ius</b> ends in +<b>-iî</b> and the vocative in <b>-ie</b>; not in <b>-î</b>, +as in nouns. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XIV, <a href = "#sec99" name = +"sec99vocab">§ 99</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Nouns</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>auxilium, auxi´lî</b>, n., <i>help, aid</i> +(auxiliary)<br> +<b>castrum, -î</b>, n., <i>fort</i> (castle); plur., <i>camp</i> +(lit. <i>forts</i>)<br> +<b>cibus, -î</b>, m., <i>food</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>cônsilium, cônsi´lî</b>, n., <i>plan</i> +(counsel)<br> +<b>dîligentia, -ae</b>, f., <i>diligence, industry</i><br> +magister, magistrî, m., <i>master, teacher</i>1<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Adjectives</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>aeger, aegra, aegrum</b>, <i>sick</i><br> +<b>crêber, crêbra, crêbrum</b>, <i>frequent</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>miser, misera, miserum</b>, <i>wretched, unfortunate</i> (miser)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. Observe that <b>dominus</b>, as distinguished from <b>magister</b>, +means <i>master</i> in the sense of <i>owner</i>. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XV, <a href = "#sec107" name = +"sec107vocab">§ 107</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> + +<b>carrus, -î</b>, m., <i>cart, wagon</i><br> +<b>inopia, -ae</b>, f., <i>want, lack;</i> the opposite of +<b>côpia</b><br> +<b>studium, studî</b>, n., <i>zeal, eagerness</i> (study) +<p><u>Verb</u></p> + +<b>mâtûrat</b>, <i>he (she, it) hastens.</i> Cf. +properat<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<a name = "page287"> </a> +<p><u>Adjectives</u></p> + +<b>armâtus, -a, -um</b>, <i>armed</i><br> +<b>înfîrmus, -a, -um</b>, <i>week, feeble</i> (infirm)<br> +vali´dus, -a, -um, <i>strong, sturdy</i> +<p><u>Adverb</u></p> + +<b>iam</b>, <i>already, now</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>-que</b>, conjunction, <i>and</i>; an enclitic (cf. <a href = +"#sec16">§ 16</a>) and always added to the <i>second</i> of +two words to be connected, as <b>arma têla´que</b>, <i>arms +and weapons</i>.<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XVII, <a href = "#sec117" name = +"sec117vocab">§ 117</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Nouns</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>agrî cultûra, -ae</b>, f., <i>agriculture</i><br> +<b>domicilîum, domîci´lî</b>, n., <i>dwelling +place</i> (domicile) <i>abode</i><br> +<b>fêmina, -ae</b>, f., <i>woman</i> (female)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>Gallia, -ae</b>, f., <i>Gaul</i><br> +<b>Gallus, -i</b>, m., <i>a Gaul</i><br> +<b>lacrima, -ae</b>, f., <i>tear</i><br> +<b>numerus, -î</b>, m., <i>number</i> (numeral)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjective</u></p> +<b>mâtûrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>ripe, mature</i> +<p><u>Verbs</u></p> +arat, <i>he (she, it) plows</i> (arable)<br> +<b>dêsîderat</b>, <i>he (she, it) misses, longs for</i> +(desire), with acc.<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adverb</u></p> +quô, <i>whither</i> +<p><u>Conjunction</u></p> +<b>an</b>, <i>or</i>, introducing the second half of a double question, +as <i>Is he a Roman or a Gaul</i>, <b>Estne Romanus an Gallus?</b><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XVIII, <a href = "#sec124" name = +"sec124vocab">§ 124</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> +lûdus, -î, m.,<i>school</i><br> +<b>socius, socî</b>, m., <i>companion, ally</i> (social)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjectives</u></p> + +<b>îrâtus, -a, -um</b>, <i>angry, furious</i> (irate)<br> +<b>laetus, -a, -um</b>, <i>happy, glad</i> (social)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Adverbs</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +hodiê, <i>to-day</i><br> +<b>ibi</b>, <i>there, in that place</i><br> +mox, <i>presently, soon</i>, of the immediate future<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>nunc</b>, <i>now, the present moment</i><br> +<b>nûper</b>, <i>lately, recently</i>, of the immediate past<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XX, <a href = "#sec136" name = +"sec136vocab">§ 136</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Nouns</u> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>fôrma, -ae</b>, f., <i>form, beauty</i><br> +<b>poena, -ae</b>, f., <i>punishment, penalty</i><br> +<b>potentia, -ae</b>, f., <i>power</i> (potent)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>regîna, -ae</b>, f., <i>queen</i> (regal)<br> +superbia, -ae, f., <i>pride, haughtiness</i><br> +<b>trîstîtîa, -ae</b>, f., <i>sadness, sorrow</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjectives</u></p> +<b>septem</b>, indeclinable, <i>seven</i><br> +<b>superbus, -a, -um</b>, <i>proud, haughty</i> (superb)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Conjunctions</u></p> +<b>nôn sôlum ... sed etiam</b>, <i>not only ... but also</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page288"> </a> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXI, <a href = "#sec140" name = +"sec140vocab">§ 140</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> +sacrum, -î, n., <i>sacrifice, offering, rite</i><br> +<b>verbum, -î</b>, n., <i>word</i> (verb) +<p><u>Verbs</u></p> +sedeô, -êre, <i>sit</i> (sediment)<br> +volô, -âre, <i>fly</i> (volatile)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjectives</u></p> + +<b>interfectus, -a, -um</b>, <i>slain</i><br> +<b>molestus, -a, -um</b>, <i>troublesome, annoying</i> (molest)<br> +<b>perpetuus, -a, -um</b>, <i>perpetual, continuous</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>ego</b>, personal pronoun, <i>I</i> (egotism). Always emphatic in the +nominative.<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXII, <a href = "#sec146" name = +"sec146vocab">§ 146</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Nouns</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>disciplîna, -ae</b>, f., <i>training, culture, +discipline</i><br> +<b>ôrnâmentum</b>, -î, n., <i>ornament, jewel</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>Gâius, Gâî</b>, m., <i>Caius</i>, a Roman first +name<br> +Tiberius, Tibe´rî, m., <i>Tiberius</i>, a Roman first +name<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Verb</u></p> + +<b>doceô, -êre</b>, <i>teach</i> (doctrine)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adverb</u></p> + +<b>maximê</b>, <i>most of all, especially</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<p align = "center"><u>Adjective</u></p> +<b>antîquus, -qua, -quum</b>, <i>old, ancient</i> (antique) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXVII, <a href = "#sec168" name = +"sec168vocab">§ 168</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> + +<b>âla, -ae</b>, f., <i>wing</i><br> +<b>deus, -î</b>, m., <i>god</i> (deity)1<br> +<b>monstrum, -î</b>, n., <i>omen, prodigy; monster</i><br> +ôrâculum, -î, n., <i>oracle</i> +<p><u>Verb</u></p> + +<b>vâstô, -âre</b>, <i>lay waste, devastate</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjectives</u></p> + +<b>commôtus, -a, -um</b>, <i>moved, excited</i><br> +<b>maximus, -a, -um</b>, <i>greatest</i> (maximum)<br> +<b>saevus, -a, -um</b>, <i>fierce, savage</i> +<p><u>Adverbs</u></p> + +<b>ita</b>, <i>thus, in this way, as follows</i><br> +<b>tum</b>, <i>then, at that time</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. For the declension of <b>deus</b>, see <a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a> +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXVIII, <a href = "#sec171" name = +"sec171vocab">§ 171</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Verbs</u></p> +<b>respondeô, -êre</b>, <i>respond, reply</i><br> +<b>servô, -âre</b>, <i>save, preserve</i> +<p><u>Adjective</u></p> +<b>cârus, -a, -um</b>, <i>dear</i> (cherish)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Conjunction</u></p> +<b>autem</b>, <i>but, moreover, now</i>. Usually<br> +stands second, never first +<p><u>Noun</u></p> +<b>vîta, -ae</b>, f., <i>life</i> (vital)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page289"> </a> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXIX, <a href = "#sec176" name = +"sec176vocab">§ 176</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Verb</u></p> +<b>superô, -âre</b>, <i>conquer, overcome</i> +(insuperable) +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> +<b>cûra, -ae</b>, f., <i>care, trouble</i><br> +<b>locus, -î</b>, m., <i>place, spot</i> (location). <b>Locus</b> +is neuter in the plural and is declined <b>loca, -ôrum</b>, +etc.<br> +<b>perîculum, -î</b>, n., <i>danger, peril</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adverbs</u></p> +<b>semper</b>, <i>always</i><br> +<b>tamen</b>, <i>yet, nevertheless</i> +<p><u>Prepositions</u></p> +<b>dê</b>, with abl., <i>down from; concerning</i><br> +<b>per</b>, with acc., <i>through</i> +<p><u>Conjunction</u></p> +<b>si</b>, <i>if</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXX, <a href = "#sec182" name = +"sec182vocab">§ 182</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Verbs</u></td> +<td valign = "top"> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>absum, abesse</b>, irreg., <i>be away, be absent, be distant</i>, +with separative abl.<br> +<b>adpropinquô, -âre</b>, <i>draw near, approach</i> +(propinquity), with dative<sup>1</sup><br> +<b>contineô, -êre</b>, <i>hold together, hem in, keep</i> +(contain)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>discêdô, -ere</b>, <i>depart, go away, leave</i>, with +separative abl.<br> +<b>egeô, -êre</b>, <i>lack, need, be without</i>, with +separative abl.<br> +<b>interficiô, -ere</b>, <i>kill</i><br> +<b>prohibeô, -êre</b>, <i>restrain, keep from</i> +(prohibit)<br> +<b>vulnerô, -âre</b>, <i>wound</i> (vulnerable)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> + +<b>prôvincia, -ae</b>, f., <i>province</i><br> +<b>vînum, -î</b>, n., <i>wine</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjective</u></p> + +<b>dêfessus, -a, -um</b>, <i>weary, worn out</i> +<p><u>Adverb</u></p> + +<b>longê</b>, <i>far, by far, far away</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. This verb governs the dative because the idea of <i>nearness to</i> +is stronger than that of <i>motion to</i>. If the latter idea were the +stronger, the word would be used with <b>ad</b> and the accusative. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXXI, <a href = "#sec188" name = +"sec188vocab">§ 188</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> +aurum, -î, n., <i>gold</i> (oriole)<br> +<b>mora, -ae</b>, f., <i>delay</i><br> +<b>nâvigium, nâvi´gî</b>, n., <i>boat, +ship</i><br> +<b>ventus, -î</b>, m., <i>wind</i> (ventilate) +<p><u>Verb</u></p> +<b>nâvigô, -âre</b>, <i>sail</i> (navigate)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjectives</u></p> +attentus, -a, -um, <i>attentive, careful</i><br> +<b>dubius, -a, -um</b>, <i>doubtful</i> (dubious)<br> +perfidus, -a, -um, <i>faithless, treacherous</i> (perfidy) +<p><u>Adverb</u></p> + +<b>anteâ</b>, <i>before, previously</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<p align = "center"> +<u>Preposition</u></p> +<b>sine</b>, with abl., <i>without</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page290"> </a> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXXII, <a href = "#sec193" name = +"sec193vocab">§ 193</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Nouns</u></p> + +<b>animus, -î</b>, m., <i>mind, heart; spirit, feeling</i> +(animate)<br> +<b>bracchium, bracchî</b>, n., <i>forearm, arm</i><br> +<b>porta, -ae</b>, f., <i>gate</i> (portal)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adjectives</u></p> + +<b>adversus, -a, -um</b>, <i>opposite; adverse, contrary</i><br> +<b>plênus, -a, -um</b>, <i>full</i> (plenty)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<p><u>Preposition</u></p> +<b>prô</b>, with abl., <i>before; in behalf of; instead of</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<p><u>Adverb</u></p> + +<b>diû</b>, <i>for a long time, long</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXXIV, <a href = "#sec200" name = +"sec200vocab">§ 200</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<u>Adverbs</u> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>celeriter</b>, <i>quickly</i> (celerity)<br> +<b>dênique</b>, <i>finally</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>graviter</b>, <i>heavily, severely</i> (gravity)<br> +<b>subitô</b>, <i>suddenly</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<p align = "center"> +<u>Verb</u></p> +<b>reportô, -âre, -âvî</b>, <i>bring back, +restore; win, gain</i> (report) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXXVI, <a href = "#sec211" name = +"sec211vocab">§ 211</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>dexter, dextra, dextrum</b>, <i>right</i> (dextrous)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>sinister, sinistra, sinistrum</b>, <i>left</i><br> +<b>frûstrâ</b>, adv., <i>in vain</i> (frustrate)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>gerô, gerere, gessî, gestus</b>, <i>bear, carry on; +wear</i>; <b>bellum gerere</b>, <i>to wage war</i><br> +<b>occupô, occupâre, occupâvî, +occupâtus</b>, <i>seize, take possession of</i> (occupy)<br> +<b>postulô, postulâre, postulâvî, +postulâtus</b>, <i>demand</i> (ex-postulate)<br> +<b>recûsô, recûsâre, recûsâvî, +recûsâtus</b>, <i>refuse</i><br> +<b>stô, stâre, stetî, status</b>, <i>stand</i><br> +<b>temptô, temptâre, temptâvî, +temptâtus</b>, <i>try, tempt, test; attempt</i><br> +<b>teneô, tenêre, tenuî</b>, ——, <i>keep, +hold</i> (tenacious)<br> +<br> +The word <b>ubi</b>, which we have used so much in the sense of +<i>where</i> in asking a question, has two other uses equally +important:<br> +1. <b>ubi</b> = <i>when</i>, as a relative conjunction denoting time; +as,<br> +<b>Ubi mônstrum audîvêrunt, fûgêrunt</b>, +<i>when they heard the monster, they fled</i><br> +2. <b>ubi</b> = <i>where</i>, as a relative conjunction denoting place; +as,<br> +<b>Videô oppidum ubi Galba habitat</b>, <i>I see the town where +Galba lives</i><br> +<b>Ubi</b> is called a <i>relative conjunction</i> because it is +equivalent to a relative pronoun. <i>When</i> in the first sentence is +equivalent to <i>at the time <b>at which;</b></i> and in the second, +<i>where</i> is equivalent to <i>the place <b>in which</b>.</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page291"> </a> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXXVII, <a href = "#sec217" name = +"sec217vocab">§ 217</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>neque</b> or <b>nec</b>, conj., <i>neither, nor, and ... not</i>; +<b>neque ... neque</b>, <i>neither ... nor</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>castellum</b>, -î, n., <i>redoubt, fort</i> (castle)<br> +<b>cotîdiê</b>, adv., <i>daily</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +cessô, cessâre, cessâvî, cessâtus, +<i>cease</i>, with the infin.<br> +<b>incipiô, incipere, incêpî, inceptus</b>, +<i>begin</i> (incipient), with the infin.<br> +<b>oppugnô, oppugnâre, oppugnâvî, +oppugnâtus</b>, <i>storm, assail</i><br> +<b>petô, petere, petivi</b> or <b>petiî, petîtus</b>, +<i>aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask</i> (petition)<br> +<b>pônô, pônere, posuî, positus</b>, <i>place, +put</i> (position); <b>castra pônere</b>, <i>to pitch camp</i><br> +<b>possum, posse, potuî</b>, ——, <i>be able, can</i> +(potent), with the infin.<br> +<b>vetô, vetâre, vetuî, vetitus</b>, <i>forbid</i> +(veto), vith the infin.; opposite of <b>iubeô</b>, +<i>command</i><br> +<b>vincô, vincere, vîcî, victus</b>, <i>conquer</i> +(in-vincible)<br> +<b>vîvô, vîvere, vîxî</b>, ——, +<i>live, be alive</i> +(re-vive)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XXXIX, <a href = "#sec234" name = +"sec234vocab">§ 234</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>barbarus, -a, -um</b>, <i>strange, foreign, barbarous</i>. As a noun, +<b>barbarî, -ôrum</b>, m., plur., <i>savages, +barbarians</i><br> +<b>dux, ducis</b>, m., <i>leader</i> (duke). Cf. the verb +<b>dûcô</b><br> +<b>eques, equitis</b>, m., <i>horseman, cavalryman</i> (equestrian)<br> +iûdex, iûdicis, <i>m., judge</i><br> +<b>lapis, lapidis</b>, m., <i>stone</i> (lapidary)<br> +<b>mîles, mîlitis</b>, m., <i>soldier</i> (militia)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>pedes, peditis</b>, m., <i>foot soldier</i> (pedestrian)<br> +<b>pês, pedis</b>,1 m., <i>foot</i> (pedal)<br> +<b>prînceps, prîncipis</b>, m., <i>chief</i> (principal)<br> +<b>rêx, rêgis</b>, m., <i>king</i> (regal)<br> +<b>summus, -a, -um</b>, <i>highest, greatest</i> (summit)<br> +<b>virtûs, virtûtis</b>, f., <i>manliness, courage</i> +(virtue)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. Observe that <b>e</b> is <i>long</i> in the nom. sing, and +<i>short</i> in the other cases. +</blockquote> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XL, <a href = "#sec237" name = +"sec237vocab">§ 237</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>Caesar, -aris</b>, m., <i>Cæsar</i><br> +<b>captîvus, -î</b>, m., <i>captive, prisoner</i><br> +<b>cônsul, -is</b>, m., <i>consul</i><br> +<b>frâter, frâtris</b>, m., <i>brother</i> (fraternity)<br> +<b>homô, hominis</b>, m., <i>man, human being</i><br> +<b>impedîmentum, -î</b>, n., <i>hindrance</i> (impediment); +plur. <b>impedîmenta, -ôrum</b>, <i>baggage</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<a name = "page292"> </a> + + +<b>imperâtor, imperâtôris</b>, m., <i>commander in +chief, general</i> (emperor)<br> +<b>legiô, legiônis</b>, f., <i>legion</i><br> +<b>mâter, mâtris</b>, f., <i>mother</i> (maternal)<br> +<b>ôrdô, ôrdinis</b>, m., <i>row, rank</i> (order)<br> +<b>pater, patris</b>, m., <i>father</i> (paternal)<br> +<b>salûs, salûtis</b>, f., <i>safety</i> (salutary)<br> +<b>soror, sorôris</b>, f., <i>sister</i> (sorority)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XLI, <a href = "#sec239" name = +"sec239vocab">§ 239</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>calamitâs, calamitâtis</b>, f., <i>loss, disaster, +defeat</i> (calamity)<br> +<b>caput, capitis</b>, n., <i>head</i> (capital)<br> +<b>flûmen, flûminis</b>, n., <i>river</i> (flume)<br> +<b>labor, labôris</b>, m., <i>labor, toil</i><br> +<b>opus, operis</b>, n., <i>work, task</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>ôrâtor, ôrâtôris</b>, m., +<i>orator</i><br> +<b>rîpa, -ae</b>, f., <i>bank</i> (of a stream)<br> +<b>tempus, temporis</b>, n., <i>time</i> (temporal)<br> +<b>terror, terrôris</b>, m., <i>terror, fear</i><br> +<b>victor, victôris</b>, m., <i>victor</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>accipiô, accipere, accêpî, acceptus</b>, +<i>receive, accept</i><br> +<b>cônfirmô, cônfîrmâre, +cônfîrmâvî, cônfîrmâtus</b>, +<i>strengthen, establish, encourage</i> (confirm)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XLIII, <a href = "#sec245" name = +"sec245vocab">§ 245</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>animal, animâlis (-ium<sup>1</sup>)</b>, n., <i>animal</i><br> +<b>avis, avis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>bird</i> (aviation)<br> +<b>caedês, caedis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>slaughter</i><br> +calcar, calcâris (-ium), n., <i>spur</i><br> +<b>cîvis, cîvis (-ium)</b>, m. and f., <i>citizen</i> +(civic)<br> +<b>cliêns, clientis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>retainer, dependent</i> +(client)<br> +<b>fînis, fînis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>end, limit</i> (final); +plur., <i>country, territory</i><br> +<b>hostis, hostis (-ium)</b>, m. and f., <i>enemy</i> in war (hostile). +Distinguish from <b>inimîcus</b>, which means a <i>personal</i> +enemy<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>ignis, ignis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>fire</i> (ignite)<br> +<b>însigne, însignis (-ium)</b>, n. <i>decoration, badge</i> +(ensign)<br> +<b>mare, maris (-ium<sup>2</sup>)</b>, n., <i>sea</i> (marine)<br> +<b>nâvis, nâvis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>ship</i> (naval);<br> +<b>nâvis longa</b>, <i>man-of-war</i><br> +<b>turris, turris (-ium)</b>, f., <i>tower</i> (turret)<br> +<b>urbs, urbis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>city</i> (suburb). An <b>urbs</b> is +larger than an <b>oppidum</b>.<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<blockquote> +1. The genitive plural ending <b>-ium</b> is written to mark the +i-stems. +</blockquote> + +<blockquote> +2. The genitive plural of <b>mare</b> is not in use. +</blockquote> + + +<p align = "center">LESSON XLIV, <a href = "#sec249" name = +"sec249vocab">§ 249</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>arbor, arboris</b>, f., <i>tree</i> (arbor)<br> +<b>collis, collis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>hill</i><br> +<b>dêns, dentis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>tooth</i> (dentist)<br> +fôns, fontis (-ium), m.. <i>fountain, spring; source</i><br> +<b>iter, itineris</b>, n., <i>march, journey, route</i> (itinerary)<br> +<b>mênsis, mênsis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>month</i><br> +<b>moenia, -ium</b>, n., plur., <i>walls, fortifications</i>. Cf. +<b>mûrus</b><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>môns, montis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>mountain</i>;<br> +<b>summus môns</b>, <i>top of the mountain</i><br> +<b>numquam</b>, adv., <i>never</i><br> +<b>pôns, pontis</b>, m., <i>bridge</i> (pontoon)<br> +<a name = "page293"> </a> + + +<b>sanguis, sanguinis</b>, m., blood (sanguinary)<br> +<b>summus, -a, -um</b>, <i>highest, greatest</i> (summit)<br> +<b>trâns</b>, prep, with acc., <i>across</i> (transatlantic)<br> +<b>vîs (vîs)</b>, gen. plur. <b>virium</b>, f. <i>strength, +force, violence</i> (vim)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XLV, <a href = "#sec258" name = +"sec258vocab">§ 258</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>âcer, âcris, âcre</b>, <i>sharp, keen, eager</i> +(acrid)<br> +<b>brevis, breve</b>, <i>short, brief</i><br> +<b>difficilis, difficile</b>, <i>difficult</i><br> +<b>facilis, facile</b>, <i>facile, easy</i><br> +<b>fortis, forte</b>, <i>brave</i> (fortitude)<br> +<b>gravis, grave</b>, <i>heavy, severe, serious</i> (grave)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>omnis, omne</b>, <i>every, all</i> (omnibus)<br> +<b>pâr</b>, gen. <b>paris</b>, <i>equal</i> (par)<br> +<b>paucî, -ae, -a</b>, <i>few, only a few</i> (paucity)<br> +<b>secundus, -a, -um</b>, <i>second; favorable</i>, opposite of +adversus<br> +<b>signum, -î</b>, n., <i>signal, sign, standard</i><br> +<b>vêlôx</b>, gen. <b>vêlôcis</b>, <i>swift</i> +(velocity)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>conlocô, conlocâre, conlocâvî, +conlocâtus</b>, <i>arrange, station, place</i> (collocation)<br> +<b>dêmônstrô, dêmônstrâre, +dêmônstrâvî, dêmônstrâtus</b>, +<i>point out, explain</i> (demonstrate)<br> +<b>mandô, mandâre, mandâvî, mandâtus</b>, +<i>commit, intrust</i> (mandate)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XLVI, <a href = "#sec261" name = +"sec261vocab">§ 261</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>adventus, -ûs</b>, m., <i>approach, arrival</i> (advent)<br> +<b>ante</b>, prep, with acc., <i>before</i> (ante-date)<br> +<b>cornû, -ûs</b>, n., <i>horn, wing</i> of an army +(cornucopia);<br> +<b>â dextrô cornû</b>, <i>on the right wing</i>;<br> +<b>â sinistrô cornû</b>, <i>on the left wing</i><br> +<b>equitâtus, -ûs</b>, m., <i>cavalry</i><br> +<b>exercitus, -ûs</b>, m., <i>army</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>impetus, -ûs</b>, m., <i>attack</i> (impetus); <b>impetum +facere in</b>, with acc., <i>to make an attack on</i><br> +<b>lacus, -ûs</b>, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., +<i>lake</i><br> +<b>manus, -ûs</b>, f., <i>hand; band, force</i> (manual)<br> +<b>portus, -ûs</b>, m., <i>harbor</i> (port)<br> +<b>post</b>, prep, with acc., <i>behind, after</i> (post-mortem)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>cremô, cremâre, cremâvî, cremâtus</b>, +<i>burn</i> (cremate)<br> +<b>exerceô, exercêre, exercuî, exercitus</b>, +<i>practice, drill, train</i> (exercise)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XLVII, <a href = "#sec270" name = +"sec270vocab">§ 270</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +Athênae, -ârum, f., plur., <i>Athens</i><br> +Corinthus, -î, f., <i>Corinth</i><br> +<b>domus, -ûs</b>, locative <b>domî</b>, f., <i>house, +home</i> (dome). Cf. <b>domicilium</b><br> +<b>Genâva, -ae</b>, f., <i>Geneva</i><br> +Pompêii, -ôrum, m., plur., <i>Pompeii</i>, a city in +Campania. See map<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<a name = "page294"> </a> + +<b>propter</b>, prep. with acc., <i>on account of, because of</i><br> +rûs, rûris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. +<b>rûra</b>, n., <i>country</i> (rustic)<br> +<b>tergum, tergî</b>, n., <i>back</i>; <b>â tergô</b>, +<i>behind, in the rear</i><br> +<b>vulnus, vulneris</b>, n., <i>wound</i> (vulnerable)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>committô, committere, commîsî, commissus</b>, +<i>intrust, commit;</i> <b>proelium committere</b>, <i>join +battle</i><br> +<b>convocô, convocâre, convocâvî, +convocâtus</b>, <i>call together, summon</i> (convoke)<br> +<b>timeô, timêre, timuî</b>, ——, <i>fear; +be afraid</i> (timid)<br> +<b>vertô, vertere, vertî, versus</b>, <i>turn, change</i> +(convert); <b>terga vertere</b>, <i>to turn the backs</i>, hence <i>to +retreat</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XLVIII, <a href = "#sec276" name = +"sec276vocab">§ 276</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>aciês, -êî</b>, f., <i>line of battle</i><br> +<b>aestâs, aestâtis</b>, f., <i>summer</i><br> +<b>annus, -î</b>, m., <i>year</i> (annual)<br> +<b>diês, diêî</b>, m., <i>day</i> (diary)<br> +<b>fidês, fideî</b>, no plur., f., <i>faith, trust; promise, +word; protection;</i> <b>in fidem venîre</b>, <i>to come under the +protection</i><br> +<b>fluctus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>wave, billow</i> (fluctuate)<br> +<b>hiems, hiemis</b>, f., <i>winter</i><br> +<b>hôra, -ae</b>, f., <i>hour</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>lûx, lûcis</b>, f., <i>light</i> (lucid); <b>prîma +lux</b>, <i>daybreak</i><br> +<b>merîdiês</b>, acc. <b>-em</b>, abl. <b>-ê</b>, no +plur., m., <i>midday</i> (meridian)<br> +<b>nox, noctis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>night</i> (nocturnal)<br> +<b>prîmus, -a, -um</b>, <i>first</i> (prime)<br> +<b>rês, reî</b>, f., <i>thing, matter</i> (real);<br> +<b>rês gestae</b>, <i>deeds, exploits</i> (lit. <i>things +performed</i>); <b>rês adversae</b>, <i>adversity</i>; +<b>rês secundae</b>, <i>prosperity</i><br> +<b>spês, speî</b>, f., <i>hope</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON XLIX, <a href = "#sec283" name = +"sec283vocab">§ 283</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>amîcitia, -ae</b>, f., <i>friendship</i> (amicable)<br> +<b>itaque</b>, conj., <i>and so, therefore, accordingly</i><br> +<b>littera, -ae</b>, f., <i>a letter</i> of the alphabet;<br> +plur., <i>a letter, an epistle</i><br> +<b>metus, metûs</b>, m., <i>fear</i><br> +<b>nihil</b>, indeclinable, n., <i>nothing</i> (nihilist)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>nûntius, nûntî</b>, m., <i>messenger</i>. Cf. +<b>nûntiô</b><br> +<b>pâx, pâcis</b>, f., <i>peace</i> (pacify)<br> +<b>rêgnum, -î</b>, n., <i>reign, sovereignty, +kingdom</i><br> +<b>supplicum, suppli´cî</b>, n., <i>punishment</i>;<br> +<b>supplicum sûmere dê</b>, with abl., <i>inflict punishment +on</i>;<br> +<b>supplicum dare</b>, <i>suffer punishment</i>. Cf. <b>poena</b><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>placeô, placêre, placuî, placitus</b>, <i>be +pleasing to, please</i>, with dative. Cf. <a href = +"#sec154">§ 154</a><br> +<b>sûmô, sûmere, sûmpsî, +sûmptus</b>, <i>take up, assume</i><br> +<b>sustineô, sustinêre, sustinuî, sustentus</b>, +<i>sustain</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page295"> </a> + +<p align = "center">LESSON L, <a href = "#sec288" name = +"sec288vocab">§ 288</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>corpus, corporis</b>, n., <i>body</i> (corporal)<br> +<b>dênsus, -a, -um</b>, <i>dense</i><br> +<b>îdem, e´adem, idem</b>, demonstrative pronoun, <i>the +same</i> (identity)<br> +<b>ipse, ipsa, ipsum</b>, intensive pronoun, <i>self; even, very</i><br> +<b>mîrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>wonderful, marvelous</i> (miracle)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>ôlim</b>, adv., <i>formerly, once upon a time</i><br> +<b>pars, partis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>part, region, direction</i><br> +<b>quoque</b>, adv., <i>also</i>. Stands <i>after</i> the word which it +emphasizes<br> +<b>sôl, sôlis</b>, m., <i>sun</i> (solar)<br> +<b>vêrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>true, real</i> (verity)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>dêbeô, dêbêre, dêbuî, +dêbitus</b>, <i>owe, ought</i> (debt)<br> +<b>êripiô, êripere, êripuî, +êreptus</b>, <i>snatch from</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON LI, <a href = "#sec294" name = +"sec294vocab">§ 294</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>hic, haec, hoc</b>, demonstrative pronoun, <i>this</i> (of mine); +<i>he, she, it</i><br> +<b>ille, illa, illud</b>, demonstrative pronoun <i>that</i> (yonder); +<i>he, she, it</i><br> +<b>invîsus, -a, -um</b>, <i>hateful, detested</i>, with dative Cf. +<a href = "#sec143">§ 143</a><br> +<b>iste, ista, istud</b>, demonstrative pronoun, <i>that</i> (of yours); +<i>he, she, it</i><br> +<b>lîbertâs, -âtis</b>, f., <i>liberty</i><br> +<b>modus, -î</b>, m., <i>measure; manner, way, mode</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>nômen, nôminis</b>, n., <i>name</i> (nominate)<br> +<b>oculus, -î</b>, m., <i>eye</i> (oculist)<br> +<b>prîstinus, -a, -um</b>, <i>former, old-time</i> (pristine)<br> +<b>pûblicus, -a, -um</b>, <i>public, belonging to the state;</i> +<b>rês pûblica, reî pûblicae</b>, f., <i>the +commonwealth, the state, the republic</i><br> +<b>vestîgium, vestî´gî</b>, n., <i>footprint, +track; trace, vestige</i><br> +<b>vôx, vôcis</b>, f., <i>voice</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON LII, <a href = "#sec298" name = +"sec298vocab">§ 298</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>incolumis, -e</b>, <i>unharmed</i><br> +<b>nê ... quidem</b>, adv., <i>not even</i>. The emphatic word +stands between <b>nê</b> and <b>quidem</b><br> +<b>nisi</b>, conj., <i>unless, if ... not</i><br> +<b>paene</b>, adv., <i>almost</i> (pen-insula)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>satis</b>, adv., <i>enough, sufficiently</i> (satisfaction)<br> +<b>tantus, -a, -um</b>, <i>so great</i><br> +<b>vêrô</b>, adv., <i>truly, indeed, in fact</i>. As a conj. +<i>but, however</i>, usually stands second, never first.