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diff --git a/old/18251.txt b/old/18251.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edaa987 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/18251.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19984 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Latin for Beginners, by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Latin for Beginners + +Author: Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge + +Release Date: April 25, 2006 [EBook #18251] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN FOR BEGINNERS *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Dave Maddock and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was made using scans of public domain material by +TextKit.com) + + + + + +[Transcriber's Notes: + +This stripped-down text file is intended for users whose computers or +text readers cannot display any of the more complete versions: UTF-8 +(best), Latin-1 (Windows) or Mac format. As much information as possible +has been preserved, but some changes were necessary to make the text +readable. + +Long vowels are shown as + a: e: i: o: u: y: A: E: I: O: U: +in the introductory section on pronunciation (Secs. 1-18), in vocabulary +lists, and in charts of inflectional endings. Elsewhere in the text, +long-vowel markings have generally been omitted. + +The breve symbol, representing a short vowel, has also been omitted. +This symbol was used only in the pronunciation section and in one or two +vocabulary entries. + +The notation [oo] represents short "oo". + +Letters shown with combined breve and macron have been expanded as + "-ei or -e:i", "-ius or -i:us". + +To make this unpaginated e-text easier to use, each chapter's Special +Vocabulary has been included with its chapter _in addition to_ its +original location near the end of the book. The same was done with the +irregular verbs. The vocabulary lists are at the beginning of each +chapter, as far as possible from the Exercises. + +Boldface ("heavy type"), when needed, is shown by /diagonals\. Italics +are shown by _lines_. + +Bracketed passages in the original are shown in [[double brackets]].] + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + LATIN FOR BEGINNERS + + BY + + BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE, Ph.D. + + Professor in the Michigan State Normal College + + + + + Ginn and Company + Boston - New York - Chicago - London + + + Copyright, 1909, 1911 by Benjamin L. D'Ooge + Entered at Stationers' Hall + All Rights Reserved + 013.4 + + + + + The Athenaeum Press +Ginn and Company - Proprietors - Boston - U.S.A. + + + * * * * * + + +PREFACE + +To make the course preparatory to Caesar at the same time systematic, +thorough, clear, and interesting is the purpose of this series of +lessons. + +The first pages are devoted to a brief discussion of the Latin language, +its history, and its educational value. The body of the book, consisting +of seventy-nine lessons, is divided into three parts. + +Part I is devoted to pronunciation, quantity, accent, and kindred +introductory essentials. + +Part II carries the work through the first sixty lessons, and is devoted +to the study of forms and vocabulary, together with some elementary +constructions, a knowledge of which is necessary for the translation of +the exercises and reading matter. The first few lessons have been made +unusually simple, to meet the wants of pupils not well grounded in +English grammar. + +Part III contains nineteen lessons, and is concerned primarily with the +study of syntax and of subjunctive and irregular verb forms. The last +three of these lessons constitute a review of all the constructions +presented in the book. There is abundant easy reading matter; and, +in order to secure proper concentration of effort upon syntax and +translation, no new vocabularies are introduced, but the vocabularies +in Part II are reviewed. + +It is hoped that the following features will commend themselves to +teachers: + +The forms are presented in their natural sequence, and are given, for +the most part, in the body of the book as well as in a grammatical +appendix. The work on the verb is intensive in character, work in other +directions being reduced to a minimum while this is going on. The forms +of the subjunctive are studied in correlation with the subjunctive +constructions. + +The vocabulary has been selected with the greatest care, using Lodge's +"Dictionary of Secondary Latin" and Browne's "Latin Word List" as a +basis. There are about six hundred words, exclusive of proper names, in +the special vocabularies, and these are among the simplest and commonest +words in the language. More than ninety-five per cent of those chosen +are Caesarian, and of these more than ninety per cent are used in Caesar +five or more times. The few words not Caesarian are of such frequent +occurrence in Cicero, Vergil, and other authors as to justify their +appearance here. But teachers desiring to confine word study to Caesar +can easily do so, as the Caesarian words are printed in the vocabularies +in distinctive type. Concrete nouns have been preferred to abstract, +root words to compounds and derivatives, even when the latter were of +more frequent occurrence in Caesar. To assist the memory, related +English words are added in each special vocabulary. To insure more +careful preparation, the special vocabularies have been removed from +their respective lessons and placed by themselves. The general +vocabulary contains about twelve hundred words, and of these above +eighty-five per cent are found in Caesar. + +The syntax has been limited to those essentials which recent +investigations, such as those of Dr. Lee Byrne and his collaborators, +have shown to belong properly to the work of the first year. The +constructions are presented, as far as possible, from the standpoint of +English, the English usage being given first and the Latin compared or +contrasted with it. Special attention has been given to the +constructions of participles, the gerund and gerundive, and the +infinitive in indirect statements. Constructions having a logical +connection are not separated but are treated together. + +Exercises for translation occur throughout, those for translation into +Latin being, as a rule, only half as long as those for translation into +English. In Part III a few of the commoner idioms in Caesar are +introduced and the sentences are drawn mainly from that author. From +first to last a consistent effort is made to instill a proper regard for +Latin word order, the first principles of which are laid down early in +the course. + +Selections for reading are unusually abundant and are introduced from +the earliest possible moment. These increase in number and length as the +book progresses, and, for the most part, are made an integral part of +the lessons instead of being massed at the end of the book. This +arrangement insures a more constant and thorough drill in forms and +vocabulary, promotes reading power, and affords a breathing spell +between succeeding subjects. The material is drawn from historical and +mythological sources, and the vocabulary employed includes but few words +not already learned. The book closes with a continued story which +recounts the chief incidents in the life of a Roman boy. The last +chapters record his experiences in Caesar's army, and contain much +information that will facilitate the interpretation of the Commentaries. +The early emphasis placed on word order and sentence structure, the +simplicity of the syntax, and the familiarity of the vocabulary, make +the reading selections especially useful for work in sight translation. + +Reviews are called for at frequent intervals, and to facilitate this +branch of the work an Appendix of Reviews has been prepared, covering +both the vocabulary and the grammar. + +The illustrations are numerous, and will, it is hoped, do much to +stimulate interest in the ancient world and to create true and lasting +impressions of Roman life and times. + +A consistent effort has been made to use simple language and clear +explanation throughout. + +As an aid to teachers using this book a "Teacher's Manual" has been +prepared, which contains, in addition to general suggestions, notes on +each lesson. + +The author wishes to express his gratitude to the numerous teachers who +tested the advance pages in their classes, and, as a result of their +experience, have given much valuable aid by criticism and suggestion. +Particular acknowledgments are due to Miss A. Susan Jones of the Central +High School, Grand Rapids, Michigan; to Miss Clara Allison of the High +School at Hastings, Michigan; and to Miss Helen B. Muir and Mr. Orland +O. Norris, teachers of Latin in this institution. + + BENJAMIN L. D'OOGE + + MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL COLLEGE + + + + +CONTENTS + +Lesson Page + + TO THE STUDENT--By way of Introduction 1-4 + +PART I. THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN + + ALPHABET, SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, SYLLABLES, QUANTITY, ACCENT, + HOW TO READ LATIN 5-11 + +PART II. WORDS AND FORMS + + I-VI. FIRST PRINCIPLES--_Subject and Predicate, + Inflection, Number, Nominative Subject, Possessive + Genitive, Agreement of Verb, Direct Object, + Indirect Object, etc._--DIALOGUE 12-24 + + VII-VIII. FIRST OR _A_-DECLENSION--_Gender, Agreement of + Adjectives, Word Order_ 25-30 + + IX-X. SECOND OR _O_-DECLENSION--GENERAL RULES FOR + DECLENSION--_Predicate Noun, Apposition_--DIALOGUE 31-35 + + XI. ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 36-37 + + XII. NOUNS IN -ius AND -ium--GERMANIA 38-39 + + XIII. SECOND DECLENSION (_Continued_)--Nouns in -er and + -ir--ITALIA--DIALOGUE 39-41 + + XIV. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS 42-43 + + XV. ABLATIVE DENOTING WITH--_Cause, Means, Accompaniment, + Manner_--THE ROMANS PREPARE FOR WAR 44-46 + + XVI. THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 46-47 + + XVII. THE DEMONSTRATIVE /is, ea, id\--DIALOGUE 48-50 + + XVIII. CONJUGATION--Present, Imperfect, and Future of /sum\-- + DIALOGUE 51-53 + + XIX. PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF amo AND moneo 54-56 + + XX. IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF amo AND moneo-- + _Meaning of the Imperfect_--NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN 56-57 + + XXI. FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF amo AND moneo-- + NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN (_Concluded_) 58-59 + + XXII. REVIEW OF VERBS--_The Dative with Adjectives_-- + CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS 59-61 + + XXIII. PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF rego AND audio-- + CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (_Concluded_) 61-63 + + XXIV. IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF rego AND audio-- + _The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs_ 63-65 + + XXV. FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF rego AND audio 65-66 + + XXVI. VERBS IN -io--Present, Imperfect, and Future Active + Indicative of /capio\--_The Imperative_ 66-68 + + XXVII. PASSIVE VOICE--Present, Imperfect, and Future + Indicative of /amo\ and /moneo\--PERSEUS AND + ANDROMEDA 68-71 + + XXVIII. PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE + OF rego AND audio--PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA + (_Continued_) 72-73 + + XXIX. PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE + OF -io VERBS--PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND + IMPERATIVE 73-75 + + XXX. SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS--THE ABLATIVE + DENOTING FROM--_Place from Which, Separation, + Personal Agent_ 75-78 + + XXXI. PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF sum-- + DIALOGUE 79-81 + + XXXII. PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR + CONJUGATIONS--_Meanings of the Perfect_--PERSEUS + AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_) 81-83 + + XXXIII. PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE-- + PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE 84-85 + + XXXIV. REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE--PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA + (_Concluded_) 86-87 + + XXXV. PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE--PERFECT PASSIVE + AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE 88-90 + + XXXVI. REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS--_Prepositions, Yes-or-No + Questions_ 90-93 + + XXXVII. CONJUGATION OF possum--_The Infinitive used as in + English_--_Accusative Subject of an Infinitive_-- + THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA 93-96 + + XXXVIII. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN-- + _Agreement of the Relative_--THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA + (_Concluded_) 97-101 + + XXXIX-XLI. THE THIRD DECLENSION--Consonant Stems 101-106 + + XLII. REVIEW LESSON--TERROR CIMBRICUS 107 + + XLIII. THIRD DECLENSION--_I_-Stems 108-110 + + XLIV. IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION-- + GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION--THE FIRST BRIDGE + OVER THE RHINE 111-112 + + XLV. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION--THE ROMANS + INVADE THE ENEMY'S COUNTRY 113-115 + + XLVI. THE FOURTH OR _U_-DECLENSION 116-117 + + XLVII. EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE--_Place to Which, Place from + Which, Place at or in Which, the Locative_-- + Declension of /domus\--DAEDALUS AND ICARUS 117-121 + + XLVIII. THE FIFTH OR _E_-DECLENSION--_Ablative of Time_ + --DAEDALUS AND ICARUS (_Continued_) 121-123 + + XLIX. PRONOUNS--Personal and Reflexive Pronouns--DAEDALUS + AND ICARUS (_Concluded_) 123-126 + + L. THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN ipse AND THE DEMONSTRATIVE + idem--HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE 126-127 + + LI. THE DEMONSTRATIVES hic, iste, ille--A GERMAN + CHIEFTAIN ADDRESSES HIS FOLLOWERS--HOW HORATIUS + HELD THE BRIDGE (_Continued_) 128-130 + + LII. THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS--HOW HORATIUS HELD THE + BRIDGE (_Concluded_) 130-132 + + LIII. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 133-135 + + LIV. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES--_Ablative with + Comparatives_ 135-136 + + LV. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Continued_)-- + Declension of /plus\ 137-138 + + LVI. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Concluded_)-- + _Ablative of the Measure of Difference_ 138-139 + + LVII. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 140-142 + + LVIII. NUMERALS--_Partitive Genitive_ 142-144 + + LIX. NUMERALS (_Continued_)--_Accusative of Extent_-- + CAESAR IN GAUL 144-146 + + LX. DEPONENT VERBS--_Prepositions with the Accusative_ 146-147 + + +PART III. CONSTRUCTIONS + + LXI. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD--Inflection of the Present-- + _Indicative and Subjunctive Compared_ 148-152 + + LXII. THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE 152-153 + + LXIII. INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE--_Sequence + of Tenses_ 153-155 + + LXIV. INFLECTION OF THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT + SUBJUNCTIVE--_Substantive Clauses of Purpose_ 156-159 + + LXV. SUBJUNCTIVE OF possum--_Verbs of Fearing_ 160-161 + + LXVI. THE PARTICIPLES--Tenses and Declension 161-164 + + LXVII. THE IRREGULAR VERBS volo, nolo, malo-- + _Ablative Absolute_ 164-166 + + LXVIII. THE IRREGULAR VERB fio--_Subjunctive of Result_ 167-168 + + LXIX. SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC--_Predicate + Accusative_ 169-171 + + LXX. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH cum--_Ablative of + Specification_ 171-173 + + LXXI. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Gerund and Gerundive_-- + _Predicate Genitive_ 173-177 + + LXXII. THE IRREGULAR VERB eo--_Indirect Statements_ 177-180 + + LXXIII. VOCABULARY REVIEW--THE IRREGULAR VERB fero-- + _Dative with Compounds_ 181-183 + + LXXIV. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Subjunctive in Indirect + Questions_ 183-185 + + LXXV. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Dative of Purpose or End for + Which_ 185-186 + + LXXVI. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Genitive and Ablative of + Quality or Description_ 186-188 + + LXXVII. REVIEW OF AGREEMENT--_Review of the Genitive, + Dative, and Accusative_ 189-190 + + LXXVIII. REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE 191-192 + + LXXIX. REVIEW OF THE SYNTAX OF VERBS 192-193 + + +READING MATTER + + INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS 194-195 + + THE LABORS OF HERCULES 196-203 + + P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY 204-215 + + +APPENDIXES AND VOCABULARIES + + APPENDIX I. TABLES OF DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, + ETC. 226-260 + + APPENDIX II. RULES OF SYNTAX 261-264 + + APPENDIX III. REVIEWS 265-282 + + SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 283-298 + + LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 299-331 + + ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 332-343 + + +INDEX 344-348 + + + + +LATIN FOR BEGINNERS + + +TO THE STUDENT--BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION + +What is Latin? If you will look at the map of Italy on the opposite +page, you will find near the middle of the peninsula and facing the west +coast a district called Latium,[1] and Rome its capital. The Latin +language, meaning the language of Latium, was spoken by the ancient +Romans and other inhabitants of Latium, and Latin was the name applied +to it after the armies of Rome had carried the knowledge of her language +far beyond its original boundaries. As the English of to-day is not +quite the same as that spoken two or three hundred years ago, so Latin +was not always the same at all times, but changed more or less in the +course of centuries. The sort of Latin you are going to learn was in use +about two thousand years ago. And that period has been selected because +the language was then at its best and the greatest works of Roman +literature were being produced. This period, because of its supreme +excellence, is called the Golden Age of Roman letters. + + [Footnote 1: Pronounce _La:'shi-um_.] + +The Spread of Latin. For some centuries after Rome was founded, the +Romans were a feeble and insignificant people, their territory was +limited to Latium, and their existence constantly threatened by warlike +neighbors. But after the third century before Christ, Rome's power grew +rapidly. She conquered all Italy, then reached out for the lands across +the sea and beyond the Alps, and finally ruled over the whole ancient +world. The empire thus established lasted for more than four hundred +years. The importance of Latin increased with the growth of Roman +power, and what had been a dialect spoken by a single tribe became the +universal language. Gradually the language changed somewhat, developing +differently in different countries. In Italy it has become Italian, in +Spain Spanish, and in France French. All these nations, therefore, are +speaking a modernized form of Latin. + +The Romans and the Greeks. In their career of conquest the Romans came +into conflict with the Greeks. The Greeks were inferior to the Romans in +military power, but far superior to them in culture. They excelled in +art, literature, music, science, and philosophy. Of all these pursuits +the Romans were ignorant until contact with Greece revealed to them the +value of education and filled them with the thirst for knowledge. And so +it came about that while Rome conquered Greece by force of arms, Greece +conquered Rome by force of her intellectual superiority and became her +schoolmaster. It was soon the established custom for young Romans to +go to Athens and to other centers of Greek learning to finish their +training, and the knowledge of the Greek language among the educated +classes became universal. At the same time many cultured Greeks--poets, +artists, orators, and philosophers--flocked to Rome, opened schools, and +taught their arts. Indeed, the preeminence of Greek culture became so +great that Rome almost lost her ambition to be original, and her writers +vied with each other in their efforts to reproduce in Latin what was +choicest in Greek literature. As a consequence of all this, the +civilization and national life of Rome became largely Grecian, and to +Greece she owed her literature and her art. + +Rome and the Modern World. After conquering the world, Rome impressed +her language, laws, customs of living, and modes of thinking upon the +subject nations, and they became Roman; and the world has remained +largely Roman ever since. Latin continued to live, and the knowledge of +Latin was the only light of learning that burned steadily through the +dark ages that followed the downfall of the Roman Empire. Latin was the +common language of scholars and remained so even down to the days of +Shakespeare. Even yet it is more nearly than any other tongue the +universal language of the learned. The life of to-day is much nearer +the life of ancient Rome than the lapse of centuries would lead one to +suppose. You and I are Romans still in many ways, and if Caesar and +Cicero should appear among us, we should not find them, except for dress +and language, much unlike men of to-day. + +Latin and English. Do you know that more than half of the words in the +English dictionary are Latin, and that you are speaking more or less +Latin every day? How has this come about? In the year 1066 William the +Conqueror invaded England with an army of Normans. The Normans spoke +French--which, you remember, is descended from Latin--and spread their +language to a considerable extent over England, and so Norman-French +played an important part in the formation of English and forms a large +proportion of our vocabulary. Furthermore, great numbers of almost pure +Latin words have been brought into English through the writings of +scholars, and every new scientific discovery is marked by the addition +of new terms of Latin derivation. Hence, while the simpler and commoner +words of our mother tongue are Anglo-Saxon, and Anglo-Saxon forms the +staple of our colloquial language, yet in the realms of literature, and +especially in poetry, words of Latin derivation are very abundant. Also +in the learned professions, as in law, medicine, and engineering, a +knowledge of Latin is necessary for the successful interpretation of +technical and scientific terms. + +Why study Latin? The foregoing paragraphs make it clear why Latin +forms so important a part of modern education. We have seen that our +civilization rests upon that of Greece and Rome, and that we must look +to the past if we would understand the present. It is obvious, too, that +the knowledge of Latin not only leads to a more exact and effective use +of our own language, but that it is of vital importance and of great +practical value to any one preparing for a literary or professional +career. To this it may be added that the study of Latin throws a flood +of light upon the structure of language in general and lays an excellent +foundation for all grammatical study. Finally, it has been abundantly +proved that there is no more effective means of strengthening the mind +than by the earnest pursuit of this branch of learning. + +Review Questions. Whence does Latin get its name? Where is Latium? +Where is Rome? Was Latin always the same? What sort of Latin are we to +study? Describe the growth of Rome's power and the spread of Latin. What +can you say of the origin of Italian, French, and Spanish? How did the +ancient Greeks and Romans compare? How did Greece influence Rome? How +did Rome influence the world? In what sense are we Romans still? What +did Latin have to do with the formation of English? What proportion of +English words are of Latin origin, and what kind of words are they? Why +should we study Latin? + + + + +PART I + +THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN + + +THE ALPHABET + +_1._ The Latin alphabet contains the same letters as the English except +that it has no _w_ and no _j_. + +_2._ The vowels, as in English, are _a, e, i, o, u, y_. The other +letters are consonants. + +_3._ _I_ is used both as a vowel and as a consonant. Before a vowel in +the same syllable it has the value of a consonant and is called _I +consonant_. + +Thus in Iu:-li-us the first _i_ is a consonant, the second a vowel. + + +SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS[1] + + [Footnote 1: N.B. The sounds of the letters are best learned by + hearing them correctly pronounced. The matter in this section is, + therefore, intended for reference rather than for assignment as a + lesson. As a first step it is suggested that the teacher pronounce + the examples in class, the pupils following.] + +_4._ Latin was not pronounced like English. The Romans at the beginning +of the Christian era pronounced their language substantially as +described below. + +_5._ The vowels have the following sounds: + + VOWELS[2] LATIN EXAMPLES + + a: as in _father_ ha:c, sta:s + a like the first _a_ in _aha'_, + never as in _hat_ a'-mat, ca-na:s + e: as in _they_ te:'-la, me:'-ta + e as in _met_ te'-net, mer'-ce:s + i: as in _machine_ ser'-ti:, pra:'-ti: + i as in _bit_ si'-tis, bi'-bi: + o: as in _holy_ Ro:'-ma, o:'-ris + o as in _wholly_, never as in + _hot_ mo'-do, bo'-no:s + u: as in _rude_, or as _oo_ in + _boot_ u:'-mor, tu:'-ber + u as in _full_, or as _oo_ in + _foot_ ut, tu:'-tus + +NOTE. It is to be observed that there is a decided difference in sound, +except in the case of _a_, between the long and the short vowels. It is +not merely a matter of _quantity_ but also of _quality_. + + [Footnote 2: Long vowels are marked ^, short ones ... ] + + [Transcriber's Note: + In this version of the text, long vowels are shown as a:, e:, i: ... + and short vowels are unmarked, as described in the introductory + notes.] + +_6._ In /diphthongs\ (two-vowel sounds) both vowels are heard in a +single syllable. + + DIPHTHONGS LATIN EXAMPLES + + /ae\ as _ai_ in _aisle_ tae'-dae + /au\ as _ou_ in _out_ gau'-det + /ei\ as _ei_ in _eight_ dein'-de + /eu\ as _e'[oo]_ (a short _e_ + followed by a short _u_ in + one syllable) seu + /oe\ like _oi_ in _toil_ foe'-dus + /ui\ like _[oo]'i_ (a short _u_ + followed by a short _i_ in one + syllable. Cf. English _we_) cui, huic + +NOTE. Give all the vowels and diphthongs their proper sounds and do not +slur over them in unaccented syllables, as is done in English. + +_7._ Consonants are pronounced as in English, except that + + CONSONANTS LATIN EXAMPLES + + /c\ is always like _c_ in _cat_, + never as in _cent_ ca'-do:, ci'-bus, ce:'-na + /g\ is always like _g_ in _get_, + never as in _gem_ ge'-mo:, gig'-no: + /i consonant\ is always like + _y_ in _yes_ iam, io'-cus + /n\ before _c, qu_, or _g_ is + like _ng_ in _sing_ (compare + the sound of _n_ in _anchor_) an'-co-ra (ang'-ko-ra) + /qu\, /gu\, and sometimes /su\ + before a vowel have the sound + of _qw, gw_, and _sw_. Here + _u_ has the value of consonant + _v_ and is not counted a vowel in'-quit, qui:, lin'-gua, + san'-guis, sua:'-de-o: + /s\ is like _s_ in _sea_, never + as in _ease_ ro'-sa, is + /t\ is always like _t_ in + _native_, never as in _nation_ ra'-ti-o:, na:'-ti-o: + /v\ is like _w_ in _wine_, never + as in _vine_ vi:'-num, vir + /x\ has the value of two + consonants (_cs_ or _gs_) and + is like _x_ in _extract_, not + as in _exact_ ex'-tra:, ex-a:c'-tus + /bs\ is like _ps_ and /bt\ like + _pt_ urbs, ob-ti'-ne-o: + /ch\, /ph\, and /th\ are like + _c_, _p_, _t_ pul'-cher, Phoe'-be:, + the-a:'-trum + + _a._ In combinations of consonants give each its distinct sound. + Doubled consonants should be pronounced with a slight pause between + the two sounds. Thus pronounce _tt_ as in _rat-trap_, not as in + _rattle_; _pp_ as in _hop-pole_, not as in _upper_. Examples, + /mit'-to:\, /Ap'pi-us\, /bel'-lum\. + + +SYLLABLES + +_8._ A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs. +Thus /aes-ta:'-te\ has three syllables, /au-di-en'-dus\ has four. + + _a._ Two vowels with a consonant between them never make one + syllable, as is so often the case in English. Compare English + _inside_ with Latin i:n-si:'-de. + +_9._ Words are divided into syllables as follows: + +1. A single consonant between two vowels goes with the second. Thus +/a-ma:'-bi-lis\, /me-mo'-ri-a\, /in-te'-re-a:\, /a'-best\, +/pe-re:'-git\.[3] + + [Footnote 3: In writing and printing it is customary to divide + the parts of a compound, as /inter-ea:\, /ab-est\, /sub-a:ctus\, + /per-e:git\, contrary to the correct phonetic rule.] + +2. Combinations of two or more consonants: + + _a._ A consonant followed by _l_ or _r_ goes with the _l_ or _r_. + Thus /pu:'-bli-cus\, /a'-gri:\. + +EXCEPTION. Prepositional compounds of this nature, as also _ll_ and +_rr_, follow rule _b_. Thus /ab'-lu-o:\, /ab-rum'-po:\, /il'-le\, +/fer'-rum\. + + _b._ In all other combinations of consonants the first consonant + goes with the preceding vowel.[4] Thus /mag'-nus\, /e-ges'-ta:s\, + /vic-to:'-ri-a\, /hos'-pes\, /an'-nus\, /su-ba:c'-tus\. + + [Footnote 4: The combination nct is divided nc-t, as fu:nc-tus, + sa:nc-tus.] + +3. The last syllable of a word is called the _ul'-ti-ma_; the one +next to the last, the _pe-nult'_; the one before the penult, the +_an'-te-pe-nult'_. + +_10._ EXERCISE + +Divide the words in the following passage into syllables and pronounce +them, placing the accent as indicated: + +Va:'de ad formi:'cam, O: pi'ger, et co:nsi:'dera: vi'a:s e'ius et +di'sce sapie'ntiam: quae cum no:n ha'beat du'cem nec praecepto:'rem nec +pri:'ncipem, pa'rat in aesta:'te ci'bum si'bi et co'ngregat in me'sse +quod co'medat. + +[[Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: which, +having no guide, overseer, or ruler, provideth her meat in the summer +and gathereth her food in the harvest.]] + + +QUANTITY + +_11._ The quantity of a vowel or a syllable is the time it takes to +pronounce it. Correct pronunciation and accent depend upon the proper +observance of quantity. + +_12._ Quantity of Vowels. Vowels are either long (^) or short. +In this book the long vowels are marked. Unmarked vowels are to be +considered short. + + [Transcriber's Note: + The wording of Sec. 12 is as in the original, except that the macron + (long-vowel symbol) has been replaced with a caret ("hat"), and the + breve (short-vowel symbol) has been omitted.] + + 1. A vowel is short before another vowel or _h_; as /po-e:'-ta\, + /tra'-ho:\. + + 2. A vowel is short before _nt_ and _nd_, before final _m_ or _t_, + and, except in words of one syllable, before final _l_ or _r_. Thus + /a'-mant\, /a-man'-dus\, /a-ma:'-bam\, /a-ma:'-bat\, /a'-ni-mal\, + /a'-mor\. + + 3. A vowel is long before _nf_, _ns_, _nx_, and _nct_. Thus + /i:n'-fe-ro:\, /re'-ge:ns\, /sa:n'-xi:\, /sa:nc'-tus\. + + 4. Diphthongs are always long, and are not marked. + +_13._ Quantity of Syllables. Syllables are either long or short, and +their quantity must be carefully distinguished from that of vowels. + + 1. A syllable is short, + + _a._ If it ends in a short vowel; as /a'-mo:\, /pi'-gri\. + +NOTE. In final syllables the short vowel may be followed by a final +consonant. Thus the word /me-mo'-ri-am\ contains four short syllables. +In the first three a short vowel ends the syllable, in the last the +short vowel is followed by a final consonant. + + 2. A syllable is long, + + _a._ If it contains a long vowel or a diphthong, as /cu:'-ro:\, + /poe'-nae\, /aes-ta:'-te\. + + _b._ If it ends in a consonant which is followed by another + consonant, as /cor'-pus\, /mag'-nus\. + +NOTE. The vowel in a long syllable may be either long or short, and +should be pronounced accordingly. Thus in /ter'-ra\, /in'-ter\, the +first syllable is long, but the vowel in each case is short and should +be given the short sound. In words like /saxum\ the first syllable is +long because _x_ has the value of two consonants (_cs_ or _gs_). + + 3. In determining quantity _h_ is not counted a consonant. + +NOTE. Give about twice as much time to the long syllables as to the +short ones. It takes about as long to pronounce a short vowel plus a +consonant as it does to pronounce a long vowel or a diphthong, and so +these quantities are considered equally long. For example, it takes +about as long to say /cur'-ro:\ as it does /cu:'-ro:\, and so each of +these first syllables is long. Compare /mol'-lis\ and /mo:'-lis\, +/a:-mis'-si:\ and /a:-mi'-si:\. + + +ACCENT + +_14._ Words of two syllables are accented on the first, as /me:n'-sa\, +/Cae'-sar\. + +_15._ Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult if the +penult is long. If the penult is short, accent the antepenult. Thus +/mo-ne:'-mus\, /re'-gi-tur\, /a-gri'-co-la\, /a-man'-dus\. + +NOTE. Observe that the position of the accent is determined by the +length of the _syllable_ and not by the length of the vowel in the +syllable. (Cf. Sec. 13.2, Note.) + +_16._ Certain little words called _enclit'ics_[5] which have no separate +existence, are added to and pronounced with a preceding word. The most +common are /-que\, _and_; /-ve\, _or_; and /-ne\, the question sign. +The syllable before an enclitic takes the accent, regardless of its +quantity. Thus /populus'que\, /dea'que\, /re:gna've\, /audit'ne\. + + [Footnote 5: Enclitic means _leaning back_, and that is, as you see, + just what these little words do. They cannot stand alone and so they + lean back for support upon the preceding word.] + +HOW TO READ LATIN + +_17._ To read Latin well is not so difficult, if you begin right. +Correct habits of reading should be formed now. Notice the quantities +carefully, especially the quantity of the penult, to insure your getting +the accent on the right syllable. (Cf. Sec. 15.) Give every vowel its +proper sound and every syllable its proper length. Then bear in mind +that we should read Latin as we read English, in phrases rather than in +separate words. Group together words that are closely connected in +thought. No good reader halts at the end of each word. + +_18._ Read the stanzas of the following poem by Longfellow, one at a +time, first the English and then the Latin version. The syllables +inclosed in parentheses are to be slurred or omitted to secure +smoothness of meter. + +EXCELSIOR [[HIGHER]]! [6] + + The shades of night were falling fast, + As through an Alpine village passed + A youth, who bore, 'mid snow and ice, + A banner with the strange device, + Excelsior! + + Cade:bant noctis umbrae, dum + Ibat per vi:cum Alpicum + Gelu: nivequ(e) adole:sce:ns, + Ve:xillum cum signo: fere:ns, + Excelsior! + + His brow was sad; his eye beneath, + Flashed like a falchion from its sheath, + And like a silver clarion rung + The accents of that unknown tongue, + Excelsior! + + Fro:ns tri:stis, micat oculus + Velut e: va:gi:na: gladius; + Sonantque simile:s tubae + Accentu:s lingu(ae) incognitae, + Excelsior! + + In happy homes he saw the light + Of household fires gleam warm and bright; + Above, the spectral glaciers shone, + And from his lips escaped a groan, + Excelsior! + + In domibus videt cla:ra:s + Foco:rum lu:ce:s calida:s; + Relucet glacie:s a:cris, + Et rumpit gemitu:s labri:s, + Excelsior! + + "Try not the Pass!" the old man said; + "Dark lowers the tempest overhead, + The roaring torrent is deep and wide!" + And loud that clarion voice replied, + Excelsior! + + Di:cit senex, "Ne: tra:nsea:s! + Supra: nigre:scit tempesta:s; + La:tus et altus est torre:ns." + Cla:ra ve:nit vo:x responde:ns, + Excelsior! + + At break of day, as heavenward + The pious monks of Saint Bernard + Uttered the oft-repeated prayer, + A voice cried through the startled air, + Excelsior! + + Iam lu:ce:sce:bat, et fra:tre:s + Sa:ncti: Bernardi: vigile:s + O:ra:bant prece:s solita:s, + Cum vo:x cla:ma:vit per aura:s, + Excelsior! + + A traveler, by the faithful hound, + Half-buried in the snow was found, + Still grasping in his hand of ice + That banner with the strange device, + Excelsior! + + Se:mi-sepultus via:tor + Can(e) a: fi:do: reperi:tur, + Compre:nde:ns pugno: gelido: + Illud ve:xillum cum signo:, + Excelsior! + + There in the twilight cold and gray, + Lifeless, but beautiful, he lay, + And from the sky, serene and far, + A voice fell, like a falling star, + Excelsior! + + + Iacet corpus exanimum + Sed lu:ce fri:gida: pulchrum; + Et caelo: procul exie:ns + Cadit vo:x, ut Stella cade:ns, + Excelsior! + + [Footnote 6: Translation by C. W. Goodchild in _Praeco Latinus_, + October, 1898.] + + + + +PART II + +WORDS AND FORMS + + +LESSON I + +FIRST PRINCIPLES + +_19._ Subject and Predicate. + 1. Latin, like English, expresses thoughts by means of sentences. + A sentence is a combination of words that expresses a thought, and in + its simplest form is the statement of a single fact. Thus, + + _Galba is a farmer_ + Galba est agricola + _The sailor fights_ + Nauta pugnat + +In each of these sentences there are two parts: + + SUBJECT PREDICATE + _Galba_ _is a farmer_ + Galba + _The sailor_ _fights_ + Nauta pugnat + + 2. The subject is that person, place, or thing about which something + is said, and is therefore a _noun_ or some word which can serve the + same purpose. + + _a._ Pronouns, as their name implies (_pro_, "instead of," and + _noun_), often take the place of nouns, usually to save repeating + the same noun, as, _Galba is a farmer; /he\ is a sturdy fellow_. + + 3. The predicate is that which is said about the subject, and consists + of a verb with or without modifiers. + + _a._ A verb is a word which asserts something (usually an act) + concerning a person, place, or thing. + +_20._ The Object. In the two sentences, _The boy hit the ball_ and +_The ball hit the boy_, the same words are used, but the meaning is +different, and depends upon the order of the words. The /doer\ of the +act, that about which something is said, is, as we have seen above, the +/subject\. /That to which something is done\ is the /direct object\ of +the verb. _The boy hit the ball_ is therefore analyzed as follows: + + SUBJECT PREDICATE + /-----------\ + _The boy_ _hit the ball_ + (verb) (direct object) + + _a._ A verb whose action passes over to the object directly, as in + the sentence above, is called a /transitive verb\. A verb which does + not admit of a direct object is called /intransitive\, as, _I walk_, + _he comes_. + +_21._ The Copula. The verb _to be_ in its different forms--_are_, +_is_, _was_, etc.--does not tell us anything about the subject; neither +does it govern an object. It simply connects the subject with the word +or words in the predicate that possess a distinct meaning. Hence it is +called the /copula\, that is, _the joiner_ or _link_. + +_22._ In the following sentences pronounce the Latin and name the +_nouns, verbs, subjects, objects, predicates, copulas_: + + 1. America est patria mea + _America is fatherland my_ + + 2. Agricola filiam amat + _(The) farmer (his) daughter loves_ + + 3. Filia est Iulia + _(His) daughter is Julia_ + + 4. Iulia et agricola sunt in insula + _Julia and (the) farmer are on (the) island_ + + 5. Iulia aquam portat + _Julia water carries_ + + 6. Rosam in comis habet + _(A) rose in (her) hair (she) has_ + + 7. Iulia est puella pulchra + _Julia is (a) girl pretty_ + + 8. Domina filiam pulchram habet + _(The) lady (a) daughter beautiful has_ + + _a._ The sentences above show that Latin does not express some words + which are necessary in English. First of all, _Latin has no article + /the\ or /a\_; thus _agricola_ may mean _the farmer, a farmer_, + or simply _farmer_. Then, too, the personal pronouns, _I, you, he, + she_, etc., and the possessive pronouns, _my, your, his, her_, etc., + are not expressed if the meaning of the sentence is clear without + them. + + +LESSON II + +FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_) + +_23._ Inflection. Words may change their forms to indicate some change +in sense or use, as, _is, are_; _was, were; who, whose, whom; farmer, +farmer's; woman, women_. This is called /inflection\. The inflection of +a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its /declension\, that of a verb +its /conjugation\. + +_24._ Number. Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular and +plural. In English we usually form the plural by adding _-s_ or _-es_ to +the singular. So Latin changes the singular to the plural by changing +the ending of the word. Compare + + Naut-a pugnat + _The sailor fights_ + Naut-ae pugnant + _The sailors fight_ + +_25._ RULE. _Nouns that end in -a in the singular end in -ae in the +plural_. + +_26._ Learn the following nouns so that you can give the English for the +Latin or the Latin for the English. Write the plural of each. + + agri'cola, _farmer_ (agriculture)[1] + aqua, _water_ (aquarium) + causa, _cause, reason_ + do'mina, _lady of the house, mistress_ (dominate) + filia, _daughter_ (filial) + fortu'na, _fortune_ + fuga, _flight_ (fugitive) + iniu'ria, _wrong, injury_ + luna, _moon_ (lunar) + nauta, _sailor_ (nautical) + puel'la, _girl_ + silva, forest (silvan) + terra, _land_ (terrace) + + [Footnote 1: The words in parentheses are English words related to + the Latin. When the words are practically identical, as /causa\, + _cause_, no comparison is needed.] + +_27._ Compare again the sentences + + Nauta pugna-t + _The sailor fights_ + Nautae pugna-nt + _The sailors fight_ + +In the first sentence the verb /pugna-t\ is in the third person +singular, in the second sentence /pugna-nt\ is in the third person +plural. + +_28._ RULE. Agreement of Verb. _A finite verb must always be in the +same person and number as its subject._ + +_29._ RULE. _In the conjugation of the Latin verb the third person +singular active ends in -t, the third person plural in -nt. The +endings which show the person and number of the verb are called +/personal endings\._ + +_30._ Learn the following verbs and write the plural of each. The +personal pronouns _he_, _she_, _it_, etc., which are necessary in the +inflection of the English verb, are not needed in the Latin, because the +personal endings take their place. Of course, if the verb's subject is +expressed we do not translate the personal ending by a pronoun; thus +/nauta pugnat\ is translated _the sailor fights_, not _the sailor he +fights_. + + ama-t _he (she, it) loves, is loving, does love_ (amity, amiable) + labo:'ra-t " " " _labors, is laboring, does labor_ + nu:ntia-t[2] " " " _announces, is announcing, does announce_ + porta-t " " " _carries, is carrying, does carry_ (porter) + pugna-t " " " _fights, is fighting, does fight_ (pugnacious) + + [Footnote 2: The _u_ in /nu:ntio:\ is long by exception. + (Cf. Sec. 12.2.)] + +_31._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. The daughter loves, the daughters love. 2. The sailor is carrying, +the sailors carry. 3. The farmer does labor, the farmers labor. 4. The +girl is announcing, the girls do announce. 5. The ladies are carrying, +the lady carries. + +II. 1. Nauta pugnat, nautae pugnant. 2. Puella amat, puellae amant. +3. Agricola portat, agricolae portant. 4. Filia laborat, filiae +laborant. 5. Nauta nuntiat, nautae nuntiant. 6. Dominae amant, domina +amat. + + [Illustration: DOMINA] + + +LESSON III + +FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_) + +_32._ Declension of Nouns. We learned above (Secs. 19, 20) the +difference between the subject and object, and that in English they +may be distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the +order is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence _The +lady her daughter loves_ might mean either that the lady loves her +daughter, or that the daughter loves the lady. + + 1. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the + subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the + words, but by the endings of the words themselves. Compare the + following sentences: + + Domina filiam amat + Filiam domina amat + Amat filiam domina + Domina amat filiam + _The lady loves her daughter_ + + Filia dominam amat + Dominam filia amat + Amat dominam filia + Filia amat dominam + _The daughter loves the lady_ + + _a._ Observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in + -a and the object in -am. The _form_ of the noun shows how it is + used in the sentence, and the order of the words has no effect on + the essential meaning. + + 2. As stated above (Sec. 23), this change of ending is called + /declension\, and each different ending produces what is called a + /case\. When we decline a noun, we give all its different cases, or + changes of endings. In English we have three cases,--nominative, + possessive, and objective; but, in nouns, the nominative and objective + have the same form, and only the possessive case shows a change of + ending, by adding _'s_ or the apostrophe. The interrogative pronoun, + however, has the fuller declension, _who?_ _whose?_ _whom?_ + +_33._ The following table shows a comparison between English and Latin +declension forms, and should be thoroughly memorized: + + ENGLISH CASES LATIN CASES + +---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+ + | | Declension | Name of case | Declension of | Name of case | + | | of _who?_ | and use | /domina\ | and use | + | | | | and translation | | + +---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+ + | | Who? | Nominative-- | do'min-a | Nominative-- | + | S | | case of the | _the lady_ | case of the | + | I | | subject | | subject | + | N | | | | | + | G | Whose? | Possessive-- | domin-ae | Genitive-- | + | U | | case of the | _the lady's_ | case of the | + | L | | possessor | _of the lady_ | possessor | + | A | | | | | + | R | Whom? | Objective-- | domin-am | Accusative-- | + | | | case of the | _the lady_ | case of the | + | | | object | | direct object | + +---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+ + | | Who? | Nominative-- | domin-ae | Nominative-- | + | | | case of the | _the ladies_ | case of the | + | P | | subject | | subject | + | L | | | | | + | U | Whose? | Possessive-- | domin-a:'rum | Genitive-- | + | R | | case of the | _the ladies'_ | case of the | + | A | | possessor | _of the ladies_ | possessor | + | L | | | | | + | | Whom? | Objective-- | domin-a:s | Accusative-- | + | | | case of the | _the ladies_ | case of the | + | | | object | | direct object | + +---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+ + +When the nominative singular of a noun ends in -a, observe that + + _a._ The nominative plural ends in -ae. + + _b._ The genitive singular ends in -ae and the genitive plural in + -a:rum. + + _c._ The accusative singular ends in -am and the accusative plural + in -a:s. + + _d._ The genitive singular and the nominative plural have the same + ending. + +_34._ EXERCISE + +Pronounce the following words and give their general meaning. Then give +the number and case, and the use of each form. Where the same form +stands for more than one case, give all the possible cases and uses. + +1. Silva, silvas, silvam. 2. Fugam, fugae, fuga. 3. Terrarum, +terrae, terras. 4. Aquas, causam, lunas. 5. Filiae, fortunae, lunae. +6. Iniurias, agricolarum, aquarum. 7. Iniuriarum, agricolae, puellas. +8. Nautam, agricolas, nautas. 9. Agricolam, puellam, silvarum. + + +LESSON IV + +FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_) + + [Special Vocabulary] + + [See Transcriber's Note at beginning of text.] + + NOUNS + /dea\, _goddess_ (deity) + Dia:'na, _Diana_ + /fera\, _a wild beast_ (fierce) + La:to:'na, _Latona_ + /sagit'ta\, _arrow_ + + VERBS + /est\, _he (she, it) is_; /sunt\, _they are_ + /necat\, _he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill_ + + CONJUNCTION[A] + /et\, _and_ + + PRONOUNS + /quis\, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., _who?_ + /cuius\ (pronounced _c[oo]i'y[oo]s_, two syllables), interrog. + pronoun, gen. sing., _whose?_ + + [Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts + of sentences, or sentences.] + +_35._ We learned from the table (Sec. 33) that the Latin nominative, +genitive, and accusative correspond, in general, to the nominative, +possessive, and objective in English, and that they are used in the same +way. This will be made even clearer by the following sentence: + + Filia agricolae nautam amat, + _the farmer's daughter_ (or _the daughter of the farmer_) + _loves the sailor_ + +What is the subject? the direct object? What case is used for the +subject? for the direct object? What word denotes the possessor? In what +case is it? + +_36._ RULE. Nominative Subject. _The subject of a finite verb is in +the Nominative and answers the question Who? or What?_ + +_37._ RULE. Accusative Object. _The direct object of a transitive verb +is in the Accusative and answers the question Whom? or What?_ + +_38._ RULE. Genitive of the Possessor. _The word denoting the owner or +possessor of something is in the Genitive and answers the question +Whose?_ + + [Illustration: DIANA SAGITTAS PORTAT ET FERAS NECAT] + +_39._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283. + +I. 1. Diana est dea. 2. Latona est dea. 3. Diana et Latona sunt deae. +4. Diana est dea lunae. 5. Diana est filia Latonae. 6. Latona Dianam +amat. 7. Diana est dea silvarum. 8. Diana silvam amat. 9. Diana sagittas +portat. 10. Diana feras silvae necat. 11. Ferae terrarum pugnant. + +For the order of words imitate the Latin above. + +II. 1. The daughter of Latona does love the forests. 2. Latona's +daughter carries arrows. 3. The farmers' daughters do labor. 4. The +farmer's daughter loves the waters of the forest. 5. The sailor is +announcing the girls' flight. 6. The girls announce the sailors' wrongs. +7. The farmer's daughter labors. 8. Diana's arrows are killing the wild +beasts of the land. + +_40._ CONVERSATION + +Translate the questions and answer them in Latin. The answers may be +found in the exercises preceding. + + 1. Quis est Diana? + 2. Cuius filia est Diana? + 3. Quis Dianam amat? + 4. Quis silvam amat? + 5. Quis sagittas portat? + 6. Cuius filiae laborant? + + +LESSON V + +FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_) + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /coro:'na\, _wreath, garland, crown_ + fa:'bula, _story_ (fable) + /pecu:'nia\, _money_ (pecuniary) + /pugna\, _battle_ (pugnacious) + /victo:'ria\, _victory_ + + VERBS + /dat\, _he (she, it) gives_ + na:rrat, _he (she, it) tells_ (narrate) + + CONJUNCTION[A] + /quia\ or /quod\, _because_ + + /cui\ (pronounced _c[oo]i_, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat. + sing., _to whom?_ _for whom?_ + + [Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts + of sentences, or sentences.] + +_41._ The Dative Case. In addition to the relationships between words +expressed by the nominative, genitive (possessive), and accusative +(objective) cases, there are other relationships, to express which in +English we use such words as _from_, _with_, _by_, _to_, _for_, _in_, +_at_.[1] + + [Footnote 1: Words like _to_, _for_, _by_, _from_, _in_, etc., which + define the relationship between words, are called /prepositions\.] + +Latin, too, makes frequent use of such prepositions; but often it +expresses these relations without them by means of case forms which +English does not possess. One of the cases found in the Latin declension +and lacking in English is called the _dative_. + +_42._ When the nominative singular ends in -a, the dative singular +ends in -ae and the dative plural in -i:s. + +NOTE. Observe that the _genitive singular_, the _dative singular_, and +the _nominative plural_ all have the same ending, -ae; but the uses of +the three cases are entirely different. The general meaning of the +sentence usually makes clear which case is intended. + + _a._ Form the dative singular and plural of the following nouns: + /fuga\, /causa\, /fortuna\, /terra\, /aqua\, /puella\, /agricola\, + /nauta\, /domina\. + +_43._ The Dative Relation. The dative case is used to express the +relations conveyed in English by the prepositions _to_, _towards_, +_for_. + +These prepositions are often used in English in expressions of motion, +such as _She went to town_, _He ran towards the horse_, _Columbus sailed +for America_. In such cases the dative is not used in Latin, as _motion +through space_ is foreign to the dative relation. But the dative is used +to denote that _to_ or _towards which_ a benefit, injury, purpose, +feeling, or quality is directed, or that _for which_ something serves or +exists. + + _a._ What dative relations do you discover in the following? + +The teacher gave a prize to John because he replied so promptly to all +her questions--a good example for the rest of us. It is a pleasure to us +to hear him recite. Latin is easy for him, but it is very hard for me. +Some are fitted for one thing and others for another. + +_44._ The Indirect Object. Examine the sentence + + Nauta fugam nuntiat, + _the sailor announces the flight_ + +Here the verb, /nuntiat\, governs the direct object, /fugam\, in the +accusative case. If, however, we wish to mention the persons /to whom\ +the sailor announces the flight, as, _The sailor announces the flight +/to the farmers\_, the verb will have two objects: + + 1. Its direct object, _flight_ (fugam) + 2. Its indirect object, _farmers_ + +According to the preceding section, _to the farmers_ is a relation +covered by the dative case, and we are prepared for the following rule: + +_45._ RULE. Dative Indirect Object. _The indirect object of a verb is +in the Dative._ + + _a._ The indirect object usually stands before the direct object. + +_46._ We may now complete the translation of the sentence _The sailor +announces the flight to the farmers_, and we have + + Nauta agricolis fugam nuntiat + +_47._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283. + +_Point out the direct and indirect objects and the genitive of the +possessor._ + +I. 1. Quis nautis pecuniam dat? 2. Filiae agricolae nautis pecuniam +dant. 3. Quis fortunam pugnae nuntiat? 4. Galba agricolis fortunam +pugnae nuntiat. 5. Cui domina fabulam narrat? 6. Filiae agricolae domina +fabulam narrat. 7. Quis Dianae coronam dat? 8. Puella Dianae coronam dat +quia Dianam amat. 9. Dea lunae sagittas portat et feras silvarum necat. +10. Cuius victoriam Galba nuntiat? 11. Nautae victoriam Galba nuntiat. + +Imitate the word order of the preceding exercise. + +II. 1. To whom do the girls give a wreath? 2. The girls give a wreath to +Julia, because Julia loves wreaths. 3. The sailors tell the ladies[2] a +story, because the ladies love stories. 4. The farmer gives his +(Sec. 22.a) daughter water. 5. Galba announces the cause of the battle +to the sailor. 6. The goddess of the moon loves the waters of the +forest. 7. Whose wreath is Latona carrying? Diana's. + + [Footnote 2: Observe that in English the indirect object often + stands without a preposition _to_ to mark it, especially when it + precedes the direct object.] + + +LESSON VI + +FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_) + + [Special Vocabulary] + + ADJECTIVES + /bona\, _good_ + /gra:ta\, _pleasing_ + /magna\, _large, great_ + /mala\, _bad, wicked_ + /parva\, _small, little_ + /pulchra\, _beautiful, pretty_ + /so:la\, _alone_ + + NOUNS + ancil'la, _maidservant_ + Iu:lia, _Julia_ + + ADVERBS[A] + /cu:r\, _why_ + /no:n\, _not_ + + PRONOUNS + /mea\, _my_; /tua\, _thy, your_ (possesives) + /quid\, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., _what?_ + + /-ne\, the question sign, an enclitic (Sec. 16) added to the first + word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as /amat\, _he + loves_, but /amat'ne\? _does he love?_ /est\, _he is_; /estne\? + _is he?_ Of course /-ne\ is not used when the sentence contains + /quis\, /cu:r\, or some other interrogative word. + + [Footnote A: An _adverb_ is a word used to modify a verb, an + adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings _sweetly_; she is + _very_ talented; she began to sing _very early_.] + +_48._ The Ablative Case. Another case, lacking in English but found in +the fuller Latin declension, is the _ab'la-tive._ + +_49._ When the nominative singular ends in -a, the ablative singular +ends in -a: and the ablative plural in -i:s. + + _a._ Observe that the final -a of the nominative is short, while the + final -a: of the ablative is long, as, + + Nom. filia + Abl. filia: + + _b._ Observe that the ablative plural is like the dative plural. + + _c._ Form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns: + /fuga\, /causa\, /fortuna\, /terra\, /aqua\, /puella\, /agricola\, + /nauta\, /domina\. + +_50._ The Ablative Relation. The ablative case is used to express the +relations conveyed in English by the prepositions _from_, _with_, _by_, +_at_, _in_. It denotes + + 1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or of + which it is deprived--generally translated by _from_. + + 2. That with which something is associated or by means of which it is + done--translated by _with_ or _by_. + + 3. The place where or the time when something happens--translated by + _in_ or _at_. + + _a._ What ablative relations do you discover in the following? + + In our class there are twenty boys and girls. Daily at eight + o'clock they come from home with their books, and while they are + at school they read with ease the books written by the Romans. + By patience and perseverance all things in this world can be + overcome. + +_51._ Prepositions. While, as stated above (Sec. 41), many relations +expressed in English by prepositions are in Latin expressed by case +forms, still prepositions are of frequent occurrence, but only with the +accusative or ablative. + +_52._ RULE. Object of a Preposition. _A noun governed by a preposition +must be in the Accusative or Ablative case._ + +_53._ Prepositions denoting the ablative relations _from, with, in, on_, +are naturally followed by the ablative case. Among these are + + a:[1] or ab, _from, away from_ + de:, _from, down from_ + e:[1] or ex, _from, out from, out of_ + cum, _with_ + in, _in, on_ + + [Footnote 1: /a:\ and /e:\ are used only before words beginning with + a consonant; /ab\ and /ex\ are used before either vowels or + consonants.] + + 1. _Translate into Latin, using prepositions._ In the water, on the + land, down from the forest, with the fortune, out of the forests, from + the victory, out of the waters, with the sailors, down from the moon. + +_54._ Adjectives. Examine the sentence + + Puella parva bonam deam amat, + _the little girl loves the good goddess_ + +In this sentence /parva\ (_little_) and /bonam\ (_good_) are not nouns, +but are descriptive words expressing quality. Such words are called +_adjectives_,[2] and they are said to belong to the noun which they +describe. + + [Footnote 2: _Pick out the adjectives in the following:_ "When I + was a little boy, I remember that one cold winter's morning I was + accosted by a smiling man with an ax on his shoulder. 'My pretty + boy,' said he, 'has your father a grindstone?' 'Yes, sir,' said I. + 'You are a fine little fellow,' said he. 'Will you let me grind my + ax on it?'"] + +You can tell by its ending to which noun an adjective belongs. The +ending of /parva\ shows that it belongs to /puella\, and the ending of +/bonam\ that it belongs to /deam\. Words that belong together are said +to agree, and the belonging-together is called _agreement_. Observe that +_the adjective and its noun agree in number and case_. + +_55._ Examine the sentences + + Puella est parva, + _the girl is little_ + Puella parva bonam deam amat, + _the little girl loves the good goddess_ + +In the first sentence the adjective /parva\ is separated from its noun +by the verb and stands in the predicate. It is therefore called a +_predicate adjective_. In the second sentence the adjectives /parva\ and +/bonam\ are closely attached to the nouns /puella\ and /deam\ +respectively, and are called _attributive adjectives._ + + _a._ Pick out the attributive and the predicate adjectives in the + following: + +Do you think Latin is hard? Hard studies make strong brains. Lazy +students dislike hard studies. We are not lazy. + +_56._ DIALOGUE + +JULIA AND GALBA + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283. + + I. Quis, Galba, est Diana? + G. Diana, Iulia, est pulchra dea lunae et silvarum. + I. Cuius filia, Galba, est Diana? + G. Latonae filia, Iulia, est Diana. + I. Quid Diana portat? + G. Sagittas Diana portat. + I. Cur Diana sagittas portat? + G. Diana sagittas portat, Iulia, quod malas feras silvae magnae necat. + I. Amatne Latona filiam? + G. Amat, et filia Latonam amat. + I. Quid filia tua parva portat? + G. Coronas pulchras filia mea parva portat. + I. Cui filia tua coronas pulchras dat? + G. Dianae coronas dat. + I. Quis est cum filia tua? Estne sola? + G. Sola non est; filia mea parva est cum ancilla mea. + + _a._ When a person is called or addressed, the case used is called + the _voc'ative_ (Latin _vocare_, "to call"). _In form the vocative + is regularly like the nominative_. In English the name of the person + addressed usually stands first in the sentence. _The Latin vocative + rarely stands first_. Point out five examples of the vocative in + this dialogue. + + _b._ Observe that questions answered by _yes_ or _no_ in English + are answered in Latin by repeating the verb. Thus, if you wished to + answer in Latin the question _Is the sailor fighting?_ /Pugnatne + nauta?\ you would say /Pugnat\, _he is fighting_, or /Non pugnat\, + _he is not fighting._ + + +LESSON VII + +THE FIRST OR _A:_-DECLENSION + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /casa, -ae\, f., _cottage_ + ce:na, -ae, f., _dinner_ + /galli:'na, -ae\, f., _hen, chicken_ + /i:n'sula, ae\, f., _island_ (pen-insula) + + ADVERBS + /de-in'de\, _then, in the next place_ + /ubi\, _where_ + + PREPOSITION + /ad\, _to_, with acc. to express motion toward + + PRONOUN + /quem\, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., _whom?_ + + VERBS + ha'bitat, _he (she, it) lives, is living, does live_ (inhabit) + /laudat\, _he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise_ (laud) + /parat\, _he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare_ + /vocat\, _he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, + is inviting, does invite_ (vocation) + +_57._ In the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases, +singular and plural, of nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a. +All Latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a belong to the +First Declension. It is also called the _A_-Declension because of the +prominent part which the vowel /a\ plays in the formation of the cases. +We have also learned what relations are expressed by each case. These +results are summarized in the following table: + ++-------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ +| CASE | NOUN | TRANSLATION | USE AND GENERAL MEANING | +| | | | OF EACH CASE | ++-------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ +| | | SINGULAR | | ++-------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ +| Nom. | do'min-a | _the lady_ | The subject | +| | | | | +| Gen. | domin-ae | _of the lady_, | The possessor | +| | | or _the lady's_ | of something | +| | | | | +| Dat. | domin-ae | _to_ or _for | Expressing the relation | +| | | the lady_ | _to_ or _for_, | +| | | | especially the | +| | | | indirect object | +| | | | | +| Acc. | domin-am | _the lady_ | The direct object | +| | | | | +| Abl. | domin-a: | _from, with, by, | Separation (_from_), | +| | | in, the lady_ | association or means | +| | | | (_with, by_), place | +| | | | where or time when | +| | | | (_in, at_) | ++-------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ +| | | PLURAL | | ++-------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ +| Nom. | domin-ae | _the ladies_ | | +| | | | | +| Gen. | domin-a:'rum | _of the ladies_, | | +| | | or _the ladies'_ | | +| | | | | +| Dat. | domin-i:s | _to_ or _for | The same as | +| | | the ladies_ | the singular | +| | | | | +| Acc. | domin-a:s | _the ladies_ | | +| | | | | +| Abl. | domin-i:s | _from, with, by_, | | +| | | _in, the ladies_ | | ++-------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+ + +_58._ The Base. That part of a word which remains unchanged in +inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the base. + +Thus, in the declension above, domin- is the base and -a is the +termination of the nominative singular. + +_59._ Write the declension of the following nouns, separating the base +from the termination by a hyphen. Also give them orally. + + /pugna\, /terra\, /luna\, /ancil'la\, /coro'na\, /in'sula\, /silva\ + +_60._ Gender. In English, names of living beings are either masculine +or feminine, and names of things without life are neuter. This is called +/natural gender\. Yet in English there are some names of things to which +we refer as if they were feminine; as, "Have you seen my yacht? _She_ is +a beauty." And there are some names of living beings to which we refer +as if they were neuter; as, "Is the baby here? No, the nurse has taken +_it_ home." Some words, then, have a gender quite apart from sex or real +gender, and this is called /grammatical gender\. + +Latin, like English, has three genders. Names of males are usually +masculine and of females feminine, but _names of things have grammatical +gender and may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter_. Thus we have +in Latin the three words, /lapis\, _a stone_; /rupes\, _a cliff_; and +/saxum\, _a rock_. /Lapis\ is _masculine_, /rupes\ _feminine_, and +/saxum\ _neuter_. The gender can usually be determined by the ending of +the word, and _must always be learned_, for without knowing the gender +it is impossible to write correct Latin. + +_61._ Gender of First-Declension Nouns. Nouns of the first declension +are feminine unless they denote males. Thus /silva\ is feminine, but +/nauta\, _sailor_, and /agricola\, _farmer_, are masculine. + +_62._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 284. + +I. 1. Agricola cum filia in casa habitat. 2. Bona filia agricolae cenam +parat. 3. Cena est grata agricolae[1] et agricola bonam filiam laudat. +4. Deinde filia agricolae gallinas ad cenam vocat. 5. Gallinae filiam +agricolae amant. 6. Malae filiae bonas cenas non parant. 7. Filia +agricolae est grata dominae. 8. Domina in insula magna habitat. +9. Domina bonae puellae parvae pecuniam dat. + +II. 1. Where does the farmer live? 2. The farmer lives in the small +cottage. 3. Who lives with the farmer? 4. (His) little daughter lives +with the farmer. 5. (His) daughter is getting (parat) a good dinner +for the farmer. 6. The farmer praises the good dinner. 