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diff --git a/old/oldindex.html b/old/oldindex.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc950a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/oldindex.html @@ -0,0 +1,713 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>Latin for Beginners</title> +<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset=UTF-8"> + +<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = +"files/latinstyles.css"> + + +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Latin for Beginners, by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Latin for Beginners + +Author: Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge + +Release Date: April 25, 2006 [EBook #18251] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN FOR BEGINNERS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Dave Maddock and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was made using scans of public domain material by +TextKit.com) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> +This textbook uses many letters with macrons (straight line above +vowel): +<div class = "inset nospace"> +ā ē ī ō ū ȳ Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū +</div> +If these characters do not display properly—in particular, +if the macrons do not appear directly above their +letters—you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable +fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file +encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your +browser’s default font.<br><br /> + + +As a last resort, use the <b><a href="simple.html">simplified html file</a></b><br /><br /> + + + + +Other combined forms occur much less often, and may be disregarded so +long as the macrons display correctly: +<div class = "inset nospace"> +ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ (single letter with breve)<br> +o͝o (“oo” with breve)<br> +ē̆ (“e” with combined breve and macron)<br> +ā́ ī́ ṓ ắ ĕ́ ĭ́ ŏ́ ŭ́ (letters with combined breve/macron and +accent, used only in Pronunciation section)</div> +<i>Note that most accents will correctly appear <b>after</b> a +letter:</i> +<div class = "inset nospace"> +īn´sula, ha´bitat, illī´us</div> +<br> +The variation between “æ” (English text) and “ae” (Latin text) is as in +the original.<br> +<br> +A few typographical errors have been corrected. They have been +marked in the text with <ins class = "correction" title = +"like this">mouse-hover popups</ins>. Some possible image-display +problems are addressed at the <a href = "#display">end of this file</a>. +</div> + +<h2>LATIN FOR BEGINNERS</h2> + +<br> + +<h5>BY</h5> + +<h4>BENJAMIN L. D’OOGE, <span class = "smallcaps">Ph.D.</span></h4> + +<h6>PROFESSOR IN THE MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL COLLEGE</h6> + +<br> +<br> + + +<h5>GINN AND COMPANY</h5> +<h6 class = "nospace">BOSTON · NEW YORK · CHICAGO · LONDON</h6> + +<hr> + +<h6>COPYRIGHT, 1909, 1911 BY BENJAMIN L. D’OOGE</h6> +<h6 class = "nospace">ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HALL<br> +ALL RIGHTS RESERVED<br> +013.4</h6> + +<br> +<br> + +<h6><u>The Athenæum Press</u><br> +GINN AND COMPANY · PROPRIETORS ·<br> +BOSTON · U.S.A.</h6> + +<hr> + +<table> +<tr><td> +<div class = "contents"> +<a href = "#pagev">Preface</a></div> +<div class = "contents"> +<a href = "files/LatinBegin1.html">Lessons</a></div> +<div class = "contents"> +<a href = "files/LatinBegin2.html">Readings, Grammar and +Vocabulary</a></div> +<div class = "contents"> +<a href = "#display">Display Problems</a></div> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr> + +<span class = "pagenum">v</span> +<a name = "pagev"> </a> +<h4>PREFACE</h4> + +<p> +To make the course preparatory to Cæsar at the same time systematic, +thorough, clear, and interesting is the purpose of this series of +lessons.</p> + +<p> +The first pages are devoted to a brief discussion of the Latin language, +its history, and its educational value. The body of the book, consisting +of seventy-nine lessons, is divided into three parts.</p> + +<p> +Part I is devoted to pronunciation, quantity, accent, and kindred +introductory essentials.</p> + +<p> +Part II carries the work through the first sixty lessons, and is devoted +to the study of forms and vocabulary, together with some elementary +constructions, a knowledge of which is necessary for the translation of +the exercises and reading matter. The first few lessons have been made +unusually simple, to meet the wants of pupils not well grounded in +English grammar.</p> + +<p> +Part III contains nineteen lessons, and is concerned primarily with the +study of syntax and of subjunctive and irregular verb forms. The last +three of these lessons constitute a review of all the constructions +presented in the book. There is abundant easy reading matter; and, in +order to secure proper concentration of effort upon syntax and +translation, no new vocabularies are introduced, but the vocabularies in +Part II are reviewed.</p> + +<p> +It is hoped that the following features will commend themselves to +teachers:</p> + +<p> +The forms are presented in their natural sequence, and are given, for +the most part, in the body of the book as well as in a grammatical +appendix. The work on the verb is intensive in character, work in other +directions being reduced to a minimum while this is going on. The forms +of the subjunctive are studied in correlation with the subjunctive +constructions.