<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>dêcidô, dêcidere, dêcidî, +——</b>, <i>fall down</i> (deciduous)<br> +<b>dêsiliô, dêsilîre, dêsiluî, +dêsultus</b>, <i>leap down, dismount</i><br> +<b>maneô, manêre, mânsî, +mânsûrus</b>, <i>remain</i><br> +<b>trâdûcô, trâdûcere, +trâdûxî, trâductus</b>, <i>lead across</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page296"> </a> + +<p align = "center">LESSON LIII, <a href = "#sec306" name = +"sec306vocab">§ 306</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>aquila, -ae</b>, f., <i>eagle</i> (aquiline)<br> +<b>audâx</b>, gen. <b>audâcis</b>, adj., <i>bold, +audacious</i><br> +<b>celer, celeris, celere</b>, <i>swift, quick</i> (celerity). Cf. +<b>vêlôx</b><br> +<b>explôratôr, -ôris</b>, m., <i>scout, spy</i> +(explorer)<br> +<b>ingêns</b>, gen. <b>ingentis</b>, adj., <i>huge, vast</i><br> +<b>medius, -a, -um</b>, <i>middle, middle part of</i> (medium)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>mêns, mentis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>mind</i> (mental). Cf. +<b>animus</b><br> +<b>opportûnus, -a, -um</b>, <i>opportune</i><br> +<b>quam</b>, adv., <i>than</i>. With the superlative <b>quam</b> gives +the force of <i>as possible</i>, as <b>quam audâcissimî +virî</b>, <i>men as bold as possible</i><br> +<b>recens</b>, gen. <b>recentis</b>, adj., <i>recent</i><br> +<b>tam</b>, adv., <i>so</i>. Always with an adjective or adverb, while +<b>ita</b> is generally used with a verb<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>quaerô, quaerere, quaesîvî, quaesîtus</b>, +<i>ask, inquire, seek</i> (question). Cf. <b>petô</b><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON LIV, <a href = "#sec310" name = +"sec310vocab">§ 310</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>alacer, alacris, alacre</b>, <i>eager, spirited, excited</i> +(alacrity)<br> +<b>celeritâs, -âtis</b>, f., <i>speed</i> (celerity)<br> +<b>clâmor, clâmôris</b>, m., <i>shout, clamor</i><br> +<b>lênis, lêne</b>, <i>mild, gentle</i> (lenient)<br> +<b>mulier, muli´eris</b>, f., <i>woman</i><br> +<b>multitûdô, multitûdinis</b>, f., +<i>multitude</i><br> +<b>nêmo</b>, dat. <b>nêminî</b>, acc. +<b>nêminem</b> (gen. <b>nûllîus</b>, abl. +<b>nûllô</b>, from <b>nûllus</b>), no plur., m. and +f., <i>no one</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>nôbilis, nôbile</b>, <i>well known, noble</i><br> +<b>noctû</b>, adv. (an old abl.), <i>by night</i> (nocturnal)<br> +<b>statim</b>, adv., <i>immediately, at once</i><br> +<b>subitô</b>, adv., <i>suddenly</i><br> +<b>tardus, -a, -um</b>, <i>slow</i> (tardy)<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>cupiô, cupere, cupîvî, cupîtus</b>, +<i>desire, wish</i> (cupidity)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON LV, <a href = "#sec314" name = +"sec314vocab">§ 314</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>aedificium, aedifi´cî</b>, n., <i>building, dwelling</i> +(edifice)<br> +<b>imperium, impe´rî</b>, n., <i>command, chief power; +empire</i><br> +<b>mors, mortis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>death</i> (mortal)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>reliquus, -a, -um</b>, <i>remaining, rest of</i>. As a noun, m. and +n. plur., <i>the rest</i> (relic)<br> +<b>scelus, sceleris</b>, n., <i>crime</i><br> +<b>servitûs, -ûtis</b>, f., <i>slavery</i> (servitude)<br> +<b>vallês, vallis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>valley</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>abdô, abdere, abdidî, abditus</b>, <i>hide</i><br> +<b>contendô, contendere, contendî, contentus</b>, <i>strain, +struggle; hasten</i> (contend)<br> +<b>occîdô, occîdere, occîdî, +occîsus</b>, <i>cut down, kill</i>. Cf. <b>necô, +interficiô</b><br> +<b>perterreô, perterrêre, perterruî, perterritus</b>, +<i>terrify, frighten</i><br> +<b>recipiô, recipere, recêpî, receptus</b>, +<i>receive, recover</i>; <b>sê recipere</b>, <i>betake one's self, +withdraw, retreat</i><br> +<b>trâdô, trâdere, trâdidî, +trâditus</b>, <i>give over, surrender, deliver</i> (traitor)<br> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name = "page297"> </a> + +<p align = "center">LESSON LVI, <a href = "#sec318" name = +"sec318vocab">§ 318</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>aditus, -ûs</b>, m., <i>approach, access; entrance</i><br> +<b>cîvitâs, cîvitâtis</b>, f., <i>citizenship; +body of citizens, state</i> (city)<br> +<b>inter</b>, prep, with acc., <i>between, among</i> (interstate +commerce)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>nam</b>, conj., <i>for</i><br> +<b>obses, obsidis</b>, m. and f., <i>hostage</i><br> +<b>paulô</b>, adv. (abl. n. of <b>paulus</b>), <i>by a little, +somewhat</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>incolô, incolere, incoluî</b>, ——, +transitive, <i>inhabit;</i> intransitive, <i>dwell</i>. Cf.<br> +<b>habitô, vîvô</b><br> +<b>relinquô, relinquere, relîquî, relictus</b>, +<i>leave, abandon</i> (relinquish)<br> +<b>statuô, statuere, statuî, statûtus</b>, <i>fix, +decide</i> (statute), usually with infin.<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON LVII, <a href = "#sec326" name = +"sec326vocab">§ 326</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>aequus, -a, -um</b>, <i>even, level; equal</i><br> +<b>cohors, cohortis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>cohort</i>, a tenth part of a +legion, about 360 men<br> +<b>currô, currere, cucurrî, cursus</b>, <i>run</i> +(course)<br> +<b>difficultâs, -âtis</b>, f., <i>difficulty</i><br> +<b>fossa, -ae</b>, f., <i>ditch</i> (fosse)<br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>gêns, gentis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>race, tribe, nation</i> +(Gentile)<br> +<b>negôtium, negôtî</b>, n., <i>business, affair, +matter</i> (negotiate)<br> +<b>regiô, -ônis</b>, f., <i>region, district</i><br> +<b>rûmor, rûmôris</b>, m., <i>rumor, report</i>. Cf. +fâma<br> +<b>simul atque</b>, conj., <i>as soon as</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>suscipiô, suscipere, suscêpî, susceptus</b>, +<i>undertake</i><br> +<b>trahô, trahere, trâxî, trâctus</b>, <i>drag, +draw</i> (ex-tract)<br> +<b>valeô, valêre, valuî, valitûrus</b>, <i>be +strong</i>; plûrimum valêre, <i>to be most powerful, have +great influence</i> (value). Cf. validus<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON LVIII, <a href = "#sec332" name = +"sec332vocab">§ 332</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>commeâtus, -ûs</b>, m.. <i>provisions</i><br> +<b>lâtitûdô, -inis</b>, f., <i>width</i> +(latitude)<br> +<b>longitûdô, -inis</b>, f., <i>length</i> (longitude)<br> +<b>magnitûdô, -inis</b>, f., <i>size, magnitude</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>mercâtor, mercâtôris</b>, m., <i>trader, +merchant</i><br> +<b>mûnîtiô, -ônis</b>, f., <i>fortification</i> +(munition)<br> +<b>spatium, spatî</b>, n., <i>room, space, distance; time</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>cognôscô, cognôscere, cognôvî, +cognitus</b>, <i>learn</i>; in the perfect tenses, <i>know</i> +(re-cognize)<br> +<b>côgô, côgere, coêgî, coâctus</b>, +<i>collect; compel</i> (cogent)<br> +<b>dêfendô, dêfendere, dêfendî, +dêfênsus</b>, <i>defend</i><br> +<a name = "page298"> </a> + +<b>incendô, incendere, incendî, incênsus</b>, <i>set +fire to, burn</i> (incendiary). Cf. <b>cremô</b><br> +<b>obtineô, obtinêre, obtinuî, obtentus</b>, +<i>possess, occupy, hold</i> (obtain)<br> +<b>perveniô, pervenîre, pervênî, perventus</b>, +<i>come through, arrive</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON LIX, <a href = "#sec337" name = +"sec337vocab">§ 337</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>agmen, agminis</b>, n., <i>line of march, column</i>; <b>prîmum +agmen</b>, <i>the van</i>; <b>novissimum agmen</b>, <i>the rear</i><br> +<b>atque, ac</b>, conj., <i>and</i>; <b>atque</b> is used before vowels +and consonants, <b>ac</b> before consonants only. Cf. <b>et</b> and +<b>-que</b><br> +<b>concilium, conci´lî</b>, n., <i>council, assembly</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>Helvêtiî, -ôrum</b>, m., <i>the Helvetii</i>, a +Gallic tribe<br> +<b>passus, passûs</b>, m., <i>a pace</i>, five Roman feet; +<b>mîlle passuum</b>, <i>a thousand (of) paces</i>, a Roman +mile<br> +<b>quâ dê causâ</b>, <i>for this reason, for what +reason</i><br> +<b>vâllum, -î</b>, n., <i>earth-works, rampart</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>cadô, cadere, cecidî, câsûrus</b>, +<i>fall</i> (decadence)<br> +<b>dêdô, dêdere, dêdidî, +dêditus</b>, <i>surrender, give up</i>; with a reflexive pronoun, +<i>surrender one's self, submit</i>, with the dative of the indirect +object<br> +<b>premô, premere, pressî, pressus</b>, <i>press hard, +harass</i><br> +<b>vexô, vexâre, vexâvî, vexâtus</b>, +<i>annoy, ravage</i> (vex)<br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">LESSON LX, <a href = "#sec341" name = +"sec341vocab">§ 341</a></p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>aut</b>, conj., <i>or</i>; <b>aut ... aut</b>, <i>either ... +or</i><br> +<b>causâ</b>, abl. of <b>causa</b>, <i>for the sake of, because +of</i>. Always stands <i>after</i> the gen. which modifies it<br> +<b>ferê</b>, adv., <i>nearly, almost</i><br> +</td> +<td valign = "top"> +<b>opîniô, -ônis</b>, f., <i>opinion, supposition, +expectation</i><br> +<b>rês frûmentâria, reî +frûmentâriae</b>, f. (lit. <i>the grain affair</i>), +<i>grain supply</i><br> +<b>timor, -ôris</b>, m., <i>fear</i>. Cf. <b>timeô</b><br> +<b>undique</b>, adv., <i>from all sides</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" valign = "top"> +<b>cônor, cônârî, cônâtus sum</b>, +<i>attempt, try</i><br> +<b>êgredior, êgredî, êgressus sum</b>, <i>move +out, disembark</i>; <b>prôgredior</b>, <i>move forward, +advance</i> (egress, progress)<br> +<b>moror, morârî, morâtus sum</b>, <i>delay</i><br> +<b>orior, orirî, ortus sum</b>, <i>arise, spring; begin; be +born</i> (<i>from</i>) (origin)<br> +<b>proficîscor, proficîscî, profectus sum</b>, <i>set +out</i><br> +<b>revertor, revertî, reversus sum</b>, <i>return</i> (revert). +The forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the +perfect system. Perf. act., <b>revertî</b><br> +<b>sequor, sequî, secûtus sum</b>, <i>follow</i> (sequence). +Note the following compounds of <b>sequor</b> and the force of the +different prefixes: <b>cônsequor</b> (<i>follow with</i>), +<i>overtake</i>; <b>însequor</b> (<i>follow against</i>), +<i>pursue</i>; <b>subsequor</b> (<i>follow under</i>), <i>follow close +after</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a name = "page299"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><b><a name = "vocabulary">LATIN-ENGLISH +VOCABULARY</a></b></p> + +<p>Translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such; +they are inserted to show etymological meanings.</p> + +<p><tt> +{Transcriber's Note:<br> +The "parentheses" are shown in square brackets [ ], as in the +original.} +</tt></p> + +<p align = "center"> +<a href = "#latin_A"> A </a> +<a href = "#latin_B"> B </a> +<a href = "#latin_C"> C </a> +<a href = "#latin_D"> D </a> +<a href = "#latin_E"> E </a> +<a href = "#latin_F"> F </a> +<a href = "#latin_G"> G </a> +<a href = "#latin_H"> H </a> +<a href = "#latin_I"> I </a> +<a href = "#latin_L"> L </a> +<a href = "#latin_M"> M </a> +<a href = "#latin_N"> N </a> +<a href = "#latin_O"> O </a> +<a href = "#latin_P"> P </a> +<a href = "#latin_Q"> Q </a> +<a href = "#latin_R"> R </a> +<a href = "#latin_S"> S </a> +<a href = "#latin_T"> T </a> +<a href = "#latin_U"> U </a> +<a href = "#latin_V"> V </a> +</p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_A">A</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>â</b> or <b>ab</b>, prep. with abl. <i>from, by, off</i>. +Translated <i>on</i> in <b>â dextrô cornû</b>, <i>on +the right wing</i>; <b>â fronte</b>, <i>on the front</i> or <i>in +front</i>; <b>â dextrâ</b>, <i>on the right</i>; <b>â +latere</b>, <i>on the side</i>; etc.<br> +<b>ab-dô, -ere, -didî, -ditus</b>, <i>hide, conceal</i><br> +<b>ab-dûcô, -ere, -dûxî, -ductus</b>, <i>lead +off, lead away</i><br> +<b>abs-cîdô, -ere, -cîdî,-cîsus</b> +[<b>ab(s)</b>, <i>off</i>, + <b>caedô</b>, <i>cut</i>], <i>cut +off</i><br> +<b>ab-sum, -esse, âfuî, âfutûrus</b>, <i>be +away, be absent, be distant, be off</i>; with <b>â</b> or +<b>ab</b> and abl., <a href = "#sec501_32">§ 501.32</a><br> +<b>ac</b>, conj., see <b>atque</b><br> +<b>ac-cipiô, -ere, -cêpî, -ceptus</b> [<b>ad</b>, +<i>to</i>, + <b>capiô</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>receive, +accept</i><br> +<b>âcer, âcris, âcre</b>, adj. <i>sharp</i>; +figuratively, <i>keen, active, eager</i> (<a href = +"#sec471">§ 471</a>)<br> +<b>acerbus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>bitter, sour</i><br> +<b>aciês, -êî</b>, f. [<b>âcer</b>, +<i>sharp</i>], <i>edge; line of battle</i><br> +<b>âcriter</b>, adv. [<b>âcer</b>, <i>sharp</i>], compared +<b>âcrius, âcerrimê</b>, <i>sharply, fiercely</i><br> +<b>ad</b>, prep. with acc. <i>to, towards, near</i>. With the gerund or +gerundive, <i>to, for</i><br> +<b>ad-aequô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>make equal, make level with</i><br> +<b>ad-dûcô, -ere, -dûxî, -ductus</b>, <i>lead +to; move, induce</i><br> +<b>ad-eô, -îre, -iî, -itus</b>, <i>go to, approach, +draw near, visit</i>, with acc. (<a href = +"#sec413">§ 413</a>)<br> +<b>ad-ferô, ad-ferre, at-tulî, ad-lâtus</b>, <i>bring, +convey; report, announce; render, give</i> (<a href = +"#sec426">§ 426</a>)<br> +<b>ad-ficiô, -ere, -fêcî, -fectus</b> [<b>ad</b>, +<i>to</i>, + <b>faciô</b>, <i>do</i>], <i>affect, visit</i><br> +<b>adflîctâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of +<b>adflîctô</b>, <i>shatter</i>], <i>shattered</i><br> +<b>ad-flîgô, -ere, -flîxî, -flîctus</b>, +<i>dash upon, strike upon; harass, distress</i><br> +<b>ad-hibeô, -êre, -uî, -itus</b> [<b>ad</b>, +<i>to</i>, + <b>habeô</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>apply, employ, +use</i><br> +<b>ad-hûc</b>, adv. <i>hitherto, as yet, thus far</i><br> +<b>aditus, -ûs</b>, m. [<b>adeô</b>, <i>approach</i>], +<i>approach, access; entrance</i>. Cf. <b>adventus</b><br> +<b>ad-ligô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>bind +to, fasten</i><br> +<b>ad-loquor, -loquî, -locûtus sum</b>, dep. verb +[<b>ad</b>, <i>to</i>, + <b>loquor</b>, <i>speak</i>], <i>speak to, +address</i>, with acc.<br> +<b>ad-ministrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>manage, direct</i><br> +<b>admîrâtiô, -ônis</b>, f. +[<b>admîror</b>, <i>wonder at</i>], <i>admiration, +astonishment</i><br> +<b>ad-moveô, -êre, -môvî, -môtus</b>, +<i>move to; apply, employ</i><br> +<b>ad-propinquô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>come near, approach</i>, with dat.<br> +<b>ad-sum, -esse, -fuî, -futûres</b>, <i>be present; +assist</i>; with dat., <a href = "#sec426">§ 426</a><br> +<b>adulêscêns, -entis</b>, m. and f. [part. of +<b>adolêscô</b>, <i>grow</i>], <i>a youth, young man, young +person</i><br> + +<a name = "page300"> </a> + +<b>adventus, -ûs</b>, m. [<b>ad</b>, <i>to</i>, + +<b>veniô</b>, <i>come</i>], <i>approach, arrival</i> (<a href = +"#sec466">§ 466</a>)<br> +<b>adversus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>advertô</b>, <i>turn +to</i>], <i>turned towards, facing;</i> <i>contrary, adverse</i>.<br> +<b>rês adversae</b>, <i>adversity</i><br> +<b>aedificium, aedifi´cî</b>, n. [<b>aedificô</b>, +<i>build</i>], <i>building, edifice</i><br> +<b>aedificô, -âre, -âvi, -âtus</b> +[<b>aedês</b>, <i>house</i>, + <b>faciô</b>, <i>make</i>], +<i>build</i><br> +<b>aeger, aegra, aegrum</b>, adj. <i>sick, feeble</i><br> +<b>aequâlis, -e</b>, adj. <i>equal, like</i>. As a noun, +<b>aequâlis, -is</b>, m. or f. <i>one of the same age</i><br> +<b>aequus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>even, level; equal</i><br> +<b>Aesôpus, -î</b>, m. <i>Æsop</i>, a writer of +fables<br> +<b>aestâs, -âtis</b>, f. <i>summer</i>, <b>initâ +aestâte</b>, <i>at the beginning of summer</i><br> +<b>aetâs, -âtis</b>, f. <i>age</i><br> +<b>Aethiopia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Ethiopia</i>, a country in Africa<br> +<b>Âfrica, -ae</b>, f. <i>Africa</i><br> +<b>Âfricânus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>of Africa</i>. A name +given to Scipio for his victories in Africa<br> +<b>ager, agrî</b>, m. <i>field, farm, land</i> (<a href = +"#sec462">§ 462. <i>c</i></a>)<br> +<b>agger, -eris</b>, m. <i>mound</i><br> +<b>agmen, -inis</b>, n. [<b>agô</b>, <i>drive</i>], <i>an army</i> +on the march, <i>column</i>.<br> +<b>prîmum agmen</b>, <i>the van</i><br> +<b>agô, -ere, êgî, âctus</b>, <i>drive, lead; +do, perform</i>.<br> +<b>vîtam agere</b>, <i>pass life</i><br> +<b>agricola, -ae</b>, m. [<b>ager</b>, <i>field</i>, + +<b>colô</b>, <i>cultivate</i>], <i>farmer</i><br> +<b>agrî cultûra, -ae</b>, f. <i>agriculture</i><br> +<b>âla, -ae</b>, f. <i>wing</i><br> +<b>alacer, -cris, -cre</b>, adj. <i>active, eager</i>. Cf. +<b>âcer</b><br> +<b>alacritâs, -âtis</b>, f. [<b>alacer</b>, <i>active</i>], +<i>eagerness, alacrity</i><br> +<b>alacriter</b>, adv. [<b>alacer</b>, <i>active</i>], comp <b>alacrius, +alacerrimê</b>, <i>actively, eagerly</i><br> +<b>albus, -a, -um</b>, adj., <i>white</i><br> +<b>alcês, -is</b>, f. <i>elk</i><br> +<b>Alcmêna, -ae</b>, f. <i>Alcme´na</i>, the mother of +Hercules<br> +<b>aliquis (-quî), -qua, -quid (-quod)</b>, indef. pron. <i>some +one, some</i> (<a href = "#sec487">§ 487</a>)<br> +<b>alius, -a, -ud</b> (gen. <b>-îus</b>, dat. <b>-î</b>), +adj. <i>another, other</i>.<br> +<b>alius ... alius</b>, <i>one ... another</i>.<br> +<b>aliî ... aliî</b>, <i>some ... others</i> (<a href = +"#sec110">§ 110</a>)<br> +<b>Alpês, -ium</b>, f. plur. <i>the Alps</i><br> +<b>alter, -era, -erum</b> (gen. <b>-îus</b>, dat. +<b>-î</b>), adj. <i>the one, the other</i> (of two).<br> +<b>alter ... alter</b>, <i>the one ... the other</i> (<a href = +"#sec110">§ 110</a>)<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>altitûdô, -inis</b>, f. [<b>altus</b>, <i>high</i>], +<i>height</i><br> +<b>altus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>high, tall, deep</i><br> +<b>Amâzonês, -um</b>, f. plur. <i>Amazons</i>, a fabled +tribe of warlike women<br> +<b>ambô, -ae, -ô</b>, adj. (decl. like <b>duo</b>), +<i>both</i><br> +<b>amîcê</b>, adv. [<b>amîcus</b>, <i>friendly</i>], +superl. <b>amîcissimê</b>, <i>in a friendly manner</i><br> +<b>amiciô, -îre, ——, -ictus</b> [<b>am-</b>, +<i>about</i>, + <b>iaciô</b>, <i>throw</i>], <i>throw around, +wrap</i> <i>about, clothe</i><br> +<b>amîcitia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>amîcus</b>, <i>friend</i>], +<i>friendship</i><br> +<b>amîcus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>amô</b>, <i>love</i>], +<i>friendly</i>. As a noun, <b>amîcus, -î</b>, m. +<i>friend</i><br> +<b>â-mittô, -ere, -mîsî, -missus</b>, +<i>send</i> <i>away; lose</i><br> +<b>amô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>love, +like, be fond of</i> (<a href = "#sec488">§ 488</a>)<br> +<b>amphitheâtrum, -î</b>, n. <i>amphitheater</i><br> +<b>amplus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>large, ample; honorable, noble</i><br> +<b>an</b>, conj. <i>or</i>, introducing the second part of a double +question<br> +<b>ancilla, -ae</b>, f. <i>maidservant</i><br> +<a name = "page301"> </a> + + +<b>ancora, -ae</b>, f. <i>anchor</i><br> +<b>Andromeda, -ae</b>, f. <i>Androm´eda</i>, daughter of Cepheus +and wife of Perseus<br> +<b>angulus, -î</b>, m. <i>angle, corner</i><br> +<b>anim-advertô, -ere, -tî, -sus [animus</b>, <i>mind</i>, ++ <b>advertô</b>, <i>turn to</i>], <i>turn the mind to, +notice</i><br> +<b>animal, -âlis</b>, n. [<b>anima</b>, <i>breath</i>], +<i>animal</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>animôsus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>spirited</i><br> +<b>animus, -î</b>, m. [<b>anima</b>, <i>breath</i>], <i>mind, +heart; spirit, courage, feeling;</i> in this sense often plural<br> +<b>annus, -i</b>, m. <i>year</i><br> +<b>ante</b>, prep, with acc. <i>before</i><br> +<b>anteâ</b>, adv. [<b>ante</b>], <i>before, formerly</i><br> +<b>antîquus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>ante</b>, <i>before</i>], +<i>former, ancient, old</i><br> +<b>aper, aprî</b>, m. <i>wild boar</i><br> +<b>Apollô, -inis</b>, m. <i>Apollo</i>, son of Jupiter and Latona, +brother of Diana<br> +<b>ap-pâreô, -êre, -uî</b>, —— +[<b>ad + pâreô</b>, <i>appear</i>], <i>appear</i><br> +<b>ap-pellô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>call by name, name</i>. Cf. <b>nôminô, vocô</b><br> +<b>Appius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Appian</i><br> +<b>ap-plicô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>apply, direct, turn</i><br> +<b>apud</b>, prep, with acc. <i>among; at, at the house of</i><br> +<b>aqua, -ae</b>, f. <i>water</i><br> +<b>aquila, -ae</b>, f. <i>eagle</i><br> +<b>âra, -ae</b>, f. <i>altar</i><br> +<b>arbitror, -ârî, -âtus sum</b>, <i>think, +suppose</i> (<a href = "#sec420">§ 420. <i>c</i></a>). +Cf. <b>exîstimô, putô</b><br> +<b>arbor, -oris</b>, f. <i>tree</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 1. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>Arcadia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Arcadia</i>, a district in southern +Greece<br> +<b>ârdeô, -êre, ârsî, +ârsûrus</b>, <i>be on fire, blaze, burn</i><br> +<b>arduus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>steep</i><br> +<b>Arîcia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Aricia</i>, a town on the Appian Way, +near Rome<br> +<b>ariês, -etis</b>, m. <i>battering-ram</i> (<a href = +"#page221">p. 221</a>)<br> +<b>arma, -ôrum</b>, n. plur. <i>arms, weapons</i>. Cf. +<b>têlum</b><br> +<b>armâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>armô</b>, <i>arm</i>], +<i>armed, equipped</i><br> +<b>arô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>plow, +till</i><br> +<b>ars, artis</b>, f. <i>art, skill</i><br> +<b>articulus, -î</b>, m. <i>joint</i><br> +<b>ascrîbô, -ere, -scrîpsî, -scrîptus</b> +[<b>ad</b>, <i>in addition</i>, + <b>scrîbô</b>, +<i>write</i>], <i>enroll, enlist</i><br> +<b>Âsia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Asia</i>, i.e. Asia Minor<br> +<b>at</b>, conj. <i>but</i>. Cf. <b>autem, sed</b><br> +<b>Athênae, -ârum</b>, f. plur. <i>Athens</i><br> +<b>Atlâs, -antis</b>, m. <i>Atlas</i>, a Titan who was said to +hold up the sky<br> +<b>at-que, ac</b>, conj. <i>and, and also, and what is more</i>. +<b>atque</b> may be used before either vowels or consonants, <b>ac</b> +before consonants only<br> +<b>attentus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>attendô</b>, +<i>direct</i> (the mind) <i>toward</i>], <i>attentive, intent on, +careful</i><br> +<b>at-tonitus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>thunderstruck, astounded</i><br> +<b>audâcia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>audâx</b>, <i>bold</i>], +<i>boldness, audacity</i><br> +<b>audâcter</b>, adv. [<b>audâx</b>, <i>bold</i>], compared +<b>audâcius, audâcissimê</b>, <i>boldly</i><br> +<b>audâx, -âcis</b>, adj. <i>bold, daring</i><br> +<b>audeô, -êre, ausus sum</b>, <i>dare</i><br> +<b>audiô, -îre, -îvî or -îî, +-îtus</b>, <i>hear, listen to</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§§ 420.<i>d</i></a>; <a href = +"#sec491">491</a>)<br> +<b>Augêâs, -ae</b>, m. <i>Auge´as</i>, a king whose +stables Hercules cleaned<br> +<b>aura, -ae</b>, f. <i>air, breeze</i><br> +<b>aurâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>aurum</b>, <i>gold</i>], +<i>adorned with gold</i><br> +<a name = "page302"> </a> + + +<b>aureus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>aurum</b>, <i>gold</i>], +<i>golden</i><br> +<b>aurum, -î</b>, n. <i>gold</i><br> +<b>aut</b>, conj. <i>or</i>.<br> +<b>aut ... aut</b>, <i>either ... or</i><br> +<b>autem</b>, conj., usually second, never first, in the clause, <i>but, +moreover, however, now</i>. Cf. <b>at, sed</b><br> +<b>auxilium, auxi´lî</b>, n. <i>help, aid, assistance;</i> +plur. <i>auxiliaries</i><br> +<b>â-vertô, -ere, -tî, -sus</b>, <i>turn away, turn +aside</i><br> +<b>avis, -is</b>, f. <i>bird</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_B">B</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>ballista, -ae</b>, f. <i>ballista</i>, an engine for hurling missiles +(<a href = "#page220">p. 220</a>)<br> +<b>balteus, -î</b>, m. <i>belt, sword belt</i><br> +<b>barbarus, -î</b>, m. <i>barbarian, savage</i><br> +<b>bellum, -î</b>, n. <i>war</i>.<br> +<b>bellum înferre</b>, with dat. <i>make war upon</i><br> +<b>bene</b>, adv. [for <b>bonê</b>, from <b>bonus</b>], compared +<b>melius, optimê</b>, <i>well</i><br> +<b>benignê</b>, adv. [<b>benignus</b>, <i>kind</i>], compared +<b>benignius, benignissimê</b>, <i>kindly</i><br> +<b>benignus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>good-natured, kind</i>, often used +with dat.<br> +<b>bînî, -ae, -a</b>, distributive numeral adj. <i>two each, +two at a time</i> (<a href = "#sec334">§ 334</a>)<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>bis</b>, adv. <i>twice</i><br> +<b>bonus, -a, -um</b>, adj. compared <b>melior, optimus</b>, <i>good, +kind</i> (<a href = "#sec469">§ 469. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>bôs, bovis</b> (gen. plur. <b>boum</b> or <b>bovum</b>, dat. +and abl. plur. <b>bôbus</b> or <b>bûbus</b>), m. and f. +<i>ox, cow</i><br> +<b>bracchium, bracchî</b>, n. <i>arm</i><br> +<b>brevis, -e</b>, adj. <i>short</i><br> +<b>Brundisium, -î</b>, n. <i>Brundisium</i>, a seaport in southern +Italy. See map<br> +<b>bulla, -ae</b>, f. <i>bulla</i>, a locket made of small concave +plates of gold fastened by a spring (<a href = "#page212">p. +212</a>)<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_C">C</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>C.</b> abbreviation for <b>Gâius</b>, Eng. <i>Caius</i><br> +<b>cadô, -ere, ce´cidî, câsûrus</b>, +<i>fall</i><br> +<b>caedês, -is</b>, f. [<b>caedô</b>, <i>cut</i>], (<i>a +cutting down</i>), <i>slaughter, carnage</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>caelum, -î</b>, n. <i>sky, heavens</i><br> +<b>Caesar, -aris</b>, m. <i>Cæsar</i>, the famous general, +statesman, and writer<br> +<b>calamitâs, -âtis</b>, f. <i>loss, calamity, defeat, +disaster</i><br> +<b>calcar, -âris</b>, n. <i>spur</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>Campânia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Campania</i>., a district of central +Italy. See map<br> +<b>Campânus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>of Campania</i><br> +<b>campus, -î</b>, m. <i>plain, field</i>, esp. the <i>Campus +Martius</i>, along the Tiber just outside the walls of Rome<br> +<b>canis, -is</b>, m. and f. <i>dog</i><br> +<b>canô, -ere, ce´cinî</b>, ——, +<i>sing</i><br> +<b>cantô, -âre, -âvi, -âtus</b> +[<b>canô</b>, <i>sing</i>], <i>sing</i><br> +<b>Capênus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>of Capena</i>, esp. the <i>Porta +Cape´na</i>, the gate at Rome leading to the Appian Way<br> +<b>capiô, -ere, cêpî, captus</b>, <i>take, seize, +capture</i> (<a href = "#sec492">§ 492</a>)<br> +<b>Capitôlînus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>belonging to the +Capitol, Capitoline</i><br> +<b>Capitôlium, Capitô´lî</b>, n. [<b>caput</b>, +<i>head</i>], <i>the Capitol</i>, the hill at Rome on which stood the +temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the citadel<br> +<b>capsa, -ae</b>, f. <i>box</i> for books<br> +<b>captîvus, -î</b>, m. [<b>capiô</b>, <i>take</i>], +<i>captive</i><br> +<b>Capua, -ae</b>, f. <i>Capua</i>, a large city of Campania. See +map<br> +<b>caput, -itis</b>, n. <i>head</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 2. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>carcer, -eris</b>, m. <i>prison, jail</i><br> +<b>carrus, -î</b>, m. <i>cart, wagon</i><br> +<b>cârus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>dear; precious</i><br> +<b>casa, -ae</b>, f. <i>hut, cottage</i><br> + +<a name = "page303"> </a> + +<b>castellum, -î</b>, n. [dim. of <b>castrum</b>, <i>fort</i>], +<i>redoubt, fort</i><br> +<b>castrum, -î</b>, n. <i>fort</i>. Usually in the plural, +<b>castra, -ôrum</b>, a military <i>camp</i>.<br> +<b>castra pônere</b>, <i>to pitch camp</i><br> +<b>câsus, -us</b>, m. [<b>cadô</b>, <i>fall</i>], <i>chance; +misfortune, loss</i><br> +<b>catapulta, -ae</b>, f. <i>catapult</i>, an engine for hurling +stones<br> +<b>catêna, -ae</b>, f. <i>chain</i><br> +<b>caupôna, -ae</b>, f. <i>inn</i><br> +<b>causa, -ae</b>, f. <i>cause, reason</i>, <b>quâ dê +causâ</b>, <i>for this reason</i><br> +<b>cêdô, -ere, cessî, cessûrus</b>, <i>give way, +retire</i><br> +<b>celer, -eris, -ere</b>, adj. <i>swift, fleet</i><br> +<b>celeritâs, -âtis</b>, f. [<b>celer</b>, <i>swift</i>], +<i>swiftness, speed</i><br> +<b>celeriter</b>, adv. [<b>celer</b>, <i>swift</i>], compared +<b>celerius, celerrimê</b>, <i>swiftly</i><br> +<b>cêna, -ae</b>, f. <i>dinner</i><br> +<b>centum</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>hundred</i><br> +<b>centuriô, -ônis</b>, m. <i>centurion, captain</i><br> +<b>Cêpheus</b> (dissyl.), <b>-eî</b> (acc. +<b>Cêphea</b>), m. <i>Cepheus</i>, a king of Ethiopia and father +of Andromeda<br> +<b>Cerberus, -î</b>, m. <i>Cerberus</i>, the fabled three-headed +dog that guarded the entrance to Hades<br> +<b>certâmen, -inis</b>, n. [<b>certô</b>, <i>struggle</i>], +<i>struggle, contest, rivalry</i><br> +<b>certê</b>, adv. [<b>certus</b>, <i>sure</i>], compared +<b>certius, certissimê</b>, <i>surely, certainly</i><br> +<b>certus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>fixed, certain, sure</i>.<br> +<b>aliquem certiôrem facere</b> (<i>to make some one more +certain</i>), <i>to inform some one</i><br> +<b>cervus, -î</b>, m. <i>stag, deer</i><br> +<b>cessô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>delay, +cease</i><br> +<b>cibâria, -ôrum</b>, n. plur. <i>food, provisions</i><br> +<b>cibus, -î</b>, m. <i>food, victuals</i><br> +<b>Cimbrî, -ôrum</b>, m. plur. <i>the Cimbri</i><br> +<b>Cimbricus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Cimbrian</i><br> +<b>cînctus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>cingô</b>, +<i>surround</i>], <i>girt, surrounded</i><br> +<b>cingô, -ere, cînxî, cînctus</b>, <i>gird, +surround</i><br> +<b>circiter</b>, adv. <i>about</i><br> +<b>circum</b>, prep, with acc. <i>around</i><br> +<b>circum´-dô, -dare, -dedî, -datus</b>, <i>place +around, surround, inclose</i><br> +<b>circum´-eô, -îre, -iî, -itus</b>, <i>go +around</i><br> +<b>circum-sistô, -ere, circum´stetî</b>, +——, <i>stand around, surround</i><br> +<b>circum-veniô, -îre, -vênî, -ventus</b> +(<i>come around</i>), <i>surround</i><br> +<b>citerior, -ius</b>, adj. in comp., superl. <b>citimus</b>, <i>hither, +nearer</i> (<a href = "#sec475">§ 475</a>)<br> +<b>cîvîlis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>cîvis</b>], +<i>civil</i><br> +<b>cîvis, -is</b>, m. and f. <i>citizen</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)<br> +<b>cîvitâs, -âtis</b>, f. [<b>cîvis</b>, +<i>citizen</i>], (<i>body of citizens</i>), <i>state; +citizenship</i><br> +<b>clâmor, -ôris</b>, m. <i>shout, cry</i><br> +<b>clârus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>clear; famous, renowned; bright, +shining</i><br> +<b>classis, -is</b>, f. <i>fleet</i><br> +<b>claudô, -ere, -sî, -sus</b>, <i>shut, close</i><br> +<b>clavus, -î</b>, m. <i>stripe</i><br> +<b>cliêns, -entis</b>, m. <i>dependent, retainer, client</i> (<a +href = "#sec465">§ 465. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>Cocles, -itis</b>, m. (<i>blind in one eye</i>), <i>Cocles</i>, the +surname of Horatius<br> +<b>co-gnôscô, -ere, -gnôvî, -gnîtus</b>, +<i>learn, know, understand</i>. Cf. <b>sciô</b> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>côgô, -ere, coêgî, coâctus</b> +[<b>co(m)-</b>, <i>together</i>, + <b>agô</b>, <i>drive</i>], +(<i>drive together</i>), <i>collect; compel, drive</i><br> +<b>cohors, cohortis</b>, f. <i>cohort</i>, the tenth part of a legion, +about 360 men<br> +<b>collis, -is</b>, m. <i>hill</i>, <b>in summô colle</b>, <i>on +top of the hill</i> (<a href = "#sec247">§ 247. +2. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>collum, -î</b>, n. <i>neck</i><br> +<a name = "page304"> </a> + + +<b>colô, -ere, coluî, cultus</b>, <i>cultivate, till; honor, +worship; devote one's self to</i><br> +<b>columna, -ae</b>, f. <i>column, pillar</i><br> +<b>com- (col-, con-, cor-, co-)</b>, a prefix, <i>together, with</i>, or +intensifying the meaning of the root word<br> +<b>coma, -ae</b>, f. <i>hair</i><br> +<b>comes, -itis</b>, m. and f. [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>eô</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>companion, comrade</i><br> +<b>comitâtus, -ûs</b>, m. [<b>comitor</b>, +<i>accompany</i>], <i>escort, company</i><br> +<b>comitor, -ârî, -âtus sum</b>, dep. verb +[<b>comes</b>, <i>companion</i>], <i>accompany</i><br> +<b>com-meâtus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>supplies</i><br> +<b>com-minus</b>, adv. [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + <b>manus</b>, +<i>hand</i>], <i>hand to hand</i><br> +<b>com-mittô, -ere, -mîsî, -missus</b>, <i>join +together; commit, intrust</i>.<br> +<b>proelium committere</b>, <i>join battle</i>.<br> +<b>sê committere</b> with dat, <i>trust one's self to</i><br> +<b>commodê</b>, adv. [<b>commodus</b>, <i>fit</i>], compared +<b>commodius, commodissimê</b>, <i>conveniently, fitly</i><br> +<b>commodus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>suitable, fit</i><br> +<b>com-môtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>commoveô</b>, +<i>move</i>], <i>aroused, moved</i><br> +<b>com-parô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>parô</b>, <i>prepare</i>], +<i>prepare; provide, get</i><br> +<b>com-pleô, -êre, -plêvî, -plêtus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>pleô</b>, <i>fill</i>], <i>fill +up</i><br> +<b>complexus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>embrace</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>com-primô, -ere, -pressî, -pressus</b> [<b>com-</b>, +<i>together</i>, + <b>premô</b>, <i>press</i>], <i>press together, +grasp, seize</i><br> +<b>con-cidô, -ere, -cidî</b>, —— [<b>com-</b>, +intensive, + <b>cadô</b>, <i>fall</i>], <i>fall down</i><br> +<b>concilium, conci´lî</b>, n. <i>meeting, council</i><br> +<b>con-clûdô, -ere, -clûsî, -clûsus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>claudô</b>, <i>close</i>], <i>shut +up, close; end, finish</i><br> +<b>con-currô, -ere, -currî, -cursus</b> [<b>com-</b>, +<i>together</i>, + <b>currô</b>, <i>run</i>], <i>run together; +rally, gather</i><br> +<b>condiciô, -ônis</b>, f. [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>dicô</b>, <i>talk</i>], <i>agreement, condition, terms</i><br> +<b>con-dônô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>pardon</i><br> +<b>con-dûcô, -ere, -dûxî, -ductus</b>, +<i>hire</i><br> +<b>côn-ferô, -ferre, -tulî, -lâtus</b>, <i>bring +together</i>.