7. The daughter's +good dinner is pleasing to the farmer. + + [Footnote 1: Note that the relation expressed by the dative case + covers that _to which a feeling is directed._ (Cf. Sec. 43.)] + + [Illustration] + +What Latin words are suggested by this picture? + +_63._ CONVERSATION + +Answer the questions in Latin. + + 1. Quis cum agricola in casa habitat? + 2. Quid bona filia agricolae parat? + 3. Quem agricola laudat? + 4. Vocatne filia agricolae gallinas ad cenam? + 5. Cuius filia est grata dominae? + 6. Cui domina pecuniam dat? + + +LESSON VIII + +FIRST DECLENSION (_Continued_) + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /Italia, -ae\, f., _Italy_ + Sicilia, -ae, f., _Sicily_ + /tuba, -ae\, f., _trumpet_ (tube) + /via, -ae\, f., _way, road, street_ (viaduct) + + ADJECTIVES + /alta\, _high, deep_ (altitude) + /cla:ra\, _clear, bright; famous_ + /la:ta\, _wide_ (latitude) + /longa\, _long_ (longitude) + /nova\, _new_ (novelty) + +_64._ We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together +and you have noticed an agreement between them in _case_ and in _number_ +(Sec. 54). They agree also in _gender_. In the phrase /silva magna\, we +have a feminine adjective in -a agreeing with a feminine noun in -a. + +_65._ RULE. Agreement of Adjectives. _Adjectives agree with their +nouns in gender, number, and case._ + +_66._ Feminine adjectives in -a are declined like feminine nouns in +-a, and you should learn to decline them together as follows: + + NOUN ADJECTIVE + domina (BASE domin-), bona (BASE bon-), + f., _lady_ _good_ + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. do'mina bona -a + Gen. dominae bonae -ae + Dat. dominae bonae -ae + Acc. dominam bonam -am + Abl. domina: bona: -a: + + PLURAL + Nom. dominae bonae -ae + Gen. domina:'rum bona:'rum -a:rum + Dat. domini:s boni:s -i:s + Acc. domina:s bona:s -a:s + Abl. domini:s boni:s -i:s + + _a._ In the same way decline together /puella mala\, _the bad girl_; + /ancil'la parva\, _the little maid_; /fortu'na magna\, _great + fortune._ + +_67._ The words /dea\, _goddess_, and /filia\, _daughter_, take the +ending -a:bus instead of -i:s in the _dative and ablative plural._ +Note the _dative and ablative plural_ in the following declension: + + dea bona (BASES de- bon-) + + SINGULAR PLURAL + Nom. dea bona deae bonae + Gen. deae bonae dea:'rum bona:'rum + Dat. deae bonae dea:'bus boni:s + Acc. deam bonam dea:s bona:s + Abl. dea: bona: dea'bus boni:s + + _a._ In the same way decline together /filia parva\. + +_68._ Latin Word Order. The order of words in English and in Latin +sentences is not the same. + +In English we arrange words in a fairly fixed order. Thus, in the +sentence _My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers_, we cannot +alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence. We can, +however, throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more +force. Try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force +on _my, daughter, dinner, farmers_. + +In Latin, where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by its +_ending_ (cf. Sec. 32.1), and not by its _position_, the order of words +is more free, and position is used to secure the same effect that in +English is secured by emphasis of voice. To a limited extent we can +alter the order of words in English, too, for the same purpose. Compare +the sentences + + _I saw a game of football at Chicago last November_ (normal order) + _/Last November\ I saw a game of football at Chicago_ + _At Chicago, last November, I saw a game of /football\_ + + 1. In a Latin sentence the most emphatic place is the _first_; next in + importance is the _last_; the weakest point is the _middle_. Generally + the _subject_ is the most important word, and is placed _first_; + usually the _verb_ is the next in importance, and is placed _last_. + The other words of the sentence stand between these two in the order + of their importance. Hence the normal order of words--that is, where + no unusual emphasis is expressed--is as follows: + + _subject_--_modifiers of the subject_--_indirect object_-- + _direct object_--_adverb_--_verb_ + + Changes from the normal order are frequent, and are due to the desire + for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase. _Notice the order of + the Latin words when you are translating, and imitate it when you are + turning English into Latin._ + + 2. Possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after + their nouns. When placed before their nouns they are emphatic, as + + filia mea, _my daughter_; + mea filia, _/my\ daughter_; + casa Galbae, _Galba's cottage_; + Galbae casa, _/Galba's\ cottage_. + + Notice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following + sentence in different ways: + + Filia mea agricolis cenam parat (normal order) + Mea filia agricolis parat cenam (/mea\ and /cenam\ emphatic) + Agricolis filia mea cenam parat (/agricolis\ emphatic) + + 3. An adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it + follows. When great emphasis is desired, the adjective is separated + from its noun by other words. + + Filia mea casam parvam non amat (/parvam\ not emphatic) + Filia mea parvam casam non amat (/parvam\ more emphatic) + Parvam filia mea casam non amat (/parvam\ very emphatic) + + 4. Interrogative words usually stand first, the same as in English. + + 5. The copula (as /est\, /sunt\) is of so little importance that it + frequently does not stand last, but may be placed wherever it sounds + well. + +_69._ EXERCISE + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 284. + +_Note the order of the words in these sentences and pick out those that +are emphatic._ + +1. Longae non sunt tuae viae. 2. Suntne tubae novae in mea casa? Non +sunt. 3. Quis lata in silva habitat? Diana, lunae clarae pulchra dea, +lata in silva habitat. 4. Nautae altas et latas amant aquas. 5. Quid +ancilla tua portat? Ancilla mea tubam novam portat. 6. Ubi sunt Lesbia +et Iulia? In tua casa est Lesbia et Iulia est in mea. 7. Estne Italia +lata terra? Longa est Italia, non lata. 8. Cui Galba agricola fabulam +novam narrat? Filiabus dominae clarae fabulam novam narrat. 9. Clara +est insula Sicilia. 10. Quem laudat Latona? Latona laudat filiam. + + * * * * * + + First Review of Vocabulary and Grammar, Secs. 502-505 + + * * * * * + +LESSON IX + +THE SECOND OR _O_-DECLENSION + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /bellum, -i:\, n., _war_ (re-bel) + /co:nstantia, -ae\, f., _firmness, constancy, steadiness_ + dominus, -i:, m., _master, lord_ (dominate) + /equus, -i:\, m., _horse_ (equine) + /fru:mentum, -i:\, n., _grain_ + /le:ga:tus, -i:\, m., _lieutenant, ambassador_ (legate) + /Ma:rcus, -i:\, m., _Marcus, Mark_ + /mu:rus, -i:\, m., _wall_ (mural) + /oppida:nus, -i:\, m., _townsman_ + /oppidum, -i:\, n., _town_ + /pi:lum, -i:\, n., _spear_ (pile driver) + /servus, -i:\, m., _slave, servant_ + Sextus, -i:, m., _Sextus_ + + VERBS + /cu:rat\, _he (she, it) cares for_, with acc. + /properat\, _he (she, it) hastens_ + +_70._ Latin nouns are divided into five declensions. + +The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the ending of +the genitive singular. This should always be learned along with the +nominative and the gender. + +_71._ The nominative singular of nouns of the Second or _O_-Declension +ends in -us, -er, -ir, or -um. The genitive singular ends in +-i:. + +_72._ Gender. Nouns in -um are neuter. The others are regularly +masculine. + +_73._ Declension of nouns in -_us_ and -_um_. Masculines in -us and +neuters in -um are declined as follows: + + dominus (BASE domin-), pi:lum (BASE pi:l-), + m., _master_ n., _spear_ + + TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS + SINGULAR + Nom. do'minus[1] -us pi:lum -um + Gen. domini: -i: pi:li: -i: + Dat. domino: -o: pi:lo: -o: + Acc. dominum -um pi:lum -um + Abl. domino: -o: pi:lo: -o: + Voc. domine -e pi:lum -um + + PLURAL + Nom. domini: -i: pi:la -a + Gen. domino:'rum -o:rum pi:lo:'rum -o:rum + Dat. domini:s -i:s pi:li:s -i:s + Acc. domino:s -o:s pi:la -a + Abl. domini:s -i:s pi:li:s -i:s + + [Footnote 1: Compare the declension of /domina\ and of /dominus\.] + + _a._ Observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same + terminations excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative + and accusative plural. + + _b._ The vocative singular of words of the second declension in + -us ends in -e, as /domine\, _O master_; /serve\, _O slave_. + This is the most important exception to the rule in Sec. 56.a. + +_74._ Write side by side the declension of /domina\, /dominus\, and +/pilum\. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following rules, +which are of great importance because they apply to all five +declensions: + + _a._ The vocative, with a single exception (see Sec. 73.b), is + like the nominative. That is, the vocative singular is like the + nominative singular, and the vocative plural is like the nominative + plural. + + _b._ The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are + alike, and in the plural end in -a. + + _c._ The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in + -m and the accusative plural in -s. + + _d._ The dative and ablative plural are always alike. + + _e._ Final -i and -o are always _long_; final -a is _short_, + except in the ablative singular of the first declension. + +_75._ Observe the sentences + + Lesbia est bona, + _Lesbia is good_ + Lesbia est ancilla, + _Lesbia is a maidservant_ + +We have learned (Sec. 55) that /bona\, when used, as here, in the +predicate to describe the subject, is called a _predicate adjective_. +Similarly a _noun_, as /ancilla\, used in the _predicate_ to define the +subject is called a /predicate noun\. + +_76._ RULE. Predicate Noun. _A predicate noun agrees in case with the +subject of the verb._ + + [Illustration: PILA] + +_77._ DIALOGUE + +GALBA AND MARCUS + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285. + + G. Quis, Marce, est legatus cum pilo et tuba? + M. Legatus, Galba, est Sextus. + G. Ubi Sextus habitat?[2] + M. In oppido Sextus cum filiabus habitat. + G. Amantne oppidani Sextum? + M. Amant oppidani Sextum et laudant, quod magna cum constantia pugnat. + G. Ubi, Marce, est ancilla tua? Cur non cenam parat? + M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equo legati aquam et frumentum dat. + G. Cur non servus Sexti equum domini curat? + M. Sextus et servus ad murum oppidi properant. Oppidani bellum + parant.[3] + + [Footnote 2: /habitat\ is here translated _does live_. Note the + _three_ possible translations of the Latin present tense: + /habitat\ + _he lives_ + _he is living_ + _he does live_ + Always choose the translation which makes the best sense.] + + [Footnote 3: Observe that the verb /paro\ means not only + _to prepare_ but also _to prepare for_, and governs the + accusative case.] + + [Illustration: LEGATUS CUM PILO ET TUBA] + +_78._ CONVERSATION + +Translate the questions and answer them in Latin. + + 1. Ubi filiae Sexti habitant? + 2. Quem oppidani amant et laudant? + 3. Quid ancilla equo legati dat? + 4. Cuius equum ancilla curat? + 5. Quis ad murum cum Sexto properat? + 6. Quid oppidani parant? + + +LESSON X + +SECOND DECLENSION (_Continued_) + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /ami:cus, -i:\, m., _friend_ (amicable) + /Germa:nia, -ae\, f., _Germany_ + /patria, -ae\, f., _fatherland_ + /populus, -i:\, m., _people_ + /Rhe:nus, -i:\, m., _the Rhine_ + /vi:cus, -i:\, m., _village_ + +_79._ We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like /bona\, in +agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like +them. _Masculine_ adjectives of this class are declined like /dominus\, +and _neuters_ like pilum. The adjective and noun, masculine and neuter, +are therefore declined as follows: + + MASCULINE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE NEUTER NOUN AND ADJECTIVE + dominus bonus, _the good master_ pi:lum bonum, _the good spear_ + BASES domin- bon- BASES pi:l- bon- + + TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS + SINGULAR + Nom. do'minus bonus -us pi:lum bonum -um + Gen. domini: boni: -i: pi:li: boni: -i: + Dat. domino: bono: -o: pi:lo: bono: -o: + Acc. dominum bonum -um pi:lum bonum -um + Abl. domino: bono: -o: pi:lo: bono: -o: + Voc. domine bone -e pi:lum bonum -um + + PLURAL + Nom. domini: boni: -i: pi:la bona -a + Gen. domino:'rum bono:'rum -o:rum pi:lo:'rum bono:'rum -o:rum + Dat. domini:s boni:s -is pi:li:s boni:s -i:s + Acc. domino:s bono:s -o:s pi:la bona -a + Abl. domini:s boni:s -i:s pi:li:s boni:s -i:s + +Decline together /bellum longum\, /equus parvus\, /servus malus\, +/murus altus\, /frumentum novum\. + +_80._ Observe the sentences + + Lesbia ancilla est bona, + _Lesbia, the maidservant, is good_ + Filia Lesbiae ancillae est bona, + _the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good_ + Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat, + _the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant_ + +In these sentences /ancilla\, /ancillae\, and /ancillam\ denote the +class of persons to which _Lesbia_ belongs and explain who she is. Nouns +so related that the second is only another name for the first and +explains it are said to be in apposition, and are always in the same +case. + +_81._ RULE. Apposition. _An appositive agrees in case with the noun +which it explains._ + +_82._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285. + +I. 1. Patria servi boni, vicus servorum bonorum, bone popule. 2. Populus +oppidi magni, in oppido magno, in oppidis magnis. 3. Cum pilis longis, +ad pila longa, ad muros latos. 4. Legate male, amici legati mali, cena +grata domino bono. 5. Frumentum equorum parvorum, domine bone, ad +legatos claros. 6. Rhenus est in Germania, patria mea. 7. Sextus legatus +pilum longum portat. 8. Oppidani boni Sexto legato clara pecuniam dant. +9. Mali servi equum bonum Marci domini necant. 10. Galba agricola et +Iulia filia bona laborant. 11. Marcus nauta in insula Sicilia habitat. + +II. 1. Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise Galba, +your master? 2. My friend is from (ex) a village of Germany, my +fatherland. 3. My friend does not love the people of Italy. 4. Who is +caring for[1] the good horse of Galba, the farmer? 5. Mark, where is +Lesbia, the maidservant? 6. She is hastening[1] to the little cottage[2] +of Julia, the farmer's daughter. + + [Footnote 1: See footnote 1, p. 33. Remember that /curat\ is + transitive and governs a direct object.] + + [Footnote 2: Not the dative. (Cf. Sec. 43.)] + + +LESSON XI + +ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /arma, armo:rum\, n., plur., _arms_, especially defensive weapons + /fa:ma, -ae\, f., _rumor; reputation, fame_ + /galea, -ae\, f., _helmet_ + /praeda, -ae\, f., _booty, spoils_ (predatory) + /te:lum, -i:\, n., _weapon of offense, spear_ + + ADJECTIVES + /du:rus, -a, -um\, _hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome_ + (durable) + /Ro:ma:nus, -a, -um\, _Roman_. As a noun, /Ro:ma:nus, -i:\, m., + _a Roman_ + +_83._ Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the +three genders as follows: + + MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER + SINGULAR + Nom. bonus bona bonum + Gen. boni: bonae boni: + Dat. bono: bonae bono: + Acc. bonum bonam bonum + Abl. bono: bona: bono: + Voc. bone bona bonum + + PLURAL + Nom. boni: bonae bona + Gen. bono:rum bona:rum bono:rum + Dat. boni:s boni:s boni:s + Acc. bono:s bona:s bona + Abl. boni:s boni:s boni:s + + _a._ Write the declension and give it orally _across the page_, thus + giving the three genders for each case. + + _b._ Decline /gratus, -a, -um\; /malus, -a, -um\; /altus, -a, -um\; + /parvus, -a, -um\. + +_84._ Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the +nouns. However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does +_not_ mean that they must have the same termination. If the adjective +and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations will, in +many cases, not be the same. For example, /nauta\, _sailor_, is +masculine and belongs to the first declension. The masculine form of the +adjective /bonus\ is of the second declension. Consequently, _a good +sailor_ is /nauta bonus\. So, _the wicked farmer_ is /agricola malus\. +Learn the following declensions: + +_85._ nauta bonus (bases naut- bon-), m., _the good sailor_ + + SINGULAR + Nom. nauta bonus + Gen. nautae boni: + Dat. nautae bono: + Acc. nautam bonum + Abl. nauta: bono: + Voc. nauta bone + + PLURAL + Nom. nautae boni: + Gen. nauta:rum bono:rum + Dat. nauti:s boni:s + Acc. nauta:s bono:s + Abl. nauti:s boni:s + Voc. nautae boni: + +_86._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285. + +I. 1. Est[1] in vico nauta bonus. 2. Sextus est amicus nautae boni. +3. Sextus nautae bono galeam dat. 4. Populus Romanus nautam bonum +laudat. 5. Sextus cum nauta bono praedam portat. 6. Ubi, nauta bone, +sunt arma et tela legati Romani? 7. Nautae boni ad bellum properant. +8. Fama nautarum bonorum est clara. 9. Pugnae sunt gratae nautis bonis. +10. Oppidani nautas bonos curant. 11. Cur, nautae boni, mali agricolae +ad Rhenum properant? 12. Mali agricolae cum bonis nautis pugnant. + +II. 1. The wicked farmer is hastening to the village with (his) booty. +2. The reputation of the wicked farmer is not good. 3. Why does Galba's +daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked farmer? 4. Lesbia invites +the good sailor to dinner. 5. Why is Lesbia with the good sailor +hastening from the cottage? 6. Sextus, where is my helmet? 7. The good +sailors are hastening to the toilsome battle. 8. The horses of the +wicked farmers are small. 9. The Roman people give money to the good +sailors. 10. Friends care for the good sailors. 11. Whose friends are +fighting with the wicked farmers? + + [Footnote 1: /Est\, beginning a declarative sentence, _there is._] + + [Illustration: GALEAE] + + +LESSON XII + +NOUNS IN _-IUS_ AND _-IUM_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /fi:lius, fi:li:\, m., _son_ (filial) + fluvius, fluvi:, m., _river_ (fluent) + /gladius, gladi:\, m., _sword_ (gladiator) + /praesidium, praesi'di:\, n., _garrison, guard, protection_ + /proelium, proeli:\, n., _battle_ + + ADJECTIVES + /fi:nitimus, -a, -um\, _bordering upon, neighboring, near to_. + As a noun, /fi:nitimi:, -o:rum\, m., plur., _neighbors_ + /Germa:nus, -a, -um\, _German_. As a noun, /Germa:nus, -i:\, m., + _a German_ + /multus, -a, -um\, _much_; plur., _many_ + + ADVERB + /saepe\, _often_ + +_87._ Nouns of the second declension in -ius and -ium end in -i: in +the genitive singular, _not_ in -ii:, and the accent rests on the +penult; as, /fi:li:\ from /fi:lius\ (_son_), /praesi'di:\ from +/praesi'dium\ (_garrison_). + +_88._ Proper names of persons in -ius, and /fi:lius\, end in -i: in +the vocative singular, _not_ in -e, and the accent rests on the +penult; as, /Vergi'li:\, _O Vergil_; /fi:li:\, _O son._ + + _a._ Observe that in these words the vocative and the genitive are + alike. + +_89._ praesidium (base praesidi-), fi:lius (base fi:li-), + n., _garrison_ m., _son_ + + SINGULAR + Nom. praesidium fi:lius + Gen. praesi'di: fi:li: + Dat. praesidio: fi:lio: + Acc. praesidium fi:lium + Abl. praesidio: fi:lio: + Voc. praesidium fi:li: + +The plural is regular. Note that the -i- of the base is lost only in +the genitive singular, and in the vocative of words like /filius\. + +Decline together /praesidium parvum\; /filius bonus\; /fluvius longus\, +_the long river_; /proelium clarum\, _the famous battle._ + +_90._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285. + +I. 1. Frumentum bonae terrae, gladi mali, belli longi. 2. Constantia +magna, praesidia magna, clare Vergili. 3. Male serve, O clarum oppidum, +male fili, filii mali, fili mali. 4. Fluvi longi, fluvii longi, +fluviorum longorum, fama praesi'di magni. 5. Cum gladiis parvis, cum +deabus claris, ad nautas claros. 6. Multorum proeliorum, praedae magnae, +ad proelia dura. + +GERMANIA + +II. Germania, patria Germanorum, est clara terra. In Germania sunt +fluvii multi. Rhenus magnus et latus fluvius Germaniae est. In silvis +latis Germaniae sunt ferae multae. Multi Germanii in oppidis magnis et +in vicis parvis habitant et multi sunt agricolae boni. Bella Germanorum +sunt magna et clara. Populus Germaniae bellum et proelia amat et saepe +cum finitimis pugnat. Fluvius Rhenus est finitimus oppidis[1] multis et +claris. + + [Footnote 1: Dative with /finitimus\. (See Sec. 43.)] + + +LESSON XIII + +SECOND DECLENSION (_Continued_) + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /ager, agri:\, m., _field_ (acre) + /co:pia, -ae\, f., _plenty, abundance_ (copious); plur., _troops, + forces_ + /Corne:lius, Corne:'li:\, m., _Cornelius_ + /lo:ri:'ca, -ae\, f., _coat of mail, corselet_ + /praemium, praemi:\, n., _reward, prize_ (premium) + /puer, pueri:\, m., _boy_ (puerile) + /Ro:ma, -ae\, f., _Rome_ + /scu:tum, -i:\, n., _shield_ (escutcheon) + /vir, viri:\, m., _man, hero_ (virile) + + ADJECTIVES + /legio:na:rius, -a, -um\,[A] _legionary, belonging to the legion_. + As a noun, /legio:na:rii:, -o:rum\, m., plur., _legionary soldiers_ + /li:ber, li:bera, li:berum\, _free_ (liberty) As a noun. /li:beri:, + -o:rum\, + m., plur., _children_ (lit. _the freeborn_) + /pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum\, _pretty, beautiful_ + + PREPOSITION + /apud\, _among_, with acc. + + CONJUNCTION + /sed\, _but_ + + [Footnote A: The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius + ends in -ii: and the vocative in -ie; not in -i:, as in nouns.] + +_91._ Declension of Nouns in _-er_ and _-ir_. In early Latin all the +masculine nouns of the second declension ended in -os. This -os +later became -us in words like /servus\, and was dropped entirely in +words with bases ending in -r, like /puer\, _boy_; /ager\, _field_; +and /vir\, _man_. These words are therefore declined as follows: + +_92._ puer, m., _boy_ ager, m., _field_ vir, m., _man_ + BASE puer- BASE agr- BASE vir- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. puer ager vir ---- + Gen. pueri: agri: viri: -i: + Dat. puero: agro: viro: -o: + Acc. puerum agrum virum -um + Abl. puero: agro: viro: -o: + + PLURAL + Nom. pueri: agri: viri: -i: + Gen. puero:rum agro:rum viro:rum -o:rum + Dat. pueri:s agri:s viri:s -i:s + Acc. puero:s agro:s viro:s -o:s + Abl. pueri:s agri:s viri:s -i:s + + _a._ The vocative case of these words is like the nominative, + following the general rule (Sec. 74.a). + + _b._ The declension differs from that of /servus\ only in the + nominative and vocative singular. + + _c._ Note that in /puer\ the /e\ remains all the way through, while + in /ager\ it is present only in the nominative. In /puer\ the /e\ + belongs to the base, but in /ager\ (base agr-) it does not, and + was inserted in the nominative to make it easier to pronounce. Most + words in -er are declined like /ager\. _The genitive shows whether + you are to follow_ /puer\ _or_ /ager\. + +_93._ Masculine adjectives in -er of the second declension are +declined like nouns in -er. A few of them are declined like /puer\, +but most of them like /ager\. The feminine and neuter nominatives show +which form to follow, thus, + + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + liber libera liberum (_free_) + is like /puer\ + pulcher pulchra pulchrum (_pretty_) + is like /ager\ + +For the full declension in the three genders, see Sec. 469._b._ _c._ + +_94._ Decline together the words /vir liber\, /terra libera\, /frumentum +liberum\, /puer pulcher\, /puella pulchra\, /oppidum pulchrum\ + +_95._ ITALIA[1] + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286. + +Magna est Italiae fama, patriae Romanorum, et clara est Roma, domina +orbis terrarum.[2] Tiberim,[3] fluvium Romanum, quis non laudat et +pulchros fluvio finitimos agros? Altos muros, longa et dura bella, +claras victorias quis non laudat? Pulchra est terra Italia. Agri boni +agricolis praemia dant magna, et equi agricolarum copiam frumenti ad +oppida et vicos portant. In agris populi Romani laborant multi servi. +Viae Italiae sunt longae et latae. Finitima Italiae est insula Sicilia. + + [Footnote 1: In this selection note especially the emphasis as shown + by the order of the words.] + + [Footnote 2: /orbis terrarum\, _of the world_.] + + [Footnote 3: /Tiberim\, _the Tiber_, accusative case.] + +_96._ DIALOGUE + +MARCUS AND CORNELIUS + + C. Ubi est, Marce, filius tuus? Estne in pulchra terra Italia? + M. Non est, Corneli, in Italia. Ad fluvium Rhenum properat cum copiis + Romanis quia est[4] fama Novi belli cum Germanis. Liber Germaniae + populus Romanos Non amat. + C. Estne filius tuus copiarum Romanarum legatus? + M. Legatus non est, sed est apud legionarios. + C. Quae[5] arma portat[6]? + M. Scutum magnum et loricam duram et galeam pulchram portat. + C. Quae tela portat? + M. Gladium et pilum longum portat. + C. Amatne legatus filium tuum? + M. Amat, et saepe filio meo praemia pulchra et praedam multam dat. + C. Ubi est terra Germanorum? + M. Terra Germanorum, Corneli est finitima Rheno, fluvio magno et alto. + + [Footnote 4: /est\, before its subject, _there is_; so /sunt\, + _there are._] + + [Footnote 5: /Quae\, _what kind of_, an interrogative adjective + pronoun.] + + [Footnote 6: What are the three possible translations of the present + tense?] + + [Illustration: LEGIONARIUS] + + +LESSON XIV + +THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /auxilium, auxi'li:\, n., _help, aid_ (auxiliary) + /castrum, -i:\, n., _fort_ (castle); plur., _camp_ (lit. _forts_) + /cibus, -i:\, m., _food_ + /co:nsilium, co:nsi'li:\, n., _plan_ (counsel) + /di:ligentia, -ae\, f.. _diligence, industry_ + magister, magistri:, m., _master, teacher_[A] + + ADJECTIVES + /aeger, aegra, aegrum\, _sick_ + /cre:ber, cre:bra, cre:brum\, _frequent_ + /miser, misera, miserum\, _wretched, unfortunate_ (miser) + + [Footnote A: Observe that /dominus\, as distinguished from + /magister\, means _master_ in the sense of _owner_.] + +_97._ Observe the sentences + + _This is my shield_ + _This shield is mine_ + +In the first sentence _my_ is a possessive adjective; in the second +_mine_ is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a noun, _this +shield is mine_ being equivalent to _this shield is my shield_. +Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes _adjectives_ and +sometimes _pronouns_. + +_98._ The possessives _my, mine, your, yours_, etc. are declined like +adjectives of the first and second declensions. + + SINGULAR + _1st Pers._ meus, mea, meum _my, mine_ + _2d Pers._ tuus, tua, tuum _your, yours_ + _3d Pers._ suus, sua, suum _his (own), her (own), + its (own)_ + PLURAL + _1st Pers._ noster, nostra, nostrum _our, ours_ + _2d Pers._ vester, vestra, vestrum _your, yours_ + _3d Pers._ suus, sua, suum _their (own), theirs_ + +NOTE. /Meus\ has the irregular vocative singular masculine /mi:\, as +/mi: fi:li:\, _O my son_. + + _a._ The possessives agree with the name of the _thing possessed_ in + gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin in + + _Sextus is calling /his\ boy_ Sextus } suum puerum vocat + _Julia is calling /her\ boy_ Iulia } + + Observe that /suum\ agrees with /puerum\, and is unaffected by the + gender of Sextus or Julia. + + _b._ When _your, yours_, refers to _one_ person, use /tuus\; when to + _more than one_, /vester\; as, + + _Lesbia, your wreaths are pretty_ + Coronae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae + _Girls, your wreaths are pretty_ + Coronae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae + + _c._ /Suus\ is a _reflexive_ possessive, that is, it usually stands + in the predicate and regularly refers back to the _subject_. Thus, + /Vir suos servos vocat\ means _The man calls his (own) slaves._ Here + _his_ (suos) refers to _man_ (vir), and could not refer to any + one else. + + _d._ Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, + being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf. + Sec. 22.a.) This is especially true of /suus, -a, -um\, which, when + inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our _his own, her own_, + etc. + +_99._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286. + +I. 1. Marcus amico Sexto consilium suum nuntiat 2. Est copia frumenti in +agris nostris. 3. Amici mei bonam cenam ancillae vestrae laudant 4. Tua +lorica, mi fili, est dura. 5. Scuta nostra et tela, mi amice, in castrls +Romanis sunt. 6. Suntne viri patriae tuae liberi? Sunt. 7. Ubi, Corneli, +est tua galea pulchra? 8. Mea galea, Sexte, est in casa mea. 9. Pilum +longum est tuum, sed gladius est meus. 10. Iulia gallinas suas pulchras +amat et gallinae dominam suam amant. 11. Nostra castra sunt vestra. +12. Est copia praedae in castris vestris. 13. Amici tui miseris et +aegris cibum et pecuniam saepe dant. + +II. 1. Our teacher praises Mark's industry. 2. My son Sextus is carrying +his booty to the Roman camp.[1] 3. Your good girls are giving aid to the +sick and wretched.[2] 4. There are [3] frequent battles in our villages. +5. My son, where is the lieutenant's food? 6. The camp is mine, but the +weapons are yours. + + [Footnote 1: Not the dative. Why?] + + [Footnote 2: Here the adjectives _sick_ and _wretched_ are used like + nouns.] + + [Footnote 3: Where should /sunt\ stand? Cf. I. 2 above.] + + [Illustration: AGRICOLA ARAT] + + +LESSON XV + +THE ABLATIVE DENOTING _WITH_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /carrus, -i:\, m., _cart, wagon_ + /inopia, -ae\, f., _want, lack;_ the opposite of /co:pia\ + /studium, studi:\, n., _zeal, eagerness_ (study) + + ADJECTIVES + /arma:tus, -a, -um\, _armed_ + /i:nfi:rmus, -a, -um\, _week, feeble_ (infirm) + vali'dus, -a, -um, _strong, sturdy_ + + VERB + /ma:tu:rat\, _he (she, it) hastens._ Cf. properat + + ADVERB + /iam\, _already, now_ + + /-que\, conjunction, _and_; an enclitic (cf. Sec. 16) and always added + to the _second_ of two words to be connected, as /arma tela'que\, + _arms and weapons_. + +_100._ Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (Sec. 50) +there is none more important than that expressed in English by the +preposition _with_. This little word is not so simple as it looks. +It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is it always to be +translated by /cum\. This will become clear from the following +sentences: + + _a._ Mark is feeble _with_ (_for_ or _because of_) want of food + _b._ Diana kills the beasts _with_ (or _by_) her arrows + _c._ Julia is _with_ Sextus + _d._ The men fight _with_ great steadiness + + _a._ In sentence _a_, _with want_ (_of food_) gives the cause of + Mark's feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative + without a preposition, and the construction is called the /ablative + of cause\: + + Marcus est infirmus inopia cibi + + _b._ In sentence _b_, _with_ (or _by_) _her arrows_ tells /by means + of what\ Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by + the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called + the /ablative of means\: + + Diana sagittis suis feras necat + + _c._ In sentence _c_ we are told that Julia is not alone, but /in + company with\ Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the + ablative with the preposition /cum\, and the construction is called + the /ablative of accompaniment\: + + Iulia est cum Sexto + + _d._ In sentence _d_ we are told how the men fight. The idea is one + of /manner\. This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with /cum\, + unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case /cum\ + may be omitted. This construction is called the /ablative of + manner\: + + Viri (cum) constantia magna pugnant + +_101._ You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative +denoting _with_: + +_102._ RULE. Ablative of Cause. _Cause is denoted by the ablative +without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what?_ + +_103._ RULE. Ablative of Means. _Means is denoted by the ablative +without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? +With what?_ + +N.B. /Cum\ must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or +means. + +_104._ RULE. Ablative of Accompaniment. _Accompaniment is denoted by +the ablative with /cum\. This answers the question With whom?_ + +_105._ RULE. Ablative of Manner. _The ablative with /cum\ is used to +denote the manner of an action. /Cum\ may be omitted, if an adjective is +used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner?_ + +_106._ What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following +passage, and what question does each answer? + +The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the +gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, +attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the +stream was swollen with (_or_ by) the rain. Because of this many were +swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue, +with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore. + +_107._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286. + +I. _The Romans prepare for War._ Romani, clarus Italiae populus, bellum +parant. Ex agris suis, vicis, oppidisque magno studio viri validi ad +arma properant. Iam legati cum legionariis ex Italia ad Rhenum, fluvium +Germaniae altum et latum, properant, et servi equis et carris cibum +frumentumque ad castra Romana portant. Inopia bonorum telorum infirmi +sunt Germani, sed Romani armati galeis, loricis, scutis, gladiis, +pilisque sunt validi. + +II. 1. The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great +diligence. 2. Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are fighting +with the Germans. 3. The Roman legionaries are armed with long spears. +4. Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with my friends in +Galba's cottage. 5. Many are sick because of bad water and for lack of +food. 6. The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening +with horses and wagons. + + +LESSON XVI + +THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES + +_108._ There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second +declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and +dative singular of all genders: + + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Gen. -i:us -i:us -i:us + Dat. -i: -i: -i: + +Otherwise they are declined like /bonus, -a, -um\. Learn the list and +the meaning of each: + + /alius, alia, aliud\, _other, another_ (of several) + /alter, altera, alterum\, _the one, the other_ (of two) + /u:nus, -a, -um\, _one, alone_; (in the plural) _only_ + /u:llus, -a, -um\, _any_ + /nu:llus, -a, -um\, _none, no_ + /so:lus, -a, -um\, _alone_ + /to:tus, -a, -um\, _all, whole, entire_ + /uter, utra, utrum\, _which?_ (of two) + /neuter, neutra, neutrum\, _neither_ (of two) + +_109._ PARADIGMS + + SINGULAR + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. nu:llus nu:lla nu:llum + Gen. nu:lli:'us nu:lli:'us nu:lli:'us + Dat. nu:lli: nu:lli: nu:lli: + Acc. nu:llum nu:llam nu:llum + Abl. nu:llo: nu:lla: nu:llo: + + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. alius alia aliud + Gen. ali:'us ali:'us ali:'us + Dat. alii: alii: alii: + Acc. alium aliam aliud + Abl. alio: alia: alio: + + THE PLURAL IS REGULAR + + _a._ Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in -d of /alius\. + The genitive /ali:us\ is rare. Instead of it use /alteri:us\, the + genitive of /alter\. + + _b._ These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension + of pronouns (see Sec. 114). For this reason these adjectives are + sometimes called the /pronominal adjectives\. + +_110._ Learn the following idioms: + + /alter, -era, -erum\ ... /alter, -era, -erum\, _the one ... the other_ + (of two) + /alius, -a, -ud\ ... /alius, -a, -ud\, _one ... another _ (of any + number) + /alii, -ae, -a\ ... /alii, -ae, -a\, _some ... others_ + +EXAMPLES + + 1. Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum, _the one town is + large, the other small_ (of two towns). + + 2. Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud infirmum, _one town is strong, + another weak_ (of towns in general). + + 3. Alii gladios, alii scuta portant, _some carry swords, others + shields._ + +_111._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. In utra casa est Iulia? Iulia est in neutra casa. 2. Nulli malo +puero praemium dat magister. 3. Alter puer est nauta, alter agricola. +4. Alii viri aquam, alii terram amant. 5. Galba unus (_or_ solus) cum +studio laborat. 6. Estne ullus carrus in agro meo? 7. Lesbia est ancilla +alterius domini, Tullia alterius. 8. Lesbia sola cenam parat. 9. Cena +nullius alterius ancillae est bona. 10. Lesbia nulli alii viro cenam +dat. + +NOTE. The pronominal adjectives, as you observe, regularly stand before +and not after their nouns. + +II. 1. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. 2. Some towns are +great and others are small. 3. One boy likes chickens, another horses. +4. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. 5. Our whole village is +suffering for (i.e. _weak because of_) lack of food. 6. The people are +already hastening to the other town. 7. Among the Romans (there) is no +lack of grain. + + +LESSON XVII + +THE DEMONSTRATIVE _IS, EA, ID_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /agri: cultu:ra, -ae\, f., _agriculture_ + /Gallia, -ae\, f., _Gaul_ + /domicili:um, domi:ci'li:\, n., _dwelling place_ (domicile), _abode_ + /Gallus, -i\, m., _a Gaul_ + /lacrima, -ae\, f., _tear_ + /fe:mina, -ae\, f., _woman_ (female) + /numerus, -i:\, m., _number_ (numeral) + + ADJECTIVE + /ma:tu:rus, -a, -um\, _ripe, mature_ + + ADVERB + quo:, _whither_ + + VERBS + arat, _he (she, it) plows_ (arable) + /de:si:derat\, _he (she, it) misses, longs for_ (desire), with acc. + + CONJUNCTION + /an\, _or_, introducing the second half of a double question, as + _Is he a Roman or a Gaul_, /Estne Romanus an Gallus?\ + +_112._ A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, +as _this, that, these, those_. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, +_Do you hear these?_ and sometimes adjectives, as, _Do you hear these +men?_ In the former case they are called /demonstrative pronouns\, in +the latter /demonstrative adjectives\. + +_113._ Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as _pronouns_ and +as _adjectives_. The one used most is + + /is\, masculine; /ea\, feminine; /id\, neuter + SINGULAR: _this, that_; PLURAL: _these, those_ + +_114._ /Is\ is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of +/alius\, Sec. 109. + + BASE e- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. is ea id ei: eae ea + (_or_ ii:) + Gen. eius eius eius eo:rum ea:rum eo:rum + Dat. ei: ei: ei: ei:s ei:s ei:s + (_or_ ii:s ii:s ii:s) + Acc. eum eam id eo:s ea:s ea + Abl. eo: ea: eo: ei:s ei:s ei:s + (_or_ ii:s ii:s ii:s) + +Note that the base e- changes to i- in a few cases. The genitive +singular /eius\ is pronounced _eh'yus_. In the plural the forms with two +/i\'s are preferred and the two /i\'s are pronounced as one. Hence, +pronounce /ii:\ as /i:\ and /ii:s\ as /i:s\. + +_115._ Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the +Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun _he, +she, it_. As a personal pronoun, then, /is\ would have the following +meanings: + + SINGULAR + Nom. is, _he_; ea, _she_; id, _it_ + Gen. eius, _of him_ or _his_; + eius, _of her, her_, or _hers_; + eius, _of it_ or _its_ + Dat. ei:, _to_ or _for him_; + ei:, _to_ or _for her_; + ei:, _to_ or _for it_ + Acc. eum, _him_; eam, _her_; id, _it_ + Abl. eo:, _with, from_, etc., _him_; + ea:, _with, from_, etc., _her_; + eo:, _with, from_, etc., _it_ + + PLURAL + Nom. ei: or ii:, eae, ea, _they_ + Gen. eo:rum, ea:rum, eo:rum, _of them, their_ + Dat. ei:s or ii:s, ei:s or ii:s, ei:s or ii:s, + _to_ or _for them_ + Acc. eo:s, ea:s, ea, _them_ + Abl. ei:s or ii:s, ei:s or ii:s, ei:s or ii:s, + _with, from_, etc., _them_ + +_116._ Comparison between _suus_ and _is_. We learned above (Sec. 98.c) +that /suus\ is a _reflexive_ possessive. When _his, her_ (poss.), _its, +their_, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express _his, +her, its_ by /eius\, the genitive singular of /is\, /ea\, /id\; and +_their_ by the genitive plural, using /eorum\ to refer to a masculine +or neuter antecedent noun and /earum\ to refer to a feminine one. + +EXAMPLES + + _Galba calls his_ (own) _son_, + Galba suum filium vocat + _Galba calls his son_ (not his own, but another's), + Galba eius filium vocat + _Julia calls her_ (own) _children_, + Iulia suos liberos vocat + _Julia calls her children_ (not her own, but another's), + Iulia eius liberos vocat + _The men praise their_ (own) _boys_, + viri suos pueros laudant + _The men praise their boys_ (not their own, but others'), + viri eorum pueros laudant + +_117._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287. + +1. He praises her, him, it, them. 2. This cart, that report, these +teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes. 3. That strong +garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, +those frequent plans. + +4. The other woman is calling her chickens (_her own_). 5. Another woman +is calling her chickens (_not her own_). 6. The Gaul praises his arms +(_his own_). 7. The Gaul praises his arms (_not his own_). 8. This +farmer often plows their fields. 9. Those wretched slaves long for their +master (_their own_). 10. Those wretched slaves long for their master +(_not their own_). 11. Free men love their own fatherland. 12. They +love its villages and towns. + +_118._ DIALOGUE[1] + +CORNELIUS AND MARCUS + + M. Quis est vir, Corneli, cum puero parvo? Estne Romanus et liber? + C. Romanus non est, Marce. Is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in + silvis Galliae. + M. Estne puer filius eius servi an alterius? + C. Neutrius filius est puer. Is est filius legati Sexti. + M. Quo puer cum eo servo properat? + C. Is cum servo properat ad latos Sexti agros.[2] Totum frumentum est + iam maturum et magnus servorum numerus in Italiae[3] agris laborat. + M. Agricolaene sunt Galli et patriae suae agros arant? + C. Non agricolae sunt. Bellum amant Galli, non agri culturam. Apud eos + viri pugnant et feminae auxilio liberorum agros arant parantque + cibum. + M. Magister noster pueris puellisque gratas Gallorum fabulas saepe + narrat et laudat eos saepe. + C. Mala est fortuna eorum et saepe miseri servi multis cum lacrimis + patriam suam desiderant. + + [Footnote 1: There are a number of departures from the normal order + in this dialogue. Find them, and give the reason.] + + [Footnote 2: When a noun is modified by both a genitive and an + adjective, a favorite order of words is _adjective, genitive, + noun_.] + + [Footnote 3: A modifying genitive often stands between a preposition + and its object.] + + * * * * * + + Second Review, Lessons IX-XVII, Secs. 506-509 + + * * * * * + +LESSON XVIII + +CONJUGATION +THE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE TENSES OF /SUM\ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + lu:dus, -i:, m.,_school_ + /socius, soci:\, m., _companion, ally_ (social) + + ADJECTIVES + /i:ra:tus, -a, -um\, _angry, furious_ (irate) + /laetus, -a, -um\, _happy, glad_ (social) + + ADVERBS + hodie:, _to-day_ + /ibi\, _there, in that place_ + mox, _presently, soon_, of the immediate future + /nunc\, _now, the present moment_ + /nu:per\, _lately, recently_, of the immediate past + +_119._ The inflection of a verb is called its _conjugation_ (cf. Sec. +23). In English the verb has but few changes in form, the different +meanings being expressed by the use of personal pronouns and +auxiliaries, as, _I am carried, we have carried, they shall have +carried_, etc. In Latin, on the other hand, instead of using personal +pronouns and auxiliary verbs, the form changes with the meaning. In +this way the Romans expressed differences in _tense, mood, voice, +person_, and _number_. + +_120._ The Tenses. The different forms of a verb referring to +different times are called its _tenses_. The chief distinctions of +time are present, past, and future: + + 1. /The present\, that is, _what is happening now_, or + _what usually happens_, is expressed by + THE PRESENT TENSE + + 2. /The past\, that is, _what was happening, used to happen, + happened, has happened_, or _had happened_, is expressed by + THE IMPERFECT, PERFECT, AND PLUPERFECT TENSES + + 3. /The future\, that is, _what is going to happen_, is expressed by + THE FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSES + +_121._ The Moods. Verbs have inflection of _mood_ to indicate the +manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the +_indicative, subjunctive, imperative_, and _infinitive_. + + _a._ A verb is in the _indicative_ mood when it makes a statement or + asks a question about something assumed as a fact. All the verbs we + have used thus far are in the present indicative. + +_122._ The Persons. There are three persons, as in English. The first +person is the person speaking (_I sing_); the second person the person +spoken to (_you sing_); the third person the person spoken of (_he +sings_). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different persons in +the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the personal +endings (cf. Sec. 22 _a_; 29). We have already learned that -t is the +ending of the third person singular in the active voice and -nt of the +third person plural. The complete list of personal endings of the active +voice is as follows: + + SINGULAR PLURAL + _1st Pers._ _I_ -m or -o: _we_ -mus + _2d Pers._ _thou_ or _you_ -s _you_ -tis + _3d Pers._ _he, she, it_ -t _they_ -nt + +_123._ Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and +are called _regular_ verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called +_irregular_. The verb _to be_ is irregular in Latin as in English. The +present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are inflected as +follows: + + PRESENT INDICATIVE + SINGULAR PLURAL + _1st Pers._ su-m, _I am_ su-mus, _we are_ + _2d Pers._ e-s, _you[1] are_ es-tis, _you[1] are_ + _3d Pers._ es-t, _he, she_, or _it is_ su-nt, _they are_ + + IMPERFECT INDICATIVE + SINGULAR PLURAL + _1st Pers._ er-a-m, _I was_ er-a:'-mus, _we were_ + _2d Pers._ er-a:-s, _you were_ er-a:'-tis, _you were_ + _3d Pers._ er-a-t, _he, she_, or _it was_ er-a:-nt, _they were_ + + FUTURE INDICATIVE + SINGULAR PLURAL + _1st Pers._ er-o:, _I shall be_ er'-i-mus, _we shall be_ + _2d Pers._ er-i-s, _you will be_ er'-i-tis, _you will be_ + _3d Pers._ er-i-t, _he will be_ er-u-nt, _they will be_ + + _a._ Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and + consult Secs. 12.2; 14; 15. + + [Footnote 1: Observe that in English _you are_, _you were_, etc. may + be either singular or plural. In Latin the singular and plural forms + are never the same.] + +_124._ DIALOGUE + +THE BOYS SEXTUS AND MARCUS + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287. + + S. Ubi es, Marce? Ubi est Quintus? Ubi estis, amici? + M. Cum Quinto, Sexte, in silva sum. Non soli sumus; sunt in silva + multi alii pueri. + S. Nunc laetus es, sed nuper non laetus eras. Cur miser eras? + M. Miser eram quia amici mei erant in alio vico et eram solus. Nunc + sum apud socios meos. Nunc laeti sumus et erimus. + S. Eratisne in ludo hodie? + M. Hodie non eramus in ludo, quod magister erat aeger. + S. Eritisne mox in ludo? + M. Amici mei ibi erunt, sed ego (_I_) non ero. + S. Cur non ibi eris? Magister, saepe iratus, inopiam tuam studi + diligentiaeque non laudat. + M. Nuper aeger eram et nunc infirmus sum. + +_125._ EXERCISE + +1. You are, you were, you will be, (_sing. and plur._). 2. I am, I was, +I shall be. 3. He is, he was, he will be. 4. We are, we were, we shall +be. 5. They are, they were, they will be. + +6. Why were you not in school to-day? I was sick. 7. Lately he was a +sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher. 8. To-day I am +happy, but lately I was wretched. 9. The teachers were happy because of +the boys' industry. + + [Illustration: PUERI ROMANI IN LUDO] + + +LESSON XIX + +THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS +PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AMO:_ AND _MONEO:_ + +_126._ There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These +conjugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the +present conjugation-stem.[1] This vowel is called the _distinguishing +vowel_, and is best seen in the present infinitive. + + [Footnote 1: The _stem_ is the body of a word to which the + terminations are attached. It is often identical with the base (cf. + Sec. 58). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the latter does not + appear in the base, but is variously combined with the inflectional + terminations. This point is further explained in Sec. 230.] + +Below is given the _present infinitive_ of a verb of each conjugation, +the _present stem_, and the _distinguishing vowel._ + + DISTINGUISHING + CONJUGATION PRES. INFIN. PRES. STEM VOWEL + I. ama:'re, _to love_ ama:- a: + II. mone:'re, _to advise_ mone:- e: + III. re'gere, _to rule_ rege- e + IV. audi:'re, _to hear_ audi- i: + + _a._ Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by + dropping -re, the ending of the present infinitive. + +NOTE. The present infinitive of /sum\ is /esse\, and es- is the +present stem. + +_127._ From the present stem are formed the _present_, _imperfect_, and +_future_ tenses. + +_128._ The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and +of the second conjugation is as follows: + + a'mo:, ama:'re (_love_) mo'neo:, mone:'re (_advise_) + PRES. STEM ama:- PRES. STEM mone:- + + SINGULAR PLURAL PERSONAL ENDINGS + 1. a'mo:, _I love_ mo'neo:, _I advise_ -o: + 2. a'ma:s, _you love_ mo'ne:s, _you advise_ -s + 3. a'mat, _he (she, it) loves_ mo'net, _he (she, it) advises_ -t + + 1. ama:'mus, _we love_ mone:'mus, _we advise_ -mus + 2. ama:'tis, _you love_ mone:'tis, _you advise_ -tis + 3. a'mant, _they love_ mo'nent, _they advise_ -nt + + 1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to + the present stem, and its first person uses -o and not -m. The + form /amo:\ is for /ama-o:\, the two vowels /a-o:\ contracting to + /o:\. In /moneo:\ there is no contraction. _Nearly all regular verbs + ending in -eo belong to the second conjugation._ + + 2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before + another vowel (mone:-o: = mo'neo:), and before final -t (amat, + monet) and -nt (amant, monent). Compare Sec. 12.2. + +_129._ Like /amo:\ and /moneo:\ inflect the present active indicative of +the following verbs[2]: + + [Footnote 2: The only new verbs in this list are the five of the + second conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings.] + + INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT + a'ro, _I plow_ ara're, _to plow_ + cu'ro, _I care for_ cura're, _to care for_ + *de:'leo:, _I destroy_ de:le:'re, _to destroy_ + desi'dero, _I long for_ desidera're, _to long for_ + do,[3] _I give_ da're, _to give_ + *ha'beo:, _I have_ habe:'re, _to have_ + ha'bito, _I live, I dwell_ habita're, _to live, to dwell_ + *iu'beo:, _I order_ iube:'re, _to order_ + labo'ro, _I labor_ labora're, _to labor_ + lau'do, _I praise_ lauda're, _to praise_ + matu'ro, _I hasten_ matura're, _to hasten_ + *mo'veo:, _I move_ move:'re, _to move_ + nar'ro, _I tell_ narra're, _to tell_ + ne'co, _I kill_ neca're, _to kill_ + nun'tio, _I announce_ nuntia're, _to announce_ + pa'ro, _I prepare_ para're, _to prepare_ + por'to, _I carry_ porta're, _to carry_ + pro'pero, _I hasten_ propera're, _to hasten_ + pug'no, _I fight_ pugna're, _to fight_ + *vi'deo:, _I see_ vide:'re, _to see_ + vo'co, _I call_ voca're, _to call_ + + [Footnote 3: Observe that in /do:, dare\, the /a\ is _short_, and + that the present stem is da- and not da:-. The only forms of + /do:\ that have a long are /da:s\ (pres. indic.), /da:\ (pres. + imv.), and /da:ns\ (pres. part.).] + +_130._ The Translation of the Present. In English there are three ways +of expressing present action. We may say, for example, _I live, I am +living_, or _I do live_. In Latin the one expression /habito\ covers all +three of these expressions. + +_131._ EXERCISES + +Give the _voice_, _mood_, _tense_, _person_, and _number_ of each form. + +I. 1. Vocamus, properatis, iubent. 2. Movetis, laudas, vides. +3. Deletis, habetis, dant. 4. Maturas, desiderat, videmus. 5. Iubet, +movent, necat. 6. Narramus, moves, vident. 7. Laboratis, properant, +portas, parant. 8. Delet, habetis, iubemus, das. + +N.B. Observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in +translating a Latin verb form. Give that your first attention. + +II. 1. We plow, we are plowing, we do plow. 2. They care for, they are +caring for, they do care for. 3. You give, you are having, you do have +(_sing_.). 4. We destroy, I do long for, they are living. 5. He calls, +they see, we are telling. 6. We do fight, we order, he is moving, he +prepares. 7. They are laboring, we kill, you announce. + + +LESSON XX + +IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AMO:_ AND _MONEO:_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /fo:rma, -ae\, f., _form, beauty_ + /regi:na, -ae\, f., _queen_ (regal) + /poena, -ae\, f., _punishment, penalty_ + superbia, -ae, f., _pride, haughtiness_ + /potentia, -ae\, f., _power_ (potent) + /tri:sti:ti:a, -ae\, f., _sadness, sorrow_ + + ADJECTIVES + /septem\, indeclinable, _seven_ + /superbus, -a, -um\, _proud, haughty_ (superb) + + CONJUNCTIONS + /no:n so:lum ... sed etiam\, _not only ... but also_ + +_132._ Tense Signs. Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express +differences in tense, like _was_, _shall_, _will_, etc., Latin adds to +the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs. +These are called _tense signs_. + +_133._ Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect. The tense sign of +the imperfect is -ba:-, which is added to the present stem. The +imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts: + + PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING + ama:- ba- m + _loving_ _was_ _I_ + +The inflection is as follows: + + CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II + PERSONAL + SINGULAR ENDINGS +1. ama:'bam, _I was loving_ mone:'bam, _I was advising_ -m +2. ama:'ba:s, _you were loving_ mone:'ba:s, _you were advising_ -s +3. ama:'bat, _he was loving_ mone:'bat, _he was advising_ -t + + PLURAL +1. ama:ba:'mus, _we were loving_ mone:ba:'mus, _we were advising_ -mus +2. ama:ba:'tis, _you were loving_ mone:ba:'tis, _you were advising_ -tis +3. ama:'bant, _they were loving_ mone:'bant, _they wereadvising_ -nt + + _a._ Note that the /a:\ of the tense sign -ba:- is shortened before + -nt, and before /m\ and /t\ when final. (Cf. Sec. 12.2.) + +In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in Sec. 129. + +_134._ Meaning of the Imperfect. The Latin imperfect describes an +act as _going on_ or _progressing in past time_, like the English +past-progressive tense (as, _I was walking_). It is the regular tense +used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs. + +_135._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Videbamus, desiderabat, maturabas. 2. Dabant, vocabatis, +delebamus. 3. Pugnant, laudabas, movebatis. 4. Iubebant, properabatis, +portabamus. 5. Dabas, narrabant, laborabatis. 6. Videbant, movebas, +nuntiabamus. 7. Necabat, movebam, habebat, parabatis. + +II. 1. You were having (_sing. and plur._), we were killing, they were +laboring. 2. He was moving, we were ordering, we were fighting. 3. We +were telling, they were seeing, he was calling. 4. They were living, +I was longing for, we were destroying. 5. You were giving, you were +moving, you were announcing, (_sing. and plur._). 6. They were caring +for, he was plowing, we were praising. + +_136._ NI'OBE AND HER CHILDREN + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287. + +Niobe, regina Thebanorum, erat pulchra femina sed superba. Erat superba +non solum forma[1] sua maritique potentia[1] sed etiam magno liberorum +numero.[1] Nam habebat[2] septem filios et septem filias. Sed ea +superbia erat reginae[3] causa magnae tristitiae et liberis[3] causa +durae poenae. + +NOTE. The words /Niobe\, /Thebanorum\, and /mariti\ will be found in the +general vocabulary. Translate the selection without looking up any other +words. + + [Footnote 1: Ablative of cause.] + + [Footnote 2: Translate _had_; it denotes a past situation. (See + Sec. 134.)] + + [Footnote 3: Dative, cf. Sec. 43.] + + +LESSON XXI + +FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AMO:_ AND _MONEO:_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + sacrum, -i:, n., _sacrifice, offering, rite_ + /verbum, -i:\, n., _word_ (verb) + + VERBS + sedeo:, -e:re, _sit_ (sediment) + volo:, -a:re, _fly_ (volatile) + + ADJECTIVES + /interfectus, -a, -um\, _slain_ + /molestus, -a, -um\, _troublesome, annoying_ (molest) + /perpetuus, -a, -um\, _perpetual, continuous_ + + /ego\, personal pronoun, _I_ (egotism). Always emphatic in the + nominative. + +_137._ The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second +conjugations is -bi-. This is joined to the present stem of the verb +and followed by the personal ending, as follows: + + PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING + ama:- bi- s + _love_ _will_ _you_ + +_138._ The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows. + + CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II + SINGULAR + 1. ama:'bo:, _I shall love_ mone:'bo:, _I shall advise_ + 2. ama:'bis, _you will love_ mone:'bis, _you will advise_ + 3. ama:'bit, _he will love_ mone:'bit, _he will advise_ + + PLURAL + 1. ama:'bimus, _we shall love_ mone:'bimus, _we shall advise_ + 2. ama:'bitis _you will love_ mone:'bitis, _you will advise_ + 3. ama:'bunt, _they will love_ mone:'bunt, _they will advise_ + + _a._ The personal endings are as in the present. The ending -bo: + in the first person singular is contracted from -bi-o:. The -bi- + appears as -bu- in the third person plural. Note that the + inflection is like that of /ero:\, the future of /sum\. _Pay + especial attention to the accent._ + +In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in Sec. 129. + +_139._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Movebitis, laudabis, arabo. 2. Delebitis, vocabitis, dabunt. +3. Maturabis, desiderabit, videbimus. 4. Habebit, movebunt, necabit. +5. Narrabimus, monebis, videbunt. 6. Laborabitis, curabunt, dabis. +7. Habitabimus, properabitis, iubebunt, parabit. 8. Nuntiabo, +portabimus, iubebo. + +II. 1. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. 2. I shall +carry, he will plow, they will care for. 3. You will announce, you will +move, you will give, (_sing. and plur._). 4. We shall fight, we shall +destroy, I shall long for. 5. He will call, they will see, you will tell +(_plur._). 6. They will dwell, we shall order, he will praise. 7. They +will labor, we shall kill, you will have (_sing. and plur._), he will +destroy. + +_140._ NI'OBE AND HER CHILDREN (_Concluded_) + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288. + +Apollo et Diana erant liberi Latonae. Iis Thebani sacra crebra +parabant.[1] Oppidani amabant Latonam et liberos eius. Id superbae +reginae erat molestum. "Cur," inquit, "Latonae et liberis sacra paratis? +Duos liberos habet Latona; quattuordecim habeo ego. Ubi sunt mea sacra?" +Latona iis verbis[2] irata liberos suos vocat. Ad eam volant Apollo +Dianaque et sagittis[3] suis miseros liberos reginae superbae delent. +Niobe, nuper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud liberos interfectos et cum +perpetuis lacrimis[4] eos desiderat. + +NOTE. Consult the general vocabulary for /Apollo\, /inquit\, /duos\, and +/quattuordecim\. Try to remember the meaning of all the other words. + + [Footnote 1: Observe the force of the imperfect here, _used to + prepare_, _were in the habit of preparing_; so /amabant\ denotes a + past situation of affairs. (See Sec. 134.)] + + [Footnote 2: Ablative of cause.] + + [Footnote 3: Ablative of means.] + + [Footnote 4: This may be either manner or accompaniment. It is often + impossible to draw a sharp line between means, manner, and + accompaniment. The Romans themselves drew no sharp distinction. It + was enough for them if the general idea demanded the ablative case.] + + +LESSON XXII + +REVIEW OF VERBS : THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /discipli:na, -ae\, f., _training, culture, discipline_ + /Ga:ius, Ga:i:\, m., _Caius_, a Roman first name + /o:rna:mentum, -i:\, n., _ornament, jewel_ + Tiberius, Tibe'ri:, m., _Tiberius_, a Roman first name + + VERB + /doceo:, -e:re\, _teach_ (doctrine) + + ADVERB + /maxime:\, _most of all, especially_ + + ADJECTIVE + /anti:quus, -qua, -quum\, _old, ancient_ (antique) + +_141._ Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both +orally and in writing, of /sum\ and the verbs in Sec. 129. + +_142._ We learned in Sec. 43 for what sort of expressions we may expect +the dative, and in Sec. 44 that one of its commonest uses is with +_verbs_ to express the indirect object. It is also very common with +_adjectives_ to express the object toward which the quality denoted by +the adjective is directed. We have already had a number of cases where +/gratus\, _agreeable to_, was so followed by a dative; and in the last +lesson we had /molestus\, _annoying to_, followed by that case. The +usage may be more explicitly stated by the following rule: + +_143._ RULE. Dative with Adjectives. _The dative is used with adjectives +to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such +are, especially, those meaning /near\, also /fit\, /friendly\, +/pleasing\, /like\, and their opposites._ + +_144._ Among such adjectives memorize the following: + + ido:neus, -a, -um, _fit, suitable_ (for) + ami:cus, -a, -um, _friendly_ (to) + inimicus, -a, -um, _hostile_ (to) + gra:tus, -a, -um, _pleasing_ (to), _agreeable_ (to) + molestus, -a, -um, _annoying_ (to), _troublesome_ (to) + fi:nitimus, -a, -um, _neighboring_ (to) + proximus, -a, -um, _nearest, next_ (to) + +_145._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Romani terram idoneam agri culturae habent. 2. Galli copiis +Romanis inimici erant. 3. Cui dea Latona amica non erat? 4. Dea Latona +superbae reginae amica non erat. 5. Cibus noster, Marce, erit armatis +viris gratus. 6. Quid erat molestum populis Italiae? 7. Bella longa cum +Gallis erant molesta populis Italiae. 8. Agri Germanorum fluvio Rheno +finitimi erant. 9. Romani ad silvam oppido proximam castra movebant. +10. Non solum forma sed etiam superbia reginae erat magna. 11. Mox +regina pulchra erit aegra tristitia. 12. Cur erat Niobe, regina +Thebanorum, laeta? Laeta erat Niobe multis filiis et filiabus. + +II. 1. The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty +queen. 2. The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also to +Diana. 3. Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona. 4. The punishment +of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess Diana. 5. The Romans +will move their forces to a large field[1] suitable for a camp. 6. Some +of the allies were friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls. + + [Footnote 1: Why not the dative?] + +_146._ CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288. + +Apud antiquas dominas, Cornelia, Africani filia, erat[2] maxime clara. +Filii eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus. Ii pueri cum +Cornelia in oppido Roma, claro Italiae oppido, habitabant. Ibi eos +curabat Cornelia et ibi magno cum studio eos docebat. Bona femina erat +Cornelia et bonam disciplinam maxime amabat. + +NOTE. Can you translate the paragraph above? There are no new words. + + [Footnote 2: Observe that all the imperfects denote continued or + progressive action, or describe a state of affairs. (Cf. Sec. 134.)] + + +LESSON XXIII + +PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REGO:_ AND _AUDIO:_ + +_147._ As we learned in Sec. 126, the present stem of the third +conjugation ends in -e, and of the fourth in -i:. The inflection +of the Present Indicative is as follows: + + CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV + re'go:, re'gere (_rule_) au'dio, audi:'re (_hear_) + PRES. STEM rege- PRES. STEM audi:- + + SINGULAR + 1. re'go:, _I rule_ au'dio:, _I hear_ + 2. re'gis, _you rule_ au'di:s, _you hear_ + 3. re'git, _he (she, it) rules_ au'dit, _he (she, it) hears_ + + PLURAL + 1. re'gimus, _we rule_ audi:'mus, _we hear_ + 2. re'gitis, _you rule_ audi:'tis, _you hear_ + 3. re'gunt, _they rule_ au'diunt, _they hear_ + + 1. The personal endings are the same as before. + + 2. The final short -e- of the stem rege- combines with the -o: in + the first person, becomes -u- in the third person plural, and + becomes -i- elsewhere. The inflection is like that of /ero:\, the + future of /sum\. + + 3. In /audio:\ the personal endings are added regularly to the stem + audi:-. In the third person plural -u- is inserted between the stem + and the personal ending, as /audi-u-nt\. Note that the long vowel of + the stem is shortened before final -t just as in /amo\ and /moneo\. + (Cf. Sec. 12.2.) + +Note that -i- is always short in the third conjugation and long in +the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. (Cf. +Sec. 12.1, 2.) + +_148._ Like /rego\ and /audio\ inflect the present active indicative of +the following verbs: + + INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT + + ago:, _I drive_ agere, _to drive_ + di:co:, _I say_ di:cere, _to say_ + du:co:, _I lead_ du:cere, _to lead_ + mitto:, _I send_ mittere, _to send_ + mu:nio:, _I fortify_ mu:ni:re, _to fortify_ + reperio:, _I find_ reperi:re, _to find_ + venio:, _I come_ veni:re, _to come_ + +_149._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Quis agit? Cur venit? Quem mittit? Quem ducis? 2. Quid mittunt? Ad +quem veniunt? Cuius castra muniunt? 3. Quem agunt? Venimus. Quid puer +reperit? 4. Quem mittimus? Cuius equum ducitis? Quid dicunt? 5. Munimus, +venitis, dicit. 6. Agimus, reperitis, munis. 7. Reperis, ducitis, dicis. +8. Agitis, audimus, regimus. + +II. 1. What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come? 2. Whose +camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we saying? 3. I am +driving, you are leading, they are hearing. 4. You send, he says, you +fortify (_sing. and plur._). 5. I am coming, we find, they send. 6. They +lead, you drive, he does fortify. 7. You lead, you find, you rule, (_all +plur._). + +_150._ CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (_Concluded_) + +Proximum domicilio Corneliae erat pulchrae Campanae domicilium. Campana +erat superba non solum forma sua sed maxime ornamentis suis. Ea[1] +laudabat semper. "Habesne tu ulla ornamenta, Cornelia?" inquit. "Ubi +sunt tua ornamenta?" Deinde Cornelia filios suos Tiberium et Gaium +vocat. "Pueri mei," inquit, "sunt mea ornamenta. Nam boni liberi sunt +semper bonae feminae ornamenta maxime clara." + +NOTE. The only new words here are /Campana\, /semper\, and /tu\. + + [Footnote 1: /Ea\, accusative plural neuter.] + + [Illustration: "PUERI MEI SUNT MEA ORNAMENTA"] + + +LESSON XXIV + +IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REGO:_ AND _AUDIO:_ +THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL INTRANSITIVE VERBS + +_151._ PARADIGMS + + CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV + SINGULAR + 1. rege:'bam, _I was ruling_ audie:'bam, _I was hearing_ + 2. rege:'ba:s, _you were riding_ audie:'ba:s, _you were hearing_ + 3. rege:'bat, _he was ruling_ audie:'bat, _he was hearing_ + + PLURAL + 1. rege:ba:'mus, _we were ruling_ audie:ba:'mus, _we were hearing_ + 2. rege:ba:'tis, _you were ruling_ audie:ba:'tis, _you were hearing_ + 3. rege:'bant, _they were ruling_ audie:'bant, _they were hearing_ + + 1. The tense sign is -ba:-, as in the first two conjugations. + + 2. Observe that the final -e- of the stem is lengthened before the + tense sign -ba:-. This makes the imperfect of the third conjugation + just like the imperfect of the second (cf. /mone:bam\ and /rege:bam\). + + 3. In the fourth conjugation -e:- is inserted between the stem and + the tense sign -ba:- (audi-e:-ba-m). + + 4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in Sec. 148. + +_152._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Agebat, veniebat, mittebat, ducebant. 2. Agebant, mittebant, +ducebas, muniebant. 3. Mittebamus, ducebatis, dicebant. 4. Muniebamus, +veniebatis, dicebas. 5. Mittebas, veniebamus, reperiebat. 6. Reperiebas, +veniebas, audiebatis. 7. Agebamus, reperiebatis, muniebat. 8. Agebatis, +dicebam, muniebam. + +II. 1. They were leading, you were driving (_sing. and plur._), he was +fortifying. 2. They were sending, we were finding, I was coming. 3. You +were sending, you were fortifying, (_sing. and plur._), he was saying. +4. They were hearing, you were leading (_sing. and plur._), I was +driving. 5. We were saying, he was sending, I was fortifying. 6. They +were coming, he was hearing, I was finding. 7. You were ruling (_sing. +and plur._), we were coming, they were ruling. + +_153._ The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs. We learned above +(Sec. 20.a) that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is +called an _intransitive_ verb. Many such verbs, however, are of such +meaning that they can govern an indirect object, which will, of +course, be in the dative case (Sec. 45). Learn the following list of +intransitive verbs with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect +object is the person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is +directed. (Cf. Sec. 43.) + + cre:do:, cre:dere, _believe_ (give belief to) + faveo:, fave:re, _favor_ (show favor to) + noceo:, noce:re, _injure_ (do harm to) + pa:reo:, pa:re:re, _obey_ (give obedience to) + persua:deo:, persua:de:re, _persuade_ (offer persuasion to) + resisto:, resistere, _resist_ (offer resistance to) + studeo:, stude:re, _be eager for_ (give attention to) + +_154._ RULE. Dative with Intransitive Verbs. _The dative of the +indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs /credo\, /faveo\, +/noceo\, /pareo\, /persuadeo\, /resisto\, /studeo\, and others of like +meaning._ + +_155._ EXERCISE + +1. Credisne verbis sociorum? Multi verbis eorum non credunt. 