</p> + +<p> +<span class = "pagenum">vi</span> +<a name = "pagevi"> </a> +The vocabulary has been selected with the greatest care, using Lodge’s +“Dictionary of Secondary Latin” and Browne’s “Latin Word List” as a +basis. There are about six hundred words, exclusive of proper names, in +the special vocabularies, and these are among the simplest and commonest +words in the language. More than ninety-five per cent of those chosen +are Cæsarian, and of these more than ninety per cent are used in Cæsar +five or more times. The few words not Cæsarian are of such frequent +occurrence in Cicero, Vergil, and other authors as to justify their +appearance here. But teachers desiring to confine word study to Cæsar +can easily do so, as the Cæsarian words are printed in the vocabularies +in distinctive type. Concrete nouns have been preferred to abstract, +root words to compounds and derivatives, even when the latter were of +more frequent occurrence in Cæsar. To assist the memory, related English +words are added in each special vocabulary. To insure more careful +preparation, the special vocabularies have been removed from their +respective lessons and placed by themselves. The general vocabulary +contains about twelve hundred words, and of these above eighty-five per +cent are found in Cæsar.</p> + +<p> +The syntax has been limited to those essentials which recent +investigations, such as those of Dr. Lee Byrne and his collaborators, +have shown to belong properly to the work of the first year. The +constructions are presented, as far as possible, from the standpoint of +English, the English usage being given first and the Latin compared or +contrasted with it. Special attention has been given to the +constructions of participles, the gerund and gerundive, and the +infinitive in indirect statements. Constructions having a logical +connection are not separated but are treated together.</p> + +<p> +Exercises for translation occur throughout, those for translation into +Latin being, as a rule, only half as long as those for translation into +English. In Part III a few of the commoner idioms in Cæsar are +introduced and the sentences are drawn mainly from that author. From +first to last a consistent effort is made to instill a proper regard for +Latin word order, the first principles of which are laid down early in +the course.</p> + +<p> +<span class = "pagenum">vii</span> +<a name = "pagevii"> </a> +Selections for reading are unusually abundant and are introduced from +the earliest possible moment. These increase in number and length as the +book progresses, and, for the most part, are made an integral part of +the lessons instead of being massed at the end of the book. This +arrangement insures a more constant and thorough drill in forms and +vocabulary, promotes reading power, and affords a breathing spell +between succeeding subjects. The material is drawn from historical and +mythological sources, and the vocabulary employed includes but few words +not already learned. The book closes with a continued story which +recounts the chief incidents in the life of a Roman boy. The last +chapters record his experiences in Cæsar’s army, and contain much +information that will facilitate the interpretation of the Commentaries. +The early emphasis placed on word order and sentence structure, the +simplicity of the syntax, and the familiarity of the vocabulary, make +the reading selections especially useful for work in sight +translation.</p> + +<p> +Reviews are called for at frequent intervals, and to facilitate this +branch of the work an Appendix of Reviews has been prepared, covering +both the vocabulary and the grammar.</p> + +<p> +The illustrations are numerous, and will, it is hoped, do much to +stimulate interest in the ancient world and to create true and lasting +impressions of Roman life and times.</p> + +<p> +A consistent effort has been made to use simple language and clear +explanation throughout.</p> + +<p> +As an aid to teachers using this book a “Teacher’s Manual” has been +prepared, which contains, in addition to general suggestions, notes on +each lesson.</p> + +<p> +The author wishes to express his gratitude to the numerous teachers who +tested the advance pages in their classes, and, as a result of their +experience, have given much valuable aid by criticism and suggestion. +Particular acknowledgments are due to Miss A. Susan Jones of the Central +High School, Grand Rapids, Michigan; to Miss Clara Allison of the High +School at Hastings, Michigan; and to Miss Helen B. Muir and Mr. Orland +O. Norris, teachers of Latin in this institution.</p> + +<p align = "right"> +BENJAMIN L. D’OOGE</p> + +<p class = "smallcaps"> +Michigan State Normal College</p> + +<hr> +<hr> + +<p class = "plainnote"><a name = "display">DISPLAY PROBLEMS</a></p> + +<p class = "plainnote">The illustration in <a href = +"files/LatinBegin1.html#sec77">section +77</a> with interlocked text may not display properly on all +browsers.</p> + +<p class = "illustration plainnote"> +<a href = "images/pic033.png">Picture by Itself</a></p> + +<p class = "plainnote">Two grammatical diagrams were given as images. +They are shown +here in plain-text format.</p> + +<p class = "plainnote">Prepositions, <a href = +"files/LatinBegin1.html#sec179">section +179</a>:</p> + +<pre> + _________ + ā or ab | | ē or ex +/____________| _____|_____________\ +\ | Place | / + |_________| + | + | dē + | + V +</pre> + +<p class = "plainnote">Demonstrative pronouns, +<a href = "files/LatinBegin1.html#sec290">section 290</a>:</p> + +<pre> + hic iste ille +SPEAKER ---------->-------------->----------------> + _this_, _he_; _that_, _he_; _that_, _he_ + (near); (remote); (more remote) +</pre> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Latin for Beginners, by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN FOR BEGINNERS *** + +***** This file should be named 18251-h.htm or 18251-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/2/5/18251/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Dave Maddock and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was made using scans of public domain material by +TextKit.com) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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