<br> +<b>sê cônferre</b>, <i>betake one's self</i><br> +<b>côn-fertus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>crowded, thick</i><br> +<b>cônfestim</b>, adv. <i>immediately</i><br> +<b>côn-ficiô, -ere, -fêcî, -fectus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, <i>completely</i>, + <b>faciô</b>, <i>do</i>], +<i>make, complete, accomplish, finish</i><br> +<b>côn-fîrmô, -âre, -âvî, +-âtus</b>, <i>make firm, establish, strengthen, affirm, +assert</i><br> +<b>côn-fluô, -ere, -flûxî</b>, ——, +<i>flow together</i><br> +<b>côn-fugiô, -ere, -fûgî, -fugitûrus</b>, +<i>flee for refuge, flee</i><br> +<b>con-iciô, -ere, -iêcî, -iectus</b> [<b>com-</b>, +intensive, + <b>iaciô</b>, <i>throw</i>], <i>hurl</i><br> +<b>con-iungô, -ere, -iûnxî, -iûnctus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + <b>iungô</b>, <i>join</i>], +<i>join together, unite</i><br> +<b>con-iûrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + <b>iûrô</b>, <i>swear</i>], +<i>unite by oath, conspire</i><br> +<b>con-locô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + <b>locô</b>, <i>place</i>], +<i>arrange, place, station</i><br> +<b>conloquium, conlo´quî</b>, n. [<b>com-</b>, +<i>together</i>, + <b>loquor</b>, <i>speak</i>], <i>conversation, +conference</i><br> +<b>cônor, -ârî, -âtus sum</b>, dep. verb, +<i>endeavor, attempt, try</i><br> +<b>côn-scendô, -ere, -scendî, -scênsus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>scandô</b>, <i>climb</i>], <i>climb +up, ascend</i>.<br> +<b>nâvem cônscendere</b>, <i>embark, go on board</i><br> +<a name = "page305"> </a> + + +<b>côn-scrîbô, -ere, -scrîpsî, +-scrîptus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>scrîbô</b>, <i>write</i>], (<i>write together</i>), +<i>enroll, enlist</i><br> +<b>côn-secrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>sacrô</b>, +<i>consecrate</i>], <i>consecrate, devote</i><br> +<b>côn-sequor, -sequî, -secûtus sum</b>, dep. verb +[<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>sequor</b>, <i>follow</i>], +<i>pursue; overtake; win</i><br> +<b>côn-servô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>servô</b>, <i>save</i>], +<i>preserve, save</i><br> +<b>cônsilium, cônsi´lî</b>, n. <i>plan, purpose, +design; wisdom</i><br> +<b>côn-sistô, -ere, -stitî, -stitus</b> [<b>com-</b>, +intensive, + <b>sistô</b>, <i>cause to stand</i>], <i>stand +firmly, halt, take one's stand</i><br> +<b>côn-spiciô, -ere, -spêxî, -spectus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>spiciô</b>, <i>spy</i>], +<i>look at attentively, perceive, see</i><br> +<b>cônstantia, -ae</b>, f. <i>firmness, steadiness, +perseverance</i><br> +<b>côn-stituô, -ere, -uî, -ûtus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>statuô</b>, <i>set</i>], +<i>establish, determine, resolve</i><br> +<b>côn-stô, -âre, -stitî, +-stâtûrus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>stô</b>, <i>stand</i>], <i>agree; be certain ; consist +of</i><br> +<b>cônsul, -ulis</b>, m. <i>consul</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 2. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>côn-sûmô, -ere, -sûmpsî, +-sûmptus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>sumô</b>, +<i>take</i>], <i>consume, use up</i><br> +<b>con-tendô, -ere, -dî, -tus</b>, <i>strain; hasten; fight, +contend, struggle</i><br> +<b>con-tineô, -êre, -uî, -tentus</b> [<b>com-</b>, +<i>together</i>, + <b>teneô</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>hold +together, hem in, contain; restrain</i><br> +<b>contrâ</b>, prep, with acc. <i>against, contrary to</i><br> +<b>con-trahô, -ere, -trâxî, -trâctus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + <b>trahô</b>, +<i>draw</i>], <i>draw together;</i> of sails, <i>shorten, +furl</i><br> +<b>contrôversia, -ae</b>, f. <i>dispute, quarrel</i><br> +<b>con-veniô, -îre, -vênî, -ventus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + <b>veniô</b>, +<i>come</i>], <i>come together, meet, assemble</i><br> +<b>con-vertô, -ere, -vertî, -versus</b> [<b>com-</b>, +intensive, + <b>vertô</b>, <i>turn</i>], <i>turn</i><br> +<b>con-vocô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + <b>vocô</b>, <i>call</i>], +<i>call together</i><br> +<b>co-orior, -îrî, -ortus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>com-</b>, +intensive, + <b>orior</b>, <i>rise</i>], <i>rise, break +forth</i><br> +<b>côpia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>ops</b>, +<i>wealth</i>], <i>abundance, wealth, plenty</i>. Plur. +<b>côpiae, -ârum</b>, <i>troops</i><br> +<b>coquô, -ere, coxî, coctus</b>, <i>cook</i><br> +<b>Corinthus, -î</b>, f. <i>Corinth</i>, the famous city on the +Isthmus of Corinth<br> +<b>Cornêlia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Cornelia</i>, daughter of Scipio and +mother of the Gracchi<br> +<b>Cornêlius, Cornê´lî</b>, m. <i>Cornelius</i>, +a Roman name<br> +<b>cornû, -ûs</b>, n. <i>horn; wing</i> of an army, +<b>â dextrô cornû</b>, <i>on the right wing</i> (<a +href = "#sec466">§ 466</a>)<br> +<b>corôna, -ae</b>, f. <i>garland, wreath; crown</i><br> +<b>corônâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>crowned</i><br> +<b>corpus, -oris</b>, n. <i>body</i><br> +<b>cor-ripiô, -ere, -uî, -reptus</b> [<b>com-</b>, +intensive, + <b>rapiô</b>, <i>seize</i>], <i>seize, +grasp</i><br> +<b>cotîdiânus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>daily</i><br> +<b>cotîdiê</b>, adv. <i>daily</i><br> +<b>crêber, -bra, -brum</b>, adj. <i>thick, crowded, numerous, +frequent</i><br> +<b>crêdô, -ere, -dîdî, -ditus</b>, <i>trust, +believe</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)<br> +<b>cremô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>burn</i><br> +<b>creô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>make; +elect, appoint</i><br> +<b>Creôn, -ontis</b>, m. <i>Creon</i>, a king of Corinth<br> +<b>crêscô, -ere, crêvî, crêtus</b>, +<i>rise, grow, increase</i><br> +<a name = "page306"> </a> + + +<b>Crêta, -ae</b>, f. <i>Crete</i>, a large island in the +Mediterranean<br> +<b>Crêtaeus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Cretan</i><br> +<b>crûs, crûris</b>, n. <i>leg</i><br> +<b>crûstulum, -î</b>, n. <i>pastry, cake</i><br> +<b>cubîle, -is</b>, n. <i>bed</i><br> +<b>cultûra, -ae</b>, f. <i>culture, cultivation</i><br> +<b>cum</b>, conj. with the indic. or subjv. <i>when; since; although</i> +(<a href = "#sec501_46">§ 501.46</a>)<br> +<b>cum</b>, prep, with abl. <i>with</i> (<a href = +"#sec209">§ 209</a>)<br> +<b>cupidê</b>, adv. [<b>cupidus</b>, <i>desirous</i>], compared +<b>cupidius, cupidissimê</b>, <i>eagerly</i><br> +<b>cupiditâs, -âtis</b>, f. [<b>cupidus</b>, +<i>desirous</i>], <i>desire, longing</i><br> +<b>cupiô, -ere, -îvî</b> or <b>-iî, +-îtus</b>, <i>desire, wish</i>. Cf. <b>volô</b><br> +<b>cûr</b>, adv. <i>why, wherefore</i><br> +<b>cûra, -ae</b>, f. <i>care, pains; anxiety</i><br> +<b>cûria, -ae</b>, f. <i>senate house</i><br> +<b>cûrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>cûra</b>, <i>care</i>], <i>care for, attend to, look +after</i><br> +<b>currô, -ere, cucurrî, cursus</b>, <i>run</i><br> +<b>currus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>chariot</i><br> +<b>cursus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>course</i><br> +<b>custôdiô, -îre, -îvî, -îtus</b> +[<b>custôs</b>, <i>guard</i>], <i>guard, watch</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_D">D</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>Daedalus, -î</b>, m. <i>Dæd´alus</i>, the supposed +inventor of the first flying machine<br> +<b>Dâvus, -î</b>, m. <i>Davus</i>, name of a slave<br> +<b>dê</b>, prep, with abl. <i>down from, from; concerning, about, +for</i> (<a href = "#sec209">§ 209</a>).<br> +<b>quâ dê causâ</b>, <i>for this reason, +wherefore</i><br> +<b>dea, -ae</b>, f. <i>goddess</i> (<a href = +"#sec461">§ 461. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>dêbeô, -êre, -uî, -itus</b> [<b>dê</b>, +<i>from</i>, + <b>habeô</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>owe, ought, +should</i><br> +<b>decem</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>ten</i><br> +<b>dê-cernô, -ere, -crêvî, -crêtus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>from</i>, + <b>cernô</b>, <i>separate</i>], +<i>decide, decree</i><br> +<b>dê-cidô, -ere, -cidî</b>, —— +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>cadô</b>, <i>fall</i>], +<i>fall down</i><br> +<b>decimus, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. <i>tenth</i><br> +<b>dêclîvis, -e</b>, adj. <i>sloping downward</i><br> +<b>dê-dô, -ere, -didî, -ditus</b>, <i>give up, +surrender</i>, <b>sê dêdere</b>, <i>surrender one's +self</i><br> +<b>dê-dûcô, -ere, -dûxî, -ductus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>dûcô</b>, <i>lead</i>], +<i>lead down, escort</i><br> +<b>dê-fendô, -ere, -dî, -fênsus</b>, <i>ward +off, repel, defend</i><br> +<b>dê-ferô, -ferre, -tulî, -lâtus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>ferô</b>, <i>bring</i>], +<i>bring down; report, announce</i> (<a href = +"#sec426">§ 426</a>)<br> +<b>dê-fessus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>tired out, weary</i><br> +<b>dê-ficiô, -ere, -fêcî, -fectus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>from</i>, + <b>faciô</b>, <i>make</i>], +<i>fail, be wanting; revolt from</i><br> +<b>dê-fîgô, -ere, -fîxî, -fîxus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>fîgô</b>, +<i>fasten</i>], <i>fasten, fix</i><br> +<b>dê-iciô, -ere, -iêcî, -iectus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>iaciô</b>, <i>hurl</i>], +<i>hurl down; bring down, kill</i><br> +<b>de-inde</b>, adv. <i>(from thence), then, in the next place</i><br> +<b>dêlectô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>delight</i><br> +<b>dêleô, -êre, -êvî, -êtus</b>, +<i>blot out, destroy</i><br> +<b>dêlîberô, -âre, -âvî, +-âtus</b>, <i>weigh, deliberate, ponder</i><br> +<b>dê-ligô, -ere, -lêgî, -lêctus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>from</i>, + <b>legô</b>, <i>gather</i>], +<i>choose, select</i><br> +<b>Delphicus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Delphic</i><br> +<b>dêmissus, -a, -um</b> [part. of <b>dêmittô</b>, +<i>send down</i>], <i>downcast, humble</i><br> +<b>dê-mônstrô, -âre, -âvî, +-âtus</b> [<b>dê</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>mônstrô</b>, <i>point</i>], <i>point out, show</i><br> +<b>dêmum</b>, adv. <i>at last, not till then</i>.<br> +<b>tum dêmum</b>, <i>then at last</i><br> +<b>dênique</b>, adv. <i>at last, finally</i>. Cf. +<b>postrêmô</b><br> +<b>dêns, dentis</b>, m. <i>tooth</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>dênsus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>dense, thick</i><br> +<a name = "page307"> </a> + + +<b>dê-pendeô, -êre</b>, ——, —— +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>pendeô</b>, <i>hang</i>], +<i>hang from, hang down</i><br> +<b>dê-plôrô, -âre, -âvî, +-âtus</b> [<b>dê</b>, intensive, + <b>plôrô</b>, +<i>wail</i>], <i>bewail, deplore</i><br> +<b>dê-pônô, -ere, -posuî, -positus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>pônô</b>, <i>put</i>], +<i>put down</i><br> +<b>dê-scendô, -ere, -dî, -scênsus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>scandô</b>, <i>climb</i>], +<i>climb down, descend</i><br> +<b>dê-scrîbô, -ere, -scrîpsî, +-scrîptus</b> [<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>scrîbô</b>, <i>write</i>], <i>write down</i><br> +<b>dêsîderô, -âre, -âvî, +-âtus</b>, <i>long for</i><br> +<b>dê-siliô, -îre, -uî, -sultus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>saliô</b>, <i>leap</i>], +<i>leap down</i><br> +<b>dê-spêrô, -âre, -âvî, +-âtus</b> [<b>dê</b>, <i>away</i> <i>from</i>, + +<b>spêrô</b>, <i>hope</i>], <i>despair</i><br> +<b>dê-spiciô, -ere, -spêxi, -spectus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>], <i>look down upon, despise</i><br> +<b>dê-sum, -esse, -fuî, -futûrus</b> [<b>dê</b>, +<i>away from</i>, + <b>sum</b>, <i>be</i>], <i>be wanting, lack</i>, +with dat. (<a href = "#sec426">§ 426</a>)<br> +<b>deus, -î</b>, m. <i>god</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>)<br> +<b>dê-volvô, -ere, -volvî, -volûtus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>volvô</b>, <i>roll</i>], +<i>roll down</i><br> +<b>dê-vorô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>dê</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>vorô</b>, <i>swallow</i>], +<i>devour</i><br> +<b>dexter, -tra, -trum</b> (<b>-tera, -terum</b>), adj. <i>to the right, +right</i>.<br> +<b>â dextrô cornû</b>, <i>on the right wing</i><br> +<b>Diâna, -ae</b>, f. <i>Diana</i>, goddess of the moon and twin +sister of Apollo<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>dîcô, -ere, dîxî, dictus</b> (imv. +<b>dîc</b>), <i>say, speak, tell</i>. Usually introduces indirect +discourse (<a href = "#sec420">§ 420. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>dictâtor, -ôris</b>, m. [<b>dictô</b>, +<i>dictate</i>], <i>dictator</i>, a chief magistrate with unlimited +power<br> +<b>diês, -êi</b> or <b>diê</b>, m., sometimes f. in +sing., <i>day</i> (<a href = "#sec467">§ 467</a>)<br> +<b>dif-ferô, -ferre, distulî, dîlâtus</b> +[<b>dis-</b>, <i>apart</i>, + <b>ferô</b>, <i>carry</i>], <i>carry +apart;</i> <i>differ</i>.<br> +<b>differre inter sê</b>, <i>differ from each other</i><br> +<b>dif-ficilis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>dis-</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>facilis</b>, +<i>easy</i>], <i>hard, difficult</i> (<a href = +"#sec307">§ 307</a>)<br> +<b>difficultâs, -âtis</b>, f. [<b>difficilis</b>, +<i>hard</i>], <i>difficulty</i><br> +<b>dîligenter</b>, adv. [<b>dîligêns</b>, +<i>careful</i>], compared <b>dîligentius, +dîligentissimê</b>, <i>industriously, diligently</i><br> +<b>dîligentia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>dîligêns</b>, +<i>careful</i>], <i>industry, diligence</i><br> +<b>dî-micô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>fight, struggle</i><br> +<b>dî-mittô, -ere, -mîsî, -missus</b> +[<b>dî-</b>, <i>off</i>, + <b>mittô</b>, <i>send</i>], +<i>send away, dismiss, disband</i>.<br> +<b>dîmittere animum in</b>, <i>direct one's mind to, apply one's +self to</i><br> +<b>Diomêdês, -is</b>, m. +<i>Dî-o-mê´dês</i>, a name<br> +<b>dis-, dî-</b>, a prefix expressing separation, <i>off, apart, +in different directions</i>. Often negatives the meaning<br> +<b>dis-cêdô, -ere, -cessî, -cessus</b> [<b>dis-</b>, +<i>apart</i>, + <b>cêdô</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>depart from, +leave, withdraw, go away</i><br> +<b>dis-cernô, -ere, -crêvî, -crêtus</b> +[<b>dis-</b>, <i>apart</i>, + <b>cernô</b>, <i>sift</i>], +<i>separate; distinguish</i><br> +<b>disciplîna, -ae</b>, f. <i>instruction, training, +discipline</i><br> +<b>discipulus, -î</b>, m. [<b>discô</b>, <i>learn</i>], +<i>pupil, disciple</i><br> +<b>discô, -ere, didicî</b>, ——, <i>learn</i><br> +<b>dis-cutiô, -ere, -cussî, -cussus</b> [<b>dis-</b>, +<i>apart</i>, + <b>quatiô</b>, <i>shake</i>], <i>shatter, dash to +pieces</i><br> +<b>dis-pônô, -ere, -posuî, -positus</b> [<b>dis-</b>, +<i>apart</i>, + <b>pônô</b>, <i>put</i>], <i>put here and +there, arrange, station</i><br> +<b>dis-similis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>dis-</b>, <i>apart</i>, + +<b>similis</b>, <i>like</i>], <i>unlike, dissimilar</i> (<a href = +"#sec307">§ 307</a>)<br> +<b>dis-tribuô, -ere, -uî, -ûtus</b>, <i>divide, +distribute</i><br> +<a name = "page308"> </a> + + +<b>diû</b>, adv., compared <b>diûtius, +diûtissimê</b>, <i>for a long time, long</i> (<a href = +"#sec477">§ 477</a>)<br> +<b>dô, dare, dedî, datus</b>, <i>give</i>.<br> +<b>in fugam dare</b>, <i>put to flight</i>.<br> +<b>alicui negôtium dare</b>, <i>employ some one</i><br> +<b>doceô, -êre, -uî, -tus</b>, <i>teach, show</i><br> +<b>doctrîna, -ae</b>, f. [<b>doctor</b>, <i>teacher</i>], +<i>teaching, learning, wisdom</i><br> +<b>dolor, -ôris</b>, m. <i>pain, sorrow</i><br> +<b>domesticus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>domus</b>, <i>house</i>], <i>of the +house, domestic</i><br> +<b>domicilium, domici´lî</b>, n. <i>dwelling; house, +abode</i>. Cf. <b>domus</b><br> +<b>domina, -ae</b>, f. <i>mistress</i> (of the house), <i>lady</i> (<a +href = "#sec461">§ 461</a>)<br> +<b>dominus, -î</b>, m. <i>master</i> (of the house), <i>owner, +ruler</i> (<a href = "#sec462">§ 462</a>)<br> +<b>domus, -ûs</b>, f. <i>house, home</i>.<br> +<b>domî</b>, locative, <i>at home</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>)<br> +<b>dormiô, -îre, -îvî, -îtus</b>, +<i>sleep</i><br> +<b>dracô, -ônis</b>, m. <i>serpent, dragon</i><br> +<b>dubitô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>hesitate</i><br> +<b>dubius, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>duo</b>, <i>two</i>], (<i>moving two +ways</i>), <i>doubtful, dubious</i><br> +<b>du-centî, -ae, -a</b>, numeral adj. <i>two hundred</i><br> +<b>dûcô, -ere, dûxî, ductus</b> (imv. +<b>dûc</b>), <i>lead, conduct</i><br> +<b>dum</b>, conj. <i>while, as long as</i><br> +<b>duo, duae, duo</b>, numeral adj. <i>two</i> (<a href = +"#sec479">§ 479</a>)<br> +<b>duo-decim</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>twelve</i><br> +<b>dûrus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>hard, tough; harsh, pitiless, +bitter</i><br> +<b>dux, ducis</b>, m. and f. [cf. <b>dûcô</b>, <i>lead</i>], +<i>leader, commander</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_E">E</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>ê</b> or <b>ex</b>, prep, with abl. <i>out of, from, off, +of</i> (<a href = "#sec209">§ 209</a>)<br> +<b>eburneus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>of ivory</i><br> +<b>ecce</b>, adv. <i>see! behold! there! here!</i><br> +<b>ê-dûcô, -ere, -dûxî, -ductus</b> +[<b>ê</b>, <i>out</i>, + <b>dûcô</b>, <i>lead</i>], +<i>lead out, draw out</i><br> +<b>ef-ficiô, -ere, -fêcî, -fectus</b> [<b>ex</b>, +<i>thoroughly</i>, + <b>faciô</b>, <i>do</i>], <i>work out; make, +cause</i><br> +<b>ef-fugiô, -ere, -fûgî, -fugitûrus</b> +[<b>ex</b>, <i>from</i>, + <b>fugiô</b>, <i>flee</i>], +<i>escape</i><br> +<b>egeô, -êre, -uî</b>, ——, <i>be in need +of, lack</i>, with abl. (<a href = +"#sec501_32">§ 501.32</a>)<br> +<b>ego</b>, pers. pron. <i>I</i>; plur. <b>nôs</b>, <i>we</i> (<a +href = "#sec480">§ 480</a>)<br> +<b>ê-gredior, -î, êgressus sum</b>, dep. verb +[<b>ê</b>, <i>out of</i>, + <b>gradior</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>go out, +go forth</i>.<br> +<b>ê nâvî êgredî</b>, <i>disembark</i><br> +<b>ê-iciô, -ere, -iêcî, -iectus</b> +[<b>ê</b>, <i>forth</i>, + <b>iaciô</b>, <i>hurl</i>], +<i>hurl forth, expel</i><br> +<b>elementum, -î</b>, n., in plur. <i>first principles, +rudiments</i><br> +<b>elephantus, -î</b>, m. <i>elephant</i><br> +<b>Êlis, Êlidis</b>, f. <i>E´lis</i>, a district of +southern Greece<br> +<b>emô, -ere, êmî, êmptus</b>, <i>buy, +purchase</i><br> +<b>enim</b>, conj., never standing first, <i>for, in fact, indeed.</i> +Cf. <b>nam</b><br> +<b>Ennius, Ennî</b>, m. <i>Ennius</i>, the father of Roman poetry, +born 239 B.C.<br> +<b>eô, îre, iî</b> (<b>îvî</b>), +<b>itûrus</b>, <i>go</i> (<a href = +"#sec499">§ 499</a>)<br> +<b>eô</b>, adv. <i>to that place, thither</i><br> +<b>Êpîrus, -î</b>, f. <i>Epi´rus</i>, a district +in the north of Greece<br> +<b>eques, -itis</b>, m. [<b>equus</b>, <i>horse</i>], <i>horseman, +cavalryman</i><br> +<b>equitâtus, -ûs</b>, m. [<b>equitô</b>, +<i>ride</i>], <i>cavalry</i><br> +<b>equus, -î</b>, m. <i>horse</i><br> +<b>ê-rigô, -ere, -rêxî, -rêctus</b> +[<b>ê</b>, <i>out</i>, + <b>regô</b>, <i>make straight</i>], +<i>raise up</i><br> +<b>ê-ripiô, -ere, -uî, -reptus</b> [<b>ê</b>, +<i>out of</i>, + <b>rapiô</b>, <i>seize</i>], <i>seize, +rescue</i><br> +<b>ê-rumpô, -ere, -rûpî, -ruptus</b> +[<b>ê</b>, <i>forth</i>, + <b>rumpô</b>, <i>break</i>], +<i>burst forth</i><br> +<b>êruptiô, -ônis</b>, f. <i>sally</i><br> +<a name = "page309"> </a> + + +<b>Erymanthius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Erymanthian, of Erymanthus</i>, a +district in southern Greece<br> +<b>et</b>, conj. <i>and, also</i>.<br> +<b>et ... et</b>, <i>both ... and</i>. Cf. <b>atque, ac, -que</b><br> +<b>etiam</b>, adv. (rarely conj.) [<b>et</b>, <i>also</i>, + <b>iam</b>, +<i>now</i>], <i>yet, still; also, besides</i>. Cf. <b>quoque</b>.<br> +<b>nôn sôlum ... sed etiam</b>, <i>not only ... but +also</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>Etrûscî, -ôrum</b>, m. <i>the Etruscans</i>, the +people of Etruria. See map of Italy<br> +<b>Eurôpa, -ae</b>, f. <i>Europe</i><br> +<b>Eurystheus, -î</b>, m. <i>Eurys´theus</i>, a king of +Tiryns, a city in southern Greece<br> +<b>ê-vâdô, -ere, -vâsî, -vâsus</b> +[<b>ê</b>, <i>out</i>, + <b>vâdô</b>, <i>go</i>], +<i>go forth, escape</i><br> +<b>ex</b>, see <b>ê</b><br> +<b>exanimâtus, -a, -um</b> [part. of <b>exanimô</b>, <i>put +out of breath</i> (<b>anima</b>)], adj. <i>out of breath, tired; +lifeless</i><br> +<b>ex-cipiô, -ere, -cêpî, -ceptus</b> [<b>ex</b>, +<i>out</i>, + <b>capiô</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>welcome, +receive</i><br> +<b>exemplum, -î</b>, n. <i>example, model</i><br> +<b>ex-eô,-îre,-iî,-itûrus</b> [<b>ex</b>, +<i>out</i>, + <b>eô</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>go out, go forth</i> (<a +href = "#sec413">§ 413</a>)<br> +<b>ex-erceô, -êre, -uî, -itus</b> [<b>ex</b>, +<i>out</i>, + <b>arceô</b>, <i>shut</i>], <i>(shut out), employ, +train, exercise, use</i><br> +<b>exercitus, -us</b>, m. [<b>exerceô</b>, <i>train</i>], +<i>army</i><br> +<b>ex-îstimô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + <b>aestimô</b>, <i>reckon</i>], +<i>estimate; think, judge</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>c</i></a>). Cf. <b>arbitror, +putô</b><br> +<b>ex-orior, -îrî, -ortus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>ex</b>, +<i>forth</i>, + <b>orior</b>, <i>rise</i>], <i>come forth, rise</i><br> +<b>expedîtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>without baggage</i><br> +<b>ex-pellô, -ere, -pulî, -pulsus</b> [<b>ex</b>, +<i>out</i>, + <b>pellô</b>, <i>drive</i>], <i>drive out</i><br> +<b>ex-piô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>ex</b>, intensive, + <b>pîo</b>, <i>atone for</i>], <i>make +amends for, atone for</i><br> +<b>explôrâtor, -ôris</b>, m. +[<b>explôrô</b>, <i>investigate</i>], <i>spy, scout</i><br> +<b>explôrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>examine, explore</i><br> +<b>ex-pugnô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + <b>pugnô</b>, <i>fight</i>], <i>take by +storm, capture</i><br> +<b>exsilium, exsi´lî</b>, n. [<b>exsul</b>, <i>exile</i>], +<i>banishment, exile</i><br> +<b>ex-spectô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + <b>spectô</b>, <i>look</i>], <i>expect, +wait</i><br> +<b>ex-struô, -ere, -strûxî, -strûctus</b> +[<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + <b>struô</b>, <i>build</i>], <i>build +up, erect</i><br> +<b>exterus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>exterior, extrêmus</b> +or <b>extimus</b>, <i>outside, outer</i> (<a href = +"#sec312">§ 312</a>)<br> +<b>extrâ</b>, prep, with acc. <i>beyond, outside of</i><br> +<b>ex-trahô, -ere, -trâxî, -trâctus</b> +[<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + <b>trahô</b>, <i>drag</i>], <i>drag out, +pull forth</i><br> +<b>extrêmus, -a, -um</b>, adj., superl. of <b>exterus</b>, +<i>utmost, farthest</i> (<a href = "#sec312">§ 312</a>)<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_F">F</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>fâbula, -ae</b>, f. <i>story, tale, fable</i><br> +<b>facile</b>, adv. [<b>facilis</b>, <i>easy</i>], compared <b>facilius, +facillimê</b>, <i>easily</i> (<a href = +"#sec322">§ 322</a>)<br> +<b>facilis, -e</b>, adj. [cf. <b>faciô</b>, <i>make</i>], <i>easy, +without difficulty</i> (<a href = "#sec307">§ 307</a>)<br> +<b>faciô, -ere, fêcî, factus</b> (imv. <b>fac</b>), +<i>make, do; cause, bring about</i>.<br> +<b>impetum facere in</b>, <i>make an attack upon</i>.<br> +<b>proelium facere</b>, <i>fight a battle</i>.<br> +<b>iter facere</b>, <i>make a march</i> or <i>journey</i>.<br> +<b>aliquem certiôrem facere</b>, <i>inform some one</i>.<br> +<b>facere verba prô</b>, <i>speak in behalf of</i>.<br> +Passive <b>fîô, fierî, factus sum</b>, <i>be done, +happen</i>.<br> +<b>certior fierî</b>, <i>be informed</i><br> +<b>fallô, -ere, fefellî, falsus</b>, <i>trip, betray, +deceive</i><br> +<b>fâma, -ae</b>, f. <i>report, rumor; renown, fame, +reputation</i><br> +<a name = "page310"> </a> + + +<b>famês, -is</b> (abl. <b>famê</b>), f. <i>hunger</i><br> +<b>familia, -ae</b>, f. <i>servants, slaves; household, family</i><br> +<b>fascês, -ium</b> (plur. of <b>fascis</b>), f. <i>fasces</i> (<a +href = "#page225">p. 225</a>)<br> +<b>fastîgium, fastî´gî</b>, n. <i>top; slope, +descent</i><br> +<b>fâtum, -î</b>, n. <i>fate, destiny</i><br> +<b>faucês, -ium</b>, f. plur. <i>jaws, throat</i><br> +<b>faveô, -êre, fâvî, fautûrus</b>, <i>be +favorable to, favor</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)<br> +<b>fêlîx, -îcis</b>, adj. <i>happy, lucky</i><br> +<b>fêmina, -ae</b>, f. woman. Cf. <b>mulier</b><br> +<b>fera, -ae</b>, f. [<b>ferus</b>, <i>wild</i>], <i>wild beast</i><br> +<b>ferâx, -âcis</b>, adj. <i>fertile</i><br> +<b>ferê</b>, adv. <i>about, nearly, almost</i><br> +<b>ferô, ferre, tulî, lâtus</b>, <i>bear</i>.<br> +<b>graviter</b> or <b>molestê ferre</b>, <i>be annoyed</i> (<a +href = "#sec498">§ 498</a>)<br> +<b>ferreus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>ferrum</b>, <i>iron</i>], <i>made of +iron</i><br> +<b>fidêlis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>fidês</b>, <i>trust</i>], +<i>faithful, true</i><br> +<b>fidês, fideî</b> <i>or</i> <b>fidê</b>, <i>trust, +faith; promise, word; protection</i>.<br> +<b>in fidem venîre</b>, <i>come under the protection</i>.<br> +<b>in fidê manêre</b>, <i>remain loyal</i><br> +<b>fîlia, -ae</b> (dat. and abl. plur. +<b>fîliâbus</b>), f. <i>daughter</i> (<a href = +"#sec461">§ 461. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>fîlius, fîlî</b> (voc. sing, +<b>fîlî</b>), m. <i>son</i><br> +<b>fînis, -is</b>, m. <i>boundary, limit, end;</i> in plur. +<i>territory, country</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)<br> +<b>fînitimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>fînis</b>, +<i>boundary</i>], <i>adjoining, neighboring</i>. Plur. +<b>fînitimî, -ôrum</b>, m. <i>neighbors</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>fîô, fierî, factus sum</b>, used as passive of +<b>faciô</b>. See <b>faciô</b> (<a href = +"#sec500">§ 500</a>)<br> +<b>flamma, -ae</b>, f. <i>fire, flame</i><br> +<b>flôs, flôris</b>, m. <i>flower</i><br> +<b>fluctus, -ûs</b>, m. [of. <b>fluô</b>, <i>flow</i>], +<i>flood, wave, billow</i><br> +<b>flûmen, -inis</b>, n. [cf. <b>fluô</b>, <i>flow</i>], +<i>river</i> (<a href = "#sec464">§ 464. +2. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>fluô, -ere, flûxî, fluxus</b>, <i>flow</i><br> +<b>fluvius, fluvî</b>, m. [cf. <b>fluô</b>, <i>flow</i>], +<i>river</i><br> +<b>fodiô, -ere, fôdî, fossus</b>, <i>dig</i><br> +<b>fôns, fontis</b>, m. <i>fountain</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>fôrma, -ae</b>, f. <i>form, shape, appearance; beauty</i><br> +<b>Formiae, -ârum</b>, f. <i>Formiae</i>, a town of Latium on the +Appian Way. See map<br> +<b>forte</b>, adv. [abl. of <b>fors</b>, <i>chance</i>], <i>by +chance</i><br> +<b>fortis, -e</b>, adj. <i>strong; fearless, brave</i><br> +<b>fortiter</b>, adv. [<b>fortis</b>, <i>strong</i>], compared +<b>fortius, fortissimê</b>, <i>strongly; bravely</i><br> +<b>fortûna, -ae</b>, f. [<b>fors</b>, <i>chance</i>], <i>chance, +fate, fortune</i><br> +<b>forum, -î</b>, n. <i>market place</i>, esp. the <b>Forum +Rômânum</b>, where the life of Rome centered<br> +<b>Forum Appî</b>, <i>Forum of Appius</i>, a town in Latium on the +Appian Way<br> +<b>fossa, -ae</b>, f. [cf. <b>fodiô</b>, <i>dig</i>], +<i>ditch</i><br> +<b>fragor, -ôris</b>, m. [cf. <b>frangô</b>, <i>break</i>], +<i>crash, noise</i><br> +<b>frangô, -ere, frêgî, frâctus</b>, +<i>break</i><br> +<b>frâter, -tris</b>, m. <i>brother</i><br> +<b>fremitus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>loud noise</i><br> +<b>frequentô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>attend</i><br> +<b>frêtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>supported, trusting</i>. Usually +with abl. of means<br> +<b>frôns, frontis</b>, f. <i>front</i>, <b>â fronte</b>, +<i>in front</i><br> +<b>frûctus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>fruit</i><br> +<b>frûmentârius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>pertaining to +grain</i>.<br> +<b>rês frûmentâria</b>, <i>grain supplies</i><br> +<b>frûmentum, -î</b>, n. <i>grain</i><br> +<b>frûstrâ</b>, adv. <i>in vain, vainly</i><br> +<b>fuga, -ae</b>, f. [cf. <b>fugiô</b>, <i>flee</i>], +<i>flight</i>.<br> +<b>in fugam dare</b>, <i>put to flight</i><br> +<a name = "page311"> </a> + + +<b>fugiô, -ere, fûgî, fugitûrus</b>, <i>flee, +run; avoid, shun</i><br> +<b>fûmô, -are</b>, ——, ——, +<i>smoke</i><br> +<b>fûnis, -is</b>, m. <i>rope</i><br> +<b>furor, -ôris</b>, m. [<b>furô</b>, <i>rage</i>], +<i>madness</i>.<br> +<b>in furôrem incîdere</b>, <i>go mad</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_G">G</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>Gâius, Gâî</b>, m. <i>Gaius</i>, a Roman name, +abbreviated <b>C.</b>, English form <i>Caius</i><br> +<b>Galba, -ae</b>, m. <i>Galba</i>, a Roman name<br> +<b>galea, -ae</b>, f. <i>helmet</i><br> +<b>Gallia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Gaul</i>, the country comprising what is now +Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and France<br> +<b>Gallicus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Gallic</i><br> +<b>gallîna, -ae</b>, f. <i>hen, chicken</i><br> +<b>Gallus, -î</b>, m. <i>a Gaul</i><br> +<b>gaudium, gaudî</b>, n. <i>joy</i><br> +<b>Genâva, -ae</b>, f. <i>Geneva</i>, a city in Switzerland<br> +<b>gêns, gentis</b>, f. [cf. <b>gignô</b>, <i>beget</i>], +<i>race, family; people, nation, tribe</i><br> +<b>genus, -eris</b>, n. <i>kind, variety</i><br> +<b>Germânia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Germany</i><br> +<b>Germânus, -î</b>, m. <i>a German</i><br> +<b>gerô, -ere, gessî, gestus</b>, <i>carry, wear; +wage</i>.<br> +<b>bellum gerere</b>, <i>wage war</i>.<br> +<b>rês gestae</b>, <i>exploits</i>.<br> +<b>bene gerere</b>, <i>carry on successfully</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>gladiâtôrius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>gladiatorial</i><br> +<b>gladius, gladî</b>, m. <i>sword</i><br> +<b>glôria, -ae</b>, f. <i>glory, fame</i><br> +<b>Gracchus, -î</b>, m. <i>Gracchus</i>, name of a famous Roman +family<br> +<b>gracilis, -e</b>, adj. <i>slender</i> (<a href = +"#sec307">§ 307</a>)<br> +<b>Graeca, -ôrum</b>, n. plur. <i>Greek writings, Greek +literature</i><br> +<b>Graecê</b>, adv. <i>in Greek</i><br> +<b>Graecia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Greece</i><br> +<b>grammaticus, -î</b>, m. <i>grammarian</i><br> +<b>grâtia, -ae</b>, f. <i>thanks, gratitude</i><br> +<b>grâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>acceptable, pleasing</i>. Often +with dat. (<a href = "#sec501_16">§ 501.16</a>)<br> +<b>gravis, -ê</b>, adj. <i>heavy; disagreeable; serious, +dangerous; earnest, weighty</i><br> +<b>graviter</b>, adv. [<b>gravis</b>, <i>heavy</i>], compared +<b>gravius, gravissimê</b>, <i>heavily; greatly, +seriously</i>.<br> +<b>graviter ferre</b>, <i>bear ill, take to heart</i><br> +<b>gubernâtor, -ôris</b>, m. [<b>gubernô</b>, +<i>pilot</i>], <i>pilot</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_H">H</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>habêna, -ae</b>, f. <i>halter, rein</i>.<br> +<b>habeô, -êre, -uî, -itus</b>, <i>have, hold; regard, +consider, deem</i><br> +<b>habitô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> [cf. +<b>habeô</b>, <i>have</i>], <i>dwell, abide, inhabit</i>. Cf. +<b>incolô, vîvô</b><br> +<b>hâc-tenus</b>, adv. <i>thus far</i><br> +<b>Helvêtiî, -ôrum</b>, m. <i>the Helvetii</i>, a +Gallic tribe<br> +<b>Herculês, -is</b>, m. <i>Hercules</i>, son of Jupiter and +Alcmena, and god of strength<br> +<b>Hesperidês, -um</b>, f. <i>the Hesperides</i>, daughters of +Hesperus, who kept the garden of the golden apples<br> +<b>hic, haec, hoc</b>, demonstrative adj. and pron. <i>this</i> (of +mine); as pers. pron. <i>he, she, it</i> (<a href = +"#sec481">§ 481</a>)<br> +<b>hîc</b>, adv. <i>here</i><br> +<b>hiems, -emis</b>, f. <i>winter</i><br> +<b>hînc</b>, adv. [<b>hîc</b>, <i>here</i>], <i>from here, +hence</i><br> +<b>Hippolytê, -ês</b>, f. <i>Hippolyte</i>, queen of the +Amazons<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>ho-diê</b>, adv. [modified form of <b>hôc diê</b>, +<i>on this day</i>], <i>to-day</i><br> +<b>homô, -inis</b>, m. and f. <i>(human being), man, +person</i><br> +<b>honestus, -a, -um</b>, adv. [<b>honor</b>, <i>honor</i>], +<i>respected, honorable</i><br> +<a name = "page312"> </a> + + +<b>honor, -ôris</b>, m. <i>honor</i><br> +<b>hôra, -ae</b>, f. <i>hour</i><br> +<b>Horâtius, Horâ´tî</b>, m. <i>Horatius</i>, a +Roman name<br> +<b>horribilis, -e</b>, adj. <i>terrible, horrible</i><br> +<b>hortor, -âri, -âtus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>urge, incite, +exhort, encourage</i> (<a href = "#sec493">§ 493</a>)<br> +<b>hortus, -î</b>, m. <i>garden</i><br> +<b>hospitium, hospi´tî</b>, n. [<b>hospes</b>, <i>host</i>], +<i>hospitality</i><br> +<b>hostis, -is</b>, m. and f. <i>enemy, foe</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>humilis, -e</b>, adj. <i>low, humble</i> (<a href = +"#sec307">§ 307</a>)<br> +<b>Hydra, -ae</b>, f. <i>the Hydra</i>, a mythical water snake slain by +Hercules<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_I">I</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>iaciô, -ere, iêcî, iactus</b>, <i>throw, +hurl</i><br> +<b>iam</b>, adv. <i>now, already</i>.