2. Mei +finitimi consilio tuo non favebunt, quod bello student. 3. Tiberius et +Gaius disciplinae durae non resistebant et Corneliae parebant. 4. Dea +erat inimica septem filiabus reginae. 5. Dura poena et perpetua +tristitia reginae non persuadebunt. 6. Nuper ea resistebat et nunc +resistit potentiae Latonae. 7. Mox sagittae volabunt et liberis miseris +nocebunt. + + +LESSON XXV + +FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REGO:_ AND _AUDIO:_ + +_156._ In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet +with a new tense sign. Instead of using -bi-, as in the first and +second conjugations, we use -a:-[1] in the first person singular and +-e:- in the rest of the tense. In the third conjugation the final -e- +of the stem is dropped before this tense sign; in the fourth conjugation +the final -i:- of the stem is retained.[2] + + [Footnote 1: The -a:- is shortened before -m final, and -e:- + before -t final and before -nt. (Cf. Sec. 12.2.)] + + [Footnote 2: The -i:- is, of course, shortened, being before + another vowel. (Cf. Sec. 12.1.)] + +_157._ PARADIGMS + + CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV + SINGULAR + 1. re'gam, _I shall rule_ au'diam, _I shall hear_ + 2. re'ge:s, _you will rule_ au'die:s, _you will hear_ + 3. re'get, _he will rule_ au'diet, _he will hear_ + + PLURAL + 1. rege:'mus, _we shall rule_ audie:'mus, _we shall hear_ + 2. rege:'tis, _you will rule_ audie:'tis, _you will hear_ + 3. re'gent, _they will rule_ au'dient, _they will hear_ + + 1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the + present of the second, excepting in the first person singular. + + 2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in Sec. 148. + +_158._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Dicet, ducetis, muniemus. 2. Dicent, dicetis, mittemus. +3. Munient, venient, mittent, agent. 4. Ducet, mittes, veniet, aget. +5. Muniet, reperietis, agemus. 6. Mittam, veniemus, regent. 7. Audietis, +venies, reperies. 8. Reperiet, agam, ducemus, mittet. 9. Videbitis, +sedebo, vocabimus. + +II. 1. I shall find, he will hear, they will come. 2. I shall fortify, +he will send, we shall say. 3. I shall drive, you will lead, they will +hear. 4. You will send, you will fortify, (_sing. and plur._), he will +say. 5. I shall come, we shall find, they will send. + +6. Who[3] will believe the story? I[4] shall believe the story. 7. Whose +friends do you favor? We favor our friends. 8. Who will resist our +weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons. 9. Who will persuade him? +They will persuade him. 10. Why were you injuring my horse? I was not +injuring your horse. 11. Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave obeys +his master. 12. Our men were eager for another battle. + + [Footnote 3: Remember that /quis\, _who_, is singular in number.] + + [Footnote 4: Express by /ego\, because it is emphatic.] + + +LESSON XXVI + +VERBS IN _-IO:_ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION : THE IMPERATIVE MOOD + +_159._ There are a few common verbs ending in -io: which do not belong +to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The +fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of +the infinitive. (Cf. Sec. 126.) Compare + + audio:, audi:'re (_hear_), fourth conjugation + capio:, ca'pere (_take_), third conjugation + +_160._ The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of /capio:\ +are inflected as follows: + + capio:, capere, _take_ + PRES. STEM cape- + + PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE + SINGULAR + 1. ca'pio: capie:'bam ca'piam + 2. ca'pis capie:'ba:s ca'pie:s + 3. ca'pit capie:'bat ca'piet + + PLURAL + 1. ca'pimus capie:ba:'mus capie:'mus + 2. ca'pitis capie:ba:'tis capie:'tis + 3. ca'piunt capie:'bant ca'pient + + 1. Observe that /capio:\ and the other -io: verbs follow the fourth + conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation _two vowels occur in + succession._ (Cf. capio:, audio:; capiunt, audiunt; and all the + imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third conjugation. + (Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.) + + 2. Like /capio\, inflect + + facio, facere, _make, do_ + fugio, fugere, _flee_ + iacio, iacere, _hurl_ + rapio, rapere, _seize_ + +_161._ The Imperative Mood. The imperative mood expresses a command; +as, _come!_ _send!_ The present tense of the imperative is used only in +the second person, singular and plural. _The singular in the active +voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The plural is +formed by adding -te to the singular._ + + CONJUGATION SINGULAR PLURAL + I. ama:, _love thou_ ama:'te, _love ye_ + II. mone:, _advise thou_ mone:'te, _advise ye_ + III. (_a_) rege, _rule thou_ re'gite, _rule ye_ + (_b_) cape, _take thou_ ca'pite, _take ye_ + IV. audi:, _hear thou_ audi:'te, _hear ye_ + sum (irregular) es, _be thou_ este, _be ye_ + + 1. In the third conjugation the final -e- of the stem becomes -i- in + the plural. + + 2. The verbs /di:co:\, _say_; /du:co:\, _lead_; and /facio:\, _make_, + have the irregular forms /di:c\, /du:c\, and /fac\ in the singular. + + 3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of + /venio\, /duco\, /voco\, /doceo\, /laudo\, /dico\, /sedeo\, /ago\, + /facio\, /munio\, /mitto\, /rapio\. + +_162._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Fugient, faciunt, iaciebat. 2. Dele, nuntiate, fugiunt. 3. Venite, +dic, facietis. 4. Ducite, iaciam, fugiebant. 5. Fac, iaciebamus, +fugimus, rapite. 6. Sedete, reperi, docete. 7. Fugiemus, iacient, +rapies. 8. Reperient, rapiebatis, nocent. 9. Favete, resiste, parebitis. + +10. Vola ad multas terras et da auxilium. 11. Ego tela mea capiam et +multas feras delebo. 12. Quis fabulae tuae credet? 13. Este boni, pueri, +et audite verba grata magistri. + +II. 1. The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons. +2. With her weapons she will destroy many beasts. 3. She will give aid +to the weak.[1] 4. She will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee. +5. Romans, tell[2] the famous story to your children. + + [Footnote 1: Plural. An adjective used as a noun. (Cf. + Sec. 99.II.3.)] + + [Footnote 2: Imperative. The imperative generally stands first, as + in English.] + + * * * * * + + Third Review, Lessons XVIII-XXVI, Secs. 510-512 + + * * * * * + +LESSON XXVII + +THE PASSIVE VOICE +PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF _AMO:_ AND _MONEO:_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /a:la, -ae\, f., _wing_ + /deus, -i:\, m., _god_ (deity)[A] + /monstrum, -i:\, n., _omen, prodigy; monster_ + o:ra:culum, -i:, n., _oracle_ + + VERB + /va:sto:, -a:re\, _lay waste, devastate_ + + ADJECTIVES + /commo:tus, -a, -um\, _moved, excited_ + /maximus, -a, -um\, _greatest_ (maximum) + /saevus, -a, -um\, _fierce, savage_ + + ADVERBS + /ita\, _thus, in this way, as follows_ + /tum\, _then, at that time_ + + [Footnote A: For the declension of /deus\, see Sec. 468] + +_163._ The Voices. Thus far the verb forms have been in the _active +voice_; that is, they have represented the subject as _performing_ an +action; as, + + The lion ---> _killed_ ---> the hunter + +A verb is said to be in the _passive voice_ when it represents its +subject as _receiving_ an action; as, + + The lion <--- _was killed_ <--- by the hunter + +Note the direction of the arrows. + +_164._ Passive Personal Endings. In the passive voice we use a +different set of personal endings. They are as follows: + + SINGULAR PLURAL + 1. -r, _I_ 1. -mur, _we_ + 2. -ris, -re, _you_ 2. -mini:, _you_ + 3. -tur, _he, she, it_ 3. -ntur, _they_ + + _a._ Observe that the letter -r appears somewhere in all but one + of the endings. This is sometimes called the _passive sign_. + +_165._ PARADIGMS + + amo, ama:re mone:o, mone:re + PRES. STEM ama:- PRES. STEM mone:- + + PRESENT INDICATIVE PERSONAL + ENDINGS + SINGULAR + a'mor, _I am loved_ mo'neor, _I am advised_ -or[1] + ama:'ris or ama:'re, mone:'ris or mone:'re. -ris + _you are loved_ _you are advised_ or -re + ama:'tur, _he is loved_ mone:'tur, _he is advised_ -tur + + PLURAL + ama:'mur, _we are loved_ mone:'mur, _we are advised_ -mur + ama:'mini:, _you are loved_ mone:'mini:, _you are advised_ -mini + aman'tur, _they are loved_ monen'tur, _they are advised_ -ntur + + [Footnote 1: In the present the personal ending of the first person + singular is -or.] + + IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN -ba:-) + + SINGULAR + ama:'bar, mone:'bar, -r + _I was being loved_ _I was being advised_ + ama:ba:'ris or ama:ba:'re, mone:ba:'ris or mone:ba:'re -ris + _you were being loved_ _you were being advised_ or -re + ama:ba:'tur, mone:ba:'tur, -tur + _he was being loved_ _he was being advised_ + + PLURAL + ama:ba:'mur, mone:ba:'mur, -mur + _we were being loved_ _we were being advised_ + ama:ba:'mini:, mone:ba:'mini:, -mini: + _you were being loved_ _you were being advised_ + ama:ban'tur, mone:ban'tur, -ntur + _they were being loved_ _they were being advised_ + + FUTURE (TENSE SIGN -bi-) + + SINGULAR + ama:'bor, mone:'bor, -r + _I shall be loved_ _I shall be advised_ + ama:'beris, _or_ ama:'bere mone:'beris _or_ mone:'bere, -ris + _you will be loved_ _you will be advised_ or -re + ama:'bitur, mone:'bitur, -tur + _he will be loved_ _he will be advised_ + + PLURAL + ama:'bimur, mone:'bimur, -mur + _we shall be loved_ _we shall be advised_ + ama:bi'mini:, mone:bi'mini:, -mini: + _you will be loved_ _you will be advised_ + ama:bun'tur, mone:bun'tur, -ntur + _they will be loved_ _they will be advised_ + + 1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active. + + 2. In the future the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the first + person, -be- in the second, singular number, and as -bu- in the + third person plural. + + 3. Inflect /laudo\, /neco\, /porto\, /moveo\, /deleo\, /iubeo\, in the + present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive. + +_166._ Intransitive verbs, such as /maturo\, _I hasten_; /habito\, _I +dwell_, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject. + +_167._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Laudaris _or_ laudare, laudas, datur, dat. 2. Dabitur, dabit, +videmini, videtis. 3. Vocabat, vocabatur, delebitis, delebimini. +4. Parabatur, parabat, curas, curaris _or_ curare. 5. Portabantur, +portabant, videbimur, videbimus. 6. Iuberis _or_ iubere, iubes, +laudabaris _or_ laudabare, laudabas. 7. Moveberis or movebere, movebis, +dabantur, dabant. 8. Delentur, delent, parabamur, parabamus. + +II. 1. We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, you +were carrying, you were being carried. 2. I see, I am seen, it was being +announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be ordered. +3. You will be killed, you will kill, you move, you are moved, we are +praising, we are being praised. 4. I am called, I call, you will have, +you are cared for. 5. They are seen, they see, we were teaching, we were +being taught, they will move, they will be moved. + + [Illustration: PERSEUS ANDROMEDAM SERVAT] + +_168._ PER'SEUS AND ANDROM'EDA + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288. + +Perseus filius erat Iovis,[2] maximi[3] deorum. De eo multas fabulas +narrant poetae. Ei favent dei, ei magica arma et alas dant. Eis telis +armatus et alis fretus ad multas terras volabat et monstra saeva delebat +et miseris infirmisque auxilium dabat. + +Aethiopia est terra Africae. Eam terram Cepheus[4] regebat. Ei[5] +Neptunus, maximus aquarum deus, erat iratus et mittit[6] monstrum saevum +ad Aethiopiam. Ibi monstrum non solum latis pulchrisque Aethiopiae agris +nocebat sed etiam domicilia agricolarum delebat, et multos viros, +feminas, liberosque necabat. Populus ex agris fugiebat et oppida muris +validis muniebat. Tum Cepheus magna tristitia commotus ad Iovis oraculum +properat et ita dicit: "Amici mei necantur; agri mei vastantur. Audi +verba mea, Iuppiter. Da miseris auxilium. Age monstrum saevum ex +patria." + + [Footnote 2: /Iovis\, the genitive of /Iuppiter\.] + + [Footnote 3: Used substantively, _the greatest_. So below, l. 4, + /miseris\ and /infirmis\ are used substantively.] + + [Footnote 4: Pronounce in two syllables, _Ce'pheus_.] + + [Footnote 5: /Ei\, _at him_, dative with /iratus\.] + + [Footnote 6: The present is often used, as in English, in speaking + of a past action, in order to make the story more vivid and + exciting.] + + +LESSON XXVIII + +PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE + OF _REGO:_ AND _AUDIO:_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + VERBS + /respondeo:, -e:re\, _respond, reply_ + /servo:, -a:re\, _save, preserve_ + + ADJECTIVE + /ca:rus, -a, -um\, _dear_ (cherish) + + CONJUNCTION + /autem\, _but, moreover, now_. Usually stands second, never first + + NOUN + /vi:ta, -ae\, f., _life_ (vital) + +_169._ Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of +/rego\ and /audio\, and learn the passive of the same tenses (Secs. 490, +491). + + _a._ Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are + the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal + endings (Sec. 164) are added instead of the active ones. + + _b._ Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular + present of the third conjugation. There the final -e- of the stem + is not changed to -i-, as it is in the active. We therefore have + /re'geris\ or /re'gere\, _not_ /re'giris\, /re'gire\. + + _c._ Inflect /ago\, /dico\, /duco\, /munio\, /reperio\, in the + present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive. + +_170._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Agebat, agebatur, mittebat, mittebatur, ducebat. 2. Agunt, +aguntur, mittuntur, mittunt, muniunt. 3. Mittor, mittar, mittam, ducere, +ducere. 4. Dicemur, dicimus, dicemus, dicimur, muniebamini. 5. Ducitur, +ducimini, reperimur, reperiar, agitur. 6. Agebamus, agebamur, reperiris, +reperiemini. 7. Munimini, veniebam, ducebar, dicetur. 8. Mittimini, +mittitis, mitteris, mitteris, agebamini. 9. Dicitur, dicit, muniuntur, +reperient, audientur. + +II. 1. I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were being +led, he says, it is said. 2. I shall send, I shall be sent, you will +find, you will be found, they lead, they are led. 3. I am found, we are +led, they are driven, you were being led (_sing. and plur._). 4. We +shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is being led, they will +come, they will be fortified. 5. They were ruling, they were being +ruled, you will send, you will be sent, you are sent, (_sing. and +plur._). 6. He was being led, he will come, you are said (_sing. and +plur._). + +_171._ PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_) + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288. + +Tum oraculum ita respondet: "Mala est fortuna tua. Neptunus, magnus +aquarum deus, terrae Aethiopiae inimicus, eas poenas mittit. Sed para +irato deo sacrum idoneum et monstrum saevum ex patria tua agetur. +Andromeda filia tua est monstro grata. Da eam monstro. Serva caram +patriam et vitam populi tui." Andromeda autem erat puella pulchra. Eam +amabat Cepheus maxime. + + +LESSON XXIX + +PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF _-IO:_ VERBS +PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE + + [Special Vocabulary] + + VERB + /supero:, -a:re\, _conquer, overcome_ (insuperable) + + NOUNS + /cu:ra, -ae\, f., _care, trouble_ + /locus, -i:\, m., _place, spot_ (location). /Locus\ is neuter in the + plural and is declined /loca, -o:rum\, etc. + /peri:culum, -i:\, n., _danger, peril_ + + ADVERBS + /semper\, _always_ + /tamen\, _yet, nevertheless_ + + PREPOSITIONS + /de:\, with abl., _down from; concerning_ + /per\, with acc., _through_ + + CONJUNCTION + /si\, _if_ + +_172._ Review the active voice of /capio\, present, imperfect, and +future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (Sec. 492). + + _a._ The present forms /capior\ and /capiuntur\ are like /audior, + audiuntur\, and the rest of the tense is like /regor\. + + _b._ In like manner inflect the passive of /iacio\ and /rapio\. + +_173._ The Infinitive. The infinitive mood gives the general meaning +of the verb without person or number; as, /ama:re\, _to love_. +Infinitive means _unlimited_. The forms of the other moods, being +limited by person and number, are called the _finite_, or limited, +verb forms. + +_174._ The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as +follows: + + CONJ. PRES. PRES. INFINITIVE PRES. INFINITIVE + STEM ACTIVE PASSIVE + + I. ama:- ama:'re, ama:'ri:, + _to love_ _to be loved_ + II. mone:- mone:'re, mone:'ri:, + _to advise_ _to be advised_ + III. rege- re'gere, re'gi:, + _to rule_ _to be ruled_ + cape- ca'pere ca'pi:, + _to take_ _to be taken_ + IV. audi:- audi:'re, audi:ri:, + _to hear_ _to be heard_ + + 1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add -re to + the present stem. + + _a._ The present infinitive of /sum\ is /esse\. There is no passive. + + 2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the + active by changing final -e to -i:, except in the third + conjugation, which changes final -ere to -i:. + + 3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of /doceo\, + /sedeo\, /volo\, /curo\, /mitto\, /duco\, /munio\, /reperio\, /iacio\, + /rapio\. + +_175._ The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as +follows: + + ACTIVE[1] PASSIVE + CONJ. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL + I. a'ma: ama:'te ama:'re, ama:'mini:, + _be thou loved_ _be ye loved_ + II. mo'ne: mone:'te mone:'re, mone:'mini:, + _be thou advised_ _be ye advised_ + III. re'ge re'gite re'gere, regi'mini:, + _be thou ruled _ _be ye ruled_ + ca'pe ca'pite ca'pere, capi'mini:, + _be thou taken_ _be ye taken_ + IV. au'di: audi:'te audi:'re, audi:'mini:, + _be thou heard_ _be ye heard_ + + 1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive + imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both + singular and plural are like the second person singular[2] and plural, + respectively, of the present passive indicative. + + 2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs + in Sec. 174.3. + + [Footnote 1: For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from + Sec. 161.] + + [Footnote 2: That is, using the personal ending -re. A form like + /ama:re\ may be either _indicative_, _infinitive_, or _imperative_.] + +_176._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289. + +I. 1. Tum Perseus alis ad terras multas volabit. 2. Monstrum saevum per +aquas properat et mox agros nostros vastabit. 3. Si autem Cepheus ad +oraculum properabit, oraculum ita respondebit. 4. Quis telis Persei +superabitur? Multa monstra telis eius superabuntur. 5. Cum curis magnis +et lacrimis multis agricolae ex domiciliis caris aguntur. 6. Multa loca +vastabantur et multa oppida delebantur. 7. Monstrum est validum, tamen +superabitur. 8. Credesne semper verbis oraculi? Ego iis non semper +credam. 9. Parebitne Cepheus oraculo? Verba oraculi ei persuadebunt. +10. Si non fugiemus, oppidum capietur et oppidani necabuntur. 11. Vocate +pueros et narrate fabulam claram de monstro saevo. + +II. 1. Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou. 2. To lead, to +be led, be ye seized, fortify thou. 3. To be hurled, to fly, send thou, +to be found. 4. To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to be taken. 5. Find +thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified. + + +LESSON XXX + +SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS : THE ABLATIVE DENOTING _FROM_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + VERBS + /absum, abesse\, irreg., _be away, be absent, be distant_, with + separative abl. + /adpropinquo:, -a:re\, _draw near, approach_ (propinquity), with + dative[A] + /contineo:, -e:re\, _hold together, hem in, keep_ (contain) + /disce:do:, -ere\, _depart, go away, leave_, with separative abl. + /egeo:, -e:re\, _lack, need, be without_, with separative abl. + /interficio:, -ere\, _kill_ + /prohibeo:, -e:re\, _restrain, keep from_ (prohibit) + /vulnero:, -a:re\, _wound_ (vulnerable) + + NOUNS + /pro:vincia, -ae\, f., _province_ + /vi:num, -i:\, n., _wine_ + + ADJECTIVE + /de:fessus, -a, -um\, _weary, worn out_ + + ADVERB + /longe:\, _far, by far, far away_ + + [Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of + _nearness to_ is stronger than that of _motion to_. If the latter + idea were the stronger, the word would be used with /ad\ and the + accusative.] + +_177._ You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have +had, as follows:[1] + + CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II + INDICATIVE + ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE + _Pres._ a'mo: a'mor mo'neo: mo'neor + _Imperf._ ama:'bam ama:'bar mone:'bam mone:'bar + _Fut._ ama:'bo ama:'bor mone:'bo mone:'bor + + [Footnote 1: Synopses should be given not only in the first person, + but in other persons as well, particularly in the third singular and + plural.] + + CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II + IMPERATIVE + ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE + _Pres._ a'ma: ama:'re mo'ne: mone:'re + + INFINITIVE + _Pres._ ama:'re ama:'ri: mone:'re mone:'ri: + + CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION III (-io: verbs) + INDICATIVE + ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE + _Pres._ re'go: re'gor ca'pio: ca'pior + _Imperf._ rege:'bam rege:'bar capie:'bam capie:'bar + _Fut._ re'gam re'gar ca'piam ca'piar + + IMPERATIVE + _Pres._ re'ge re'gere ca'pe ca'pere + + INFINITIVE + _Pres._ re'gere re'gi: ca'pere ca'pi: + + CONJUGATION IV + INDICATIVE + ACTIVE PASSIVE + _Pres._ au'dio: au'dior + _Imperf._ audie:'bam audie:'bar + _Fut._ au'diam au'diar + + IMPERATIVE + _Pres._ au'di: audi:'re + + INFINITIVE + _Pres._ audi:'re audi:'ri: + + 1. Give the synopsis of /rapio\, /munio\, /reperio\, /doceo\, /video\, + /dico\, /ago\, /laudo\, /porto\, and vary the person and number. + +_178._ We learned in Sec. 50 that one of the three relations covered by +the ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition _from._ +This is sometimes called the _separative ablative_, and it has a number +of special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first +mentioned below. + +_179._ RULE. Ablative of the Place From. _The place from which is +expressed by the ablative with the prepositions /a:\ or /ab\, /de:\, +/e:\ or /ex\._ + + Agricolae ex agris veniunt, _the farmers come from the fields_ + + _a._ /a:\ or /ab\ denotes _from near_ a place; /e:\ or /ex\, _out + from_ it; and /de\, _down from_ it. This may be represented + graphically as follows: + + _________ + | | + /a:\ or /ab\ | | /e:\ or /ex\ + /______________| ___________________\ + \ | Place | / + |_________| + | + | /de\ + | + V + +_180._ RULE. Ablative of Separation. _Words expressing separation or +deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning._ + + _a._ If the separation is _actual_ and _literal_ of one material + thing from another, the preposition /a:\ or /ab\, /e:\ or /ex\, or + /de\ is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing + from another, no preposition is necessary. + + (a) Perseus terram a monstris liberat + _Perseus frees the land from monsters_ + (literal separation--actual motion is expressed) + (b) Perseus terram tristitia liberat + _Perseus frees the land from sorrow_ + (figurative separation--no actual motion is expressed) + +_181._ RULE. Ablative of the Personal Agent. _The word expressing the +person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the +ablative with the preposition /a:\ or /ab\._ + + _a._ In this construction the English translation of /a:\, /ab\ is + _by_ rather than _from_. This ablative is regularly used with + passive verbs to indicate the _person by whom_ the act was + performed. + + Monstrum a Perseo necatur, _the monster is being slain by_ + (lit. _from_) _Perseus_ + + _b._ Note that the active form of the above sentence would be + /Perseus monstrum necat\, _Perseus is slaying the monster_. In the + passive the _object_ of the active verb becomes the _subject_, and + the _subject_ of the active verb becomes the _ablative of the + personal agent_, with /a:\ or /ab\. + + _c._ Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the + ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into + English by the preposition _by_. (Cf. Sec. 100. _b._) _Means is a + /thing\; the agent or actor is a /person\_. The ablative of means + has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has /a:\ or + /ab\. Compare + + Fera sagitta necatur, _the wild beast is killed by an arrow_ + Fera a Diana necatur, _the wild beast is killed by Diana_ + + /Sagitta\, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; + /a Diana\, in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent. + +_182._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289. + +I. 1. Viri inopia cibi defessi ab eo loco discedent. 2. Gerinani castris +Romanis adpropinquabant, tamen legatus copias a proelio continebat. +3. Multa Gallorum oppida ab Romanis capientur. 4. Tum Romani totum +populum eorum oppidorum gladiis pilisque interficient. 5. Oppidani +Romanis resistent, sed defessi longo proelio fugient. 6. Multi ex +Gallia fugiebant et in Germanorum vicis habitabant. 7. Miseri nautae +vulnerantur ab inimicis[2] saevis et cibo egent. 8. Discedite et +date viris frumentum et copiam vini. 9. Copiae nostrae a proelio +continebantur ab Sexto legato. 10. Id oppidum ab provincia Romana longe +aberat. + +II. 1. The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess +Diana. 2. They were without food and without wine. 3. Then Galba and +seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus. 4. Already +they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high +place. 5. They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows. +6. The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with +great eagerness. + + [Footnote 2: /inimicis\, here used as a noun. See vocabulary.] + + +LESSON XXXI + +PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF _SUM_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + aurum, -i:, n., _gold_ (oriole) + /mora, -ae\, f., _delay_ + /na:vigium, na:vi'gi:\, n., _boat, ship_ + /ventus, -i:\, m., _wind_ (ventilate) + + VERB + /na:vigo:, -a:re\, _sail_ (navigate) + + ADJECTIVES + attentus, -a, -um, _attentive, careful_ + /dubius, -a, -um\, _doubtful_ (dubious) + perfidus, -a, -um, _faithless, treacherous_ (perfidy) + + ADVERB + /antea:\, _before, previously_ + + PREPOSITION + /sine\, with abl., _without_ + +_183._ Principal Parts. There are certain parts of the verb that are +of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the +_principal parts._ + +The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and the +past participle; as _go, went, gone_; _see, saw, seen_, etc. + +The principal parts of the Latin verb are the _first person singular of +the present indicative_, the _present infinitive_, the _first person +singular of the perfect indicative_, and _the perfect passive +participle._ + +_184._ Conjugation Stems. From the principal parts we get three +conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We +have already learned about the /present stem\, which is found from the +present infinitive (cf. Sec. 126.a). The other two stems are the +/perfect stem\ and the /participial stem\. + +_185._ The Perfect Stem. The perfect stem of the verb is formed in +various ways, but may always be _found by dropping -i: from the first +person singular of the perfect_, the third of the principal parts. From +the perfect stem are formed the following tenses: + + THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE + THE PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE (ENGLISH PAST PERFECT) + THE FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE + +All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future +time respectively. + +_186._ The Endings of the Perfect. The perfect active indicative is +inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. +These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are +as follows: + + SINGULAR PLURAL + 1. -i:, _I_ 1. -imus, _we_ + 2. -isti:, _you_ 2. -istis, _you_ + 3. -it, _he, she, it_ 3. -e:runt or -e:re, _they_ + +_187._ Inflection of /sum\ in the perfect, pluperfect, and future +perfect indicative: + + PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. + PRIN. PARTS sum esse fui: + + PERFECT STEM fu- + + PERFECT + SINGULAR PLURAL + fu'i:, _I have been, I was_ fu'imus, _we have been, we were_ + fuis'ti:, fuis'tis, _you have been, you were_ + _you have been, you were_ + fu'it, _he has been, he was_ fue:'runt _or_ fue:'re, + _they have been, they were_ + + PLUPERFECT (TENSE SIGN -era:-) + fu'eram, _I had been_ fuera:'mus, _we had been_ + fu'era:s, _you had been_ fuera:'tis, _you had been_ + fu'erat, _he had been_ fu'erant, _they had been_ + + FUTURE PERFECT (TENSE SIGN -eri-) + fu'ero:, _I shall have been_ fue'rimus, _we shall have been_ + fu'eris, _you will have been_ fue'ritis, _you will have been_ + fu'erit, _he will have been_ fu'erint, _they will have been_ + + 1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. + + 2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding /eram\, the + imperfect of /sum\, to the perfect stem. The tense sign is -era:-. + + 3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding /ero\, the + future of /sum\, to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends + in -erint, not in -erunt. The tense sign is -eri-. + + 4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed on + the perfect stem and inflected in the same way. + +_188._ DIALOGUE + +THE BOYS TITUS, MARCUS, AND QUINTUS + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289. + + M. Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quinte? + T. Ego in meo ludo fui et Quintus in suo ludo fuit. Boni pueri fuimus. + Fuitne Sextus in vico hodie? + M. Fuit. Nuper per agros proximos fluvio properabat. Ibi is et + Cornelius habent navigium. + T. _Navigium_ dicis? Alii[1] narra eam fabulam! + M. Vero (_Yes, truly_), pulchrum et novum navigium! + Q. Cuius pecunia[2] Sextus et Cornelius id navigium parant? Quis iis + pecuniam dat? + M. Amici Corneli multum habent aurum et puer pecunia non eget. + T. Quo pueri navigabunt? Navigabuntne longe a terra? + M. Dubia sunt consilia eorum. Sed hodie, credo, si ventus erit + idoneus, ad maximam insulam navigabunt. Iam antea ibi fuerunt. + Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et pueri magno in periculo erant. + Q. Aqua vento commota est inimica nautis semper, et saepe perfidus + ventus navigia rapit, agit, deletque. Ii pueri, si non fuerint + maxime attenti, irata aqua et valido vento superabuntur et ita + interficientur. + + [Footnote 1: Dative case. (Cf. Sec. 109.)] + + [Footnote 2: Ablative of means.] + +_189._ EXERCISE + +1. Where had the boys been before? They had been in school. 2. Where had +Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river. 3. Who has been +with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him. 4. Who says so? Marcus. +5. If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat. +6. Soon we shall sail with the boys. 7. There[3] will be no danger, +if we are (shall have been) careful.[4] + + [Footnote 3: The expletive _there_ is not expressed, but the verb + will precede the subject, as in English.] + + [Footnote 4: This predicate adjective must be nominative plural to + agree with _we_.] + + +LESSON XXXII + +THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + NOUNS + /animus, -i:\, m., _mind, heart; spirit, feeling_ (animate) + /bracchium, bracchi:\, n., _forearm, arm_ + /porta, -ae\, f., _gate_ (portal) + + ADJECTIVES + /adversus, -a, -um\, _opposite; adverse, contrary_ + /ple:nus, -a, -um\, _full_ (plenty) + + PREPOSITION + /pro:\, with abl., _before; in behalf of; instead of_ + + ADVERB + /diu:\, _for a long time, long_ + +_190._ Meanings of the Perfect. The perfect tense has two distinct +meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present +perfect, or perfect with _have_, and denotes that the action of the verb +is complete at the time of speaking; as, _I have finished my work_. As +this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the +/perfect definite\. + +The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened _sometime in +the past_; as, _I finished my work._ As no definite time is specified, +this is called the /perfect indefinite\. It corresponds to the ordinary +use of the English past tense. + + _a._ Note carefully the difference between the following tenses: + + _I {was finishing } my work_ (imperfect, Sec. 134) + {used to finish} + _I finished my work_ (perfect indefinite) + _I have finished my work_ (perfect definite) + +When telling a story the Latin uses the _perfect indefinite_ to mark the +different _forward steps_ of the narrative, and the _imperfect_ to +_describe situations and circumstances_ that attend these steps. If the +following sentences were Latin, what tenses would be used? + + "Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of + mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home." + +_191._ Inflection of the Perfect. We learned in Sec. 186 that any +perfect is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the +perfect stem. The inflection in the four regular conjugations is then +as follows: + + CONJ. I ama:vi: _I have loved_, _I loved_ or _did love_ + CONJ. II monui: _I have advised_, _I advised_ or _did advise_ + CONJ. III re:xi: _I have ruled_, _I ruled_ or _did rule_ + ce:pi: _I have taken_, _I took_ or _did take_ + CONJ. IV audi:vi: _I have heard_, _I heard_ or _did hear_ + + PERFECT STEMS + ama:v- monu- re:x- ce:p- audi:v- + + SINGULAR + 1. ama:'vi: mo'nui: re:'xi: ce:'pi: audi:'vi: + 2. ama:vis'ti: monuis'ti: re:xis'ti: ce:pis'ti: audi:vis'ti: + 3. ama:'vit mo'nuit re:'xit ce:'pit audi:'vit + + PLURAL + 1. ama:'vimus monu'imus re:'ximus ce:'pimus audi:'vimus + 2. ama:vis'tis monuis'tis re:xis'tis ce:pis'tis audi:vis'tis + 3. ama:ve:'runt monue:'runt re:xe:'runt ce:pe:'runt audi:ve:'runt + _or_ _or_ _or_ _or_ _or_ + ama:ve:'re monue:'re re:xe:'re ce:pe:'re audi:ve:'re + + 1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the + principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. _This shows the + absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly._ + + 2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding + -vi: to the present stem. Like /amavi\ inflect /paravi\, /vocavi\, + /curavi\, /laudavi\. + + 3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on it. + +_192._ Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects: + + PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. + do: dare dedi: _give_ + de:leo: de:le:re de:le:vi: _destroy_ + habeo: habe:re habui: _have_ + moveo: move:re mo:vi: _move_ + pa:reo: pa:re:re pa:rui: _obey_ + prohibeo: prohibe:re prohi:bui: _restrain, keep from_ + video: vide:re vi:di: _see_ + di:co: di:cere di:xi: _say_ + disce:do: disce:dere discessi: _depart_ + du:co: du:cere du:xi: _lead_ + facio: facere fe:ci: _make, do_ + mitto: mittere mi:si: _send_ + mu:nio: mu:ni:re mu:ni:vi: _fortify_ + venio: veni:re ve:ni: _come_ + +_193._ PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_) + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290. + +Cepheus, adversa fortuna maxime commotus, discessit et multis cum +lacrimis populo Aethiopiae verba oraculi narravit. Fata Andromedae, +puellae pulchrae, a toto populo deplorabantur, tamen nullum erat +auxilium. Deinde Cepheus cum pleno tristitiae animo caram suam filiam +ex oppidi porta ad aquam duxit et bracchia eius ad saxa dura revinxit. +Tum amici puellae miserae longe discesserunt et diu monstrum saevum +exspectaverunt. + +Tum forte Perseus, alis fretus, super Aethiopiam volabat. Vidit populum, +Andromedam, lacrimas, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram descendit. Tum +Cepheus ei totas curas narravit et ita dixit: "Parebo verbis oraculi, et +pro patria filiam meam dabo; sed si id monstrum interficies et +Andromedam servabis, tibi (_to you_) eam dabo." + + +LESSON XXXIII + +PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE +PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE + +_194._ CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV + amo: moneo: rego: capio: audio: + PERFECT STEMS ama:v- monu- re:x- ce:p- audi:v- + + + PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE + TENSE SIGN -era:- + + SINGULAR + I had loved I had advised I had ruled I had taken I had heard + +1. ama:'veram monu'eram re:'xeram ce:'peram audi:'veram +2. ama:'vera:s monu'era:s re:'xera:s ce:'pera:s audi:'vera:s +3. ama:'verat monu'erat re:'xerat ce:'perat audi:'verat + + PLURAL +1. ama:vera:'mus monuera:'mus re:xera:'mus ce:pera:'mus --era:'mus +2. ama:vera:'tis monuera:'tis re:xera:'tis ce:pera:'tis --era:'tis +3. ama'verant monu'erant re:'xerant ce:'perant audi:'verant + + + FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE + TENSE SIGN -eri- + + SINGULAR + I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have + loved advised ruled taken heard + + 1. ama:'vero: monu'ero: re:'xero: ce:'pero: audi:'vero: + 2. ama:'veris monu'eris re:'xeris ce:'peris audi:'veris + 3. ama:'verit monu'erit re:'xerit ce:'perit audi:'verit + + PLURAL + 1. ama:ve'rimus monue'rimus re:xe'rimus ce:pe'rimus audi:ve'rimus + 2. ama:ve'ritis monue'ritis re:xe'ritis ce:pe'ritis audi:ve'ritis + 3. ama:'verint monu'erint re:'xerint ce:'perint audi:'verint + + 1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for + formation given in Sec. 187.2-4 hold good here. + + 2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative + active of /do\, /porto\, /deleo\, /moveo\, /habeo\, /dico\, /discedo\, + /facio\, /venio\, /munio\. + +_195._ The Perfect Active Infinitive. The perfect active infinitive is +formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem. + + CONJ PERFECT STEM PERFECT INFINITIVE + I. ama:v- ama:vis'se, _to have loved_ + II. monu- monuis'se, _to have advised_ + III. (_a_) re:x- re:xis'se, _to have ruled_ + (_b_) ce:p- ce:pis'se, _to have taken_ + IV. audi:v\ audi:vis'se, _to have heard_ + sum fu- fuis'se, _to have been_ + + 1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of /do\, /porto\, + /deleo\, /moveo\, /habeo\, /dico\, /discedo\, /facio\, /venio\, + /munio\. + +_196._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Habuisti, moverunt, miserant. 2. Vidit, dixeris, duxisse. +3. Misistis, paruerunt, discesseramus. 4. Munivit, dederam, misero. +5. Habuerimus, delevi, paruit, fuisse. 6. Dederas, muniveritis, +veneratis, misisse. 7. Veneras, fecisse, dederatis, portaveris. + +8. Quem verba oraculi moverant? Populum verba oraculi moverant. +9. Cui Cepheus verba oraculi narraverit? Perseo Cepheus verba oraculi +narraverit. 10. Amici ab Andromeda discesserint. 11. Monstrum saevum +domicilia multa deleverat. 12. Ubi monstrum vidistis? Id in aqua +vidimus. 13. Quid monstrum faciet? Monstrum Andromedam interficiet. + +II. 1. They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had. 2. We +shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified. 3. I had departed, he +has obeyed, you have sent (_sing. and plur._). 4. To have destroyed, to +have seen, he will have given, they have carried. 5. He had destroyed, +he has moved, you have had (_sing. and plur._). 6. I have given, you had +moved (_sing. and plur._), we had said. 7. You will have made (_sing. +and plur._), they will have led, to have given. + +8. Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it. 9. Why had the men +departed from[1] the towns? They had departed because the monster had +come. 10. Did Cepheus obey[2] the oracle[3]? He did. + + [Footnote 1: /ex\. What would /ab\ mean?] + + [Footnote 2: _Did ... obey_, perfect tense.] + + [Footnote 3: What case?] + + +LESSON XXXIV + +REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE + + [Special Vocabulary] + + ADVERBS + /celeriter\, _quickly_ (celerity) + /de:nique\, _finally_ + /graviter\, _heavily, severely_ (gravity) + /subito:\, _suddenly_ + + VERB + /reporto:, -a:re, -a:vi:\, _bring back, restore; win, gain_ (report) + +_197._ A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the +following formation: + + { PRESENT = First of the principal parts + TENSES { IMPERFECT = Present stem + -ba-m + OF THE { FUTURE = Present stem + -bo, Conj. I and II + INDICATIVE { -a-m, Conj. III and IV + { PERFECT = Third of the principal parts + { PLUPERFECT = Perfect stem + -era-m + { FUTURE PERFECT = Perfect stem + -ero + +_198._ The synopsis of the active voice of /amo\, as far as we have +learned the conjugation, is as follows: + + PRINCIPAL PARTS amo:, ama:re, ama:vi: + + PRES. STEM ama:- + + { _Pres._ amo: + INDIC. { _Imperf._ ama:bam + { _Fut._ ama:bo: + PRES. IMV. ama: + PRES. INFIN. ama:re + + PERF. STEM ama:v- + + { _Perf._ ama:vi: + INDIC. { _Pluperf._ ama:veram + { _Fut. perf._ ama:vero: + PERF. INFIN. ama:visse + + 1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal + parts and synopsis of /paro\, /do\, /laudo\, /deleo\, /habeo\, + /moveo\, /pareo\, /video\, /dico\, /discedo\, /duco\, /mitto\, + /capio\, /munio\, /venio\.[1] + + [Footnote 1: Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the + first person singular but in any person of either number.] + +_199._ Learn the following principal parts:[2] + + PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. + + IRREGULAR VERBS + sum esse fui: _be_ + ab'sum abes'se a:'fui: _be away_ + do: dare dedi: _give_ + + CONJUGATION II + contineo: contine:re continui: _hold in, keep_ + doceo: doce:re docui: _teach_ + egeo: ege:re egui: _need_ + faveo: fave:re fa:vi: _favor_ + iubeo: iube:re iussi: _order_ + noceo: noce:re nocui: _injure_ + persua:deo: persua:de:re persua:si: _persuade_ + respondeo: responde:re respondi: _reply_ + sedeo: sede:re se:di: _sit_ + studeo: stude:re studui: _be eager_ + + CONJUGATION III + ago: agere e:gi: _drive_ + cre:do: cre:dere cre:didi: _believe_ + fugio: fugere fu:gi: _flee_ + iacio: iacere ie:ci: _hurl_ + interficio: interficere interfe:ci: _kill_ + rapio: rapere rapui: _seize_ + resis'to: resis'tere re'stiti: _resist_ + + CONJUGATION IV + repe'rio: reperi:'re rep'peri: _find_ + + [Footnote 2: These are all verbs that you have had before, and the + perfect is the only new form to be learned.] + +_200._ PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Concluded_) + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290. Read the whole story. + +Perseus semper proelio studebat[3] et respondit,[3] "Verba tua sunt +maxime grata," et laetus arma sua magica paravit.[3] Subito monstrum +videtur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae adpropinquat. Eius +amici longe absunt et misera puella est sola. Perseus autem sine mora +super aquam volavit.[3] Subito descendit[3] et duro gladio saevum +monstrum graviter vulneravit.[3] Diu pugnatur,[4] diu proelium est +dubium. Denique autem Perseus monstrum interfecit[3] et victoriam +reportavit.[3] Tum ad saxum venit[3] et Andromedam liberavit[3] et eam +ad Cepheum duxit.[3] Is, nuper miser, nunc laetus, ita dixit[3]: "Tuo +auxilio, mi amice, cara filia mea est libera; tua est Andromeda." Diu +Perseus cum Andromeda ibi habitabat[3] et magnopere a toto populo +amabatur.[3] + + [Footnote 3: See if you can explain the use of the perfects and + imperfects in this passage.] + + [Footnote 4: The verb pugnatur means, literally, _it is fought_; + translate freely, _the battle is fought_, or _the contest rages_. + The verb pugno in Latin is intransitive, and so does not have a + personal subject in the passive. A verb with an indeterminate + subject, designated in English by _it_, is called impersonal.] + + +LESSON XXXV + +THE PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE +THE PERFECT PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE + +_201._ The fourth and last of the principal parts (Sec. 183) is the +/perfect passive participle\. _From it we get the participial stem on +which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive +perfects._ + + 1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time + given in full: + + CONJ. PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PASS. PART. + I. amo: ama:'-re ama:'v-i: ama:'t-us + This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation. + II. mo'neo: mone:'-re mo'nu-i: mo'nit-us + III. rego: re'ge-re re:x-i: re:ct-us + ca'pio: ca'pe-re ce:p-i: capt-us + IV. au'dio: audi:'-re audi:'v-i: audi:'t-us + + 2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from + the perfect passive participle. + +_202._ In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses +of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb +_to be_ and the past participle; as, _I have been loved_, _I had been +loved_, _I shall have been loved._ + +Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect +passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of +/sum\ as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as + + Perfect passive, /ama'tus sum\, _I have been_ or _was loved_ + Pluperfect passive, /ama'tus eram\, _I had been loved_ + Future perfect passive, /ama'tus ero\, _I shall have been loved_ + + 1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of + /moneo\, /rego\, /capio\, and /audio\, and give the English meanings. + +_203._ Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and +partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an +adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, +number, and case. + +_204._ The perfect passive participle is declined like /bonus, bona, +bonum\, and in the compound tenses (Sec. 202) it agrees as a predicate +adjective with the subject of the verb. + + EXAMPLES IN SINGULAR + Vir laudatus est, _the man was praised_, or _has been praised_ + Puella laudata est, _the girl was praised_, or _has been praised_ + Consilium laudatum est, _the plan was praised_, or + _has been praised_ + + EXAMPLES IN PLURAL + Viri laudati sunt, _the men were praised_, or _have been praised_ + Puellae laudatae sunt, _the girls were praised_, or + _have been praised_ + Consilia laudata sunt, _the plans were praised_, or + _have been praised_ + + 1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative + passive of /amo\, /moneo\, /rego\, /capio\, and /audio\ (Secs. + 488-492). + +_205._ The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding /esse\, +the present infinitive of /sum\, to the perfect passive participle; as, +ama't-us (-a, -um) /esse\, _to have been loved_; mo'nit-us (-a, +-um) /esse\, _to have been advised_. + + 1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of /rego\, /capio\, /audio\, + and give the English meanings. + +_206._ The future active infinitive is formed by adding /esse\, the +present infinitive of /sum\, to the future active participle. This +participle is made by adding /-urus, -a, -um\ to the base of the +participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of /amo\ is +amat-u'rus (-a, -um) /esse\, _to be about to love_. + + _a._ Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive + we use all three conjugation stems: + + Present, amare (present stem), _to love_ + Perfect, amavisse (perfect stem), _to have loved_ + Future, amaturus esse (participial stem), _to be about to love_ + + 1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of /laudo\, /moneo\, + /rego\, /capio\, /audio\, with the English meanings. + +_207._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Fabula Andromedae narrata est. 2. Multae fabulae a magistro +narratae sunt. 3. Ager ab agricola valido aratus erat. 4. Agri ab +agricolis validis arati erant. 5. Aurum a servo perfido ad domicilium +suum portatum erit. 6. Nostra arma a legato laudata sunt. Quis vestra +arma laudavit? 7. Ab ancilla tua ad cenam vocatae sumus. 8. Andromeda +monstro non data est, quia monstrum a Perseo necatum erat. + +II. 1. The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the +towns will have been laid waste. 2. The oracles were heard, the oracle +was heard, the oracles had been heard. 3. The oracle will have been +heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured. +4. The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have +been advised. 5. The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured, +you will have been heard. + + +LESSON XXXVI + +REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS : PREPOSITIONS _YES_-OR-_NO_ QUESTIONS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /dexter, dextra, dextrum\, _right_ (dextrous) + /sinister, sinistra, sinistrum\, _left_ + /fru:stra:\, adv., _in vain_ (frustrate) + + /gero:, gerere, gessi:, gestus\, _bear, carry on; wear_; + /bellum gerere\, _to wage war_ + /occupo:, occupa:re, occupa:vi:, occupa:tus\, _seize, take possession + of_ (occupy) + /postulo:, postula:re, postula:vi:, postula:tus\, _demand_ + (ex-postulate) + /recu:so:, recu:sa:re, recu:sa:vi:, recu:sa:tus\, _refuse_ + /sto:, sta:re, steti:, status\, _stand_ + /tempto:, tempta:re, tempta:vi:, tempta:tus\, _try, tempt, test; + attempt_ + /teneo:, tene:re, tenui:, ----\, _keep, hold_ (tenacious) + + The word /ubi\, which we have used so much in the sense of _where_ in + asking a question, has two other uses equally important: + + 1. /ubi\ = _when_, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as, + /Ubi monstrum audiverunt, fugerunt\, _when they heard the monster, + they fled_ + + 2. /ubi\ = _where_, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as, + /Video oppidum ubi Galba habitat\, _I see the town where Galba + lives_ + + /ubi\ is called a _relative conjunction_ because it is equivalent to + a relative pronoun. _When_ in the first sentence is equivalent to + _at the time /at which\;_ and in the second, _where_ is equivalent + to _the place /in which\._ + +_208._ The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you +have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had +before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new +form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are +lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A +few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active +participle in -u:rus, which appears in the principal parts instead. + + IRREGULAR VERBS + + sum esse fui: futu:rus _be_ + absum abesse a:fui: a:futu:rus _be away_ + do:[1] dare dedi: datus _give_ + + [Footnote 1: /do:\ is best classed with the irregular verbs because + of the short /a\ in the present and participial stems.] + + CONJUGATION I + + porto: porta:re porta:vi: porta:tus _carry_ + + So for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used. + + CONJUGATION II + + contineo: contine:re continui: contentus _hold in, keep_ + de:leo: de:le:re de:le:vi: de:le:tus _destroy_ + doceo: doce:re docui: doctus _teach_ + egeo: ege:re egui: ---- _lack_ + faveo: fave:re fa:vi: fautu:rus _favor_ + iubeo: iube:re iussi: iussus _order_ + moveo: move:re mo:vi: mo:tus _move_ + noceo: noce:re nocui: nocitu:rus _injure_ + pa:reo: pa:re:re pa:rui: ---- _obey_ + persua:deo: persua:de:re persua:si: persua:sus _persuade (from)_ + prohibeo: prohibe:re prohibui: prohibitus _restrain, keep_ + respondeo: responde:re respondi: respo:nsus _reply_ + sedeo: sede:re se:di: -sessus _sit_ + studeo: stude:re studui: ---- _be eager_ + video: vide:re vi:di: vi:sus _see_ + + CONJUGATION III + + ago: agere e:gi: a:ctus _drive_ + cre:do: cre:dere cre:didi: cre:ditus _believe_ + di:co: di:cere di:xi: dictus _say_ + disce:do: disce:dere discessi: discessus _depart_ + du:co: du:cere du:xi: ductus _lead_ + facio:[2] facere fe:ci: factus _make_ + fugio: fugere fu:gi: fugitu:rus _flee_ + iacio: iacere ie:ci: iactus _hurl_ + interficio: interficere interfe:ci: interfectus _kill_ + mitto: mittere mi:si: missus _send_ + rapio: rapere rapui: raptus _seize_ + resisto: resistere restiti: ---- _resist_ + + CONJUGATION IV + + mu:nio: mu:ni:re mu:ni:vi: mu:ni:tus _fortify_ + reperio: reperi:re rep'peri: repertus _find_ + venio: veni:re ve:ni: ventus _come_ + + [Footnote 2: /facio\ has an irregular passive which will be + presented later.] + +_209._ Prepositions. + 1. We learned in Secs. 52, 53 that only the _accusative_ and the + _ablative_ are used with prepositions, and that prepositions + expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have + had are here summarized. The table following should be learned. + + a: or ab, _from, by_ + cum, _with_ + de:, _down from, concerning_ + e: or ex, _out from, out of_ + pro:, _before, in front of; for, in behalf of_ + sine, _without_ + + 2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the + _accusative_ (Sec. 52). Of these we have had the following: + + ad, _to_; + apud, _among_; + per, _through_ + + There are many others which you will meet as we proceed. + + 3. The preposition /in\ when meaning _in_ or _on_ governs the + _ablative_; when meaning _to, into, against_ (relations foreign to the + ablative) /in\ governs the _accusative_. + +_210._ _Yes_-or-_No_ Questions. Questions not introduced by some +interrogative word like _who, why, when_, etc., but expecting the answer +_yes_ or _no_, may take one of three forms: + + 1. _Is he coming?_ (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to + the answer expected.) + 2. _Is he not coming?_ (Expecting the answer _yes_.) + 3. _He isn't coming, is he?_ (Expecting the answer _no_.) + +These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows: + + 1. Venitne? _is he coming?_ + 2. Nonne venit? _is he not coming?_ + 3. Num venit? _he isn't coming, is he?_ + + _a._ -ne, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which + then stands first. + + _b._ We learned in Sec. 56.b that _yes_-or-_no_ questions are + usually answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative. + Instead of this, /ita\, /vero\, /certe\, etc. (_so, truly, + certainly_, etc.) may be used for _yes_, and /non\, /minime\, etc. + for _no_ if the denial is emphatic, as, _by no means_, _not at all_. + +_211._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290. + +I. 1. Nonne habebat Cornelia ornamenta auri? Habebat. 2. Num Sextus +legatus scutum in dextro bracchio gerebat? Non in dextro, sed sinistro +in bracchio Sextus scutum gerebat. 3. Frustra bella multa ab Gallis +gesta erant. 4. Ubi oppidum a perfido Sexto occupatum est, oppidani +miseri gladio interfecti sunt. 5. Id oppidum erat plenum frumenti. +6. Nonne Sextus ab oppidanis frumentum postulavit? Vero, sed ii +recusaverunt frumentum dare. 7. Cur oppidum ab Sexto deletum est? Quia +frumentum recusatum est. 8. Ea victoria non dubia erat. 9. Oppidani +erant defessi et armis egebant. 10. Num fugam temptaverunt? Minime. + +II. 1. Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had ordered. +2. Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments of gold. +3. Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She did. 4. Who +captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held her by the left +arm. 5. She didn't have the lady's gold, did she? No, the gold had been +taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back. + + * * * * * + + Fourth Review, Lessons XXVII-XXXVI, Secs. 513-516 + + * * * * * + +LESSON XXXVII + +CONJUGATION OF _POSSUM_ : THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /neque\ or /nec\, conj., _neither_, _nor_, _and ... not_; + /neque ... neque\, _neither ... nor_ + /castellum, -i:\, n., _redoubt, fort_ (castle) + /coti:die:\, adv., _daily_ + cesso:, cessa:re, cessa:vi:, cessa:tus, _cease_, with the infin. + + /incipio:, incipere, ince:pi:, inceptus\, _begin_ (incipient), + with the infin. + /oppugno:, oppugna:re, oppugna:vi:, oppugna:tus\, _storm, assail_ + /peto:, petere, petivi\ or /petii:, peti:tus\, _aim at, assail, storm, + attack; seek, ask_ (petition) + /po:no:, po:nere, posui:, positus\, _place, put_ (position); + /castra po:nere\, _to pitch camp_ + /possum, posse, potui:, ----\, _be able, can_ (potent), with the + infin. + /veto:, veta:re, vetui:, vetitus\, _forbid_ (veto), vith the infin.; + opposite of /iubeo:\, _command_ + /vinco:, vincere, vi:ci:, victus\, _conquer_ (in-vincible) + /vi:vo:, vi:vere, vi:xi:, ----\, _live, be alive_ (re-vive) + +_212._ Learn the principal parts of /possum\, _I am able_, _I can_, and +its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. Sec. 495.) + + _a._ /Possum\, _I can_, is a compound of /potis\, _able_, and /sum\, + _I am_. + +_213._ The Infinitive with Subject Accusative. The _infinitive_ (cf. +Sec. 173) is a _verbal noun_. Used as a noun, it has the constructions +of a noun. As a verb it can govern a case and be modified by an adverb. +The uses of the infinitive are much the same in Latin as in English. + + 1. In English certain verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_, and + the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive in + the objective case and an infinitive, as, _he commanded the men to + flee_. Such object clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the + substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive. + + Similarly in Latin, some verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_, + and the like are used with an object clause consisting of an + infinitive with a subject in the accusative case, as, /Is viros + fugere iussit\, _he commanded the men to flee_. + +_214._ RULE. Subject of the Infinitive. _The subject of the infinitive +is in the accusative._ + +_215._ The Complementary Infinitive. In English a verb is often +followed by an infinitive to complete its meaning, as, _the Romans are +able to conquer the Gauls_. This is called the _complementary_ +infinitive, as the predicate is not _complete_ without the added +infinitive. + +Similarly in Latin, _verbs of incomplete predication_ are completed by +the infinitive. Among such verbs are /possum\, _I am able, I can_; +/propero\, /maturo\, _I hasten_; /tempto\, _I attempt_; as + + Romani Gallos superare possunt, + _the Romans are able to_ (or _can_) _conquer the Gauls_ + Bellum gerere maturant, + _they hasten to wage war_ + + _a._ A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive + agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main + verb. + + Mali pueri esse boni non possunt, _bad boys are not able to_ + (or _cannot_) _be good._ + + Observe that /boni\ agrees with /pueri\. + +_216._ The Infinitive used as a Noun. In English the infinitive is +often used as a pure noun, as the subject of a sentence, or as a +predicate nominative. For example, _To conquer_ (= conquering) _is +pleasing; To see_ (= seeing) _is to believe_ (= believing). The same use +of the infinitive is found in Latin, especially with /est\, as + + Superare est gratum, _to conquer is pleasing_ + Videre est credere, _to see is to believe_ + + _a._ In the construction above, the infinitive often has a subject, + which must then be in the accusative case, as + + Galbam superare inimicos est gratum multis, + _for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many_ + + _b._ An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular. Thus, in the + sentence /superare est gratum\, the predicate adjective /gratum\ is + in the neuter nominative singular to agree with /superare\ the + subject. + +_217._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291. + +I. 1. Magister ludi liberos cum diligentia laborare iussit. 2. Egere +cibo et vino est viris molestum. 3. Viri armati vetuerunt Gallos castra +ibi ponere. 4. Estne legatus in castello an in muro? Is est pro porta. +5. Ubi nostri[1] fugere inceperunt, legatus ab vestris[1] captus est. +6. Galli castellum ibi oppugnaverant ubi praesidium erat infirmum. +7. Alii pugnare temptabant, alii portas petebant. 8. Feminae pro +domiciliis sedebant neque resistere validis Gallis poterant. +9. Bellum est saevum, nec infirmis nec miseris favet. 10. Sed viri arma +postulabant et studebant Gallos de muris agere. 11. Id castellum ab +Gallis occupari Romanis non gratum erit. 12. Galli ubi a Romanis victi +sunt, esse liberi[2] cessaverunt. 13. Diu sine aqua vivere non potestis. + +II. 1. The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the gates. +2. The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for a battle. +3. For a long time they tried in vain to seize the redoubt. 4. Neither +did they cease to hurl weapons against[3] the walls. 5. But they were +not able to (could not) take the town. + + [Footnote 1: Supply _men_. /nostri\, /vestri\, and /sui\ are often + used as nouns in this way.] + + [Footnote 2: Not _children_. The Romans used /liberi\ either as an + adjective, meaning _free_, or as a noun, meaning _the free_, thereby + signifying their _free-born children_. The word was never applied to + children of slaves.] + + [Footnote 3: /in\ with the accusative.] + +_218._ THE FAITHLESS TARPE'IA + +Sabini olim cum Romanis bellum gerebant et multas victorias +reportaverant. Iam agros proximos muris vastabant, iam oppido +adpropinquabant. Romani autem in Capitolium fugerant et longe periculo +aberant. Muris validis et saxis altis credebant. Frustra Sabini tela +iaciebant, frustra portas duras petebant; castellum occupare non +poterant. Deinde novum consilium ceperunt.[4] + +Tarpeia erat puella Romana pulchra et superba. Cotidie aquam copiis +Romanis in Capitolium portabat. Ei[5] non nocebant Sabini, quod ea sine +armis erat neque Sabini bellum cum feminis liberisque gerebant. Tarpeia +autem maxime amabat ornamenta auri. Cotidie Sabinorum ornamenta videbat +et mox ea desiderare incipiebat. Ei unus ex[6] Sabinis dixit, "Duc +copias Sabinas intra portas, Tarpeia, et maxima erunt praemia tua." + + [Footnote 4: /consilium capere\, _to make a plan_. Why is the + _perfect_ tense used here and the imperfect in the preceding + sentences? Explain the use of tenses in the next paragraph.] + + [Footnote 5: Dative with /nocebant\. (Cf. Sec. 154.)] + + [Footnote 6: /ex\, _out of_, i.e. _from the nuumber of_; best + translated _of_.] + + [Illustration: TARPEIA PUELLA PERFIDA] + + +LESSON XXXVIII + +THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN + +_219._ Sentences are _simple, compound_, or _complex_. + + _a._ A _simple sentence_ is a sentence containing but one statement, + that is, one subject and one predicate: _The Romans approached the + town._ + + _b._ A _compound sentence_ is a sentence containing two or more + independent statements: + _The Romans approached the town_ | and | _the enemy fled._ + +NOTE. An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not +depend upon another statement. + + _c._ A _complex sentence_ is a sentence containing one independent + statement and one or more dependent statements: + _When the Romans approached the town | the enemy fled._ + +NOTE. A dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on or +qualifies another statement; thus _the enemy fled_ is independent, and +_when the Romans approached the town_ is dependent or subordinate. + + _d._ The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are + called _clauses_. In a complex sentence the independent statement is + called the _main clause_ and the dependent statement the + _subordinate clause._ + +_220._ Examine the complex sentence + + _The Romans killed the men who were taken_ + +Here are two clauses: + + _a._ The main clause, _The Romans killed the men_ + + _b._ The subordinate clause, _who were taken_ + +The word _who_ is a pronoun, for it takes the place of the noun _men_. +It also connects the subordinate clause _who were taken_ with the noun +_men_. Hence the clause is an _adjective clause_. A pronoun that +connects an _adjective clause_ with a substantive is called a _relative +pronoun_, and the substantive for which the relative pronoun stands is +called its _antecedent_. The relative pronouns in English are _who, +whose, whom, which, what, that_. + +_221._ The relative pronoun in Latin is /qui:\, /quae\, /quod\, and it +is declined as follows: + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. qui: quae quod qui: quae quae + Gen. cuius cuius cuius quo:rum qua:rum quo:rum + Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus + Acc. quem quam quod quo:s qua:s quae + Abl. quo: qua: quo: quibus quibus quibus + + 1. Review the declension of /is\, Sec. 114, and note the similarity in + the endings. The forms /qui:\, /quae\, and /quibus\ are the only forms + showing new endings. + +NOTE. The genitive /cuius\ and the dative /cui\ are pronounced +_c[oo]i'y[oo]s_ (two syllables) and _c[oo]i_ (one syllable). + +_222._ The Relative Pronoun is translated as follows:[1] + + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. _who, that_ _which, what, that_ + Gen. _of whom, whose_ _of which, of what, whose_ + Dat. _to_ or _for whom_ _to_ or _for which_, _to_ or _for what_ + Acc. _whom, that_ _which, what, that_ + Abl. _from_, etc., _whom_ _from_, etc., _which_ or _what_ + + [Footnote 1: This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is + inserted for reference when translating.] + + _a._ We see from the table above that /qui:\, when it refers to a + person, is translated by some form of _who_ or by _that_; and that + when it refers to anything else it is translated by _which, what_, + or _that_. + +_223._ Note the following sentences: + + _The Romans killed the men who were taken_ + _The Romans killed the woman who was taken_ + /Romani interfecerunt viros qui capti sunt\ + /Romani interfecerunt feminam quae capta est\ + +In the first sentence _who_ (qui) refers to the antecedent _men_ +(viros), and is _masculine plural_. In the second, _who_ (quae) +refers to _woman_ (feminam), and _feminine singular_. From this we +learn that the relative must agree with its antecedent in _gender_ and +_number_. In neither of the sentences are the antecedents and relatives +in the same case. /Viros\ and /feminam\ are accusatives, and /qui\ and +/quae\ are nominatives, being the subjects of the subordinate clauses. +Hence + +_224._ RULE. Agreement of the Relative. _A relative pronoun must agree +with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by +the way it is used in its own clause._ + +_225._ Interrogative Pronouns. An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun +that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are _who?_ _which?_ +_what?_ In Latin they are /quis?\ /quid?\ (pronoun) and /qui:?\ /quae?\ +/quod?\ (adjective). + +_226._ Examine the sentences + + _a._ _Who is the man?_ Quis est vir? + _b._ _What man is leading them?_ Qui vir eos ducit? + +In _a_, _who_ is an interrogative _pronoun_. In _b_, _what_ is an +interrogative _adjective_. Observe that in Latin /quis\, /quid\ is the +_pronoun_ and /qui:\, /quae\, /quod\ is the _adjective_. + +_227._ 1. The interrogative adjective /qui:\, /quae\, /quod\ is declined +just like the relative pronoun. (See Sec. 221.) + + 2. The interrogative pronoun /quis\, /quid\ is declined like /qui:\, + /quae\, /quod\ in the plural. In the singular it is declined as + follows: + + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. quis, _who?_ quid, _what? which?_ + Gen. cuius, _whose?_ cuius, _whose?_ + Dat. cui, _to_ or _for whom?_ cui, _to_ or _for_ + _what_ or _which?_ + Acc. quem, _whom?_ quid, _what? which?_ + Abl. quo:, _from_, etc., _whom?_ quo:, _from_, etc., + _which_ or _what?_ + +NOTE. Observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the +forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative, excepting quis +and quid. + +_228._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Quis est aeger? Servus quem amo est aeger. 2. Cuius scutum habes? +Scutum habeo quod legatus ad castellum misit. 3. Cui legatus suum scutum +dabit? Filio meo scutum dabit. 4. Ubi Germani antiqui vivebant? In terra +quae est proxima Rheno Germani vivebant. 5. Quibuscum[1] Germani bellum +gerebant? Cum Romanis, qui eos superare studebant, Germani bellum +gerebant. 6. Qui viri castra ponunt? Ii sunt viri quorum armis Germani +victi sunt. 7. Quibus telis copiae nostrae eguerunt? Gladiis et telis +nostrae copiae eguerunt. 8. A quibus porta sinistra tenebatur? A sociis +porta sinistra tenebatur. 9. Quae provinciae a Romanis occupatae sunt? +Multae provinciae a Romanis occupatae sunt. 10. Quibus viris dei +favebunt? Bonis viris dei favebunt. + + [Footnote 1: /cum\ is added to the ablative of relative, + interrogative, and personal pronouns instead of being placed + before them.] + + [Illustration: GERMANI ANTIQUI] + +II. 1. What victory will you announce? 