<br> +<b>nec iam</b>, <i>and no longer</i><br> +<b>Iâniculum, -î</b>, n. <i>the Janiculum</i>, one of the +hills of Rome<br> +<b>iânua, -ae</b>, f. <i>door</i><br> +<b>ibi</b>, adv. <i>there, in that place</i><br> +<b>Îcarus, -î</b>, m. <i>Ic´arus</i>, the son of +Dædalus<br> +<b>ictus, -ûs</b>, m. [cf. <b>îcô</b>, <i>strike</i>], +<i>blow</i><br> +<b>îdem, e´adem, idem</b>, demonstrative pron. [<b>is</b> + +<b>dem</b>], <i>same</i> (<a href = "#sec481">§ 481</a>)<br> +<b>idôneus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>suitable, fit</i><br> +<b>igitur</b>, conj., seldom the first word, <i>therefore, then</i>. Cf. +<b>itaque</b><br> +<b>ignis, -is</b>, m. <i>fire</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§§ 243.1</a>; <a href = +"#sec247">247.2.<i>a</i></a>; <a href = "#sec465">465.1</a>)<br> +<b>ignôtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>(g)notus</b>, <i>known</i>], <i>unknown, strange</i><br> +<b>ille, illa, illud</b>, demonstrative adj. and pron. <i>that</i> +(yonder); as pers. pron. <i>he, she, it</i> (<a href = +"#sec481">§ 481</a>)<br> +<b>illîc</b>, adv. [cf. <b>ille</b>], <i>yonder, there</i><br> +<b>im-mittô, -ere, -mîsî, -missus</b> [<b>in</b>, +<i>against</i>, + <b>mittô</b>, <i>send</i>], <i>send against; let +in</i><br> +<b>immolô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>in</b>, <i>upon</i>, + <b>mola</b>, <i>meal</i>], <i>sprinkle with +sacrificial meal; offer, sacrifice</i><br> +<b>im-mortâlis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>mortalis</b>, <i>mortal</i>], <i>immortal</i><br> +<b>im-mortâlitâs, -âtis</b>, f. +[<b>immortâlis</b>, <i>immortal</i>], <i>immortality</i><br> +<b>im-parâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>parâtus</b>, <i>prepared</i>], <i>unprepared</i><br> +<b>impedîmentum</b>, -î, n. [<b>impediô</b>, +<i>hinder</i>], <i>hindrance;</i> in plur. <i>baggage</i><br> +<b>impedîtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>impediô</b>, +<i>hinder</i>], <i>hindered, burdened</i><br> +<b>im-pellô, -ere, -pulî, -pulsus</b> [<b>in</b>, +<i>against</i>, + <b>pellô</b>, <i>strike</i>], <i>strike against; +impel, drive, propel</i><br> +<b>imperâtor, -ôris</b>, m. [<b>imperô</b>, +<i>command</i>], <i>general</i><br> +<b>imperium, impe´rî</b>, n. [<b>imperô</b>, +<i>command</i>], <i>command, order; realm, empire; power, +authority</i><br> +<b>imperô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>command, order</i>. Usually with dat. and an object clause of purpose +(<a href = "#sec501_41">§ 501.41</a>). With acc. object, +<i>levy, impose</i><br> +<b>impetus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>attack</i>, <b>impetum facere in</b>, +<i>make an attack upon</i><br> +<b>im-pônô, -ere, -posui, -positus</b> [<b>in</b>, +<i>upon</i>, + <b>pônô</b>, <i>place</i>], <i>place upon; +impose, assign</i><br> +<b>in</b>, prep, with acc. <i>into, to, against, at, upon, towards;</i> +with abl. <i>in, on</i>.<br> +<b>in reliquum tempus</b>, <i>for the future</i><br> +<b>in-</b>, inseparable prefix. With nouns and adjectives often with a +negative force, like English <i>un-, in-</i><br> +<b>in-cautus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>cautus</b>, <i>careful</i>], <i>off one's guard</i><br> +<a name = "page313"> </a> + + +<b>incendium, incendî</b>, n. <i>flame, fire</i>. Cf. <b>ignis, +flamma</b><br> +<b>in-cendô, -ere, -dî, -cênsus</b>, <i>set fire to, +burn</i><br> +<b>in-cidô, -ere, -cidî</b>, ——, [<b>in</b>, +<i>in, on</i>, + <b>cadô</b>, <i>fall</i>], <i>fall in, fall on; +happen</i>.<br> +<b>in furôrem incidere</b>, <i>go mad</i><br> +<b>in-cipiô, -ere, -cêpi, -ceptus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>on</i>, ++ <b>capiô</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>begin</i><br> +<b>in-cognitus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>cognitus</b>, <i>known</i>], <i>unknown</i><br> +<b>in-colô, -ere, -uî</b>, ——, [<b>in</b>, +<i>in</i>, + <b>colô</b>, <i>dwell</i>], <i>inhabit; live</i><br> +<b>incolumis, -e</b>, adj. <i>sound, safe, uninjured, imharmed</i><br> +<b>in-crêdibilis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>crêdibilis</b>, <i>to be believed</i>], <i>incredible</i><br> +<b>inde</b>, <i>from that place, thence</i><br> +<b>induô, -ere, -uî, -ûtus</b>, <i>put on</i><br> +<b>indûtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>induô</b>, <i>put +on</i>], <i>clothed</i><br> +<b>in-eô, -îre, -iî, -itus</b> [<b>in</b>, +<i>into</i>, + <b>eô</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>go into; enter upon, +begin</i>, with acc. (<a href = "#sec413">§ 413</a>)<br> +<b>în-fâns, -fantis</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +*<b>fâns</b>, <i>speaking</i>], <i>not speaking</i>. As a noun, m. +and f. <i>infant</i><br> +<b>în-fêlîx, -îcis</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, +<i>not</i>, + <b>fêlîx</b>, <i>happy</i>], <i>unhappy, +unlucky</i><br> +<b>înfênsus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>hostile</i><br> +<b>în´-ferô, înfer´re, +in´tulî, inlâ´tus</b> [<b>in</b>, +<i>against</i>, + <b>ferô</b>, <i>bear</i>], <i>bring against or +upon, inflict</i>, with acc. and dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>).<br> +<b>bellum înferre</b>, with dat., <i>make war upon</i><br> +<b>înferus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>low, below</i> (<a href = +"#sec312">§ 312</a>).<br> +<b>în-fînîtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, +<i>not</i>, + <b>fînîtus</b>, <i>bounded</i>], <i>boundless, +endless</i><br> +<b>în-fîrmus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>fîrmus</b>, <i>strong</i>], <i>weak, infirm</i><br> +<b>ingenium, inge´ni</b>, n. <i>talent, ability</i><br> +<b>ingêns, -entis</b>, adj. <i>vast, huge, enormous, large</i>. +Cf. <b>magnus</b><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>in-gredior, -gredî, -gressus sum</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>in</i>, + +<b>gradior</b>, <i>walk</i>], <i>advance, enter</i><br> +<b>inimîcus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>amîcus</b>, <i>friendly</i>], <i>hostile</i>. As a noun, +<b>inimîcus, -î</b>, m. <i>enemy, foe</i>. Cf. +<b>hostis</b><br> +<b>initium, ini´tî</b>, <i>entrance, beginning</i><br> +<b>initus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>ineô</b>.<br> +<b>initâ aestâte</b>, <i>at the beginning of summer</i><br> +<b>iniûria, -ae</b>, f. [<b>in</b>, <i>against</i>, + +<b>iûs</b>, <i>law</i>], <i>injustice, wrong, injury</i>.<br> + <b>alicui iniûriâs înferre</b>, <i>inflict wrongs +upon some one</i><br> +<b>inopia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>inops</b>, <i>needy</i>], <i>want, need, +lack</i><br> +<b>in-opînâns, -antis</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>opînâns</b>, <i>thinking</i>], <i>not expecting, taken by +surprise</i><br> +<b>inquit</b>, <i>said he, said she</i>. Regularly inserted in a direct +quotation<br> +<b>in-rigô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>irrigate, water</i><br> +<b>in-rumpô, -ere, -rûpî, -ruptus</b> [<b>in</b>, +<i>into</i>, + <b>rumpô</b>, <i>break</i>], <i>burst in, break +in</i><br> +<b>in-ruô, -ere, -ruî,——</b> [<b>in</b>, +<i>in</i>, + <b>ruô</b>, <i>rush</i>], <i>rush in</i><br> +<b>în-sequor, -sequî, -secûtus sum</b>, dep. verb +[<b>in</b>, <i>on</i>, + <b>sequor</b>, <i>follow</i>], <i>follow on, +pursue</i><br> +<b>în-signe, -is</b>, n. <i>badge, decoration</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>însignis, -e</b>, adj. <i>remarkable, noted</i><br> +<b>înstâns, -antis</b>, adj. [part. of <b>însto</b>, +<i>be at hand</i>], <i>present, immediate</i><br> +<b>în-stô, -âre, -stitî, -statûrus</b> +[<b>in</b>, <i>upon</i>, + <b>stô</b>, <i>stand</i>], <i>stand +upon; be at hand; pursue, press on</i><br> +<b>înstrûmentum, -î</b>, n. <i>instrument</i><br> +<b>în-struô, -ere, -strûxî, -strûctus</b> +[<b>in</b>, <i>on</i>, + <b>struô</b>, <i>build</i>], <i>draw +up</i><br> +<a name = "page314"> </a> + + +<b>însula, -ae</b>, f. <i>island</i><br> +<b>integer, -gra, -grum</b>, <i>untouched, whole; fresh, new</i><br> +<b>intellegô, -ere, -lêxî, -lêctus</b> +[<b>inter</b>, <i>between</i>, +<b>legô</b>, <i>choose</i>], +<i>perceive, understand</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>d</i></a>)<br> +<b>intentô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>aim; +threaten</i><br> +<b>inter</b>, prep. with acc. <i>between, among; during, while</i> (<a +href = "#sec340">§ 340</a>)<br> +<b>interfectus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>inter-ficiô</b>, +<i>kill</i>], <i>slain, dead</i><br> +<b>inter-ficiô, -ere, -fêcî, -fectus</b> +[<b>inter</b>, <i>between</i>, + <b>faciô</b>, <i>make</i>], +<i>put out of the way, kill</i>. Cf. <b>necô, occîdô, +trucîdô</b><br> +<b>interim</b>, adv. <i>meanwhile</i><br> +<b>interior, -ius</b>, adj. <i>interior, inner</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)<br> +<b>inter-mittô, -ere, -mîsî, -missus</b>, <i>leave +off, suspend</i><br> +<b>interpres, -etis</b>, m. and f. <i>interpreter</i><br> +<b>inter-rogô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>question</i><br> +<b>inter-sum, -esse, -fuî, -futûrus</b> [<b>inter</b>, +<i>between</i>, +<b>sum</b>, <i>be</i>], <i>be present, take part +in</i>, with dat. (<a href = "#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>)<br> +<b>inter-vâllum, -î</b>, n. <i>interval, distance</i><br> +<b>intrâ</b>, adv. and prep. with acc. <i>within, in</i><br> +<b>intrô, -âre, -âvi, -âtus</b>, <i>go into, +enter</i><br> +<b>in-veniô, -îre, -vênî, -ventus</b> +[<b>in</b>, <i>upon</i>, +<b>veniô</b>, <i>come</i>], +<i>find</i><br> +<b>invîsus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>invideô</b>, +<i>envy</i>], <i>hated, detested</i><br> +<b>Iolâus, -î</b>, m. <i>I-o-lâ´us</i>, a friend +of Hercules<br> +<b>ipse, -a, -um</b>, intensive pron. <i>that very, this very; self, +himself, herself, itself</i>, (<a href = +"#sec481">§ 481</a>)<br> +<b>îra, -ae</b>, f. <i>wrath, anger</i><br> +<b>îrâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of +<b>îrâscor</b>, <i>be angry</i>], <i>angered, +enraged</i><br> +<b>is, ea, id</b>, demonstrative adj. and pron. <i>this, that; he, she, +it</i> (<a href = "#sec481">§ 481</a>)<br> +<b>iste, -a, -ud</b>, demonstrative adj. and pron. <i>that</i> (of +yours), <i>he, she, it</i> (<a href = "#sec481">§ 481</a>)<br> +<b>ita</b>, adv. <i>so, thus</i>. Cf. <b>sîc</b> and +<b>tam</b><br> +<b>Italia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Italy</i><br> +<b>ita-que</b>, conj. <i>and so, therefore</i><br> +<b>item</b>, adv. <i>also</i><br> +<b>iter, itineris</b>, n. <i>journey, march, route; way, passage</i> (<a +href = "#sec247">§§ 247.1.<i>a</i></a>; <a href = +"#sec468">468</a>).<br> +<b>iter dare</b>, <i>give a right of way, allow to pass</i>.<br> +<b>iter facere</b>, <i>march</i> (see <a href = "#page159">p. +159</a>)<br> +<b>iubeô, -êre, iussî, iussus</b>, <i>order, +command</i>. Usually with the infin. and subj. acc. (<a href = +"#sec213">§ 213</a>)<br> +<b>iûdex, -icis</b>, m. and f. <i>judge</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 1</a>)<br> +<b>iûdicô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>iûdex</b>, <i>judge</i>], <i>judge, decide</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>c</i></a>)<br> +<b>Iûlia, -ae</b>, <i>Julia</i>, a Roman name<br> +<b>Iûlius, Iûlî</b>, m. <i>Julius</i>, a Roman +name<br> +<b>iungô, -êre, iûnxî, iûnctus</b>, +<i>join; yoke, harness</i><br> +<b>Iûnô, -ônis</b>, f. <i>Juno</i>, the queen of the +gods and wife of Jupiter<br> +<b>Iuppiter, Iovis</b>, m. <i>Jupiter</i>, the supreme god<br> +<b>iûrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>swear, take an oath</i><br> +<b>iussus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>iubeô</b>, <i>ordered</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_L">L</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>L.</b>, abbreviation for <b>Lûcius</b><br> +<b>labefactus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>labefaciô</b>, +<i>cause to shake</i>], <i>shaken, weakened, ready to fall</i><br> +<b>Labiênus, -î</b>, m. <i>La-bi-e´nus</i>, one of +Cæsar's lieutenants<br> +<b>labor, -ôris</b>, m. <i>labor, toil</i><br> +<b>labôrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>labor</b>, <i>labor</i>], <i>labor; suffer, be hard pressed</i><br> +<b>lacrima, -ae</b>, f. <i>tear</i><br> +<b>lacus, -ûs</b> (dat. and abl. plur. <b>lacubus</b>), m. +<i>lake</i><br> +<a name = "page315"> </a> + + +<b>laetê</b>, adv. [<b>laetus</b>, <i>glad</i>], compared +<b>laetius, laetissimê</b>, <i>gladly</i><br> +<b>laetitia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>laetus</b>, <i>glad</i>], <i>joy</i><br> +<b>laetus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>glad, joyful</i><br> +<b>lapis, -idis</b>, m. <i>stone</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§§ 247.2.<i>a</i></a>; <a href = +"#sec464">464.1</a>)<br> +<b>Lâr, Laris</b>, m.; plur. <b>Larês, -um</b> (rarely +<b>-ium</b>), <i>the Lares</i> or <i>household, gods</i><br> +<b>lâtê, </b>adv. [<b>lâtus</b>, <i>wide</i>], +compared <b>lâtius, lâtissimê</b>, <i>widely</i><br> +<b>Latinê</b>, adv. <i>in Latin</i>.<br> +<b>Latînê loquî</b>, <i>to speak Latin</i><br> +<b>lâtitûdô, -inis</b>, f. [<b>lâtus</b>, +<i>wide</i>], <i>width</i><br> +<b>Lâtôna, -ae</b>, f. <i>Latona</i>, mother of Apollo and +Diana<br> +<b>latus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>wide</i><br> +<b>lâtus, -eris</b>, n. <i>side, flank</i>.<br> +<b>ab utrôque latere</b>, <i>on each side</i><br> +<b>laudô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>laus</b>, <i>praise</i>], <i>praise</i><br> +<b>laurea, -ae</b>, f. <i>laurel</i><br> +<b>laureâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>crowned with laurel</i><br> +<b>laus, laudis</b>, f. <i>praise</i><br> +<b>lectulus, -î</b>, m. <i>couch, bed</i><br> +<b>lêgâtus, -î</b>, m. <i>ambassador; +lieutenant</i><br> +<b>legiô, -ônis</b>, f. [cf. <b>legô</b>, +<i>gather</i>], (<i>body of soldiers</i>), <i>legion</i>, about 3600 men +(<a href = "#sec464">§ 464. 2. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>legiônârius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>legionary</i>. Plur. +<b>legiônariî, -ôrum</b>, m. <i>the soldiers of the +legion</i><br> +<b>legô, -ere, lêgî, lêctus</b>, <i>read</i><br> +<b>lênis, -e</b>, adj. <i>gentle, smooth, mild</i><br> +<b>lêniter</b>, adv. [<b>lênis</b>, <i>gentle</i>], compared +<b>lênius, lênissimê</b>, <i>gently</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>Lentulus, -i</b>, m. <i>Lentulus</i>, a Roman family name<br> +<b>leô, -ônis</b>, m. <i>lion</i><br> +<b>Lernaeus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Lernæean</i>, of Lerna, in +southern Greece<br> +<b>Lesbia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Lesbia</i>, a girl's name<br> +<b>levis, -e</b>, adj. <i>light</i><br> +<b>lêx, lêgis</b>, f. <i>measure, law</i><br> +<b>libenter</b>, adv. [<b>libêns</b>, <i>willing</i>], compared +<b>libentius, libentissimê</b>, <i>willingly, gladly</i><br> +<b>lîber, -era, -erum</b>, adj. <i>free</i> (<a href = +"#sec469">§ 469. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>lîberî, -ôrum</b>, m. [<b>lîber</b>, +<i>free</i>], <i>children</i><br> +<b>lîberô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>lîber</b>, <i>free</i>], <i>set free, release, +liberate</i><br> +<b>lîbertâs, -âtis</b>, f. [<b>lîber</b>, +<i>free</i>], <i>freedom, liberty</i><br> +<b>lîctor, -ôris</b>, m. <i>lictor</i> (<a href = +"#page225">p. 225</a>)<br> +<b>lîmus, -î</b>, m. <i>mud</i><br> +<b>littera, -ae</b>, f. <i>a letter</i> of the alphabet; in plur. <i>a +letter, epistle</i><br> +<b>lîtus, -oris</b>, n. <i>seashore, beach</i><br> +<b>locus, -î</b>, m. (plur. <b>locî</b> and <b>loca</b>, m. +and n.), <i>place, spot</i><br> +<b>longê</b>, adv. [<b>longus</b>, <i>long</i>], comp. <b>longius, +longissimê</b>, <i>a long way off; by far</i><br> +<b>longinquus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>longus</b>, <i>long</i>], +<i>distant, remote</i><br> +<b>longitûdô, -inis</b>, f. [<b>longus</b>, <i>long</i>], +<i>length</i><br> +<b>longus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>long</i><br> +<b>loquor, loqui, locûtus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>talk, +speak</i><br> +<b>lôrîca, -ae</b>, f. [<b>lôrum</b>, <i>thong</i>], +<i>coat of mail, corselet</i><br> +<b>lûdô, -ere, lûsî, lûsus</b>, +<i>play</i><br> +<b>lûdus, -î</b>, m. <i>play; school</i>, the elementary +grades. Cf. <b>schola</b><br> +<b>lûna, -ae</b>, f. <i>moon</i><br> +<b>lûx, lûcis</b>, f. (no gen. plur.), <i>light</i>.<br> +<b>prîma lûx</b>, <i>daybreak</i><br> +<b>L[y]dia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Lydia</i>, a girl's name<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_M">M</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>M.</b>, abbreviation for <b>Mârcus</b><br> +<b>magicus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>magic</i><br> +<b>magis</b>, adv. in comp. degree [<b>magnus</b>, <i>great</i>], +<i>more, in a higher degree</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)<br> +<a name = "page316"> </a> + + +<b>magister, -trî</b>, m. <i>master, commander; teacher</i><br> +<b>magistrâtus, -ûs</b>, m. [<b>magister</b>, +<i>master</i>], <i>magistracy; magistrate</i><br> +<b>magnitûdô, -inis</b>, f. [<b>magnus</b>, <i>great</i>], +<i>greatness, size</i><br> +<b>magnopere</b>, adv. [abl. of <b>magnum opus</b>], compared <b>magis, +maximê</b>, <i>greatly, exceedingly</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)<br> +<b>magnus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>maior, maximus</b>, <i>great, +large; strong, loud</i> (<a href = "#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>maior, maius, -ôris</b>, adj., comp. of <b>magnus</b>, +<i>greater, larger</i> (<a href = "#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>maiôrês, -um</b>, m. plur. of <b>maior</b>, +<i>ancestors</i><br> +<b>mâlô, mâlle, mâluî</b>, —— +[<b>magis</b>, <i>more</i>, + <b>volô</b>, <i>wish</i>], <i>wish +more, prefer</i> (<a href = "#sec497">§ 497</a>)<br> +<b>malus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>peior, pessimus</b>, <i>bad, +evil</i> (<a href = "#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>mandô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>manus</b>, <i>hand</i>, + <b>dô</b>, <i>put</i>], <i>(put in +hand), intrust; order, command</i><br> +<b>maneô, -êre, mânsî, mânsûrus</b>, +<i>stay, remain, abide</i><br> +<b>Mânlius, Mânlî</b>, m. <i>Manlius</i>, a Roman +name<br> +<b>mânsuêtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of +<b>mânsuêscô</b>, <i>tame</i>], <i>tamed</i><br> +<b>manus, -ûs</b>, f. <i>hand; force, band</i><br> +<b>Mârcus, -î</b>, m. <i>Marcus, Mark</i>, a Roman first +name<br> +<b>mare, -is</b>, n. (no gen. plur.), <i>sea</i>.<br> +<b>mare tenêre</b>, <i>be out to sea</i><br> +<b>margô, -inis</b>, m. <i>edge, border</i><br> +<b>marîtus, -î</b>, m. <i>husband</i><br> +<b>Marius, Marî</b>, m. <i>Marius</i>, a Roman name, esp. <i>C. +Marius</i>, the general<br> +<b>Mârtius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>of Mars</i>, esp. the <i>Campus +Martius</i><br> +<b>mâter, -tris</b>, f. <i>mother</i><br> +<b>mâtrimônium, mâtrimô´nî</b>, n. +<i>marriage</i>.<br> +<b>in mâtrimônium dûcere</b>, <i>marry</i><br> +<b>mâtûrô, -âre, -âvî, +-âtus</b>, <i>hasten</i>. Cf. <b>contendô</b>, +<b>properô</b><br> +<b>mâtûrus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>ripe, mature</i><br> +<b>maximê</b>, adv. in superl. degree [<b>maximus</b>, +<i>greatest</i>], compared <b>magnopere, magis, maximê</b>, +<i>especially, very much</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)<br> +<b>maximus, -a, -um</b>, adj., superl. of <b>magnus</b>, <i>greatest, +extreme</i> (<a href = "#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>medius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>middle part; middle, intervening</i><br> +<b>melior, -ius, -ôris</b>, adj., comp. of <b>bonus</b>, +<i>better</i> (<a href = "#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>melius</b>, adv. in comp. degree, compared <b>bene, melius, +optimê</b>, <i>better</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)<br> +<b>memoria, -ae</b>, f. [<b>memor</b>, <i>mindful</i>], +<i>memory</i>.<br> +<b>memoriâ tenêre</b>, <i>remember</i><br> +<b>mêns, mentis</b>, f. <i>mind</i>. Cf. <b>animus</b><br> +<b>mênsis, -is</b>, m. <i>month</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2</a>. a)<br> +<b>mercâtor, -ôris</b>, m. [<b>mercor</b>, <i>trade</i>], +<i>trader, merchant</i><br> +<b>merîdiânus, -a, -um</b>, adj. +[<b>merîdiês</b>, <i>noon</i>], <i>of midday</i><br> +<b>merîdiês</b>, —— (acc. <b>-em</b>, abl. +<b>-ê</b>), m. [<b>medius</b>, <i>mid</i>, + <b>diês</b>, +<i>day</i>], <i>noon</i><br> +<b>metus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>fear, dread</i><br> +<b>meus, -a, -um</b>, possessive adj. and pron. <i>my, mine</i> (<a href += "#sec98">§ 98</a>)<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>mîles, -itis</b>, m. <i>soldier</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 1</a>)<br> +<b>mîlitâris, -e</b>, adj. [<b>mîles</b>, +<i>soldier</i>], <i>military</i>.<br> +<b>rês mîlitâris</b>, <i>science of war</i><br> +<b>mîlitô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>mîles</b>, <i>soldier</i>], <i>serve as a soldier</i><br> +<b>mîlle</b>, plur. <b>mîlia, -ium</b>, numeral adj. and +subst. <i>thousand</i> (<a href = "#sec479">§ 479</a>)<br> +<b>minimê</b>, adv. in superl. degree, compared <b>parum, minus, +minimê</b>, <i>least, very little; by no means</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)<br> +<a name = "page317"> </a> + + +<b>minimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>parvus, +minor, minimus</b>, <i>least, smallest</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>minor, minus, -ôris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, compared +<b>parvus, minor, minimus</b>, <i>smaller, less</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>Mînôs, -ôis</b>, m. <i>Minos</i>, a king of +Crete<br> +<b>minus</b>, adv. in comp. degree, compared <b>parum, minus, +minimê</b>, <i>less</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)<br> +<b>Minyae, -ârum</b>, m. <i>the Minyae</i>, a people of Greece<br> +<b>mîrâbilis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>mîror</b>, <i>wonder +at</i>], <i>wonderful, marvelous</i><br> +<b>mîror, -ârî, -âtus sum</b>, dep. verb +[<b>mîrus</b>, <i>wonderful</i>], <i>wonder, marvel, +admire</i><br> +<b>mîrus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>wonderful</i><br> +<b>Mîsênum, -î</b>, <i>Mise´num</i>, a +promontory and harbor on the coast of Campania. See map<br> +<b>miser, -era, -erum</b>, adj. <i>wretched, unhappy, miserable</i><br> +<b>missus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>mittô</b>, <i>sent</i><br> +<b>mittô, -ere, mîsî, missus</b>, <i>send</i><br> +<b>modicus, -a, -um</b> [<b>modus</b>, <i>measure</i>], <i>modest, +ordinary</i><br> +<b>modo</b>, adv. [abl. of <b>modus</b>, <i>measure</i>, with shortened +<b>o</b>], <i>only, merely, just now</i>.<br> +<b>modo ... modo</b>, <i>now ... now, sometimes ... sometimes</i><br> +<b>modus, -î</b>, m. <i>measure; manner, way; kind</i><br> +<b>moenia, -ium</b>, n. plur. [cf. <b>mûniô</b>, +<i>fortify</i>], <i>walls, ramparts</i><br> +<b>molestê</b>, adv. [<b>molestus</b>, <i>troublesome</i>], +compared <b>molestius, molestissimê</b>, <i>annoyingly</i>.<br> +<b>molestê ferre</b>, <i>to be annoyed</i><br> +<b>molestus, -a, -um</b>, <i>troublesome, annoying, unpleasant</i> (<a +href = "#sec501_16">§ 501.16</a>)<br> +<b>moneô, -êre, -uî, -itus</b>, <i>remind, advise, +warn</i> (<a href = "#sec489">§ 489</a>)<br> +<b>môns, montis</b>, m. <i>mountain</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2</a>. a)<br> +<b>mônstrum, -î</b>, n. <i>monster</i><br> +<b>mora, -ae</b>, f. <i>delay</i><br> +<b>moror, -ârî, -âtus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>mora</b>, +<i>delay</i>], <i>delay, linger; impede</i><br> +<b>mors, mortis</b>, f. [cf. <b>morior</b>, <i>die</i>], +<i>death</i><br> +<b>môs, môris</b>, m. <i>custom, habit</i><br> +<b>môtus, -ûs</b>, m. [cf. <b>moveô</b>, <i>move</i>], +<i>motion, movement</i>.<br> +<b>terrae môtus</b>, <i>earthquake</i><br> +<b>moveô, -êre, môvî, môtus</b>, +<i>move</i><br> +<b>mox</b>, adv. <i>soon, presently</i><br> +<b>mulier, -eris</b>, f. <i>woman</i><br> +<b>multitûdô, -inis</b>, f. [<b>multus</b>, <i>much</i>], +<i>multitude</i><br> +<b>multum</b> (<b>multô</b>), adv. [<b>multus</b>, <i>much</i>], +compared <b>plûs, plûrimum</b>, <i>much</i> (<a href = +"#sec477">§ 477</a>)<br> +<b>multus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>plûs, +plûrimus</b>, <i>much</i>; plur. <i>many</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>mûniô, -îre, -îvî or -iî, +-îtus</b>, <i>fortify, defend</i><br> +<b>mûnîtiô, -ônis</b>, f. +[<b>mûniô</b>, <i>fortify</i>], <i>defense, +fortification</i><br> +<b>mûrus, -î</b>, m. <i>wall</i>. Cf. <b>moenia</b><br> +<b>mûsica, -ae</b>, f. <i>music</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_N">N</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>nam</b>, conj. <i>for</i>. Cf. <b>enim</b><br> +<b>nam-que</b>, conj., a strengthened <b>nam</b>, introducing a reason +or explanation, <i>for, and in fact; seeing that</i><br> +<b>nârrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>tell, relate</i><br> +<b>nâscor, nâscî, nâtus sum</b>, dep. verb, +<i>be born, spring from</i><br> +<b>nâtûra, -ae</b>, f. <i>nature</i><br> +<b>nâtus</b>, part. of <b>nâscor</b><br> +<b>nauta, -ae</b>, m. [for <b>nâvita</b>, from <b>nâvis</b>, +<i>ship</i>], <i>sailor</i><br> +<a name = "page318"> </a> + + +<b>nâvâlis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>nâvis</b>, <i>ship</i>], +<i>naval</i><br> +<b>nâvigium, nâvi´gî</b>, n. <i>ship, +boat</i><br> +<b>nâvigô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>nâvis</b>, <i>ship</i>, + <b>agô</b>, <i>drive</i>], +<i>sail, cruise</i><br> +<b>nâvis, -is</b> (abl. -î or -e), f. <i>ship</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>).<br> +<b>nâvem cônscendere</b>, <i>embark, go on board</i>.<br> +<b>nâvem solvere</b>, <i>set sail</i>.<br> +<b>nâvis longa</b>, <i>man-of-war</i><br> +<b>nê</b>, conj. and adv. <i>in order that not, that</i> (with +verbs of fearing), <i>lest; not</i>.<br> +<b>nê ... quidem</b>, <i>not even</i><br> +<b>-ne</b>, interrog. adv., enclitic (see <a href = +"#sec16">§§ 16</a>, <a href = "#sec210">210</a>). Cf. +<b>nônne</b> and <b>num</b><br> +<b>nec</b> or <b>neque</b>, conj. [<b>nê</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>que</b>, <i>and</i>], <i>and not, nor</i>.<br> +<b>nec ... nec</b> or <b>neque ... neque</b>, <i>neither ... nor</i><br> +<b>necessârius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>needful, necessary</i><br> +<b>necô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> [cf. nex, +<i>death</i>], <i>kill</i>. Cf. <b>interficiô, occîdô, +trucîdô</b><br> +<b>negô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>deny, +say not</i> (<a href = "#sec420">§ 420. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>negôtium, negô´tî</b>, n. [<b>nec</b>, +<i>not</i>, + <b>ôtium</b>, <i>ease</i>], <i>business, affair, +matter</i>.<br> +<b>alicui negôtium dare</b>, <i>to employ some one</i><br> +<b>Nemaeus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Neme´an, of Neme´a</i>, in +southern Greece<br> +<b>nêmo</b>, dat. <b>nêminî</b> (gen. +<b>nûllîus</b>, abl. <b>nûllô</b>, supplied from +<b>nûllus</b>), m. and f. [<b>nê</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>homô</b>, <i>man</i>], <i>(not a man), no one, nobody</i><br> +<b>Neptûnus, -î</b>, m. <i>Neptune</i>, god of the sea, +brother of Jupiter<br> +<b>neque</b>, see <b>nec</b><br> +<b>neuter, -tra, -trum</b> (gen. <b>-trîus</b>, dat. +<b>-trî</b>), adj. <i>neither</i> (of two) (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>nê-ve</b>, conj. adv. <i>and not, and that not, and +lest</i><br> +<b>nihil</b>, n. indecl. [<b>nê</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>hîlum</b>, <i>a whit</i>], <i>nothing</i>.<br> +<b>nihil posse</b>, <i>to have no power</i><br> +<b>nihilum, -î</b>, n., see <b>nihil</b><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>Niobê, -ês</b>, f. <i>Ni´obe</i>, the queen of +Thebes whose children were destroyed by Apollo and Diana<br> +<b>nisi</b>, conj. [<b>nê</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>sî</b>, +<i>if</i>], <i>if not, unless, except</i><br> +<b>nôbilis, -e</b>, adj. <i>well known; noble</i><br> +<b>noceô, -êre, -uî, -itûrus</b> [cf. +<b>necô</b>, <i>kill</i>], <i>hurt, injure</i>, with dat. (<a href += "#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)<br> +<b>noctû</b>, abl. used as adv. [cf. <b>nox</b>, <i>night</i>], +<i>at night, by night</i><br> +<b>Nôla, -ae</b>, f. <i>Nola</i>, a town in central Campania. See +map<br> +<b>nôlô, nôlle, nôluî</b>, —— +[<b>ne</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>volô</b>, <i>wish</i>], <i>not to +wish, be unwilling</i> (<a href = "#sec497">§ 497</a>)<br> +<b>nômen, -inis</b>, n. [cf. <b>nôscô</b>, +<i>know</i>], <i>(means of knowing), name</i><br> +<b>nôminô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>nômen</b>, <i>name</i>], <i>name, call</i>. Cf. +<b>appellô, vocô</b><br> +<b>nôn</b>, adv. [<b>nê</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>ûnum</b>, <i>one</i>], <i>not</i>.<br> +<b>nôn sôlum ... sed etiam</b>, <i>not only ... but +also</i><br> +<b>nôn-dum</b>, adv. <i>not yet</i><br> +<b>nôn-ne</b>, interrog. adv. suggesting an affirmative answer, +<i>not?</i> (<a href = "#sec210">§ 210</a>). Cf. <b>-ne</b> +and <b>num</b><br> +<b>nôs</b>, pers. pron. <i>we</i> (see <b>ego</b>) (<a href = +"#sec480">§ 480</a>)<br> +<b>noster, -tra, -trum</b>, possessive adj. and pron. <i>our, ours</i>. +Plur. <b>nostrî, -ôrum</b>, m. <i>our men</i> (<a href = +"#sec98">§ 98</a>)<br> +<b>novem</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>nine</i><br> +<b>novus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>new</i>.<br> +<b>novae rês</b>, <i>a revolution</i><br> +<b>nox, noctis</b>, f. <i>night</i>, <b>multâ nocte</b>, <i>late +at night</i><br> +<b>nûllus, -a, -um</b> (gen. <b>-îus</b>, dat. +<b>-î</b>) adj. [<b>nê</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>ûllus</b>, <i>any</i>], <i>not any, none, no</i> (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>num</b>, interrog. adv. suggesting a negative answer (<a href = +"#sec210">§ 210</a>). Cf. <b>-ne</b> and <b>nônne</b>. +In indir. questions, <i>whether</i><br> +<a name = "page319"> </a> + + +<b>numerus, -î</b>, m. <i>number</i><br> +<b>numquam</b>, adv. [<b>nê</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>umquam</b>, +<i>ever</i>], <i>never</i><br> +<b>nunc</b>, adv. <i>now</i>. Cf. <b>iam</b><br> +<b>nûntiô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>nûntius</b>, <i>messenger</i>], <i>report, announce</i> (<a +href = "#sec420">§ 420. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>nûntius, nûntî</b>, m. <i>messenger</i><br> +<b>nûper</b>, adv. <i>recently, lately, just now</i><br> +<b>nympha, -ae</b>, f. <i>nymph</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_O">O</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>ob</b>, prep. with acc. <i>on account of</i>. In compounds it often +means <i>in front of, against</i>, or it is intensive.<br> +<b>quam ob rem</b>, <i>for this reason</i> (<a href = +"#sec340">§ 340</a>)<br> +<b>obses, -idis</b>, m. and f. <i>hostage</i><br> +<b>ob-sideô,-êre,-sêdî, -sessus</b> [<b>ob</b>, +<i>against</i>, + <b>sedeô</b>, <i>sit</i>], <i>besiege</i><br> +<b>obtineô, -êre, -uî, -tentus</b> [<b>ob</b>, +<i>against</i>, + <b>teneô</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>possess, occupy, +hold</i><br> +<b>occâsiô, -ônis</b>, f. <i>favorable opportunity, +favorable moment</i><br> +<b>occâsus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>going down, setting</i><br> +<b>occîdô, -ere, -cîdî, -cîsus</b> +[<b>ob</b>, <i>down</i>, + <b>caedô</b>, <i>strike</i>], <i>strike +down; cut down, kill</i>. Cf. <b>interficiô, necô</b><br> +<b>occupô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>ob</b>, <i>completely</i>, + <b>capiô</b>, <i>take</i>], +<i>seize, take possession of, occupy</i>. Cf. <b>rapio</b><br> +<b>oc-currô, -ere, -currî, -cursus</b> [<b>ob</b>, +<i>against</i> + <b>currô</b>, <i>run</i>], <i>run towards; +meet</i>, with dat. (<a href = "#sec426">§ 426</a>)<br> +<b>ôceanus, -î</b>, m. <i>the ocean</i><br> +<b>octô</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>eight</i><br> +<b>oculus, -î</b>, m. <i>eye</i><br> +<b>officium, offi´cî</b>, n. <i>duty</i><br> +<b>ôlim</b>, adv. <i>formerly, once upon a time</i><br> +<b>ômen, -inis</b>, n. <i>sign, token, omen</i><br> +<b>ô-mittô, -ere, -mîsî, -missus</b> [<b>ob</b>, +<i>over, past</i>, + <b>mittô</b>, <i>send</i>], <i>let go, +omit</i>.<br> +<b>consilium omittere</b>, <i>give up a plan</i><br> +<b>omnînô</b>, adv. [<b>omnis</b>, <i>all</i>], +<i>altogether, wholly, entirely</i><br> +<b>omnis, -e</b>, adj. <i>all, every.</i> Cf. <b>tôtus</b><br> +<b>onerâria, -ae</b>, f. [<b>onus</b>, <i>load</i>], with +<b>nâvis</b> expressed or understood, <i>merchant vessel, +transport</i><br> +<b>onus, -eris</b>, n. <i>load, burden</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>opîniô, -ônis</b>, f. [<b>opînor</b>, +<i>suppose</i>], <i>opinion, supposition, expectation</i><br> +<b>oppidânus, -î</b>, m. [<b>oppidum</b>, <i>town</i>], +<i>townsman</i><br> +<b>oppidum, -î</b>, n. <i>town, stronghold</i><br> +<b>opportûnus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>suitable, opportune, +favorable</i><br> +<b>op-primô, -ere, -pressî, -pressus</b> [<b>ob</b>, +<i>against</i>, + <b>premô</b>, <i>press</i>], (<i>press +against</i>), <i>crush; surprise</i><br> +<b>oppugnâtiô, -ônis</b>, f. <i>storming, +assault</i><br> +<b>oppugnô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>ob</b>, <i>against</i>, + <b>pugnô</b> <i>fight</i>], <i>fight +against, assault, storm, assail</i><br> +<b>optimê</b>, adv. in superl. degree, compared <b>bene, melius, +optimê</b>, <i>very well, best of all</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)<br> +<b>optimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>bonus, +melior, optimus</b>, <i>best, most excellent</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>opus, -eris</b>, n. <i>work, labor, task</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 2. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>ôrâculum, -î</b>, n. [<b>ôrô</b>, +<i>speak</i>], <i>oracle</i><br> +<b>ôrâtor, -ôris</b>, m. [<b>ôrô</b>, +<i>speak</i>], <i>orator</i><br> +<b>orbis, -is</b>, m. <i>ring, circle</i>.<br> +<b>orbis terrârum</b>, <i>the earth, world</i><br> +<b>orbita, -ae</b>, f. [<b>orbis</b>, <i>wheel</i>], <i>rut</i><br> +<b>Orcus, -î</b>, m. <i>Orcus, the lower world</i><br> +<b>ôrdô, -inis</b>, m. <i>row, order, rank</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>orîgo, -inis</b>, f. [<b>orior</b>, <i>rise</i>], <i>source, +origin</i><br> +<b>orior, -îrî, ortus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>arise, rise, +begin; spring, be born</i><br> +<a name = "page320"> </a> + + +<b>ôrnâmentum, -î</b>, n. [<b>ôrnô</b>, +<i>fit out</i>], <i>ornament, jewel</i><br> +<b>ôrnâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of +<b>ôrnô</b>, <i>fit out</i>] <i>fitted out; adorned</i><br> +<b>ôrnô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>fit out, adorn</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_P">P</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>P.</b>, abbreviation for <b>Pûblius</b><br> +<b>paene</b>, adv. <i>nearly, almost</i><br> +<b>palûdâmentum, -î</b>, n. <i>military cloak</i><br> +<b>palûs, -ûdis</b>, f. <i>swamp, marsh</i><br> +<b>pânis, -is</b>, m. <i>bread</i><br> +<b>pâr, paris</b>, adj. <i>equal</i> (<a href = +"#sec471">§ 471. III</a>)<br> +<b>parâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>parô</b>, +<i>prepare</i>], <i>prepared, ready</i><br> +<b>parcô, -ere, peper´cî</b> (<b>parsî</b>), +<b>parsûrus</b>, <i>spare</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)<br> +<b>pâreô, -êre, -uî</b>, ——, +<i>obey</i>, with dat. (<a href = "#sec501">§ 501</a> .14)<br> +<b>parô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>prepare +for, prepare; provide, procure</i><br> +<b>pars, partis</b>, f. <i>part, share; side, direction</i><br> +<b>parum</b>, adv., compared <b>minus, minimê</b>, <i>too little, +not enough</i> (<a href = "#sec323">§ 323</a>)<br> +<b>parvus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>minor, minimus</b>, <i>small, +little</i> (<a href = "#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>passus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>step, pace</i>.<br> +<b>mîlle passuum</b>, <i>thousand paces, mile</i> (<a href = +"#sec331">§ 331. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>pateô, -êre, patuî</b>, ——, <i>lie +open, be open; stretch, extend</i><br> +<b>pater, -tris</b>, m. <i>father</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 2. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>patior, -î, passus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>bear, suffer, allow, +permit</i><br> +<b>patria, -ae</b>, f. [cf. <b>pater</b>, <i>father</i>], +<i>fatherland</i>, (<i>one's</i>) <i>country</i><br> +<b>paucus, -a, -um</b>, adj. (generally plur.), <i>few, only a +few</i><br> +<b>paulisper</b>, adv. <i>for a little while</i><br> +<b>paulô</b>, adv. <i>by a little, little</i><br> +<b>paulum</b> adv. <i>a little, somewhat</i><br> +<b>pâx, pâcis</b>, f. (no gen. plur.), <i>peace</i><br> +<b>pecûnia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>pecus</b>, <i>cattle</i>], +<i>money</i><br> +<b>pedes, -itis</b>, m. [<b>pês</b>, <i>foot</i>], <i>foot +soldier</i><br> +<b>pedester, -tris, -tre</b>, adj. [<b>pês</b>, <i>foot</i>], +<i>on foot; by land</i><br> +<b>peior, peius, -ôris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, compared +<b>malus, peior, pessimus</b>, <i>worse</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>pellis, -is</b>, f. <i>skin, hide</i><br> +<b>penna, -ae</b>, f. <i>feather</i><br> +<b>per</b>, prep. with acc. <i>through, by means of, on account of</i>. +In composition it often has the force of <i>thoroughly, completely, +very</i> (<a href = "#sec340">§ 340</a>)<br> +<b>percussus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>percutiô</b>, +<i>strike through</i>], <i>pierced</i><br> +<b>per-dûcô, -ere, -dûxî, -ductus</b> +[<b>per</b>, <i>through</i>, + <b>dûcô</b>, <i>lead</i>], +<i>lead through</i>.<br> +<b>fossam perdûcere</b>, <i>to construct a ditch</i><br> +<b>per-exiguus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>per</b>, <i>very</i>, + +<b>exiguus</b>, <i>small</i>], <i>very small, very short</i><br> +<b>perfidus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>faithless, treacherous, false</i><br> +<b>per-fringô, -ere, -frêgî, -frâctus</b> +[<b>per</b>, <i>through</i>, <b>frangô</b>, <i>break</i>], +<i>shatter</i><br> +<b>pergô, -ere, perrêxî, perrêctus</b> +[<b>per</b>, <i>through</i>, + <b>regô</b>, <i>conduct</i>], <i>go +on, proceed, hasten</i><br> +<b>perîculum, -î</b>, n. <i>trial, test; danger</i><br> +<b>perist[y]lum, -î</b>, n. <i>peristyle</i>, an open court with +columns around it<br> +<b>perîtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>skillful</i><br> +<b>perpetuus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>perpetual</i><br> +<b>Perseus, -eî</b>, <i>Perseus</i>, a Greek hero, son of Jupiter +and Danaë<br> +<b>persôna, -ae</b>, f. <i>part, character, person</i><br> +<b>per-suâdeô, -êre, -suâsî, +-suâsus</b> [<b>per</b>, <i>thoroughly</i>, + +<b>suâdeô</b>, <i>persuade</i>], <i>persuade, advise</i>, +with dat. (<a href = "#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>), often with an +object clause of purpose (<a href = +"#sec501_41">§ 501.41</a>)<br> +<a name = "page321"> </a> + + +<b>per-terreô, -êre, -uî, -itus</b> [<b>per</b>, +<i>thoroughly</i>, + <b>terreô</b>, <i>frighten</i>], +<i>thoroughly terrify, alarm</i><br> +<b>per-veniô, -îre, -vênî, -ventus</b> +[<b>per</b>, <i>through</i>, + <b>veniô</b>, <i>come</i>], +<i>arrive, reach, come to</i><br> +<b>pês, pedis</b>, m. <i>foot</i>.<br> +<b>pedem referre</b>, <i>retreat</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>pessimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>malus, +peior, pessimus</b>, <i>worst</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>petô, -ere, -îvî or -iî, -îtus</b>, +<i>strive for, seek, beg, ask; make for, travel to</i>. Cf. +<b>postulô, quaerô, rogô</b><br> +<b>Pharsâlus, -î</b>, f. <i>Pharsa´lus</i> or +<i>Pharsa´lia</i>, a town in Thessaly, near which Cassar defeated +Pompey, 48 B.C.<br> +<b>philosophia, -ae</b>, f. <i>philosophy</i><br> +<b>philosophus, -î</b>, m. <i>philosopher</i><br> +<b>pictus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>pingô</b>, +<i>paint</i>], <i>colored, variegated</i><br> +<b>pîlum, -î</b>, n. <i>spear, javelin</i> (<a href = +"#sec462">§ 462. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>piscîna, -ae</b>, f. [<b>piscis</b>, <i>fish</i>], <i>fish +pond</i><br> +<b>piscis, -is</b>, m. <i>fish</i><br> +<b>pîstor, -ôris</b>, m. <i>baker</i><br> +<b>placeô. -êre, -uî, -itus</b>, <i>please, be +pleasing</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)<br> +<b>plânitiês, -êî</b>, f. [<b>plânus</b>, +<i>level</i>], <i>plain</i><br> +<b>plânus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>level, flat</i><br> +<b>plênus, -a, -um</b>, <i>full</i><br> +<b>plûrimum</b>, adv. in superl. degree, compared <b>multum, +plûs, plûrimum</b>, <i>very much</i>.<br> +<b>plûrimum valêre</b>, <i>be most influential</i> (<a href += "#sec322">§ 322</a>)<br> +<b>plûrimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared +<b>multus, plûs, plûrimus</b>, <i>most, very many</i> (<a +href = "#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>plûs, plûris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, compared +<b>multus, plûs, plûrimus</b>; sing. n. as substantive, +<i>more</i>; plur. <i>more, several</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)<br> +<b>pluteus, -î</b>, m. <i>shield, parapet</i><br> +<b>poena, -ae</b>, f. <i>punishment, penalty</i><br> +<b>poêta, -ae</b>, m. <i>poet</i><br> +<b>pompa, -ae</b>, f. <i>procession</i><br> +<b>Pompêiî, -ôrum</b>, m. <i>Pompeii</i>, a city of +Campania. See map<br> +<b>Pompêius, Pompê´î</b>, m. <i>Pompey</i>, a +Roman name<br> +<b>pômum, -î</b>, n. <i>apple</i><br> +<b>pônô, -ere, posuî, positus</b>, <i>put, +place</i>.<br> +<b>castra pônere</b>, <i>pitch camp</i><br> +<b>pôns, pontis</b>, m. <i>bridge</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>popîna, -ae</b>, f. <i>restaurant</i><br> +<b>populus, -î</b>, m. <i>people</i><br> +<b>Porsena, -ae</b>, m. <i>Porsena</i>, king of Etruria, a district of +Italy. See map<br> +<b>porta, -ae</b>, f. <i>gate, door</i><br> +<b>portô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>bear, +carry</i><br> +<b>portus, -ûs</b>, m. [cf. <b>porta</b>, <i>gate</i>], +<i>harbor</i><br> +<b>possideô, -êre, -sêdî, -sessus</b>, <i>have, +own, possess</i><br> +<b>possum, posse, potuî</b>, ——, irreg. verb +[<b>potis</b>, <i>able</i>, + <b>sum</b>, <i>I am</i>], <i>be able, +can</i> (<a href = "#sec495">§ 495</a>).<br> +<b>nihil posse</b>, <i>have no power</i><br> +<b>post</b>, prep, with acc. <i>after, behind</i> (<a href = +"#sec340">§ 340</a>)<br> +<b>posteâ</b>, adv. [<b>post</b>, <i>after</i>, + <b>eâ</b>, +<i>this</i>], <i>afterwards</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +(<b>posterus</b>), <b>-a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>posterior, +postrêmus</b> or <b>postumus</b>, <i>following, next</i> (<a href += "#sec312">§ 312</a>)<br> +<b>postquam</b>, conj. <i>after, as soon as</i><br> +<b>postrêmô</b>, adv. [abl. of <b>postrêmus</b>, +<i>last</i>], <i>at last, finally</i>. Cf. <b>dêmum, +dênique</b> (<a href = "#sec322">§ 322</a>)<br> +<b>postrîdiê</b>, adv. [<b>posterô</b>, <i>next</i>, + +<b>diê</b>, <i>day</i>], <i>on the next day</i><br> +<b>postulô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>ask, +demand, require</i>. Cf. <b>petô, quaerô, rogô</b><br> +<b>potentia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>potêns</b>, <i>able</i>], <i>might, +power, force</i><br> +<a name = "page322"> </a> + + +<b>prae-beô, -êre, -uî, -itus</b> [<b>prae</b>, +<i>forth</i>, + <b>habeô</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>offer, give</i><br> +<b>praeda, -ae</b>, f. <i>booty, spoil, plunder</i><br> +<b>prae-dîcô, -ere, -dîxî, -dictus</b> +[<b>prae</b>, <i>before</i>, + <b>dîcô</b>, <i>tell</i>], +<i>foretell, predict</i><br> +<b>prae-ficiô, -ere, -fêcî, -fectus</b> [<b>prae</b>, +<i>before</i>, + <b>faciô</b>, <i>make</i>], <i>place in +command</i>, with acc. and dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>)<br> +<b>prae-mittô, -ere, -mîsî, -missus</b> [<b>prae</b>, +<i>forward</i>, + <b>mittô</b>, <i>send</i>], <i>send +forward</i><br> +<b>praemium, praemî</b>, n. <i>reward, prize</i><br> +<b>praeruptus, -a, -um</b> [part. of <b>prae-rumpô</b>, <i>break +off</i>], <i>broken off, steep</i><br> +<b>praesêns, -entis</b>, adj. <i>present, immediate</i><br> +<b>praesertim</b>, adv. <i>especially, chiefly</i><br> +<b>praesidium, praesi´di</b>, n. <i>guard, garrison, +protection</i><br> +<b>prae-stô, -âre, -stitî, -stitus</b> [<b>prae</b>, +<i>before</i>, + <b>sto</b>, <i>stand</i>], (<i>stand before</i>), +<i>excel, surpass</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>); <i>show, exhibit</i><br> +<b>prae-sum, -esse, -fuî, -futûrus</b> [<b>prae</b>, +<i>before</i>, + <b>sum</b>, <i>be</i>], <i>be over, be in command +of</i>, with dat. (<a href = "#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>)<br> +<b>praeter</b>, prep, with acc. <i>beyond, contrary to</i> (<a href = +"#sec340">§ 340</a>)<br> +<b>praetereâ</b>, adv. [<b>praeter</b>, <i>besides</i>, + +<b>eâ</b>, <i>this</i>], <i>in addition, besides, moreover</i><br> +<b>praetextus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>bordered, edged</i><br> +<b>praetôrium, praetô´rî</b>, n. +<i>prætorium</i><br> +<b>prandium, prandî</b>, n. <i>luncheon</i><br> +<b>premô, -ere, pressî, pressus</b>, <i>press hard, +compress; crowd, drive, harass</i><br> +(<b>prex, precis</b>), f. <i>prayer</i><br> +<b>prîmô</b>, adv. [<b>prîmus</b>, <i>first</i>], +<i>at first, in the beginning</i> (<a href = +"#sec322">§ 322</a>)<br> +<b>prîmum</b>, adv. [<b>prîmus</b>, <i>first</i>], +<i>first</i>.<br> +<b>quam primum</b>, <i>as soon as possible</i><br> +<b>prîmus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>prior, +prîmus</b>, <i>first</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)<br> +<b>prînceps, -cipis</b>, m. [<b>prîmus</b>, <i>first</i>, + +<b>capiô</b>, <i>take</i>], (<i>taking the first place</i>), +<i>chief, leader</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 1</a>)<br> +<b>prior, prius, -ôris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, superl., +<b>prîmus</b>, <i>former</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)<br> +<b>prîstinus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>former, previous</i><br> +<b>prô</b>, prep, with abl. <i>before; for, for the sake of, in +behalf of; instead of, as</i> (<a href = "#sec209">§ 209</a>). +In composition, <i>forth, forward</i><br> +<b>prô-cêdô, -ere, -cussî, -cessûrus</b> +[<b>prô</b>, <i>forward</i>, + <b>cêdô</b>, +<i>go</i>], <i>go forward, proceed</i><br> +<b>procul</b>, adv. <i>far, afar off</i><br> +<b>prô-currô, -ere, -currî</b> +(<b>-cucurrî</b>), <b>-cur-sus</b> [<b>prô</b>, +<i>forward</i>, + <b>currô</b>, <i>run</i>], <i>run +forward</i><br> +<b>proelium, proeli</b>, n. <i>battle, combat</i>.<br> +<b>proelium committere</b>, <i>join battle</i>.<br> +<b>proelium facere</b>, <i>fight a battle</i><br> +<b>profectiô, -ônis</b>, f. <i>departure</i><br> +<b>proficîscor, -î, -fectus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>set out, +march</i>. Cf. <b>êgredior, exeô</b><br> +<b>prô-gredior, -î, -gressus sum</b>, dep. verb +[<b>prô</b>, <i>forth</i>, + <b>gradior</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>go +forth, proceed, advance</i>. Cf. <b>pergô, +prôcêdô</b><br> +<b>prôgressus</b>, see <b>prôgredior</b><br> +<b>prohibeô, -êre, -uî, -itus</b> [<b>prô</b>, +<i>forth, away from</i>, + <b>habeô</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>keep +away from, hinder, prevent</i><br> +<b>prô-moveô, -êre, -môvî, +-môtus</b> [<b>prô</b>, <i>forward</i>, + +<b>moveô</b>, <i>move</i>], <i>move forward, advance</i><br> +<b>prô-nûntiô, -âre, -âvî, +-âtus</b> [<b>prô</b>, <i>forth</i>, + +<b>nûntiô</b>, <i>announce</i>], <i>proclaim, +declare</i><br> +<b>prope</b>, adv., compared <b>propius, proxi-mê</b>, +<i>nearly</i>. Prep, with acc. <i>near</i><br> +<b>prô-pellô, -ere, -pulî, -pulsus</b> +[<b>prô</b>, <i>forth</i>, + <b>pellô</b>, <i>drive</i>], +<i>drive forth; move, impel</i><br> +<a name = "page323"> </a> + + +<b>properô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>properus</b>, <i>quick], go quickly, hasten</i>. Cf. +<b>contendô, maturô</b><br> +<b>propinquus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>prope</b>, <i>near], near, +neighboring</i><br> +<b>propior, -ius, -ôris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, superl., +<b>proximus</b>, <i>nearer</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)<br> +<b>propius</b>, adv. in comp. degree, compared <b>prope, propius, +proximê</b>, <i>nearer</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)<br> +<b>propter</b>, prep. with acc. <i>on account of, because of</i> (<a +href = "#sec340">§ 340</a>)<br> +<b>prô-scrîbô, -ere, -scrîpsî, +-scriptus</b> [<b>prô</b>, <i>forth</i>, + <b>scribô</b>, +<i>write</i>], <i>proclaim, publish</i>. Cf. +<b>prônûntiô</b><br> +<b>prô-sequor, -sequî, -secûtus sum</b>, dep. verb +[<b>prô</b>, <i>forth</i>, + <b>sequor</b>, <i>follow], escort, +attend</i><br> +<b>prô-sum, prôdesse, prôfuî, +prôfutûrus</b> [<b>prô</b>, <i>for</i>, + <b>sum</b>, +<i>be</i>], <i>be useful, benefit</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec496">§§ 496</a>; <a href = "#sec501">501</a>.15)<br> +<b>prô-tegô, -ere, -têx=i], -têctus</b> +[<b>prô</b>, <i>in front</i>, + <b>tegô</b>, <i>cover], +cover in front, protect</i><br> +<b>prôvincia, -ae</b>, f. <i>territory, province</i><br> +<b>proximê</b>, adv. in superl. degree, compared <b>prope, +propius, proximê</b>, <i>nearest, next; last, most recently</i> +(<a href = "#sec323">§ 323</a>)<br> +<b>proximus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>propior, +proximus</b>, <i>nearest, next</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)<br> +<b>pûblicus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>populus</b>,<i>people</i>], +<i>of the people, public</i>, <b>res pûblica</b>, <i>the +commonwealth</i><br> +<b>puella, -ae</b>, f. [diminutive of <b>puer</b>, <i>boy</i>], <i>girl, +maiden</i><br> +<b>puer, -eri</b>, m. <i>boy; slave</i> (<a href = +"#sec462">§ 462. <i>c</i></a>)<br> +<b>pugna, -ae</b>, f <i>-fight, battle.</i> Cf. <b>proelium</b><br> +<b>pugnô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>pugna</b>, <i>battle], fight</i>. Cf. <b>contendô, +dîmicô</b><br> +<b>pulcher, -chra, -chrum</b>, adj. <i>beautiful, pretty</i> (<a href = +"#sec469">§§ 469.<i>b</i></a>; <a href = +"#sec304">304</a>)<br> +<b>Pullô, -ônis</b>, m. <i>Pullo</i>, a centurion<br> +<b>pulsô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>strike, beat</i><br> +<b>puppis, -is</b> (acc. <b>-im</b>, abl. <b>-î</b>), f. +<i>stern</i> of a ship, <i>deck</i><br> +<b>pûrê</b>, adv. [<b>pûrus</b>, <i>pure</i>], comp. +<b>pûrius</b>, <i>purely</i><br> +<b>pûrgô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>cleanse, clean</i><br> +<b>purpureus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>purple, dark red</i><br> +<b>putô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>reckon, +think</i> (<a href = "#sec420">§ 420</a>,<i>c</i>). Cf. +<b>arbitror, exîstimô</b><br> +<b>P[y]thia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Pythia</i>, the inspired priestess of Apollo +at Delphi<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_Q">Q</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>quâ dê causâ</b>, <i>for this reason, +wherefore</i><br> +<b>quâ rê</b>, <i>therefore, for this reason</i><br> +<b>quaerô, -ere, -sîvî, -sîtus</b>, <i>seek, +ask, inquire</i>. Cf. <b>petô, postulô, rogô</b><br> +<b>quâlis, -e</b>, interrog. pronom. adj. <i>of what sort, what +kind of</i>.<br> +<b>talis ... qualis</b>, <i>such ... as</i><br> +<b>quam</b>, adv. <i>how</i>; after a comparative, <i>than</i> ; with a +superlative, translated <i>as ... as possible</i>, <b>quam +prîmum</b>, <i>as soon as possible</i><br> +<b>quantus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>quam</b>, <i>how], how great, how +much</i>, <b>tantus ... quantus</b>, <i>as great as</i><br> +<b>quârtus, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. [<b>quattuor</b>, +<i>four</i>], <i>fourth</i><br> +<b>quattuor</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>four</i><br> +<b>quattuor-decim</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>fourteen</i><br> +<b>-que</b>, conj., enclitic, <i>and</i> (<a href = +"#sec16">§ 16</a>). Cf. <b>ac, atque, et</b><br> +<b>quî, quae, quod</b>, rel. pron. and adj. <i>who, which, what, +that</i> (<a href = "#sec482">§ 482</a>)<br> +<a name = "page324"> </a> + + +<b>quia</b>, conj. <i>because</i>. Cf. <b>quod</b><br> +<b>quîdam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam)</b>, indef. pron. and adj. +<i>a certain one, a certain, a</i> (<a href = +"#sec485">§ 485</a>).<br> +<b>quidem</b>, adv. <i>to be sure, certainly, indeed</i>, <b>nê +... quidem</b>, <i>not even</i><br> +<b>quiês, -êtis</b>, f. <i>rest, repose</i><br> +<b>quiêtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>quiet, restful</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>quîndecim</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>fifteen</i><br> +<b>quîngentî, -ae, -a</b>, numeral adj. <i>five +hundred</i><br> +<b>quînque</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>five</i><br> +<b>quîntus, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. <i>fifth</i><br> +<b>quis (quî), quae, quid (quod)</b>, interrog. pron. and adj. +<i>who? what? which?</i> (<a href = "#sec483">§ 483</a>).<br> +<b>quis (quî), qua (quae), quid (quod)</b>, indef. pron. and adj., +used after <b>sî, nisi, nê, num</b>, <i>any one, anything, +some one, something, any, some</i> (<a href = +"#sec484">§ 484</a>).<br> +<b>quisquam, quicquam</b> or <b>quidquam</b> (no fem. or plur.), indef. +pron. <i>any one</i> (at all), <i>anything</i> (at all) (<a href = +"#sec486">§ 486</a>).<br> +<b>quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque)</b>, indef. pron. and adj. +<i>each, each one, every</i> (<a href = +"#sec484">§ 484</a>).<br> +<b>quô</b>, interrog. and rel. adv. <i>whither, where</i><br> +<b>quô</b>, conj. <i>in order to, that</i>, with comp. degree (<a +href = "#sec350">§ 350</a>).<br> +<b>quod</b>, conj. <i>because, in that</i>. Cf. <b>quia</b><br> +<b>quoque</b>, conj., following an emphatic word, <i>also, too</i>. Cf. +<b>etiam</b><br> +<b>quot-annîs</b>, adv. [<b>quot</b>, <i>how many</i> + +<b>annus</b>, <i>year</i>], <i>every year, yearly</i><br> +<b>quotiêns</b>, interrog. and rel. adv. <i>how often? as often +as</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_R">R</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>râdîx, -îcis</b>, f. <i>root; foot</i><br> +<b>rapiô, -ere, -uî, -tus</b>, <i>seize, snatch</i><br> +<b>rârô</b>, adv. [<b>rârus</b>, <i>rare</i>], +<i>rarely</i><br> +<b>rârus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>rare</i><br> +<b>re-</b> or <b>red-</b>, an inseparable prefix, <i>again, back, anew, +in return</i><br> +<b>rebelliô, -ônis</b>, f. <i>renewal of war, +rebellion</i><br> +<b>recêns, -entis</b>, adj. <i>recent</i><br> +<b>re-cipiô, -ere, -cêpî, -ceptus</b> [<b>re-</b>, +<i>back</i>, + <b>capiô</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>take back, +receive</i>.<br> +<b>sê recipere</b>, <i>withdraw, retreat</i><br> +<b>re-clînâtus, -a, -um</b>, part. of +<b>reclînô</b>, <i>leaning back</i><br> +<b>re-creâtus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>recreô</b>, +<i>refreshed</i><br> +<b>rêctus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>regô</b>, <i>keep +straight</i>], <i>straight, direct</i><br> +<b>re-cûsô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>refuse</i><br> +<b>red-âctus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>redigô</b>, +<i>reduced, subdued</i><br> +<b>red-eô, -îre, -iî, -itus</b> [<b>red-</b>, +<i>back</i>, + <b>eô</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>go back, return</i> (<a +href = "#sec413">§ 413</a>). Cf. <b>revertô</b><br> +<b>reditus, -ûs</b>, m. [cf. <b>redeô</b>, <i>return</i>], +<i>return, going back</i><br> +<b>re-dûcô, -ere, -dûxî, -ductus</b> +[<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + <b>dûcô</b>, <i>lead</i>], +<i>lead back</i><br> +<b>re-ferô, -ferre, rettulî, -lâtus</b> [<b>re-</b>, +<i>back</i>, + <b>ferô</b>, <i>bear</i>], <i>bear back; +report</i>.<br> +<b>pedem referre</b>, <i>withdraw, retreat</i><br> +<b>re-ficiô, -ere, -fêcî, -fectus</b> [<b>re-</b>, +<i>again</i>, + <b>faciô</b>, <i>make</i>], <i>make again, +repair</i>.<br> +<b>sê reficere</b>, <i>refresh one's self</i><br> +<b>rêgîna, -ae</b>, f. [<b>rêx</b>, <i>king</i>], +<i>queen</i><br> +<b>regiô, -ônis</b>, f. <i>region, district</i><br> +<b>rêgnum, -î</b>, n. <i>sovereignty; kingdom</i><br> +<b>regô, -ere, rêxî, rêctus</b> [cf. +<b>rêx</b>, <i>king</i>], <i>govern, rule</i> (<a href = +"#sec490">§ 490</a>)<br> +<b>re-iciô, -ere, -iêcî, -iectus</b> [<b>re-</b>, +<i>back</i>, + <b>iaciô</b>, <i>hurl</i>], <i>hurl back; throw +away</i><br> +<b>re-linquô, -ere, -lîquî, -lictus</b> [<b>re-</b>, +<i>behind</i>, + <b>linquô</b>, <i>leave</i>], <i>leave behind, +leave, abandon</i><br> +<a name = "page325"> </a> + + +<b>reliquus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [cf. <b>relinquô</b>, +<i>leave</i>], <i>left over, remaining</i>. As a noun, plur. <i>the +rest</i><br> +<b>remôtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>re-moveô</b>, +<i>remove</i>], <i>remote, distant</i><br> +<b>re-moveô, -êre, -môvî, -motus</b> +[<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + <b>moveô</b>, <i>move</i>], +<i>remove</i><br> +<b>rêmus, -î</b>, m. <i>oar</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>re-periô, -îre, repperî, repertus</b>, +<i>find</i><br> +<b>re-portô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + <b>portô</b>, <i>carry</i>], <i>carry +back, bring back, win, gain</i><br> +<b>rês, reî</b>, f. <i>thing, business, matter, deed, event, +circumstance</i> (<a href = "#sec467">§ 467</a>).<br> +<b>quam ob rem</b>, <i>for this reason</i>.<br> +<b>rês adversae</b>, <i>adversity</i>.<br> +<b>rês frûmentâria</b>, <i>grain supplies</i>.<br> +<b>rês gestae</b>, <i>exploits</i>.<br> +<b>rês militâris</b>, <i>science of war</i>.<br> +<b>rês pûblica</b>, <i>the commonwealth</i>.<br> +<b>rês secundae</b>, <i>prosperity</i><br> +<b>re-scindô, -ere, -scidî, -scissus</b> [<b>re-</b>, +<i>back</i>, + <b>scindô</b>, <i>cut</i>], <i>cut off, cut +down</i><br> +<b>re-sistô, -ere, -stitî</b>, —— [<b>re-</b>, +<i>back</i>, + <b>sistô</b>, <i>cause to stand</i>], <i>oppose, +resist</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)<br> +<b>re-spondeô, -êre, -spondî, -spônsus</b> +[<b>re-</b>, <i>in return</i>, + <b>spondeô</b>, <i>promise</i>], +answer, reply (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>re-vertô, -ere, -î</b>, ——, or dep. verb +<b>re-vertor, -î, -sus sum</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + +<b>vertô</b>, <i>turn</i>], <i>turn back, return</i>. Usually +active in the perf. system<br> +<b>re-vinciô, -îre, -vînxî, -vînctus</b> +[<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + <b>vinciô</b>, <i>bind</i>], +<i>fasten</i><br> +<b>rêx, rêgis</b>, m. [cf. <b>regô</b>, <i>rule</i>], +<i>king</i><br> +<b>Rhênus, -î</b>, m. <i>the Rhine</i>, a river of +Germany<br> +<b>rîpa, -ae</b>, f. <i>bank</i><br> +<b>rogô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>ask</i>. Cf. <b>petô, postulô, quaerô</b><br> +<b>Rôma, -ae</b>, f. <i>Rome</i>. See map<br> +<b>Rômânus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>Rôma</b>, +<i>Rome</i>], <i>Roman</i>, follows its noun. As a noun, m. and f. <i>a +Roman</i><br> +<b>rosa, -ae</b>, f. <i>rose</i><br> +<b>rôstrum, -î</b>, n. <i>beak</i> of a ship. In plur., +<i>the rostra</i>, the speaker's stand in the Roman Forum<br> +<b>rota, -ae</b>, f. <i>wheel</i><br> +<b>Rubicô, -ônis</b>, m. <i>the Rubicon</i>, a river in +northern Italy. See map<br> +<b>rûmor, -ôris</b>, m. <i>report, rumor</i><br> +<b>rûrsus</b>, adv. [for <b>reversus</b>, <i>turned back</i>], +<i>again, in turn</i><br> +<b>rûs, rûris</b> (locative abl. <b>rûrî</b>, no +gen., dat., or abl. plur.), n. <i>the country</i> (<a href = +"#sec501_36">§ 501. 36. 1</a>). Cf. <b>ager, patria, +terra</b><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_S">S</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>Sabînus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Sabine</i>. As a noun, m. and f. +<i>a Sabine</i>. The Sabines were an ancient people of central Italy. +See map<br> +<b>sacrum, -î</b>, n. [<b>sacer</b>, <i>consecrated</i>], +<i>something consecrated, sacrifice;</i> usually in plur., <i>religious +rites</i><br> +<b>saepe</b>, adv., compared <b>saepius, saepissimê</b>, <i>often, +frequently</i><br> +<b>saevus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>cruel, savage</i><br> +<b>sagitta, -ae</b>, f. <i>arrow</i><br> +<b>saliô, -îre, -uî, saltus</b>, <i>jump</i><br> +<b>salûs, -ûtis</b>, f. <i>safety; health</i>.<br> +<b>salûtem dîcere</b>, <i>send greetings</i><br> +<b>salûtô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>salûs</b>, <i>health</i>], <i>greet, salute</i><br> +<b>salvê</b>, imv. of <b>salveô</b>, <i>hail, +greetings</i><br> +<b>sanguis, -inis</b>, m. <i>blood</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>]<br> +<b>sânitâs, -âtis</b>, f. [<b>sânus</b>, +<i>sound</i>], <i>health, sanity</i><br> +<b>sapiêns, -entis</b>, adj. [part. of <b>sapiô</b>, <i>be +wise</i>], <i>wise, sensible</i><br> +<a name = "page326"> </a> + + +<b>satis</b>, adv. and indecl. noun, <i>enough, sufficient, +sufficiently</i><br> +<b>saxum, -î</b>, n. <i>rock, stone</i><br> +<b>scelus, -eris</b>, n. <i>crime, sin</i><br> +<b>scêptrum, -î</b>, n. <i>scepter</i><br> +<b>schola, -ae</b>, f. <i>school</i>, the higher grades. Cf. +<b>lûdus</b><br> +<b>scientia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>sciêns</b>, <i>knowing</i>], +<i>skill, knowledge, science</i><br> +<b>scindô, -ere, scidî, scissus</b>, <i>cut, tear</i><br> +<b>sciô, -îre, -îvî, -îtus</b>, +<i>know</i> (<a href = "#sec420">§ 420. <i>b</i></a>). +Cf. <b>cognôscô</b><br> +<b>scrîbô, -ere, scrîpsî, scrîptus</b>, +<i>write</i><br> +<b>scûtum, -î</b>, n. <i>shield, buckler</i><br> +<b>sê</b>, see <b>suî</b><br> +<b>sêcum</b> = <b>sê</b> + <b>cum</b><br> +<b>secundus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>sequor</b>, <i>follow</i>], +<i>following, next, second; favorable, successful</i>.<br> +<b>rês secundae</b>, <i>prosperity</i><br> +<b>sed</b>, conj. <i>but, on the contrary</i>.<br> +<b>nôn sôlum ... sed etiam</b>, <i>not only ... but +also</i><br> +<b>sêdecim</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>sixteen</i><br> +<b>sedeô, -êre, sêdî, sessus</b>, <i>sit</i><br> +<b>semper</b>, adv. <i>always, forever</i><br> +<b>senâtus, -ûs</b>, m. [cf. <b>senex</b>, <i>old</i>], +<i>council of elders, senate</i><br> +<b>sentiô, -îre, sênsî, sênsus</b>, +<i>feel, know, perceive</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>d</i></a>). Cf. +<b>intellegô</b>, <b>videô</b><br> +<b>septem</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>seven</i><br> +<b>septimus, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. <i>seventh</i><br> +<b>sequor, -î, secûtus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>follow</i> (<a +href = "#sec493">§ 493</a>)<br> +<b>serpêns, -entis</b>, f. [<b>serpô</b>, <i>crawl</i>], +<i>serpent, snake</i><br> +<b>sertae, -ârum</b>, f. plur. <i>wreaths, garlands</i><br> +<b>servitûs, -ûtis</b>, f. [<b>servus</b>, <i>slave</i>], +<i>slavery, servitude</i><br> +<b>servô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>save, +rescue, keep</i><br> +<b>servus, -î</b>, m. <i>slave</i><br> +<b>sêsê</b>, emphatic for <b>sê</b><br> +<b>sex</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>six</i><br> +<b>Sextus, -î</b>, m. <i>Sextus</i>, a Roman first name<br> +<b>sî</b>, conj. <i>if</i><br> +<b>sîc</b>, adv. <i>thus, in this way</i>. Cf. <b>ita</b>, +<b>tam</b><br> +<b>Sicilia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Sicily</i>. See map<br> +<b>sîc-ut</b>, <i>just as, as if</i><br> +<b>signifer, -erî</b>, m. [<b>signum</b>, <i>standard</i>, + +<b>ferô</b>, <i>bear</i>], <i>standard bearer</i> (<a href = +"#page224">p. 224</a>)<br> +<b>signum, -î</b>, n. <i>ensign, standard; signal</i><br> +<b>silva, -ae</b>, f. <i>wood, forest</i><br> +<b>similis, -e</b>, adj., compared <b>similior, simillimus</b>, <i>like, +similar</i> (<a href = "#sec307">§ 307</a>)<br> +<b>simul</b>, adv. <i>at the same time</i><br> +<b>simul ac</b> or <b>simul atque</b>, conj. <i>as soon as</i><br> +<b>sine</b>, prep. with abl. <i>without</i> (<a href = +"#sec209">§ 209</a>)<br> +<b>singulî, -ae, -a</b>, distributive numeral adj. <i>one at a +time, single</i> (<a href = "#sec334">§ 334</a>)<br> +<b>sinister, -tra, -trum</b>, adj. <i>left</i><br> +<b>Sinuessa, -ae</b>, f. <i>Sinues´sa</i>, a town in Campania. See +map<br> +<b>sitis, -is</b> (acc. <b>-im</b>, abl. <b>-î</b>, no plur.), f. +<i>thirst</i><br> +<b>situs, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>sinô</b>, <i>set</i>], +<i>situated, placed, lying</i><br> +<b>socius, socî</b>, m. <i>comrade, ally</i><br> +<b>sôl, sôlis</b> (no gen. plur.), m. <i>sun</i><br> +<b>soleô, -êre, solitus sum</b>, semi-dep. verb, <i>be wont, +be accustomed</i><br> +<b>sollicitus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>disturbed, anxious</i><br> +<b>sôlum</b>, adv. [<b>sôlus</b>, <i>alone</i>], <i>alone, +only</i>.<br> +<b>nôn sôlum ... sed etiam</b>, <i>not only ... but +also</i><br> +<b>sôlus, -a, -um</b> (gen. <b>-îus</b>, dat. +<b>-î</b>), adj. <i>alone, only</i> (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>solvô, -ere, solvî, solûtus</b>, <i>loosen, +unbind</i>.