2. I will announce to the people +the victory which the sailors have won. 3. The men who were pitching +camp were eager for battle. 4. Nevertheless they were soon conquered by +the troops which Sextus had sent. 5. They could not resist our forces, +but fled from that place without delay. + +_229._ THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA (_Concluded_)[2] + +Tarpeia, commota ornamentis Sabinorum pulchris, diu resistere non potuit +et respondit: "Date mihi[3] ornamenta quae in sinistris bracchis +geritis, et celeriter copias vestras in Capitolium ducam." Nec Sabini +recusaverunt, sed per duras magnasque castelli portas properaverunt +quo[1] Tarpeia duxit et mox intra validos et altos muros stabant. Tum +sine mora in[2] Tarpeiam scuta graviter iecerunt; nam scuta quoque in +sinistris bracchiis gerebant. Ita perfida puella Tarpeia interfecta est; +ita Sabini Capitolium occupaverunt. + + [Footnote 2: Explain the use of the tenses in this selection.] + + [Footnote 3: _to me._] + + [Footnote 1: quo = _whither_, _to the place where_. Here /quo\ is + the relative adverb. We have had it used before as the interrogative + adverb, _whither?_ _to what place?_] + + [Footnote 2: _upon_.] + + +LESSON XXXIX + +THE THIRD DECLENSION : CONSONANT STEMS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /barbarus, -a, -um\, _strange, foreign, barbarous_. As a noun, + /barbari:, -o:rum\, m., plur., _savages, barbarians_ + /dux, ducis\, m., _leader_ (duke). Cf. the verb /du:co:\ + /eques, equitis\, m., _horseman, cavalryman_ (equestrian) + iu:dex, iu:dicis, _m., judge_ + /lapis, lapidis\, m., _stone_ (lapidary) + /mi:les, mi:litis\, m., _soldier_ (militia) + /pedes, peditis\, m., _foot soldier_ (pedestrian) + /pe:s, pedis\,[A] m., _foot_ (pedal) + /pri:nceps, pri:ncipis\, m., _chief_ (principal) + /re:x, re:gis\, m., _king_ (regal) + /summus, -a, -um\, _highest, greatest_ (summit) + /virtu:s, virtu:tis\, f., _manliness, courage_ (virtue) + + [Footnote A: Observe that /e\ is _long_ in the nom. sing, and + _short_ in the other cases.] + +_230._ Bases and Stems. In learning the first and second declensions +we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case +terminations to the part of the word that did not change, which we +called the /base\. If to the base we add -a: in the first declension, +and -o in the second, we get what is called the /stem\. Thus /porta\ +has the base port- and the stem porta:-; /servus\ has the base +serv- and the stem servo-. + +These stem vowels, -a:- and -o-, play so important a part in the +formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from +them respectively the _A_- and _O_-Declensions. + +_231._ Nouns of the Third Declension. The third declension is called +the Consonant or _I_-Declension, and its nouns are classified according +to the way the _stem_ ends. If the last letter of the stem is a +consonant, the word is said to have a _consonant stem_; if the stem ends +in -i-, the word is said to have an i-_stem_. _In consonant stems +the stem is the same as the base. In_ i-_stems the stem is formed by +adding_ -i- _to the base._ The presence of the /i\ makes a difference +in certain of the cases, so the distinction is a very important one. + +_232._ Consonant stems are divided into two classes: + + I. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular. + II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular. + +CLASS I + +_233._ Stems that add -s to the base in the nominative singular are +either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows: + + pri:nceps, mi:les, m., lapis, + m., _chief_ _soldier_ m., _stone_ + BASES OR + STEMS pri:ncip- mi:lit- lapid- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + M. AND F. + Nom. pri:nceps mi:les lapis -s + Gen. pri:n'cipis mi:litis lapidis -is + Dat. pri:n'cipi: mi:liti: lapidi: -i: + Acc. pri:n'cipem mi:litem lapidem -em + Abl. pri:n'cipe mi:lite lapide -e + + PLURAL + Nom. pri:n'cipe:s mi:lite:s lapide:s -e:s + Gen. pri:n'cipum mi:litum lapidum -um + Dat. pri:nci'pibus mi:litibus lapidibus -ibus + Acc. pri:n'cipe:s mi:lite:s lapide:s -e:s + Abl. pri:nci'pibus mi:litibus lapidibus -ibus + + + re:x, iu:dex, virtu:s, f., + m., _king_ m.,_judge_ _manliness_ + BASES OR + STEMS re:g- iu:dic- virtu:t- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + M. AND F. + Nom. re:x iu:dex virtu:s -s + Gen. re:gis iu:dicis virtu:'tis -is + Dat. re:gi: iu:dici: virtu:'ti: -i: + Acc. re:gem iu:dicem virtu:'tem -em + Abl. re:ge iu:dice virtu:'te -e + + PLURAL + Nom. re:ge:s iu:dice:s virtu:'te:s -e:s + Gen. re:gum iu:dicum virtu:'tum -um + Dat. re:gibus iu:dicibus virtu:'tibus -ibus + Acc. re:ge:s iu:dice:s virtu:'te:s -e:s + Abl. re:gibus iu:dicibus virtu:'tibus -ibus + + 1. The base or stem is found by dropping -is in the genitive singular. + + 2. Most nouns of two syllables, like /pri:nceps\ (pri:ncip-), /mi:les\ + (mi:lit-), /iu:dex\ (iu:dic-), have /i\ in the base, but /e\ in the + nominative. + + _a._ /lapis\ is an exception to this rule. + + 3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the + nominative: + + _a._ A final -t or -d is dropped before -s; thus /miles\ for + /milets\, /lapis\ for /lapids\, /virtus\ for /virtuts\. + + _b._ A final -c or -g unites with -s and forms -x; thus + /iudec\ + /s\ = /iudex\, /reg\ + /s\ = /rex\. + + 4. Review Sec. 74 and apply the rules to this declension. + + In like manner decline /dux, ducis\, m., _leader_; /eques, equitis\, + m., _horseman_; /pedes, peditis\, m., _foot soldier_; /pes, pedis\, + m.,_foot_. + +_234._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291. + +I. 1. Neque pedites neque equites occupare castellum Romanum poterant. +2. Summa virtute muros altos cotidie oppugnabant. 3. Pedes militum +lapidibus qui de muro iaciebantur saepe vulnerabantur. 4. Quod novum +consilium dux cepit? 5. Is perfidam puellam pulchris ornamentis +temptavit. 6. Quid puella fecit? 7. Puella commota auro milites per +portas duxit. 8. Tamen praemia quae summo studio petiverat non +reportavit. 9. Apud Romanos antiquos Tarpeia non est laudata. + +II. 1. What ship is that which I see? That (illud) ship is the +_Victory_. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon +approach Italy. 2. The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to +be killed. 3. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were +quickly captured by the horsemen. 4. The king led the foot soldiers to +the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest +zeal. + + [Illustration: NAVIGIUM] + + +LESSON XL + +THE THIRD DECLENSION : CONSONANT STEMS (_Continued_) + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /Caesar, -aris\, m., _Caesar_ + /capti:vus, -i:\, m., _captive, prisoner_ + /co:nsul, -is\, m., _consul_ + /fra:ter, fra:tris\, m., _brother_ (fraternity) + /homo:, hominis\, m., _man, human being_ + /impedi:mentum, -i:\, n., _hindrance_ (impediment); plur. + /impedi:menta, -o:rum\, _baggage_ + /impera:tor, impera:to:ris\, m., _commander in chief, general_ + (emperor) + /legio:, legio:nis\, f., _legion_ + /ma:ter, ma:tris\, f., _mother_ (maternal) + /o:rdo:, o:rdinis\, m., _row, rank_ (order) + /pater, patris\, m., _father_ (paternal) + /salu:s, salu:tis\, f., _safety_ (salutary) + /soror, soro:ris\, f., _sister_ (sorority) + +CLASS II + +_235._ Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are +declined in the other cases exactly like those that add /-s\. They may +be masculine, feminine, or neuter. + +_236._ PARADIGMS + +MASCULINES AND FEMININES + + co:nsul, legio:, f., o:rdo:, pater, m., + m., _consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_ + BASES OR + STEMS co:nsul- legio:n- o:rdin- patr- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + M. AND F. + Nom. co:nsul legio: o:rdo: pater -- + Gen. co:nsulis legio:nis o:rdinis patris -is + Dat. co:nsuli: legio:ni: o:rdini: patri: -i: + Acc. co:nsulem legio:nem o:rdinem patrem -em + Abl. co:nsule legio:ne o:rdine patre -e + + PLURAL + Nom. co:nsule:s legio:ne:s o:rdine:s patre:s -e:s + Gen. co:nsulum legio:num o:rdinum patrum -um + Dat. co:nsulibus legio:nibus o:rdinibus patribus -ibus + Acc. co:nsule:s legio:ne:s o:rdine:s patre:s -e:s + Abl. co:nsulibus legio:nibus o:rdinibus patribus -ibus + + 1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly + the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way. + + 2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -o:n- + drop -n- and end in -o: in the nominative, as legio: (base or stem + legio:n-), o:rdo: (base or stem o:rdin-). + + 3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base + or stem patr-). + + 4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole + declension. _Always learn this with the nominative._ + +_237._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291. + +I. 1. Audisne tubas, Marce? Non solum tubas audio sed etiam ordines +militum et carros impedimentorum plenos videre possum. 2. Quas legiones +videmus? Eae legiones nuper ex Gallia venerunt. 3. Quid ibi fecerunt? +Studebantne pugnare an sine virtute erant? 4. Multa proelia fecerunt[1] +et magnas victorias et multos captivos reportaverunt. 5. Quis est +imperator earum legionum? Caesar, summus Romanorum imperator. 6. Quis +est eques qui pulchram coronam gerit? Is eques est frater meus. Ei +corona a consule data est quia summa virtute pugnaverat et a barbaris +patriam servaverat. + +II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now (nuper). +He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister. 3. When +men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be +restrained[2] from wrong[3]. 4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to +Caesar, the general. 5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of +grain which was held by the consul. 6. The king forbade the baggage of +the captives to be destroyed. + + [Footnote 1: /proelium facere\ = _to fight a battle._] + + [Footnote 2: /contineo\. Cf. Sec. 180.] + + [Footnote 3: Abl. iniuria.] + + +LESSON XLI + +THE THIRD DECLENSION : CONSONANT STEMS (_Concluded_) + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /calamita:s, calamita:tis\, f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity) + /caput, capitis\, n., _head_ (capital) + /flu:men, flu:minis\, n., _river_ (flume) + /labor, labo:ris\, m., _labor, toil_ + /opus, operis\, n., _work, task_ + /o:ra:tor, o:ra:to:ris\, m., _orator_ + /ri:pa, -ae\, f., _bank_ (of a stream) + /tempus, temporis\, n., _time_ (temporal) + /terror, terro:ris\, m., _terror, fear_ + /victor, victo:ris\, m., _victor_ + + /accipio:, accipere, acce:pi:, acceptus\, _receive, accept_ + /co:nfirmo:, co:nfi:rma:re, co:nfi:rma:vi:, co:nfi:rma:tus\, + _strengthen, establish, encourage_ (confirm) + +_238._ Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and +are declined as follows: + + flu:men, tempus, opus, caput, + n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_ + BASES OR + STEMS flu:min- tempor- oper- capit- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. flu:men tempus opus caput -- + Gen. flu:minis temporis operis capitis -is + Dat. flu:mini: tempori: operi: capiti: -i: + Acc. flu:men tempus opus caput -- + Abl. flu:mine tempore opere capite -e + + PLURAL + Nom. flu:mina tempora opera capita -a + Gen. flu:minum temporum operum capitum -um + Dat. flu:minibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus + Acc. flu:mina tempora opera capita -a + Abl. flu:minibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus + + 1. Review Sec. 74 and apply the rules to this declension. + + 2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative, + as flu:men, base or stem flu:min-. + + 3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as + opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-. + +_239._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292. + +I. 1. Barbari ubi Romam ceperunt, maxima regum opera deleverunt. +2. Romani multas calamitates a barbaris acceperunt. 3. Ubi erat summus +terror apud oppidanos, animi dubii eorum ab oratore claro confirmati +sunt. 4. Roma est in ripis fiuminis magni. 5. Ubi Caesar imperator +milites suos arma capere iussit, ii a proelio contineri non potuerunt. +6. Ubi proelium factum est, imperator reperiri non potuit. 7. Imperator +sagitta in capite vulneratus erat et stare non poterat. 8. Eum magno +labore pedes ex proelio portavit. 9. Is bracchiis suis imperatorem +tenuit et eum ex periculis summis servavit. 10. Virtute sua bonus miles +ab imperatore coronam accepit. + +II. 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. 2. Before +the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A famous orator praised +him and said, "By your labors you have saved the fatherland from +disaster." 4. The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor. +5. To save the fatherland was a great task. + + [Illustration: Corona] + + +LESSON XLII + +REVIEW LESSON + +_240._ Review the paradigms in Secs. 233, 236, 238; and decline all +nouns of the third declension in this selection. + +TERROR CIMBRICUS[1] + +Olim Cimbri et Teutones, populi Germaniae, cum feminis liberisque +Italiae adpropinquaverant et copias Romanas maximo proelio vicerant. Ubi +fuga legionum nuntiata est, summus erat terror totius Romae, et Romani, +graviter commoti, sacra crebra deis faciebant et salutem petebant. + +Tum Manlius orator animos populi ita confirmavit:--"Magnam calamitatem +accepimus. Oppida nostra a Cimbris Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae +interficiuntur, agri vastantur, copiae barbarorum Romae adpropinquant. +Itaque, nisi novis animis proelium novum faciemus et Germanos ex patria +nostra sine mora agemus, erit nulla salus feminis nostris liberisque. +Servate liberos! Servate patriam! Antea superati sumus quia imperatores +nostri fuerunt infirmi. Nunc Marius, clarus imperator, qui iam multas +alias victorias reportavit, legiones ducet et animos nostros terrore +Cimbrico liberare maturabit." + +Marius tum in Africa bellum gerebat. Sine mora ex Africa in Italiam +vocatus est. Copias novas non solum toti Italiae sed etiam provinciis +sociorum imperavit.[2] Disciplina autem dura laboribusque perpetuis +milites exercuit. Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, qui iam proelio +studebant, ad Germanorum castra celeriter properavit. Diu et acriter +pugnatum est.[3] Denique barbari fugerunt et multi in fuga ab equitibus +sunt interfecti. Marius pater patriae vocatus est. + + [Footnote 1: About the year 100 B.C. the Romans were greatly alarmed + by an invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and + Teutons. They were traveling with wives and children, and had an + army of 300,000 fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and + the city was in a panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their + greatest general, to save the country. First he defeated the Teutons + in Gaul. Next, returning to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible + battle ensued, in which the Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the + _terror Cimbricus_ continued to haunt the Romans for many a year + thereafter.] + + [Footnote 2: _He made a levy_ (of troops) _upon_, /imperavit\ with + the acc. and the dat.] + + [Footnote 3: Cf. Sec. 200. II. 2.] + + +LESSON XLIII + +THE THIRD DECLENSION : _I_-STEMS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /animal, anima:lis (-ium[A])\, n., _animal_ + /avis, avis (-ium)\, f., _bird_ (aviation) + /caede:s, caedis (-ium)\, f., _slaughter_ + calcar, calca:ris (-ium), n., _spur_ + /ci:vis, ci:vis (-ium)\, m. and f., _citizen_ (civic) + /clie:ns, clientis (-ium)\, m., _retainer, dependent_ (client) + /fi:nis, fi:nis (-ium)\, m., _end, limit_ (final); + plur., _country, territory_ + /hostis, hostis (-ium)\, m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile). + Distinguish from /inimi:cus\, which means a _personal_ enemy + /ignis, ignis (-ium)\, m., _fire_ (ignite) + /i:nsigne, i:nsignis (-ium)\, n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign) + /mare, maris (-ium[B])\, n., _sea_ (marine) + /na:vis, na:vis (-ium)\, f., _ship_ (naval); + /na:vis longa\, _man-of-war_ + /turris, turris (-ium)\, f., _tower_ (turret) + /urbs, urbis (-ium)\, f., _city_ (suburb). An /urbs\ is larger than an + /oppidum\. + + [Footnote A: The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark + the i-stems.] + + [Footnote B: The genitive plural of /mare\ is not in use.] + +_241._ To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know +whether or not it is an i-stem. Nouns with i-stems are + + 1. Masculines and feminines: + + _a._ Nouns in -e:s and -i:s with the same number of syllables in + the genitive as in the nominative. Thus /caede:s, caedis\, is an + i-stem, but /mi:les, mi:litis\, is a consonant stem. + + _b._ Nouns in -ns and -rs. + + _c._ Nouns of one syllable in -s or -x preceded by a consonant. + + 2. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar. + +_242._ The declension of i-stems is nearly the same as that of +consonant stems. Note the following differences: + +_a._ Masculines and feminities have -ium in the genitive plural and +-i:s or -e:s in the accusative plural. + +_b._ Neuters have -i: in the ablative singular, and an -i- in every +form of the plural. + +_243._ Masculine and Feminine _I_-Stems. Masculine and feminine +i-stems are declined as follows: + + caede:s, f., hostis, urbs, f., clie:ns, m., + _slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_ + STEMS caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti- + BASES caed- host- urb- client- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + M. AND F. + Nom. caede:s hostis urbs clie:ns[1] -s, -is, + _or_ -e:s + Gen. caedis hostis urbis clientis -is + Dat. caedi: hosti: urbi: clienti: -i: + Acc. caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im) + Abl. caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-i:) + + PLURAL + Nom. caede:s hoste:s urbe:s cliente:s -e:s + Gen. caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium + Dat. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus + Acc. caedi:s, hosti:s, urbi:s, clienti:s, -i:s, + -e:s -e:s -e:s -e:s -e:s + Abl. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus + + [Footnote 1: Observe that the vowel before -ns is long, but that + it is shortened before -nt. Cf. Sec. 12.2, 3.] + + 1. /avis\, /ci:vis\, /fi:nis\, /ignis\, /navis\ have the ablative + singular in -i: or -e. + + 2. /turris\ has accusative /turrim\ and ablative /turri:\ or /turre\. + +_244._ Neuter _I_-Stems. Neuter i-stems are declined as follows: + + i:nsigne, n., animal, n., calcar, + _decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_ + STEMS i:nsigni- anima:li- calca:ri- + BASES i:nsign- anima:l- calca:r- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. i:nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ -- + Gen. i:nsignis anima:lis calca:ris -is + Dat. i:nsigni: anima:li: calca:ri: -i: + Acc. i:nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ -- + Abl. i:nsigni: anima:li: calca:ri: -i: + + PLURAL + Nom. i:nsignia anima:lia calca:ria -ia + Gen. i:nsignium anima:lium calca:rium -ium + Dat. i:nsignibus anima:libus calca:ribus -ibus + Acc. i:nsignia anima:lia calca:ria -ia + Abl. i:nsignibus anima:libus calca:ribus -ibus + + 1. Review Sec. 74 and see how it applies to this declension. + + 2. The final -i- of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative. + If not dropped, it is changed to -e. + + 3. A long vowel is shortened before final -l or -r. (Cf. Sec. 12.2.) + +_245._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292. + +I. 1. Quam urbem videmus? Urbs quam videtis est Roma. 2. Cives Romani +urbem suam turribus altis et muris longis muniverant. 3. Venti navis +longas prohibebant finibus hostium adpropinquare. 4. Imperator a +clientibus suis calcaria auri et alia insignia accepit. 5. Milites +Romani cum hostibus bella saeva gesserunt et eos caede magna +superaverunt. 6. Alia animalia terram, alia mare amant. 7. Naves longae +quae auxilium ad imperatorem portabant igni ab hostibus deletae sunt. +8. In eo mari avis multas vidimus quae longe a terra volaverant. +9. Nonne vidistis navis longas hostium et ignis quibus urbs nostra +vastabatur? Certe, sed nec caedem civium nec fugam clientium vidimus. +10. Aves et alia animalia, ubi ignem viderunt, salutem fuga petere +celeriter inceperunt. 11. Num. iudex in peditum ordinibus stabat? +Minime, iudex erat apud equites et equus eius insigne pulchrum gerebat. + + [Illustration: NAVES LONGAE] + +II. 1. Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were not +able to live. 2. When the general[2] heard the rumor, he quickly sent a +horseman to the village. 3. The horseman had a beautiful horse and wore +spurs of gold. 4. He said to the citizens, "Send your retainers with +horses and wagons to our camp, and you will receive an abundance of +grain." 5. With happy hearts they hastened to obey his words.[3] + + [Footnote 2: Place first.] + + [Footnote 3: Not the accusative. Why?] + + +LESSON XLIV + +IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION : GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /arbor, arboris\, f., _tree_ (arbor) + /collis, collis (-ium)\, m., _hill_ + /de:ns, dentis (-ium)\, m., _tooth_ (dentist) + fo:ns, fontis (-ium), m.. _fountain, spring; source_ + /iter, itineris\, n., _march, journey, route_ (itinerary) + /me:nsis, me:nsis (-ium)\, m., _month_ + /moenia, -ium\, n., plur., _walls, fortifications_. Cf. /mu:rus\ + /mo:ns, montis (-ium)\, m., _mountain_; + /summus mo:ns\, _top of the mountain_ + /numquam\, adv., _never_ + /po:ns, pontis\, m., _bridge_ (pontoon) + /sanguis, sanguinis\, m., blood (sanguinary) + /summus, -a, -um\, _highest, greatest_ (summit) + /tra:ns\, prep, with acc., _across_ (transatlantic) + /vi:s (vi:s)\, gen. plur. /virium\, f. _strength, force, violence_ + (vim) + +_246._ PARADIGMS + + [Transcriber's Note: + The original text gives vi:- and vi:r- as the "Bases" of /vi:s\, and + omits the "Stems" for both words. The forms have been regularized to + agree with the inflectional table in the Appendix.] + + vi:s, f., _force_ iter, n., _march_ + STEMS vi:- and vi:ri- iter- and itiner- + BASES v- and vi:r- iter- and itiner- + + SINGULAR + Nom. vi:s iter + Gen. vi:s (rare) itineris + Dat. vi: (rare) itineri: + Acc. vim iter + Abl. vi: itinere + + PLURAL + Nom. vi:re:s itinera + Gen. vi:rium itinerum + Dat. vi:ribus itineribus + Acc. vi:ri:s, or -e:s itinera + Abl. vi:ribus itineribus + +_247._ There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not +present numerous exceptions.[1] The following rules, however, are of +great service, and should be thoroughly mastered: + + 1. /Masculine\ are nouns in -or, -o:s, -er, -es (gen. -itis). + + _a._ /arbor\, _tree_, is feminine; and /iter\, _march_, is neuter. + + 2. /Feminine\ are nouns in -o:, -is, -x, and in -s preceded by + a consonant or by any long vowel but /o:\. + + _a._ Masculine are /collis\ (_hill_), /lapis\, /me:nsis\ (_month_), + /o:rdo:\, /pe:s\, and nouns in -nis and -guis--as /ignis\, + /sanguis\ (_blood_)--and the four monosyllables + + /de:ns\, _a tooth_; /mo:ns\, _a mountain_ + /po:ns\, _a bridge_; /fo:ns\, _a fountain_ + + 3. /Neuters\ are nouns in -e, -al, -ar, -n, -ur, -us, and + /caput\. + + [Footnote 1: Review Sec. 60. Words denoting males are, of course, + masculine, and those denoting females, feminine.] + +_248._ Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it +is determined: + + animal calamitas flumen lapis navis + avis caput ignis legio opus + caede:s eques i:nsigne mare salu:s + calcar fi:nis labor mi:les urbs + +_249._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292. + +I. _The First Bridge over the Rhine._ Salus sociorum erat semper cara +Romanis. Olim Galli, amici Romanorum, multas iniurias ab Germanis qui +trans flumen Rhenum vivebant acceperant. Ubi legati ab iis ad Caesarem +imperatorem Romanum venerunt et auxilium postulaverunt, Romani magnis +itineribus ad hostium finis properaverunt. Mox ad ripas magni fluminis +venerunt. Imperator studebat copias suas trans fluvium ducere, sed nulla +via[2] poterat. Nullas navis habebat. Alta erat aqua. Imperator autem, +vir clarus, numquam adversa fortuna commotus, novum consilium cepit. +Iussit suos[3] in[4] lato flumine facere pontem. Numquam antea pons in +Rheno visus erat. Hostes ubi pontem quem Romani fecerant viderunt, summo +terrore commoti, sine mora fugam parare inceperunt. + +II. 1. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain. +2. There were many trees on the opposite hills. 3. We pitched our camp +near (ad) a beautiful spring. 4. A march through the enemies' country +is never without danger. 5. The time of the month was suitable for the +march. 6. The teeth of the monster were long. 7. When the foot +soldiers[5] saw the blood of the captives, they began to assail the +fortifications with the greatest violence.[2] + + [Footnote 2: Abl. of manner.] + + [Footnote 3: /suos\, used as a noun, _his men_.] + + [Footnote 4: We say _build a bridge over_; the Romans, _make a + bridge on_.] + + [Footnote 5: Place first.] + + * * * * * + + Fifth Review, Lessons XXXVII-XLIV, Secs. 517-520 + + * * * * * + +LESSON XLV + +ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION : _I_-STEMS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /a:cer, a:cris, a:cre\, _sharp, keen, eager_ (acrid) + /brevis, breve\, _short, brief_ + /difficilis, difficile\, _difficult_ + /facilis, facile\, _facile, easy_ + /fortis, forte\, _brave_ (fortitude) + /gravis, grave\, _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave) + /omnis, omne\, _every, all_ (omnibus) + /pa:r\, gen. /paris\, _equal_ (par) + /pauci:, -ae, -a\, _few, only a few_ (paucity) + /secundus, -a, -um\, _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus + /signum, -i:\, n., _signal, sign, standard_ + /ve:lo:x\, gen. /ve:lo:cis\, _swift_ (velocity) + + /conloco:, conloca:re, conloca:vi:, conloca:tus\, _arrange, station, + place_ (collocation) + /de:mo:nstro:, de:mo:nstra:re, de:mo:nstra:vi:, de:mo:nstra:tus\, + _point out, explain_ (demonstrate) + /mando:, manda:re, manda:vi:, manda:tus\, _commit, intrust_ (mandate) + +_250._ Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like +/bonus\, /aeger\, or /liber\), or they are of the third declension. + +_251._ Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have i-_stems_, +and they are declined almost like nouns with i-stems. + +_252._ Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the +nominative for each gender, as, /bonus\, m.; /bona\, f.; /bonum\, n. +Such an adjective is called an _adjective of three endings_. Adjectives +of the third declension are of the following classes: + + I. Adjectives of three endings-- + a different form in the nominative for each gender. + + II. Adjectives of two endings-- + masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different. + + III. Adjectives of one ending-- + masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike. + +_253._ Adjectives of the third declension in -er have three endings; +those in -is have two endings; the others have one ending. + +CLASS I + +_254._ Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows: + + a:cer, a:cris, a:cre, _keen, eager_ + STEM a:cri- + BASE a:cr- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. a:cer a:cris a:cre a:cre:s a:cre:s a:cria + Gen. a:cris a:cris a:cris a:crium a:crium a:crium + Dat. a:cri: a:cri: a:cri: a:cribus a:cribus a:cribus + Acc. a:crem a:crem a:cre a:cri:s, -e:s a:cri:s, -e:s a:cria + Abl. a:cri: a:cri: a:cri: a:cribus a:cribus a:cribus + + +CLASS II + +_255._ Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows: + + omnis, omne, _every, all_[1] + STEM omni- + BASE omn- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. omnis omne omne:s omnia + Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium + Dat. omni: omni: omnibus omnibus + Acc. omnem omne omni:s, -e:s omnia + Abl. omni: omni: omnibus omnibus + + [Footnote 1: /omnis\ is usually translated _every_ in the singular + and _all_ in the plural.] + +CLASS III + +_256._ Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows: + + pa:r, _equal_ + STEM pari- + BASE par- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. pa:r pa:r pare:s paria + Gen. paris paris parium parium + Dat. pari: pari: paribus paribus + Acc. parem pa:r pari:s, -e:s paria + Abl. pari: pari: paribus paribus + + 1. All i-stem adjectives have -i: in the ablative singular. + + 2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the + same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in + the nominative and accusative plural. + + 3. Decline /vir acer\, /legio acris\, /animal acre\, /ager omnis\, + /scutum omne\, /proelium par\. + +_257._ There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant +stems. They are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems. + +_258._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293. + +I. _The Romans invade the Enemy's Country._ Olim pedites Romani cum +equitibus velocibus in hostium urbem iter faciebant. Ubi non longe +afuerunt, rapuerunt agricolam, qui eis viam brevem et facilem +demonstravit. Iam Romani moenia alta, turris validas aliaque opera urbis +videre poterant. In moenibus stabant multi principes. Principes ubi +viderunt Romanos, iusserunt civis lapides aliaque tela de muris iacere. +Tum milites fortes contineri a proelio non poterant et acer imperator +signum tuba dari iussit. Summa vi omnes maturaverunt. Imperator Sexto +legato impedimenta omnia mandavit. Sextus impedimenta in summo colle +conlocavit. Grave et acre erat proelium, sed hostes non pares Romanis +erant. Alii interfecti, alii capti sunt. Apud captivos erant mater +sororque regis. Pauci Romanorum ab hostibus vulnerati sunt. Secundum +proelium Romanis erat gratum. Fortuna fortibus semper favet. + +II. 1. Some months are short, others are long. 2. To seize the top of +the mountain was difficult. 3. Among the hills of Italy are many +beautiful springs. 4. The soldiers were sitting where the baggage had +been placed because their feet were weary. 5. The city which the +soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high +towers. 6. Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his +money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had never before been +faithless. + + [Illustration: AQUILA LEGIONIS] + + +LESSON XLVI + +THE FOURTH OR _U_-DECLENSION + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /adventus, -u:s\, m., _approach, arrival_ (advent) + /ante\, prep, with acc., _before_ (ante-date) + /cornu:, -u:s\, n., _horn, wing_ of an army (cornucopia); + /a: dextro: cornu:\, _on the right wing_; + /a: sinistro: cornu:\, _on the left wing_ + /equita:tus, -u:s\, m., _cavalry_ + /exercitus, -u:s\, m., _army_ + /impetus, -u:s\, m., _attack_ (impetus); + /impetum facere in\, with acc., _to make an attack on_ + /lacus, -u:s, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus\, m., _lake_ + /manus, -u:s\, f., _hand; band, force_ (manual) + /portus, -u:s\, m., _harbor_ (port) + /post\, prep, with acc., _behind, after_ (post-mortem) + + /cremo:, crema:re, crema:vi:, crema:tus\, _burn_ (cremate) + /exerceo:, exerce:re, exercui:, exercitus\, _practice, drill, train_ + (exercise) + +_259._ Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter. + +_260._ Masculine nouns end in -us, neuters in -u:. The genitive ends +in -u:s. + + _a._ Feminine by exception are /domus\, _house_; /manus\, _hand_; + and a few others. + +PARADIGMS + + [Transcriber's Note: + The "Stems" are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied + from the inflectional table in the Appendix.] + + adventus, cornu:, + m., _arrival_ n., _horn_ + STEMS adventu- cornu- + BASES advent- corn- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + MASC. NEUT. + Nom. adventus cornu: -us -u: + Gen. adventu:s cornu:s -u:s -u:s + Dat. adventui: (u:) cornu: -ui: (u:) -u: + Acc. adventum cornu: -um -u: + Abl. adventu: cornu: -u: -u: + + PLURAL + Nom. adventu:s cornua -u:s -ua + Gen. adventuum cornuum -uum -uum + Dat. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus + Acc. adventu:s cornua -u:s -ua + Abl. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus + + 1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by + dropping the ending of the genitive singular. + + 2. /lacus\, _lake_, has the ending -ubus in the dative and ablative + plural; /portus\, _harbor_, has either -ubus or -ibus. + + 3. /cornu:\ is the only neuter that is in common use. + +_261._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293. + +I. 1. Ante adventum Caesaris veloces hostium equites acrem impetum in +castra fecerunt. 2. Continere exercitum a proelio non facile erat. +3. Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legiones ex castris duci. 4. Pro +castris cum hostium equitatu pugnatum est. 5. Post tempus breve +equitatus trans flumen fugit ubi castra hostium posita erant. 6. Tum +victor imperator agros vastavit et vicos hostium cremavit. 7. Castra +autem non oppugnavit quia milites erant defessi et locus difficilis. +8. Hostes non cessaverunt iacere tela, quae paucis nocuerunt. 9. Post +adversum proelium principes Gallorum legatos ad Caesarem mittere +studebant, sed populo persuadere non poterant. + +II. 1. Did you see the man-of-war on the lake? 2. I did not see it +(_fem_.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor. 3. Because of the +strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail. 4. Caesar didn't +make an attack on the cavalry on the right wing, did he? 5. No, he made +an attack on the left wing. 6. Who taught your swift horse to obey? +7. I trained my horse with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult. +8. He is a beautiful animal and has great strength. + + +LESSON XLVII + +EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE : THE DECLENSION OF _DOMUS_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + Athe:nae, -a:rum, f., plur., _Athens_ + Corinthus, -i:, f., _Corinth_ + /domus, -u:s\, locative /domi:\, f., _house, home_ (dome). Cf. + /domicilium\ + /Gena:va, -ae\, f., _Geneva_ + Pompe:ii, -o:rum, m., plur., _Pompeii_, a city in Campania. See map + /propter\, prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_ + ru:s, ru:ris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. /ru:ra\, n., _country_ + (rustic) + /tergum, tergi:\, n., _back_; /a: tergo:\, _behind, in the rear_ + /vulnus, vulneris\, n., _wound_ (vulnerable) + + /committo:, committere, commi:si:, commissus\, _intrust, commit;_ + /proelium committere\, _join battle_ + /convoco:, convoca:re, convoca:vi:, convoca:tus\, _call together, + summon_ (convoke) + /timeo:, time:re, timui:, ----\, _fear; be afraid_ (timid) + /verto:, vertere, verti:, versus\, _turn, change_ (convert); + /terga vertere\, _to turn the backs_, hence _to retreat_ + +_262._ We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the +following: + + Galba ad (or in) oppidum properat + Galba ab (de or ex) oppido properat + Galba in oppido habitat + +From these expressions we may deduce the following rules: + +_263._ RULE. Accusative of the Place to. _The /place to which\ is +expressed by /ad\ or /in\ with the accusative. This answers the question +Whither?_ + +_264._ RULE. Ablative of the Place from. _The /place from which\ is +expressed by /a:\ or /ab\, /de\, /e:\ or /ex\, with the separative +ablative. This answers the question Whence?_ (Cf. Rule, Sec. 179.) + +_265._ RULE. Ablative of the Place at or in. _The /place at or in +which\ is expressed by the ablative with /in\. This answers the question +Where?_ + + _a._ The ablative denoting the _place where_ is called the _locative + ablative_ (cf. /locus\, _place_). + +_266._ Exceptions. Names of towns, small islands,[1] /domus\, _home_, +/ru:s\, _country_, and a few other words in common use omit the +prepositions in expressions of place, as, + + Galba Athenas properat, _Galba hastens to Athens_ + Galba Athenis properat, _Galba hastens from Athens_ + Galba Athenis habitat, _Galba lives at_ (or _in_) _Athens_ + Galba domum properat, _Galba hastens home_ + Galba rus properat, _Galba hastens to the country_ + Galba domo properat, _Galba hastens from home_ + Galba rure properat, _Galba hastens from the country_ + Galba ruri (less commonly rure) habitat, + _Galba lives in the country_ + + _a._ Names of _countries_, like /Germania\, /Italia\, etc., do not + come under these exceptions. _With them prepositions must not be + omitted._ + + [Footnote 1: Small islands are classed with towns because they + generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as + the name of the island.] + +_267._ The Locative Case. We saw above that the place-relation +expressed by _at_ or _in_ is regularly covered by the locative ablative. +However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form +known as the _locative case_. This case has been everywhere merged in +the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second +declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the +genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small +islands, /domi:\, _at home_, and a few other words. + +_268._ RULE. Locative and Locative Ablative. _To express the /place in +which\ with names of towns and small islands, /if they are singular and +of the first or second declension\, use the locative; otherwise use the +locative ablative without a preposition; as_, + + Galba Romae habitat, _Galba lives at Rome_ + Galba Corinthi habitat, _Galba lives at Corinth_ + Galba domi habitat, _Galba lives at home_ + +Here /Romae\, /Corinthi\, and /domi\ are _locatives_, being _singular_ +and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in + + Galba Athenis habitat, _Galba lives at Athens_, + Galba Pompeiis habitat, _Galba lives at Pompeii_ + +/Athenis\ and /Pompeiis\ are locative ablatives. These words can have no +locative case, as the nominatives /Athenae\ and /Pompeii\ are_plural_ +and there is no plural locative case form. + +_269._ The word /domus\, _home, house_, has forms of both the second and +the fourth declension. Learn its declension (Sec. 468). + +_270._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293. + +I. 1. Corinthi omnia insignia auri a ducibus victoribus rapta erant. +2. Caesar Genavam exercitum magnis itineribus duxit. 3. Quem pontem +hostes cremaverant? Pontem in Rheno hostes cremaverant. 4. Pompeiis +multas Romanorum domos videre poteritis. 5. Roma consul equo veloci +rus properavit. 6. Domi consulis homines multi sedebant. 7. Imperator +iusserat legatum Athenas cum multis navibus longis navigare. 8. Ante +moenia urbis sunt ordines arborum altarum. 9. Propter arbores altas nec +lacum nec portum reperire potuimus. 10. Proeliis crebris Caesar legiones +suas quae erant in Gallia exercebat. 11. Cotidie in loco idoneo castra +ponebat et muniebat. + +II. 1. Caesar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome, +hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2] 2. He had heard a +rumor concerning the allies at Geneva. 3. After his arrival Caesar +called the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle. 4. The +enemy hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others +because[3] of wounds. 5. Recently I was at Athens and saw the place +where the judges used to sit.[4] 6. Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; +the one lives at Rome, the other in the country. + + [Footnote 2: Latin says "by a swift horse." What construction?] + + [Footnote 3: Distinguish between the English conjunction _because_ + (quia or quod) and the preposition _because of_ (propter).] + + [Footnote 4: _used to sit_, express by the imperfect.] + + [Illustration: DAEDALUS ET ICARUS] + +_271._ DAED'ALUS AND IC'ARUS + +Creta est insula antiqua quae aqua alta magni maris pulsatur. Ibi olim +Minos erat rex. Ad eum venit Daedalus qui ex Graecia patria fugiebat. +Eum Minos rex benignis verbis accepit et ei domicilium in Creta dedit. +[5]Quo in loco Daedalus sine cura vivebat et regi multa et clara opera +faciebat. Post tempus longum autem Daedalus patriam caram desiderare +incepit. Domum properare studebat, sed regi persuadere non potuit et +mare saevum fugam vetabat. + + [Footnote 5: _And in this place_; /quo\ does not here introduce a + subordinate relative clause, but establishes the connection with the + preceding sentence. Such a relative is called a _connecting + relative_, and is translated by _and_ and a demonstrative or + personal pronoun.] + + +LESSON XLVIII + +THE FIFTH OR E:-DECLENSION : THE ABLATIVE OF TIME + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /acie:s, -e:i:\, f., _line of battle_ + /aesta:s, aesta:tis\, f., _summer_ + /annus, -i:\, m., _year_ (annual) + /die:s, die:i:\, m., _day_ (diary) + /fide:s, fidei:\, no plur., f., _faith, trust; promise, word; + protection_; /in fidem veni:re\, _to come under the protection_ + /fluctus, -u:s\, m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate) + /hiems, hiemis\, f., _winter_ + /ho:ra, -ae\, f., _hour_ + /lu:x, lu:cis\, f., _light_ (lucid); /pri:ma lux\, _daybreak_ + /meri:die:s\, acc. -em, abl. -e:, no plur., m., _midday_ (meridian) + /nox, noctis (-ium)\, f., _night_ (nocturnal) + /pri:mus, -a, -um\, _first_ (prime) + /re:s, rei:\, f., _thing, matter_ (real); + /re:s gestae\, _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_); + /re:s adversae\, _adversity_; /re:s secundae\, _prosperity_ + /spe:s, spei:\, f., _hope_ + +_272._ Gender. Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except +/die:s\, _day_, and /meri:die:s\, _midday_, which are usually masculine. + +_273._ PARADIGMS + + [Transcriber's Note: + The "Stems" are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied + from the inflectional table in the Appendix.] + + die:s, re:s, f., + m., _day_ _thing_ + STEMS die:- re:- + BASES di- r- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. die:s re:s -e:s + Gen. die:i: rei: -e:i: _or_ -ei: + Dat. die:i: rei: -e:i: _or_ -ei: + Acc. diem rem -em + Abl. die: re: -e: + + PLURAL + Nom. die:s re:s -e:s + Gen. die:rum re:rum -e:rum + Dat. die:bus re:bus -e:bus + Acc. die:s re:s -e:s + Abl. die:bus re:bus -e:bus + + 1. The vowel /e\ which appears in every form is regularly long. It is + shortened in the ending -ei: after a consonant, as in /r-ei:\; and + before -m in the accusative singular, as in /di-em\. (Cf. Sec. 12.2.) + + 2. Only /die:s\ and /re:s\ are complete in the plural. Most other + nouns of this declension lack the plural. /Acie:s\, _line of battle_, + and /spe:s\, _hope_, have the nominative and accusative plural. + +_274._ The ablative relation (Sec. 50) which is expressed by the +prepositions _at, in_, or _on_ may refer not only to place, but also to +time, as _at noon, in summer, on the first day_. The ablative which is +used to express this relation is called the _ablative of time_. + +_275._ RULE. The Ablative of Time. _The time /when\ or /within which\ +anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition._ + + _a._ Occasionally the preposition /_in_\ is found. Compare the + English _Next day we started_ and _/On\ the next day we started_. + +_276._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294. + +I. _Galba the Farmer._ Galba agricola ruri vivit. Cotidie prima luce +laborare incipit, nec ante noctem in studio suo cessat. Meridie Iulia +filia eum ad cenam vocat. Nocte pedes defessos domum vertit. Aestate +filii agricolae auxilium patri dant. Hieme agricola eos in ludum mittit. +Ibi magister pueris multas fabulas de rebus gestis Caesaris narrat. +Aestate filii agricolae perpetuis laboribus exercentur nec grave agri +opus est iis molestum. Galba sine ulla cura vivit nec res adversas +timet. + +II. 1. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. 2. The cavalry of +the enemy made an attack upon Caesar's line of battle. 3. In the first +hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows. 4. On the second +day the savages were eager to come under Caesar's protection. 5. The +king had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory. 6. That year a +fire destroyed many birds and other animals. 7. We saw blood on the wild +beast's teeth. + +_277._ DAED'ALUS AND IC'ARUS (_Continued_) + +Tum Daedalus gravibus curis commotus filio suo Icaro ita dixit: "Animus +meus, Icare, est plenus tristitiae nec oculi lacrimis egent. Discedere +ex Creta, Athenas properare, maxime studeo; sed rex recusat audire verba +mea et omnem reditus spem eripit. Sed numquam rebus adversis vincar. +Terra et mare sunt inimica, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam." Tum in artis +ignotas animum dimittit et mirum capit consilium. Nam pennas in ordine +ponit et veras alas facit. + + +LESSON XLIX + +PRONOUNS CLASSIFIED : PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /ami:citia, -ae\, f., _friendship_ (amicable) + /itaque\, conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_ + /littera, -ae\, f., _a letter_ of the alphabet; + plur., _a letter, an epistle_ + /metus, metu:s\, m., _fear_ + /nihil, indeclinable\, n., _nothing_ (nihilist) + /nu:ntius, nu:nti:\, m., _messenger_. Cf. /nu:ntio:\ + /pa:x, pa:cis\, f., _peace_ (pacify) + /re:gnum, -i:\, n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_ + /supplicum, suppli'ci:\, n., _punishment_; + /supplicum su:mere de:\, with abl., _inflict punishment on_; + /supplicum dare\, _suffer punishment_. Cf. /poena\ + + /placeo:, place:re, placui:, placitus\, _be pleasing to, please_, + with dative. Cf. Sec. 154 + /su:mo:, su:mere, su:mpsi:, su:mptus\, _take up, assume_ + /sustineo:, sustine:re, sustinui:, sustentus\, _sustain_ + +_278._ We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They +are divided into the following eight classes: + + 1. /Personal pronouns\, which show the person speaking, spoken to, or + spoken of; as, /ego\, _I_; /tu\, _you_; /is\, _he_. (Cf. Sec. 279. + etc.) + + 2. /Possessive pronouns\, which denote possession; as, /meus\, /tuus\, + /suus\, etc. (Cf. Sec. 98.) + + 3. /Reflexive pronouns\, used in the predicate to refer back to the + subject; as, _he saw himself_. (Cf. Sec. 281.) + + 4. /Intensive pronouns\, used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; as, _I + myself saw it_. (Cf. Sec. 285.) + + 5. /Demonstrative pronouns\, which point out persons or things; as, + /is\, _this, that_. (Cf. Sec. 112.) + + 6. /Relative pronouns\, which connect a subordinate adjective clause + with an antecedent; as, /qui\, _who_. (Cf. Sec. 220.) + + 7. /Interrogative pronouns\, which ask a question; as, /quis\, _who?_ + (Cf. Sec. 225.) + + 8. /Indefinite pronouns\, which point out indefinitely; as, _some one, + any one, some, certain ones_, etc. (Cf. Sec. 296.) + +_279._ The demonstrative pronoun /is\, /ea\, /id\, as we learned in +Sec. 115, is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person +(_he_, _she_, _it_, _they_, etc.). + +_280._ The personal pronouns of the first person are /ego\, _I_; /no:s\, +_we_; of the second person, /tu:\, _thou_ or _you_; /vo:s\, _ye_ or +_you_. They are declined as follows: + + SINGULAR + FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON + Nom. ego, _I_ tu:, _you_ + Gen. mei:, _of me_ tui:, _of you_ + Dat. mihi, _to_ or _for me_ tibi, _to_ or _for you_ + Acc. me:, _me_ te:, _you_ + Abl. me:, _with, from_, etc., _me_ te:, _with, from_, etc., _you_ + + PLURAL + Nom. no:s, _we_ vo:s, _you_ + Gen. nostrum or nostri:, _of us_ vestrum or vestri:, _of you_ + Dat. no:bi:s, _to_ or _for us_ vo:bi:s, _to_ or _for you_ + Acc. no:s, _us_ vo:s, _you_ + Abl. no:bi:s, _with, from_, vo:bi:s, _with, from_, + etc., _us_ etc., _you_ + + 1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for + emphasis or contrast. + +_281._ The Reflexive Pronouns. 1. The personal pronouns /ego\ and /tu:\ +may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as, + + video me, _I see myself_ + videmus nos, _we see ourselves_ + vides te, _you see yourself_ + videtis vos, _you see yourselves_ + + 2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (_himself, herself, + itself, themselves_) has a special form, used only in these senses, + and declined alike in the singular and plural. + +SINGULAR AND PLURAL + Gen. sui: Acc. se: + Dat. sibi Abl. se: + + EXAMPLES + Puer se videt, _the boy sees himself_ + Puella se videt, _the girl sees herself_ + Animal se videt, _the animal sees itself_ + Ii se vident, _they see themselves_ + + _a._ The form /se:\ is sometimes doubled, /se:se:\, for emphasis. + + 3. Give the Latin for + + _I teach myself_ _We teach ourselves_ + _You teach yourself_ _You teach yourselves_ + _He teaches himself_ _They teach themselves_ + +_282._ The preposition /cum\, when used with the ablative of /ego\, +/tu:\, or /sui:\, is appended to the form, as, /me:cum\, _with me_; +/te:cum\, _with you_; /no:bi:scum\, _with us_; etc. + +_283._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294. + +I. 1. Mea mater est cara mihi et tua mater est cara tibi. 2. Vestrae +litterae erant gratae nobis et nostrae litterae erant gratae vobis. +3. Nuntius regis qui nobiscum est nihil respondebit. 4. Nuntii pacem +amicitiamque sibi et suis sociis postulaverunt. 5. Si tu arma sumes, +ego regnum occupabo. 6. Uter vestrum est civis Romanus? Neuter nostrum. +7. Eo tempore multi supplicium dederunt quia regnum petierant. 8. Sume +supplicium, Caesar, de hostibus patriae acribus. 9. Prima luce alii +metu commoti sese fugae mandaverunt; alii autem magna virtute impetum +exercitus nostri sustinuerunt. 10. Soror regis, ubi de adverso proelio +audivit, sese Pompeiis interfecit. + +II. 1. Whom do you teach? I teach myself. 2. The soldier wounded himself +with his sword. 3. The master praises us, but you he does not praise. +4. Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we shall not suffer +punishment. 5. Who will march (i.e. make a march) with me to Rome? +6. I will march with you to the gates of the city. 7. Who will show +us[1] the way? The gods will show you[1] the way. + + [Footnote 1: Not accusative.] + +DAED'ALUS AND IC'ARUS (_Concluded_) + +_284._ Puer Icarus una[2] stabat et mirum patris opus videbat. Postquam +manus ultima[3] alis imposita est, Daedalus eas temptavit et similis avi +in auras volavit. Tum alas umeris fili adligavit et docuit eum volare +et dixit, "Te veto, mi fili, adpropinquare aut soli aut mari. Si +fluctibus adpropinquaveris,[4] aqua alis tuis nocebit, et si soli +adpropinquaveris,[4] ignis eas cremabit." Tum pater et filius iter +difficile incipiunt. Alas movent et aurae sese committunt. Sed stultus +puer verbis patris non paret. Soli adpropinquat. Alae cremantur et +Icarus in mare decidit et vitam amittit. Daedalus autem sine ullo +periculo trans fluctus ad insulam Siciliam volavit. + + [Footnote 2: Adverb, see vocabulary.] + + [Footnote 3: /manus ultima\, _the finishing touch_. What literally?] + + [Footnote 4: Future perfect. Translate by the present.] + + +LESSON L + +THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN _IPSE_ AND THE DEMONSTRATIVE _IDEM_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /corpus, corporis\, n., _body_ (corporal) + /de:nsus, -a, -um\, _dense_ + /i:dem, e'adem, idem\, demonstrative pronoun, _the same_ (identity) + /ipse, ipsa, ipsum\, intensive pronoun, _self; even, very_ + /mi:rus, -a, -um\, _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle) + /o:lim\, adv., _formerly, once upon a time_ + /pars, partis (-ium)\, f., _part, region, direction_ + /quoque\, adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes + /so:l, so:lis\, m., _sun_ (solar) + /ve:rus, -a, -um\, _true, real_ (verity) + + /de:beo:, de:be:re, de:bui:, de:bitus\, _owe, ought_ (debt) + /e:ripio:, e:ripere, e:ripui:, e:reptus\, _snatch from_ + +_285._ /Ipse\ means _-self_ (_him-self, her-self_, etc.) or is +translated by _even_ or _very_. It is used to emphasize a noun or +pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an +adjective. + + _a._ /Ipse\ must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive + /sui\. The latter is always used as a pronoun, while /ipse\ is + regularly adjective. Compare + + Homo se videt, _the man sees himself_ (reflexive) + Homo ipse periculum videt, + _the man himself_ (intensive) _sees the danger_ + Homo ipsum periculum videt, + _the man sees the danger itself_ (intensive) + +_286._ Except for the one form /ipse\, the intensive pronoun is declined +exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. Secs. 108, 109). Learn +the declension (Sec. 481). + +_287._ The demonstrative /idem\, meaning _the same_, is a compound of +/is\. It is declined as follows: + + SINGULAR + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. i:dem e'adem idem + Gen. eius'dem eius'dem eius'dem + Dat. ei:'dem ei:'dem ei:'dem + Acc. eun'dem ean'dem idem + Abl. eo:'dem ea:'dem eo:'dem + + PLURAL + Nom. ii:'dem eae'dem e'adem + ei:'dem + Gen. eo:run'dem ea:run'dem eo:run'dem + Dat. ii:s'dem ii:s'dem ii:s'dem + ei:s'dem ei:s'dem ei:s'dem + Acc. eo:s'dem ea:s'dem e'adem + Abl. ii:s'dem ii:s'dem ii:s'dem + ei:s'dem ei:s'dem ei:s'dem + + _a._ From forms like /eundem\ (eum + -dem), /eo:rundem\ (eo:rum + + -dem), we learn the rule that /m\ before /d\ is changed to /n\. + + _b._ The forms /ii:dem\, /ii:sdem\ are often spelled and pronounced + with one /i:\. + +_288._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295. + +I. 1. Ego et tu[1] in eadem urbe vivimus. 2. Iter ipsum non timemus sed +feras saevas quae in silva densa esse dicuntur. 3. Olim nos ipsi idem +iter fecimus. 4. Eo tempore multas feras vidimus. 5. Sed nobis non +nocuerunt. 6. Caesar ipse scutum de manibus militis eripuit et in ipsam +aciem properavit. 7. Itaque milites summa virtute tela in hostium +corpora iecerunt. 8. Romani quoque gravia vulnera acceperunt. 9. Denique +hostes terga verterunt et ommis in partis[2] fugerunt. 10. Eadem hora +litterae Romam ab imperatore ipso missae sunt. 11. Eodem mense captivi +quoque in Italiam missi sunt. 12. Sed multi propter vulnera iter +difficile trans montis facere recusabant et Genavae esse dicebantur. + +II. 1. At Pompeii there is a wonderful mountain. 2. When I was in that +place, I myself saw that mountain. 3. On the same day many cities were +destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain. 4. You have not +heard the true story of that calamity, have you?[3] 5. On that day the +very sun could not give light to men. 6. You yourself ought to tell (to) +us that story. + + [Footnote 1: Observe that in Latin we say _I and you_, not _you + and I_.] + + [Footnote 2: Not _parts_, but _directions_.] + + [Footnote 3: Cf. Sec. 210.] + +_289._ HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE[4] + +Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rex Romanorum, ubi in exsilium +ab iratis Romanis eiectus est, a Porsena, rege Etruscorum, auxilium +petiit. Mox Porsena magnis cum copiis Romam venit, et ipsa urbs summo in +periculo erat. Omnibus in partibus exercitus Romanus victus erat. Iam +rex montem Ianiculum[5] occupaverat. Numquam antea Romani tanto metu +tenebantur. Ex agris in urbem properabant et summo studio urbem ipsam +muniebant. + + [Footnote 4: The story of Horatius has been made familiar by + Macaulay's well-known poem "Horatius" in his _Lays of Ancient Rome_. + Read the poem in connection with this selection.] + + [Footnote 5: The Janiculum is a high hill across the Tiber from + Rome.] + + +LESSON LI + +THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS _HIC_, _ISTE_, _ILLE_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /hic, haec, hoc\, demonstrative pronoun, _this_ (of mine); + _he, she, it_ + /ille, illa, illud\, demonstrative pronoun _that_ (yonder); + _he, she, it_ + /invi:sus, -a, -um\, _hateful, detested_, with dative Cf. Sec. 143 + /iste, ista, istud\, demonstrative pronoun, _that_ (of yours); + _he, she, it_ + /li:berta:s, -a:tis\, f., _liberty_ + /modus, -i:\, m., _measure; manner, way, mode_ + /no:men, no:minis\, n., _name_ (nominate) + /oculus, -i:\, m., _eye_ (oculist) + /pri:stinus, -a, -um\, _former, old-time_ (pristine) + /pu:blicus, -a, -um\, _public, belonging to the state;_ + /re:s pu:blica, rei: pu:blicae\, f., _the commonwealth, the state, + the republic_ + /vesti:gium, vesti:'gi:\, n., _footprint, track; trace, vestige_ + /vo:x, vo:cis\, f., _voice_ + +_290._ We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative +pronoun /is\ and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to +persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to +place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or +time, we must use /hic\, /iste\, or /ille\. These demonstratives, like +/is\, are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to +the speaker may be represented graphically thus: + + hic iste ille + SPEAKER ------------->-------------->---------------> + _this_, _he_; _that_, _he_; _that_, _he_ + (near); (remote); (more remote) + + _a._ In dialogue /hic\ refers to a person or thing near the speaker; + /iste\, to a person or thing near the person addressed; /ille\, to a + person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated + in the model sentences, Sec. 293, which should be carefully studied + and imitated. + +_291._ /Hic\ is declined as follows: + + SINGULAR + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. hic haec hoc + Gen. huius huius huius + Dat. huic huic huic + Acc. hunc hanc hoc + Abl. ho:c ha:c ho:c + + PLURAL + Nom. hi: hae haec + Gen. ho:rum ha:rum ho:rum + Dat. hi:s hi:s hi:s + Acc. ho:s ha:s haec + Abl. hi:s hi:s hi:s + + _a._ /Huius\ is pronounced _h[oo]'y[oo]s_, and /huic\ is pronounced + _h[oo]ic_ (one syllable). + +_292._ The demonstrative pronouns /iste\, /ista\, /istud\, and /ille\, +/illa\, /illud\, except for the nominative and accusative singular +neuter forms /istud\ and /illud\, are declined exactly like /ipse\, +/ipsa\, /ipsum\. (See Sec. 481.) + +_293._ MODEL SENTENCES + + _Is this horse_ (of mine) _strong?_ + Estne hic equus validus? + + _That horse_ (of yours) _is strong, but that one_ (yonder) _is weak_ + Iste equus est validus, sed ille est infirmus + + _Are these_ (men by me) _your friends?_ + Suntne hi amici tui? + + _Those_ (men by you) _are my friends, + but those_ (men yonder) _are enemies_ + Isti sunt amici mei, sed illi sunt inimici + +_294._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295. + +I. _A German Chieftain addresses his Followers._ Ille fortis Germanorum +dux suos convocavit et hoc modo animos eorum confirmavit. "Vos, qui in +his finibus vivitis, in hunc locum convocavi[1] quia mecum debetis istos +agros et istas domos ab iniuriis Romanorum liberare. Hoc nobis non +difficile erit, quod illi hostes has silvas densas, feras saevas quarum +vestigia vident, montes altos timent. Si fortes erimus, dei ipsi nobis +viam salutis demonstrabunt. Ille sol, isti oculi calamitates nostras +viderunt.[1] Itaque nomen illius rei publicae Romanae non solum nobis, +sed etiam omnibus hominibus qui libertatem amant, est invisum. Ad arma +vos voco. Exercete istam pristinam virtutem et vincetis." + + [Footnote 1: The perfect definite. (Cf. Sec. 190.)] + +II. 1. Does that bird (of yours)[2] sing? 2. This bird (of mine)[2] +sings both[3] in summer and in winter and has a beautiful voice. +3. Those birds (yonder)[2] in the country don't sing in winter. +4. Snatch a spear from the hands of that soldier (near you)[2] and come +home with me. 5. With those very eyes (of yours)[2] you will see the +tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and made an attack on +my brother. 6. For (propter) these deeds (res) we ought to inflict +punishment on him without delay. 7. The enemies of the republic do not +always suffer punishment. + + [Footnote 2: English words in parentheses are not to be translated. + They are inserted to show what demonstratives should be used. + (Cf. Sec. 290.)] + + [Footnote 3: _both ... and_, /et ... et\.] + + [Illustration: HORATIUS PONTEM DEFENDIT] + +_295._ HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Continued_) + +Altera urbis pars muris, altera flumine satis muniri videbatur. Sed erat +pons in flumine qui hostibus iter paene dedit. Tum Horatius Cocles, +fortis vir, magna voce dixit, "Rescindite pontem, Romani! Brevi tempore +Porsena in urbem copias suas traducet." Iam hostes in ponte erant, sed +Horatius cum duobus (cf. Sec. 479) comitibus ad extremam pontis partem +properavit, et hi soli aciem hostium sustinuerunt. Tum vero cives Romani +pontem a tergo rescindere incipiunt, et hostes frustra Horatium superare +temptant. + + +LESSON LII + +THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /incolumis, -e\, _unharmed_ + /ne: ... quidem\, adv., _not even_. The emphatic word stands between + /ne:\ and /quidem\ + /nisi\, conj., _unless, if ... not_ + /paene\, adv., _almost_ (pen-insula) + /satis\, adv., _enough, sufficiently_ (satisfaction) + /tantus, -a, -um\, _so great_ + /ve:ro:\, adv., _truly, indeed, in fact_. As a conj. _but, however_, + usually stands second, never first. + + /de:cido:, de:cidere, de:cidi:, ----\, _fall down_ (deciduous) + /de:silio:, de:sili:re, de:silui:, de:sultus\, _leap down, dismount_ + /maneo:, mane:re, ma:nsi:, ma:nsu:rus\, _remain_ + /tra:du:co:, tra:du:cere, tra:du:xi:, tra:ductus\, _lead across_ + +_296._ The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to _some person_ or +_some thing_, without indicating which particular one is meant. The +pronouns /quis\ and /qui\, which we have learned in their interrogative +and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all the other +indefinite pronouns are compounds of /quis\ or /qui\ and declined almost +like them. Review the declension of these words, Secs. 221, 227. + +_297._ Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites: + + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + quis quid, _some one, any one_ (substantive) + qui: qua or quae quod, _some, any_ (adjective), Sec. 483 + aliquis aliquid, _some one, any one_ + (substantive), Sec. 487 + aliqui: aliqua aliquod, _some, any_ (adjective), Sec. 487 + qui:dam quaedam quoddam, quiddam, _a certain, + a certain one_, Sec. 485 + quisquam quicquam or quidquam (no plural), _any one_ + (at all) (substantive), Sec. 486 + quisque quidque, _each one, every one_ + (substantive), Sec. 484 + quisque quaeque quodque, _each, every_ (adjective), Sec. 484 + + [Transcriber's Note: + In the original text, the combined forms (masculine/feminine) were + printed in the "masculine" column.] + +NOTE. The meanings of the neuters, _something_, etc., are easily +inferred from the masculine and feminine. + + _a._ In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites, + quis-forms and quid-forms are mostly used as substantives, + qui-forms and quod-forms as adjectives. + + _b._ The indefinites /quis\ and /qui\ never stand first in a clause, + and are rare excepting after /si\, /nisi\, /ne:\, /num\ (as, si + quis, _if any one_; si quid, _if anything_; nisi quis, _unless + some one_). Generally /aliquis\ and /aliqui\ are used instead. + + _c._ The forms /qua\ and /aliqua\ are both feminine nominative + singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives + /qui\ and /aliqui\ respectively. How do these differ from the + corresponding forms of the relative /qui\? + + _d._ Observe that /qui:dam\ (qui: + -dam) is declined like /qui:\, + except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural /m\ of + /qui:\ becomes /n\ (cf. Sec. 287.a): /quendam\, /quandam\, + /quorundam\, /quarundam\; also that the neuter has /quiddam\ + (substantive) and /quoddam\ (adjective) in the nominative and + accusative singular. /Qui:dam\ is the least indefinite of the + indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name the person or + thing referred to if you cared to do so. + + _e._ /Quisquam\ and /quisque\ (substantive) are declined like + /quis\. + + _f._ /Quisquam\, _any one_ (quicquam or quidquam, _anything_), + is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences. The + corresponding adjective _any_ is /u:llus, -a, -um\ (Sec. 108). + +_298._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295. + +I. 1. Aliquis de ponte in flumen decidit sed sine ullo periculo servatus +est. 2. Est vero in vita cuiusque hominis aliqua bona fortuna. 3. Ne +militum quidem[1] quisquam in castris mansit. 4. Si quem meae domi +vides, iube eum discedere. 5. Si quis pontem tenet, ne tantus quidem +exercitus capere urbem potest. 6. Urbs non satis munita erat et meridie +rex quidam paene copias suas trans pontem traduxerat. 7. Denique miles +quidam armatus in fluctus desiluit et incolumis ad alteram ripam oculos +vertit. 8. Quisque illi forti militi aliquid dare debet. 9. Tanta vero +virtus Romanus semper placuit. 10. Olim Corinthus erat urbs satis magna +et paene par Romae ipsi; nunc vero moenia deciderunt et pauca vestigia +urbis illius reperiri possunt. 11. Quisque libertatem amat, et aliquibus +vero nomen regis est invisum. + +II. 1. If you see a certain Cornelius at Corinth, send him to me. +2. Almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were unharmed. +3. Not even at Pompeii did I see so great a fire. 4. I myself was eager +to tell something to some one. 5. Each one was praising his own work. +6. Did you see some one in the country? I did not see any one. 7. Unless +some one will remain on the bridge with Horatius, the commonwealth will +be in the greatest danger. + + [Footnote 1: Observe that /qui:dam\ and /quidem\ are different + words.] + +_299._ HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Concluded_) + +Mox, ubi parva pars pontis mansit, Horatius iussit comites discedere et +solus mira constantia impetum illius totius exercitus sustinebat. +Denique magno fragore pons in flumen decidit. Tum vero Horatius tergum +vertit et armatus in aquas desiluit. In eum hostes multa tela iecerunt; +incolumis autem per fiuctus ad alteram ripam tranavit. Ei propter tantas +res gestas populus Romanus non solum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam +statuam Horati in loco publico posuit. + + * * * * * + + Sixth Review, Lessons XLV-LII, Secs. 521-523 + + * * * * * + +LESSON LIII + +REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /aquila, -ae\, f., _eagle_ (aquiline) + /auda:x\, gen. /auda:cis\, adj., _bold, audacious_ + /celer, celeris, celere\, _swift, quick_ (celerity). Cf. /ve:lo:x\ + /explo:rato:r, -o:ris\, m., _scout, spy_ (explorer) + /inge:ns\, gen. /ingentis\, adj., _huge, vast_ + /medius, -a., -um\, _middle, middle part of_ (medium) + /me:ns, mentis (-ium)\, f., _mind_ (mental). Cf. /animus\ + /opportu:nus, -a, -um\, _opportune_ + /quam\, adv., _than_. With the superlative /quam\ gives the force of + _as possible_, as /quam auda:cissimi: viri:\, _men as bold as + possible_ + /recens\, gen. /recentis\, adj., _recent_ + /tam\, adv., _so_. Always with an adjective or adverb, while /ita\ is + generally used with a verb + + /quaero:, quaerere, quaesi:vi:, quaesi:tus\, _ask, inquire, seek_ + (question). Cf. /peto:\ + +_300._ The quality denoted by an adjective may exist in either a higher +or a lower degree, and this is expressed by a form of inflection called +comparison. The mere presence of the quality is expressed by the +positive degree, its presence in a higher or lower degree by the +comparative, and in the highest or lowest of all by the superlative. In +English the usual way of comparing an adjective is by using the suffix +_-er_ for the comparative and _-est_ for the superlative; as, positive +_high_, comparative _higher_, superlative _highest_. Less frequently we +use the adverbs _more_ and _most_; as, positive _beautiful_, comparative +_more beautiful_, superlative _most beautiful._ + +In Latin, as in English, adjectives are compared by adding suffixes or +by using adverbs. + +_301._ Adjectives are compared by using suffixes as follows: + + POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + cla:rus, -a, -um cla:rior, cla:ri:us cla:rissimus, -a, -um + (_bright_) (_brighter_) (_brightest_) + (BASE cla:r-) + brevis, breve brevior, brevius brevissimus, -a, -um + (_short_) (_shorter_) (_shortest_) + (BASE brev-) + ve:lo:x ve:lo:cior, ve:lo:cius ve:lo:cissimus, -a, -um + (_swift_) (_swifter_) (_swiftest_) + (BASE veloc-) + + _a._ The comparative is formed from the base of the positive by + adding -ior masc. and fem., and -ius neut.; the superlative by + adding /-issimus, -issima, -issimum\. + +_302._ Less frequently adjectives are compared by using the adverbs +/magis\, _more_; /maxime:\, _most_; as, /ido:neus\, _suitable_; /magis +ido:neus\, _more suitable_; /maxime: ido:neus\, _most suitable._ + +_303._ Declension of the Comparative. Adjectives of the comparative +degree are declined as follows: + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. cla:rior cla:ri:us cla:ri:o:re:s cla:rio:ra + Gen. cla:rio:ris cla:rio:ris cla:rio:rum cla:rio:rum + Dat. cla:rio:ri: cla:rio:ri: cla:rio:ribus cla:rio:ribus + Acc. cla:rio:rem cla:rius cla:rio:re:s cla:rio:ra + Abl. cla:rio:re cla:rio:re cla:rio:ribus cla:rio:ribus + + _a._ Observe that the endings are those of the consonant stems of + the third declension. + + _b._ Compare /longus\, _long_; /fortis\, _brave_; /recens\ (base, + recent-), _recent_; and decline the comparative of each. + +_304._ Adjectives in -er form the comparative regularly, but the +superlative is formed by adding -rimus, -a, -um to the nominative +masculine of the positive; as, + + POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + a:cer, a:cris, a:cre a:crior, a:crius a:cerrimus, -a, -um + (BASE acr-) + pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus, + (BASE pulchr-) -a, -um + li:ber, li:bera, li:berum li:berior, li:berius li:berrimus, -a, -um + (BASE li:ber-) + + _a._ In a similar manner compare /miser\, /aeger\, /creber\. + +_305._ The comparative is often translated by _quite, too_, or +_somewhat_, and the superlative by _very_; as, /altior\, _quite_ (_too, +somewhat_) _high_; /altissimus\, _very high._ + +_306._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296. + +I. 1. Quid exploratores quaerebant? Exploratores tempus opportfuissimum +itineri quaerebant. 2. Media in silva ignis quam creberrimos fecimus, +quod feras tam audacis numquam antea videramus. 3. Antiquis temporibus +Germani erant fortiores quam Galli. 4. Caesar erat clarior quam +inimici[1] qui eum necaverunt. 5. Quisque scutum ingens et pilum longius +gerebat. 6. Apud barbaros Germani erant audacissimi et fortissimi. +7. Mens hominum est celerior quam corpus. 8. Viri aliquarum terrarum +sunt miserrimi. 9. Corpora Germanorum erant ingentiora quam Romanorum. +10. Acerrimi Gallorum principes sine ulla mora trans flumen quoddam +equos velocissimos traduxerunt. 11. Aestate dies sunt longiores quam +hieme. 12. Imperator quidam ab exploratoribus de recenti adventu navium +longarum quaesivit. + +II. 1. Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest. 2. Certain animals are +swifter than the swiftest horse. 3. The Roman name was most hateful to +the enemies of the commonwealth. 4. The Romans always inflicted the +severest[2] punishment on faithless allies. 5. I was quite ill, and so I +hastened from the city to the country. 6. Marcus had some friends dearer +than Caesar.[3] 7. Did you not seek a more recent report concerning the +battle? 8. Not even after a victory so opportune did he seek the +general's friendship. + + [Footnote 1: Why is this word used instead of /hostes\?] + + [Footnote 2: Use the superlative of /gravis\.] + + [Footnote 3: Accusative. In a comparison the noun after /quam\ is in + the same case as the one before it.] + +N.B. Beginning at this point, the selections for reading will be found +near the end of the volume. (See p. 197.) + + +LESSON LIV + +IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES +THE ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES WITHOUT _QUAM_ + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /alacer, alacris, alacre\, _eager, spirited, excited_ (alacrity) + /celerita:s, -a:tis\, f., _speed_ (celerity) + /cla:mor, cla:mo:ris\, m., _shout, clamor_ + /le:nis, le:ne\, _mild, gentle_ (lenient) + /mulier, muli'eris\, f., _woman_ + /multitu:do:, multitu:dinis\, f., _multitude_ + /ne:mo\, dat. /ne:mini:\, acc. /ne:minem\ (gen. /nu:lli:us\, abl. + /nu:llo:\, from /nu:llus\), no plur., m. and f., _no one_ + /no:bilis, no:bile\, _well known, noble_ + /noctu:\, adv. (an old abl.), _by night_ (nocturnal) + /statim\, adv., _immediately, at once_ + /subito:\, adv., _suddenly_ + /tardus, -a, -um\, _slow_ (tardy) + /cupio:, cupere, cupi:vi:, cupi:tus\, _desire, wish_ (cupidity) + +_307._ The following six adjectives in -lis form the comparative +regularly; but the superlative is formed by adding -limus to the base +of the positive. Learn the meanings and comparison. + + POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + facilis, -e, _easy_ facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um + difficilis, -e, _hard_ difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um + similis, -e, _like_ similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um + dissimilis, -e, _unlike_ dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um + gracilis, -e, _slender_ gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um + humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um + +_308._ From the knowledge gained in the preceding lesson we should +translate the sentence _Nothing is brighter than the sun_ + + Nihil est clarius quam sol + +But the Romans, especially in negative sentences, often expressed the +comparison in this way, + + Nihil est clarius sole + +which, literally translated, is _Nothing is brighter away from the sun_; +that is, _starting from the sun as a standard, nothing is brighter_. +This relation is expressed by the separative ablative /sole\. Hence the +rule + +_309._ RULE. Ablative with Comparatives. _The comparative degree, if +/quam\ is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative._ + +_310._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296. + +I. 1. Nemo milites alacriores Romanis vidit. 2. Statim imperator iussit +nuntios quam celerrimos litteras Romam portare. 3. Multa flumina sunt +leniora Rheno. 4. Apud Romanos quis erat clarior Caesare? 5. Nihil +pulchrius urbe Roma vidi. 6. Subito multitudo audacissima magno clamore +proelium acrius commisit. 7. Num est equus tuus tardus? Non vero tardus, +sed celerior aquila. 8. Ubi Romae fui, nemo erat mihi amicior Sexto. +9. Quaedam mulieres cibum militibus dare cupiverunt. 10. Rex vetuit +civis ex urbe noctu discedere. 11. Ille puer est gracilior hac +muliere. 12. Explorator duas (_two_) vias, alteram facilem, alteram +difficiliorem, demonstravit. + +II. 1. What city have you seen more beautiful than Rome? 2. The Gauls +were not more eager than the Germans. 3. The eagle is not slower than +the horse. 4. The spirited woman did not fear to make the journey by +night. 5. The mind of the multitude was quite gentle and friendly. +6. But the king's mind was very different. 7. The king was not like +(similar to) his noble father. 8. These hills are lower than the huge +mountains of our territory. + + [Illustration: ARMA ROMANA] + + +LESSON LV + +IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Continued_) + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /aedificium, aedifi'ci:\, n., _building, dwelling_ (edifice) + /imperium, impe'ri:\, n., _command, chief power; empire_ + /mors, mortis (-ium)\, f., _death_ (mortal) + /reliquus, -a, -um\, _remaining, rest of_. As a noun, m. and n. plur., + _the rest_ (relic) + /scelus, sceleris\, n., _crime_ + /servitu:s, -u:tis\, f., _slavery_ (servitude) + /valle:s, vallis (-ium)\, f., _valley_ + + /abdo:, abdere, abdidi:, abditus\, _hide_ + /contendo:, contendere, contendi:, contentus\, _strain, struggle; + hasten_ (contend) + /occi:do:, occi:dere, occi:di:, occi:sus\, _cut down, kill_. Cf. + /neco:\, /interficio:\ + /perterreo:, perterre:re, perterrui:, perterritus\, _terrify, + frighten_ + /recipio:, recipere, rece:pi:, receptus\, _receive, recover_; + /se: recipere\, _betake one's self, withdraw, retreat_ + /tra:do:, tra:dere, tra:didi:, tra:ditus\, _give over, surrender, + deliver_ (traitor) + +_311._ Some adjectives in English have irregular comparison, as _good, +better, best_; _many, more, most._ So Latin comparison presents some +irregularities. Among the adjectives that are compared irregularly are + + POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + bonus, -a, -um, _good_ melior, melius optimus, -a, -um + magnus, -a, -um, _great_ maior, maius maximus, -a, -um + malus, -a, -um, _bad_ peior, peius pessimus, -a, -um + multus, -a, -um, _much_ ----, plu:s plu:rimus, -a, -um + multi:, -ae, -a, _many_ plu:re:s, plu:ra plu:rimi:, -ae, -a + parvus, -a, -um, _small_ minor, minus minimus, -a, -um + +_312._ The following four adjectives have two superlatives. Unusual +forms are placed in parentheses. + + exterus, -a, -um, (exterior, -ius, { extre:mus, -a, -um } + _outward_ _outer_) {(extimus, -a, -um) } + _outermost, last_ + i:nferus, -a, -um, i:nferior, -ius, { i:nfimus, -a, -um } + _low_ _lower_ { i:mus, -a, -um } + _lowest_ + posterus, -a, -um, (posterior, -ius, { postre:mus, -a, -um } + _next_ _later_) {(postumus, -a, -um) } + _last_ + superus, -a, -um, superior, -ius { supre:mus, -a, -um } + _above_ _higher_ { summus, -a, -um } + _highest_ + +_313._ /Plu:s\, _more_ (plural _more, many, several_), is declined as +follows: + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. ---- plu:s plu:re:s plu:ra + Gen. ---- plu:ris plu:rium plu:rium + Dat. ---- ---- plu:ribus plu:ribus + Acc. ---- plu:s plu:ri:s, -e:s plu:ra + Abl. ---- plu:re plu:ribus plu:ribus + + _a._ In the singular /plu:s\ is used only as a neuter substantive. + +_314._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296. + +I. 1. Reliqui hostes, qui a dextro cornu proelium commiserant, de +superiore loco fugerunt et sese in silvam maximam receperunt. 2. In +extrema parte silvae castra hostium posita erant. 3. Plurimi captivi +ab equitibus ad Caesarem ducti sunt. 4. Caesar vero iussit eos in +servitutem tradi. 5. Postero die magna multitudo mulierum ab Romanis +in valle ima reperta est. 6. Hae mulieres maxime perterritae adventu +Caesaris sese occidere studebant. 7. Eae quoque pluris fabulas de +exercitus Romani sceleribus audiverant. 8. Fama illorum militum optima +non erat. 9. In barbarorum aedificiis maior copia frumenti reperta est. +10. Nemo crebris proeliis contendere sine aliquo periculo potest. + +II. 1. The remaining women fled from their dwellings and hid themselves. +2. They were terrified and did not wish to be captured and given over +into slavery. 3. Nothing can be worse than slavery. 4. Slavery is worse +than death. 5. In the Roman empire a great many were killed because they +refused to be slaves. 6. To surrender the fatherland is the worst crime. + + +LESSON LVI + +IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Concluded_) +ABLATIVE OF THE MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /aditus, -u:s\, m., _approach, access; entrance_ + /ci:vita:s, ci:vita:tis\, f., _citizenship; body of citizens, state_ + (city) + /inter\, prep, with acc., _between, among_ (interstate commerce) + /nam\, conj., _for_ + /obses, obsidis\, m. and f., _hostage_ + /paulo:\, adv. (abl. n. of /paulus\), _by a little, somewhat_ + + /incolo:, incolere, incolui:, --\, transitive, _inhabit_; + intransitive, _dwell_. Cf. /habito:\, /vi:vo:\ + /relinquo:, relinquere, reli:qui:, relictus\, _leave, abandon_ + (relinquish) + /statuo:, statuere, statui:, statu:tus\, _fix, decide_ (statute), + usually with infin. + +_315._ The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the +superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in parentheses. + + COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + citerior, _hither_ (citimus, _hithermost_) + interior, _inner_ (intimus, _inmost_) + prior, _former_ pri:mus, _first_ + propior, _nearer_ proximus, _next, nearest_ + ulterior, _further_ ultimus, _furthest_ + +_316._ In the sentence _Galba is a head taller than Sextus_, the phrase +_a head taller_ expresses the /measure of difference\ in height between +Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be _Galba is taller +than Sextus /by a head\_. This is clearly an ablative relation, and the +construction is called the /ablative of the measure of difference\. + +EXAMPLES + + Galba est altior capite quam Sextus + _Galba is a head taller_ (taller by a head) _than Sextus_. + Illud iter ad Italiam est multo brevius + _That route to Italy is much shorter_ (shorter by much) + +_317._ RULE. Ablative of the Measure of Difference. _With comparatives +and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure +of difference._ + + _a._ Especially common in this construction are the neuter ablatives + + eo:, _by this, by that_ nihilo:,[1] _by nothing_ + ho:c, _by this_ paulo:, _by a little_ + multo:, _by much_ + + [Footnote 1: /nihil\ was originally /nihilum\ and declined like + /pilum\. There is no plural.] + +_318._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297. + +I. 1. Barbari proelium committere statuerunt eo magis quod Romani +infirmi esse videbantur. 2. Meum consilium est multo melius quam tuum +quia multo facilius est. 3. Haec via est multo latior quam illa. +4. Barbari erant nihilo tardiores quam Romani. 5. Tuus equus est paulo +celerior quam meus. 6. Ii qui paulo fortiores erant prohibuerunt +reliquos aditum relinquere. 7. Inter illas civitates Germania milites +habet optimos. 8. Propior via quae per hanc vallem ducit est inter +portum et lacum. 9. Servi, qui agros citeriores incolebant, priores +dominos relinquere non cupiverunt, quod eos amabant. 10. Ultimae +Germaniae partes numquam in fidem Romanorum venerunt. 11. Nam trans +Rhenum aditus erat multo difficilior exercitui Romano. + +II. 1. Another way much more difficult (more difficult by much) was left +through hither Gaul. 2. In ancient times no state was stronger than the +Roman empire. 3. The states of further Gaul did not wish to give +hostages to Caesar. 4. Slavery is no better (better by nothing) than +death. 5. The best citizens are not loved by the worst. 6. The active +enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest forest, for they were +terrified by Caesar's recent victories. + + +LESSON LVII + +FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /aequus, -a, -um\, _even, level; equal_ + /cohors, cohortis (-ium)\, f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion, + about 360 men + /curro:, currere, cucurri:, cursus\, _run_ (course) + /difficulta:s, -a:tis\, f., _difficulty_ + /fossa, -ae\, f., _ditch_ (fosse) + /ge:ns, gentis (-ium)\, f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile) + /nego:tium, nego:ti:\, n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate) + /regio:, -o:nis\, f., _region, district_ + /ru:mor, ru:mo:ris\, m., _rumor, report_. Cf. /fa:ma\ + /simul atque\, conj., _as soon as_ + + /suscipio:, suscipere, susce:pi:, susceptus\, _undertake_ + /traho:, trahere, tra:xi:, tra:ctus\, _drag, draw_ (ex-tract) + /valeo:, vale:re, valui:, valitu:rus\, _be strong_; plu:rimum vale:re, + _to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus + +_319._ Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives, as in English +(e.g. adj. _sweet_, adv. _sweetly_). Like adjectives, they can be +compared; but they have no declension. + +_320._ Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second +declensions are formed and compared as follows: + + POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + _Adj._ ca:rus, _dear_ ca:rior ca:rissimus + _Adv._ ca:re:, _dearly_ ca:rius ca:rissime: + + _Adj._ pulcher, _beautiful_ pulchrior pulcherrimus + _Adv._ pulchre:, _beautifully_ pulchrius pulcherrime: + + _Adj._ li:ber, _free_ li:berior li:berrimus + _Adv._ li:bere:, _freely_ li:berius li:berrime: + + _a._ The positive of the adverb is formed by adding -e: to the base + of the positive of the adjective. The superlative of the adverb is + formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way. + + _b._ The comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative singular + of the comparative of the adjective. + +_321._ Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are +formed like those described above in the comparative and superlative. +The positive is usually formed by adding -iter to the base of +adjectives of three endings or of two endings, and -ter to the base of +those of one ending;[1] as, + + POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + _Adj._ fortis, _brave_ fortior fortissimus + _Adv._ fortiter, _bravely_ fortius fortissime: + + _Adj._ auda:x, _bold_ auda:cior auda:cissimus + _Adv._ auda:cter, _boldly_ auda:cius auda:cissime: + + [Footnote 1: This is a good working rule, though there are some + exceptions to it.] + +_322._ Case Forms as Adverbs. As we learned above, the neuter +accusative of comparatives is used adverbially. So in the positive or +superlative some adjectives, instead of following the usual formation, +use the accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially; as, + + _Adj._ facilis, _easy_ pri:mus, _first_ + _Adv._ facile (acc.), _easily_ pri:mum (acc.), _first_ + pri:mo: (abl.), _at first_ + _Adj._ multus, _many_ plu:rimus, _most_ + _Adv._ multum (acc.), _much_ plu:rimum (acc.), _most_ + multo: (abl.), _by much_ + +_323._ Learn the following irregular comparisons: + + bene, _well_ melius, _better_ optime:, _best_ + diu:, _long_ (time) diu:tius, _longer_ diu:tissime:, _longest_ + magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maxime:, _most_ + parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minime:, _least_ + prope, _nearly, near_ propius, _nearer_ proxime:, _nearest_ + saepe, _often_ saepius, _oftener_ saepissime:, _oftenest_ + +_324._ Form adverbs from the following adjectives, using the regular +rules, and compare them: /laetus\, /superbus\, /molestus\, /amicus\, +/acer\, /brevis\, /gravis\, /recens\. + +_325._ RULE. Adverbs. _Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other +adverbs._ + +_326._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297. + +I. 1. Nulla res melius gesta est quam proelium illud[2] ubi Marius +multo minore exercitu multo maiores copias Germanorum in fugam dedit. +2. Audacter in Romanorum cohortis hostes impetus fecerunt 3. Marius +autem omnes hos fortissime sustinuit. 4. Barbari nihilo fortiores erant +quam Romani. 5. Primo barbari esse superiores videbantur, tum Romani +acrius contenderunt. 6. Denique, ubi iam diutissime paene aequo proelio +pugnatum est, barbari fugam petierunt. 7. Quaedam Germanorum gentes, +simul atque rumorem illius calamitatis audiverunt, sese in ultimis +regionibus finium suorum abdiderunt. 8. Romani saepius quam hostes +vicerunt, quod meliora arma habebant. 9. Inter omnis gentis Romani +plurimum valebant. 10. Hae cohortes simul atque in aequiorem regionem +se receperunt, castra sine ulla difficultate posuerunt. + +II. 1. Some nations are easily overcome by their enemies. 2. Germany is +much larger than Gaul. 3. Were not the Romans the most powerful among +the tribes of Italy? 4. On account of (his) wounds the soldier dragged +his body from the ditch with the greatest difficulty. 5. He was able +neither to run nor to fight. 6. Who saved him? A certain horseman boldly +undertook the matter. 7. The rumors concerning the soldier's death were +not true. + + [Footnote 2: /ille\ standing after its noun means _that well-known, + that famous_.] + + +LESSON LVIII + +NUMERALS : THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /commea:tus, -u:s\, m.. _provisions_ + /la:titu:do:, -inis\, f., _width_ (latitude) + /longitu:do:, -inis\, f., _length_ (longitude) + /magnitu:do:, -inis\, f., _size, magnitude_ + /merca:tor, merca:to:ris\, m., _trader, merchant_ + /mu:ni:tio:, -o:nis\, f., _fortification_ (munition) + /spatium, spati:\, n., _room, space, distance; time_ + + /cogno:sco:, cogno:scere, cogno:vi:, cognitus\, _learn_; + in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize) + /co:go:, co:gere, coe:gi:, coa:ctus\, _collect; compel_ (cogent) + /de:fendo:, de:fendere, de:fendi:, de:fe:nsus\, _defend_ + /incendo:, incendere, incendi:, ince:nsus\, _set fire to, burn_ + (incendiary). Cf. /cremo:\ + /obtineo:, obtine:re, obtinui:, obtentus\, _possess, occupy, hold_ + (obtain) + /pervenio:, perveni:re, perve:ni:, perventus\, _come through, arrive_ + +_327._ The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows: + + 1. /Cardinal Numerals\, answering the question _how many?_ as, + /u:nus\, _one_; /duo\, _two_; etc. + + 2. /Ordinal Numerals\, derived in most cases from the cardinals and + answering the question _in what order?_ as, /pri:mus\, _first_; + /secundus\, _second_; etc. + + 3. /Distributive Numerals\, answering the question _how many at a + time?_ as, /singuli:\, _one at a time_. + +_328._ The Cardinal Numerals. The first twenty of the cardinals are as +follows: + + 1, u:nus 6, sex 11, u:ndecim 16, se:decim + 2, duo 7, septem 12, duodecim 17, septendecim + 3, tre:s 8, octo: 13, tredecim 18, duode:vi:ginti: + 4, quattuor 9, novem 14, quattuordecim 19, u:nde:vi:ginti: + 5, qui:nque 10, decem 15, qui:ndecim 20, vi:ginti: + + _a._ Learn also /centum\ = 100, /ducenti:\ = 200, /mi:lle\ = 1000. + +_329._ Declension of the Cardinals. Of the cardinals only /u:nus\, +/duo\, /tre:s\, the hundreds above one hundred, and /mi:lle\ used as a +noun, are declinable. + + _a._ /u:nus\ is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is + declined like /nu:llus\ (cf. Secs. 109, 470). The plural of /u:nus\ + is used to agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, /u:na + castra\, _one camp_; and with other nouns in the sense of _only_, + as, /Galli u:ni\, _only the Gauls_. + + _b._ Learn the declension of /duo\, _two_; /tre:s\, _three_; and + /mi:lle\, _a thousand_. (Sec. 479.) + + _c._ The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of + /bonus\; as, + + ducenti:, -ae, -a + ducento:rum, -a:rum, -o:rum + etc. etc. etc. + +_330._ We have already become familiar with sentences like the +following: + + Omnium avium aquila est velocissima + _Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest_ + Hoc oraculum erat omnium clarissimum + _This oracle was the most famous of all_ + +In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it +modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the +whole of which a part is taken, is called a /partitive genitive\. + +_331._ RULE. Partitive Genitive. _Words denoting a part are often used +with the genitive of the whole, known as the /partitive genitive\._ + + _a._ Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and + other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting /mille\ regularly + take the ablative with /ex\ or /de\ instead of the partitive + genitive. + + _b._ /Mille\, _a thousand_, in the singular is usually an + indeclinable adjective (as, /mille milites\, _a thousand soldiers_), + but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive + genitive (as, /decem milia militum\, _ten thousand soldiers_). + +EXAMPLES: + + Fortissimi horum sunt Germani + _The bravest of these are the Germans_ + Decem milia hostium interfecta sunt + _Ten thousand_ (lit. _thousands_) _of the enemy were slain_ + Una ex captivis erat soror regis + _One of the captives was the king's sister_ + +_332._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297. + +I. 1. Caesar maximam partem aedificiorum incendit. 2. Magna pars +munitionis aqua fluminis deleta est. 3. Galli huius regionis quinque +milia hominum coegerant. 4. Duo ex meis fratribus eundem rumorem +audiverunt. 5. Quis Romanorum erat clarior Caesare? 6. Quinque cohortes +ex illa legione castra quam fortissime defendebant. 7. Hic locus aberat +aequo spatio[1] ab castris Caesaris et castris Germanorum. 8. Caesar +simul atque pervenit, plus commeatus ab sociis postulavit. 9. Nonne +mercatores magnitudinem insulae cognoverant? Longitudinem sed non +latitudinem cognoverant. 10. Pauci hostium obtinebant collem quem +exploratores nostri viderunt. + +II. 1. I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome. 2. Caesar +stormed that very town with three legions. 3. In one hour he destroyed a +great part of the fortification. 4. When the enemy could no longer[2] +defend the gates, they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.[3] +5. There three thousand of them bravely resisted the Romans.[4] + + [Footnote 1: Ablative of the measure of difference.] + + [Footnote 2: Not /longius\. Why?] + + [Footnote 3: Latin, _was distant by a small space._] + + [Footnote 4: Not the accusative.] + + +LESSON LIX + +NUMERALS (_Continued_) : THE ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /agmen, agminis\, n., _line of march, column_; + /pri:mum agmen\, _the van_; + /novissimum agmen\, _the rear_ + /atque\, /ac\, conj., _and_; /atque\ is used before vowels and + consonants, /ac\ before consonants only. Cf. /et\ and /-que\ + /concilium, conci'li:\, n., _council, assembly_ + /Helve:tii:, -o:rum\, m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe + /passus, passu:s\, m., _a pace_, five Roman feet; + /mi:lle passuum\, _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile + /qua: de: causa:\, _for this reason, for what reason_ + /va:llum, -i:\, n., _earth-works, rampart_ + + /cado:, cadere, cecidi:, ca:su:rus\, _fall_ (decadence) + /de:do:, de:dere, de:didi:, de:ditus\, _surrender, give up_; + with a reflexive pronoun, _surrender one's self, submit_, with the + dative of the indirect object + /premo:, premere, pressi:, pressus\, _press hard, harass_ + /vexo:, vexa:re, vexa:vi:, vexa:tus\, _annoy, ravage_ (vex) + +_333._ Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (Sec. 478). The +ordinals are all declined like /bonus\. + +_334._ The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of +/bonus\. The first three are + + singuli:, -ae, -a, _one each, one by one_ + bi:ni:, -ae, -a, _two each, two by two_ + terni:, -ae, -a, _three each, three by three_ + +_335._ We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative +is used to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have +had such expressions as /per plurimos annos\, _for a great many years_; +/per totum diem\, _for a whole day_. Here the space relation is one of +_extent of time_. We could also say /per decem pedes\, _for ten feet_, +where the space relation is one of _extent of space_. While this is +correct Latin, the usual form is to use the accusative with no +preposition, as, + + Vir totum diem cucurrit, _the man ran for a whole day_ + Caesar murum decem pedes movit, _Caesar moved the wall ten feet_ + +_336._ RULE. Accusative of Extent. _Duration of time and extent of +space are expressed by the accusative._ + + _a._ This accusative answers the questions _how long? how far?_ + + _b._ Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time _how long_ + and the ablative of time _when_, or _within which._ + +Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in +the following: + +When did the general arrive? He arrived at two o'clock. How long had +he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched +sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the +river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp +is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the +king's death. + +_337._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298. + +I. _Caesar in Gaul_. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem annos gessit. Primo +anno Helvetios vicit, et eodem anno multae Germanorum gentes ei sese +dediderunt. Multos iam annos Germani Gallos vexabant[1] et duces Germani +copias suas trans Rhenum saepe traducebant.[1] Non singuli veniebant, +sed multa milia hominum in Galliam contendebant. Qua de causa principes +Galliae concilium convocaverunt atque statuerunt legates ad Caesarem +mittere. Caesar, simul atque hunc rumorem audivit, copias suas sine mora +coegit. Prima luce fortiter cum Germanis proelium commisit. Totum diem +acriter pugnatum est. Caesar ipse a dextro cornu acicm duxit. Magna pars +exercitus Germani cecidit. Post magnam caedem pauci multa milia passuum +ad flumen fugerunt. + +II. 1. Caesar pitched camp two miles from the river. 2. He fortified the +camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high. 3. The +camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a great space). +4. On the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours. 5. Suddenly the +enemy with all their forces made an attack upon (/in\ _with acc._) the +rear. 6. For two hours the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians. +7. In three hours the barbarians were fleeing. + + [Footnote 1: Translate as if pluperfect.] + + +LESSON LX + +DEPONENT VERBS + + [Special Vocabulary] + + /aut\, conj., _or_; /aut ... aut\, _either ... or_ + /causa:\, abl. of /causa\, _for the sake of, because of_. Always + stands _after_ the gen. which modifies it + /fere:\, adv., _nearly, almost_ + /opi:nio:, -o:nis\, f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_ + /re:s fru:menta:ria, rei: fru:menta:riae\, f. (lit. _the grain + affair_), _grain supply_ + /timor, -o:ris\, m., _fear_. Cf. /timeo:\ + /undique\, adv., _from all sides_ + + /co:nor, co:na:ri:, co:na:tus sum\, _attempt, try_ + /e:gredior, e:gredi:, e:gressus sum\, _move out, disembark_; + /pro:gredior\, _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress) + /moror, mora:ri:, mora:tus sum\, _delay_ + /orior, oriri:, ortus sum\, _arise, spring; begin; be born_ (_from_) + (origin) + /profici:scor, profici:sci:, profectus sum\, _set out_ + /revertor, reverti:, reversus sum\, _return_ (revert). The forms of + this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect + system. Perf. act., /reverti:\ + /sequor, sequi:, secu:tus sum\, _follow_ (sequence). Note the + following compounds of /sequor\ and the force of the different + prefixes: + /co:nsequor\ (_follow with_), _overtake_; + /i:nsequor\ (_follow against_), _pursue_; + /subsequor\ (_follow under_), _follow close after_ + +_338._ A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, +/hortor\, _I encourage_; /vereor\, _I fear_. Such verbs are called +/deponent\ because they have laid aside (/de-ponere\, _to lay aside_) +the active forms. + + _a._ Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs + have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms + which will be noted later. (SecSecs. 375, 403.b.) + +_339._ The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, +as, + + Conj. I hortor, hortari:, hortatus sum, _encourage_ + Conj. II vereor, vere:ri:, veritus sum, _fear_ + Conj. III (_a_) sequor, sequi:, secu:tus sum, _follow_ + (_b_) patior, pati:, passus sum, _suffer, allow_ + Conj. IV partior, parti:ri:, parti:tus sum, _share, divide_ + +Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See Sec. 493.) /Patior\ is +conjugated like the passive of /capio\ (Sec. 492). + +_340._ PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE + +The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are + + ante, _before_ + apud, _among_ + circum, _around_ + contra:, _against, contrary to_ + extra:, _outside of_ + in, _into, in, against, upon_ + inter, _between, among_ + intra:, _within_ + ob, _on account of_ (quam ob rem, _wherefore, therefore_) + per, _through, by means of_ + post, _after, behind_ + propter, _on account of, because of_ + tra:ns, _across, over_ + + _a._ Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and + learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the + ablative, Sec. 209. + +_341._ EXERCISES + +First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298. + +I. 1. Tres ex legatis, contra Caesaris opinionem, iter facere per +hostium finis verebantur. 2. Quis eos hortatus est? Imperator eos +hortatus est et iis persuadere conatus est, sed non potuit. 3. Quid +legatos perterruit? Aut timor hostium, qui undique premebant, aut +longitudo viae eos perterruit. 4. Tamen omnes fere Caesarem multo magis +quam hostis veriti sunt. 5. Fortissimae gentes Galliae ex Germanis +oriebantur. 6. Quam ob rem tam fortes erant? Quia nec vinum nec +alia quae virtutem delent ad se portari patiebantur. 7. Caesar ex +mercatoribus de insula Britannia quaesivit, sed nihil cognoscere potuit. +8. Itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere, et media fere aestate cum +multis navibus longis profectus est. 9. Magna celeritate iter confecit +et in opportunissimo loco egressus est. 10. Barbari summis viribus eum +ab insula prohibere conati sunt. 11. Ille autem barbaros multa milia +passuum insecutus est; tamen sine equitatu eos consequi non potuit. + +II. 1. Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry +followed close after them. 2. From all parts of the multitude the shouts +arose of those who were being wounded. 3. Caesar did not allow the +cavalry to pursue too far.[1] 4. The cavalry set out at the first hour +and was returning[2] to camp at the fourth hour. 5. Around the Roman +camp was a rampart twelve feet high. 6. Caesar will delay three days +because of the grain supply. 7. Nearly all the lieutenants feared the +enemy and attempted to delay the march. + + [Footnote 1: Comparative of /longe\.] + + [Footnote 2: Will this be a deponent or an active form?] + + * * * * * + + Seventh Review, Lessons LIII-LX, Secs. 524-526 + + * * * * * + + [Illustration] + + + + +PART III + +CONSTRUCTIONS + + +INTRODUCTORY NOTE + +The preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms +and vocabulary. There remain still to be learned the forms of the +Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb, +and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs. These will be taken +up in connection with the study of constructions, which will be the +chief subject of our future work. The special vocabularies of the +preceding lessons contain, exclusive of proper names, about six hundred +words. As these are among the commonest words in the language, _they +must be mastered_. They properly form the basis of the study of words, +and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the remaining +lessons. + +For practice in reading and to illustrate the constructions presented, a +continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this point (see p. +204). It has been divided into chapters of convenient length to +accompany progress through the lessons, but may be read with equal +profit after the lessons are finished. The story gives an account of the +life and adventures of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman boy, who +fought in Caesar's campaigns and shared in his triumph. The colored +plates illustrating the story are faithful representations of ancient +life and are deserving of careful study. + + +LESSON LXI + +THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD + +_342._ In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods, +which you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive. +The tenses of the subjunctive are + + PRESENT } + IMPERFECT } ACTIVE AND PASSIVE + PERFECT } + PLUPERFECT } + +_343._ The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the +corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, _each of them +may refer to future time_. No meanings of the tenses will be given in +the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction used. + +_344._ The present subjunctive is inflected as follows: + + CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV + ACTIVE VOICE + SINGULAR + 1. a'mem mo'neam re'gam ca'piam au'diam + 2. a'me:s mo'nea:s re'ga:s ca'pia:s au'dia:s + 3. a'met mo'neat re'gat ca'piat au'diat + + PLURAL + 1. ame:'mus monea:'mus rega:'mus capia:'mus audia:'mus + 2. ame:'tis monea:'tis rega:'tis capia:'tis audia:'tis + 3. a'ment mo'neant re'gant ca'piant au'diant + + PASSIVE VOICE + SINGULAR + 1. a'mer mo'near re'gar ca'piar au'diar + 2. ame:'ris monea:'ris rega:'ris capia:'ris audia:'ris + (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) + 3. ame:'tur monea:'tur rega:'tur capia:'tur audia:'tur + + PLURAL + 1. ame:'mur monea:'mur rega:'mur capia:'mur audia:'mur + 2. ame:'mini: monea:'mini: rega:'mini: capia:'mini: audia:'mini: + 3. amen'tur monean'tur regan'tur capian'tur audian'tur + + _a._ The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem. + + _b._ The mood sign of the present subjunctive is -e:- in the first + conjugation and -a:- in the others. It is shortened in the usual + places (cf. Sec. 12), and takes the place of the final vowel of the + stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and + fourth. + + _c._ The personal endings are the same as in the indicative. + + _d._ In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of /curo\, + /iubeo\, /sumo\, /iacio\, /munio\. + +_345._ The present subjunctive of the irregular verb /sum\ is inflected +as follows: + + { 1. sim { 1. si:mus + SING. { 2. si:s PLURAL { 2. si:tis + { 3. sit { 3. sint + +_346._ The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared. + + 1. The two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and + the subjunctive. The indicative deals with facts either real or + assumed. If, then, we wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire + after a fact, we use the indicative. + + 2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a _desire_ or _wish_, a + _purpose_, a _possibility_, an _expectation_, or some such notion, we + must use the subjunctive. The following sentences illustrate the + difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas. + + INDICATIVE IDEAS SUBJUNCTIVE IDEAS + + 1. _He is brave_ 1. _May he be brave_ + Fortis est Fortis sit (idea of wishing) + 2. _We set out at once_ 2. _Let us set out at once_ + Statim proficiscimur Statim proficiscamur + (idea of willing) + 3. _You hear him every day_ 3. _You can hear him every day_ + Cotidie eum audis Cotidie eum audias + (idea of possibility) + 4. _He remained until the ship_ 4. _He waited until the ship_ + _arrived_ _should arrive_ + Mansit dum navis pervenit Exspectavit dum navis + perveniret[1] + (idea of expectation) + 5. _Caesar sends men who find the_ 5. _Caesar sends men_ + _bridge_ _who are to find_ + (or _to find_) _the bridge_ + Caesar mittit homines qui Caesar homines mittit qui + pontem reperiunt pontem reperiant + (idea of purpose) + + [Footnote 1: /perveniret\, imperfect subjunctive.] + +NOTE. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be +used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more +common in the latter than in the former. + +_347._ EXERCISE + +Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and +which in the subjunctive in a Latin translation? + +There have been times in the history of our country when you might be +proud of being an American citizen. Do you remember the day when Dewey +sailed into Manila Bay to capture or destroy the enemy's fleet? You +might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his +orders. He did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the +harbor's mouth, but sailed in at once. Let us not despair of our country +while such valor exists, and may the future add new glories to the past. + + +LESSON LXII + +THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE + +_348._ Observe the sentence + + Caesar homines mittit qui pontem reperiant, + _Caesar sends men to find the bridge_ + +The verb /reperiant\ in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive +because it tells us what Caesar wants the men to do; in other words, it +expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the +subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose. + +_349._ RULE. Subjunctive of Purpose. _The subjunctive is used in a +dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal +clause._ + +_350._ A clause of purpose is introduced as follows: + +I. If something is wanted, by + + /qui:\, the relative pronoun (as above) + /ut\, conj., _in order that, that_ + /quo:\ (abl. of /qui:\, _by which_), _in order that, that_, used when + the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative /quo:\ + expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. Sec. 317.) + +II. If something is not wanted, by + + /ne:\, conj., _in order that not, that not, lest_ + +_351._ EXAMPLES + + 1. Caesar copias cogit quibus hostis insequatur + _Caesar collects troops with which to pursue the foe_ + + 2. Pacem petunt ut domum revertantur + _They ask for peace in order that they may return home_ + + 3. Pontem faciunt quo facilius oppidum capiant + _They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily_ + (lit. _by which the more easily_) + + 4. Fugiunt ne vulnerentur + _They flee that they may not_ (or _lest they_) _be wounded_ + +_352._ Expression of Purpose in English. In English, purpose clauses +are sometimes introduced by _that_ or _in order that_, but much more +frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as _We eat +to live_, _She stoops to conquer_. In Latin prose, on the other hand, +/purpose is never expressed by the infinitive\. Be on your guard and do +not let the English idiom betray you into this error. + +_353._ EXERCISES + +I. + 1. Veniunt ut { ducant, mittant, videant, audiant, + { ducantur, mittantur, videantur, audiantur. + 2. Fugimus ne: { capiamur, tradamur, videamus, + { necemur, rapiamur, resistamus. + 3. Mittit nuntios qui { dicant, audiant, veniant, + { narrent, audiantur, in concilio sedeant. + 4. Castra muniunt { sese defendant, impetum sustineant, + quo: facilius { hostis vincant, salutem petant. + +II. 1. The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek[1] peace. 2. They are +setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a longer march +before night. 3. They will hide the women in the forest (_acc. with_ +/in\) that they may not be captured. 4. The Gauls wage many wars to +free[1] their fatherland from slavery. 5. They will resist the Romans[2] +bravely lest they be destroyed. + + [Footnote 1: Not infinitive.] + + [Footnote 2: Not accusative.] + + +LESSON LXIII + +INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES + +_354._ The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal +endings to the present active infinitive. + + CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV + ACTIVE +1. ama:'rem mone:'rem re'gerem ca'perem audi:'rem +2. ama:'re:s mone:'re:s re'gere:s ca'pere:s audi:'re:s +3. ama:'ret mone:'ret re'geret ca'peret audi:'ret + +1. ama:re:'mus mone:re:'mus regere:'mus capere:'mus audi:re:'mus +2. ama:re:'tis mone:re:'tis regere:'tis capere:'tis audi:re:'tis +3. ama:'rent mone:'rent re'gerent ca'perent audi:'rent + + PASSIVE +1. ama:'rer mone:'rer re'gerer ca'perer audi:'rer +2. ama:re:'ris mone:re:'ris regere:'ris capere:'ris audi:re:'ris + (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) +3. ama:re:'tur mone:re:'tur regere:'tur capere:'tur audi:re:'tur + +1. ama:re:'mur mone:re:'mur regere:'mur capere:'mur --re:'mur +2. ama:re:'mini: mone:re:'mini: regere:'mini: capere:'mini: --re'mini: +3. ama:ren'tur mone:ren'tur regeren'tur caperen'tur --ren'tur + + _a._ In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and + passive, of /curo\, /iubeo\, /sumo\, /iacio\, /munio\. + +_355._ The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb /sum\ is +inflected as follows: + + { 1. es'sem { 1. esse:'mus + SING. { 2. es'se:s PLURAL { 2. esse:'tis + { 3. es'set { 3. es'sent + +_356._ The three great distinctions of time are _present_, _past_, and +_future_. All tenses referring to present or future time are called +/primary tenses\, and those referring to past time are called /secondary +tenses\. Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex +sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as +the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence _He /says\ that he +/is\ coming_, the principal verb, _says_, is present, that is, is in a +primary tense; and _is coming_, in the dependent clause, is naturally +also primary. If I change _he says_ to _he said_,--in other words, if I +make the principal verb secondary in character,--I feel it natural to +change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, _He /said\ that +he /was\ coming_. This following of a tense by another of the same kind +is called _tense sequence_, from _sequi:_, "to follow." + +In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable +regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is +followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense +of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and +a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of +the subjunctive. Learn the following table: + +_357._ TABLE FOR SEQUENCE OF TENSES + ++-----+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+ +| | PRINCIPAL VERB | DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE | +| P | IN THE +---------------------+---------------------+ +| R | INDICATIVE | _Incomplete or_ | _Completed Action_ | +| I | | _Continuing Action_ | | +| M +-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ +| A | Present | | | +| R | Future | Present | Perfect | +| T | Future perfect | | | ++-----+-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ +| S D | | | | +| E A | Imperfect | | | +| C R | Perfect | Imperfect | Pluperfect | +| O Y | Pluperfect | | | +| N- | | | | ++-----+-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ + +_358._ RULE. Sequence of Tenses. _Primary tenses are followed by +primary tenses and secondary by secondary._ + +_359._ EXAMPLES + +I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses: + + Mittit } + Mittet } homines ut agros vastent + Miserit } + + { _sends_ } { _that they may_ } + _He_ { _will send_ } _men_ { _in order to_ } + { _will have sent_ } { _to lay waste the fields_ } + +II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses: + + Mittebat} + Misit } homines ut agros vastarent + Miserat } + + { _was sending_ } { _that they might_ } + _He_ { _sent or has sent_ } _men_ { _in order to_ } + { _had sent_ } { _to lay waste the fields_ } + +_360._ EXERCISES + +I. + 1. Venerant ut {ducerent, mitterent, viderent, audirent, + {ducerentur, mitterentur, viderentur, audirentur + + 2. Fugiebat ne {caperetur, traderetur, videretur, + {necaretur, raperetur, resisteret. + + 3. Misit nuntios qui {dicerent, audirent, venirent + {narrarent, audirentur, in concilio sederent. + + 4. Castra muniverunt {sese defenderent, impetum sustinerent, + quo facilius {hostis vincerent, salutem peterent. + +II. 1. Caesar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight +more bravely. 2. The Helvetii left their homes to wage war. 3. The +scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the Germans. +4. Caesar inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be +more terrified. 5. He sent messengers to Rome to announce the victory. + + +LESSON LXIV + +THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE + +_361._ The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected +as follows: + + CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV + PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE + SINGULAR +1. ama:'verim monu'erim re:'xerim ce:'perim audi:'verim +2. ama:'veris monu'eris re:'xeris ce:'peris audi:'veris +3. ama:'verit monu'erit re:'xerit ce:'perit audi:'verit + + PLURAL +1. ama:ve'rimus monue'rimus re:xe'rimus ce:pe'rimus audi:ve'rimus +2. ama:ve'ritis monue'ritis re:xe'ritis ce:pe'ritis audi:ve'ritis +3. ama:'verint monu'erint re:'xerint ce:'perint audi:'verint + + PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE + SINGULAR +1. ama:vis'sem monuis'sem re:xis'sem ce:pis'sem audi:vis'sem +2. ama:vis'se:s monuis'se:s re:xis'se:s ce:pis'se:s audi:vis'se:m +3. ama:vis'set monuis'set re:xis'set ce:pis'set audi:vis'set + + PLURAL +1. ama:visse:'mus --isse:'mus --isse:'mus --isse:'mus --isse:'mus +2. ama:visse:'tis --isse:'tis --isse:'tis --isse:'tis --isse:'tis +3. ama:vis'sent --is'sent --is'sent --is'sent --is'sent + + _a._ Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in + the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem. + + _b._ Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future + perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular + ends in -m and not in -o:. + + _c._ Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by + adding /-issem, -isse:s\, etc. to the perfect stem. + + _d._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive + active of /curo\, /iubeo\, /sumo\, /iacio\, /munio\. + +_362._ The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the +perfect passive participle with /sim\, the present subjunctive of /sum\. + + CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV + PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE + SINGULAR + 1. ama:'tus mo'nitus re:c'tus cap'tus audi:'tus sim + sim sim sim sim + 2. ama:'tus mo'nitus re:c'tus cap'tus audi:'tus si:s + si:s si:s si:s si:s + 3. ama:'tus mo'nitus re:c'tus cap'tus audi:'tus sit + sit sit sit sit + + PLURAL + 1. ama:'ti: mo'niti: re:c'ti: cap'ti: audi:'ti: si:mus + si:mus si:mus si:mus si:mus + 2. ama:'ti: mo'niti: re:c'ti: cap'ti: audi:'ti: si:tis + si:tis si:tis si:tis si:tis + 3. ama:'ti: mo'niti: re:c'ti: cap'ti: audi:'ti: sint + sint sint sint sint + +_363._ The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining +the perfect passive participle with /essem\, the imperfect subjunctive +of /sum\. + + CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV + PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE + SINGULAR + 1. ama:tus monitus re:ctus captus audi:tus essem + essem essem essem essem + 2. ama:tus monitus re:ctus captus audi:tus esse:s + esse:s esse:s esse:s esse:s + 3. ama:tus monitus re:ctus captus audi:tus esset + esset esset esset esset + PLURAL + 1. ama:ti: moniti: re:cti: capti: audi:ti: esse:mus + esse:mus esse:mus esse:mus esse:mus + 2. ama:ti: moniti: re:cti: capti: audi:ti: esse:tis + esse:tis esse:tis esse:tis esse:tis + 3. ama:ti: moniti: re:cti: capti: audi:ti: essent + essent essent essent essent + + _a._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive + passive of /curo\, /iubeo\, /sumo\, /iacio\, /munio\. + +_364._ The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb +/sum\ are inflected as follows: + + PERFECT PLUPERFECT + fu'erim fue'rimus fuis'sem fuisse:'mus + fu'eris fue'ritis fuis'se:s fuisse:'tis + fu'erit fu'erint fuis'set fuis'sent + +_365._ A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as, + + _That the men are afraid_ is clear enough (clause as subject) + He ordered _them to call on him_ (clause as object) + +We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this +way (cf. Sec. 213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and +English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the +_subjunctive_ in substantive clauses, and this marks an important +difference between the two languages. + +_366._ RULE. Substantive Clauses of Purpose. _A substantive clause of +purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of +/commanding\, /urging\, /asking\, /persuading\, or /advising\, where in +English we should usually have the infinitive._ + +EXAMPLES + + 1. _The general ordered the soldiers to run_ + Imperator militibus imperavit ut currerent + 2. _He urged them to resist bravely_ + Hortatus est ut fortiter resisterent + 3. _He asked them to give the children food_ + Petivit ut liberis cibum darent + 4. _He will persuade us not to set out_ + Nobis persuadebit ne proficiscamur + 5. _He advises us to remain at home_ + Monet ut domi maneamus + + _a._ The object clauses following these verbs all express the + purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or + not done. (Cf. Sec. 348.) + +_367._ The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. +Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones. + + hortor, _urge_ + impero, _order_ (with the _dative_ of the _person_ ordered and a + _subjunctive clause_ of the _thing_ ordered done) + moneo, _advise_ + peto, quaero, rogo, _ask, seek_ + persuadeo, _persuade_ (with the same construction as impero) + postulo, _demand, require_ + suadeo, _advise_ (cf. persuadeo) + +N.B. Remember that /iubeo\, _order_, takes the infinitive as in English. +(Cf. Sec. 213.1.) Compare the sentences + + Iubeo eum venire, _I order him to come_ + Impero ei ut veniat, _I give orders to him that he is to come_ + +We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the +difference in meaning between iubeo and impero in the Latin requires the +_infinitive_ in the one case and the _subjunctive_ in the other. + +_368._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Petit atque hortatur ut ipse dicat. 2. Caesar Helvetiis imperravit +ne per provinciam iter facerent. 3. Caesar non iussit Helvetios per +provinciam iter facere. 4. Ille civibus persuasit ut de finibus suis +discederent. 5. Caesar principes monebit ne proelium committant. +6. Postulavit ne cum Helvetiis aut cum eorum sociis bellum gererent. +7. Ab iis quaesivi ne proficiscerentur. 8. Iis persuadere non potui ut +domi manerent. + +II. 1. Who ordered Caesar to make the march? (_Write this sentence both +with_ /impero\ _and with_ /iubeo\.) 2. The faithless scouts persuaded +him to set out at daybreak. 3. They will ask him not to inflict +punishment. 4. He demanded that they come to the camp. 5. He advised +them to tell everything (omnia). + +NOTE. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must +be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review Sec. 352. + + [Illustration: LEGIO ITER FACIT] + + +LESSON LXV + +THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF _POSSUM_ : VERBS OF FEARING + +_369._ Learn the subjunctive of /possum\ (Sec. 495), and note especially +the position of the accent. + +_370._ Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. We have learned that what +we want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause +of purpose. In this class belong also _clauses after verbs of fearing_, +for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not, and +we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a thing to happen +and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is introduced by /ut\. If +we do not want it to happen and fear that it will, /ne:\ is used. Owing +to a difference between the English and Latin idiom we translate /ut\ +after a verb of fearing by _that not_, and /ne:\ by _that_ or _lest_. + +_371._ EXAMPLES + + timeo } { veniat + timebo } ut { + timuero } { venerit + +_I fear_, _shall fear_, _shall have feared_, _that he will not come_, +_has not come_ + + timebam } { veniret + timui } ut { + timueram } { venisset + +_I was fearing_, _feared_, _had feared_, _that he would not come_, _had +not come_ + +The same examples with /ne:\ instead of /ut\ would be translated _I fear +that_ or _lest he will come_, _has come_, etc. + +_372._ RULE. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. _Verbs of fearing are +followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by /ut\ (that +not) or /ne:\ (that or lest)._ + +_373._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Caesar verebatur ut supplicium captivorum Gallis placeret. +2. Romani ipsi magnopere verebantur ne Helvetii iter per provinciam +facerent. 3. Timebant ut satis rei frumentariae mitti posset. 4. Vereor +ut hostium impetum sustinere possim. 5. Timuit ne impedimenta ab +hostibus capta essent. 6. Caesar numquam timuit ne legiones vincerentur. +7. Legiones pugnare non timuerunt.[1] + +II. 1. We fear that they are not coming. 2. We fear lest they are +coming. 3. We feared that they had come. 4. We feared that they had +not come. 5. They feared greatly that the camp could not be defended. +6. Almost all feared[1] to leave the camp. + + [Footnote 1: Distinguish between what one is afraid _to do_ + (complementary infinitive as here) and what one is afraid _will + take place_ or _has taken place_ (substantive clause with the + subjunctive).] + + +LESSON LXVI + +THE PARTICIPLES + +_374._ The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1] + + [Transcriber's Note: + For reasons of space, this table is given in two forms: first a + reduced version without translation, and then the complete text, + including translations, split into two elements.] + + CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV + ACTIVE + PRESENT ama:ns mone:ns rege:ns capie:ns audie:ns + FUTURE ama:tu:rus monitu:rus re:ctu:rus captu:rus audi:tu:rus + + PASSIVE + PERFECT ama:tus monitus re:ctus captus audi:tus + FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus + + CONJ. I CONJ. II + ACTIVE + PRESENT ama:ns mone:ns + _loving_ _advising_ + FUTURE ama:tu:rus monitu:rus + _about to love_ _about to advise_ + + PASSIVE + PERFECT ama:tus monitus + _loved, having_ _advised, having been advised_ + _been loved_ + FUTURE[2] amandus monendus + _to be loved_ _to be advised_ + + CONJ. III CONJ. IV + ACTIVE + PRESENT rege:ns capie:ns audie:ns + _ruling_ _taking_ _hearing_ + FUTURE re:ctu:rus captu:rus audi:tu:rus + _about to rule_ _about to take_ _about to hear_ + + PASSIVE + PERFECT re:ctus captus audi:tus + _ruled, having_ _taken, having_ _heard, havinh_ + _been ruled_ _been taken_ _been heard_ + FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus + _to be ruled_ _to be taken_ _to be heard_ + + [Footnote 1: Review Sec. 203.] + + [Footnote 2: The future passive participle is often called the + _gerundive_.] + + _a._ The present active and future passive participles are formed + from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive + participles are formed from the participial stem. + + _b._ The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the + present stem. In -io: verbs of the third conjugation, and in the + fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -e:-, + as /capi-e:-ns\, /audi-e:-ns\. It is declined like an adjective of + one ending of the third declension. (Cf. Sec. 256.) + + amans, _loving_ + BASE amant- STEM amanti- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. ama:ns ama:ns amante:s amantia + Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium + Dat. amanti: amanti: amantibus amantibus + Acc. amantem ama:ns amanti:s _or_ -e:s amantia + Abl. amanti: amanti: amantibus amantibus + _or_ -e _or_ -e + + (1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -i:; + when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e. + + (2) In a similar way decline /monens\, /regens\, /capiens\, /audiens\. + + _c._ The future active participle is formed by adding -u:rus to the + base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined + with /esse\ to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. Sec. 206.) + + _d._ For the perfect passive participle see Sec. 201. The future + passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the + present stem. + + _e._ All participles in -us are declined like /bonus\. + + _f._ Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives. + + _g._ Give all the participles of the following verbs: /curo\, + /iubeo\, /sumo\, /iacio\, /munio\. + +_375._ Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the +participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently +every deponent verb has four participles, as, + + _Pres. Act._ horta:ns, _urging_ + _Fut. Act._ horta:tu:rus, _about to urge_ + _Perf. Pass._ (in form) horta:tus, _having urged_ + _Fut. Pass._ (_Gerundive_) hortandus, _to be urged_ + + _a._ Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is + passive in form but _active_ in meaning. _No other verbs have a + perfect active participle._ On the other hand, the future passive + participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other + verbs. + + _b._ Give the participles of /conor\, /vereor\, /sequor\, /patior\, + /partior\. + +_376._ Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows: + + 1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present + active participle in _-ing_, but can be used only of an action + occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, + /milites insequentes ceperunt multos\, _the soldiers, while pursuing, + captured many._ Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on + together. + + 2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly + passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without + the auxiliary _having been_; as, /auditus\, _heard_ or _having been + heard_. + + 3. The future active participle, translated _about to_, etc., denotes + time after the action of the main verb. + +_377._ Review Secs. 203, 204, and, note the following model sentences: + + 1. /Milites currentes erant defessi\, _the soldiers who were running_ + (lit. _running_) _were weary_. + + 2. /Caesar profecturus Romam non exspectavit\, _Caesar, when about to + set out_ (lit. _about to set out_) _for Rome, did not wait_. + + 3. /Oppidum captum vidimus\, _we saw the town which had been captured_ + (lit. _captured town_). + + 4. /Imperator triduum moratus profectus est\, _the general, since_ + (_when_, or _after_) _he had delayed_ (lit. _the general, having + delayed_) _three days, set out_. + + 5. /Milites victi terga non verterunt\, _the soldiers, though they + were conquered_ (lit. _the soldiers conquered_), _did not retreat_. + +In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is +given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation +usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (_when, since, +after, though_, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, +what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, +translate the participle literally. + +_378._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Puer timens ne capiatur fugit. 2. Aquila ira commota avis reliquas +interficere conata erat. 3. Milites ab hostibus pressi tela iacere non +potuerunt. 4. Caesar decimam legionem laudaturus ad primum agmen +progressus est. 5. Imperator hortatus equites ut fortiter pugnarent +signum proelio dedit. 6. Milites hostis octo milia passuum insecuti +multis cum captivis ad castra reverterunt. 7. Sol oriens multos +interfectos vidit. 8. Romani consilium audax suspicati barbaris sese +non commiserunt. 9. Navis e portu egressa nullo in periculo erat. + +II.[3] 1. The army was in very great danger while marching through the +enemy's country. 2. Frightened by the length of the way, they longed for +home. 3. When the scouts were about to set out, they heard the shouts of +victory. 4. When we had delayed many days, we set fire to the buildings +and departed. 5. While living at Rome I heard orators much better than +these. 6. The soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver +than we. + + [Footnote 3: In this exercise use participles for the subordinate + clauses.] + + +LESSON LXVII + +THE IRREGULAR VERBS _VOLO:_, _NO:LO:_, _MALO:_ +THE ABLATIVE WITH A PARTICIPLE, OR ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE + +_379._ Learn the principal parts and conjugation of /volo:\, _wish_; +/no:lo:\ (ne + volo:), _be unwilling_; /malo:\ (magis + volo:), _be +more willing, prefer_ (Sec. 497). Note the irregularities in the present +indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect +subjunctive. (Cf. Sec. 354.) + + _a._ These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or + without a subject accusative; as, /volunt venire\, _they wish to + come_; /volunt amico:s venire\, _they wish their friends to come_. + The English usage is the same.[1] + + [Footnote 1: Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after + these verbs. (See Sec. 366.)] + +[ Conjugations given in Sec. 497: + + PRINCIPAL PARTS: + volo:, velle, volui:, ----, _be willing, will, wish_ + no:lo:, no:lle, no:lui:, ----, _be unwilling, will not_ + ma:lo:, ma:lle, ma:lui:, ----, _be more willing, prefer_ + + INDICATIVE + SINGULAR + _Pres._ volo: no:lo: ma:lo: + vi:s no:n vis ma:vi:s + vult no:n vult ma:vult + + PLURAL + volumus no:lumus ma:lumus + vultis no:n vultis ma:vul'tis + volunt no:lunt ma:lunt + + _Impf._ vole:bam no:le:bam ma:le:bam + _Fut._ volam, no:lam, ma:lam, ma:le:s, etc. + vole:s, etc. no:le:s, etc. + _Perf._ volui: no:lui: ma:lui: + _Plup._ volueram no:lueram ma:lueram + _F. P._ voluero: no:luero: ma:luero: + + SUBJUNCTIVE + SINGULAR + _Pres._ velim no:lim ma:lim + veli:s no:li:s ma:li:s + velit no:lit ma:lit + + PLURAL + veli:'mus no:li:'mus ma:li:'mus + veli:'tis no:li:'tis ma:li:'tis + velint no:lint ma:lint + + _Impf._ vellem no:llem ma:llem + _Perf._ voluerim no:luerim ma:luerim + _Plup._ voluissem no:luissem ma:luissem + + + IMPERATIVE + _Pres._ no:li: + no:li:te + _Fut._ no:li:to:, etc. + + INFINITIVE + _Pres._ velle no:lle ma:lle + _Perf._ voluisse no:luisse ma:luisse + + PARTICIPLE + _Pres._ vole:ns, -entis no:le:ns, -entis ----] + +_380._ Observe the following sentences: + + 1. Magistro laudante omnes pueri diligenter laborant, _with the + teacher praising_, or _since the teacher praises_, or _the teacher + praising, all the boys labor diligently._ + + 2. Caesare ducente nemo progredi timet, _with Caesar leading_, or + _when Caesar leads_, or _if Caesar leads_, or _Caesar leading, no one + fears to advance._ + + 3. His rebus cognitis milites fugerunt, _when this was known_, or + _since this was known_, or _these things having been learned, the + soldiers fled._ + + 4. Proelio commisso multi vulnerati sunt, _after the battle had + begun_, or _when the battle had begun_, or _the battle having been + joined, many were wounded._ + + _a._ One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in + English by the preposition _with_ (cf. Sec. 50). In each of the + sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in + the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the + ablative expresses _attendant circumstance_. For example, in the + first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the + diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is + clearly a _with_ relation, and the ablative is the case to use. + + _b._ We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are + absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. + If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we + should use the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the + construction is called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a + Participle. This form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin, + but rather rare in English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the + English absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute. The + attendant circumstance may be one of _time_ (when or after), or one + of _cause_ (since), or one of _concession_ (though), or one of + _condition_ (if). In each case try to discover the precise relation, + and tranlate the ablative and its participle by a clause which will + best express the thought. + +_381._ RULE. Ablative Absolute. _The ablative of a noun or pronoun +with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express +attendant circumstance._ + +NOTE 1. The verb /sum\ has no present participle. In consequence we +often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute +with no participle expressed; as, /te duce\, _you_ (being) _leader_, +_with you as leader_; /patre infirmo\, _my father_ (being) _weak_. + +NOTE 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and +participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare + + _a._ _The Gauls, having been conquered by Caesar, returned home_ + + _b._ _The Gauls having been conquered by Caesar, the army returned + home_ + +In _a_ the subject is _The Gauls having been conquered by Caesar_, and +we translate, + + Galli a Caesare victi domum reverterunt + +In _b_ the subject is _the army_. _The Gauls having been conquered by +Caesar_ is nominative absolute in English, which requires the ablative +absolute in Latin, and we translate, + + Gallis a Caesare victis exercitus domum revertit + +NOTE 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active +participle (cf. Sec. 375.a) often compels a change of voice when +translating from one language to the other. For example, we can +translate _Caesar having encouraged the legions_ just as it stands, +because /hortor\ is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say _Caesar +having conquered the Gauls_, we have to change the voice of the +participle to the passive because /vinco\ is not deponent, and say, +_the Gauls having been conquered by Caesar_ (see translation above). + +_382._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Mavis, non vis, vultis, nolumus. 2. Ut nolit, ut vellemus, ut +malit. 3. Noli, velle, noluisse, malle. 4. Vult, mavultis, ut nollet, +nolite. 5. Sole oriente, aves cantare inceperunt. 6. Clamoribus auditis, +barbari progredi recusabant. 7. Caesare legiones hortato, milites paulo +fortius pugnaverunt. 