<br> +<b>nâvem solvere</b>, <i>set sail</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<a name = "page327"> </a> + + +<b>somnus, -î</b>, m. <i>sleep</i><br> +<b>soror, -ôris</b>, f. <i>sister</i><br> +<b>spatium, spatî</b>, n. <i>space, distance; time; +opportunity</i><br> +<b>spectâculum, -î</b>, n. [<b>spectô</b>, <i>look +at</i>], <i>show, spectacle</i><br> +<b>spectô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>look +at, witness</i><br> +<b>spêrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[spês, <i>hope</i>], <i>hope, expect</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>c</i></a>)<br> +<b>spês, speî</b>, f. <i>hope</i> (<a href = +"#sec273">§ 273. 2</a>)<br> +<b>splendidê</b>, adv. [<b>splendidus</b>], compared +<b>splendidius, splendidissimê</b>, <i>splendidly, +handsomely</i><br> +<b>splendidus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>brilliant, gorgeous, +splendid</i><br> +<b>Stabiânus, -a, -um</b>, <i>Stabian</i><br> +<b>stabulum, -î</b>, n. [cf. <b>stô</b>, <i>stand</i>], +<i>standing place, stable, stall</i><br> +<b>statim</b>, adv. [cf. <b>stô</b>, <i>stand</i>], <i>on the +spot, at once, instantly</i><br> +<b>statua, -ae</b>, f. [<b>sistô</b>, <i>place, set</i>], +<i>statue</i><br> +<b>statuô, -ere, -uî, -ûtus</b> [<b>status</b>, +<i>station</i>], <i>decide, determine</i><br> +<b>stilus, -î</b>, m. <i>iron pencil, style</i> (<a href = +"#page210">p. 210</a>)<br> +<b>stô, -âre, stetî, status</b>, <i>stand</i><br> +<b>strâtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>sternô</b>, +<i>spread</i>], <i>paved</i> (of streets)<br> +<b>strepitus, -ûs</b>, m. [<b>strepô</b>, <i>make a +noise</i>], <i>noise, din</i><br> +<b>stringô, -ere, strînxî, strictus</b>, <i>bind +tight; draw, unsheathe</i><br> +<b>studeô, -êre, -uî</b>, ——, <i>give +attention to, be eager</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)<br> +<b>studium, studî</b>, n. [cf. <b>studeô</b>, <i>be eager +for</i>], <i>eagerness, desire, zeal, devotion</i><br> +<b>stultus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>foolish, stupid</i><br> +<b>Stymphâlis, -idis</b>, adj. f. <i>Stymphalian, of +Stympha´lus</i>, a lake in southern Greece<br> +<b>Stymphâlus, -î</b>, m. <i>Stympha´lus</i>, a +district of southern Greece with a town, mountain, and lake, all of the +same name<br> +<b>suâdeô, -êre, -sî, -sus</b>, <i>advise, +recommend</i>, with subjv. of purpose (<a href = +"#sec501_41">§ 501.41</a>)<br> +<b>sub</b>, prep, with acc. and abl. <i>under, below, up to; at</i> or +<i>to the foot of</i><br> +<b>sub-igô, -ere, -êgî, -âctus</b> [<b>sub</b>, +<i>under</i>, + <b>agô</b>, <i>drive</i>], <i>subdue, +reduce</i><br> +<b>subitô</b>, adv. [<b>subitus</b>, <i>sudden</i>], +<i>suddenly</i><br> +<b>sub-sequor, -î, -secûtus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>sub</b>, +<i>below</i>, + <b>sequor</b>, <i>follow</i>], <i>follow close after, +follow up</i><br> +<b>suc-cêdô, -ere, -cessî, -cessus</b> [<b>sub</b>, +<i>below</i>, + <b>cêdô</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>follow, +succeed</i><br> +<b>suî</b>, reflexive pron. <i>of himself (herself, itself, +themselves)</i> (<a href = "#sec480">§ 480</a>).<br> +<b>sêcum</b> = <b>sê</b> + <b>cum</b>.<br> +<b>sêsê</b>, emphatic form of <b>sê</b><br> +<b>sum, esse, fuî, futûrus</b>, irreg. verb, <i>be; +exist</i> (<a href = "#sec494">§ 494</a>)<br> +<b>summus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>superus, +superior, suprêmus</b> or <b>summus</b> (<a href = +"#sec312">§ 312</a>), <i>supreme, highest; best, +greatest</i>.<br> +<b>in summô colle</b>, <i>on the top of the hill</i><br> +<b>sûmô, -ere, sûmpsî, sûmptus</b>, +<i>take up; assume, put on</i>.<br> +<b>sûmere supplicium dê</b>, <i>inflict punishment +on</i><br> +<b>super</b>, prep. with acc. and abl. <i>over, above</i><br> +<b>superbia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>superbus</b>, <i>proud</i>], <i>pride, +arrogance</i><br> +<b>superbus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>proud, haughty</i><br> +<b>superior</b>, comp. of <b>superus</b><br> +<b>superô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>superus</b>, <i>above</i>], <i>go over; subdue, overcome; surpass, +excel</i><br> +<b>super-sum, -esse, -fuî</b>, ——, <i>be over, +survive</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>)<br> +<a name = "page328"> </a> + + +<b>superus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>superior, suprêmus</b> +or <b>summus</b>, <i>above, upper</i> (<a href = +"#sec312">§ 312</a>)<br> +<b>supplicium, suppli´cî</b>, n. [<b>supplex</b>, +<i>kneeling in entreaty</i>], <i>punishment, torture</i>.<br> +<b>supplicium sûmere dê</b>, <i>inflict punishment +on</i>.<br> +<b>supplicium dare</b>, <i>suffer punishment</i><br> +<b>surgô, -ere, surrêxî</b>, —— +[<b>sub</b>, <i>from</i> <i>below</i>, + <b>regô</b>, +<i>straighten</i>], <i>rise</i><br> +<b>sus-cipiô, -ere, -cêpî, -ceptus</b> [<b>sub</b>, +<i>under</i>, + <b>capiô</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>undertake, assume, +begin</i><br> +<b>suspicor, -ârî, -âtus sum</b>, dep. verb, +<i>suspect, surmise, suppose</i><br> +<b>sus-tineô, -êre, -tinuî, -tentus</b> [<b>sub</b>, +<i>under</i>, + <b>teneô</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>hold up, bear, +sustain, withstand</i><br> +<b>suus, -a, -um</b>, reflexive possessive adj. and pron., <i>his, her, +hers, its, their, theirs</i> (<a href = "#sec98">§ 98</a>)<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_T">T</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>T.</b>, abbreviation of <b>Titus</b><br> +<b>taberna, -ae</b>, f. <i>shop, stall</i><br> +<b>tabula, -ae</b>, f. <i>tablet</i> for writing<br> +<b>tâlis, -e</b>, adj. <i>such</i>.<br> +<b>tâlis ... quâlis</b>, <i>such ... as</i><br> +<b>tam</b>, adv. <i>so, such</i>. Cf. <b>ita, sîc</b><br> +<b>tamen</b>, adv. <i>yet, however, nevertheless</i><br> +<b>tandem</b>, adv. <i>at length, finally</i><br> +<b>tangô, -ere, tetigî, tâctus</b>, <i>touch</i><br> +<b>tantum</b>, adv. [<b>tantus</b>], <i>only</i><br> +<b>tantus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>so great, such</i>.<br> +<b>tantus ... quantus</b>, <i>as large as</i><br> +<b>tardus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>slow, late; lazy</i><br> +<b>Tarpêia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Tarpeia</i> (pronounced +<i>Tar-pê´ya</i>), the maiden who opened the citadel to the +Sabines<br> +<b>Tarquinius, Tarqui´nî</b>, <i>Tarquin</i>, a Roman king. +With the surname <b>Superbus</b>, <i>Tarquin the Proud</i><br> +<b>Tarracîna, -ae</b>, f. <i>Tarraci´na</i>, a town in +Latium. See map<br> +<b>taurus, -î</b>, m. <i>bull</i><br> +<b>têctus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>tegô</b>, +<i>cover</i>], <i>covered, protected</i><br> +<b>têlum, -î</b>, n. <i>weapon</i><br> +<b>temerê</b>, adv. <i>rashly, heedlessly</i><br> +<b>tempestâs, -âtis</b>, f. [<b>tempus</b>, <i>time</i>] +<i>storm, tempest</i><br> +<b>templum, -î</b>, n. <i>temple, shrine</i><br> +<b>tempto, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>try, test; +make</i> <i>trial of, attempt</i><br> +<b>tempus, -oris</b>, n. <i>time</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 2. <i>b</i></a>). <b>in reliquum +tempus</b>, <i>for the future</i><br> +<b>teneô, -êre, tenuî</b>, ——, <i>hold, +keep</i><br> +<b>tergum, -î</b>, n. <i>back</i>, <b>â tergô</b>, +<i>on the</i> <i>rear</i>, <b>tergum vertere</b>, <i>retreat, +flee</i><br> +<b>ternî, -ae, -a</b>, distributive numeral adj. <i>three each, by +threes</i> (<a href = "#sec334">§ 334</a>)<br> +<b>terra, -ae</b>, f. <i>earth, ground, land</i>.<br> +<b>orbis terrârum</b>, <i>the whole world</i><br> +<b>terror, -ôris</b>, m. [cf. <b>terreô</b>, +<i>frighten</i>], <i>dread, alarm, terror</i><br> +<b>tertius, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. <i>third</i><br> +<b>Teutonês, -um</b>, m. <i>the Teutons</i><br> +<b>theâtrum, -î</b>, n. <i>theater</i><br> +<b>Thêbae, -ârum</b>, f. <i>Thebes</i>, a city of Greece<br> +<b>Thêbânî, -ôrum</b>, m. <i>Thebans</i>, the +people of Thebes<br> +<b>thermae, -ârum</b>, f. plur. <i>baths</i><br> +<b>Thessalia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Thessaly</i>, a district of northern +Greece<br> +<b>Thrâcia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Thrace</i>, a district north of +Greece<br> +<b>Tiberius, Tibe´rî</b>, m. <i>Tiberius</i>, a Roman first +name<br> +<b>tîbîcen, -înis</b>, m. [cf. <b>tîbia</b>, +<i>pipe</i>], <i>piper, flute player</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>timeô, -êre, -uî</b>, ——, <i>fear, be +afraid of</i>. Cf. <b>vereor</b><br> +<a name = "page329"> </a> + + +<b>timor, -ôris</b>, m. [cf. <b>timeô</b>, <i>fear</i>], +<i>fear, dread, alarm</i>. Cf. <b>metus</b><br> +<b>Tîryns, Tîrynthis</b>, f. <i>Ti´ryns</i>, an +ancient town in southern Greece, where Hercules served Eurystheus<br> +<b>toga, -ae</b>, f. [cf. <b>tegô</b>, <i>cover</i>], +<i>toga</i><br> +<b>tormentum, -î</b>, n. <i>engine of war</i><br> +<b>totiêns</b>, adv. <i>so often, so many times</i><br> +<b>tôtus, -a, -um</b>, (gen. <b>-îus</b>, dat. +<b>-î</b>), adj. <i>all, the whole, entire</i> (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>trâ-dô, -ere, -didî, -ditus</b> +[<b>trâns</b>, <i>across</i>, + <b>dô</b>, <i>deliver</i>], +<i>give up, hand over, surrender, betray</i><br> +<b>trâ-dûcô, -ere, -dûxî, -ductus</b> +[<b>trâns</b>, <i>across</i>, + <b>dûcô</b>, +<i>lead</i>], <i>lead across</i><br> +<b>trahô, -ere, trâxî, trâctus</b>, <i>draw, +pull, drag</i>.<br> +<b>multum trahere</b>, <i>protract, prolong much</i><br> +<b>trâ-iciô, -ere, -iêcî, -iectus</b> +[<b>trâns</b>, <i>across</i>, + <b>iaciô</b>, <i>hurl</i>], +<i>throw across; transfix</i><br> +<b>trâ-nô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>trâns</b>, <i>across</i>, + <b>nô</b>, <i>swim</i>], +<i>swim across</i><br> +<b>trâns</b>, prep. with acc. <i>across, over</i> (<a href = +"#sec340">§ 340</a>)<br> +<b>trâns-eô, -îre, -iî, -itus</b> +[<b>trâns</b>, <i>across</i>, + <b>eô</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>go +across, cross</i> (<a href = "#sec413">§ 413</a>)<br> +<b>trâns-fîgô, -ere, -fîxî, +-fîxus</b> [<b>trâns</b>, <i>through</i>, + +<b>fîgô</b>, <i>drive</i>], <i>transfix</i><br> +<b>trânsitus</b>, —— (acc. <b>-um</b>, abl. +<b>-û</b>), m. [cf. <b>trânseô</b>, <i>cross +over</i>], <i>passage</i> <i>across</i><br> +<b>três, tria</b>, numeral adj. <i>three</i> (<a href = +"#sec479">§ 479</a>)<br> +<b>trîduum, trîduî</b>, n. [<b>três</b>, +<i>three</i>, + <b>diês</b>, <i>days</i>], <i>three days' time, +three days</i><br> +<b>trîgintâ</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>thirty</i><br> +<b>triplex, -icis</b>, adj. <i>threefold, triple</i><br> +<b>trîstis, -e</b>, adj. <i>sad; severe, terrible</i><br> +<b>trîstitia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>trîstis</b>, <i>sad</i>], +<i>sadness, sorrow</i><br> +<b>triumphô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>triumphus</b>, <i>triumph</i>], <i>celebrate a triumph</i><br> +<b>triumphus, -î</b>, m. <i>triumphal procession, triumph</i>.<br> +<b>triumphum agere</b>, <i>celebrate a triumph</i><br> +<b>trucîdô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>cut to pieces, slaughter.</i> Cf. <b>interficiô, necô, +occîdô</b><br> +<b>tû, tuî</b> (plur. <b>vôs</b>), pers. pron. +<i>thou, you</i> (<a href = "#sec480">§ 480</a>)<br> +<b>tuba, -ae</b>, f. <i>trumpet</i><br> +<b>Tullia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Tullia</i>, a Roman name<br> +<b>tum</b>, adv. <i>then, at that time</i><br> +<b>turris, -is</b>, f. <i>tower</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. 2</a>)<br> +<b>tûtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>safe</i><br> +<b>tuus, -a, -um</b>, possessive adj. and pron. <i>your, yours</i> (<a +href = "#sec98">§ 98</a>)<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_U">U</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>ubi</b>, rel. and interrog. adv. <i>where, when</i><br> +<b>ûllus, -a, -um</b> (gen. <b>-îus</b>, dat. +<b>-î</b>), adj. <i>any</i> (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>ulterior, -ius, -ôris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, superl. +<b>ultimus</b>, <i>farther, more remote</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)<br> +<b>ultimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree (see <b>ulterior</b>), +<i>farthest</i> (<a href = "#sec315">§ 315</a>)<br> +<b>umbra, -ae</b>, f. <i>shade</i><br> +<b>umerus, -î</b>, m. <i>shoulder</i><br> +<b>umquam</b>, adv. <i>ever, at any time</i><br> +<b>ûnâ</b>, adv. [<b>ûnus</b>, <i>one</i>], <i>in the +same place, at the same time</i><br> +<b>ûndecimus, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. [<b>ûnus</b>, +<i>one</i>, + <b>decimus</b>, <i>tenth</i>], <i>eleventh</i><br> +<b>undique</b>, adv. <i>from every quarter, on</i> <i>all sides, +everywhere</i><br> +<b>ûnus, -a, -um</b> (gen. <b>-îus</b>, dat. +<b>-î</b>), numeral adj. <i>one; alone</i> (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>urbs, -is</b>, f. <i>city</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>a</i></a>)<br> +<b>urgeô, -êre, ursî</b>, ——, <i>press +upon, crowd, hem in</i><br> +<b>ûrus, -î</b>, m. <i>wild ox, urus</i><br> +<b>ûsque</b>, adv. <i>all the way, even</i><br> +<b>ûsus, -ûs</b>, m. <i>use, advantage</i><br> +<a name = "page330"> </a> + + +<b>ut</b>, conj. with the subjv. <i>that, in order that, that not</i> +(with verbs of fearing), <i>so that, to</i> (<a href = +"#sec350">§ 350. 1</a>)<br> +<b>uter, -tra, -trum</b> (gen. <b>-îus</b>, dat. <b>-î</b>), +interrog. pron. <i>which of two? which?</i> (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>uterque, utraque, utrumque</b>, indef. pron. <i>each of two, each, +both</i>.<br> +<b>ab utrâque parte</b>, <i>on both sides</i><br> +<b>ûtilis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>ûtor</b>, <i>use</i>], +<i>useful</i><br> +<b>utrimque</b>, adv. [<b>uterque</b>, <i>each of two</i>], <i>on each +side, on either hand</i><br> +<b>ûva, -ae</b>, f. <i>grape, bunch of grapes</i><br> +<b>uxor, -ôris</b>, f. <i>wife</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "latin_V">V</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>vâgîna, -ae</b>, <i>sheath, scabbard</i><br> +<b>vagor, -ârî, -âtus sum</b>, dep. verb, +<i>wander</i><br> +<b>valeô, -êre, -uî, -itûrus</b>, <i>be +powerful, be well</i>; in the imperative as a greeting, +<i>farewell</i>.<br> +<b>plûrimum valêre</b>, <i>have the most power</i><br> +<b>valêtûdô, -inis</b>, f. [<b>valeô</b>, <i>be +well</i>], <i>health</i><br> +<b>validus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [cf. <b>valeô</b>, <i>be +strong</i>], <i>strong, able, well</i><br> +<b>vallês, -is</b>, f. <i>valley</i><br> +<b>vâllum, -î</b>, n. <i>rampart, earthworks</i><br> +<b>varius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>bright-colored</i><br> +<b>vâstô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>vâstus</b>, <i>empty</i>], <i>(make empty), devastate, lay +waste</i><br> +<b>vectîgal, -âlis</b>, n. <i>tax, tribute</i><br> +<b>vehementer</b>, adv. [<b>vehemêns</b>, <i>eager</i>], compared +<b>vehementius, vehementissimê</b>, <i>eagerly, vehemently</i><br> +<b>vehô, -ere, vexî, vectus</b>, <i>convey, carry</i>. In +the passive often in the sense of <i>ride, sail</i><br> +<b>vel</b>, conj. <i>or</i>.<br> +<b>vel ... vel</b>, <i>either ... or</i>. Cf. <b>aut</b><br> +<b>vêlôcitâs, -âtis</b>, f. +[<b>vêlôx</b>, <i>swift</i>], <i>swiftness</i><br> +<b>vêlôx, -ôcis</b>, adj. <i>swift, fleet</i><br> +<b>vêlum, -î</b>, n. <i>sail</i><br> +<b>vêndô, -ere, vêndidî, vênditus</b>, +<i>sell</i><br> +<b>veniô, -îre, vênî, ventus</b>, <i>come, +go</i><br> +<b>ventus, -î</b>, m. <i>wind</i><br> +<b>verbum, -î</b>, n. <i>word</i>.<br> +<b>verba facere prô</b>, <i>speak in behalf of</i><br> +<b>vereor, -êrî, -itus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>fear; +reverence, respect</i> (<a href = "#sec493">§ 493</a>). Cf. +<b>timeô</b><br> +<b>Vergilius, Vergi´lî</b>, m. <i>Vergil</i>, the poet<br> +<b>vergô, -ere, ——</b>, ——, <i>turn, +lie</i><br> +<b>vêrô</b>, adv. [<b>vêrus</b>, <i>true</i>], <i>in +truth, surely;</i> conj. <i>but, however</i>.<br> +<b>tum vêrô</b>, <i>then you may be sure</i>, introducing +the climax of a story<br> +<b>vertô, -ere, -tî, -sus</b>, <i>turn, change</i>.<br> +<b>tergum vertere</b>, <i>retreat, flee</i><br> +<b>vêrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>true, actual</i><br> +<b>vesper, -erî</b>, m. <i>evening</i><br> +<b>vester, -tra, -trum</b>, possessive adj. and pron. <i>your, yours</i> +(<a href = "#sec98">§ 98</a>)<br> +<b>vestîgium, vestî´gî</b>, n. [cf. +<b>vestîgô</b>, <i>track</i>], <i>footstep, track, +trace</i><br> +<b>vestîmentum, -î</b>, n. [<b>vestis</b>, <i>clothing</i>], +<i>garment</i><br> +<b>vestiô, -îre, -îvî, -îtus</b> +[<b>vestis</b>, <i>clothing</i>], <i>clothe, dress</i><br> +<b>vestis, -is</b>, f. <i>clothing, attire, garment, robe</i><br> +<b>vestîtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>vestiô</b>, +<i>clothe</i>], <i>clothed</i><br> +<b>Vesuvius, Vesu´vi</b>, m. <i>Vesuvius</i>, the volcano near +Pompeii. See map<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>veterânus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>old, veteran</i><br> +<b>vetô, -âre, -uî, -itus</b>, <i>forbid, +prohibit</i><br> +<b>vexô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, +<i>trouble, annoy</i><br> +<b>via, -ae</b>, f. <i>way, road, street; way, manner</i>. Cf. +<b>iter</b><br> +<a name = "page331"> </a> + + +<b>viâtor, -ôris</b>, m. [<b>via</b>], <i>traveler</i><br> +<b>victor, -ôris</b>, m. [<b>vincô</b>, <i>conquer</i>], +<i>conqueror, victor</i>. In apposition, with adj. force <i> +victorious</i><br> +<b>victôria, -ae</b>, f. [<b>victor</b>, <i>victor</i>], +<i>victory</i><br> +<b>vîcus, -î</b>, m. <i>village</i><br> +<b>videô, -êre, vîdî, vîsus</b>, <i>see, +perceive</i>. Pass. <i>be seen; seem</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>d</i></a>)<br> +<b>vigilia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>vigil</b> <i>awake</i>], watch.<br> +<b>dê tertia vigilia</b>, <i>about the third watch</i><br> +<b>vîgintî</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>twenty</i><br> +<b>vîlicus, -î</b>, m. [<b>vîlla</b>, <i>farm</i>], +<i>steward, overseer of a farm</i><br> +<b>vîlla, -ae</b>, f. <i>farm, villa</i><br> +<b>vinciô, -îre, vînxî, vînctus</b>, +<i>bind, tie, fetter</i><br> +<b>vincô, -ere, vîcî, victus</b>, <i>conquer, defeat, +overcome</i>. Cf. <b>subigô, superô</b><br> +<b>vînea, -ae</b>, f. <i>shed</i> (<a href = "#page219">p. +219</a>)<br> +<b>vînum, -î</b>, n. <i>wine</i><br> +<b>violenter</b>, adv. [<b>violentus</b>, <i>violent</i>], compared +<b>violentius, violentissimê</b>, <i>violently, furiously</i><br> +<b>vir, virî</b>, m. <i>man, husband; hero</i> (<a href = +"#sec462">§ 462. <i>c</i></a>)<br> +<b>virîlis, -e</b>, adj. [vir, <i>man</i>], <i>manly</i><br> +<b>virtûs, -ûtis</b>, f. [<b>vir</b>, <i>man</i>], +<i>manliness;</i> <i>courage, valor; virtue</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 1</a>)<br> +<b>vîs</b>, (<b>vîs</b>), f. <i>strength, power, might, +violence</i> (<a href = "#sec468">§ 468</a>)<br> +<b>vîta, -ae</b>, f. [cf. <b>vîvô</b>, <i>live</i>], +<i>life</i>, <b>vîtam agere</b>, <i>spend or pass life</i><br> +<b>vîto, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>shun, +avoid</i><br> +<b>vîvô, -ere, vîxî</b>, ——, +<i>live</i>. Cf. <b>habitô, incolô</b><br> +<b>vîvus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [cf. <b>vîvô</b>, +<i>live</i>], <i>alive, living</i><br> +<b>vix</b>, adv. <i>scarcely, hardly</i><br> +<b>vocô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b>, <i>call, +summon, invite</i>. Cf. <b>appellô, nôminô</b><br> +<b>volô, -âre, -âvî, -âtûrus</b>, +<i>fly</i><br> +<b>volô, velle, voluî</b>, ——, irreg. verb, +<i>will, be willing; wish</i> (<a href = "#sec497">§ 497</a>). +Cf. <b>cupio</b><br> +<b>volûmen, -inis</b>, n. <i>roll, book</i><br> +<b>Vorênus, -î</b>, m. <i>Vore´nus</i>, a +centurion<br> +<b>vôs</b>, pers. pron.; <i>you</i> (see <b>tû</b>) (<a href += "#sec480">§ 480</a>)<br> +<b>vôtum, -î</b>, n. [neut. part. of <b>voveô</b>, +<i>vow</i>], <i>vow, pledge, prayer</i><br> +<b>vôx, vôcis</b>, f. [cf. <b>vocô</b>, <i>call</i>], +<i>voice, cry;</i> <i>word</i><br> +<b>vulnerô, -âre, -âvî, -âtus</b> +[<b>vulnus</b>, <i>wound</i>], <i>wound, hurt</i><br> +<b>vulnus, -eris</b>, n. <i>wound, injury</i><br> +<b>vulpês, -îs</b>, f. <i>fox</i><br> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p align = "center">[Illustration: Roman knight on horseback<br> +Caption: EQUES ROMANUS]</p> + +<a name = "page332"> </a> + +<p align = "center"><b>ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY</b></p> + +<p> +This vocabulary contains only the words used in the English-Latin +exercises. For details not given here, reference may be made to the +Latin-English vocabulary. The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, after verbs indicate +the conjugation.</p> + +<p> +<a href = "#english_A"> A </a> +<a href = "#english_B"> B </a> +<a href = "#english_C"> C </a> +<a href = "#english_D"> D </a> +<a href = "#english_E"> E </a> +<a href = "#english_F"> F </a> +<a href = "#english_G"> G </a> +<a href = "#english_H"> H </a> +<a href = "#english_I"> I </a> +<a href = "#english_J"> J </a> +<a href = "#english_K"> K </a> +<a href = "#english_L"> L </a> +<a href = "#english_M"> M </a> +<a href = "#english_N"> N </a> +<a href = "#english_O"> O </a> +<a href = "#english_P"> P </a> +<a href = "#english_Q"> Q </a> +<a href = "#english_R"> R </a> +<a href = "#english_S"> S </a> +<a href = "#english_T"> T </a> +<a href = "#english_U"> U </a> +<a href = "#english_V"> V </a> +<a href = "#english_W"> W </a> +<a href = "#english_Y"> Y </a> +<a href = "#english_Z"> Z </a> +</p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_A">A</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>a, an</b>, <i>commonly not translated</i><br> +<b>able (be)</b>, possum, posse, potuî, ——(<a href = +"#sec495">§ 495</a>)<br> +<b>abode</b>, domicilium, domici´lî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>about</b> (<i>adv.</i>), circiter<br> +<b>about</b> (<i>prep.</i>), dê, <i>with abl.</i><br> +<b>about to</b>, <i>expressed by fut. act. part.</i><br> +<b>abundance</b>, côpia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>across</b>, trâns, <i>with acc.</i><br> +<b>active</b>, âcer, âcris, âcre<br> +<b>advance</b>, prôgredior, 3<br> +<b>advantage</b>, ûsus, -ûs, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>advise</b>, moneô, 2<br> +<b>after</b> (<i>conj</i>.), postquam; <i>often expressed by the +perf. part.</i><br> +<b>after</b> (<i>prep.</i>), post, <i>with acc.</i><br> +<b>against</b>, in, contrâ, <i>with acc.</i><br> +<b>aid</b>, auxilium, auxi´lî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>all</b>, omnis, -e; tôtus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>allow</b>, patior, 3<br> +<b>ally</b>, socius, socî, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>almost</b>, paene; ferê<br> +<b>alone</b>, ûnus, -a, -um; sôlus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>already</b>, iam<br> +<b>also</b>, quoque<br> +<b>always</b>, semper<br> +<b>ambassador</b>, lêgâtus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>among</b>, apud, <i>with acc.</i><br> +<b>ancient</b>, antîquus, -a, -um<br> +<b>and</b>, et; atque (ac); -que<br> +<b>and so</b>, itaque<br> +<b>Andromeda</b>, Andromeda, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>angry</b>, îrâtus, -a, um<br> +<b>animal</b>, animal, -âlis, <i>n.</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>announce</b>, nûntiô, 1<br> +<b>annoying</b>, molestus, -a, -um<br> +<b>another</b>, alius, -a, -ud (<a href = +"#sec109">§ 109</a>)<br> +<b>any</b>, ûllus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>any one, anything</b>, quisquam, quicquam <i>or</i> quidquam (<a href += "#sec486">§ 486</a>)<br> +<b>appearance</b>, fôrma, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>appoint</b>, creô, 1<br> +<b>approach</b>, adpropinquô, 1, <i>with dat.</i><br> +<b>are</b>, <i>used as auxiliary, not translated; as a copula</i>, sum +(<a href = "#sec494">§ 494</a>)<br> +<b>arise</b>, orior, 4<br> +<b>arm</b>, bracchium, bracchî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>armed</b>, armâtus, -a, -um<br> +<b>arms</b>, arma, -ôrum, <i>n. plur.</i><br> +<b>army</b>, exercitus, -ûs, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>around</b>, circum, <i>with acc.</i><br> +<b>arrival</b>, adventus, -us, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>arrow</b>, sagitta, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>art of war</b>, rês mîlitâris<br> +<b>as possible</b>, <i>expressed by</i> quam <i>and superl.</i>.<br> +<b>ask</b>, petô, 3; quaerô, 3; rogô, 1<br> +<b>assail</b>, oppugnô, 1<br> +<b>at</b>, in, <i>with acc. or abl.; with names of towns, locative case +or abl. without a preposition</i> (<a href = +"#sec268">§ 268</a>); <i>time when, abl.</i><br> +<a name = "page333"> </a> +<b>at once</b>, statim<br> +<b>at the beginning of summer</b>, initâ aestâte<br> +<b>Athens</b>, Athênae, -ârum, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>attack</b>, impetus, -us, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>attempt</b>, cônor, 1; temptô, 1<br> +<b>away from</b>, â <i>or</i> ab, <i>with abl.</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_B">B</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>bad</b>, malus, -a, -um<br> +<b>baggage</b>, impedîmenta, -ôrum, <i>n. plur.</i><br> +<b>bank</b>, rîpa, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>barbarians</b>, barbarî, -ôrum, <i>m. plur.</i><br> +<b>battle</b>, proelium, proelî, <i>n.</i>; pugna, -ae. +<i>f.</i><br> +<b>be</b>, sum (<a href = "#sec494">§ 494</a>)<br> +<b>be absent, be far</b>, absum (<a href = +"#sec494">§ 494</a>)<br> +<b>be afraid</b>, timeô, 2; vereor, 2<br> +<b>be away</b>, absum (<a href = "#sec494">§ 494</a>)<br> +<b>be in command of</b>, praesum, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec494">§§ 494</a>, <a href = "#sec426">426</a>)<br> +<b>be informed</b>, certior fîô<br> +<b>be off, be distant</b>, absum (<a href = +"#sec494">§ 494</a>)<br> +<b>be without</b>, egeô, <i>with abl.</i> (<a href = +"#sec180">§ 180</a>)<br> +<b>beast (wild)</b>, fera, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>beautiful</b>, pulcher, -chra, -chrum<br> +<b>because</b>, quia; quod<br> +<b>because of</b>, propter, <i>with acc.; or abl. of cause</i><br> +<b>before, heretofore</b> (<i>adv.</i>), anteâ<br> +<b>before</b> (<i>prep.</i>), ante, <i>with acc.</i>; prô, +<i>with abl.</i><br> +<b>begin</b>, incipiô, 3<br> +<b>believe</b>, crêdô, 3, <i>with dat</i>. (<a href = +"#sec153">§ 153</a>)<br> +<b>belong to</b>, <i>predicate genitive</i> (<a href = +"#sec409">§ 409</a>)<br> +<b>best</b>, optimus, <i>superl. of</i> bonus<br> +<b>betray</b>, trâdô, 3<br> +<b>better</b>, melior, <i>comp. of</i> bonus<br> +<b>between</b>, inter, <i>with acc.</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>billow</b>, fluctus, -us, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>bird</b>, avis, -is, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)<br> +<b>blood</b>, sanguis, -inis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>body</b>, corpus, -oris. <i>n.</i><br> +<b>bold</b>, audâx, -âcis; fortis, -e<br> +<b>boldly</b>, audâcter; fortiter<br> +<b>boldness</b>, audâcia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>booty</b>, praeda, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>both, each</b> (<i>of two</i>), uterque, utraque, utrumque<br> +<b>both ... and</b>, et ... et<br> +<b>boy</b>, puer, -erî, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>brave</b>, fortis, -e<br> +<b>bravely</b>, fortiter<br> +<b>bridge</b>, pôns, pontis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>bright</b>, clârus, -a, -um<br> +<b>bring back</b>, reportô, 1<br> +<b>bring upon</b>, înferô, -ferre, -tulî, +-lâtus, <i>with acc. and dat.</i> (<a href = "#sec426">§ 426</a>)<br> +<b>brother</b>, frâter, -tris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>building</b>, aedificium, aedifi´cî. <i>n.</i><br> +<b>burn</b>, cremô, 1; incendô, 3<br> +<b>business</b>, negôtium, negô´tî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>but, however</b>, autem, sed<br> +<b>by</b>, â, ab, <i>with abl.; denoting means, abl. alone; +sometimes implied in a participle</i><br> +<b>by night</b>, noctû<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_C">C</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>Cæsar</b>, Caesar, -aris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>calamity</b>, calamitâs, -âtis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>call</b>, vocô, 1; appellô, 1; nôminô, 1<br> +<b>call together</b>, convocô, 1<br> +<b>camp</b>, castra, -ôrum, <i>n. plur.</i><br> +<b>can, could</b>, possum, posse, potuî, —— (<a href = +"#sec495">§ 495</a>)<br> +<b>capture</b>, capiô, 3; occupô, 1<br> +<b>care</b>, cûra, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>care for</b>, cûrô, 1<br> +<b>careful</b>, attentus, -a, -um<br> +<b>carefulness</b>, dîligentia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>carry</b>, ferô, ferre, tulî, lâtus (<a href = +"#sec498">§ 498</a>); portô, 1<br> +<a name = "page334"> </a> + + +<b>carry on</b>, gerô, 3<br> +<b>cart</b>, carrus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>cause</b>, causa, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>cavalry</b>, equitâtus, -ûs, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>cease</b>, cessô, 1<br> +<b>Cepheus</b>, Cêpheus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>certain (a)</b>, quîdam, quaedam, quoddam (quiddam) (<a href = +"#sec485">§ 485</a>)<br> +<b>chicken</b>, gallîna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>chief</b>, prînceps, -cipis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>children</b>, lîberî, -ôrum, <i>m. plur.</i><br> +<b>choose</b>, dêligô, 3<br> +<b>choose, elect</b>, creô, 1<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>citizen</b>, cîvis, -is, <i>m. and f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)<br> +<b>city</b>, urbs, urbis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>clear</b>, clârus, -a, -um<br> +<b>cohort</b>, cohors, -rtis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>come</b>, veniô, 4<br> +<b>command</b>, imperô, 1, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec45">§ 45</a>); iubeô, 2; praesum, <i>with dat.</i> +(<a href = "#sec426">§ 426</a>)<br> +<b>commit</b>, committô, 3<br> +<b>commonwealth</b>, rês pûblica, reî +pûblicae<br> +<b>concerning</b>, dê, <i>with abl.</i><br> +<b>conquer</b>, superô, 1; vincô, 3<br> +<b>construct</b> (<i>a ditch</i>), perdûcô, 3<br> +<b>consul</b>, cônsul, -ulis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>contrary to</b>, contrâ, <i>with acc.</i><br> +<b>Corinth</b>, Corinthus, -î, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>Cornelia</b>, Cornêlia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>Cornelius</b>, Cornêlius, Cornê´li, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>corselet</b>, lôrîca, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>cottage</b>, casa, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>country</b>, <i>as distinguished from the city</i>, rûs, +rûris, <i>n.</i>; <i>as territory</i>, fînês, -ium, +<i>m., plur. of</i> fînis<br> +<b>courage</b>, virtûs, -ûtis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>crime</b>, scelus, -eris, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>cross</b>, trânseô, 4 (<a href = +"#sec499">§ 499</a>)<br> +<b>crown</b>, corôna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_D">D</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>daily</b>, cotîdiê<br> +<b>danger</b>, perîculum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>daughter</b>, fîlia, -ae, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec67">§ 67</a>)<br> +<b>day</b>, diês, -êî, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>daybreak</b>, prîma lûx<br> +<b>dear</b>, cârus, -a, -um<br> +<b>death</b>, mors, mortis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>deed</b>, rês, reî, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>deep</b>, altus, -a, -um<br> +<b>defeat</b>, calamitâs, -âtis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>defend</b>, dêfendô, 3<br> +<b>delay</b> (<i>Noun</i>), mora, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>delay</b> (<i>verb</i>), moror, 1<br> +<b>demand</b>, postulô, 1<br> +<b>dense</b>, dênsus, -a, -um<br> +<b>depart</b>, discêdô, 3; exeô, 4; proficîscor, +3<br> +<b>dependent</b>, cliêns, -entis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>design</b>, cônsilium, consi´lî <i>n.</i><br> +<b>desire</b>, cupiô, 3<br> +<b>destroy</b>, dêleô, 2<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>Diana</b>, Diâna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>differ</b>, differô, differre, distulî, +dîlâtus (<a href = "#sec498">§ 498</a>)<br> +<b>different</b>, dissimilis, -e<br> +<b>difficult</b>, difficilis, -e<br> +<b>difficulty</b>, difficultâs, -âtis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>diligence</b>, dîligentia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>dinner</b>, cêna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>disaster</b>, calamitâs, -âtis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>distant (be)</b>, absum, -esse, âfuî, +âfutûrus (<a href = "#sec494">§ 494</a>)<br> +<b>ditch</b>, fossa, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>do</b>, agô, 3; faciô, 3; <i>when used as auxiliary, not +translated</i><br> +<b>down from</b>, dê, <i>with abl.</i><br> +<b>drag</b>, trahô, 3<br> +<b>drive</b>, agô, 3<br> +<b>dwell</b>, habitô, 1; incolô, 3; vîvô, 3<br> +<b>dwelling</b>, aedificium, aedifi´cî, <i>n.</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<a name = "page335"> </a> +<a name = "english_E">E</a><br><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>each</b>, quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) (<a href = +"#sec484">§ 484</a>)<br> +<b>each of two</b>, uterque, utraque, utrumque<br> +<b>each other</b>, inter <i>with acc. of a reflexive</i><br> +<b>eager</b>, âcer, âcris, âcre; alacer, alacris, +alacre<br> +<b>eager (be)</b>, studeô, 2<br> +<b>eagerness</b>, studium, studî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>eagle</b>, aquila, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>easily</b>, facile<br> +<b>easy</b>, facilis, -e<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>either ... or</b>, aut ... aut<br> +<b>empire</b>, imperium, impe´rî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>employ</b>, negôtium dô<br> +<b>encourage</b>, hortor, 1<br> +<b>enemy</b>, hostis, -is, <i>m. and f.</i>; inimîcus, -î, +<i>m.</i><br> +<b>enough</b>, satis<br> +<b>entire</b>, tôtus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>expectation</b>, opîniô, -ônis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>eye</b>, oculus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_F">F</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>faithless</b>, perfidus, -a, -um<br> +<b>famous</b>, clârus, -a, -um<br> +<b>far</b>, longê<br> +<b>farmer</b>, agricola, -ae, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>farther</b>, ulterior, -ius<br> +<b>father</b>, pater, patris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>fatherland</b>, patria, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>favor</b>, faveô, 2<br> +<b>favorable</b>, idôneus, -a,-um; secundus, -a, -um<br> +<b>fear</b>, metus, -ûs, <i>m.</i>; timor, -ôris, +<i>m.</i><br> +<b>fear, be afraid</b>, timeô, 2<br> +<b>few</b>, paucî, -ae, -a<br> +<b>field</b>, ager, agrî, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>fifteen</b>, quîndecim<br> +<b>fight</b>, contendô, 3; pugnô, 1<br> +<b>find</b>, reperiô, 4<br> +<b>finish</b>, cônficiô, 3<br> +<b>fire</b>, ignis, -is, <i>m.</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)<br> +<b>firmness</b>, cônstantia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>first</b>, prîmus, -a, -um<br> +<b>flee</b>, fugiô, 3<br> +<b>flight</b>, fuga, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>fly</b>, volô, 1<br> +<b>foe</b>, see <b>enemy</b><br> +<b>follow close after</b>, subsequor, 3<br> +<b>food</b>, cibus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>foot</b>, pês, pedis, <i>m.</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>foot-soldier</b>, pedes, -itis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>for</b> (<i>conj.</i>), enim, nam<br> +<b>for</b> (<i>prep.</i>), <i>sign of dat.</i>; dê, prô, +<i>with abl.; to express purpose</i>, ad, <i>with gerundive; implied in +acc. of time and of extent of space</i><br> +<b>for a long time</b>, diû<br> +<b>forbid</b>, vetô, 1<br> +<b>forces</b>, côpiae, -ârum, <i>f., plur. of</i> +côpia<br> +<b>forest</b>, silva, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>fort</b>, castellum, -î, <i>n.</i>; castrum, -î, +<i>n.</i><br> +<b>fortification</b>, mûnitiô, -ônis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>fortify</b>, mûniô, 4<br> +<b>fortune</b>, fortûna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>fourth</b>, quârtus, -a, -um<br> +<b>free</b>, lîber, -era, -erum<br> +<b>free, liberate</b>, lîberô, 1<br> +<b>frequent</b>, crêber, -bra, -brum<br> +<b>friend</b>, amîcus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>friendly</b> (<i>adj.</i>), amîcus, -a, -um<br> +<b>friendly</b> (<i>adv.</i>), amîcê<br> +<b>friendship</b>, amîcitia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>frighten</b>, perterreô, 2<br> +<b>from</b>, â <i>or</i> ab, dê, ê, ex, <i>with abl. +Often expressed by the separative ablative without a prep.</i><br> +<b>from each other</b>, inter, <i>with acc. of a reflexive pron.</i><br> +<b>full</b>, plênus, -a, -um<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_G">G</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<a name = "page336"> </a> + + +<b>Galba</b>, Galba, -ae, <i>m.</i><br> +<i>garland</i>, corôna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>garrison</b>, praesidium, praesi´dî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>gate</b>, porta, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>Gaul</b>, Gallia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>Gaul</b> (<b>a</b>), Gallus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>general</b>, imperâtor, -ôris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>Geneva</b>, Genâva, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>gentle</b>, lênis, -e<br> +<b>German</b>, Germânus, -a, -um<br> +<b>Germans</b> (<b>the</b>), Germânî, -ôrum, <i>m. +plur</i>.<br> +<b>Germany</b>, Germânia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>get</b> (<i>dinner</i>), parô, 1<br> +<b>girl</b>, puella, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>give</b>, dô, dare, dedî, datus<br> +<b>give over, surrender</b>, dêdô, 3; trâdô, +3<br> +<b>give up</b>, omittô, 3<br> +<b>go</b>, eô, 4 (<a href = "#sec499">§ 499</a>)<br> +<b>go forth</b>, prôgredior, 3<br> +<b>god</b>, deus, -î, <i>m.</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>)<br> +<b>goddess</b>, dea, -ae, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec67">§ 67</a>)<br> +<b>gold</b>, aurum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>good</b>, bonus, -a, -um<br> +<b>grain</b>, frûmentum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>grain supply</b>, rês frûmentâria<br> +<b>great</b>, ingêns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um<br> +<b>greatest</b>, maximus, -a, -um; summus, -a, -um<br> +<b>guard</b>, praesidium, praesi´dî, <i>n.</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_H">H</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>hand</b>, manus, -ûs, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>happy</b>, laetus, -a, -um<br> +<b>harbor</b>, portus, -ûs, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>hasten</b>, contendô, 3; mâtûrô, 1; +properô, 1<br> +<b>hateful</b>, invîsus, -a, -um<br> +<b>haughty</b>, superbus, -a, -um<br> +<b>have</b>, habeô, 2<br> +<b>have no power</b>, nihil possum<br> +<b>he</b>, is; hic; iste; ille; <i>or not expressed</i><br> +<b>head</b>, caput, -itis, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>hear</b>, audiô<br> +<b>heart</b>, animus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>heavy</b>, gravis, -e<br> +<b>Helvetii</b> (<b>the</b>), Helvêtiî, -ôrum, <i>m. +plur.</i><br> +<b>hem in</b>, contineô, 2<br> +<b>hen</b>, gallîna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>her</b>, eius; huius; istîus; illîus; <i>reflexive</i>, +suus, -a, -um (<a href = "#sec116">§ 116</a>)<br> +<b>hide</b>, abdô, 3<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>high</b>, altus, -a, -um<br> +<b>highest</b>, summus, -a, -um<br> +<b>hill</b>, collis, -is, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>himself</b>, suî. See <b>self</b><br> +<b>hindrance</b>, impedîmentum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>his</b>, eius; huius; istîus; illîus; <i>reflexive</i>, +suus, -a, -um (<a href = "#sec116">§ 116</a>)<br> +<b>hither</b>, citerior, -ius (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)<br> +<b>hold</b>, teneô, 2<br> +<b>home</b>, domus, -ûs, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>).<br> +<b>at home</b>, domî (<a href = "#sec267">§ 267</a>)<br> +<b>hope</b> (<i>Noun</i>), spês, speî, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>hope</b> (<i>verb</i>), spêrô, 1<br> +<b>horse</b>, equus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>horseman</b>, eques, -itis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>hostage</b>, obses, -idis, <i>m. and f.</i><br> +<b>hostile</b>, inimîcus, -a, -um<br> +<b>hour</b>, hôra, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>house</b>, domicilium, domici´lî, <i>n.</i>; domus, +-ûs, <i>f.</i> (<a href = "#sec468">§ 468</a>)<br> +<b>hurl</b>, iaciô, 3<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_I">I</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>I</b>, ego (<a href = "#sec280">§ 280</a>); <i>or not +expressed</i><br> +<b>if</b>, sî. <b>if not</b>, nisi<br> +<b>ill</b>, aeger, -gra, -grum<br> +<b>immediately</b>, statim<br> +<b>in</b> (<i>of place</i>), in, <i>with abl.; (of time or of +specification) abl. without prep.</i><br> +<a name = "page337"> </a> + + +<b>in order that</b>, ut, <i>with subjv.</i>;<br> +<b>in order that not, lest</b>, nê, <i>with subjv.</i><br> +<b>in vain</b>, frûstrâ<br> +<b>industry</b>, dîligentia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>inflict injuries upon</b>, iniûriâs înferô +<i>with dat.</i> (<a href = "#sec426">§ 426</a>)<br> +<b>inflict punishment on</b>, supplicium sûmô de<br> +<b>inform some one</b>, aliquem certiôrem faciô<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>injure</b>, noceô, 2, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec153">§ 153</a>)<br> +<b>injury</b>, iniûria, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>into</b>, in, <i>with acc.</i><br> +<b>intrust</b>, committô, 3; mandô, 1<br> +<b>invite</b>, vocô, 1<br> +<b>is</b>, <i>used as auxiliary, not translated; as a copula</i>, sum +(<a href = "#sec494">§ 494</a>)<br> +<b>island</b>, însula, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>it</b>, is; hie; iste; ille; <i>or not expressed</i><br> +<b>Italy</b>, Italia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>its</b>, eius; huius; istîus; illîus; <i>reflexive</i>, +suus, -a, -um (<a href = "#sec116">§ 116</a>)<br> +<b>itself</b>, suî. See <b>self</b><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_J">J</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>join battle</b>, proelium committô<br> +<b>journey</b>, iter, itineris, <i>n.</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>)<br> +<b>judge</b> (<i>Noun</i>), iûdex, -icis, <i>m.</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>judge</b> (<i>verb</i>), iûdicô, 1<br> +<b>Julia</b>, Iûlia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>just now</b>, nûper<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_K">K</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>keep</b>, contineô, 2; prohibeo, 2; teneô, 2<br> +<b>keep on doing something</b>, <i>expressed by the impf. indic.</i><br> +<b>kill</b>, interficiô, 3; necô, 1 ; occîdô, +3<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>king</b>, rêx, rêgis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>kingdom</b>, rêgnum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>know</b>, cognôscô, 3, <i>in perf.</i>; sciô, 4<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_L">L</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>labor</b> (<i>Noun</i>), labor, -ôris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>labor</b> (<i>verb</i>), labôrô, 1<br> +<b>lack</b> (<i>Noun</i>), inopia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>lack</b> (<i>verb</i>), egeô, 2, <i>with abl.</i> (<a href = +"#sec180">§ 180</a>)<br> +<b>lady</b>, domina, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>lake</b>, lacus, -ûs, <i>m.</i> (<a href = +"#sec260">§ 260. 2</a>)<br> +<b>land</b>, terra, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>language</b>, lingua, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>large</b>, ingêns, -entis ; magnus, -a, -um<br> +<b>larger</b>, maior, maius<br> +<b>lately</b>, nûper<br> +<b>Latona</b>, Lâtôna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>law</b>, lêx, lêgis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>lay waste</b>, vâstô, 1<br> +<b>lead</b>, dûco, 3<br> +<b>leader</b>, dux, ducis, <i>m. and f.</i><br> +<b>learn, know</b>, cognôscô, 3<br> +<b>leave, depart from</b>, discêdô, 3<br> +<b>leave behind, abandon</b>, relinquô, 3<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>left</b>, sinister, -tra, -trum<br> +<b>legion</b>, legiô, -ônis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>legionaries</b>, legiônâriî, -ôrum, <i>m. +plur.</i><br> +<b>length</b>, longitûdô, -inis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>lest</b>, nê, <i>with subjv.</i><br> +<b>letter</b> (<i>of the alphabet</i>), littera, -ae, <i>f</i>; (<i>an +epistle</i>) litterae, -ârum, <i>f. plur</i>.<br> +<b>lieutenant</b>, lêgâtus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>light</b>, lûx, lûcis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>like</b> (<i>adj.</i>), similis, -e<br> +<b>like, love</b>, amô, 1<br> +<b>line of battle</b>, aciês, aciêî, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>little</b>, parvus, -a, -um<br> +<b>live</b>, habitô, 1; incolô, 3; vîvô, 3<br> +<b>long</b>, longus, -a, -um<br> +<b>long, for a long time</b>, diû<br> +<b>long for</b>, dêsîderô, 1<br> +<b>look after</b>, cûrô, 1<br> +<b>love</b>, amô, 1<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> +<a name = "page338"> </a> +<a name = "english_M">M</a><br><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>maid, maid servant</b>, ancilla, -ae,<i>f.</i><br> +<b>make</b>, faciô, 3<br> +<b>make war upon</b>, bellum înferô <i>with dat.</i> (<a +href = "#sec426">§ 426</a>)<br> +<b>man</b>, homô, -inis, <i>m. and f.</i>; vir, virî, +<i>m.</i><br> +<b>man-of-war</b>, nâvis longa<br> +<b>many</b>, multî, -ae, -a, <i>plur. of</i> multus<br> +<b>march</b>, iter, itineris, <i>n.</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>)<br> +<b>Mark</b>, Mârcus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>marriage</b>, mâtrimônium, +mâtrimô´nî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>master</b>, dominus, -î, <i>m.</i>; magîster, -trî, +<i>m.</i><br> +<b>matter</b>, negôtium, negô´tî, <i>n.</i>; +rês, reî, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>means, by means of</b>, <i>the abl.</i><br> +<b>messenger</b>, nûntius, nûntî, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>midnight</b>, media nox<br> +<b>mile</b>, mîlle passuum (<a href = +"#sec331">§ 331. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +<b>miles</b>, mîlia passuum<br> +<b>mind</b>, animus, -î, <i>m.</i>; mêns, mentis, +<i>f.</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>mine</b>, meus, -a, -um<br> +<b>mistress</b>, domina, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>money</b>, pecûnia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>monster</b>, mônstrum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>month</b>, mênsis, -is, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>moon</b>, lûna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>more</b> (<i>adj.</i>), plûs, plûris (<a href = +"#sec313">§ 313</a>); <i>or a comparative. Adverb</i>, +magis<br> +<b>most</b> (<i>adj.</i>), plûrimus, -a, -um; <i>superl. degree. +Adverb</i>, maximê; plûrimum<br> +<b>mother</b>, mâter, mâtris, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>mountain</b>, môns, montis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>move</b>, moveô, 2<br> +<b>moved</b>, commôtus, -a, -um<br> +<b>much (by)</b>, multô<br> +<b>multitude</b>, multitûdô, -inis. <i>f.</i><br> +<b>my</b>, meus, -a, -um<br> +<b>myself</b>, mê, <i>reflexive</i>. See <b>self</b><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_N">N</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>name</b>, nômen, -inis, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>nation</b>, gêns, gentis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>near</b>, propinquus, -a, -um<br> +<b>nearest</b>, proximus, -a, -um<br> +<b>nearly</b>, ferê<br> +<b>neighbor</b>, fînitimus, -î, <i>in.</i><br> +<b>neighboring</b>, fîinitimus, -a, -um<br> +<b>neither</b>, neque <i>or</i> nec;<br> +<b>neither ... nor</b>, neque (nec) ... neque (nec)<br> +<b>never</b>, numquam<br> +<b>nevertheless</b>, tamen<br> +<b>new</b>, novus, -a, -um<br> +<b>next day</b>, postrîdiê eius diêî<br> +<b>next to</b>, proximus, -a, -um<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>night</b>, nox, noctis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>nine</b>, novem<br> +<b>no</b>, minimê; <i>or repeat verb with a negative</i> (<a href += "#sec210">§ 210</a>)<br> +<b>no, none</b>, nûllus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec109">§ 109</a>)<br> +<b>no one</b>, nêmô, nûllîus<br> +<b>nor</b>, neque <i>or</i> nec<br> +<b>not</b>, nôn<br> +<b>not even</b>, nê ... quidem<br> +<b>not only ... but also</b>, nôn sôlum ... sed etiam<br> +<b>nothing</b>, nihil <i>or</i> nihilum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>now</b>, nunc<br> +<b>number</b>, numerus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_O">O</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>obey</b>, pâreô, 2, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec153">§ 153</a>)<br> +<b>of</b>, <i>sign of gen.</i>;<br> +dê, <i>with abl.</i>;<br> +<b>out +of</b>, ê <i>or</i> ex, <i>with abl.</i><br> +<b>often</b>, saepe<br> +<b>on</b> (<i>of place</i>), in, <i>with abl.</i>;<br> +(<i>of time</i>) +<i>abl. without prep.</i><br> +<b>on account of</b>, propter, <i>with acc.</i>; <i>or abl. of +cause.</i><br> +<b>on all sides</b>, undique<br> +<b>once</b> (<i>upon a time</i>), ôlim<br> +<a name = "page339"> </a> + + +<b>one</b>, ûnus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>one ... another</b>, alius ... alius (<a href = +"#sec110">§ 110</a>)<br> +<b>only</b> (<i>adv.</i>), sôlum; tantum<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>opportune</b>, opportunus, -a, -um<br> +<b>opposite</b>, adversus, -a, -um<br> +<b>oracle</b>, ôrâculum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>orator</b>, ôrâtor, -ôris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>order</b>, imperô, 1; iubeô, 2<br> +<b>ornament</b>, ôrnâmentum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>other</b>, alius, -a, -ud (<a href = +"#sec109">§ 109</a>)<br> +<b>others (the)</b>, reliquî, -ôrum, <i>m. plur.</i><br> +<b>ought</b>, dêbeô, 2<br> +<b>our</b>, noster, -tra, -trum<br> +<b>ourselves</b>, nôs, <i>as reflexive object.</i> See +<b>self</b><br> +<b>overcome</b>, superô, 1 ; vincô, 3<br> +<b>own (his, her, its, their)</b>, suus, -a, -um<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_P">P</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>part</b>, pars, partis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>peace</b>, pâx, pâcis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>people</b>, populus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>Perseus</b>, Perseus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>persuade</b>, persuâdeô, 2, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec153">§ 153</a>)<br> +<b>pitch camp</b>, castra pônô<br> +<b>place</b> (<i>Noun</i>), locus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>place, arrange</b>, conlocô, 1<br> +<b>place, put</b>, pônô, 3<br> +<b>place in command</b>, praeficiô, 3, <i>with acc. and dat.</i> +(<a href = "#sec426">§ 426</a>)<br> +<b>plan (a)</b>, cônsilium, cônsi´lî, +<i>n.</i><br> +<b>please</b>, placeô, 2, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec154">§ 154</a>)<br> +<b>pleasing</b>, grâtus, -a, -um<br> +<b>plow</b>, arô, 1<br> +<b>Pompeii</b>, Pompêiî, -ôrum, <i>m. plur.</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>possible (as)</b>, <i>expressed by</i> quam <i>and superl</i>.<br> +<b>powerful (be)</b>, valeô, 2<br> +<b>praise</b>, laudô, 1<br> +<b>prefer</b>, mâlô, mâlle, mâluî, +—— (<a href = "#sec497">§ 497</a>)<br> +<b>prepare for</b>, parô, 1, <i>with acc.</i><br> +<b>press hard</b>, premô, 3<br> +<b>protection</b>, fidês, fideî, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>province</b>, prôvincia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>public</b>, pûblicus, -a, -um<br> +<b>Publius</b>, Pûblius, Pûblî, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>punishment</b>, poena, -ae, <i>f.</i>; supplicium, +suppli´cî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>purpose, for the purpose of</b>, ut, quî, <i>or</i> quô, +<i>with subjv.</i>; ad, <i>with gerund or gerundive;</i> causâ, +<i>following the genitive of a gerund or gerundive</i><br> +<b>pursue</b>, însequor, 3<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_Q">Q</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>queen</b>, rêgîna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>quickly</b>, celeriter<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>quite</b>, <i>expressed by the comp. degree</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_R">R</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>rampart</b>, vâllum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>rear</b>, novissimum agmen<br> +<b>reason</b>, causa, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>receive</b>, accipiô, 3; excipiô, 3<br> +<b>recent</b>, recêns, -entis<br> +<b>recently</b>, nûper<br> +<b>redoubt</b>, castellum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>refuse</b>, recûsô, 1<br> +<b>remain</b>, maneô, 2<br> +<b>remaining</b>, reliquus, -a, -um<br> +<b>reply</b>, respondeô, 2<br> +<b>report</b> (<i>Noun</i>), fama, -ae, <i>f.</i>; rûmor, +-ôris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>report</b> (<i>verb</i>), adferô; dêferô; +referô (<a href = "#sec498">§ 498</a>)<br> +<b>republic</b>, rês pûblica<br> +<b>require</b>, postulô, 1<br> +<b>resist</b>, resistô, 3, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec154">§ 154</a>)<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>rest (the)</b>, reliquî, -ôrum, <i>m. plur.</i><br> +<a name = "page340"> </a> + + +<b>restrain</b>, contineô, 2<br> +<b>retainer</b>, cliêns, -entis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>retreat</b>, pedem referô; terga vertô<br> +<b>return</b>, redeô, 4; revertor, 3<br> +<b>revolution</b>, rês novae<br> +<b>Rhine</b>, Rhênus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>right</b>, dexter, -tra, -trum<br> +<b>river</b>, flûmen, -inis, <i>n.</i>; fluvius, fluvî, +<i>m.</i><br> +<b>road</b>, via, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>Roman</b>, Rômânus, -a, -um<br> +<b>Rome</b>, Rôma, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>row</b>, ôrdô, -inis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>rule</b>, regô, 3<br> +<b>rumor</b>, fâma, -ae, <i>f.</i>; rûmor, -ôris, +<i>m.</i><br> +<b>run</b>, currô, 3<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_S">S</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>sacrifice</b>, sacrum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>safety</b>, salûs, -ûtis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>sail</b>, nâvigô, 1<br> +<b>sailor</b>, nauta, -ae, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>sake, for the sake of</b>, causâ, <i>following a gen.</i><br> +<b>same</b>, îdem, eadem, idem (<a href = +"#sec287">§ 287</a>)<br> +<b>savages</b>, barbarî, -ôrum, <i>m. plur.</i><br> +<b>save</b>, servô, 1<br> +<b>say</b>, dîcô, 3<br> +<b>school</b>, lûdus, -î, <i>m.</i>; schola, -ae, +<i>f.</i><br> +<b>scout</b>, explôrâtor, -ôris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>sea</b>, mare, -is, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>second</b>, secundus, -a, -um<br> +<b>see</b>, videô, 2<br> +<b>seek</b>, petô, 3<br> +<b>seem</b>, videor, 2, <i>passive of</i> videô<br> +<b>seize</b>, occupô, 1; rapiô, 3<br> +<b>self</b>, ipse, -a, -um (<a href = "#sec286">§ 286</a>); +suî (<a href = "#sec281">§ 281</a>)<br> +<b>send</b>, mittô, 3<br> +<b>set fire to</b>, incendô, 3<br> +<b>set out</b>, proficîscor, 3<br> +<b>seven</b>, septem<br> +<b>Sextus</b>, Sextus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>she</b>, ea; haec; ista; illa (<a href = +"#sec115">§ 115</a>); <i>or not expressed</i><br> +<b>ship</b>, nâvis, -is, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)<br> +<b>short</b>, brevis, -e<br> +<b>shout</b>, clâmor, -ôris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>show</b>, dêmônstrô, 1<br> +<b>Sicily</b>, Sicilia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>sick</b>, aeger, -gra, -grum<br> +<b>side</b>, latus, -eris, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>siege</b>, obsidiô, -ônis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>since</b>, cum, <i>with subjv.</i> (<a href = +"#sec396">§ 396</a>); <i>the abl. abs.</i> (<a href = +"#sec381">§ 381</a>)<br> +<b>sing</b>, canô, 3; cantô, 1<br> +<b>sister</b>, soror, -ôris, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>sit</b>, sedeô, 2<br> +<b>size</b>, magnitûdô, -inis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>skillful</b>, perîtus, -a, -um<br> +<b>slave</b>, servus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>slavery</b>, servitiûs, -ûtis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>slow</b>, tardus, -a, -um<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>small</b>, parvus, -a, -um<br> +<b>snatch</b>, rapiô, 3<br> +<b>so</b>, ita; sîc; tam<br> +<b>so great</b>, tantus, -a, -um<br> +<b>so that</b>, ut; <b>so that not</b>, ut nôn<br> +<b>soldier</b>, mîles, -itis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>some</b>, <i>often not expressed</i>; quis (quî), qua (quae), +quid (quod); aliquî, aliqua, aliquod<br> +<b>some one</b>, quis; aliquis (<a href = +"#sec487">§ 487</a>)<br> +<b>some ... others</b>, aliî ... aliî (<a href = +"#sec110">§ 110</a>)<br> +<b>something</b>, quid; aliquid (<a href = +"#sec487">§ 487</a>)<br> +<b>son</b>, fîlius, fîlî, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>soon</b>, mox<br> +<b>space</b>, spatium, spatî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>spear</b>, pîlum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>spirited</b>, âcer, âcris, âcre; alacer, alacris, +alacre<br> +<b>spring</b>, fôns, fontis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>spur</b>, calcar, -âris, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>stand</b>, stô, 1<br> +<a name = "page341"> </a> + + +<b>state</b>, cîvitâs, -âtis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>station</b>, conlocô, 1<br> +<b>steadiness</b>, cônstantia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>stone</b>, lapis, -idis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>storm</b>, oppugnô, 1<br> +<b>story</b>, fâbula, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>street</b>, via, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>strength</b>, vîs, (vîs), <i>f.</i><br> +<b>strong</b>, fortis, -e; validus, -a, -um<br> +<b>sturdy</b>, validus, -a, -um<br> +<b>such</b>, tâlis, -e<br> +<b>suddenly</b>, subitô<br> +<b>suffer punishment</b>, supplicium dô<br> +<b>sufficiently</b>, satis<br> +<b>suitable</b>, idôneus, -a, -um<br> +<b>summer</b>, aestâs, -âtis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>sun</b>, sôl, sôlis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>supplies</b>, commeâtus, -ûs, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>surrender</b>, trâdô, 3<br> +<b>suspect</b>, suspicor, 1<br> +<b>swift</b>, celer, -eris, -ere; vêlôx, -ôcis<br> +<b>sword</b>, gladius, gladî, <i>m.</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_T">T</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>take, capture</b>, capiô, 3<br> +<b>take part in</b>, intersum, -esse, -fuî, -futûrus, +<i>with dat.</i> (<a href = "#sec426">§ 426</a>)<br> +<b>take possession of</b>, occupô, 1<br> +<b>tall</b>, altus, -a, -um<br> +<b>task</b>, opus, operis, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>teach</b>, doceô, 2<br> +<b>teacher</b>, magister, -trî, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>tear</b> (<i>Noun</i>), lacrima, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>tell</b>, dîcô, 3; nârrô, 1<br> +<b>ten</b>, decem<br> +<b>terrified</b>, perterritus, -a, -um<br> +<b>terrify</b>, perterreô, 2<br> +<b>than</b>, quam<br> +<b>that</b> (<i>conj. after verbs of saying and the like</i>), <i>not +expressed</i><br> +<b>that</b> (<i>pron.</i>), is; iste; ille<br> +<b>that, in order that</b>, <i>in purpose clauses</i>, ut; <i>after +verbs of fearing</i>, nê (<a href = +"#sec349">§§ 349</a>, <a href = "#sec366">366</a>, <a +href = "#sec372">372</a>)<br> +<b>that not, lest</b>, <i>in purpose clauses</i>, nê; <i>after +verbs of fearing</i>, ut (<a href = "#sec349">§§ 349</a>, +<a href = "#sec366">366</a>, <a href = "#sec372">372</a>)<br> +<b>the</b>, <i>not expressed</i><br> +<b>their</b>, <i>gen. plur. of</i> is; <i>reflexive</i>, suus, -a, -um +(<a href = "#sec116">§ 116</a>)<br> +<b>their own</b>, suus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec116">§ 116</a>)<br> +<b>then, at that time</b>, tum<br> +<b>then, in the next place</b>, deinde, tum<br> +<b>there</b>, <i>as expletive, not expressed</i><br> +<b>there, in that place</b>, ibi<br> +<b>therefore</b>, itaque<br> +<b>they</b>, iî; hî; istî; illî; <i>or not +expressed</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>think</b>, arbitror, 1; exîstimô, 1; putô, 1<br> +<b>third</b>, tertius, -a, -um<br> +<b>this</b>, hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id<br> +<b>though</b>, cum. <i>with subjv.</i> (<a href = +"#sec396">§ 396</a>)<br> +<b>thousand</b>, mîlle (<a href = +"#sec479">§ 479</a>)<br> +<b>three</b>, três, tria (<a href = +"#sec479">§ 479</a>)<br> +<b>through</b>, per, <i>with acc.</i><br> +<b>thy</b>, tuus, -a, -um<br> +<b>time</b>, tempus, -oris, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>to</b>, <i>sign of dat.</i>; ad, in, <i>with acc.; expressing +purpose</i>, ut, quî, <i>with subjv.</i>; ad, <i>with gerund or +gerundive</i><br> +<b>to each other</b>, inter, <i>with acc. of a reflexive pron.</i><br> +<b>to-day</b>, hodiê<br> +<b>tooth</b>, dêns, dentis, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>top of</b>, summus, -a, -um<br> +<b>tower</b>, turris, -is, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 2</a>)<br> +<b>town</b>, oppidum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>townsman</b>, oppidânus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>trace</b>, vestîgium, vestî´gî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>trader</b>, mercâtor, -ôris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>train</b>, exerceô, 2<br> +<b>tree</b>, arbor, -oris, <i>f.</i><br> +<a name = "page342"> </a> + + +<b>tribe</b>, gêns, gentis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>troops</b>, côpiae, -ârum, <i>f. plur.</i><br> +<b>true</b>, vêrus, -a, -um<br> +<b>trumpet</b>, tuba, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>try</b>, cônor, 1; temptô, 1<br> +<b>twelve</b>, duodecim<br> +<b>two</b>, duo, duae, duo (<a href = "#sec479">§ 479</a>)<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_U">U</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>under</b>, sub, <i>with acc. or abl.</i><br> +<b>undertake</b>, suscipiô, 3<br> +<b>unharmed</b>, incolumis, -e<br> +<b>unless</b>, nisi<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>unlike</b>, dissimilis, -e<br> +<b>unwilling</b> (<b>be</b>), nôlô, nôlle, +nôluî, —— (<a href = +"#sec497">§ 497</a>)<br> +<b>up to</b>, sub, <i>with acc.</i><br> +<b>us</b>, nôs, <i>acc. plur. of</i> ego<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_V">V</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>very</b>, <i>superl. degree</i>; maximê; ipse, -a, -um (<a href += "#sec285">§ 285</a>)<br> +<b>victor</b>, victor, -ôris, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>victory</b>, victôria, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>village</b>, vîcus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>violence</b>, vîs, (vîs), <i>f.</i><br> +<b>violently</b>, vehementer<br> +<b>voice</b>, vôx, vôcis, <i>f.</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_W">W</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>wage</b>, gerô, 3<br> +<b>wagon</b>, carrus. -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>wall</b>, mûrus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>want</b>, inopia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>war</b>, bellum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>watch</b>, vigilia, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>water</b>, aqua, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>wave</b>, fluctus, -ûs, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>way</b>, iter, itineris, <i>n.</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>); via, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>way, manner</b>, modus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>we</b>, nôs, <i>plur. of</i> ego; <i>or not expressed</i><br> +<b>weak</b>, înfîrmus, -a, -um<br> +<b>weapons</b>, arma, -ôrum, <i>n. plur.</i>; têla, +-ôrum, <i>n. plur.</i><br> +<b>wear</b>, gerô, 3<br> +<b>weary</b>, dêfessus, -a, -um<br> +<b>what</b>, quis (quî), quae, quid (quod) (<a href = +"#sec483">§ 483</a>)<br> +<b>when</b>, ubi; cum (<a href = "#sec396">§ 396</a>); +<i>often expressed by a participle</i><br> +<b>where</b>, ubi<br> +<b>which</b>, quî, quae, quod (<a href = +"#sec482">§ 482</a>); <b>which of two</b>, uter, utra, utrum +(<a href = "#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>while</b>, <i>expressed by a participle</i><br> +<b>whither</b>, quô<br> +<b>who</b> (<i>rel.