8. His rebus cognitis, Helvetii finitimis +persuaserunt ut secum iter facerent. 9. Laboribus confectis, milites +a Caesare quaerebant ut sibi praemia daret. 10. Concilio convocato, +principes ita responderunt. 11. Dux pluris dies in Helvetiorum finibus +morans multos vicos incendit. 12. Magnitudine Germanorum cognita, quidam +ex Romanis timebant. 13. Mercatoribus rogatis, Caesar nihilo plus +reperire potuit. + +II. 1. He was unwilling, lest they prefer, they have wished. 2. You +prefer, that they might be unwilling, they wish. 3. We wish, they had +preferred, that he may prefer. 4. Caesar, when he heard the rumor (_the +rumor having been heard_), commanded (imperare) the legions to advance +more quickly. 5. Since Caesar was leader, the men were willing to make +the journey. 6. A few, terrified[2] by the reports which they had heard, +preferred to remain at home. 7. After these had been left behind, the +rest hastened as quickly as possible. 8. After Caesar had undertaken the +business (_Caesar, the business having been undertaken_), he was +unwilling to delay longer.[3] + + [Footnote 2: Would the ablative absolute be correct here?] + + [Footnote 3: Not /longius\. Why?] + + +LESSON LXVIII + +THE IRREGULAR VERB _FIO:_ : THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT + +_383._ The verb /fi:o:\, _be made, happen_, serves as the passive of +/facio:\, _make_, in the present system. The rest of the verb is formed +regularly from /facio:\. Learn the principal parts and conjugation +(Sec. 500). Observe that the /i\ is long except before -er and in +/fit\. + + _a._ The compounds of /facio\ with prepositions usually form the + passive regularly, as, + + _Active_ conficio, conficere, confeci, confectus + _Passive_ conficior, confici, confectus sum + +[ Conjugation given in Sec. 500: + + PRINCIPAL PARTS /fi:o:, fieri:, factus sum\ + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE + _Pres._ fi:o: ---- fi:am _2d Pers._ fi: fi:te + fi:s ---- + fit fi:unt + _Impf._ fi:e:bam fierem + _Fut._ fi:am ---- + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + _Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim + _Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem + _F. P._ factus, -a, -um ero: + + INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES + _Pres._ fieri: _Perf._ factus, -a, -um + _Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um + _Fut._ [[factum i:ri:]]] + +_384._ Observe the following sentences: + + 1. Terror erat tantus ut omnes fugerent, _the terror was so great + that all fled._ + + 2. Terror erat tantus ut non facile milites sese reciperent, _the + terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover + themselves._ + + 3. Terror fecit ut omnes fugerent, _terror caused all to flee_ + (lit. _made that all fled_). + + _a._ Each of these sentences is complex, containing a principal + clause and a subordinate clause. + + _b._ The principal clause names a cause and the subordinate clause + states the _consequence_ or _result_ of this cause. + + _c._ The subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive, though + it is translated like an indicative. The construction is called the + _subjunctive of consequence or result_, and the clause is called a + consecutive or result clause. + + _d._ In the last example the clause of result is the object of the + verb /fecit\. + + _e._ The conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause is + /ut\ = _so that_; negative, /ut no:n\ = _so that not_. + +_385._ RULE. Subjunctive of Result. _Consecutive clauses of result are +introduced by /ut\ or /ut no:n\ and have the verb in the subjunctive._ + +_386._ RULE. _Object clauses of result with /ut\ or /ut no:n\ are found +after verbs of /effecting\ or /bringing about\._ + +_387._ Purpose and Result Clauses Compared. There is great similarity +in the expression of purpose and of result in Latin. If the sentence is +affirmative, both purpose and result clauses may be introduced by /ut\; +but if the sentence is negative, the purpose clause has /ne:\ and the +result clause /ut no:n\. Result clauses are often preceded in the main +clause by such words as /tam\, /ita\, /sic\ (_so_), and these serve to +point them out. Compare + + _a._ Tam graviter vulneratus est ut caperetur + _He was so severely wounded that he was captured_ + _b._ Graviter vulneratus est ut caperetur + _He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured_ + +Which sentence contains a result clause, and how is it pointed out? + +_388._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Fit, fiet, ut fiat, fiebamus. 2. Fio, fies, ut fierent, fieri, +fiunt. 3. Fietis, ut fiamus, fis, fiemus. 4. Milites erant tam tardi +ut ante noctem in castra non pervenirent. 5. Sol facit ut omnia sint +pulchra. 6. Eius modi pericula erant ut nemo proficisci vellet. +7. Equites hostium cum equitatu nostro in itinere contenderunt, ita +tamen[1] ut nostri omnibus in partibus superiores essent. 8. Virtus +militum nostrorum fecit ut hostes ne unum quidem[2] impetum sustinerent. +9. Homines erant tam audaces ut nullo modo contineri possent. +10. Spatium erat tam parvum ut milites tela iacere non facile possent. +11. Hoc proelio facto barbari ita perterriti sunt ut ab ultimis gentibus +legati ad Caesarem mitterentur. 12. Hoc proelium factum est ne legati ad +Caesarem mitterentur. + + [Footnote 1: /ita tamen\, _with such a result however_.] + + [Footnote 2: /ne: ... quidem\, _not even_. The emphatic word is + placed between.] + +II. 1. It will happen, they were being made, that it may happen. 2. It +happens, he will be made, to happen. 3. They are made, we were being +made, lest it happen. 4. The soldiers are so brave that they conquer. +5. The soldiers are brave in order that they may conquer. 6. The +fortification was made so strong that it could not be taken. 7. The +fortification was made strong in order that it might not be taken. +8. After the town was taken,[3] the townsmen feared that they would be +made slaves. 9. What state is so weak that it is unwilling to defend +itself? + + [Footnote 3: Ablative absolute.] + + +LESSON LXIX + +THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC OR DESCRIPTION +THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE + +_389._ Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of +the subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description. + +This construction is illustrated in the following sentences: + + 1. Quis est qui suam domum non amet? _who is there who does not love + his own home?_ + + 2. Erant qui hoc facere nollent, _there were (some) who were + unwilling to do this._ + + 3. Tu non is es qui amicos tradas, _you are not such a one as to_, + or _you are not the man to, betray your friends._ + + 4. Nihil video quod timeam, _I see nothing to fear_ (nothing of such + as character as to fear it). + + _a._ Each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause + which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is. To + express this thought the subjunctive is used. A relative clause that + merely states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the + indicative. Compare the sentences + + _Caesar is the man who is leading us_, + Caesar est is qui nos ducit + (mere statement of fact, no description, with the indicative) + _Caesar is the man to lead us_, + Caesar est is qui nos ducat + (descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive) + + _b._ Observe that in this construction a demonstrative pronoun and a + relative, as is /qui\, are translated _such a one as to, the man + to_. + + _c._ In which of the following sentences would you use the + indicative and in which the subjunctive? + + _These are not the men who did this_ + _These are not the men to do this_ + +_390._ RULE. Subjunctive of Characteristic. _A relative clause with +the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called +the /subjunctive of characteristic or description\._ + +_391._ Observe the sentences + + 1. Romani /Caesarem consulem\ fecerunt, + _the Romans made /Caesar consul\_. + + 2. /Caesar consul\ a Romanis factus est, + _/Caesar\ was made /consul\ by the Romans_. + + _a._ Observe in 1 that the transitive verb /fecerunt\, _made_, has + two objects: (1) the direct object, /Caesarem\; (2) a second object, + /consulem\, referring to the same person as the direct object and + completing the predicate. The second accusative is called a + Predicate Accusative. + + _b._ Observe in 2 that when the verb is changed to the passive both + of the accusatives become nominatives, the _direct object_ becoming + the _subject_ and the _predicate accusative_ the _predicate + nominative_. + +_392._ RULE. Two Accusatives. _Verbs of /making\, /choosing\, +/calling\, /showing\, and the like, may take a predicate accusative +along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives +become nominatives._ + +_393._ The verbs commonly found with two accusatives are + + creo, creare, creavi, creatus, _choose_ + appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus } + nomino, nominare, nominavi, nominatus } _call_ + voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus } + facio, facere, feci, factus, _make_ + +_394._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. In Germaniae silvis sunt[1] multa genera ferarum quae reliquis +in locis non visa sint. 2. Erant[1] itinera duo quibus Helvetii domo +discedere possent. 3. Erat[1] manus nulla, nullum oppidum, nullum +praesidium quod se armis defenderet. 4. Toto frumento rapto, domi nihil +erat quo mortem prohibere possent. 5. Romani Galbam ducem creaverunt et +summa celeritate profecti sunt. 6. Neque erat[1] tantae multitudinis +quisquam qui morari vellet. 7. Germani non ii sunt qui adventum Caesaris +vereantur. 8. Consulibus occisis erant qui[2] vellent cum regem creare. +9. Pace facta erat nemo qui arma tradere nollet. 10. Inter Helvetios +quis erat qui nobilior illo esset? + +II. 1. The Romans called the city Rome. 2. The city was called Rome by +the Romans. 3. The better citizens wished to choose him king. 4. The +brave soldier was not the man to run. 5. There was no one [3]to call me +friend. 6. These are not the men to[4] betray their friends. 7. There +were (some) who called him the bravest of all. + + [Footnote 1: Remember that when the verb /sum\ precedes its subject + it is translated _there is_, _there are_, _there were_, etc.] + + [Footnote 2: /erant qui\, _there were_ (some) _who_. A wholly + indefinite antecedent of /qui\ does not need to be expressed.] + + [Footnote 3: A relative clause of characteristic or description.] + + [Footnote 4: See Sec. 389.b.] + + * * * * * + + Eighth Review, Lessons LXI-LXIX, Secs. 527-528 + + * * * * * + +LESSON LXX + +THE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE CONJUNCTION _CUM_ THE ABLATIVE OF +SPECIFICATION + +_395._ The conjunction /cum\ has the following meanings and +constructions: + + cum TEMPORAL = _when_, followed by the indicative or the subjunctive + cum CAUSAL = _since_, followed by the subjunctive + cum CONCESSIVE = _although_, followed by the subjunctive + +As you observe, the mood after /cum\ is sometimes indicative and +sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study +of the following sentences: + + 1. Caesarem vidi tum cum in Gallia eram, + _I saw Caesar at the time when I was in Gaul_. + + 2. Caesar in eos impetum fecit cum pacem peterent, + _Caesar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace_. + + 3. Hoc erat difficile cum pauci sine vulneribus essent, + _this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds_. + + 4. Cum primi ordines fugissent, tamen reliqui fortiter consistebant, + _though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood + their ground_. + + _a._ The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf. + Sec. 389.a). When the /cum\ clause states a fact and simply _fixes + the time_ at which the main action took place, the indicative mood + is used. So, in the first example, /cum in Gallia eram\ fixes the + time when I saw Caesar. + + _b._ On the other hand, when the /cum\ clause _describes the + circumstances_ under which the main act took place, the subjunctive + mood is used. So, in the second example, the principal clause states + that Caesar made an attack, and the /cum\ clause describes the + circumstances under which this act occurred. The idea of _time_ is + also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of _description_. + Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of _cause_ and we translate + /cum\ by _since_; sometimes it denotes _concession_ and /cum\ is + translated _although_. + +_396._ RULE. Constructions with _Cum_. _The conjunction /cum\ means +/when\, /since\, or /although\. It is followed by the subjunctive unless +it means /when\ and its clause fixes the time at which the main action +took place._ + +NOTE. /Cum\ in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much more +common than its use with the indicative. + +_397._ Note the following sentences: + + 1. Oppidum erat parvum magnitudine sed magnum multitudine hominum, + _the town was small in size but great in population_. + + 2. Homo erat corpore infirmus sed validus animo, + _the man was weak in body but strong in courage_. + + _a._ Observe that /magnitudine\, /multitudine\, /corpore\, and + /animo\ tell _in what respect_ something is true. The relation is + one covered by the ablative case, and the construction is called the + _ablative of specification_. + +_398._ RULE. Ablative of Specification. _The ablative is used to +denote /in what respect\ something is true._ + +_399._ IDIOMS + + aliquem certiorem facere, _to inform some one_ (lit. _to make some + one more certain_) + certior fieri, _to be informed_ (lit. _to be made more certain_) + iter dare, _to give a right of way, allow to pass_ + obsides inter se dare, _to give hostages to each other_ + +_400._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Helvetii cum patrum nostrorum tempore domo prefecti essent, +consulis exercitum in fugam dederant. 2. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, +Helvetii alios agros petebant. 3. Caesar cum in citeriore Gallia esset, +tamen de Helvetiorum consiliis certior fiebat. 4. Cum Helvetii bello +clarissimi essent, Caesar iter per provinciam dare recusavit. 5. Legatus +cum haec audivisset, Caesarem certiorem fecit. 6. Cum principes inter se +obsides darent, Romani bellum paraverunt. 7. Caesar, cum id nuntiatum +esset, maturat ab urbe proficisci. 8. Ne virtute quidem Galli erant +pares Germanis. 9. Caesar neque corpore neque animo infirmus erat. +10. Illud bellum tum incepit cum Caesar fuit consul. + +Observe in each case what mood follows /cum\, and try to give the +reasons for its use. In the third sentence the /cum\ clause is +concessive, in the fourth and sixth causal. + +II. 1. That battle was fought at the time when (tum cum) I was at +Rome. 2. Though the horsemen were few in number, nevertheless they did +not retreat. 3. When the camp had been sufficiently fortified, the enemy +returned home. 4. Since the tribes are giving hostages to each other, +we shall inform Caesar. 5. The Gauls and the Germans are very unlike in +language and laws. + + +LESSON LXXI + +VOCABULARY REVIEW : THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE : THE PREDICATE GENITIVE + +_401._ Review the word lists in Secs. 510, 511. + +_402._ The Gerund. Suppose we had to translate the sentence + + _By overcoming the Gauls Caesar won great glory_ + +We can see that _overcoming_ here is a verbal noun corresponding to +the English infinitive in _-ing_, and that the thought calls for the +ablative of means. To translate this by the Latin infinitive would be +impossible, because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has +no ablative case form. Latin, however, has another verbal noun of +corresponding meaning, called the /gerund\, declined as a neuter of +the second declension in the _genitive_, _dative_, _accusative_, and +_ablative singular_, and thus supplying the cases that the infinitive +lacks.[1] Hence, to decline in Latin the verbal noun _overcoming_, we +should use the infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the +other cases, as follows: + + Nom. supera:re, _overcoming, to overcome_ INFINITIVE + Gen. superandi:, _of overcoming_ } + Dat. superando:, _for overcoming_ } + Acc. superandum, _overcoming_ } GERUND + Abl. superando:, _by overcoming_ } + +Like the infinitive, the gerund governs the same case as the verb from +which it is derived. So the sentence given above becomes in Latin + + Superando Gallos Caesar magnam gloriam reportavit + + [Footnote 1: Sometimes, however, the infinitive is used as an + accusative.] + +_403._ The gerund[2] is formed by adding /-ndi:, -ndo, -ndum, -ndo\, to +the present stem, which is shortened or otherwise changed, as shown +below: + +PARADIGM OF THE GERUND + + CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV + Gen. amandi: monendi: regendi: capiendi: audiendi: + Dat. amando: monendo: regendo: capiendo: audiendo: + Acc. amandum monendum regendum capiendum audiendum + Abl. amando: monendo: regendo: capiendo: audiendo: + + _a._ Give the gerund of /curo\, /deleo\, /sumo\, /iacio\, /venio\. + + _b._ Deponent verbs have the gerund of the active voice (see Sec. + 493). Give the gerund of /conor\, /vereor\, /sequor\, /patior\, + /partior\. + + [Footnote 2: The gerund is the neuter singular of the future + passive participle used as a noun, and has the same formation. + (Cf. Sec. 374.d.)] + +_404._ The Gerundive. The gerundive is the name given to the future +passive participle (Sec. 374.d) when the participle approaches the +meaning of a verbal noun and is translated like a gerund. It is the +adjective corresponding to the gerund. For example, to translate _the +plan of waging war_, we may use the gerund with its direct object and +say /consilium gerendi bellum\; or we may use the gerundive and say +/consilium belli gerendi\, which means, literally, _the plan of the war +to be waged_, but which came to have the same force as the gerund with +its object, and was even preferred to it. + +_405._ Compare the following parallel uses of the gerund and gerundive: + + GERUND GERUNDIVE + Gen. Spes faciendi pacem Spes faciendae pacis + Dat. Locus idoneus pugnando Locus idoneus castris ponendis + _A place suitable for _A place suitable for + fighting_ pitching camp_ + Acc. Misit equites ad insequendum Misit equites ad insequendos + hostis + _He sent horsemen to pursue_ _He sent horsemen to pursue + the enemy_ + Abl. Narrando fabulas magister Narrandis fabulis magister + pueris placuit pueris placuit + _The teacher pleased the _The teacher pleased the + boys by telling stories_ boys by telling stories_ + + _a._ We observe + + (1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective. + (2) That the gerund, being a noun, may stand alone or with an + object. + (3) That the gerundive, being an adjective, is used only in + agreement with a noun. + +_406._ RULE. Gerund and Gerundive. + + 1. _The Gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, + dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these + cases are in general the same as those of other nouns._ + + 2. _The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of + gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without + a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is + more usual._ + +_407._ RULE. Gerund or Gerundive of Purpose. _The accusative of the +gerund or gerundive with_ /ad\, _or the genitive with /causa\[3] (= for +the sake of), is used to express purpose._ + + GERUND GERUNDIVE + Ad audiendum venerunt or Ad urbem videndam venerunt or + Audiendi causa venerunt Urbis videndae causa venerunt + _They came to hear_ _They came to see the city_ + + [Footnote 3: /causa\ always _follows_ the genitive.] + +NOTE. These sentences might, of course, be written with the subjunctive +of purpose,--/venerunt ut audirent\; /venerunt ut urbem viderent\. In +short expressions, however, the gerund and gerundive of purpose are +rather more common. + +_408._ We have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of +something is in the genitive, as, /equus Galbae\, _Galba's horse._ If, +now, we wish to express the idea _the horse is Galba's_, Galba remains +the possessor, and hence in the genitive as before, but now stands in +the predicate, as, /equus est Galbae\. Hence this is called the +predicate genitive. + +_409._ RULE. Predicate Genitive. _The possessive genitive often stands +in the predicate, especially after the forms of /sum\, and is then +called the predicate genitive._ + +_410._ IDIOMS + + alicui negotium dare, _to employ someone_ + (lit. _to give business to some one_) + novis rebus studere, _to be eager for a revolution_ + (lit. _to be eager for new things_) + rei militaris peritissimus, _very skillful in the art of war_ + se suaque omnia, _themselves and all their possessions_ + +_411._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Caesar cum in Gallia bellum gereret, militibus decimae legionis +maxime favit quia rei militaris peritissimi erant. 2. Sociis negotium +dedit rei frumentariae curandae. 3. Legati non solum audiendi causa sed +etiam dicendi causa venerunt. 4. Imperator iussit exploratores locum +idoneum munindo reperire. 5. Nuper hae gentes novis rebus studebant; +mox iis persuadebo ut Caesari se suaque omnia dedant. 6. Iubere est +reginae[4] et parere est multitudinis.[4] 7. Hoc proelio facto quidam ex +hostibus ad pacem petendam venerunt. 8. Erant qui arma tradere nollent. +9. Hostes tam celeriter progressi sunt ut spatium pila in hostis +iaciendi non daretur. 10. Spatium neque arma capiendi[5] neque auxili +petendi[5] datum est. + +II. 1. These ornaments [6]belong to Cornelia. 2. Men very skillful in +the art of war were sent [7]to capture the town. 3. The scouts found a +hill suitable for fortifying very near to the river. 4. Soon the cavalry +will come [8]to seek supplies. 5. The mind of the Gauls is eager for +revolution and for undertaking wars. 6. To lead the line of battle +[9]belongs to the general. 7. [10]Whom shall we employ to look after +the grain supply? + + [Footnote 4: Predicate genitive.] + + [Footnote 5: Which of these expressions is gerund and which + gerundive?] + + [Footnote 6: _belong to_ = _are of_.] + + [Footnote 7: Use the gerundive with /ad\.] + + [Footnote 8: Use the genitive with /causa\. Where should /causa\ + stand?] + + [Footnote 9: Compare the first sentence.] + + [Footnote 10: Compare the second sentence in the Latin above.] + + +LESSON LXXII + +THE IRREGULAR VERB _EO:_ : INDIRECT STATEMENTS + +_412._ Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of /eo:\, _go_ +(Sec. 499). + + _a._ Notice that i:-, the root of /eo:\, is changed to e- before + a vowel, excepting in /iens\, the nominative of the present + participle. In the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped. + +[ Conjugation given in Sec. 499: + + PRINCIPAL PARTS eo:, i:re, ii: (i:vi:), itum (n. perf. part.) + PRES. STEM i:- + PERF. STEM i:- or i:v- + PART. STEM it- + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE + SING. PLUR. + Pres. eo: i:mus eam _2d Pers._ i: i:te + i:s i:tis + it eunt + Impf. i:bam i:rem + _Fut. i:bo: ---- _2d Pers._ i:to: i:to:te + _3d Pers._ i:to: eunto: + Perf. ii: (i:vi:) ierim (i:verim) + Plup. ieram (i:veram) i:ssem (i:vissem) + F. P. iero: (i:vero:) + + INFINITIVE + Pres. i:re + Perf. i:sse (i:visse) + Fut. itu:rus, -a, -um esse + + PARTICIPLES + Pres. ie:ns, _gen._ euntis (Sec. 472) + Fut. itu:rus, -a, -um + Ger. eundum + + GERUND + Gen. eundi: + Dat. eundo: + Acc. eundum + Abl. eundo: + + SUPINE + Acc. [[itum]] + Abl. [[itu:]] ] + +_413._ Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds +of /eo:\ with prepositions: + + ad'eo:, adi:'re, ad'ii:, ad'itus, _go to, visit_, with the accusative + ex'eo:, exi:'re, ex'ii:, ex'itus, _go forth_, with /ex\ or /de\ + and the ablative of the place from which + in'eo:, ini:'re, in'ii:, in'itus, _begin, enter upon_, + with the accusative + red'eo:, redi:'re, red'ii:, red'itus, _return_, with /ad\ or /in\ and + the accusative of the place to which + tra:ns'eo:, tra:nsi:'re, tra:ns'ii:, tra:ns'itus, _cross_, + with the accusative + +_414._ Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are those +which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his +exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different +form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the +following direct and indirect statements: + + { 1. The Gauls are brave + Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave + { 3. The Gauls will be brave + + Indirect statements { 1. _He says_ that the Gauls _are_ brave + after a verb in { 2. _He says_ that the Gauls _were_ brave + the present tense { 3. _He says_ that the Gauls _will be_ brave + + Indirect statements { 1. _He said_ that the Gauls _were_ brave + after a verb in { 2. _He said_ that the Gauls _had been_ brave + a past tense { 3. _He said_ that the Gauls _would be_ brave + +We see that in English + + _a._ The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the + conjunction _that_. + + _b._ The verb is finite (cf. Sec. 173) and its subject is in the + nominative. + + _c._ The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the + past tense, _He said._ + +_415._ Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and indirect +statements above would be as follows: + + DIRECT { 1. Galli sunt fortes + STATEMENTS { 2. Galli erant fortes + { 3. Galli erunt fortes + + + { 1. /Dicit\ or /Dixit Gallos esse fortis\ + { (_He says_ or _He said_ + { _the Gauls to be brave_)[1] + INDIRECT { 2. /Dicit\ or /Dixit Gallos fuisse fortis\ + STATEMENTS { (_He says_ or _He said_ + { _the Gauls to have been brave_)[1] + { 3. /Dicit\ or /Dixit Gallos futuros esse fortis\ + { (_He says_ or _He said_ + { _the Gauls to be about to be brave_)[1] + + [Footnote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as + translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.] + +Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the +preceding section, we observe three marked differences: + + _a._ There is no conjunction corresponding to _that_. + + _b._ The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the + accusative. + + _c._ The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense + of the principal verb. + +_416._ RULE. Indirect Statements. _When a direct statement becomes +indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its +subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive._ + +_417._ Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in Sec. 415 were +changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, /sunt\ became +/esse\, /erant\ became /fuisse\, and /erunt\ became /futuros esse\. + +_418._ RULE. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. _A present +indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the +indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future +indicative becomes future infinitive._ + +NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first +decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct +form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the +indirect. + +_419._ RULE. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. _The +accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found +after verbs of /saying\, /telling\, /knowing\, /thinking\, and +/perceiving\._ + +_420._ Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are: + + _a_. Verbs of saying and telling: + dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, _say_ + nego, negare, negavi, negatus, _deny, say not_ + nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatus, _announce_ + respondeo, respondere, respondi, responsus, _reply_ + + _b_. Verbs of knowing: + cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitus, _learn_, + (in the perf.) _know_ + scio, scire, scivi, scitus, _know_ + + _c_. Verbs of thinking: + arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum, _think, consider_ + existimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatus, _think, believe_ + iudico, iudicare, iudicavi, iudicatus, _judge, decide_ + puto, putare, putavi, putatus, _reckon, think_ + spero, sperare, speravi, speratus, _hope_ + + _d_. Verbs of perceiving: + audio, audire, audivi, auditus, _hear_ + sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus, _feel, perceive_ + video, videre, vidi, visus, _see_ + intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectus, _understand, + perceive_ + +Learn such of these verbs as are new to you. + +_421._ IDIOMS + postridie eius diei, _on the next day_ + (lit. _on the next day of that day_) + inita aestate, _at the beginning of summer_ + memoria tenere, _to remember_ (lit. _to hold by memory_) + per exploratores cognoscere, _to learn through scouts_ + +_422._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. It, imus, ite, ire. 2. Eunti, iisse _or_ isse, ibunt, eunt. +3. Eundi, ut eant, ibitis, is. 4. Ne irent, i, ibant, ierat. 5. Caesar +per exploratores cognovit Gallos flumen transisse. 6. Romani audiverunt +Helvetios inita aestate de finibus suis exituros esse. 7. Legati +responderunt neminem ante Caesarem illam insulam adisse. 8. Principes +Gallorum dicunt se nullum consilium contra Caesaris imperium inituros +esse. 9. Arbitramur potentiam reginae esse maiorem quam civium. +10. Romani negant se libertatem Gallis erepturos esse. 11. His rebus +cognitis sensimus legatos non venisse ad pacem petendam. 12. Helvetii +sciunt Romanos priores victorias memoria tenere. 13. Socii cum +intellegerent multos vulnerari, statuerunt in suos finis redire. +14. Aliquis nuntiavit Marcum consulem creatum esse. + +II. 1. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be +slow. 2. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that +the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong. 3. We think that the +army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer. 4. The next +day we learned through scouts that the enemy's town was ten miles +off.[2] 5. The king replied that the ornaments belonged to[3] the queen. + + [Footnote 2: _to be off, to be distant_, /abesse\.] + + [Footnote 3: Latin, _were of_ (Sec. 409).] + + [Illustration: TUBA] + + +LESSON LXXIII + +VOCABULARY REVIEW : THE IRREGULAR VERB _FERO:_ +THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS + +_423._ Review the word lists in Secs. 513, 514. + +_424._ Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb /fero:\, +_bear_ (Sec. 498). + + 1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds + of fero:, _bear_: + + ad'fero:, adfer're, at'tuli:, adla:'tus, _bring to; report_ + co:n'fero:, co:nfer're, con'tuli:, conla:'tus, _bring together, + collect_ + de'fero:, defer're, de'tuli:, dela:'tus, _bring to; report; + grant, confer_ + i:n'fero:, i:nfer're, in'tuli:, inla:'tus, _bring in, bring against_ + re'fero:, refer're, ret'tuli:, rela:'tus, _bear back, report_ + +[ Conjugation given in Sec. 498: + + PRINCIPAL PARTS fero:, ferre, tuli:, la:tus + PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM la:t- + + INDICATIVE + ACTIVE PASSIVE + Pres. fero: ferimus feror ferimur + fers ferti:s ferris, -re ferimimi: + fert ferunt fertur feruntur + Impf. fere:bam fere:bar + Fut. feram, fere:s, etc. ferar, fere:ris, etc. + Perf. tuli: la:tus, -a, -um sum + Plup. tuleram la:tus, -a, -um eram + F. P. tulero: la:tus, -a, -um ero: + + SUBJUNCTIVE + Pres. feram, fera:s, etc. ferar, fera:ris, etc. + Impf. ferrem ferrer + Perf. tulerim la:tus, -a, -um sim + Plup. tulissem la:tus, -a, -um essem + + IMPERATIVE + Pres. 2d Pers. fer ferte ferre ferimini: + Fut. 2d Pers. ferto: ferto:te fertor + 3d Pers. ferto: ferunto fertor feruntor + + INFINITIVE + Pres. ferre ferri: + Perf. tulisse la:tus, -a, -um esse + Fut. la:tu:rus, -a, -um esse ---- + + PARTICIPLES + Pres. fere:ns, -entis Pres. ---- + Fut. la:tu:rus, -a, -um Ger. ferendus, -a, -um + Perf. ---- Perf. la:tus, -a, -um + + GERUND + Gen. ferendi: + Dat. ferendo: + Acc. ferendum + Abl. ferendo: + + SUPINE (Active Voice) + Acc. [[la:tum]] + Abl. [[la:tu:]] ] + +_425._ The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive +verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative +(cf. Sec. 153). Transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative; +but sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well. _The whole +question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes the dative, defends +upon its capacity for governing an indirect object._ A number of verbs, +some transitive and some intransitive, which in their simple form would +not take an indirect object, when compounded with certain prepositions, +have a meaning which calls for an indirect object. Observe the following +sentences: + + 1. Haec res exercitui magnam calamitatem attulit, _this circumstance + brought great disaster to the army._ + + 2. Germani Gallis bellum inferunt, _the Germans make war upon the + Gauls._ + + 3. Hae copiae proelio non intererant, _these troops did not take + part in the battle._ + + 4. Equites fugientibus hostibus occurrunt, _the horsemen meet the + fleeing enemy._ + + 5. Galba copiis filium praefecit, _Galba put his son in command of + the troops._ + +In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a +preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative. + +_426._ RULE. Dative with Compounds. _Some verbs compounded with /ad\, +/ante\, /con\, /de\, /in\, /inter\, /ob\, /post\, /prae\, /pro\, /sub\, +/super\, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds +may take both an accusative and a dative._ + +NOTE 1. Among such verbs are[1] + + ad'fero, adfer're, at'tuli, adla'tus, _bring to; report_ + ad'sum, ades'se, ad'fui, adfutu'rus, _assist; be present_ + de'fero, defer're, de'tuli, delatus, _report; grant, confer_ + de'sum, dees'se, de'fui,----, _be wanting, be lacking_ + in'fero, infer're, in'tuli, inla'tus, _bring against, bring upon_ + inter'sum, interes'se, inter'fui, interfutu'rus, _take part in_ + occur'ro, occur'rere, occur'ri, occur'sus, _run against, meet_ + praefi'cio, praefi'cere, praefe'ci, praefec'tus, _appoint over, + place in command of_ + prae'sum, praees'se, prae'fui, ----, _be over, be in command_ + + [Footnote 1: But the accusative with /ad\ or /in\ is used with some + of these, when the idea of _motion to_ or _against_ is strong.] + +_427._ IDIOMS + + graviter or moleste ferre, _to be annoyed at, to be indignant at_, + followed by the accusative and infinitive + se conferre ad or in, with the accusative, + _to betake one's self to_ + alicui bellum inferre, _to make war upon some one_ + pedem referre, _to retreat_ (lit. _to bear back the foot_) + +_428._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Fer, ferent, ut ferant, ferunt. 2. Ferte, ut ferrent, tulisse, +tulerant. 3. Tulimus, ferens, latus esse, ferre. 4. Cum navigia insulae +adpropinquarent, barbari terrore commoti pedem referre conati sunt. +5. Galli moleste ferebant Romanos agros vastare. 6. Caesar sociis +imperavit ne finitimis suis bellum inferrent. 7. Exploratores, qui +Caesari occurrerunt, dixerunt exercitum hostium vulneribus defessum sese +in alium locum contulisse. 8. Hostes sciebant Romanos frumento egere et +hanc rem Caesari summum periculum adlaturam esse. 9. Impedimentis in +unum locum conlatis, aliqui militum flumen quod non longe aberat +transierunt. 10. Hos rex hortatus est ut oraculum adirent et res auditas +ad se referrent. 11. Quem imperator illi legioni praefecit? Publius illi +legioni pracerat. 12. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia, crebri ad +eum[2] rumores adferebantur litterisque quoque certior fiebat Gallos +obsides inter se dare. + +II. 1. The Gauls will make war upon Caesar's allies. 2. We heard that +the Gauls would make war upon Caesar's allies. 3. Publius did not take +part in that battle. 4. We have been informed that Publius did not take +part in that battle. 5. The man who was in command of the cavalry was +wounded and began to retreat. 6. Caesar did not place you in command of +the cohort to bring[3] disaster upon the army. + + [Footnote 2: Observe that when /adfero\ denotes _motion to_, it is + not followed by the dative; cf. footnote, p. 182.] + + [Footnote 3: Not the infinitive. (Cf. Sec. 352.)] + + +LESSON LXXIV + +VOCABULARY REVIEW : THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS + +_429._ Review the word lists in Secs. 517, 518. + +_430._ When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we +have an indirect statement. (Cf. Sec. 414.) So, if we report a question +instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect question. + + DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION + _Who conquered the Gauls? He asked who conquered the Gauls_ + + _a._ An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of + asking (as peto, postulo, quaero, rogo) or upon some verb or + expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. Sec. 420.) + +_431._ Compare the following direct and indirect questions: + + DIRECT INDIRECT + + Quis Gallos vincit? { _a._ Rogat quis Gallos vincat + _Who is conquering the_ { _He asks who is conquering the_ + _Gauls?_ { _Gauls_ + { _b._ Rogavit quis Gallos vinceret + { _He asked who was conquering_ + { _the Gauls_ + + { _a._ Rogat ubi sit Roma + Ubi est Roma? { _He asks where Rome is_ + _Where is Rome?_ { _b._ Rogavit ubi esset Roma + { _He asked where Rome was_ + + { _a._ Rogat num Caesar Gallos vicerit + { _He asks whether Caesar conquered_ + Caesarne Gallos vicit? { _the Gauls_ + _Did Caesar conquer the_ { _b._ /Rogavit num Caesar Gallos + _Gauls?_ { vicisset + { _He asked whether Caesar had_ + { _conquered the Gauls_ + + _a._ The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but + the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question. + + _b._ The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense + sequence. + + _c._ Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative + words as introduce direct questions, excepting that_yes_-or-_no_ + direct questions (cf. Sec. 210) on becoming indirect are usually + introduced by /num\, _whether_. + +_432._ RULE. Indirect Questions. _In an indirect question the verb is +in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense +sequence._ + +_433._ IDIOMS + + de tertia vigilia, _about the third watch_ + iniurias alicui inferre, _to inflict injuries upon some one_ + facere verba pro, with the ablative, _to speak in behalf of_ + in reliquum tempus, _for the future_ + +_434._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Rex rogavit quid legati postularent et cur ad se venissent. +2. Quaesivit quoque num nec recentis iniurias nec dubiam Romanorum +amicitiam memoria tenerent. 3. Videtisne quae oppida hostes +oppugnaverint? 4. Nonne scitis cur Galli sub montem sese contulerint? +5. Audivimus quas iniurias tibi Germani intulissent. 6. De tertia +vigilia imperator misit homines qui cognoscerent quae esset natura +montis. 7. Pro his orator verba fecit et rogavit cur consules navis +ad plenem summi periculi locum mittere vellent. 8. Legatis convocatis +demonstravit quid fieri vellet. 9. Nuntius referebat quid in Gallorum +concilio de armis tradendis dictum esset. 10. Moneo ne in reliquum +tempus pedites et equites trans flumen ducas. + +II. 1. What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized. 2. Who +has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents? 3. They asked who had +inflicted those injuries upon their dependents. 4. Whither did you go +about the third watch? You know whither I went. 5. At what time did the +boys return home? I will ask at what time the boys returned home. + + +LESSON LXXV + +VOCABULARY REVIEW : THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE, OR END FOR WHICH + +_435._ Review the word lists in Secs. 521, 522. + +_436._ Observe the following sentences: + + 1. Exploratores locum castris delegerunt, _the scouts chose a place + for a camp._ + + 2. Hoc erat magno impedimento Gallis, _this was_ (for) _a great + hindrance to the Gauls._ + + 3. Duas legiones praesidio castris reliquit, _he left two legions + as_ (lit. _for_) _a guard to the camp._ + +In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the _purpose +or end for which_ something is intended or for which it serves. These +datives are /castris\, /impedimento\, and /praesidio\. In the second and +third sentences we find a second dative expressing the _person or thing +affected_ (Gallis and castris). As you notice, these are true +datives, covering the relations of _for which_ and _to which_. (Cf. +Sec. 43.) + +_437._ RULE. Dative of Purpose or End. _The dative is used to denote +the /purpose or end for which\, often with another dative denoting the +/person or thing affected\._ + +_438._ IDIOMS + + consilium omittere, _to give up a plan_ + locum castris deligere, _to choose a place for a camp_ + alicui magno usui esse, _to be of great advantage to some one_ + (lit. _for great advantage to some one_) + +_439._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Rogavit cur illae copiae relictae essent. Responderunt illas +copias esse praesidio castris. 2. Caesar misit exploratores ad locum +deligendum castris. 3. Quisque existimavit ipsum nomen Caesaris magno +terrori barbaris futurum esse. 4. Prima luce idem exercitus proelium +acre commisit, sed gravia suorum vulnera magnae curae imperatori erant. +5. Rex respondit amicitiam populi Romani sibi ornamento et praesidio +debere esse. 6. Quis praeerat equitatui quem auxilio Caesari socii +miserant? 7. Aliquibus res secundae sunt summae calamitati et res +adversae sunt miro usui. 8. Gallis magno ad pugnam erat impedimento quod +equitatus a dextro cornu premebat. 9. Memoria pristinae virtutis non +minus quam metus hostium erat nostris magno usui. 10. Tam densa erat +silva ut progredi non possent. + +II. 1. I advise you [1]to give up the plan [2]of making war upon the +brave Gauls. 2. Do you know [3]where the cavalry has chosen a place for +a camp? 3. The fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you. +4. Caesar left three cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage. 5. In +winter the waves of the lake are so great [4]that they are (for) a great +hindrance to ships. 6. Caesar inflicted severe[5] punishment on those +who burned the public buildings. + + [Footnote 1: Subjunctive of purpose. (Cf. Sec. 366.)] + + [Footnote 2: Express by the genitive of the gerundive.] + + [Footnote 3: Indirect question.] + + [Footnote 4: A clause of result.] + + [Footnote 5: /gravis, -e\.] + + +LESSON LXXVI + +VOCABULARY REVIEW : THE GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF QUALITY OR DESCRIPTION + +_440._ Review the word lists in Secs. 524, 525. + +_441._ Observe the English sentences + + (1) _A man /of\ great courage_, or (2) _A man /with\ great courage_ + + (3) _A forest /of\ tall trees_, or (4) _A forest /with\ tall trees_ + +Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description. +In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The +descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions _of_ and _with_. + +In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar. + +The prepositions _of_ and _with_ suggest the genitive and the ablative +respectively, and we translate the sentences above + + (1) /Vir magnae virtutis\, or (2) /Vir magna virtute\ + (3) /Silva altarum arborum\, or (4) /Silva altis arboribus\ + +There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the +English. In English we may say, for example, _a man of courage_, using +the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. _In Latin, +however, an adjective modifier must always be used_, as above. + + _a._ Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in + that _numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive_ and + _descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative._ + Other descriptive phrases may be in either case. + +_442._ EXAMPLES + + 1. Fossa duodecim pedum, _a ditch of twelve feet_. + + 2. Homo magnis pedibus et parvo capite, + _a man with big feet and a small head_. + + 3. /Rex erat vir summa audacia\ or /rex erat vir summae audaciae\, + _the king was a man of the greatest boldness_. + +_443._ RULE. Genitive of Description. _Numerical descriptions of +measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective._ + +_444._ RULE. Ablative of Description. _Descriptions of physical +characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying +adjective._ + +_445._ RULE. Genitive or Ablative of Description. _Descriptions +involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may +be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying +adjective._ + +_446._ IDIOMS + + Helvetiis in animo est, _the Helvetii intend_, + (lit. _it is in mind to the Helvetians_) + in matrimonium dare, _to give in marriage_ + nihil posse, _to have no power_ + fossam perducere, _to construct a ditch_ + (lit. _to lead a ditch through_) + +_447._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Milites fossam decem pedum per eorum finis perduxerunt. +2. Princeps Helvetiorum, vir summae audaciae, principibus gentium +finitimarum sorores in matrimonium dedit. 3. Eorum amicitiam confirmare +voluit quo facilius Romanis bellum inferret. 4. Germani et Galli non +erant eiusdem gentis. 5. Omnes fere Germani erant magnis corporum +viribus.[1] 6. Galli qui oppidum fortiter defendebant saxa ingentis +magnitudinis de muro iaciebant. 7. Cum Caesar ab exploratoribus +quaereret qui illud oppidum incolerent, exploratores responderunt eos +esse homines summa virtute et magno consilio. 8. Moenia viginti pedum +a sinistra parte, et a dextra parte flumen magnae altitudinis oppidum +defendebant. 9. Cum Caesar in Galliam pervenisset, erat rumor Helvetiis +in animo esse iter per provinciam Romanam facere. 10. Caesar, ut eos ab +finibus Romanis prohiberet, munitionem [2]multa milia passuum longam +fecit. + +II. 1. Caesar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness, and very +skillful in the art of war. 2. The Germans were of great size, and +thought that the Romans had no power. 3. Men of the highest courage +were left in the camp as (for) a guard to the baggage. 4. The king's +daughter, who was given in marriage to the chief of a neighboring state, +was a woman of very beautiful appearance. 5. The soldiers will construct +a ditch of nine feet around the camp. 6. A river of great width was +between us and the enemy. + + [Footnote 1: From /vis\. (Cf. Sec. 468.)] + + [Footnote 2: Genitives and ablatives of description are adjective + phrases. When we use an _adverbial_ phrase to tell _how long_ or + _how high_ or _how deep_ anything is, we must use the accusative + of extent. (Cf. Sec. 336.) For example, in the sentence above + /multa milia passuum\ is an adverbial phrase (accusative of + extent) modifying /longam\. If we should omit /longam\ and say + _a fortification of many miles_, the genitive of description + (an adjective phrase) modifying /munitionem\ would be used, as + /munitionem multorum milium passuum\.] + + [Illustration: GLADII] + + +LESSON LXXVII + +REVIEW OF AGREEMENT, AND OF THE GENITIVE, DATIVE, AND ACCUSATIVE + +_448._ There are four agreements: + + 1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to + which it belongs (Secs. 76, 81). + + 2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its + noun (Sec. 65). + + 3. That of a verb with its subject (Sec. 28). + + 4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (Sec. 224). + +_449._ The relation expressed by the /genitive\ is, in general, denoted +in English by the preposition _of_. It is used to express + + { _a._ As attributive (Sec. 38). + 1. Possession { + { _b._ In the predicate (Sec. 409). + + 2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (Sec. 331). + + 3. Quality or description (Secs. 443, 445). + +_450._ The relation expressed by the /dative\ is, in general, denoted in +English by the prepositions _to_ or _for_ when they do not imply motion +through space. It is used to express + + { _a._ With intransitive verbs and with + { transitive verbs in connection with a + { direct object in the accusative (Sec. 45). + 1. The indirect object { _b_. With special intransitive verbs + { (Sec. 154). + { _c_. With verbs compounded with /ad\, /ante\, + { /con\, /de\, /in\, /inter\, /ob\, /post\, + { /prae\, /pro\, /sub\, /super\ (Sec. 426). + + 2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed + (Sec. 143). + + 3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting + the person or thing affected (Sec. 437). + +_451._ The /accusative\ case corresponds, in general, to the English +objective. It is used to express + + 1. The direct object of a transitive verb (Sec. 37). + + 2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after + verbs of _making, choosing, falling, showing_, and the like (Sec. + 392). + + 3. The subject of the infinitive (Sec. 214). + + 4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (Sec. + 340). + + 5. The duration of time and the extent of space (Sec. 336). + + 6. The place to which (Secs. 263, 266). + +_452._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Milites quos vidimus dixerunt imperium belli esse Caesaris +imperatoris. 2. Helvetii statuerunt quam[1] maximum numerum equorum +et carrorum cogere. 3. Totius Galliae Helvetii plurimum valuerunt. +4. Multas horas acriter pugnatum est neque quisquam poterat videre +hostem fugientem. 5. Viri summae virtutis hostis decem milia passuum +insecuti sunt. 6. Caesar populo Romano persuasit ut se consulem crearet. +7. Victoria exercitus erat semper imperatori gratissima. 8. Triduum iter +fecerunt et Genavam, in oppidum[2] hostium, pervenerunt. 9. Caesar +audivit Germanos bellum Gallis intulisse. 10. Magno usui militibus +Caesaris erat quod prioribus proeliis sese exercuerant. + +II. 1. One[3] of the king's sons and many of his men were captured. +2. There was no one who wished[4] to appoint her queen. 3. The grain +supply was always a care (for a care) to Caesar, the general. 4. I think +that the camp is ten miles distant. 5. We marched for three hours +through a very dense forest. 6. The plan [5]of making war upon the +allies was not pleasing to the king. 7. When he came to the hill he +fortified it [6]by a twelve-foot wall. + + [Footnote 1: What is the force of /quam\ with superlatives?] + + [Footnote 2: /urbs\ or /oppidum\, appositive to a name of a town, + takes a preposition.] + + [Footnote 3: What construction is used with numerals in preference + to the partitive genitive?] + + [Footnote 4: What mood? (Cf. Sec. 390.)] + + [Footnote 5: Use the gerund or gerundive.] + + [Footnote 6: Latin, _by a wall of twelve feet._] + + +LESSON LXXVIII + +REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE + +_453._ The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in +English by the prepositions _with_ (or _by_), _from_ (or _by_), and _in_ +(or _at_). The constructions growing out of these meanings are + + I. Ablative rendered _with_ (or _by_): + 1. Cause (Sec. 102) + 2. Means (Sec. 103) + 3. Accompaniment (Sec. 104) + 4. Manner (Sec. 105) + 5. Measure of difference (Sec. 317) + 6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (Sec. 381) + 7. Description or quality (Secs. 444, 445) + 8. Specification (Sec. 398) + + II. Ablative rendered _from_ (or _by_): + 1. Place from which (Secs. 179, 264) + 2. Ablative of separation (Sec. 180) + 3. Personal agent with a passive verb (Sec. 181) + 4. Comparison without /quam\ (Sec. 309) + + III. Ablative rendered _in_ (or _at_): + 1. Place at or in which (Secs. 265, 266) + 2. Time when or within which (Sec. 275) + +_454._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Galli locis superioribus occupatis itinere exercitum prohibere +conantur. 2. Omnes oppidani ex oppido egressi salutem fuga petere +inceperunt. 3. Caesar docet se militum vitam sua salute habere multo +cariorem. 4. Cum celerius omnium opinione pervenisset, hostes ad eum +obsides miserunt 5. Vicus in valle positus montibus altissimis undique +continetur. 6. Plurimum inter Gallos haec gens et virtute et hominum +numero valebat. 7. Secunda vigilia nullo certo ordine neque imperio e +castris egressi sunt. 8. Duabus legionibus Genavae relictis, proximo die +cum reliquis domum profectus est. 9. Erant itinera duo quibus itineribus +Helvetii domo exire possent. 10. Rex erat summa audacia et magna apud +populum potentia. 11. Galli timore servitutis commoti bellum parabant. +12. Caesar monet legatos ut contineant milites, ne studio pugnandi aut +spe praedae longius[1] progrediantur. 13. Bellum acerrimum a Caesare in +Gallos gestum est. + +II. 1. The lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his +(men) from battle. 2. All the Gauls differ from each other in laws. +3. This tribe is much braver than the rest. 4. This road is [2]ten miles +shorter than that. 5. In summer Caesar carried on war in Gaul, in winter +he returned to Italy. 6. At midnight the general set out from the camp +with three legions. 7. I fear that you cannot protect[3] yourself from +these enemies. 8. [4]After this battle was finished peace was made by +all the Gauls. + + [Footnote 1: /longius\, _too far_. (Cf. Sec. 305.)] + + [Footnote 2: Latin, _by ten thousands of paces_.] + + [Footnote 3: /defendere\.] + + [Footnote 4: Ablative absolute.] + + +LESSON LXXIX + +REVIEW OF THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE, THE INFINITIVE, AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE + +_455._ The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, +dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these +cases are in general the same as those of other nouns (Secs. 402, +406.1). + +_456._ The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of +gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a +preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more +usual (Sec. 406.2). + +_457._ The infinitive is used: + + I. As in English. + + _a._ As subject or predicate nominative (Sec. 216). + + _b._ To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication + (complementary infinitive) (Sec. 215). + + _c._ As object with subject accusative after verbs of _wishing, + commanding, forbidding_, and the like (Sec. 213). + + II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs + of _saying _and _mental action_. The subject is in the accusative + (Secs. 416, 418, 419). + +_458._ The subjunctive is used: + + 1. To denote purpose (Secs. 349, 366, 372). + + 2. To denote consequence or result (Secs. 385, 386). + + 3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (Sec. 390). + + 4. In /cum\ clauses of time, cause, and concession (Sec. 396). + + 5. In indirect questions (Sec. 432). + +_459._ EXERCISES + +I. 1. Caesar, cum pervenisset, milites hortabatur ne consilium oppidi +capiendi omitterent. 2. Rex, castris prope oppidum positis, misit +exploratores qui cognoscerent ubi exercitus Romanus esset. 3. Nemo +relinquebatur qui arma ferre posset. 4. Nuntii viderunt ingentem +armorum multitudinem de muro in fossani iactam esse. 5. Dux suos +transire flumen iussit. Transire autem hoc flumen erat difficillimum. +6. Romani cum hanc calamitatem moleste ferrant, tamen terga vertere +recusaverunt. 7. Hoc rumore audito, tantus terror omnium animos +occupavit ut ne fortissimi quidem proelium committere vellent. 8. Erant +qui putarent tempus anni idoneum non esse itineri faciendo. 9. Tam +acriter ab utraque parte pugnabatur ut multa milia hominum occiderentur. +10. Quid times? Timeo ne Romanis in animo sit totam Galliam superare et +nobis iniurias inferre. + +II. 1. Do you not see who is standing on the wall? 2. We hear that the +plan of taking the town has been given up. 3. Since the Germans thought +that the Romans could not cross the Rhine, Caesar ordered a bridge to be +made. 4. When the bridge was finished, the savages were so terrified +that they hid themselves. 5. They feared that Caesar would pursue them. +6. Caesar [1]asked the traders what the size of the island was. 7. The +traders advised him not [2]to cross the sea. 8. He sent scouts [3]to +choose a place for a camp. + + [Footnote 1: /quaerere ab\.] + + [Footnote 2: Not infinitive.] + + [Footnote 3: Use the gerundive with /ad\.] + + + + +READING MATTER + + +INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS + +/How to Translate.\ You have already had considerable practice in +translating simple Latin, and have learned that the guide to the meaning +lies in the endings of the words. If these are neglected, no skill can +make sense of the Latin. If they are carefully noted and accurately +translated, not many difficulties remain. Observe the following +suggestions: + + 1. Read the Latin sentence through to the end, noting endings of + nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. + + 2. Read it again and see if any of the words you know are nominatives + or accusatives. This will often give you what may be called the + backbone of the sentence; that is, subject, verb, and object. + + 3. Look up the words you do not know, and determine their use in the + sentence from their endings. + + 4. If you cannot yet translate the sentence, put down the English + meanings of all the words _in the same order as the Latin words_. You + will then generally see through the meaning of the sentence. + + 5. Be careful to + + _a._ Translate adjectives with the nouns to which they belong. + + _b._ Translate together prepositions and the nouns which they + govern. + + _c._ Translate adverbs with the words that they modify. + + _d._ _Make sense._ If you do not make sense, you have made a + mistake. One mistake will spoil a whole sentence. + + 6. When the sentence is correctly translated, read the Latin over + again, and try to understand it as Latin, without thinking of the + English translation. + +/The Parts of a Sentence.\ You will now meet somewhat longer sentences +than you have had before. To assist in translating them, remember, first +of all, that every sentence conveys a meaning and either tells us +something, asks a question, or gives a command. Every sentence must have +a subject and a verb, and the verb may always have an adverb, and, if +transitive, will have a direct object. + +However long a sentence is, you will usually be able to recognize its +subject, verb, and object or predicate complement without any +difficulty. These will give you the leading thought, and they must never +be lost sight of while making out the rest of the sentence. The chief +difficulty in translating arises from the fact that instead of a single +adjective, adverb, or noun, we often have a phrase or a clause taking +the place of one of these; for Latin, like English, has adjective, +adverbial, and substantive clauses and phrases. For example, in the +sentence _The idle boy does not study_, the word _idle_ is an adjective. +In _The boy wasting his time does not study_, the words _wasting his +time_ form an adjective phrase modifying _boy_. In the sentence _The boy +who wastes his time does not study_, the words _who wastes his time_ +form an adjective clause modifying _boy_, and the sentence is complex. +These sentences would show the same structure in Latin. + +In translating, it is important to keep the parts of a phrase and the +parts of a clause together and not let them become confused with the +principal sentence. To distinguish between the subordinate clauses and +the principal sentence is of the first importance, and is not difficult +if you remember that a clause regularly contains a word that marks it as +a clause and that this word usually stands first. These words join +clauses to the words they depend on, and are called _subordinate +conjunctions_. They are not very numerous, and you will soon learn to +recognize them. In Latin they are the equivalents for such words as +_when, while, since, because, if, before, after, though, in order that, +that_, etc. Form the habit of memorizing the Latin subordinate +conjunctions as you meet them, and of noting carefully the mood of the +verb in the clauses which they introduce. + + + [Illustration: HERCULES] + +THE LABORS OF HERCULES + + Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued + throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant he + strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his + boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, + and on reaching manhood he succeeded in delivering the Thebans from + the oppression of the Minyae. In a fit of madness, sent upon him by + Juno, he slew his own children; and, on consulting the Delphic oracle + as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to + submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to + perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, + and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve + extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was + caused, unintentionally, by his wife Deiani'ra. Hercules had shot with + his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Deianira. + Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Deianira, and told + her it would act as a charm to secure her husband's love. Some time + after, Deianira, wishing to try the charm, soaked one of her husband's + garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put + on the robe, and, after suffering terrible torments, died, or was + carried off by his father Jupiter. + + + [Illustration: HERCULES ET SERPENTES] + +LIII.[1] THE INFANT HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS + +Di[2] grave supplicium summit de malis, sed ii qui legibus[3] deorum +parent, etiam post mortem curantur. Illa vita dis[2] erat gratissima +quae hominibus miseris utilissima fuerat. Omnium autem praemiorum summum +erat immortalitas. Illud praemium Herculi datum est. + +Herculis pater fuit Iuppiter, mater Alcmena, et omnium hominum +validissimus fuisse dicitur. Sed Iuno, regina deorum, eum, adhuc +infantem, interficere studebat; nam ei[1] et[2] Hercules et Alcmena +erant invisi. Itaque misit duas serpentis, utramque saevissimam, quae +media nocte domum[3] Alcmenae venerunt. Ibi Hercules, cum fratre suo, +non in lectulo sed in scuto ingenti dormiebat. Iam audaces serpentes +adpropinquaverant, iam scutum movebant. Tum frater, terrore commotus, +magna voce matrem vocavit, sed Hercules ipse, fortior quam frater, +statim ingentis serpentis manibus suis rapuit et interfecit. + + [Footnote 1: This number refers to the lesson after which the + selection may be read.] + + [Footnote 2: /Di:\ and /di:s\ are from /deus\. Cf. Sec. 468.] + + [Footnote 3: /legibus\, Sec. 501.14.] + + [Footnote 1: /ei\, _to her_, referring to Juno.] + + [Footnote 2: /et ... et\, _both ... and_.] + + [Footnote 3: /domum\, Sec. 501.20.] + + +LIV. HERCULES CONQUERS THE MINYAE + +Hercules a puero[1] corpus suum gravissimis et difficillimis laboribus +exercebat et hoc modo vires[2] suas confirmavit. Iam adulescens +Thebis[3] habitabat. Ibi Creon quidam erat rex. Minyae, gens +validissima, erant finitimi Thebanis, et, quia olim Thebanos vicerant, +quotannis legatos mittebant et vectigal postulabant. Hercules autem +constituit civis suos hoc vectigali liberare et dixit regi, "Da mihi +exercitum tuum et ego hos superbos hostis superabo." Hanc condicionem +rex non recusavit, et Hercules nuntios in omnis partis dimisit et copias +coegit.[4] Tum tempore opportunissimo proelium cum Minyis commisit. Diu +pugnatum est, sed denique illi impetum Thebanorum sustinere non +potuerunt et terga verterunt fugamque ceperunt. + + [Footnote 1: /a puero\, _from boyhood_.] + + [Footnote 2: /vires\, from /vis\. Cf. Sec. 468.] + + [Footnote 3: /Thebis\, Sec. 501.36.1.] + + [Footnote 4: /coegit\, from /cogo\.] + + +HE COMMITS A CRIME AND GOES TO THE DELPHIAN ORACLE TO SEEK EXPIATION + +Post hoc proelium Creon rex, tanta victoria laetus, filiam suam Herculi +in matrimonium dedit. Thebis Hercules cum uxore sua diu vivebat et ab +omnibus magnopere amabatur; sed post multos annos subito [1]in furorem +incidit et ipse sua manu liberos suos interfecit. Post breve tempus +[2]ad sanitatem reductus tantum scelus expiare cupiebat et constituit ad +oraculum Delphicum iter facere. Hoc autem oraculum erat omnium +clarissimum. Ibi sedebat femina quaedam quae Pythia appellabatur. Ea +consilium dabat iis qui ad oraculum veniebant. + + [Footnote 1: /in furorem incidit\, _went mad_.] + + [Footnote 2: /ad sanitatem reductus\, lit. _led back to sanity_. + What in good English?] + + + [Illustration: HERCULES LEONEM SUPERAT] + +LV. HERCULES BECOMES SUBJECT TO EURYSTHEUS[1] : + HE STRANGLES THE NEME'AN LION + +Itaque Hercules Pythiae totam rem demonstravit nec scelus suum abdidit. +Ubi iam Hercules finem fecit, Pythia iussit eum ad urbem Tiryntha[2] +discedere et ibi regi Eurystheo sese committere. Quae[3] ubi audivit, +Hercules ad illam urbem statim contendit et Eurystheo se in servitutem +tradidit et dixit, "Quid primum, O rex, me facere iubes?" Eurystheus, +qui perterrebatur vi et corpore ingenti Herculis et eum occidi[4] +studebat, ita respondit: "Audi, Hercules! Multa mira[5] narrantur de +leone saevissimo qui hoc tempore in valle Nemaea omnia vastat. Iubeo te, +virorum omnium fortissimum, illo monstro homines liberare." Haec verba +Herculi maxime placuerunt. "Properabo," inquit, "et parebo imperio[6] +tuo." Tum in silvas in quibus leo habitabat statim iter fecit. Mox feram +vidit et pluris impetus fecit; frustra tamen, quod neque sagittis neque +ullo alio telo monstrum vulnerare potuit. Denique Hercules saevum leonem +suis ingentibus bracchiis rapuit et faucis eius omnibus viribus +compressit. Hoc modo brevi tempore eum interfecit. Tum corpus leonis ad +oppidum in umeris reportavit et pellem postea pro[7] veste gerebat. +Omnes autem quo eam regionem incolebant, ubi famam de morte leonis +ingentis acceperunt, erant laetissimi et Herculem laudabant verbis +amplissimis. + + [Footnote 1: /Eu-rys'theus\ (pronounced _U-ris'thus_) was king of + _Ti'ryns_, a Grecian city, whose foundation goes back to prehistoric + times.] + + [Footnote 2: /Tiryntha\, the acc. case of /Tiryns\, a Greek noun.] + + [Footnote 3: /Quae\, obj. of /audivit\. It is placed first to make a + close connection with the preceding sentence. This is called a + connecting relative.] + + [Footnote 4: /occidi\, pres. pass. infin.] + + [Footnote 5: /mira\, _marvelous things_, the adj. being used as a + noun. Cf. /omnia\, in the next line.] + + [Footnote 6: /imperio\, Sec. 501.14.] + + [Footnote 7: /pro\, _for, instead of_.] + + +LVI. SLAYING THE LERNE'AN HYDRA + +Deinde Hercules ab Eurystheo iussus est Hydram occidere. Itaque cum +amico Iolao[1] contendit ad paludem Lernaeam ubi Hydra incolebat. Hoc +autem monstrum erat serpens ingens quae novem capita habebat. Mox is +monstrum repperit et summo[2] cum periculo collum eius sinistra manu +rapuit et tenuit. Tum dextra manu capita novem abscidere incepit, sed +frustra laborabat, quod quotiens hoc fecerat totiens alia nova capita +videbat. Quod[3] ubi vidit, statuit capita igni cremare. Hoc modo octo +capita delevit, sed extremum caput vulnerari non potuit, quod erat +immortale. Itaque illud sub ingenti saxo Hercules posuit et ita +victoriam reportavit. + + [Footnote 1: /Iolao\, abl. of _I-o-la'us_, the hero's best friend.] + + [Footnote 2: Note the emphatic position of this adjective.] + + [Footnote 3: /Quod ubi\, _when he saw this_, another instance of the + connecting relative. Cf. p. 199, l. 3.] + + +LVII. THE ARCADIAN STAG AND THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR + +Postquam Eurystheo mors Hydrae nuntiata est, summus terror animum eius +occupavit. Itaque iussit Herculem capere et ad se reportare cervum +quendam; nam minime cupivit tantum virum in regno suo tenere. Hie autem +cervus dicebatur aurea cornua et pedes multo[1] celeriores vento[2] +habere. Primum Hercules vestigia animalis petivit, deinde, ubi cervum +ipsum vidit, omnibus viribus currere incepit. Per plurimos dies +contendit nec noctu cessavit. Denique postquam per totum annum +cucurrerat--ita dicitur--cervum iam defessum cepit et ad Eurystheum +portavit. + +Tum vero iussus est Hercules aprum quendam capere qui illo tempore agros +Erymanthios vastabat et homines illius loci magnopere perterrebat. +Hercules laete negotium suscepit et in Arcadiam celeriter se recepit. +Ibi mox aprum repperit. Ille autem; simul atque Herculem vidit, statim +quam[3] celerrime fugit et metu perterritus in fossam altam sese +abdidit. Hercules tamen summa cum difficultate eum extraxit, nec aper +ullo modo sese liberare potuit, et vivus ad Eurystheum portatus est. + + [Footnote 1: /multo\, Sec. 501.27.] + + [Footnote 2: /vento\, Sec. 501.34.] + + [Footnote 3: /quam\. What is the force of /quam\ with a + superlative?] + + +LVIII. HERCULES CLEANS THE AUGE'AN STABLES AND KILLS THE + STYMPHALIAN BIRDS + +Deinde Eurystheus Herculi hunc laborem multo graviorem imperavit. +Augeas[1] quidam, qui illo tempore regnum Elidis[2] obtinebat, tria +milia boum[3] habebat. Hi[4] ingenti stabulo continebantur. Hoc +stabulum, quod per triginta annos non purgatum erat, Hercules intra +spatium unius diei purgare iussus est. llle negotium alacriter suscepit, +et primum labore gravissimo maximam fossam fodit per quam fluminis aquam +de montibus ad murum stabuli duxit. Tum partem parvam muri delevit et +aquam in stabulum immisit. Hoc modo finm operis fecit uno die facillime. + +Post paucos dies Hercules ad oppidum Stymphalum iter fecit; nam +Eurystheus iusserat eum avis Stymphalides occidere. Hae aves rostra +ferrea habebant et homines miseros devorabant. Ille, postquam ad locum +pervenit, lacum vidit in quo aves incolebant. Nullo tamen modo Hercules +avibus adpropinquare potuit; lacus enim non ex aqua sed e limo +constitit.