</i>), quî, quae (<a href = +"#sec482">§ 482</a>); (<i>interrog.</i>) quis (<a href = +"#sec483">§ 483</a>)<br> +<b>whole</b>, tôtus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)<br> +<b>whose</b>, cuius; quôrum, quârum, quôrum, <i>gen. +of</i> quî, quae, quod, <i>rel.</i>; <i>or of</i> quis, quid, +<i>interrog</i>.<br> +<b>why</b>, cûr<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>wicked</b>, malus, -a, -um<br> +<b>wide</b>, lâtus, -a, -um<br> +<b>width</b>, lâtitûdô, -inis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>wild beast</b>, fera, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>willing</b> (<b>be</b>), volô, velle, voluî, +—— (<a href = "#sec497">§ 497</a>)<br> +<b>win</b> (<i>a victory</i>), reportô, 1<br> +<b>wind</b>, ventus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>wine</b>, vînum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>wing</b>, cornû, -ûs, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>winter</b>, hiems, -emis, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>wisdom</b>, cônsilium, consi´lî, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>wish</b>, cupiô, 3; volô, velle, voluî, +—— (<a href = "#sec497">§ 497</a>);<br> +<b>wish not</b>, nôlô, nôlle, nôluî, +—— (<a href = "#sec497">§ 497</a>)<br> +<b>with</b>, cum, <i>with abl.; sometimes abl. alone</i><br> +<b>withdraw</b>, sê recipere<br> +<b>without</b>, sine, <i>with abl.</i><br> +<b>woman</b>, fêmina, -ae, <i>f.</i>; mulier, -eris, <i>f.</i><br> +<a name = "page343"> </a> + + +<b>wonderful</b>, mîrus, -a, -um<br> +<b>word</b>, verbum, -î, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>work</b>, labor, -ôris, <i>m.</i>; opus, -eris, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>worse</b>, peior, peius, <i>comp. of</i> malus<br> +<b>worst</b>, pessimus, -a, -um, <i>superl. of</i> malus<br> +<b>wound</b> (<i>Noun</i>), vulnus, -eris, <i>n.</i><br> +<b>wound</b> (<i>verb</i>), vulnerô, 1<br> +<b>wreath</b>, corôna, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +<b>wretched</b>, miser, -era, -erum<br> +<b>wrong</b>, iniûria, -ae, <i>f.</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_Y">Y</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>year</b>, annus, -î, <i>m.</i><br> +<b>yes</b>, certê; ita; vêrô; <i>or, more usually, +repeat the verb</i> (<a href = "#sec210">§ 210</a>)<br> +<b>yonder (that)</b>, ille, -a, -ud<br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>you</b>, <i>sing</i>. tû; <i>plur</i>. vôs (<a href = +"#sec480">§ 480</a>); <i>or not</i> <i>expressed</i><br> +<b>your</b>, <i>sing</i>. tuus, -a, -um; <i>plur.</i> vester, -tra, +-trum (<a href = "#sec98">§ 98. <i>b</i></a>)<br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2" align = "center"> + <br> +<a name = "english_Z">Z</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>zeal</b>, studium, studî, <i>n.</i><br> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a name = "page344"> </a> +<p align = "center"><font size = "+1"><a name = +"index">INDEX</a></font></p> + +<p>The numbers in all cases refer to sections.</p> + +<table width = "90%" align = "center"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> + +<b>â</b>-declension of nouns, <a href = "#sec57">57</a>, <a href = +"#sec461">461</a><br> +<b>â</b>-verbs, conjugation of, <a href = "#sec488">488</a><br> +<b>ablative</b> case, <a href = "#sec48">48</a>, <a href = +"#sec50">50</a><br> +absolute, <a href = "#sec381">381</a><br> +after a comparative, <a href = "#sec309">309</a><br> +of accompaniment, <a href = "#sec104">104</a><br> +of agent, <a href = "#sec181">181</a><br> +of cause, <a href = "#sec102">102</a><br> +of description, <a href = "#sec444">444</a>, <a href = +"#sec445">445</a><br> +of manner, <a href = "#sec105">105</a><br> +of means or instrument, <a href = "#sec103">103</a><br> +of measure of difference, <a href = "#sec317">317</a><br> +of place from which, <a href = "#sec179">179</a><br> +of place where, <a href = "#sec265">265</a><br> +of separation, <a href = "#sec180">180</a><br> +of specification, <a href = "#sec398">398</a><br> +of time, <a href = "#sec275">275</a><br> +<b>accent</b>, <a href = "#sec14">14</a>-<a href = "#sec16">16</a><br> +<b>accompaniment</b><br> +abl. of, <a href = "#sec104">104</a><br> +<b>accusative</b> case, <a href = "#sec33">33</a><br> +as subject of the infinitive, <a href = "#sec214">214</a><br> +object, <a href = "#sec37">37</a><br> +of duration and extent, <a href = "#sec336">336</a><br> +of place to which, <a href = "#sec263">263</a>, <a href = +"#sec266">266</a><br> +predicate, <a href = "#sec392">392</a><br> +with prepositions, <a href = "#sec340">340</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>adjectives</b>, <a href = "#sec54">54</a>, <a href = +"#sec55">55</a><br> +agreement, <a href = "#sec65">65</a><br> +comparison<br> +regular, <a href = "#sec301">301</a><br> +by adverbs, <a href = "#sec302">302</a><br> +irregular, <a href = "#sec307">307</a>, <a href = "#sec311">311</a>, <a +href = "#sec312">312</a>, <a href = "#sec315">315</a><br> +declension of comparatives, <a href = "#sec303">303</a><br> +of first and second declensions, <a href = "#sec83">83</a>, <a href = +"#sec93">93</a>, <a href = "#sec469">469</a><br> +of third declension, <a href = "#sec250">250</a>-<a href = +"#sec257">257</a>, <a href = "#sec471">471</a><br> +with the dative, <a href = "#sec143">143</a><br> +<b>adverbs</b>, <a href = "#sec319">319</a><br> +comparison, <a href = "#sec320">320</a>, <a href = "#sec323">323</a><br> +formation<br> +regular, <a href = "#sec320">320</a>, <a href = "#sec321">321</a><br> +irregular, <a href = "#sec322">322</a>, <a href = "#sec323">323</a><br> +<b>agent</b><br> +expressed by the abl. with <i>â</i> or <i>ab</i>, <a href = +"#sec181">181</a><br> +<b>agreement</b><br> +of adjectives, <a href = "#sec65">65</a>, <a href = +"#sec215">215. <i>a</i></a><br> +of appositives, <a href = "#sec81">81</a><br> +of predicate nouns, <a href = "#sec76">76</a><br> +of relative pronouns, <a href = "#sec224">224</a><br> +of verbs, <a href = "#sec28">28</a><br> +<b>aliquis</b>, <a href = "#sec487">487</a><br> +<b>alius</b>, <a href = "#sec108">108</a>, <a href = "#sec110">110</a>, +<a href = "#sec470">470</a><br> +<b>alphabet</b>, <a href = "#sec1">1</a>-<a href = "#sec3">3</a><br> +<b>alter</b>, <a href = "#sec108">108</a>, <a href = +"#sec110">110</a><br> +<b>antepenult</b>, <a href = "#sec9">9. 3</a><br> +accent of, <a href = "#sec15">15</a><br> +<b>apposition</b>, <a href = "#sec80">80</a>, <a href = +"#sec81">81</a><br> +<b>article</b><br> +not used in Latin, <a href = "#sec22">22. <i>a</i></a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>base</b>, <a href = "#sec58">58</a><br> +</td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>cardinal numerals</b>, <a href = "#sec327">327</a>-<a href = +"#sec329">329</a>, <a href = "#sec478">478</a><br> +<b>case</b>, <a href = "#sec32">32. 2</a><br> +<b>causal clauses</b> with <i>cum</i>, <a href = "#sec395">395</a>, <a +href = "#sec396">396</a><br> +<b>cause</b>,<br> +expressed by the abl., <a href = "#sec102">102</a><br> +<b>characteristic</b><br> +subjv. of, <a href = "#sec389">389</a>, <a href = "#sec390">390</a><br> +<b>comparative</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec303">303</a><br> +<b>comparison</b><br> +abl. of, <a href = "#sec309">309</a><br> +degrees of, <a href = "#sec300">300</a><br> +of adjectives, <a href = "#sec300">300</a>-<a href = +"#sec315">315</a><br> +irregular, <a href = "#sec311">311</a>-<a href = "#sec315">315</a>, <a +href = "#sec473">473</a>, <a href = "#sec475">475</a><br> +of adverbs<br> +regular, <a href = "#sec320">320</a>-<a href = "#sec476">476</a><br> +irregular, <a href = "#sec323">323</a>, <a href = "#sec477">477</a><br> +positive wanting, <a href = "#sec315">315</a><br> +six adjectives in <i>-lis</i>, <a href = "#sec307">307</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>complementary infinitive</b>, <a href = "#sec215">215</a><br> +<b>compound verbs</b><br> +with the dative, <a href = "#sec425">425</a>, <a href = +"#sec426">426</a><br> +<a name = "page345"> </a> + + +<b>concessive</b> <b>clauses</b> with <i>cum</i>, <a href = +"#sec395">395</a>, <a href = "#sec396">396</a><br> +<b>conjugation stems</b>, <a href = "#sec184">184</a><br> +<b>conjugations</b><br> +the four regular, <a href = "#sec126">126</a>, <a href = +"#sec488">488</a>-<a href = "#sec491">491</a><br> +irregular, <a href = "#sec494">494</a>-<a href = "#sec500">500</a><br> +<b>consonants</b>, <a href = "#sec2">2</a><br> +<b>copula</b>, <a href = "#sec21">21</a><br> +<b>cum</b><br> +conjunction, <a href = "#sec395">395</a><br> +<b>cum</b><br> +preposition, <a href = "#sec209">209</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>dative</b> case, <a href = "#sec43">43</a><br> +of indirect object, <a href = "#sec44">44</a>, <a href = +"#sec45">45</a><br> +of purpose, or end for which, <a href = "#sec437">437</a><br> +with adjectives, <a href = "#sec143">143</a><br> +with compound verbs, <a href = "#sec426">426</a><br> +with special verbs, <a href = "#sec153">153</a><br> +<b>dea</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec67">67</a><br> +<b>declension</b>, <a href = "#sec23">23</a>, <a href = +"#sec32">32</a><br> +<b>degree of difference</b><br> +expressed by the abl., <a href = "#sec317">317</a><br> +<b>demonstrative adjectives and pronouns</b>, <a href = +"#sec112">112</a>-<a href = "#sec115">115</a>, <a href = +"#sec290">290</a>-<a href = "#sec292">292</a>, <a href = +"#sec481">481</a><br> +<b>deponent verbs</b>, <a href = "#sec338">338</a>, <a href = +"#sec339">339</a>, <a href = "#sec493">493</a><br> +<b>descriptive ablative and genitive</b>, <a href = "#sec441">441</a>-<a +href = "#sec445">445</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>descriptive relative clause</b><br> +with the subjv., <a href = "#sec389">389</a>, <a href = +"#sec390">390</a><br> +<b>deus</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec468">468</a><br> +<b>difference, measure of</b>, <a href = "#sec316">316</a>, <a href = +"#sec317">317</a><br> +<b>diphthongs</b>, <a href = "#sec6">6</a><br> +<b>direct statements</b>, <a href = "#sec414">414</a><br> +<b>distributive numerals</b>, <a href = "#sec327">327. 3</a>, <a +href = "#sec334">334</a><br> +<b>domî</b><br> +locative, <a href = "#sec267">267</a><br> +<b>domus</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec468">468</a><br> +<b>duo</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec479">479</a><br> +<b>duration</b> of time, expressed by the acc., <a href = +"#sec336">336</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>ê</b>-declension of nouns, <a href = "#sec272">272</a>, <a href += "#sec273">273</a>, <a href = "#sec467">467</a><br> +<b>ê</b>-verbs, conjugation of, <a href = "#sec489">489</a><br> +<b>e</b>-verbs, conjugation of, <a href = "#sec490">490</a><br> +<b>ego</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec280">280</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>enclitics</b>, <a href = "#sec16">16</a><br> +<b>eô</b><br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec499">499</a><br> +<b>extent</b> of space<br> +expressed by the acc., <a href = "#sec336">336</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>fearing</b><br> +subjv. after verbs of, <a href = "#sec370">370</a>-<a href = +"#sec372">372</a><br> +<b>ferô</b><br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec498">498</a><br> +<b>fifth or ê-declension</b>, <a href = "#sec272">272</a>, <a href += "#sec273">273</a>, <a href = "#sec467">467</a><br> +<b>fîlia</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec67">67</a><br> +<b>fîlius</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec87">87</a>-<a href = "#sec89">89</a><br> +<b>finite verb</b><br> +defined, <a href = "#sec173">173</a><br> +<b>fîô</b><br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec500">500</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>first conjugation</b>, <a href = "#sec488">488</a><br> +<b>first or â-declension</b>, <a href = "#sec57">57</a>, <a href = +"#sec461">461</a><br> +<b>fourth conjugation</b>, <a href = "#sec491">491</a><br> +<b>fourth or u-declension</b>, <a href = "#sec259">259</a>, <a href = +"#sec260">260</a>, <a href = "#sec466">466</a><br> +<b>from</b><br> +how expressed, <a href = "#sec178">178</a>-<a href = +"#sec181">181</a><br> +<b>future participle</b><br> +formation of, <a href = "#sec374">374. <i>c</i></a><br> +<b>future perfect</b><br> +formation of<br> +active, <a href = "#sec187">187. 3</a><br> +passive, <a href = "#sec202">202</a><br> +<b>future tense</b><br> +formation of, <a href = "#sec137">137</a>, <a href = +"#sec156">156</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>gender</b><br> +in English and in Latin, <a href = "#sec60">60</a><br> +in the first declension, <a href = "#sec61">61</a><br> +in the second declension, <a href = "#sec72">72</a><br> +in the third declension, <a href = "#sec247">247</a><br> +in the fourth declension, <a href = "#sec260">260</a><br> +in the fifth declension, <a href = "#sec272">272</a><br> +<b>general observations on declension</b>, <a href = "#sec74">74</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>genitive</b> case<br> +English equivalents of, <a href = "#sec33">33</a><br> +of description, <a href = "#sec443">443</a>, <a href = +"#sec445">445</a><br> +of nouns in <i>-ius</i> and <i>-ium</i>, <a href = "#sec87">87</a><br> +partitive, <a href = "#sec331">331</a><br> +possessive, <a href = "#sec38">38</a>, <a href = "#sec409">409</a><br> +<b>gerund</b><br> +a verbal noun, <a href = "#sec402">402</a>, <a href = +"#sec403">403</a><br> +<b>gerundive</b><br> +a verbal adjective, <a href = "#sec404">404</a><br> +with <i>ad</i> to express purpose, <a href = "#sec407">407</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>hic</b><br> +declension and use of, <a href = "#sec290">290</a>, <a href = +"#sec291">291</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>how to read Latin</b>, <a href = "#sec17">17</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>i</b><br> +consonant, <a href = "#sec3">3</a><br> +<b>i</b>-stems of nouns, <a href = "#sec231">231</a>, <a href = +"#sec241">241</a>-<a href = "#sec244">244</a><br> +<b>î</b>-verbs<br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec491">491</a><br> +<b>îdem</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec287">287</a>, <a href = +"#sec481">481</a><br> +<b>iêns</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec472">472</a><br> +<b>ille</b><br> +declension and use of, <a href = "#sec290">290</a>-<a href = +"#sec293">293</a>, <a href = "#sec481">481</a><br> +<a name = "page346"> </a> + + +<b>imperative</b><br> +formation of, <a href = "#sec161">161</a>, <a href = +"#sec175">175</a><br> +irregular, <a href = "#sec161">161. 2</a><br> +in commands, <a href = "#sec161">161</a><br> +<b>imperfect indicative</b>, formation and use of, <a href = +"#sec133">133</a>, <a href = "#sec134">134</a>, <a href = +"#sec165">165. 1</a><br> +<b>imperfect subjunctive</b>, <a href = "#sec354">354</a><br> +<b>indefinite pronouns and adjectives</b>, <a href = "#sec296">296</a>, +<a href = "#sec297">297</a>, <a href = "#sec484">484</a>-<a href = +"#sec487">487</a><br> +<b>independent clauses</b>, <a href = "#sec219">219</a><br> +<b>indirect object</b>, <a href = "#sec44">44</a>, <a href = +"#sec45">45</a><br> +<b>indirect questions</b>, <a href = "#sec430">430</a>-<a href = +"#sec432">432</a><br> +<b>indirect statements</b>, <a href = "#sec414">414</a>-<a href = +"#sec419">419</a><br> +<b>infinitive</b><br> +as object, <a href = "#sec213">213</a><br> +as subject, <a href = "#sec216">216</a><br> +complementary, <a href = "#sec215">215</a><br> +definition of, <a href = "#sec173">173</a><br> +does not express purpose, <a href = "#sec352">352</a><br> +formation of, <a href = "#sec126">126</a>, <a href = "#sec174">174</a>, +<a href = "#sec205">205</a>, <a href = "#sec206">206</a><br> +in indirect statements, <a href = "#sec415">415</a>-<a href = +"#sec410">410</a><br> +used as in English, <a href = "#sec213">213</a>-<a href = +"#sec216">216</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>inflection</b><br> +defined, <a href = "#sec23">23</a><br> +<b>instrument</b><br> +abl. of, <a href = "#sec100">100. <i>b</i></a>, <a href = +"#sec103">103</a><br> +<b>intensive pronoun</b><br> +<i>ipse</i>, declension and use of, <a href = "#sec285">285</a>, <a href += "#sec286">286</a>, <a href = "#sec481">481</a><br> +<b>interrogative pronouns and adjectives</b>, <a href = +"#sec225">225</a>-<a href = "#sec227">227</a>, <a href = +"#sec483">483</a><br> +<b>intransitive verbs</b>,<br> +defined, <a href = "#sec20">20. <i>a</i></a><br> +with the dative, <a href = "#sec153">153</a><br> +<b>iô-verbs of the third conj.</b>, <a href = +"#sec492">492</a><br> +<b>ipse</b><br> +declension and use of, <a href = "#sec285">285</a>, <a href = +"#sec481">481</a><br> +<b>irregular adjectives</b>, <a href = "#sec108">108</a><br> +<b>irregular comparison</b><br> +of adjectives, <a href = "#sec307">307</a> <a href = "#sec311">311</a>, +<a href = "#sec312">312</a><br> +of adverbs, <a href = "#sec323">323</a><br> +<b>irregular nouns</b>, <a href = "#sec67">67</a>, <a href = +"#sec246">246</a>, <a href = "#sec468">468</a><br> +<b>irregular verbs</b>, <a href = "#sec494">494</a>-<a href = +"#sec500">500</a><br> +<b>is</b><br> +declension and use of, <a href = "#sec113">113</a>-<a href = +"#sec116">116</a><br> +<b>iste</b><br> +declension and use of, <a href = "#sec290">290</a>, <a href = +"#sec292">292</a>, <a href = "#sec481">481</a><br> +<b>iter</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec468">468</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>Latin word order</b>, <a href = "#sec68">68</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>locative</b> case, <a href = "#sec267">267</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>magis and maximê</b><br> +comparison by, <a href = "#sec302">302</a><br> +<b>mâlô</b><br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec4">4</a>.<a href = "#sec97">97</a><br> +<b>manner</b><br> +abl. of, <a href = "#sec105">105</a><br> +<b>means</b><br> +abl. of, <a href = "#sec103">103</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>measure of difference</b><br> +abl. of, <a href = "#sec316">316</a>, <a href = "#sec317">317</a><br> +<b>mîlle</b>,<br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec479">479</a><br> +construction with, <a href = +"#sec331">331. <i>a</i></a>,<i>b</i><br> +<b>moods</b>, defined, <a href = "#sec121">121</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>-ne</b>, enclitic<br> +in questions, <a href = "#sec210">210</a><br> +<b>nê</b>, conj., <i>that not, lest</i><br> +with negative clauses of purpose, <a href = "#sec350">350.II</a><br> +with verbs of fearing, <a href = "#sec370">370</a><br> +<b>nine irregular adjectives</b>, <a href = "#sec108">108</a>-<a href = +"#sec110">110</a><br> +<b>nôlô</b><br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec497">497</a><br> +<b>nominative</b> case, <a href = "#sec35">35</a>, <a href = +"#sec36">36</a><br> +<b>nônne</b><br> +in questions, <a href = "#sec210">210</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>nôs</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec280">280</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a><br> +<b>Nouns</b>, <a href = "#sec19">19. 2</a><br> +first declension, <a href = "#sec57">57</a>, <a href = +"#sec461">461</a><br> +second declension, <a href = "#sec71">71</a>-<a href = +"#sec74">74</a>,<a href = "#sec87">87</a>-<a href = "#sec92">92</a>,<a +href = "#sec462">462</a><br> +third declension, <a href = "#sec230">230</a>-<a href = +"#sec247">247</a>, <a href = "#sec463">463</a>-<a href = +"#sec465">465</a><br> +fourth declension, <a href = "#sec259">259</a>, <a href = +"#sec260">260</a>, <a href = "#sec466">466</a><br> +fifth declension, <a href = "#sec272">272</a>, <a href = +"#sec273">273</a>, <a href = "#sec467">467</a><br> +<b>num</b>, in questions, <a href = "#sec210">210</a><br> +<b>number</b>, <a href = "#sec24">24</a><br> +<b>numerals</b>, <a href = "#sec327">327</a>-<a href = +"#sec334">334</a>, <a href = "#sec478">478</a>, <a href = +"#sec479">479</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>o</b>-declension of nouns, <a href = "#sec71">71</a>-<a href = +"#sec74">74</a>, <a href = "#sec87">87</a>-<a href = "#sec92">92</a>, <a +href = "#sec462">462</a><br> +<b>object</b>, <a href = "#sec20">20</a><br> +direct, <a href = "#sec37">37</a><br> +indirect, <a href = "#sec44">44</a>, <a href = "#sec45">45</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>order of words</b>, <a href = "#sec68">68</a><br> +<b>ordinal numerals</b>, <a href = "#sec327">327. 2</a>, <a href = +"#sec478">478</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>participial stem</b>, <a href = "#sec201">201. 2</a><br> +<b>participles</b>, defined, <a href = "#sec203">203</a><br> +agreement of, <a href = "#sec204">204</a><br> +formation,<br> +of present, <a href = "#sec374">374. <i>b</i></a><br> +of perfect, <a href = "#sec201">201</a><br> +of future, <a href = "#sec374">374. <i>c</i>,<i>d</i></a><br> +of deponent verbs, <a href = "#sec375">375</a><br> +tenses of, <a href = "#sec376">376</a><br> +translated by a clause, <a href = "#sec377">377</a><br> +<b>partitive genitive</b>, <a href = "#sec330">330</a>, <a href = +"#sec331">331</a><br> +<b>passive voice</b><br> +defined, <a href = "#sec163">163</a><br> +formation of, <a href = "#sec164">164</a>, <a href = +"#sec202">202</a><br> +<b>penult</b>, <a href = "#sec9">9. 3</a><br> +accent of, <a href = "#sec15">15</a><br> +<b>perfect indicative</b><br> +formation,<br> +in the active, <a href = "#sec185">185</a>, <a href = +"#sec186">186</a><br> +in the passive, <a href = "#sec202">202</a><br> +<a name = "page347"> </a> +meaning of, <a href = "#sec190">190</a><br> +definite, <a href = "#sec190">190</a><br> +indefinite, <a href = "#sec190">190</a><br> +distinguished from the imperfect, <a href = "#sec190">190</a><br> +<b>perfect infinitive</b><br> +active, <a href = "#sec195">195</a><br> +passive, <a href = "#sec205">205</a><br> +<b>perfect passive participle</b>, <a href = "#sec201">201</a><br> +<b>perfect stem</b>, <a href = "#sec185">185</a><br> +<b>perfect subjunctive</b><br> +active, <a href = "#sec361">361</a><br> +passive, <a href = "#sec362">362</a><br> +<b>person</b>, <a href = "#sec122">122</a><br> +<b>personal endings</b><br> +active, <a href = "#sec122">122</a><br> +passive, <a href = "#sec164">164</a><br> +<b>personal pronouns</b>, <a href = "#sec280">280</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a><br> +<b>place</b><br> +where, whither, whence, <a href = "#sec263">263</a>-<a href = +"#sec265">265</a><br> +names of towns and <i>domus</i> and <i>rûs</i>, <a href = +"#sec266">266</a>-<a href = "#sec268">268</a><br> +<b>pluperfect indicative</b><br> +active, <a href = "#sec187">187. 2</a><br> +passive, <a href = "#sec202">202</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>pluperfect subjunctive</b><br> +active, <a href = "#sec361">361</a><br> +passive, <a href = "#sec363">363</a><br> +<b>plûs</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec313">313</a><br> +<b>possessive pronouns</b>, <a href = "#sec97">97</a>, <a href = +"#sec98">98</a><br> +<b>possum</b><br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec495">495</a><br> +<b>predicate</b><br> +defined, <a href = "#sec19">19</a><br> +<b>predicate adjective</b><br> +defined, <a href = "#sec55">55</a><br> +<b>predicate noun</b>, <a href = "#sec75">75</a>, <a href = +"#sec76">76</a><br> +<b>prepositions</b><br> +with the abl., <a href = "#sec209">209</a><br> +with the acc., <a href = "#sec340">340</a><br> +<b>present indicative</b>, <a href = "#sec128">128</a>, <a href = +"#sec130">130</a>, <a href = "#sec147">147</a><br> +<b>present stem</b>, <a href = "#sec126">126. <i>a</i></a><br> +<b>present subjunctive</b>, <a href = "#sec344">344</a><br> +<b>primary tenses</b>, <a href = "#sec356">356</a><br> +<b>principal parts</b>, <a href = "#sec183">183</a><br> +<b>pronouns</b><br> +classification of, <a href = "#sec278">278</a><br> +defined, <a href = "#sec19">19. 2. <i>a</i></a><br> +demonstrative, <a href = "#sec481">481</a><br> +indefinite, <a href = "#sec297">297</a>, <a href = "#sec484">484</a>-<a +href = "#sec487">487</a><br> +intensive, <a href = "#sec285">285</a>, <a href = "#sec286">286</a>, <a +href = "#sec481">481</a><br> +interrogative, <a href = "#sec483">483</a><br> +personal, <a href = "#sec480">480</a><br> +possessive, <a href = "#sec97">97</a>, <a href = "#sec98">98</a><br> +reflexive, <a href = "#sec281">281</a><br> +relative, <a href = "#sec220">220</a>, <a href = "#sec221">221</a><br> +<b>pronunciation</b>, <a href = "#sec4">4</a>-<a href = +"#sec7">7</a><br> +<b>prôsum</b><br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec496">496</a><br> +<b>purpose</b><br> +dative of, <a href = "#sec436">436</a>, <a href = "#sec437">437</a><br> +expressed by the gerund or gerundive with <i>ad</i>, <a href = +"#sec407">407</a><br> +not expressed by the infinitive, <a href = "#sec352">352</a><br> +subjunctive of, <a href = "#sec348">348</a>-<a href = "#sec350">350</a>, +<a href = "#sec365">365</a>-<a href = "#sec367">367</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>quality</b><br> +gen. or abl. of, <a href = "#sec441">441</a>-<a href = +"#sec445">445</a><br> +<b>quam</b><br> +with a comparative, <a href = "#sec308">308</a><br> +<b>quantity</b>, <a href = "#sec11">11</a>-<a href = "#sec13">13</a><br> +<b>questions</b><br> +direct, <a href = "#sec210">210</a><br> +indirect, <a href = "#sec430">430</a>-<a href = "#sec432">432</a><br> +<b>quî</b><br> +declension and use of, <a href = "#sec220">220</a>,<a href = +"#sec221">221</a>, <a href = "#sec482">482</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>quîdam</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec485">485</a><br> +<b>quis</b><br> +declension and use of, <a href = "#sec225">225</a>-<a href = +"#sec227">227</a>, <a href = "#sec483">483</a><br> +<b>quisquam</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec486">486</a><br> +<b>quisque</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec484">484</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>reflexive pronouns</b>, <a href = "#sec281">281</a><br> +<b>relative clauses of characteristic or description</b>, <a href = +"#sec389">389</a>, <a href = "#sec390">390</a><br> +<b>relative clauses of purpose</b>, <a href = "#sec348">348</a>, <a href += "#sec349">349</a><br> +<b>relative pronouns</b>, <a href = "#sec220">220</a>, <a href = +"#sec221">221</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>result clauses</b>, <a href = "#sec384">384</a>-<a href = +"#sec387">387</a><br> +<b>reviews</b>, <a href = "#sec502">502</a>-<a href = +"#sec528">528</a><br> +<b>rûs</b><br> +constructions of, <a href = "#sec266">266</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>sê</b><br> +distinguished from <i>ipse</i>, <a href = +"#sec285">285. <i>a</i></a><br> +<b>second conjugation</b>, <a href = "#sec489">489</a><br> +<b>second or o-declension</b>, <a href = "#sec71">71</a>-<a href = +"#sec93">93</a>, <a href = "#sec462">462</a><br> +<b>sentences</b><br> +simple, complex, compound, <a href = "#sec219">219</a><br> +<b>separation</b><br> +abl. of, <a href = "#sec180">180</a><br> +<b>separative ablative</b>, <a href = "#sec178">178</a>-<a href = +"#sec181">181</a><br> +<b>sequence of tenses</b>, <a href = "#sec356">356</a>-<a href = +"#sec358">358</a><br> +<b>space</b><br> +extent of, expressed by the acc., <a href = "#sec336">336</a><br> +<b>specification</b><br> +abl. of, <a href = "#sec398">398</a><br> +<b>stems</b><br> +of nouns, <a href = "#sec230">230</a><br> +of verbs, <a href = "#sec184">184</a><br> +<b>subject</b><br> +defined, <a href = "#sec19">19. 2</a><br> +of the infinitive, <a href = "#sec213">213</a>, <a href = +"#sec214">214</a><br> +<b>subjunctive</b><br> +formation of the present, <a href = "#sec344">344</a><br> +<a name = "page348"> </a> +of the imperfect, <a href = "#sec354">354</a><br> +of the perfect, <a href = "#sec361">361</a>, <a href = +"#sec362">362</a><br> +of the pluperfect, <a href = "#sec361">361. <i>c</i></a>, <a href = +"#sec363">363</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>subjunctive constructions</b><br> +characteristic or description, <a href = "#sec389">389</a>, <a href = +"#sec390">390</a><br> +indirect questions, <a href = "#sec430">430</a>-<a href = +"#sec432">432</a><br> +purpose, <a href = "#sec349">349</a>, <a href = "#sec366">366</a>, <a +href = "#sec372">372</a><br> +result, <a href = "#sec385">385</a>, <a href = "#sec386">386</a><br> +time, cause, or concession, with <i>cum</i>, <a href = +"#sec395">395</a>, <a href = "#sec396">396</a><br> +<b>subjunctive ideas</b>, <a href = "#sec346">346</a><br> +<b>subjunctive tenses</b>, <a href = "#sec342">342</a>, <a href = +"#sec343">343</a><br> +<b>subordinate clauses</b>, <a href = "#sec219">219</a><br> +<b>suî</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec281">281</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a><br> +<b>sum</b><br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec494">494</a><br> +<b>suus</b><br> +use of, <a href = "#sec98">98. <i>c</i></a>, <a href = +"#sec116">116</a><br> +<b>syllables</b>, <a href = "#sec8">8</a><br> +division of, <a href = "#sec9">9</a><br> +quantity of, <a href = "#sec13">13</a><br> +<b>syntax</b><br> +rules of, <a href = "#sec501">501</a><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>temporal clauses</b> with <i>cum</i>, <a href = "#sec395">395</a>, <a +href = "#sec396">396</a><br> +<b>tense</b><br> +defined, <a href = "#sec120">120</a><br> +<b>tense signs</b><br> +imperfect, <a href = "#sec133">133</a><br> +future, <a href = "#sec137">137</a>, <a href = "#sec156">156</a><br> +pluperfect active, <a href = "#sec187">187. 2</a><br> +future perfect active, <a href = "#sec187">187. 3</a><br> +<b>tenses</b><br> +primary and secondary, <a href = "#sec356">356</a><br> +sequence of, <a href = "#sec357">357</a>, <a href = +"#sec358">358</a><br> +<b>third conjugation</b>, <a href = "#sec490">490</a>, <a href = +"#sec492">492</a><br> +<b>third declension of nouns</b><br> +classes, <a href = "#sec231">231</a>, <a href = "#sec463">463</a><br> +consonant stems, <a href = "#sec232">232</a>-<a href = +"#sec238">238</a>, <a href = "#sec464">464</a><br> +gender, <a href = "#sec247">247</a><br> +i-stems, <a href = "#sec241">241</a>-<a href = "#sec244">244</a>, <a +href = "#sec465">465</a><br> +irregular nouns, <a href = "#sec246">246</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>time</b><br> +abl. of, <a href = "#sec275">275</a><br> +<b>time</b><br> +acc. of, <a href = "#sec336">336</a><br> +<b>towns</b><br> +rules for names of, <a href = "#sec266">266</a>, <a href = +"#sec267">267</a>, <a href = "#sec268">268</a><br> +<b>transitive verb</b>, <a href = "#sec20">20. <i>a</i></a><br> +<b>três</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec479">479</a><br> +<b>tû</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec280">280</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a><br> +<b>tuus</b><br> +compared with <i>vester</i>, <a href = "#sec98">98</a>. <i>b</i><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>u</b>-declension of nouns, <a href = "#sec259">259</a>, <a href = +"#sec260">260</a>, <a href = "#sec466">466</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>ultima</b>, <a href = "#sec9">9. 3</a><br> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td width = "50%" valign = "top"> +<b>verbs</b><br> +agreement of, <a href = "#sec28">28</a><br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec126">126</a>, <a href = +"#sec488">488</a>-<a href = "#sec491">491</a><br> +deponent, <a href = "#sec338">338</a>, <a href = "#sec339">339</a>, <a +href = "#sec493">493</a><br> +irregular, <a href = "#sec494">494</a>-<a href = "#sec500">500</a><br> +personal endings of, <a href = "#sec122">122</a>, <a href = +"#sec164">164</a><br> +principal parts of, <a href = "#sec183">183</a><br> +<b>vester</b><br> +compared with <i>tuus</i>, <a href = "#sec98">98. <i>b</i></a><br> +<b>vîs</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec468">468</a><br> +<b>vocabularies</b><br> +English-Latin, pp. <a href = "#sec332">332</a>-<a href = +"#sec343">343</a><br> +Latin-English, pp. <a href = "#sec299">299</a>-<a href = +"#sec331">331</a><br> +special, pp. <a href = "#sec283">283</a>-<a href = "#sec298">298</a><br> +</td> + +<td valign = "top"> +<b>vocative</b> case, <a href = "#sec56">56. <i>a</i></a><br> +of nouns in <i>-us</i> of the second declension, <a href = +"#sec73">73. <i>b</i></a><br> +of proper nouns in <i>-ius</i> and of <i>fîlius</i>, <a href = +"#sec88">88</a><br> +<b>voice</b><br> +defined, <a href = "#sec163">163</a><br> +<b>volô</b><br> +conjugation of, <a href = "#sec497">497</a><br> +<b>vôs</b><br> +declension of, <a href = "#sec280">280</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a><br> +<b>vowels</b><br> +sounds of, <a href = "#sec5">5</a>, <a href = "#sec6">6</a><br> +quantity of, <a href = "#sec12">12</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +</body> +</html> |