[5] Denique autem aves [6]de aliqua causa perterritae in auras +volaverunt et magna pars earum sagittis Herculis occisa est. + + [Footnote 1: /Augeas\, pronounced in English _Aw-je'as_.] + + [Footnote 2: /Elidis\, gen. case of /Elis\, a district of Greece.] + + [Footnote 3: /boum\, gen. plur. of /bo:s\. For construction see + Sec. 501.11.] + + [Footnote 4: /ingenti stabulo\, abl. of means, but in our idiom we + should say _in a huge stable_.] + + [Footnote 5: /constitit\, from /consto\.] + + [Footnote 6: /de aliqua causa perterritae\, _frightened for some + reason_.] + + + [Illustration: HERCULES ET TAURUS] + +LIX. HERCULES CAPTURES THE CRETAN BULL AND CARRIES HIM LIVING TO +EURYSTHEUS + +Tum Eurystheus iussit Herculem portare vivum ex insula Creta taurum +quendam saevissimum. Ille igitur navem conscendit--nam ventus erat +idoneus--atque statim solvit. Postquam triduum navigavit, incolumis +insulae adpropinquavit. Deinde, postquam omnia parata sunt, contendit ad +eam regionem quam taurus vexabat. Mox taurum vidit ac sine ullo metu +cornua eius corripuit. Tum ingenti labore monstrum ad navem traxit atque +cum hac praeda ex insula discessit. + + +THE FLESH-EATING HORSES OF DIOME'DES + +Postquam ex insula Creta domum pervenit, Hercules ab Eurystheo in +Thraciam missus est. Ibi Diomedes quidam, vir saevissimus, regnum +obtinebat et omnis a finibus suis prohibebat. Hercules iussus erat equos +Diomedis rapere et ad Eurystheum ducere. Hi autem equi homines +miserrimos devorabant de quibus rex supplicium sumere cupiebat. Hercules +ubi pervenit, primum equos a rege postulavit, sed rex eos dedere +recusavit. Deinde ille ira commotus regem occidit et corpus eius equis +tradidit. Itaque is qui antea multos necaverat, ipse eodem supplicio +necatus est. Et equi, nuper saevissima animalia, postquam domini sui +corpus devoraverunt, mansueti erant. + + +LX. THE BELT OF HIPPOL'YTE, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS + +Gens Amazonum[1] dicitur[2] omnino ex mulieribus fuisse. Hae cum viris +proelium committere non verebantur. Hippolyte, Amazonum regina, balteum +habuit pulcherrimum. Hunc balteum possidere filia Eurysthei vehementer +cupiebat. Itaque Eurystheus iussit Herculem impetum in Amazones facere. +Ille multis cum copiis navem conscendit et paucis diebus in Amazonum +finis pervenit, ac balteum postulavit. Eum tradere ipsa Hipporyte quidem +cupivit; reliquis tamen Amazonibus[3] persuadere non potuit. Postridie +Hercules proelium commisit. Multas horas utrimque quam fortissime +pugnatum est Denique tamen mulieres terga verterunt et fuga salutem +petierunt. Multae autem captae sunt, in quo numero erat ipsa Hippolyte. +Hercules postquam balteum accepit, omnibus captivis libertatem dedit. + + [Footnote 1: A fabled tribe of warlike women living in Asia Minor.] + + [Footnote 2: /omnino\, etc., _to have consisted entirely of women._] + + [Footnote 3: /Amazonibus\, Sec. 501.14.] + + + [Illustration: HERCULES ET CERBERUS] + +THE DESCENT TO HADES AND THE DOG CER'BERUS + +Iamque unus modo e duodecim laboribus relinquebatur sed inter omnis hic +erat difficillimus. Iussus est enim canem Cerberum[4] ex Orco in lucem +trahere. Ex Orco autem nemo antea reverterat. Praeterea Cerberus erat +monstrum maxime horribile et tria capita habebat. Hercules postquam +imperia Eurysthei accepit, statim profectus est et in Orcum descendit. +Ibi vero non sine summo periculo Cerberum manibus rapuit et ingenti cum +labore ex Orco in lucem et adurbem Eurysthei traxit. + +Sic duodecim labores illi[5] intra duodecim annos confecti sunt. Demum +post longam vitam Hercules a deis receptus est et Iuppiter filio suo +dedit immortalitatem. + + [Footnote 4: The dog Cerberus guarded the gate of Orcus, the abode + of the dead.] + + [Footnote 5: /illi\, _those famous._] + + + [Illustration: PUERI ROMANI] + +P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY[1] + +LXI. PUBLIUS IS BORN NEAR POMPE'II + +P. Cornelius Lentulus,[2] adulescens Romanus, amplissima familia[3] +natus est; nam pater eius, Marcus, erat dux peritissimus, cuius +virtute[4] et consilio multae victoriae reportatae erant; atque mater +eius, lulia, a clarissimis maioribus orta est. Non vero in urbe sed +ruri[5] Publius natus est, et cum matre habitabat in villa quae in maris +litore et sub radicibus magni montis sita erat. Mons autem erat Vesuvius +et parva urbs Pompeii octo milia[6] passuum[7] aberat. In Italia antiqua +erant plurimae quidem villae et pulchrae, sed inter has omnis nulla erat +pulchrior quam villa Marci Iuliaeque. Frons villae muro a maris +fluctibus muniebatur. Hinc mare et litora et insulae longe lateque +conspici[8] ac saepe naves longae et onerariae poterant. A tergo et ab +utroque latere agri feracissimi patebant. Undique erat magna variorum +florum copia et multa ingentium arborum genera quae aestate[9] umbram +defessis agricolis gratissimam adferebant. Praeterea erant[10] in agris +stabulisque multa animalium genera, non solum equi et boves sed etiam +rarae aves. Etiam erat[10] magna piscina plena piscium; nam Romani +piscis diligenter colebant. + + [Footnote 1: This story is fiction with certain historical facts in + Caesar's career as a setting. However, the events chronicled might + have happened, and no doubt did happen to many a Roman youth.] + + [Footnote 2: A Roman had three names, as, /Publius\ (given name), + /Cornelius\ (name of the _gens_ or clan), /Lentulus\ (family name).] + + [Footnote 3: Abl. of source, which is akin to the abl. of + separation (Sec. 501.32).] + + [Footnote 4: /virtute\, Sec. 501.24.] + + [Footnote 5: /ruri\, Sec. 501.36.1.] + + [Footnote 6: /milia\, Sec. 501.21.] + + [Footnote 7: /passuum\, Sec. 501.11.] + + [Footnote 8: /conspici\, infin. with poterant, Sec. 215. Consult the + map of Italy for the approximate location of the villa.] + + [Footnote 9: /aestate\, Sec. 501.35.] + + [Footnote 10: How are the forms of /sum\ translated when they + precede the subject?] + + + [Illustration: CASA ROMANA] + +LXII. HIS LIFE ON THE FARM + +Huius villae Davus, servus Marci, est vilicus[1] et cum Lesbia uxore +omnia curat. Vilicus et uxor in casa humili, mediis in agris sita, +habitant. A prima luce usque ad vesperum se[2] gravibus laboribus +exercent ut omni res bene gerant.[3] Plurima enim sunt officia Davi et +Lesbiae. Vilicus servos regit ne tardi sint[3]; mittit alios qui agros +arent,[3] alios qui hortos inrigent,[3] et opera in[4] totum diem +imponit. Lesbia autem omnibus vestimenta parat, cibum coquit, panem +facit. + +Non longe ab horum casa et in summo colle situm surgebat domicilium +ipsius domini dominaeque amplissimum. Ibi pluris annos[5] Publius cum +matre vitam felicem agebat; nam pater eius, Marcus, in terris longinquis +gravia rei publicae bella gerebat nec domum[6] reverti poterat. Neque +puero quidem molestum est ruri[7] vivere. Eum multae res delectant. +Magnopere amat silvas, agros, equos, boves, gallinas, avis, reliquaque +animalia. Saepe pluris horas[8] ad mare sedet quo[9] melius fluctus et +navis spectet. Nec omnino sine comitibus erat, quod Lydia, Davi filia, +quae erat eiusdem aetatis, cum eo adhuc infante ludebat, inter quos cum +annis amicitia crescebat. Lydia nullum alium ducem deligebat et Publius +ab puellae latere raro discedebat. Itaque sub claro Italiae sole Publius +et Lydia, amici fidelissimi, per campos collisque cotidie vagabantur. +Modo in silva finitima ludebant ubi Publius sagittis[10] celeribus avis +deiciebat et Lydia coronis variorum florum comas suas ornabat; modo +aquam et cibum portabant ad Davum servosque defessos qui agros colebant: +modo in casa parva aut horas lactas in ludo consumebant aut auxilium +dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum viro et servis parabat vel alias res +domesticas agebat. + + [Footnote 1: The /vilicus\ was a slave who acted as overseer of a + farm. He directed the farming operations and the sale of the + produce.] + + [Footnote 2: /se\, reflexive pron., object of /exercent\.] + + [Footnote 3: For the construction, see Sec. 501.40.] + + [Footnote 4: /in\, _for_.] + + [Footnote 5: /annos\, Sec. 501.21.] + + [Footnote 6: /domum\, Sec. 501.20.] + + [Footnote 7: /ruri\, Sec. 501.36.1.] + + [Footnote 8: /horas\, cf. /annos\, line 17.] + + [Footnote 9: /quo ... spectet\, Secs. 349, 350.] + + [Footnote 10: /sagittis\, Sec. 501.24.] + + +LXIII. MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED : +JULIA RECEIVES A LETTER FROM HIM + +Iam Publius[1] decem annos habebat cum M. Cornelius Lentulus, pater +eius, qui quinque annos[2] grave bellum in Asia gerebat, non sine gloria +domum[3] revertebatur. Namque multa secunda proelia fecerat, maximas +hostium copias deleverat, multas urbis populo[4] Romano inimicas +ceperat. Primum nuntius pervenit qui a Lentulo[5] missus erat[6] ut +profectionem suam nuntiaret. Deinde pluris dies[7] reditum viri optimi +mater filiusque exspectabant et animis[8] sollicitis deos immortalis +frustra colebant. Tum demum has litteras summo cum gaudio acceperunt: + +[9]"Marcus Iuliae suac salutem dicit. Si vales, bene est; ego valeo. Ex +Graecia, quo[10] praeter spem et opinionem hodie perveni, has litteras +ad te scribo. Namque navis nostra fracta est; nos autem--[11]dis est +gratia--incolumes sumus. Ex Asiae[12] portu navem leni vento solvimus. +Postquam[13] altum mare tenuimus [14]nec iam ullae terrae apparuerunt, +caelum undique et undique fluctus, subito magna tempestas coorta est et +navem vehementissime adflixit. Ventis fluctibusque adflictati[15] nec +solem discernere nec cursum tenere poteramus et omnia praesentem mortem +intentabant. Tris dies[16] et tris noctis[16] sine remis velisque +agimur. Quarto die[17] primum terra visa est et violenter in saxa, quae +non longe a litore aberant, deiecti sumus. Tum vero maiora pericula +timebamus; sed nauta quidam, vir fortissimus, ex nave in fluctus iratos +desiluit [18]ut funem ad litus portaret; quam rem summo labore vix +effecit. Ita omnes servati sumus. Gratias igitur et honorem Neptuno +debemus, qui deus nos e periculo eripuit. Nunc Athenis[19] sum, quo +confugi ut mihi paucas horas ad quietem darem.[20] Quam primum autem +aliam navem conducam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum conficiam et domum[21] +ad meos caros revertar. Saluta nostrum Publium amicissime et valetudinem +tuam cura diligenter. [22]Kalendis Martiis." + + [Footnote 1: _was ten years old_.] + + [Footnote 2: /annos\, Sec. 501.21.] + + [Footnote 3: /domum\, Sec. 501.20.] + + [Footnote 4: /populo\, dat. with inimicas, cf. Sec. 501.16.] + + [Footnote 5: /Lentulo\, Sec. 501.33.] + + [Footnote 6: /ut ... nuntiaret\, Sec. 501.40.] + + [Footnote 7: /dies\, cf. annos, 1. 9.] + + [Footnote 8: /animis\, abl. of manner. Do you see one in line 15?] + + [Footnote 9: This is the usual form for the beginning of a Latin + letter. First we have the greeting, and then the expression Si + vales, etc. The date of the letter is usually given at the end, and + also the place of writing, if not previously mentioned in the + letter.] + + [Footnote 10: /quo\, _where_.] + + [Footnote 11: /dis est gratia\, _thank God_, in our idiom.] + + [Footnote 12: Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in Asia + Minor.] + + [Footnote 13: /altum mare tenuimus\, _we were well out to sea._] + + [Footnote 14: /nec iam\, _and no longer_.] + + [Footnote 15: /adflictati\, perf. passive part. _tossed about_.] + + [Footnote 16: What construction?] + + [Footnote 17: /die\, Sec. 501.35.] + + [Footnote 18: /ut ... portaret\, Sec. 501.40.] + + [Footnote 19: /Athenis\, Sec. 501.36.1.] + + [Footnote 20: /darem\, cf. /portaret\, l. 6.] + + [Footnote 21: Why not /ad domum\?] + + [Footnote 22: /Kalendis Martiis\, _the Calends_ or _first of March_; + abl. of time, giving the date of the letter.] + + +LXIV. LENTULUS REACHES HOME : PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS FATHER + +Post paucos dies navis M. Corneli Lentuli portum Miseni[1] petiit, qui +portus non longe a Pompeiis situs est; quo in portu classis Romana +ponebatur et ad pugnas navalis ornabatur. Ibi naves omnium generum +conspici poterant. Iamque incredibili celeritate navis longa qua +Lentulus vehebatur litori adpropinquavit; nam non solum vento sed etiam +remis impellebatur. In alta puppe stabat gubernator et non procul aliqui +milites Romani cum armis splendidis, inter quos clarissimus erat +Lentulus. Deinde servi remis contendere cessaverunt[2]; nautae velum +contraxerunt et ancoras iecerunt. Lentulus statim e navi egressus est +et[3] ad villam suam properavit. Eum Iulia, Publius, totaque familia +exceperunt. [4]Qui complexus, quanta gaudia fuerunt! + +Postridie eius diei Lentulus filio suo dixit, "Veni, mi Publi, mecum. +Pompeios iter hodie faciam. Mater tua suadet[5] ut fructus et cibaria +emam. Namque pluris amicos ad cenam vocavimus et multis rebus[6] egemus. +Ea hortatur ut quam primum proficiscamur." "Libenter, mi pater," inquit +Publius. "Tecum esse mihi semper est gratum; nec Pompeios umquam vidi. +Sine mora proficisci paratus sum." Tum celeriter currum conscenderunt et +ad urbis muros vecti sunt. Stabiana porta[7] urbem ingressi sunt. +Publius stratas vias miratur et saxa altiora quae in medio disposita +erant et altas orbitas quas rotae inter haec saxa fecerant. Etiam +strepitum miratur, multitudinem, carros, fontis, domos, tabernas, +forum[8] cum statuis, templis, reliquisque aedificiis publicis. + + [Footnote 1: Misenum had an excellent harbor, and under the emperor + Augustus became the chief naval station of the Roman fleet. See map + of Italy.] + + [Footnote 2: Why is the infinitive used with /cessaverunt\?] + + [Footnote 3: See Plate I, Frontispiece.] + + [Footnote 4: Observe that these words are exclamatory.] + + [Footnote 5: What construction follows /suadeo\? Sec. 501.41.] + + [Footnote 6: /rebus\, Sec. 501.32.] + + [Footnote 7: This is the abl. of the _way by which_ motion takes + place, sometimes called the abl. of route. The construction comes + under the general head of the abl. of means. For the scene here + described, see Plate II, p. 53, and notice especially the + stepping-stones for crossing the street (/saxa quae in medio + disposita erant\).] + + [Footnote 8: The forum of Pompeii was surrounded by temples, public + halls, and markets of various sorts. Locate Pompeii on the map.] + + +LXV. A DAY AT POMPEII + +Apud forum e curru descenderunt et Lentulus dixit, "Hic sunt multa +tabernarum genera, mi Publi. Ecce, trans viam est popina! [1]Hoc genus +tabernarum cibaria vendit. Fructus quoque ante ianuam stant. Ibi cibaria +mea emam." "Optime," respondit Publius. "At ubi, mi pater, crustula +emere possumus? Namque mater nobis imperavit [2]ut haec quoque +pararemus. Timeo ut[3] ista popina vendat crustula." "Bene dicis," +inquit Lentulus. "At nonne vides illum fontem a dextra ubi aqua per +leonis caput fluit? In illo ipso loco est taberna pistoris qui sine +dubio vendit crustula." + +Brevi tempore[4] omnia erant parata, iamque [5]quinta hora erat. Deinde +Lentulus et filius ad cauponam properaverunt, quod fame[6] et siti[7] +urgebantur. Ibi sub arboris umbra sederunt et puero imperaverunt ut +sibi[8] cibum et vinum daret. Huic imperio[9] puer celeriter paruit. Tum +laeti se[10] ex labore refecerunt. + +Post prandium prefecti sunt ut alia urbis spectacula viderent. Illo +tempore fuerunt Pompeiis[11] multa templa, duo theatra, thermae +magnumque amphitheatrum, quae omnia post paucos annos flammis atque +incendiis Vesuvi et terrae motu deleta sunt. Ante hanc calamitatem autem +homines [12]nihil de monte veriti sunt. In amphitheatro quidem Publius +morari cupivit ut spectacula gladiatoria videret, quae in[13] illum +ipsum diem proscripta erant et iam [14]re vera inceperant. Sed Lentulus +dixit, "Morari, Publi, [15]vereor ut possimus. Iam decima hora est et +via est longa. Tempus suadet ut quam primum domum revertamur." Itaque +servo imperavit ut equos iungeret, et solis occasu[16] ad villam +pervenerunt. + + [Footnote 1: We say, _this kind of shop_; Latin, _this kind of + shops_.] + + [Footnote 2: /ut ... pararemus\, Sec. 501.41.] + + [Footnote 3: How is /ut\ translated after a verb of fearing? How + /ne:\? Cf. Sec. 501.42.] + + [Footnote 4: /tempore\, Sec. 501.35.] + + [Footnote 5: /quinta hora\. The Romans numbered the hours of the day + consecutively from sunrise to sunset, dividing the day, whether long + or short, into twelve equal parts.] + + [Footnote 6: /fame\ shows a slight irregularity in that the abl. + ending -e is long.] + + [Footnote 7: /sitis\, _thirst_, has -im in the acc. sing., -i in + the abl. sing., and no plural.] + + [Footnote 8: Observe that the reflexive pronoun /sibi\ does not here + refer to the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands, + but to the subject of the main clause. This so-called _indirect_ use + of the reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose.] + + [Footnote 9: What case? Cf. Sec. 501.14.] + + [Footnote 10: /se\, cf. p. 205, l. 7, and note.] + + [Footnote 11: /Pompeiis\, Sec. 501.36.1.] + + [Footnote 12: /nihil ... veriti sunt\, _had no fears of the + mountain_.] + + [Footnote 13: /in\, _for_.] + + [Footnote 14: /re vera\, _in fact_.] + + [Footnote 15: /vereor ut\, Sec. 501.42.] + + [Footnote 16: /occasu\, Sec. 501.35.] + + +LXVI. LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON + +A primis annis quidem Iulia ipsa filium suum docuerat, et Publius non +solum [1]pure et Latine loqui poterat sed etiam commode legebat et +scribebat. Iam Ennium[2] aliosque poetas legerat. Nunc vero Publius +[3]duodecim annos habebat; itaque ei pater bonum magistrum, [4]virum +omni doctrina et virtute ornatissimum, paravit, [5]qui Graeca, musicam, +aliasque artis doceret. [6]Namque illis temporibus omnes fere gentes +Graece loquebantur. Cum Publio alii pueri, Lentuli amicorum filii,[7] +discebant. Nam saepe apud Romanos mos erat [8]non in ludum filios +mittere sed domi per magistrum docere. Cotidie discipuli cum magistro in +peristylo[9] Marci domus sedebant. Omnes pueri bullam auream, originis +honestae signum, in collo gerebant, et omnes toga praetexta amicti +erant, [10]quod nondum sedecim annos[11] nati sunt. + + [Footnote 1: /pure ... poterat\, freely, _could speak Latin well_. + What is the literal translation?] + + [Footnote 2: /Ennium\, the father of Latin poetry.] + + [Footnote 3: /duodecim ... habebat\, cf. p. 206, l. 8, and note.] + + [Footnote 4: /virum\, etc., _a very well-educated and worthy man_. + Observe the Latin equivalent.] + + [Footnote 5: /qui ... doceret\, a relative clause of purpose. Cf. + Secs. 349, 350.] + + [Footnote 6: In Caesar's time Greek was spoken more widely in the + Roman world than any other language.] + + [Footnote 7: /filii\, in apposition with /pueri\.] + + [Footnote 8: /non ... mittere\. This infinitive clause is the + subject of /erat\. Cf. Sec. 216. The same construction is repeated + in the next clause, /domi ... docere\. The object of /docere\ is + /filios\ understood.] + + [Footnote 9: The peristyle was an open court surrounded by a + colonnade.] + + [Footnote 10: At the age of sixteen a boy laid aside the _bulla_ + and the _toga praetexta_ and assumed _toga virilis_ or manly gown.] + + [Footnote 11: /annos\, Sec. 501.21. The expression /nondum sedecim + annos nati sunt\ means literally, _they were born not yet sixteen + years_. This is the usual expression for age. What is the English + equivalent?] + + + [Illustration: TABULA ET STILUS] + +SCENE IN SCHOOL : AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION + +DISCIPULI. Salve, magister. +MAGISTER. Vos quoque omnes, salvete. [1]Tabulasne portavistis et + stilos? +D. Portavimus. +M. Iam fabulam Aesopi[2] discemus. Ego legam, vos in tabulis scribite. + Et tu, Publi, da mihi e capsa[3] Aesopi volumen.[4] Iam audite + omnes: _Vulpes et Uva_. +Vulpes olim fame coacta uvam dependentem vidit. Ad uvam saliebat, + sumere conans. Frustra diu conata, tandem irata erat et salire + cessans dixit: "Illa uva est acerba; acerbam uvam [5]nihil moror." +Omnia'ne scripsistis, pueri? +D. Omnia, magister. + + [Footnote 1: Tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax. The + writing was done with a stylus, a pointed instrument like a pencil, + made of bone or metal, with a knob at the other end. The knob was + used to smooth over the wax in making erasures and corrections.] + + [Footnote 2: /Aesopi\, the famous Greek to whom are ascribed most of + the fables current in the ancient world.] + + [Footnote 3: A cylindrical box for holding books and papers, shaped + like a hatbox.] + + [Footnote 4: Ancient books were written on rolls made of papy'rus.] + + [Footnote 5: /nihil moror\, _I care nothing for_.] + + +LXVII. PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION + +Iamque Publius, [1]quindecim annos natus, [2]primis litterarum elementis +confectis, Romam petere voluit ut scholas grammaticorum et philosophorum +frequentaret. Et facillime patri[3] suo, qui ipse philosophiae studio +tenebatur, persuasit. Itaque [4]omnibus rebus ad profectionem +comparatis, pater filiusque equis animosis vecti[5] ad magnam urbem +profecti sunt. Eos proficiscentis Iulia totaque familia votis +precibusque prosecutae sunt. Tum per loca[6] plana et collis silvis +vestitos viam ingressi sunt ad Nolam, quod oppidum eos hospitio modico +excepit. Nolae[7] duas horas morati sunt, quod sol meridianus ardebat. +Tum recta via[8] circiter viginti milia[9] passuum[9] Capuam,[9] ad +insignem Campaniae urbem, contenderunt. Eo[10] multa nocte defessi +pervenerunt. [11]Postridie eius diei, somno et cibo recreati, Capua +discesserunt et [13]viam Appiam ingressi, quae Capuam tangit et usque ad +urbem Romam ducit, ante meridiem Sinuessam pervenerunt, quod oppidum +tangit mare. Inde prima luce proficiscentes Formias[13] properaverunt, +ubi Cicero, orator clarissimus, qui forte apud villam suam erat, eos +benigne excepit. Hinc [14]itinere viginti quinque milium passuum facto, +Tarracinam, oppidum in saxis altissimis situm, viderunt. Iamque non +longe aberant paludes magnae, quae multa milia passuum undique patent. +Per eas pedestris via est gravis et in nave viatores vehuntur. Itaque +[15]equis relictis Lentulus et Publius navem conscenderunt, et, una +nocte in transitu consumpta, Forum Appi venerunt. Tum brevi tempore +Aricia eos excepit. Hoc oppidum, in colle situm, ab urbe Roma sedecim +milia passuum abest. Inde declivis via usque ad latum campum ducit ubi +Roma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Publius venit et Romam adhuc remotam, +maximam totius orbis terrarum urbem, conspexit, summa admiratione et +gaudio adfectus est. Sine mora descenderunt, et, medio intervallo quam +celerrime superato, urbem porta Capena ingressi sunt. + + [Footnote 1: /quindecim\, etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.] + + [Footnote 2: /primis ... confectis\, abl. abs. Cf. Sec. 501.28.] + + [Footnote 3: /patri\, dat. with /persuasit\.] + + [Footnote 4: /omnibus ... comparatis\, cf. note 2.] + + [Footnote 5: /vecti\, perf. pass. part. of /veho\.] + + [Footnote 6: What is there peculiar about the gender of this word?] + + [Footnote 7: /Nolae\, locative case, Sec. 501.36.2.] + + [Footnote 8: /via\, cf. /porta\, p. 208, l. 7, and note.] + + [Footnote 9: What construction?] + + [Footnote 10: /Eo\, adv. _there_.] + + [Footnote 11: /Postridie eius diei\, _on the next day_.] + + [Footnote 12: /viam Appiam\, the most famous of all Roman roads, the + great highway from Rome to Tarentum and Brundisium, with numerous + branches. Locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in + the lines that follow.] + + [Footnote 13: /Formias\, _Formiae_, one of the most beautiful spots + on this coast, and a favorite site for the villas of rich Romans.] + + [Footnote 14: /itinere ... facto\, abl. abs. The gen. /milium\ + modifies /itinere\.] + + [Footnote 15: /equis relictis\. What construction? Point out a + similar one in the next line.] + + + [Illustration: BULLA] + +LXVIII. PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS + +Publius iam totum annum Romae morabatur[1] multaque urbis spectacula +viderat et multos sibi[2] amicos paraverat. Ei[3] omnes favebant; [4]de +eo omnes bene sperare poterant. Cotidie Publius scholas philosophorum et +grammaticorum tanto studio frequentabat [5]ut aliis clarum exemplum +praeberet. Saepe erat cum patre in curia[6]; quae res effecit [7]ut +summos rei publicae viros et audiret et videret. Ubi [8]sedecim annos +natus est, bullam[9] auream et togam praetextam more Romano deposuit +atque virilem togam sumpsit. Virilis autem toga erat omnino alba, sed +praetexta clavum purpureum in margine habebat. [10]Deponere togam +praetextam et sumere togam virilem erat res gratissima puero Romano, +quod postea vir et civis Romanus habebatur. + +[11]His rebus gestis Lentulus ad uxorem suam has litteras scripsit: + +[12]"Marcus Iuliae suae salutem dicit. Si vales, bene est; ego valeo. +Accepi tuas litteras. Has nunc Roma per servum fidelissimum mitto ut de +Publio nostro quam celerrime scias. Nam hodie ei togam virilem dedi. +Ante lucem surrexi[13] et primum bullam auream de collo eius removi. Hac +Laribus[14] consecrata et sacris factis, eum toga virili vestivi. +Interim plures amici cum multitudine optimorum civium et honestorum +clientium pervenerant [15]qui Publium domo in forum deducerent. Ibi in +civitatem receptus est et nomen, Publius Cornelius Lentulus, apud civis +Romanos ascriptum est. Omnes ei amicissimi fuerunt et magna[16] de eo +praedicunt. Sapientior enim aequalibus[17] est et magnum ingenium habet. +[18]Cura ut valeas." + + [Footnote 1: /morabatur\, translate as if pluperfect.] + + [Footnote 2: /sibi\, _for himself_.] + + [Footnote 3: /Ei\, why dat.?] + + [Footnote 4: /de ... poterant\, in English, _all regarded him as a + very promising youth;_ but what does the Latin say?] + + [Footnote 5: /ut ... praeberet\, Sec. 501.43.] + + [Footnote 6: /curia\, a famous building near the Roman Forum.] + + [Footnote 7: /ut ... audiret et videret\, Sec. 501.44.] + + [Footnote 8: /sedecim, etc.\, cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.] + + [Footnote 9: /bullam\, cf. p. 210, l. 3, and note 4.] + + [Footnote 10: These infinitive clauses are the subject of /erat\. + Cf. Sec. 216.] + + [Footnote 11: /His rebus gestis\, i.e. the assumption of the _toga + virilis_ and attendant ceremonies.] + + [Footnote 12: Compare the beginning of this letter with the one on + page 206.] + + [Footnote 13: /surrexi\, from /surgo\.] + + [Footnote 14: The Lares were the spirits of the ancestors, and were + worshiped as household gods. All that the house contained was + confided to their care, and sacrifices were made to them daily.] + + [Footnote 15: /qui ... deducerent\, Sec. 350.] + + [Footnote 16: /magna\, _great things_, a neuter adj. used as a + noun.] + + [Footnote 17: /aequalibus\, Sec. 501.34.] + + [Footnote 18: /Cura ut valeas\, _take good care of your health_. How + does the Latin express this idea?] + + +LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CAESAR'S ARMY IN GAUL + +Publius iam adulescens postquam togam virilem sumpsit, aliis rebus +studere incepit et praesertim usu[1] armorum se[2] diligenter exercuit. +Magis magisque amavit illas artis quae militarem animum delectant. +Iamque erant [3]qui ei cursum militarem praedicerent. Nec sine causa, +quod certe patris isigne exemplum [4]ita multum trahebat. [5]Paucis ante +annis C. Iulius Caesar, ducum Romanorum maximus, consul creatus erat et +hoc tempore in Gallia bellum grave gerebat. Atque in exercitu eius +plures adulescentes militabant, apud quos erat amicus quidam Publi. Ille +Publium crebris litteris vehementer hortabatur [6]ut iter in Galliam +faceret. Neque Publius recusavit, et, multis amicis ad portam urbis +prosequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Quarto die postquam +iter ingressus est, ad Alpis, montis altissimos, pervenit. His summa +difficultate superatis, tandem Gallorum in finibus erat. Primo autem +veritus est ut[7] castris Romanis adpropinquare posset, quod Galli, +maximis copiis coactis, Romanos obsidebant et vias omnis iam clauserant. +His rebus commotus Publius vestem Gallicam induit ne a Gallis caperetur, +et ita per hostium copias incolumis ad castra pervenire potuit. Intra +munitiones acceptus, a Caesare benigne exceptus est. Imperator fortem +adulescentem amplissimis verbis laudavit et eum [8]tribunum militum +creavit. + + [Footnote 1: Abl. of means.] + + [Footnote 2: /se\, reflexive object of /exercuit\.] + + [Footnote 3: /qui ... praedicerent\, Sec. 501.45.] + + [Footnote 4: /ita multum trahebat\, _had a great influence in that + direction_.] + + [Footnote 5: /Paucis ante annis\, _a few years before_; in Latin, + _before by a few years_, /ante\ being an adverb and /annis\ abl. of + degree of difference.] + + [Footnote 6: /ut ... faceret\, Sec. 501.41.] + + [Footnote 7: /ut\, how translated here? See Sec. 501.42.] + + [Footnote 8: The _military tribune_ was a commissioned officer + nearly corresponding to our rank of colonel. The tribunes were often + inexperienced men, so Caesar did not allow them much responsibility.] + + + [Illustration: IMPEDIMENTA] + +HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED + +Exercitus qui in hostium finibus bellum genit multis pericuis +circumdatus est. [1]Quae pericula ut vitaret, Romani summam curam +adhibere solebant. Adpropinquantees copiis hostium agmen ita disponebant +[2]ut imperator ipse cum plaribus legionibus expeditis[3] primum agmen +duceret. Post eas copias impedimenta[4] totius exercitus conlocabant. +[5]Tum legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant. +Equites quoque in omnis partis dimittebantur qui loca explorarent; et +centuriones praemittebantur ut locum castris idoneum deligerent. Locus +habebatur idoneus castris [6]qui facile defendi posset et prope aquam +esset. Qua de causa castra[7] in colle ab utraque parte arduo, a fronte +leniter declivi saepe ponebantur; vel locus paludibus cinctus vel in +fluminis ripis situs deligebatur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervenit, +alii militum [8]in armis erant, alii castra munire incipiebant. Nam +[9]quo tutiores ab hostibus milites essent, neve incauti et imparati +opprimerentur, castra fossa lata et vallo alto muniebant. In castris +portae quattuor erant ut eruptio militum omnis in partis fieri posset. +In angulis castrorum erant turres de quibus tela in hostis +coniciebantur. [10]Talibus in castris qualia descripsimus Publius a +Caesare exceptus est. + + [Footnote 1: /Quae pericula\, object of /vitarent\. It is placed + first to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence.] + + [Footnote 2: /ut ... duceret\, Sec. 501.43.] + + [Footnote 3: /expeditis\, i.e. without baggage and ready for + action.] + + [Footnote 4: /impedimenta\. Much of the baggage was carried in carts + and on beasts of burden, as is shown above; but, besides this, each + soldier (unless /expeditus\) carried a heavy pack. See also picture, + p. 159.] + + [Footnote 5: The newest legions were placed in the rear, because + they were the least reliable.] + + [Footnote 6: /qui ... posset ... esset\, Sec. 501.45.] + + [Footnote 7: /castra\, subject of /ponebantur\.] + + [Footnote 8: /in armis erant\, _stood under arms_.] + + [Footnote 9: /quo ... essent\. When is /quo\ used to introduce a + purpose clause? See Sec. 350.I.] + + [Footnote 10: /Talibus in castris qualia\, _in such a camp as_. + It is important to remember the correlatives /talis ... qualis\, + _such ... as_.] + + + [Illustration: CENTURIO] + +LXX. THE RIVAL CENTURIONS + +Illis in castris erant duo centuriones,[1] fortissimi viri, T. Pullo et +L. Vorenus, quorum neuter alteri virtute[2] cedere volebat. Inter eos +iam multos annos infensum certamen gerebatur. Tum demum finis +controversiae hoc modo[3] factus est. Die tertio postquam Publius +pervenit, hostes, maioribus copiis coactis, acerrimum impetum in castra +fecerunt. Tum Pullo, [4]cum Romani tardiores[5] viderentur, "Cur +dubitas," inquit, "Vorene? Quam commodiorem occasionem exspectas? Hic +dies de virtute nostra iudicabit." Haec[6] cum dixisset, extra +munitiones processit et in eam hostium partem quae cofertissima +[7]videbatur inrupit. Neque Vorenus quidem tum vallo[8] sese continet, +sed Pullonem subsequitur. Tum Pullo pilum in hostis immittit atque unum +ex multitudine procurrentem traicit. Hunc percussum et exanimatum hostes +scutis protegunt et in Pullonem omnes tela coniciunt. Eius scutum +transfigitur et telum in balteo defigitur. Hic casus vaginam avertit et +dextram manum eius gladium educere conantis[9] moratur. Eum ita +impeditum hostes circumsistunt. + +Tum vero [10]ei laboranti Vorenus, cum sit inimicus, tamen auxilium dat. +Ad hunc confestim [11]a Pullone omnis multitudo se convertit. Gladio +comminus pugnat Vorenus, atque, uno interfecto, reliquos paulum +propellit. Sed instans cupidius[12] infelix, [13]pede se fallente, +concidit. + +Huic rursus circumvento auxilium dat Pullo, atque ambo incolumes, +pluribus interfectis, summa cum laude intra munitiones se recipiunt. Sic +inimicorum alter alteri auxilium dedit nec de eorum virtute quisquam +iudicare potuit. + + [Footnote 1: A centurion commanded a company of about sixty men. He + was a common soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his + courage and fighting qualities. The centurions were the real leaders + of the men in battle. There were sixty of them in a legion. The + centurion in the picture (p. 216) has in his hand a staff with a + crook at one end, the symbol of his authority.] + + [Footnote 2: /virtute\, Sec. 501.30.] + + [Footnote 3: Abl. of manner.] + + [Footnote 4: /cum ... viderentur\, Sec. 501.46.] + + [Footnote 5: /tardiores\, _too slow_, a not infrequent translation + of the comparative degree.] + + [Footnote 6: /Haec\, obj. of /dixisset\. It is placed before /cum\ + to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. What is the + construction of /dixisset\?] + + [Footnote 7: /videbatur, inrupit\. Why is the imperfect used in one + case and the perfect in the other? Cf. Sec. 190.] + + [Footnote 8: /vallo\, abl. of means, but in English we should say + _within the rampart_. Cf. /ingenti stabulo\, p. 201, l. 13, and + note.] + + [Footnote 9: /conantis\, pres. part. agreeing with /eius\.] + + [Footnote 10: /ei laboranti\, indir. obj. of dat.] + + [Footnote 11: /a Pullone\, _from Pullo_, abl. of separation.] + + [Footnote 12: /cupidius\, _too eagerly_.] + + [Footnote 13: /pede se fallente\, lit. _the foot deceiving itself_; + in our idiom, _his foot slipping_.] + + +LXXI. THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED + +Cum iam sex horas pugnatum esset[1] ac non solum vires sed etiam tela +Romanos deficerent[1], atque hostes acrius instarent,[1] et vallum +scindere fossamque complere incepissent,[1] Caesar, vir rei militaris +peritissimus, suis imperavit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent,[2] +et, signo dato, ex castris erumperent.[2] [3]Quod iussi sunt faciunt, et +subito ex omnibus portis erumpunt. Atque tam celeriter milites +concurrerunt et tam propinqui erant hostes[4] ut spatium pila +coniciendi[5] non daretur. Itaque reiectis pilis [6]comminus gladiis +pugnatum est. Diu et audacter hostes restiterunt et in extrema spe +salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut a dextro cornu vehementer +[7]multitudine suorum aciem Romanam premerent. [8]Id imperator cum +animadvertisset, Publium adulescentem cum equitatu misit qui +laborantibus[9] auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinere non potuerunt +hostes[10] et omnes terga verterunt. Eos in fugam datos Publius +subsecutus est usque ad flumen Rhenum, quod ab eo loco quinque milia +passuum aberat. Ibi pauci salutem sibi reppererunt. Omnibus reliquis +interfectis, Publius et equites in castra sese receperunt. De hac +calamitate finitimae gentes cum certiores factae essent, ad Caesarem +legatos miserunt et se suaque omnia dediderunt. + + [Footnote 1: /pugnatum esset, deficerent, instarent, incepissent\. + These are all subjunctives with /cum\. Cf. Sec. 501.46.] + + [Footnote 2: /intermitterent, erumperent\. What use of the + subjunctive?] + + [Footnote 3: /Quod\, etc., _they do as ordered_. The antecedent of + /quod\ is /id\ understood, which would be the object of /faciunt\.] + + [Footnote 4: /ut ... daretur\. Is this a clause of purpose or of + result?] + + [Footnote 5: /coniciendi\, Sec. 402.] + + [Footnote 6: /comminus gladiis pugnatum est\, _a hand-to-hand + conflict was waged with swords_.] + + [Footnote 7: /multitudine suorum\, _by their numbers_. /suorum\ is + used as a noun. What is the literal translation of this expression?] + + [Footnote 8: /Id imperator. Id\ is the obj. and /imperator\ the + subj. of /animadvertisset\.] + + [Footnote 9: /laborantibus\. This participle agrees with /iis\ + understood, the indir. obj. of /daret; qui ... daret\ is a purpose + clause, Sec. 501.40.] + + [Footnote 10: /hostes\, subj. of /potuerunt\.] + + +LXXII. PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY : ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS + +Inita aestate Caesar litteris certior fiebat et per exploratores +cognoscebat pluris civitates Galliae novis rebus studere,[1] et contra +populum Romanum coniurare[1] obsidesque [2]inter se dare,[1] atque cum +his Germanos quosdam quoque sese coniuncturos esse.[1] His litteris +nuntiisque commotus Caesar constituit quam celerrime in Gallos +proficisci,[3] ut eos inopinantis opprimeret, et Labienum legatum cum +duabus legionibus peditum et duobus milibus equitum in Germanos +mittere.[3] [4]Itaque re frumentaria comparata castra movit. Ab +utroque[5] res bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium finis +pervenit ut spatium [6]copias cogendi non daretur[4]; et Labienus de +Germanis tam grave supplicium sumpsit ut nemo ex ea gente in reliquum +tempus Gallis auxilium dare auderet.[7] + +Hoc iter in Germaniam Publius quoque fecit et, [8]cum ibi moraretur, +multa mirabilia vidit. Praesertim vero ingentem silvam mirabatur, quae +tantae magnitudinis esse dicebatur [9]ut nemo eam transire posset, nec +quisquam sciret aut initium aut finem. Qua de re plura cognoverat a +milite quodam qui olim captus a Germanis multos annos ibi incoluit. +Ille[10] de silva dicens, "Infinitae magnitudinis est haec silva," +inquit; "nee quisquam est [11]huius Germaniae [12]qui initium eius sciat +aut ad finem adierit. Nascuntur illic multa talia animalium genera +qualia reliquis in locis non inveniuntur. Sunt boves qui unum[13] cornu +habent; sunt etiam animalia quae appellantur alces. Hae nullos +crurum[14] articulos habent. Itaque, si forte conciderunt, sese erigere +nullo modo possunt. Arbores habent pro[15] cubilibus; ad eas se +applicant atque ita reclinatae quietem capiunt. Tertium est genus eorum +qui uri appellantur. Hi sunt paulo minores elephantis.[16] Magna vis +eorum est et magna velocitas. Neque homini neque ferae parcunt.[17]" + + [Footnote 1: Observe that all these infinitives are in indirect + statements after /certior fiebat\, _he was informed_, and + /cognoscebat\, _he learned_. Cf. Sec. 501.48, 49.] + + [Footnote 2: /inter se\, _to each other_.] + + [Footnote 3: /proficisci, mittere\. These infinitives depend upon + /constituit\.] + + [Footnote 4: Before beginning a campaign, food had to be provided. + Every fifteen days grain was distributed. Each soldier received + about two pecks. This he carried in his pack, and this constituted + his food, varied occasionally by what he could find by foraging.] + + [Footnote 5: Abl. of personal agent, Sec. 501.33.] + + [Footnote 6: /copias cogendi\, Sec. 501.37.1.] + + [Footnote 7: /daretur, auderet\, Sec. 501.43. /auderet\ is not from + /audio\.] + + [Footnote 8: /cum ... moraretur\, Sec. 501.46.] + + [Footnote 9: /ut ... posset, ... sciret\, Sec. 501.43.] + + [Footnote 10: /Ille\, subj. of /inquit\.] + + [Footnote 11: /huius Germaniae\, _of this part of Germany_.] + + [Footnote 12: /qui ... sciat ... adierit\, Sec. 501.45.] + + [Footnote 13: /unum\, _only one_.] + + [Footnote 14: /crurum\, from /crus\.] + + [Footnote 15: /pro\, _for, in place of_.] + + [Footnote 16: /elephantis\, Sec. 501.34.] + + [Footnote 17: /parcunt\. What case is used with this verb?] + + + [Illustration: VINEA] + +LXXIII. THE STORMING OF A CITY + +Publius pluris dies in Germania moratus[1] in Galliam rediit, et ad +Caesaris castra se contulit. Ille quia moleste ferebat Gallos[2] eius +regionis obsides dare recusavisse et exercitui frumentum praebere +noluisse, constituit eis[3] bellum inferre. Agris vastatis, vicis +incensis, pervenit ad oppidum validissimum quod et natura et arte +munitum erat. Cingebatur muro viginti quinque pedes[4] alto. A lateribus +duositum, praerupto fastigio ad planitiem vergegat; a quarto tantum[5] +latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnare, [6]cum opus esset +difficillimum, tamen constituit Caesar. Et castris munitis Publio +negotium dedit ut res [7]ad oppugnandum necessarias pararet. + +Romanorum autem oppugnatio est haec.[8] Primum turres aedificantur +quibus milites in summum murum evadere possint[9]; vineae[10] fiunt +quibus tecti milites ad murum succedant; plutei[11] parantur post quos +milites tormenta[12] administrent; sunt quoque arietes qui murum et +portas discutiant. His omnibus rebus comparatis, deinde [13]agger ab ea +parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vineis ad ipsum +oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere promovetur; arietibus qui sub +vineis conlocati erant murus et portae discutiuntur; ballistis, +catapultis, reliquisque tormentis lapides et tela in oppidum +coniciuntur. Postremo cum iam turris et agger altitudinem muri adaequant +et arietes moenia perfregerunt,[14] signo dato milites inruunt et +oppidum expugnant. + + [Footnote 1: /moratus\. Is this part. active or passive in meaning?] + + [Footnote 2: /Gallos\, subj. acc. of the infins. /recusavisse\ and + /noluisse\. The indirect statement depends upon /moleste ferebat\.] + + [Footnote 3: /eis\, Sec. 501.15.] + + [Footnote 4: /pedes\, Sec. 501.21.] + + [Footnote 5: /tantum\, adv. _only_.] + + [Footnote 6: /cum ... esset\, a clause of concession, Sec. 501.46.] + + [Footnote 7: /ad oppugnandum\, a gerund expressing purpose.] + + [Footnote 8: /haec\, _as follows_.] + + [Footnote 9: /possint\, subjv. of purpose. Three similar + constructions follow.] + + [Footnote 10: /vineae\. These /vineae\ were wooden sheds, open in + front and rear, used to protect men who were working to take a + fortification. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and + double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from + being set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers.] + + [Footnote 11: /plutei\, large screens or shields with small wheels + attached to them. These were used to protect besiegers while moving + up to a city or while serving the engines of war.] + + [Footnote 12: /tormenta\. The engines of war were chiefly the + catapult for shooting great arrows, and the ballista, for hurling + large stones. They had a range of about two thousand feet and were + very effective.] + + [Footnote 13: The /agger\, or mound, was of chief importance in a + siege. It was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy, + and then gradually extended towards the point to be attacked. At the + same time its height gradually increased until on a level with the + top of the wall, or even higher. It was made of earth and timber, + and had covered galleries running through it for the use of the + besiegers. Over or beside the _agger_ a tower was moved up to the + wall, often with a battering-ram (_aries_) in the lowest story. (See + picture, p. 221.)] + + [Footnote 14: /perfregerunt\, from /perfringo\.] + + [Illustration: BALLISTA] + + + [Illustration: TURRES, ARIETES, VINEA] + +LXXIV. THE CITY IS TAKEN : THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED + +Omnibus rebus necessariis ad oppugnandum a Publio comparatis, +deliberatur in concilio quod consilium [1]oppidi expugnandi ineant.[2] +Tum unus[3] ex centurionibus, vir rei militaris peritissimus, "Ego +suadeo," inquit, "ut ab ea parte, ubi aditus sit[5] facillimus, aggerem +exstruamus[4] et turrim promoveamus[6] atque ariete admoto simul murum +discutere conemur.[5]" [6]Hoc consilium cum omnibus placeret, Caesar +concilium dimisit. Deinde milites hortatus ut priores victorias +memoria[7] tenerent, iussit aggerem exstrui, turrim et arietem admoveri. +Neque oppidanis[8] consilium defuit. Alii ignem et omne genus telorum de +muro in turrim coniecerunt, alii ingentia saxa in vineas et arietem +devolverunt. Diu utrimque acerrime pugnatum est. Ne vulnerati quidem +pedem rettulerunt. Tandem, [9]de tertia vigilia, Publius, quem Caesar +illi operi[10] praefecerat, nuntiavit partem[11] muri ictibus arietis +labefactam concidisse. Qua re audita Caesar signum dat; milites inruunt +et magna cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt. + +Postridie eius diei, hoc oppido expugnato, [12]captivorum qui +nobilissimi sunt ad imperatorem ante praetorium[13] adducuntur. Ipse, +lorica aurata et paludamento purpureo insignis, captivos per interpretem +in hunc modum interrogat:[14] Vos qui estis[15]? + +INTERPRES. Rogat imperator qui sitis. + +CAPTIVI. Filii regis sumus. + +INTERPRES. Dicunt se filios esse regis. + +IMPERATOR. Cur mihi tantas iniurias intulistis? + +INTERPRES. Rogat cur sibi tantas iniurias intuleritis. + +CAPTIVI. Iniurias ei non intulimus sed pro patria bellum gessimus. +Semper voluimus Romanis esse amici, sed Romani sine causa nos domo +patriaque expellere conati sunt. + +INTERPRES. [16]Negant se iniurias tibi intulisse, sed pro patria bellum +gessisse. [17]Semper se voluisse amicos Romanis esse, sed Romanos sine +causa se domo patriaque expellere conatos esse. + +IMPERATOR. [18]Manebitisne in reliquum tempus in fide, hac rebellione +condonata? + +Tum vero captivi multis cum lacrimis iuraverunt se in fide mansuros +esse, et Caesar eos incolumis domum dimisit. + + [Footnote 1: /oppidi expugnandi\. Is this a gerund or a gerundive + construction? Cf. Sec. 501.37.] + + [Footnote 2: /ineant\. Sec. 501.50.] + + [Footnote 3: /unus\. subj. of /inquit\.] + + [Footnote 4: /sit\. This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction, + which means that the clause beginning with /ubi\ stands in such + close connection with the subjv. clause beginning with /ut\, that + its verb is attracted into the same mood.] + + [Footnote 5: All these verbs are in the same construction.] + + [Footnote 6: /Hoc consilium\, subj. of /placeret\. For the order + cf. /Haec cum\, etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; /Id imperator cum\, + p. 217, l. 8.] + + [Footnote 7: /memoria\, abl. of means.] + + [Footnote 8: /oppidanis\, Sec. 501.15.] + + [Footnote 9: Between twelve and three o'clock in the morning. The + night was divided into four watches.] + + [Footnote 10: /operi\, Sec. 501.15.] + + [Footnote 11: /partem\, subj. acc. of /concidisse\.] + + [Footnote 12: /captivorum ... sunt\, _the noblest of the captives_.] + + [Footnote 13: The general's headquarters.] + + [Footnote 14: Study carefully these direct questions, indirect + questions, and indirect statements.] + + [Footnote 15: See Plate III, p. 148.] + + [Footnote 16: /Negant\, etc., _they say that they have not_, etc. + /Negant\ is equivalent to /dicunt non\, and the negative modifies + /intulisse\, but not the remainder of the indirect statement.] + + [Footnote 17: /Semper\, etc., _that they have always_, etc.] + + [Footnote 18: /Manebitisne in fide\, _will you remain loyal?_] + + +LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CAESAR AND POMPEY +THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA + +Ne confecto[1] quidem bello Gallico, [2]bellum civile inter Caesarem et +Pompeium exortum est. Nam Pompeius, qui summum imperium petebat, senatui +persuaserat ut Caesarem rei publicae hostem[3] iudicaret et exercitum +eius dimitti iuberet. Quibus cognitis rebus Caesar exercitum suum +dimittere recusavit, atque, hortatus milites ut ducem totiens victorem +ab inimicorum iniuriis defenderent, imperavit ut se Romam sequerentur. +Summa cum alacritate milites paruerunt, et transito Rubicone[4] initium +belli civilis factum est. + +Italiae urbes quidem omnes fere [5]rebus Caesaris favebant et eum +benigne exceperunt. Qua re commotus Pompeius ante Caesaris adventum Roma +excessit et Brundisium[6] pervenit, inde [7]paucis post diebus cum +omnibus copiis ad Epirum mare transiit. Eum Caesar cum septem legionibus +et quingentis equitibus secutus est, et insignis inter Caesaris +comitatum erat Publius. + +Pluribus levioribus proeliis factis, tandem copiae adversae ad +Pharsalum[8] in Thessalia sitam castra posuerunt. Cum Pompei exercitus +esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multi qui veteranas +legiones quae Gallos et Germanos superaverant vehementer timebant. +Quos[9] [10]ante proelium commissum Labienus[11] legatus, qui ab Caesare +nuper defecerat, ita adlocutus est: "[12]Nolite existimare hunc esse +exercitum veteranorum militum. Omnibus interfui proeliis[13] neque +temere incognitam rem pronuntio. Perexigua pars illius exercitus qui +Gallos superavit adhuc superest. Magna pars occisa est, multi domum +discesserunt, multi sunt relicti in Italia. Hae copiae quas videtis in +[14]citeriore Gallia nuper conscriptae sunt." Haec[15] cum dixisset, +iuravit se nisi victorem in castra non reversurum esse. [16]Hoc idem +Pompeius et omnes reliqui iuraverunt, et magna spe et laetitia, sicut +certam ad victoriam, copiae e castris exierunt. + +Item Caesar, animo[17] ad dimicandum paratus, exercitum suum eduxit et +septem cohortibus [18]praesidio castris relictis copias triplici acie +instruxit. Tum, militibus studio pugnae ardentibus, tuba signum dedit. +Milites procurrerunt et pilis missis gladios strinxerunt. Neque vero +virtus hostibus defuit. Nam et tela missa sustinuerunt et impetum +gladiorum exceperunt et ordines conservaverunt. Utrimque diu et acriter +pugnatum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equites Pompei aciem +Caesaris circumire conati sunt. Quod[19] ubi Caesar animadvertit, +tertiam aciem,[20] quae ad id tempus quieta fuerat, procurrere iussit. +Tum vero integrorum impetum[21] defessi hostes sustinere non potuerunt +et omnes terga verterunt. Sed Pompeius de fortunis suis desperans se in +castra equo contulit, inde mox cum paucis equitibus effugit. + + [Footnote 1: With /ne: ... quidem\ the emphatic word stands between + the two.] + + [Footnote 2: The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry + between Caesar and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent + death of Pompey and the elevation of Caesar to the lordship of the + Roman world.] + + [Footnote 3: /hostem\, predicate accusative, Sec. 501.22.] + + [Footnote 4: The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that + marked the boundary of Caesar's province. By crossing it with an + armed force Caesar declared war upon Pompey and the existing + government. Caesar crossed the Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C.] + + [Footnote 5: /rebus Caesaris favebant\, _favored Caesar's side_. In + what case is /rebus\?] + + [Footnote 6: /Brundisium\, a famous port in southern Italy whence + ships sailed for Greece and the East. See map.] + + [Footnote 7: /paucis post diebus\, _a few days later_; literally, + _afterguards by a few days_. Cf. /paucis ante annis\, p. 213, l. 12, + and note.] + + [Footnote 8: The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C. + In importance it ranks as one of the great battles of the world.] + + [Footnote 9: /Quos\, obj. of /adlocutus est\.] + + [Footnote 10: /ante proelium commissum\, _before the beginning of + the battle_.] + + [Footnote 11: /Labienus\, Caesar's most faithful and skillful + lieutenant in the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in + 49 B.C., he deserted Caesar and joined Pompey. His defection caused + the greatest joy among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the + expectations of his new friends, and never accomplished anything of + importance. He fought against his old commander in several battles + and was slain at the battle of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.] + + [Footnote 12: /Nolite existimare\, _don't think_.] + + [Footnote 13: /proeliis\, Sec. 501.15.] + + [Footnote 14: /citeriore Gallia\. This name is applied to Cisalpine + Gaul, or Gaul south of the Alps.] + + [Footnote 15: /Haec\, obj. of /dixisset\.] + + [Footnote 16: /Hoc idem\, obj. of /iuraverunt\.] + + [Footnote 17: /animo\, Sec. 501.30.] + + [Footnote 18: /praesidio castris\, Sec. 501.17.] + + [Footnote 19: /Quod\, obj. of /animadvertit\.] + + [Footnote 20: /aciem\, subj. of /procurrere\.] + + [Footnote 21: /impetum\, obj. of /sustinere\.] + + + [Illustration: SIGNIFER] + +LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR + +Pompeio amicisque eius superatis atque omnibus hostibus ubique victis, +Caesar imperator Romam rediit et [1]extra moenia urbis in campo Martio +castra posuit. Tum vero amplissimis honoribus adfectus est. Dictator +creatus est, et ei triumphus a senatu est decretus. [2]Quo die de Gallis +triumphum egit, tanta multitudo hominum in urbem undique confluxit [3]ut +omnia loca essent conferta. Templa patebant, arae fumabant, columnae +sertis ornatae erant. [4]Cum vero pompa urbem intraret, quantus hominum +fremitus ortus est! Primum per portam ingressi sunt senatus et +magistratus. Secuti sunt tibicines, signiferi, pedites laurea coronati +canentes: "Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, qui subegit Galliam," et "Mille, +mille, mille, mille Gallos trucidavimus." Multi praedam captarum urbium +portabant, arma, omnia belli instrumenta. Secuti sunt equites, animosis +atque splendidissime ornatis equis vecti, inter quos Publius adulescens +fortissimus habebatur. Adducebantur tauri, arietes, [5]qui dis +immortalibus immolarentur. Ita longo agmine progrediens exercitus +[6]sacra via per forum in Capitolium perrexit. + +Imperator ipse cum urbem intraret, undique laeto clamore multitudinis +salutatus est. Stabat in curru aureo quem quattuor albi equi vehebant. +Indutus [7]toga picta, altera manu habenas et lauream tenebat, altera +eburneum sceptrum. Post eum servus in curru stans auream coronam super +caput eius tenebat. Ante currum miserrimi captivi, reges principesque +superatarum gentium, catenis vincti, progrediebantur; et viginti +quattuor lictores[8] laureatas fascis ferentes et signiferi currum +Caesaris comitabantur. Concludit agmen multitudo captivorum, qui, in +servitutem redacti,[9] demisso vultu, vinctis[10] bracchiis, sequuntur; +quibuscum veniunt longissimo ordine milites, etiam hi praedam vel +insignia militaria ferentes. + + [Illustration: LICTORES CUM FASCIBUS] + +Caesar cum Capitolium ascendisset, in templo Iovi Capitolino sacra +fecit. Simul[11] captivorum qui nobilissimi erant, abducti in +carcerem,[12] interfecti sunt. Sacris factis Caesar de Capitolio +descendit et in foro miitibus suis honores militaris dedit eisque +pecuniam ex belli praeda distribuit. + +His omnibus rebus confectis, Publius Caesarem valere[13] iussit et quam +celerrime ad villam contendit ut patrem matremque salutaret. + +[14]De rebus gestis P. Corneli Lentuli hactenus. + + [Footnote 1: A victorious general with his army was not allowed to + enter the city until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the + greatest of all military honors.] + + [Footnote 2: /Quo die\, _on the day that_, abl. of time.] + + [Footnote 3: /ut ... essent\, Sec. 501.43.] + + [Footnote 4: /Cum ... intraret\, Sec. 501.46.] + + [Footnote 5: /qui ... immolarentur\, Sec. 501.40.] + + [Footnote 6: The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one + side of the Forum to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose + summit stood the magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This + route was always followed by triumphal processions.] + + [Footnote 7: The /toga picta\ worn by a general in his triumph was a + splendid robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate + IV, p. 213.] + + [Footnote 8: The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the + higher magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On + their shoulders they carried the _fasces_, a bundle of rods with an + ax in the middle, symbolizing the power of the law.] + + [Footnote 9: /demisso vultu\, _with downcast countenance_.] + + [Footnote 10: /vinctis\, from /vincio\.] + + [Footnote 11: /Simul\, etc., _At the same time those of the captives + who were the noblest._] + + [Footnote 12: The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of + the Capitoline Hill.] + + [Footnote 13: /valere iussit\, _bade farewell to_.] + + [Footnote 14: This sentence marks the end of the story.] + + + + +APPENDIX I + +DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC. + + +NOUNS + +_460._ Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the +final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive +singular. + +FIRST DECLENSION--A-stems, Gen. Sing. -ae + +SECOND DECLENSION--O-stems, Gen. Sing. -i + +THIRD DECLENSION--Consonant stems and I-stems, Gen. Sing. -is + +FOURTH DECLENSION--U-stems, Gen. Sing. -u:s + +FIFTH DECLENSION--E-stems, Gen. Sing. -e:i or -ei + +_461._ FIRST DECLENSION. _A_-STEMS + + domina, _lady_ STEM domina- BASE domin- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS + Nom. domina -a dominae -ae + Gen. dominae -ae domina:rum -a:rum + Dat. dominae -ae domini:s -i:s + Acc. dominam -am domina:s -a:s + Abl. domina: -a: domini:s -i:s + + _a._ /Dea\ and /filia\ have the termination -a:bus in the dative + and ablative plural. + +_462._ SECOND DECLENSION. _O_-STEMS + + _a._ MASCULINES IN -us + + dominus, _master_ STEM domino- BASE domin- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS + Nom. dominus -us domini: -i: + Gen. domini: -i: domino:rum -o:rum + Dat. domino: -o: domini:s -i:s + Acc. dominum -um domino:s -o:s + Abl. domino: -o: domini:s -i:s + + 1. Nouns in -us of the second declension have the termination -e in + the vocative singular, as /domine\. + + 2. Proper names in -ius, and /filius\, end in -i: in the vocative + singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as /Vergi'li:, fi:li:\. + + _b._ NEUTERS IN -um + + pi:lum, _spear_ STEM pi:lo- BASE pi:l- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS + Nom. pi:lum -um pi:la -a + Gen. pi:li: -i: pi:lo:rum -o:rum + Dat. pi:lo: -o: pi:li:s -i:s + Acc. pi:lum -um pi:la -a + Abl. pi:lo: -o: pi:li:s -i:s + + 1. Masculines in -ius and neuters in -ium end in -i: in the + genitive singular, _not_ in -ii:, and the accent rests on the penult. + + _c._ MASCULINES IN -er AND -ir + + puer, _boy_ ager, _field_ vir, _man_ + STEMS puero- agro- viro- + BASES puer- agr- vir- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. puer ager vir -- + Gen. pueri: agri: viri: -i: + Dat. puero: agro: viro: -o: + Acc. puerum agrum virum -um + Abl. puero: agro: viro: -o: + + PLURAL + Nom. pueri: agri: viri: -i: + Gen. puero:rum agro:rum viro:rum -o:rum + Dat. pueri:s agri:s viri:s -i:s + Acc. puero:s agro:s viro:s -o:s + Abl. pueri:s agri:s viri:s -i:s + +_463._ THIRD DECLENSION. + +CLASSIFICATION + +I. Consonant Stems + + 1. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative + singular: masculines and feminines only. + + 2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular: + _a._ masculines and feminines; _b._ neuters. + +II. _I_-Stems. + + Masculines, feminines, and neuters. + +_464._ I. CONSONANT STEMS + +1. _Nouns that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: +masculines and feminines only_ + + pri:nceps, mi:les, m., lapis, m., + m., _chief_ _soldier_ _stone_ + BASES | + OR | pri:ncip- mi:lit- lapid- + STEMS | + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. pri:nceps mi:les lapis -s + Gen. pri:ncipis mi:litis lapidis -is + Dat. pri:ncipi: mi:liti: lapidi: -i: + Acc. pri:ncipem mi:litem lapidem -em + Abl. pri:ncipe mi:lite lapide -e + + PLURAL + Nom. pri:ncipe:s mi:lite:s lapide:s -e:s + Gen. pri:ncipum mi:litum lapidum -um + Dat. pri:ncipibus mi:litibus lapidibus -ibus + Acc. pri:ncipe:s mi:lite:s lapide:s -e:s + Abl. pri:ncipibus mi:litibus lapidibus -ibus + + re:x, m., iu:dex, m., virtu:s, f., + _king_ _judge_ _virtue_ + BASES | + OR | re:g- iu:dic- virtu:t- + STEMS | + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. re:x iu:dex virtu:s -s + Gen. re:gis iu:dicis virtu:tis -is + Dat. re:gi: iu:dici: virtu:ti: -i: + Acc. re:gem iu:dicem virtu:tem -em + Abl. re:ge iu:dice virtu:te -e + + PLURAL + Nom. re:ge:s iu:dice:s virtu:te:s -e:s + Gen. re:gum iu:dicum virtu:tum -um + Dat. re:gibus iu:dicibus virtu:tibus -ibus + Acc. re:ge:s iu:dice:s virtu:te:s -es + Abl. re:gibus iu:dicibus virtu:tibus -ibus + +NOTE. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. Sec. 233.3. + + 2. _Nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular_ + + _a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES + + co:nsul, m., legio:, f., o:rdo:, pater, m., + _consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_ + BASES | + OR | consul- legio:n- o:rdin- patr- + STEMS | + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. co:nsul legio: o:rdo: pater -- + Gen. co:nsulis legio:nis o:rdinis patris -is + Dat. co:nsuli: legio:ni: o:rdini: patri: -i: + Acc. co:nsulem legio:nem o:rdinem patrem -em + Abl. co:nsule legio:ne o:rdine patre -e + + PLURAL + Nom. co:nsule:s legio:ne:s o:rdine:s patre:s -e:s + Gen. co:nsulum legio:num o:rdinum patrum -um + Dat. co:nsulibus legio:nibus o:rdinibus patribus -ibus + Acc. co:nsule:s legio:ne:s o:rdine:s patre:s -e:s + Abl. co:nsulibus legio:nibus o:rdinibus patribus -ibus + +NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. +Sec. 236.1-3. + + _b._ NEUTERS + flu:men, tempus, opus, caput, + n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_ + BASES | + OR | flu:min- tempor- oper- capit- + STEMS | + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. flu:men tempus opus caput -- + Gen. flu:minis temporis operis capitis -is + Dat. flu:mini: tempori: operi: capiti: -i: + Acc. flu:men tempus opus caput -- + Abl. flu:mine tempore opere capite -e + + PLURAL + Nom. flu:mina tempora opera capita -a + Gen. flu:minum temporum operum capitum -um + Dat. flu:minibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus + Acc. flu:mina tempora opera capita -a + Abl. flu:minibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus + +NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. +Sec. 238.2, 3. + +_465._ II. _I_-STEMS + + _a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES + + caede:s, f., hostis, urbs, f., clie:ns, m., + _slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_ + STEMS caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti- + BASES caed- host- urb- client- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. caede:s hostis urbs clie:ns -s, -is, + _or_ -e:s + Gen. caedis hostis urbis clientis -is + Dat. caedi: hosti: urbi: clienti: -i: + Acc. caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im) + Abl. caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-i:) + + PLURAL + Nom. caede:s hoste:s urbe:s cliente:s -e:s + Gen. caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium + Dat. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus + Acc. caedi:s, hosti:s, urbi:s, clienti:s, -i:s, -e:s + -e:s -e:s -e:s -e:s + Abl. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus + + 1. /Avis\, /civis\, /finis\, /ignis\, /navis\, have the abl. sing. + in -i: or -e. + + 2. /Turris\ has accusative /turrim\ and ablative /turri:\ or /turre\. + + _b._ NEUTERS + + i:nsigne, n., animal, n., calcar, + _decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_ + + STEMS i:nsigni- anima:li- calca:ri- + BASES i:nsign- anima:l- calca:r- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. i:nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ -- + Gen. i:nsignis anima:lis calca:ris -is + Dat. i:nsigni: anima:li: calca:ri: -i: + Acc. i:nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ -- + Abl. i:nsigni: anima:li: calca:ri: -i: + + PLURAL + Nom. i:nsignia anima:lia calca:ria -ia + Gen. i:nsignium anima:lium calca:rium -ium + Dat. i:nsignibus anima:libus calca:ribus -ibus + Acc. i:nsignia anima:lia calca:ria -ia + Abl. i:nsignibus anima:libus calca:ribus -ibus + + +_466._ THE FOURTH DECLENSION. _U_-STEMS + + adventus, m., cornu:, n., + _arrival_ _horn_ + STEMS adventu- cornu- + BASES advent- corn- + + TERMINATIONS + SINGULAR MASC. NEUT. + Nom. adventus cornu: -us -u: + Gen. adventu:s cornu:s -u:s -u:s + Dat. adventui: (u:) cornu: -ui: (u:) -u: + Acc. adventum cornu: -um -u: + Abl. adventu: cornu: -u: -u: + + PLURAL + Nom. adventu:s cornua -u:s -ua + Gen. adventuum cornuum -uum -uum + Dat. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus + Acc. adventu:s cornua -u:s -ua + Abl. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus + +_467._ THE FIFTH DECLENSION. _E_-STEMS + + die:s, m., _day_ re:s, f., _thing_ + STEMS die:- re:- + BASES di- r- + + SINGULAR TERMINATIONS + Nom. die:s re:s -e:s + Gen. die:i: rei: -e:i: _or_ -ei: + Dat. die:i: rei: -e:i: _or_ -ei: + Acc. diem rem -em + Abl. die: re: -e: + + PLURAL + Nom. die:s re:s -e:s + Gen. die:rum re:rum -e:rum + Dat. die:bus re:bus -e:bus + Acc. die:s re:s -e:s + Abl. die:bus re:bus -e:bus + +_468._ SPECIAL PARADIGMS + + deus, domus, f., vi:s, f., iter, + m., _god_ _house_ _strength_ n., _way_ + STEMS deo- domu- vi:- and iter- and + vi:ri- itiner- + BASES de- dom- v- and iter- and + vi:r- itiner- + + SINGULAR + Nom. deus domus vi:s iter + Gen. dei: domu:s vi:s (rare) itineris + Dat. deo: domui:, -o: vi: (rare) itineri: + Acc. deum domum vim iter + Abl. deo: domo:, -u: vi: itinere + + PLURAL + Nom. dei:, di: domu:s vi:re:s itinera + Gen. deo:rum, deum domuum, -o:rum vi:rium itinerum + Dat. dei:s, di:s domibus vi:ribus itineribus + Acc. deo:s domo:s, -u:s vi:ri:s, -e:s itinera + Abl. dei:s, di:s domibus vi:ribus itineribus + + _a._ The vocative singular of /deus\ is like the nominative. + + _b._ The locative of /domus\ is /domi:\. + + +ADJECTIVES + +_469._ FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. _O_- AND _A_-STEMS + + _a._ ADJECTIVES IN -us + + bonus, _good_ + STEMS bono- m. and n., bona- f. + BASE bon- + + SINGULAR + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. bonus bona bonum + Gen. boni: bonae boni: + Dat. bono: bonae bono: + Acc. bonum bonam bonum + Abl. bono: bona: bono: + + PLURAL + Nom. boni: bonae bona + Gen. bono:rum bona:rum bono:rum + Dat. boni:s boni:s boni:s + Acc. bono:s bona:s bona + Abl. boni:s boni:s boni:s + + _b._ ADJECTIVES IN -er + + li:ber, _free_ + STEMS li:bero- m. and n., li:bera:- f. + BASE li:ber- + + SINGULAR + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. li:ber li:bera li:berum + Gen. li:beri: li:berae li:beri: + Dat. li:bero: li:berae li:bero: + Acc. li:berum li:beram li:berum + Abl. li:bero: li:bera: li:bero: + + PLURAL + Nom. li:beri: li:berae li:bera + Gen. li:bero:rum li:bera:rum li:bero:rum + Dat. li:beri:s li:beri:s li:beri:s + Acc. li:bero:s li:bera:s li:bera + Abl. li:beri:s li:beri:s li:beri:s + + pulcher, _pretty_ + STEMS pulchro- m. and n., pulchra:- f. + BASE pulchr- + + SINGULAR + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. pulcher pulchra pulchrum + Gen. pulchri: pulchrae pulchri: + Dat. pulchro: pulchrae pulchro: + Acc. pulchrum pulchram pulchrum + Abl. pulchro: pulchra: pulchro: + + PLURAL + Nom. pulchri: pulchrae pulchra + Gen. pulchro:rum pulchra:rum pulchro:rum + Dat. pulchri:s pulchri:s pulchri:s + Acc. pulchro:s pulchra:s pulchra + Abl. pulchri:s pulchri:s pulchri:s + +_470._ THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES + + alius, _another_ + STEMS alio- m. and n., alia:- f. + BASE ali- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. alius alia aliud alii: aliae alia + Gen. ali:us ali:us ali:us alio:rum alia:rum alio:rum + Dat. alii: alii: alii: alii:s alii:s alii:s + Acc. alium aliam aliud alio:s alia:s alia + Abl. alio: alia: alio: alii:s alii:s alii:s + + u:nus, _one, only_ + STEMS u:no- m. and n., u:na:- f. + BASE u:n- + + MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. u:nus u:na u:num u:ni: u:nae u:na + Gen. u:ni:us u:ni:us u:ni:us u:no:rum u:na:rum u:no:rum + Dat. u:ni: u:ni: u:ni: u:ni:s u:ni:s u:ni:s + Acc. u:num u:nam u:num u:no:s u:na:s u:na + Abl. u:no: u:na: u:no: u:ni:s u:ni:s u:ni:s + +_a._ For the complete list see Sec. 108. + +_471._ ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. _I_-STEMS + + I. THREE ENDINGS + + a:cer, a:cris, a:cre, _keen, eager_ + STEM a:cri- BASE a:cr- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. a:cer a:cris a:cre a:cre:s a:cre:s a:cria + Gen. a:cris a:cris a:cris a:crium a:crium a:crium + Dat. a:cri: a:cri: a:cri: a:cribus a:cribus a:cribus + Acc. a:crem a:crem a:cre a:cri:s, a:cri:s, a:cria + -e:s -e:s + Abl. a:cri: a:cri: a:cri: a:cribus a:cribus a:cribus + + II. TWO ENDINGS + + omnis, omne, _every, all_ + STEM omni- BASE omn- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. omnis omne omne:s omnia + Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium + Dat. omni: omni: omnibus omnibus + Acc. omnem omne omni:s, -e:s omnia + Abl. omni: omni: omnibus omnibus + + III. ONE ENDING + + pa:r, _equal_ + STEM pari- BASE par- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. pa:r pa:r pare:s paria + Gen. paris paris parium parium + Dat. pari: pari: paribus paribus + Acc. parem pa:r pari:s, -e:s paria + Abl. pari: pari: paribus paribus + + 1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have -i: in the ablative + singular. + + [Transcriber's Note: + This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag + on the page.] + +_472._ PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES + + ama:ns, _loving_ + STEM amanti- BASE amant- + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. ama:ns ama:ns amante:s amantia + Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium + Dat. amanti: amanti: amantibus amantibus + Acc. amantem ama:ns amanti:s, -e:s amantia + Abl. amante, -i: amante, -i: amantibus amantibus + + ie:ns, _going_ + STEM ienti-, eunti- BASE ient-, eunt- + + Nom. ie:ns ie:ns eunte:s euntia + Gen. euntis euntis euntium euntium + Dat. eunti: eunti: euntibus euntibus + Acc. euntem ie:ns eunti:s, -e:s euntia + Abl. eunte, -i: eunte, -i: euntibus euntibus + +_473._ REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES + + POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + MASC. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + altus (alto-) altior altius altissimus -a -um + li:ber (li:bero-) li:berior li:berius li:berrimus -a -um + pulcher (pulchro-) pulchrior pulchrius pulcherrimus -a -um + auda:x (auda:ci-) auda:cior auda:cius auda:cissimus -a -um + brevis (brevi-) brevior brevius brevissimus -a -um + a:cer (a:cri-) a:crior a:crius a:cerrimus -a -um + +_474._ DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES + + altior, _higher_ + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + _Nom._ altior altius altio:re:s altio:ra + _Gen._ altio:ris altio:ris altio:rum altio:rum + _Dat._ altio:ri: altio:ri: altio:ribus altio:ribus + _Acc._ altio:rem altius altio:re:s altio:ra + _Abl._ altio:re altio:re altio:ribus altio:ribus + + plu:s, _more_ + + _Nom._ ---- plu:s plu:re:s plu:ra + _Gen._ ---- plu:ris plu:rium plu:rium + _Dat._ ---- ---- plu:ribus plu:ribus + _Acc._ ---- plu:s plu:ri:s (-e:s) plu:ra + _Abl._ ---- plu:re plu:ribus plu:ribus + +_475._ IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES + + POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + bonus, -a, -um, melior, melius, optimus, -a, -um, + _good_ _better_ _best_ + malus, -a, -um, peior, peius, pessimus, -a, -um, + _bad_ _worse_ _worst_ + magnus, -a, -um, maior, maius, maximus, -a, -um, + _great_ _greater_ _greatest_ + multus, -a, -um, ----, plu:s, _more_ plu:rimus, -a, -um, + _much_ _most_ + parvus, -a, -um, minor, minus, minimus, -a, -um,_ + _small_ _smaller_ _smallest + senex, senis, senior maximus na:tu: + _old_ + iuvenis, -e, iu:nior minimus na:tu: + _young_ + vetus, veteris, vetustior, -ius veterrimus, -a, -um + _old_ + facilis, -e, facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um + _easy_ + difficilis, -e, difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um + _difficult_ + similis, -e, similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um + _similar_ + dissimilis, -e, dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um + _dissimilar_ + humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um + gracilis, -e, gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um + _slender_ + exterus, _outward_ exterior, extre:mus, extimus, + _outer, exterior_ _outermost, last_ + i:nferus, _below_ i:nferior, _lower_ i:nfimus, i:mus, _lowest_ + posterus, posterior, _later_ postre:mus, postumus, + _following_ _last_ + superus, _above_ superior, supre:mus, summus, + _higher_ _highest_ + [[cis, citra:,]] citerior, _hither_ citimus, _hithermost_ + [[_on this side_]] + [[in, intra:,]] interior, _inner_ intimus, _inmost_ + [[_in, within_]] + [[prae, pro:,]] prior, _former_ pri:mus, _first_ + [[_before_]] + [[prope, _near_]] propior, _nearer_ proximus, _next_ + [[ultra:, _beyond_]] ulterior, _further_ ultimus, _furthest_ + +_476._ REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS + + POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + ca:re: (ca:rus), _dearly_ ca:rius ca:rissime: + misere: (miser), _wretchedly_ miserius miserrime: + a:criter (a:cer), _sharply_ a:crius a:cerrime: + facile (facilis), _easily_ facilius facillime: + +_477._ IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS + + POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE + diu:, _long, a long time_ diu:tius diu:tissime: + bene (bonus), _well_ melius, _better_ optime:, _best_ + male (malus), _ill_ peius, _worse_ pessime:, _worst_ + magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maxime:, _most_ + multum (multus), _much_ plu:s, _more_ plu:rimum, _most_ + parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minime:, _least_ + saepe, _often_ saepi:us saepissime: + +_478._ NUMERALS + +The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting /u:nus\, /duo\, +/tre:s\, the hundreds above one hundred, and /mi:lle\ used as a noun. +The ordinals are declined like /bonus, -a, -um\. + + CARDINALS ORDINALS + (_How many_) (_In what order_) + 1, u:nus, -a, -um, _one_ pri:mus, -a, -um _first_ + 2, duo, duae, duo _two_ secundus (_or_ alter) _second_ + 3, tre:s, tria _three_, tertius _third_, + 4, quattuor etc. qua:rtus etc. + 5, qui:nque qui:ntus + 6, sex sextus + 7, septem septimus + 8, octo: octa:vus + 9, novem no:nus + 10, decem decimus + 11, u:ndecim u:ndecimus + 12, duodecim duodecimus + 13, tredecim (decem (et) tre:s) tertius decimus + 14, quattuordecim qua:rtus decimus + 15, qui:ndecim qui:ntus decimus + 16, se:decim sextus decimus + 17, septendecim septimus decimus + 18, duode:vi:ginti: (octo:decim) duode:vi:ce:nsimus + 19, u:nde:vi:ginti: (novendecim) u:nde:vi:ce:nsimus + 20, vi:ginti: vi:ce:nsimus + 21, {vi:ginti: u:nus _or_ {vi:ce:nsimus pri:mus _or_ + {u:nus et vi:ginti:, etc. {u:nus et vi:ce:nsimus, etc. + 30, tri:ginta: tri:ce:nsimus + 40, quadra:ginta: quadra:ge:nsimus + 50, qui:nqua:ginta: qui:nqua:ge:nsimus + 60, sexa:ginta: sexa:ge:nsimus + 70, septua:ginta: septua:ge:nsimus + 80, octo:ginta: octo:ge:nsimus + 90, no:na:ginta: no:na:ge:nsimus + 100, centum cente:nsimus + 101, centum (et) u:nus, etc. cente:nsimus (et) pri:mus, etc. + 120, centum (et) vi:ginti: cente:nsimus vi:ce:nsimus + 121, centum (et) vi:ginti: u:nus, cente:nsimus (et) vi:ce:nsimus + etc. pri:mus, etc. + 200, ducenti:, -ae, -a ducente:nsimus + 300, trecenti: trecente:nsimus + 400, quadringenti: quadringente:nsimus + 500, qui:ngenti: qui:ngente:nsimus + 600, sescenti: sescente:nsimus + 700, septingenti: septingente:nsimus + 800, octingenti: octingente:nsimus + 900, no:ngenti: no:ngente:nsimus + 1000, mi:lle mi:lle:nsimus + +_479._ Declension of /duo\, _two_, /tre:s\, _three_, and /mi:lle\, +_a thousand_. + + MASC. FEM. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. SING. PLUR. + N. duo duae duo tre:s tri:a mi:lle mi:lia + G. duo:rum dua:rum duo:rum trium trium mi:lle mi:lium + D. duo:bus dua:bus duo:bus tribus tribus mi:lle mi:libus + A. duo:s dua:s duo tri:s tria mi:lle mi:lia + _or_ duo dua:s duo _or_ tre:s tria + A. duo:bus dua:bus duo:bus tribus tribus mi:lle mi:libus + +NOTE. /Mi:lle\ is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying +genitive, and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative +singular. For the declension of /u:nus\ cf. Sec. 470. + + +PRONOUNS + +_480._ PERSONAL + + ego, _I_ tu:, _you_ sui:, _of himself,_ + _etc._ + SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. + Nom. ego no:s tu: vo:s ---- ---- + Gen. mei: nostrum, -tri: tui: vestrum, -tri: sui: sui: + Dat. mihi no:bi:s tibi vo:bi:s sibi sibi + Acc. me: no:s te: vo:s se:, se:, + se:se: se:se: + Abl. me: no:bi:s te: vo:bi:s se:, se:, + se:se: se:se: + +Note that /sui:\ is always reflexive. + +_481._ DEMONSTRATIVE + +Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have the +pronominal endings -i:us or -ius and -i: in the gen. and dat. sing. + + ipse, _self_ + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi: ipsae ipsa + Gen. ipsi:'us ipsi:'us ipsi:'us ipso:rum ipsa:rum ipso:rum + Dat. ipsi: ipsi: ipsi: ipsi:s ipsi:s ipsi:s + Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipso:s ipsa:s ipsa + Abl. ipso: ipsa: ipso: ipsi:s ipsi:s ipsi:s + + hic, _this_ (here), _he_ + + Nom. hic haec hoc hi: hae haec + Gen. huius huius huius ho:rum ha:rum ho:rum + Dat. huic huic huic hi:s hi:s hi:s + Acc. hunc hanc hoc ho:s ha:s haec + Abl. ho:c ha:c ho:c hi:s hi:s hi:s + + iste, _this, that_ (of yours), _he_ + + Nom. iste ista istud isti: istae ista + Gen. isti:'us isti:'us isti:'us isto:rum ista:rum isto:rum + Dat. isti: isti: isti: isti:s isti:s isti:s + Acc. istum istam istud isto:s ista:s ista + Abl. isto: ista: isto: isti:s isti:s isti:s + + ille, _that_ (yonder), _he_ + + Nom. ille illa illud illi: illae illa + Gen. illi:'us illi:'us illi:'us illo:rum illa:rum illo:rum + Dat. illi: illi: illi: illi:s illi:s illi:s + Acc. illum illam illud illo:s illa:s illa + Abl. illo: illa: illo: illi:s illi:s illi:s + + is, _this, that, he_ + + Nom. is ea id ii:, ei: eae ea + Gen. eius eius eius eo:rum ea:rum eo:rum + Dat. ei: ei: ei: ii:s, ei:s ii:s, ei:s ii:s, ei:s + Acc. eum eam id eo:s ea:s ea + Abl. eo: ea: eo: ii:s, ei:s ii:s, ei:s ii:s, ei:s + + i:dem, _the same_ + + Nom. i:dem e'adem idem ii:'dem eae'dem e'adem + ei:'dem + Gen. eius'dem eius'dem eius'dem eo:run'dem ea:run'dem eo:run'dem + Dat. ei:'dem ei:'dem ei:'dem ii:s'dem ii:s'dem ii:s'dem + ei:s'dem ei:s'dem ei:s'dem + Acc. eun'dem ean'dem idem eo:s'dem ea:s'dem e'adem + Abl. eo:'dem ea:'dem eo:'dem ii:s'dem ii:s'dem ii:s'dem + ei:s'dem ei:s'dem ei:s'dem + +NOTE. In the plural of /is\ and /i:dem\ the forms with two i's are +preferred, the two i's being pronounced as one. + + +_482._ RELATIVE + + qui:, _who, which, that_ + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. qui: quae quod qui: quae quae + Gen. cuius cuius cuius quo:rum qua:rum quo:rum + Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus + Acc. quem quam quod quo:s qua:s quae + Abl. quo: qua: quo: quibus quibus quibus + +_483._ INTERROGATIVE + + quis, substantive, _who, what_ + + SINGULAR PLURAL + MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. quis quid qui quae quae + Gen. cuius cuius quo:rum qua:rum quo:rum + Dat. cui cui quibus quibus quibus + Acc. quem quid quo:s qua:s quae + Abl. quo: quo: quibus quibus quibus + +The interrogative adjective /qui:, quae, quod\, is declined like the +relative. + + +_484._ INDEFINITES + +/quis\ and /qui:\, as declined above,[1] are used also as indefinites +(_some, any_). The other indefinites are compounds of /quis\ and /qui:\. + + quisque, _each_ + + SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE + MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque + Gen. cuius'que cuius'que cuius'que cuius'que cuius'que + Dat. cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique + Acc. quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque + Abl. quo:que quo:que quo:que qua:que quo:que + + [Footnote 1: /qua\ is generally used instead of /quae\ in the + feminine nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and + accusative plural.] + + +_485._ qui:dam, _a certain one, a certain_ + +Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has /quoddam\ and the +substantive /quiddam\. + + SINGULAR + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. qui:dam quaedam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._) + Gen. cuius'dam cuius'dam cuius'dam + Dat. cuidam cuidam cuidam + Acc. quendam quandam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._) + Abl. quo:dam qua:dam quo:dam + + PLURAL + Nom. qui:dam quaedam quaedam + Gen. quo:run'dam qua:run'dam quo:run'dam + Dat. quibus'dam quibus'dam quibus'dam + Acc. quo:sdam qua:sdam quaedam + Abl. quibus'dam quibus'dam quibus'dam + + +_486._ /quisquam\, substantive, _any one_ (at all) + + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. + Nom. quisquam quicquam (quidquam) + Gen. cuius'quam cuius'quam + Dat. cuiquam cuiquam + Acc. quemquam quicquam (quidquam) + Abl. quo:quam quo:quam + + +_487._ /aliquis\, substantive, _some one_. /aliqui:\, adjective, _some_ + + SINGULAR + SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE + MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. aliquis aliquid aliqui: aliqua aliquod + Gen. alicu'ius alicu'ius alicu'ius alicu'ius alicu'ius + Dat. alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui + Acc. aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod + Abl. aliquo: aliquo: aliquo: aliqua: aliquo: + + PLURAL FOR BOTH SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE + MASC. FEM. NEUT. + Nom. aliqui: aliquae aliqua + Gen. aliquo:'rum aliqua:'rum aliquo:'rum + Dat. ali'quibus ali'quibus ali'quibus + Acc. aliquo:s aliqua:s aliqua + Abl. ali'quibus ali'quibus ali'quibus + + _a._ /quis\ (/qui:\), _any one, any_, is the least definite (Sec. + 297.b). /aliquis\ (/aliqui:\), _some one, some_, is more definite + than /quis\. /quisquam\, _any one_ (at all), and its adjective + /u:llus\, _any_, occur mostly with a negative, expressed or implied, + and in clauses of comparison. + + +REGULAR VERBS + +_488._ FIRST CONJUGATION. _A_-VERBS. _AMO:_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS amo:, ama:re, ama:vi:, ama:tus + PRES. STEM ama:- PERF. STEM ama:v- PART. STEM ama:t- + + ACTIVE PASSIVE + INDICATIVE + PRESENT + _I love, am loving,_ _I am loved_, etc. + _do love_, etc. + amo: ama:mus amor ama:mur + ama:s ama:tis ama:ris, -re ama:mini: + amat amant ama:tur amantur + + IMPERFECT + _I loved, was loving_, _I was loved_, etc. + _did love_, etc. + ama:bam ama:ba:mus ama:bar ama:ba:mur + ama:ba:s ama:ba:tis ama:ba:ris, -re ama:ba:mini: + ama:bat ama:bant ama:ba:tur ama:bantur + + FUTURE + _I shall love_, etc. _I shall be loved_, etc. + ama:bo: ama:bimus ama:bor ama:bimur + ama:bis ama:bitis ama:beris, -re ama:bimini: + ama:bit ama:bunt ama:bitur ama:buntur + + PERFECT + _I have loved, loved,_ _I have been (was) loved_, etc. + _did love_, etc. + ama:vi ama:vimus ama:tus, {sum ama:ti:, {sumus + ama:visti: ama:vistis -a, -um {es -ae, -a {estis + ama:vit ama:ve:runt, -re {est {sunt + + PLUPERFECT + _I had loved_, etc. _I had been loved_, etc. + ama:veram ama:vera:mus ama:tus, {eram ama:ti:, {era:mus + ama:vera:s ama:vera:tis -a, -um {era:s -ae, -a {era:tis + ama:verat ama:verant {erat {erant + + FUTURE PERFECT + _I shall have loved_, etc. _I shall have been loved_, etc. + ama:vero: ama:verimus ama:tus, {ero: ama:ti:, {erimus + ama:veris ama:veritis -a, -um {eris -ae, -a {eritis + ama:verit ama:verint {erit {erunt + + SUBJUNCTIVE + PRESENT + amem ame:mus amer ame:mur + ame:s ame:tis ame:ris, -re ame:mini: + amet ament ame:tur amentur + + IMPERFECT + ama:rem ama:remus ama:rer ama:re:mur + ama:re:s ama:re:tis ama:re:ris, -re ama:re:mini: + ama:ret ama:rent ama:re:tur ama:rentur + + PERFECT + ama:verim ama:verimus ama:tus, {sim ama:ti:, {si:mus + ama:veris ama:veritis -a, -um {si:s -ae, -a {si:tis + ama:verit ama:verint {sit {sint + + PLUPERFECT + ama:vissem ama:visse:mus ama:tus, {essem ama:ti:, {esse:mus + ama:visse:s ama:visse:tis -a, -um {esse:s -ae, -a {esse:tis + ama:visset ama:vissent {esset {essent + + IMPERATIVE + PRESENT + ama:, _love thou_ ama:re, _be thou loved_ + ama:te, _love ye_ ama:mini:, _be ye loved_ + + FUTURE + ama:to:, _thou shalt love_ ama:tor, _thou shalt be loved_ + ama:to:, _he shall love_ ama:tor, _he shall be loved_ + ama:to:te, _you shall love_ ---- + amanto:, _they shall love_ amantor, _they shall be loved_ + + INFINITIVE + Pres. ama:re, _to love_ ama:ri:, _to be loved_ + Perf. ama:visse, ama:tus, -a, -um esse, + _to have loved_ _to have been loved_ + Fut. ama:tu:rus, -a, -um [[ama:tum i:ri:]], _to be about to be + esse, _to be_ loved_ + _about to love_ + + PARTICIPLES + Pres. ama:ns, -antis, Pres. ---- + _loving_ + Fut. ama:tu:rus, -a, -um, Gerundive[1] amandus, -a, -um, _to be + _about to love_ loved_ + Perf. ---- Perf. ama:tus, -a, -um, + _having been loved, loved_ + + GERUND + Nom. ---- + Gen. amandi:, _of loving_ + Dat. amando:, _for loving_ + Acc. amandum, _loving_ + Abl. amando:, _by loving_ + + SUPINE (Active Voice) + Acc. [[ama:tum]], _to love_ + Abl. [[ama:tu:]], _to love, in the loving_ + + [Footnote 1: Sometimes called the future passive participle.] + +_489._ SECOND CONJUGATION. _E:_-VERBS. _MONEO:_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS moneo:, mone:re, monui:, monitus + PRES. STEM mone:- PERF. STEM monu- PART. STEM monit- + + ACTIVE PASSIVE + INDICATIVE + PRESENT + _I advise_, etc., _I am advised,_ etc. + moneo: mone:mus moneor mone:mur + mone:s mone:tis mone:ris, -re mone:mini: + monet monent mone:tur monentur + + IMPERFECT + _I was advising_, etc., _I was advised_, etc. + mone:bam mone:ba:mus mone:bar mone:ba:mur + mone:ba:s mone:ba:tis mone:ba:ris, -re mone:ba:mini: + mone:bat mone:bant mone:ba:tur mone:ba:ntur + + FUTURE + _I shall advise_, etc., _I shall be advised_, etc. + mone:bo: mone:bimus mone:bor mone:bimur + mone:bis mone:bitis mone:beris, -re mone:bimini: + mone:bit mone:bunt mone:bitur mone:buntur + + PERFECT + _I have advised,_ _I have been (was) advised_, etc. + _I advised_, etc. + monui: monuimus {sum {sumus + monuisti: monuistis monitus, {es moniti:, {estis + monuit monue:runt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt + + PLUPERFECT + _I had advised_, etc., _I had been advised_, etc. + + monueram monuera:mus {eram {era:mus + monuera:s monuera:tis monitus, {eras moniti:, {eratis + monuerat monuerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant + + FUTURE PERFECT + _I shall have advised_, _I shall have been advised_, etc. + etc. + monuero: monuerimus {ero: {erimus + monueris monueri:tis monitus, {eris moniti:, {eritis + monuerit monueri:nt -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt + + SUBJUNCTIVE + PRESENT + moneam monea:mus monear monea:mur + monea:s monea:tis monea:ris, -re monea:mini: + moneat moneant monea:tur moneantur + + IMPERFECT + mone:rem mone:re:mus mone:rer mone:re:mur + mone:re:s mone:re:tis mone:re:ris, -re mone:re:mini: + mone:ret mone:rent mone:re:tur mone:rentur + + PERFECT + monuerim monuerimus {sim {si:mus + monueris monueritis monitus, {si:s moniti:, {si:tis + monuerit monuerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint + + PLUPERFECT + monuissem monuisse:mus {essem {esse:mus + monuisse:s monuisse:tis monitus, {esse:s moniti:, {esse:tis + monuisset monuissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent + + IMPERATIVE + PRESENT + mone:, _advise thou_ mone:re, _be thou advised_ + mone:te, _advise ye_ mone:mini:, _be ye advised_ + + FUTURE + mone:to:, _thou shall_ mone:tor, _thou shalt be advised_ + _advise_ + mone:to:, _he shall advise_ mone:tor, _he shall be advised_ + mone:to:te, _you shall advise_ ---- + monento:, _they shall_ monentor, _they shall be advised_ + _advise_ + + INFINITIVE + Pres. mone:re, _to advise_ mone:ri:, _to be advised_ + Perf. monuisse, _to have_ monitus, -a, -um esse, + _advised_ _to have been advised_ + Fut. monitu:rus, -a, -um [[monitum i:ri:]], + esse, _to be_ _to be about to be advised_ + _about to advise_ + + PARTICIPLES + Pres. mone:ns, -entis, Pres. ---- + _advising_ + Fut. monitu:rus, -a, -um, Ger. monendus, -a, -um, + _about to advise_ _to be advised_ + Perf. ---- Perf. monitus, -a, -um, + _having been advised, advised_ + + GERUND + Nom. ---- + Gen. monendi:, _of advising_ + Dat. monendo:, _for advising_ + Acc. monendum, _advising_ + Abl. monendo:, _by advising_ + + SUPINE (Active Voice) + Acc. [[monitum]], _to advise_ + Abl. [[monitu:]], _to advise, in the advising_ + +_490._ THIRD CONJUGATION. _E_-VERBS. _REGO:_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS rego:, regere, rexi:, re:ctus + PRES. STEM rege- PERF. STEM re:x- PART. STEM re:ct- + + ACTIVE PASSIVE + INDICATIVE + PRESENT + _I rule_, etc. _I am ruled_, etc. + rego: regimus re'gor re'gimur + regis regitis re'geris, -re regi'mini: + regit regunt re'gitur regun'tur + + IMPERFECT + _I was ruling_, etc. _I was ruled_, etc. + rege:bam rege:ba:mus rege:'bar rege:ba:'mur + rege:ba:s rege:ba:tis rege:ba:'ris, -re rege:ba:'mini: + rege:bat rege:bant rege:ba:'tur rege:ban'tur + + FUTURE + _I shall rule_, etc. _I shall be ruled_, etc. + regam rege:mus re'gar rege:'mur + rege:s rege:tis rege:'ris, -re rege:'mini: + reget regent rege:'tur regen'tur + + PERFECT + _I have ruled_, etc. _I have been ruled_, etc. + re:xi: re:ximus {sum {sumus + re:xisti: re:xistis re:ctus, {es re:cti:, {estis + re:xit re:xe:runt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt + + PLUPERFECT + _I had ruled_, etc. _I had been ruled_, etc. + re:xeram re:xera:mus {eram {era:mus + re:xera:s re:xera:tis re:ctus, {eras re:cti:, {era:tis + re:xerat re:xerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant + + FUTURE PERFECT + _I shall have ruled_, etc. _I shall have been ruled_, etc. + re:xero: re:xerimus {ero: {erimus + re:xeris re:xeritis re:ctus, {eris re:cti:, {eritis + re:xerit re:xerint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt + + SUBJUNCTIVE + PRESENT + regam rega:mus regar rega:mur + rega:s rega:tis rega:ris, -re rega:mini: + regat regant rega:tur regantur + + IMPERFECT + regerem regere:mus regerer regere:mur + regere:s regere:tis regere:ris, -re regere:mini: + regeret regerent regere:tur regerentur + + PERFECT + re:xerim re:xerimus {sim {si:mus + re:xeris re:xeritis re:ctus, {si:s re:cti, {si:tis + re:xerit re:xerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint + + PLUPERFECT + re:xissem re:xisse:mus {essem {esse:mus + re:xisse:s re:xisse:tis re:ctus, {esse:s re:cti, {esse:tis + re:xisset re:xissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent + + IMPERATIVE + PRESENT + rege, _rule thou_ regere, _be thou ruled_ + regite, _rule ye_ regimini:, _be ye ruled_ + + FUTURE + regito:, _thou shalt rule_ regitor, _thou shalt be ruled_ + regito: _he shall rule_ regitor, _he shall be ruled_ + regito:te, _ye shall rule_ ---- + regunto:, _they shall rule_ reguntor, _they shall be ruled_ + + INFINITIVE + Pres. regere, _to rule_ regi:, _to be ruled_ + Perf. re:xisse, _to have_ re:ctus, -a, -um esse, + _ruled_ _to have been ruled_ + Fut. re:ctu:rus, -a, -um [[re:ctum i:ri:]], + esse, _to be_ _to be about to be ruled_ + _about to rule_ + + PARTICIPLES + Pres. rege:ns, -entis, Pres. ---- + _ruling_ + Fut. re:ctu:rus, -a, -um, Ger. regendus, -a, -um, _to be ruled_ + _about to rule_ + Perf. ---- Perf. re:ctus, -a, -um, + _having been ruled, ruled_ + + GERUND + Nom. ---- + Gen. regendi:, _of ruling_ + Dat. regendo:, _for ruling_ + Acc. regendum, _ruling_ + Abl. regendo:, _by ruling_ + + SUPINE (Active Voice) + Acc. [[re:ctum]], _to rule_ + Abl. [[re:ctu:]], _to rule, in the ruling_ + +_491._ FOURTH CONJUGATION. _I:_-VERBS. _AUDIO:_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS audio:, audi:re, audi:vi:, audi:tus + PRES. STEM audi:- PERF. STEM audi:v- PART. STEM audi:t- + + ACTIVE PASSIVE + INDICATIVE + PRESENT + _I hear_, etc. _I am heard_, etc. + audio: audi:mus au'dior audi:'mur + audi:s audi:tis audi:'ris, -re audi:'mini: + audit audiunt audi:'tur audiun'tur + + IMPERFECT + _I was hearing_, etc. _I was heard_, etc. + audie:bam audie:ba:mus audie:'bar audie:ba:'mur + audie:ba:s audie:ba:tis audie:ba:'ris, -re audie:ba:'mini: + audie:bat audie:bant audie:ba:'tur audie:ban'tur + + FUTURE + _I shall hear_, etc. _I shall be heard_, etc. + audiam audie:mus au'diar audie:'mur + audie:s audie:tis audie:'ris, -re audie:'mini: + audiet audient audie:'tur audien'tur + + PERFECT + _I have heard_, etc. _I have been heard_, etc. + audi:vi: audi:vimus {sum {sumus + audi:visti: audi:vistis audi:tus, {es audi:ti:, {estis + audi:vit audi:ve:runt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt + + PLUPERFECT + _I had heard_, etc. _I had been heard_, etc. + audi:veram audi:vera:mus {eram {era:mus + audi:vera:s audi:vera:tis audi:tus, {eras audi:ti:, {era:tis + audi:verat audi:verant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant + + FUTURE PERFECT + _I shall have heard_, etc. _I shall have been heard_, etc. + audi:vero: audi:verimus {ero: {erimus + audi:veris audi:veritis audi:tus, {eris audi:ti:, {eritis + audi:verit audi:verint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt + + SUBJUNCTIVE + PRESENT + audiam audia:mus audiar audia:mur + audia:s audia:tis audia:ris, -re audia:mini: + audiat audiant audia:tur audiantur + + IMPERFECT + audi:rem audi:re:mus audi:rer audi:re:mur + audi:re:s audi:re:tis audi:re:ris, -re audi:re:mini: + audi:ret audi:rent audi:re:tur audi:rentur + + PERFECT + audi:verim audi:verimus {sim {si:mus + audi:veris audi:veritis audi:tus, {si:s audi:ti, {si:tis + audi:verit audi:verint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint + + PLUPERFECT + audi:vissem audi:visse:mus {essem {esse:mus + audi:visse:s audi:visse:tis audi:tus, {esse:s audi:ti, {esse:tis + audi:visset audi:vissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent + + IMPERATIVE + PRESENT + PRESENT + audi:, _hear thou_ audi:re, _be thou heard_ + audi:te, _hear ye_ audi:mini:, _be ye heard_ + + FUTURE + audi:to:, _thou shalt hear_ audi:tor, _thou shalt be heard_ + audi:to: _he shall hear_ audi:tor, _he shall be heard_ + audi:to:te, _ye shall hear_ ---- + audunto:, _they shall hear_ audiuntor, _they shall be heard_ + + INFINITIVE + Pres. audi:re, _to hear_ audi:ri:, _to be heard_ + Perf. audi:visse, audi:tus, -a, -um esse, + _to have heard_ _to have been heard_ + Fut. audi:tu:rus, -a, -um [[audi:tum i:ri:]], + esse, _to be_ _to be about to be heard_ + _about to hear_ + + PARTICIPLES + Pres. audie:ns, -entis, Pres. ---- + _hearing_ + Fut. audi:tu:rus, -a, -um, Ger. audiendus, -a, -um, + _about to hear_ _to be heard_ + Perf. ---- Perf. audi:tus, -a, -um, + _having been heard, heard_ + + GERUND + Nom. ---- + Gen. audiendi:, _of hearing_ + Dat. audiendo:, _for hearing_ + Acc. audiendum, _hearing_ + Abl. audiendo:, _by hearing_ + + SUPINE (Active Voice) + Acc. [[audi:tum]], _to hear_ + Abl. [[audi:tu]], _to hear, in the hearing_ + +_492._ THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN _-IO:_. _CAPIO:_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS capio:, capere, ce:pi:, captus + PRES. STEM cape- PERF. STEM ce:p- PART. STEM capt- + + ACTIVE PASSIVE + INDICATIVE + PRESENT + capio: capimus ca'pior ca'pimur + capis capitis ca'peris, -re capi'mini: + capit capiunt ca'pitur capiun'tur + + IMPERFECT + capie:bam capiebamus capie:'bar capie:ba:'mur + capie:bas capie:ba:tis capie:ba'ris, -re capie:ba:'mini: + capie:bat capie:bant capie:ba:'tur capieban'tur + + FUTURE + capiam capie:mus ca'piar capie:'mur + capie:s capie:tis capie:'ris, -re capie:'mini: + capiet capient capie:'tur capien'tur + + PERFECT + ce:pi:, ce:pisti:, ce:pit, etc. captus, -a, -um sum, es, est, etc. + + PLUPERFECT + ce:peram, ce:pera:s, ce:perat, captus, -a, -um eram, era:s, erat, + etc. etc. + + FUTURE PERFECT + ce:pero:, ce:peris, ce:perit, captus, -a, -um ero:, eris, erit, + etc. etc. + + SUBJUNCTIVE + PRESENT + capiam, capia:s, capiat, capiar, -ia:ris, -re, -ia:tur, etc. + etc. + IMPERFECT + caperem, capere:s, caperet, caperer, -ere:ris, -re, -ere:tur, + etc. etc. + PERFECT + ce:perim, ce:peris, ce:perit, captus, -a, -um sim, si:s, sit, + etc. etc. + PLUPERFECT + ce:pissem, ce:pisse:s, captus, -a, -um essem, esse:s, + ce:pisset, etc. esset, etc. + + IMPERATIVE + PRESENT + 2d Pers. cape capite capere capimini: + + FUTURE + 2d Pers. capito: capito:te capitor ---- + 3rd Pers. capito: capiunto: capitor capiuntor + + INFINITIVE + Pres. capere capi: + Perf. ce:pisse captus, -a, -um esse + Fut. captu:rus, -a, -um [[captum i:ri:]] + esse + + PARTICIPLES + Pres. capie:ns, -ientis Pres. ---- + Fut. captu:rus, -a, -um Ger. capiendus, -a, -um + Perf. ---- Perf. captus, -a, -um + + GERUND + Gen. capiendi: etc. + + SUPINE (Active Voice) + Acc. [[captum]] + Abl. [[captu:]] + +_493._ DEPONENT VERBS + + [Transcriber's Note: + Asterisks in this section are from the original text ("marked with a + star").] + + PRINCIPAL PARTS + + I. hortor, horta:ri:, horta:tus sum, _urge_ + II. vereor, vere:ri:, veritus sum, _fear_ + III. sequor, sequi:, secu:tus sum, _follow_ + IV. partior, parti:ri:, parti:tus sum, _share, divide_ + +NOTE. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain +forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -io: verbs +of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capio:. + + INDICATIVE + Pres. hortor vereor sequor partior + horta:ris, -re vere:ris, -re sequeris, -re parti:ris, -re + horta:tur vere:tur sequitur parti:tur + horta:mur vere:mur sequimur parti:mur + horta:mini: vere:mini: sequimini: parti:mini: + hortantur verentur sequuntur partiuntur + Impf. horta:bar vere:bar seque:bar partie:bar + Fut. horta:bor vere:bor sequar partiar + Perf. horta:tus sum veritus sum secu:tus sum parti:tus sum + Plup. horta:tus eram veritus eram secu:tus eram parti:tus eram + F. P. horta:tus ero: veritus ero: secu:tus ero: parti:tus ero: + + SUBJUNCTIVE + Pres. horter verear sequar partiar + Impf. horta:rer vere:rer sequerer parti:rer + Perf. horta:tus sim veritus sim secu:tus sim parti:tus sim + Plup. horta:tus essem veritus essem secu:tus essem parti:tus essem + + IMPERATIVE + Pres. horta:re vere:re sequere parti:re + Fut. horta:tor vere:tor sequitor parti:tor + + INFINITIVE + Pres. horta:ri: vere:ri: sequi: parti:ri: + Perf. horta:tus esse veritus esse secu:tus esse parti:tus esse + Fut. horta:tu:rus veritu:rus secu:tu:rus parti:tu:rus + esse esse esse esse + + PARTICIPLES + Pres. horta:ns vere:ns seque:ns partie:ns + Fut. horta:turus veritu:rus secu:tu:rus parti:tu:rus + Perf. horta:tus veritus secu:tus parti:tus + Ger. hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus + + GERUND + hortandi:, etc. verendi:, etc. + sequendi:, etc. partiendi:, etc. + + SUPINE + [[horta:tus, -tu:]] [[veritum, -tu:]] + [[secu:tum, -tu:]] [[parti:tum, -tu:]] + +IRREGULAR VERBS + +_494._ sum, _am, be_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS sum, esse, fui:, futu:rus + PRES. STEM es- PERF. STEM fu- PART. STEM fut- + + INDICATIVE + PRESENT + SINGULAR PLURAL + sum, _I am_ sumus, _we are_ + es, _thou art_ estis, _you are_ + est, _he (she, it) is_ sunt, _they are_ + + IMPERFECT + eram, _I was_ era:mus, _we were_ + era:s, _thou wast_ era:tis, _you were_ + erat, _he was_ erant, _they were_ + + FUTURE + ero:, _I shall be_ erimus, _we shall be_ + eris, _thou wilt be_ eritis, _you will be_ + erit, _he will be_ erunt, _they will be_ + + PERFECT + fui:, _I have been, was_ fuimus, _we have been, were_ + fuisti:, _thou hast been, wast_ fuistis, _you have been, were_ + fuit, _he has been, was_ fue:runt, fue:re, _they have been, + were_ + + PLUPERFECT + fueram, _I had been_ fuera:mus, _we had been_ + fuera:s, _thou hadst been_ fuera:tis, _you had been_ + fuerat, _he had been_ fuerant, _they had been_ + + FUTURE PERFECT + fuero:, _I shall have been_ fuerimus, _we shall have been_ + fueris, _thou wilt have been_ fueritis, _you will have been_ + fuerit, _he will have been_ fuerint, _they will have been_ + + SUBJUNCTIVE + PRESENT IMPERFECT + SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL + sim si:mus essem esse:mus + si:s si:tis esse:s esse:tis + sit sint esset essent + + PERFECT PLUPERFECT + fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuisse:mus + fueris fueritis fuisse:s fuisse:tis + fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent + + IMPERATIVE + PRESENT + 2d Pers. Sing. es, _be thou_ + 2d Pers. Plur. este, _be ye_ + FUTURE + 2d Pers. Sing. esto:, _thou shalt be_ + 3d Pers. Sing. esto:, _he shall be_ + 2d Pers. Plur. esto:te, _ye shall be_ + 3d Pers. Plur. sunto:, _they shall be_ + + INFINITIVE + Pres. esse, _to be_ + Perf. fuisse, _to have been_ + Fut. futu:rus, -a, -um esse or fore, _to be about to be_ + + PARTICIPLE + futu:rus, -a, -um, _about to be_ + +_495._ possum, _be able, can_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS possum, posse, potui:, ---- + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL + Pres. possum pos'sumus possim possi:'mus + potes potes'tis possi:s possi:'tis + potest possunt possit possint + Impf. poteram potera:mus possem posse:'mus + Fut. potero: poterimus ---- ---- + Perf. potui: potuimus potuerim potuerimus + Plup. potueram potuera:mus potuissem potuisse:mus + F. P. potuero: potuerimus ---- ---- + + INFINITIVE + Pres. posse + Perf. potuisse + + PARTICIPLE + Pres. potens, _gen._ -entis, (adjective) _powerful_ + +_496._ pro:sum, _benefit_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS pro:sum, pro:desse, pro:fui:, pro:futu:rus + PRES. STEM pro:des- PERF. STEM pro:fu- PART. STEM pro:fut- + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL + Pres. pro:sum pro:'sumus pro:sim pro:si:'mus + pro:des pro:des'tis pro:si:s pro:si:'tis + pro:dest pro:sunt pro:sit pro:sint + Impf. pro:deram pro:dera:mus pro:dessem prodesse:'mus + Fut. pro:dero: pro:derimus ---- ---- + Perf. pro:fui: pro:fuimus pro:fuerim pro:fuerimus + Plup. pro:fueram pro:fuera:mus pro:fuissem pro:fuisse:mus + F. P. pro:fuero: pro:fuerimus ---- ---- + + IMPERATIVE + Pres. 2d Pers. pro:des, pro:deste + Fut. 2d Pers. pro:desto:, pro:desto:te + + INFINITIVE + Pres. pro:desse + Perf. pro:fuisse + Fut. pro:futu:rus, -a, -um esse + + FUTURE PARTICIPLE pro:futu:rus, -a, -um + +_497._ [ volo:, no:lo:, ma:lo:] + + PRINCIPAL PARTS: + volo:, velle, volui:, ----, _be willing, will, wish_ + no:lo:, no:lle, no:lui:, ----, _be unwilling, will not_ + ma:lo:, ma:lle, ma:lui:, ----, _be more willing, prefer_ + +/No:lo:\ and /ma:lo:\ are compounds of /volo:\. /No:lo:\ is for /ne\ +(_not_) + /volo:\, and /ma:lo:\ for /ma:\ (from /magis\, _more_) + +/volo:\. The second person /vi:s\ is from a different root. + + INDICATIVE + SINGULAR + Pres. volo: no:lo: ma:lo: + vi:s no:n vis ma:vi:s + vult no:n vult ma:vult + + PLURAL + volumus no:lumus ma:lumus + vultis no:n vultis ma:vul'tis + volunt no:lunt ma:lunt + + Impf. vole:bam no:le:bam ma:le:bam + Fut. volam, vole:s, no:lam, no:le:s, ma:lam, ma:le:s, + etc. etc. etc. + Perf. volui: no:lui: ma:lui: + Plup. volueram no:lueram ma:lueram + F. P. voluero: no:luero: ma:luero: + + SUBJUNCTIVE + SINGULAR + Pres. velim no:lim ma:lim + veli:s no:li:s ma:li:s + velit no:lit ma:lit + + PLURAL + veli:'mus no:li:'mus ma:li:'mus + veli:'tis no:li:'tis ma:li:'tis + velint no:lint ma:lint + + Impf. vellem no:llem ma:llem + Perf. voluerim no:luerim ma:luerim + Plup. voluissem no:luissem ma:luissem + + IMPERATIVE + Pres. no:li: + no:li:te + Fut. no:li:to:, etc. + + INFINITIVE + Pres. velle no:lle ma:lle + Perf. voluisse no:luisse ma:luisse + + PARTICIPLE + Pres. vole:ns, -entis no:le:ns, -entis ---- + +_498._ fero:, _bear, carry, endure_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS fero:, ferre, tuli:, la:tus + PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM la:t- + + INDICATIVE + ACTIVE PASSIVE + Pres. fero: ferimus feror ferimur + fers ferti:s ferris, -re ferimimi: + fert ferunt fertur feruntur + Impf. fere:bam fere:bar + Fut. feram, fere:s, etc. ferar, fere:ris, etc. + Perf. tuli: la:tus, -a, -um sum + Plup. tuleram la:tus, -a, -um eram + F. P. tulero: la:tus, -a, -um ero: + + SUBJUNCTIVE + Pres. feram, fera:s, etc. ferar, fera:ris, etc. + Impf. ferrem ferrer + Perf. tulerim la:tus, -a, -um sim + Plup. tulissem la:tus, -a, -um essem + + IMPERATIVE + Pres. 2d Pers. fer ferte ferre ferimini: + Fut. 2d Pers. ferto: ferto:te fertor + 3d Pers. ferto: ferunto fertor feruntor + + INFINITIVE + Pres. ferre ferri: + Perf. tulisse la:tus, -a, -um esse + Fut. la:tu:rus, -a, -um esse ---- + + PARTICIPLES + Pres. fere:ns, -entis Pres. ---- + Fut. la:tu:rus, -a, -um Ger. ferendus, -a, -um + Perf. ---- Perf. la:tus, -a, -um + + GERUND + Gen. ferendi: + Dat. ferendo: + Acc. ferendum + Abl. ferendo: + + SUPINE (Active Voice) + Acc. [[la:tum]] + Abl. [[la:tu:]] + +_499._ eo:, _go_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS eo:, i:re, ii: (i:vi:), itum (n. perf. part.) + PRES. STEM i:- + PERF. STEM i:- or i:v- + PART. STEM it- + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE + SING. PLUR. + Pres. eo: i:mus eam 2d Pers. i: i:te + i:s i:tis + it eunt + Impf. i:bam i:rem + Fut. i:bo: ---- 2d Pers. i:to: i:to:te + 3d Pers. i:to: eunto: + Perf. ii: (i:vi:) ierim (i:verim) + Plup. ieram (i:veram) i:ssem (i:vissem) + F. P. iero: (i:vero:) + + INFINITIVE + Pres. i:re + Perf. i:sse (i:visse) + Fut. itu:rus, -a, -um esse + + PARTICIPLES + Pres. ie:ns, _gen._ euntis (Sec. 472) + Fut. itu:rus, -a, -um + Ger. eundum + + GERUND + Gen. eundi: + Dat. eundo: + Acc. eundum + Abl. eundo: + + SUPINE + Acc. [[itum]] + Abl. [[itu:]] + + _a._ The verb /eo:\ is used impersonally in the third person + singular of the passive, as /i:tur\, /itum est\, _etc._ + + _b._ In the perfect system the forms with /v\ are very rare. + +_500._ /fi:o:\, passive of /facio:\; _be made, become, happen_ + + PRINCIPAL PARTS fi:o:, fieri:, factus sum + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE + Pres. fi:o: ---- fi:am 2d Pers. fi: fi:te + fi:s ---- + fit fi:unt + Impf. fi:e:bam fierem + Fut. fi:am ---- + + INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE + Perf. factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim + Plup. factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem + F. P. factus, -a, -um ero: + + INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES + Pres. fieri: Perf. factus, -a, -um + Perf. factus, -a, -um esse Ger. faciendus, -a, -um + Fut. [[factum i:ri:]] + + [Illustration: CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR] + + + + +APPENDIX II + + +_501._ RULES OF SYNTAX + +NOTE. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered +consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears +is given at the end of each. + +_Nominative Case_ + + _1._ The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the + question Who? or What? Sec. 36. + +_Agreement_ + + _2._ A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its + subject. Sec. 28. + + _3._ A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. + Sec. 76. + + _4._ An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains. + Sec. 81. + + _5._ Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. + Sec. 65. + + _6._ A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive + agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. + Sec. 215.a. + + _7._ A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and + number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own + clause. Sec. 224. + +_Prepositions_ + + _8._ A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or + ablative case. Sec. 52. + +_Genitive Case_ + + _9._ The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the + genitive and answers the question Whose? Sec. 38. + + _10._ The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, + especially after the forms of /sum\, and is then called the _predicate + genitive_. Sec. 409. + + _11._ Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the + whole, known as _the partitive genitive_. Sec. 331. + + _12._ Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive + with a modifying adjective. Sec. 443. + +_Dative Case_ + + _13._ The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. Sec. 45. + + _14._ The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive + verbs /credo\, /faveo\, /noceo\, /pareo\, /persuadeo\, /resisto\, + /studeo\, and others of like meaning. Sec. 154. + + _15._ Some verbs compounded with /ad\, /ante\, /con\, /de\, /in\, + /inter\, /ob\, /post\, /prae\, /pro\, /sub\, /super\, admit the dative + of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an + accusative and a dative. Sec. 426. + + _16._ The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward + which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those + meaning _near_, also _fit, friendly, pleasing, like_, and their + opposites. Sec. 143. + + _17._ The dative is used to denote the _purpose_ or _end for which_; + often with another dative denoting _the person or thing affected_. + Sec. 437. + +_Accusative Case_ + + _18._ The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and + answers the question Whom? or What? Sec. 37. + + _19._ The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. Sec. 214. + + _20._ The _place to which_ is expressed by /ad\ or /in\ with the + accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, /domus\, and /rus\ + the preposition is omitted. Secs. 263, 266. + + _21._ _Duration of time_ and _extent of space_ are expressed by the + accusative. Sec. 336. + + _22._ Verbs of _making, choosing, calling, showing_, and the like, may + take a _predicate accusative_ along with the direct object. With the + passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. Sec. 392. + +_Ablative Case_ + + _23._ _Cause_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This + answers the question Because of what? Sec. 102. + + _24._ _Means_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This + answers the question By means of what? or With what? Sec. 103. + + _25._ _Accompaniment_ is denoted by the ablative with /cum\. This + answers the question With whom? Sec. 104. + + _26._ The ablative with /cum\ is used to denote the manner of an + action. /Cum\ may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the + ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? Sec. 105. + + _27._ With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is + used to denote the _measure of difference_. Sec. 317. + + _28._ The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect + participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. + This is called the _ablative absolute_. Sec. 381. + + _29._ 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the + ablative with a modifying adjective. Sec. 444. + + 2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical + characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the + ablative with a modifying adjective. Sec. 445. + + _30._ The ablative is used to denote _in what respect_ something is + true. Sec. 398. + + _31._ The _place from which_ is expressed by /a\ or /ab\, /de:\, /e:\ + or /ex\ with the separative ablative. This answers the question + Whence? Before names of towns, small islands, /domus\, and /rus\ the + preposition is omitted. Secs. 264, 266. + + _32._ Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative + to complete their meaning. This is called the _ablative of + separation_. Sec. 180. + + _33._ The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when + not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition /a\ or + /ab\. This is called the _ablative of the personal agent_. Sec. 181. + + _34._ The comparative degree, if /quam\ is omitted, is followed by the + separative ablative. Sec. 309. + + _35._ The _time when or within which_ anything happens is expressed by + the ablative without a preposition. Sec. 275. + + _36._ 1. The _place at or in which_ is expressed by the ablative with + /in\. This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small + islands, and /rus\ the preposition is omitted. Secs. 265, 266. + + 2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or + second declension, and the word /domus\ express the _place in which_ + by the locative. Sec. 268. + +_Gerund and Gerundive_ + + _37._ 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, + dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of + these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. Sec. + 406.1. + + 2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of + gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative + without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive + construction is more usual. Sec. 406.2. + + _38._ The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with /ad\, or the + genitive with /causa\, is used to express purpose. Sec. 407. + +_Moods and Tenses of Verbs_ + + _39._ Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by + secondary. Sec. 358. + + _40._ The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the + _purpose_ of the action in the principal clause. Sec. 349. + + _41._ _A substantive clause of purpose_ with the subjunctive is used + as object with verbs of _commanding, urging, asking, persuading_, or + _advising_, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. + Sec. 366. + + _42._ Verbs of _fearing_ are followed by a substantive clause of + purpose introduced by /ut\ (_that not_) or /ne:\ (_that_ or _lest_). + Sec. 372. + + _43._ _Consecutive clauses of result_ are introduced by /ut\ or /ut + non\, and have the verb in the subjunctive. Sec. 385. + + _44._ _Object clauses of result_ with /ut\ or /ut non\ are found after + verbs of effecting or bringing about. Sec. 386. + + _45._ A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe + an antecedent. This is called the _subjunctive of characteristic or + description_. Sec. 390. + + _46._ The conjunction /cum\ means _when, since_, or _although_. It is + followed by the subjunctive unless it means _when_ and its clause + fixes the time at which the main action took place. Sec. 396. + + _47._ When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is + changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject + accusative of the infinitive. Sec. 416. + + _48._ The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect + statements is found after verbs of _saying, telling, knowing, + thinking_, and _perceiving_. Sec. 419. + + _49._ A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present + infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect + infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. + Sec. 418. + + _50._ In an _indirect question_ the verb is in the subjunctive and its + tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. Sec. 432. + + [Illustration: DOMINA] + + + + +APPENDIX III + + +REVIEWS[1] + + [Footnote 1: It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned + for a written test.] + + [Transcriber's Note: + In this Review section, the lists of English words for translation may + not be in the same order as in the original.] + + +I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII + +_502._ Give the English of the following words:[1] + + NOUNS + agricola /gallina\ + ancilla iniuria + /aqua\ /insula\ + /casa\ /luna\ + /causa\ /nauta\ + cena /pecunia\ + /corona\ puella + /dea\ /pugna\ + domina /sagitta\ + fabula /silva\ + /fera\ /terra\ + /filia\ /tuba\ + /fortuna\ /via\ + /fuga\ /victoria\ + + ADJECTIVES + /alta\ /magna\ + /bona\ /mala\ + /clara\ /nova\ + /grata\ /parva\ + /lata\ /pulchra\ + /longa\ /sola\ + + VERBS + amat /necat\ + /dat\ /nuntiat\ + /est\ /parat\ + habitat /portat\ + /laborat\ /pugnat\ + /laudat\ /sunt\ + narrat /vocat\ + + PREPOSITIONS + /a:\ or /ab\ + /ad\ + /cum\ + /de\ + /e:\ or /ex\ + /in\ + + PRONOUNS + /mea\ + /tua\ + /quis\ + /cuius\ + /cui\ + /quem\ + /quid\ + + ADVERBS + /cur\ + /deinde\ + /non\ + /ubi\ + + CONJUNCTIONS + /et\ + quia + /quod\ + + INTERROGATIVE + PARTICLE + /-ne\ + + [Footnote 1: Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in + the reviews. Words used in Cassar's "Gallic War" are in heavy type.] + +_503._ Give the Latin of the following words:[1] + +Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word +till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you +have underlined. + + _flight_ _wide_ + story tells + _new_ _money_ + lives (verb) _calls_ + _away from_ _with_ + _who_ _your_ + _why_ _then, in the next place_ + _forest_ _daughter_ + _wreath_ _to whom_ + _deep, high_ _fortune_ + dinner _famous_ + _out from_ _labors_ (verb) + _my_ _kills_ + _where_ _not_ + _trumpet_ _in_ + lady, mistress _and_ + _whom_ _sailor_ + _island_ farmer + _goddess_ _what_ + _wild beast_ _way_ + _praises_ (verb) _bad_ + _alone_ loves + _pleasing_ _pretty_ + _prepares_ _water_ + _are_ _great_ + _to_ _is_ + _because_ _announces_ + _arrow_ _injury, wrong_ + _cottage_ _battle_ (noun) + _gives_ _small_ + girl _fights_ (verb) + _good_ maid + _carries_ _down from_ + _chicken_ _long_ + _victory_ _cause_ + _land_ _whose_ + + [Footnote 1: The translations of words used in Caesar are in + italics.] + +_504._ Review Questions. How many syllables has a Latin word? How are +words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the +antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is +the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the +predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? +conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person +singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? +Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct +object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? +Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in +Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is +meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. +What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say +of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the +adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the +rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles +of Latin word order? + +_505._ Fill out the following summary of the first declension: + + THE FIRST OR A-DECLENSION + 1. Ending in the nominative singular + 2. Rule for gender + 3. Case terminations + a. Singular + b. Plural + 4. Irregular nouns + + +II. REVIEW OF LESSONS IX-XVII + +_506._ Give the English of the following words: + + NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION + /agri cultura\ /galea\ + /constantia\ /inopia\ + /copia\ /lacrima\ + /diligentia\ /lorica\ + /fama\ /patria\ + femina /praeda\ + + NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION + /ager\ /liberi\ + /amicus\ magister + /arma\ (plural) /murus\ + /auxilium\ /numerus\ + /bellum\ /oppidanus\ + /carrus\ /oppidum\ + /castrum\ /pilum\ + /cibus\ /populus\ + /consilium\ /praemium\ + /domicilium\ /proelium\ + dominus /puer\ + /equus\ /scutum\ + /filius\ /servus\ + fluvius /studium\ + /frumentum\ /telum\ + /gladius\ /vicus\ + /legatus\ /vir\ + + ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS + /aeger, aegra, aegrum\ + /alius, alia, aliud\ + /alter, altera, alterum\ + /armatus, -a, -um\ + /creber, crebra, crebrum\ + /durus, -a, -um\ + /finitimus, -a, -um\ + /infirmus, -a, -um\ + /legionarius, -a, -um\ + /liber, libera, liberum\ + /maturus, -a, -um\ + /meus, -a, -um\ + /miser, misera, miserum\ + /multus, -a, -um\ + /neuter, neutra, neutrum\ + /noster, nostra, nostrum\ + /nullus, -a, -um\ + /pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum\ + /solus, -a, -um\ + /suus, -a, -um\ + /totus, -a, -um\ + /tuus, -a, -um\ + /ullus, -a, -um\ + /unus, -a, -um\ + /uter, utra, utrum\ + validus, -a, -um + /vester, vestra, vestrum\ + + VERBS + arat + /curat\ + /desiderat\ + /maturat\ + /properat\ + + DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN + /is, ea, id\ + + CONJUNCTIONS + /an\ + /-que\ + /sed\ + + ADVERBS + /iam\ + quo + /saepe\ + + PREPOSITION + /apud\ + +_507._ Give the Latin of the following words: + + _sword_ _shield_ (noun) + _corselet_ _whole_ + _man_ _it_ + _your_ (plural) _aid_ (noun) + _hasten_ _legionary_ + _but_ _weak_ + _among_ _arms_ + _tear_ (noun) master (of school) + _village_ _friend_ + strong _neighboring_ + _long for_ _sick_ + _and_ (enclitic) _lieutenant_ + _often_ _field_ + _want_ (noun) _report, rumor_ + _which_ (of two) _abode_ + _care for_ _boy_ + _or_ (in a question) _his own_ + whither _alone_ + _wagon_ _prize_ (noun) + _townsman_ master (owner) + _wretched_ _carefulness_ + _ripe_ _plenty_ + _war_ _troops_ + _number_ _plan_ (noun) + _my_ _people_ + _free_ (adj.) _beautiful_ + _children_ _no_ (adj.) + _wall_ _our_ + _grain_ _battle_ + _weapon_ _spear_ + _one_ _food_ + plow (verb) _steadiness_ + _this_ or _that_ _fatherland_ + _already_ _town_ + _helmet_ _fort_ + river _camp_ + _zeal_ _neither_ (of two) + _any_ _much_ + _he_ _agriculture_ + _son_ _other_ + _slave_ _the other_ (of two) + _your_ (singular) _hard_ + _she_ _booty_ + _woman_ _frequent_ + _horse_ _armed_ + +_508._ Review Questions. How many declensions are there? What three +things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three +cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the +plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative +singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what +does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of +an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in -er is declined like +/puer\ or like /ager\? Decline /bonus\, /liber\, /pulcher\. How can we +tell whether an adjective in -er is declined like /liber\ or like +/pulcher\? Why must we say /nauta bonus\ and not /nauta bona\? Name the +Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the +possessive pronoun agree? When do we use /tuus\ and when /vester\? Why +is /suus\ called a _reflexive_ possessive? What is the non-reflexive +possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four +uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in +English by _with_? Give an illustration in Latin of the _ablative of +manner_; of the _ablative of cause_; of the _ablative of means_; of the +_ablative of accompaniment_. What ablative regularly has /cum\? What +ablative sometimes has /cum\? What uses of the ablative never have +/cum\? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline +/alius\, /nullus\. Decline /is\. What does /is\ mean as a demonstrative +adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it? + +_509._ Fill out the following summary of the second declension: + + THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION + 1. Endings in the nominative + 2. Rule for gender + 3. Case terminations of nouns in -us + a. Singular + b. Plural + a. The vocative singular of nouns in -us + 4. Case terminations of nouns in -um + a. Singular + b. Plural + 5. Peculiarities of nouns in -er and -ir + 6. Peculiarities of nouns in -ius and -ium + + +III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVIII-XXVI + +_510._ Give the English of the following words: + + NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION + /disciplina\ regina + /forma\ superbia + /poena\ /tristitia\ + /potentia\ + + NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION + ludus + /ornamentum\ + sacrum + /socius\ + /verbum\ + + ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS + /amicus\ iratus + /antiquus\ /laetus\ + /finitimus\ /molestus\ + /gratus\ /perpetuus\ + /idoneus\ /proximus\ + /inimicus\ /septem\ + /interfectus\ /superbus\ + + ADVERBS + hodie + /ibi\ + /maxime\ + mox + /nunc\ + /nuper\ + + CONJUNCTIONS + /etiam\ + /non solum ... sed etiam\ + + PERSONAL PRONOUN + /ego\ + + VERBS + CONJ. I + volo, -are + + CONJ. II + /deleo, -ere\ /noceo, -ere\ + /doceo, -ere\ /pareo, -ere\ + /faveo, -ere\ /persuadeo, -ere\ + /habeo, -ere\ sedeo, -ere + /iubeo, -ere\ /studeo, -ere\ + /moneo, -ere\ /video, -ere\ + /moveo, -ere\ + + CONJ. III + /ago, -ere\ /fugio, -ere\ + /capio, -ere\ /iacio, -ere\ + /credo, -ere\ /mitto, -ere\ + /dico, -ere\ rapio, -ere + /duco, -ere\ /rego, -ere\ + /facio, -ere\ /resisto, -ere\ + + CONJ. IV + /audio, -ire\ + /munio, -ire\ + /reperio, -ire\ + /venio, -ire\ + + IRREGULAR VERB + /sum, esse\ + +_511._ Give the Latin of the following words. In the case of verbs +always give the first form and the present infinitive. + + _ancient_ _power_ + _come_ _make, do_ + _resist_ _injure_ + _see_ _now_ + _be_ _annoying_ + fly _lead_ + _I_ _move_ + _proud_ soon + _word_ _glad_ + _sadness_ _punishment_ + _find_ _believe_ + _rule_ (verb) _advise_ + _be eager for_ _especially, most of all_ + _not only ... but also_ angry + _seven_ _beauty_ + _ally, companion_ _say_ + pride _command_ (verb) + _fortify_ _there_ + _send_ _slain_ + sit _training_ + _also_ _take_ + school _have_ + _hear_ to-day + _hurl_ _unfriendly_ + _persuade_ _drive_ + _only_ _favor_ (verb) + _nearest_ _suitable_ + sacred rite _pleasing_ + queen _teach_ + _flee_ _neighboring_ + _obey_ _destroy_ + _lately_ _friendly_ + _constant_ seize + _ornament_ + +_512._ Review Questions. What is conjugation? Name two important +differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? +What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative +mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? +Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the three tenses you have +learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they +distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed +from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is +the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in +the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a +final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible +translations of a present, as of pugno? Inflect aro, sedeo, mitto, +facio, and venio, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What +forms of -io verbs of the third conjugation are like audio? what like +rego? Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special +intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood +express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in +the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative? +Give the present active imperative of porto, deleo, ago, facio, munio. + + +IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVII-XXXVI + +_513._ Give the English of the following words: + + NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION + /ala\ + /cura\ + /mora\ + /porta\ + /provincia\ + /vita\ + + NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION + /animus\ /navigium\ + aurum oraculum + /bracchium\ /periculum\ + /deus\ /ventus\ + /locus\ /vinum\ + monstrum + + ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS + /adversus\ /dubius\ + attentus /maximus\ + /carus\ perfidus + /commotus\ /plenus\ + /defessus\ saevus + /dexter\ /sinister\ + + ADVERBS + /antea\ /ita\ + /celeriter\ /longe\ + /denique\ /semper\ + /diu\ /subito\ + /frustra\ /tamen\ + /graviter\ /tum\ + + CONJUNCTIONS + /autem\ + /si\ + /ubi\ + + PREPOSITIONS + /de\ + /per\ + /pro\ + /sine\ + + VERBS + CONJ. I + /adpropinquo\ /servo\ + /navigo\ /sto\ + /occupo\ /supero\ + /postulo\ /tempto\ + /recuso\ /vasto\ + /reporto\ /vulnero\ + + CONJ. II + /contineo\ + /egeo\ + /prohibeo\ + /respondeo\ + /teneo\ + + CONJ. III + /discedo\ + /gero\ + /interficio\ + + IRREGULAR VERB + /absum\ + +_514._ Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs. + + _be away_ _heavily_ + _wind_ monster + _through_ _approach_ + _if_ _nevertheless_ + savage _place_ + _wound_ (verb) _be without, lack_ + _wine_ _moved_ + _delay_ gold + faithless _restrain, keep from_ + _right_ _without_ + _seize_ _hold_ + _quickly_ _suddenly_ + _before, in behalf of_ _dear_ + _battle_ _always_ + _down from_ or _concerning_ _god_ + _moreover_ _hold in, keep_ + _greatest_ _afar_ + oracle _thus, so, as follows_ + _danger_ _arm_ (noun) + _lay waste_ _when_ + _gate_ _in vain_ + _doubtful_ _stand_ + _opposite, adverse_ _bring back, win_ + _demand_ _before, previously_ + _finally_ _depart, go away_ + attentive _province_ + _then, at that time_ _care, trouble_ + _weary_ _kill_ + _overcome, conquer_ _reply_ (verb) + _conquer_ _wing_ + _boat, ship_ _mind, heart_ + _sail_ (verb) _left_ (adj.) + _life_ _bear, carry on_ + _save_ _try_ + _full_ _for a long time_ + _refuse_ + +_515._ Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs: + + /sum\ /faveo\ + /do\ /noceo\ + /teneo\ /dico\ + /iubeo\ /pareo\ + /ago\ /duco\ + /mitto\ /facio\ + /munio\ /persuadeo\ + /moveo\ /sedeo\ + /credo\ /studeo\ + /rapio\ /fugio\ + /reperio\ /venio\ + /deleo\ /iacio\ + /resisto\ /video\ + /audio\ /absum\ + /moneo\ /egeo\ + /capio\ /gero\ + /doceo\ /sto\ + /rego\ + +_516._ Review Questions. What are the personal endings in the passive +voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the +distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute +the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How +may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the +infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms +are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial +stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the +tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How +is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? +How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive +imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect +passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is +a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule for the +agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future +perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb /sum\ in all moods +and tenses as far as you have learned it (Sec. 494). What is meant by +the separative ablative? How is the place _from which_ expressed in +Latin? Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of +the personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means +and the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? +the perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the +perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be +governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the +ablative. What does the preposition /in\ mean when it governs the +ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to +introduce _yes_-and-_no_ questions? Explain the force of each. What +words are sometimes used for _yes_ and _no?_ What are the different +meanings and uses of ubi? + + +V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXVII-XLIV + +_517._ Give the English of the following words: + + NOUNS + FIRST DECLENSION SECOND DECLENSION + /ripa\ /barbari\ + /captivus\ + /castellum\ + /impedimentum\ + + THIRD DECLENSION + /animal\ /homo\ /ordo\ + /arbor\ /hostis\ /pater\ + /avis\ /ignis\ /pedes\ + /caedes\ /imperator\ /pes\ + /calamitas\ /insigne\ pons + calcar /iter\ /princeps\ + /caput\ iudex /rex\ + /civis\ /labor\ /salus\ + /cliens\ /lapis\ /sanguis\ + /collis\ /legio\ /soror\ + /consul\ /mare\ tempus + /dens\ /mater\ /terror\ + /dux\ /mensis\ /turris\ + /eques\ /miles\ /urbs\ + /finis\ /mons\ /victor\ + /flumen\ /navis\ /virtus\ + fons /opus\ /vis\ + /frater\ /orator\ + + ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS + /barbarus\ + /dexter\ + /sinister\ + /summus\ + + PREPOSITIONS + /in\ with the abl. + /in\ with the acc. + /trans\ + + ADVERBS + /cotidie\ + /numquam\ + + CONJUNCTIONS + /nec, neque\ + /nec ... nec\, or /neque ... neque\ + + VERBS + CONJ. I CONJ. III + /cesso\ /accipio\ + /oppugno\ /peto\ + /confirmo\ /vinco\ + /veto\ /incipio\ + /pono\ + /vivo\ + +_518._ Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs: + + _forbid_ _in_ + _rank, row_ _judge_ + _brother_ _defeat, disaster_ + _force_ _fire_ + _across_ _tree_ + _savages_ _foot soldier_ + _horseman_ _receive_ + _never_ _general_ + _mountain_ _highest_ + _manliness, courage_ _fountain_ + _leader_ _orator_ + _put, place_ _neither ... nor_ + _time_ _and not_ + _savage, barbarous_ _left_ + _sister_ _tooth_ + _seek_ _soldier_ + _captive_ _month_ + _hindrance, baggage_ _city_ + _captive_ _victor_ + _hindrance, baggage_ _daily_ + _man-of-war_ _live_ (verb) + _conquer_ _redoubt, fort_ + _consul_ _sea_ + _mother_ _tower_ + _retainer_ _drill_ (verb) + _citizen_ _legion_ + _head_ _terror_ + _safety_ _into, to_ + _assail, storm_ _right_ (adj.) + _begin_ _stone_ + _march_ _blood_ + _decoration_ _labor_ (noun) + _bridge_ _king_ + _bird_ _spur_ + _cease_ _chief_ + _man_ _slaughter_ + _river_ _strengthen_ + _work_ (noun) _foot_ + _and_ _enemy_ + _ship_ _animal_ + _bank_ _father_ + +_519._ Review Questions. Give the conjugation of /possum\. What is an +infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like the +English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is +meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence _The bad boy cannot +be happy_, what is the case of _happy_? Give the rule. Decline /qui\. +Give the rule for the agreement of the relative. What are the two uses +of the interrogative? Decline /quis\. What is the base of a noun? How is +the stem formed from the base? Are the stem and the base ever the same? +How many declensions of nouns are there? Name them. What are the two +chief divisions of the third declension? How are the consonant stems +classified? Explain the formation of /lapis\ from the stem lapid-, +/miles\ from milit-, /rex\ from reg-. What nouns have i-stems? +What peculiarities of form do i-stems have,--masc., fem., and neut.? +Name the five nouns that have -i and -e in the abl. Decline +/turris\. Give the rules for gender in the third declension. Decline +/miles\, /lapis\, /rex\, /virtus\, /consul\, /legio\, /homo\, /pater\, +/flumen\, /opus\, /tempus\, /caput\, /caedes\, /urbs\, /hostis\, /mare\, +/animal\, /vis\, /iter\. + +_520._ Fill out the following scheme: + + { { Masculine + { GENDER { Feminine + { ENDINGS { Neuter + { + THE THIRD { { I. CONSONANT { _a_. Masc. and fem. + DECLENSION { { STEMS { _b_. Neuters + { CASE { + { TERMINATIONS { + { { + { { II. _I_-STEMS { _a_. Masc. and fem. + { { { _b_. Neuters + { + { IRREGULAR NOUNS + + +VI. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLV-LII + +_521._ Give the English of the following words: + + NOUNS + FIRST DECLENSION + /amicitia\ + /hora\ + /littera\ + + SECOND DECLENSION + /annus\ /supplicium\, + /modus\ /supplicium dare\ + /nuntius\ /supplicium sumere de\ + /oculus\ /tergum\, + /regnum\ /tergum vertere\ + /signum\ /vestigium\ + + THIRD DECLENSION + /aestas\ /nox\ + /corpus\ /pars\ + /hiems\ /pax\ + /libertas\ rus + /lux\, /sol\ + /prima lux\ /vox\ + /nomen\ /vulnus\ + + FOURTH DECLENSION + /adventus\ /impetus\ + /cornu\ /lacus\ + /domus\ /manus\ + /equitatus\ /metus\ + /exercitus\ /portus\ + /fluctus\ + + FIFTH DECLENSION + /acies\ /res\, + /dies\ /res gestae\ + /fides\, /res adversae\ + /in fidem venire\ /res secundae\ + /res publica\ + /spes\ + + INDECLINABLE NOUN + /nihil\ + + ADJECTIVES + FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS + /densus\ /pristinus\ + /invisus\ /publicus\ + /mirus\ /secundus\ + /pauci\ /tantus\ + /primus\ /verus\ + + THIRD DECLENSION + /acer, acris, acre\ /gravis, grave\ + /brevis, breve\ /incolumis, incolume\ + /difficilis, difficile\ /omnis, omne\ + /facilis, facile\ /par, par\ + /fortis, forte\ /velox, velox\ + + PRONOUNS + PERSONAL + /ego\ + /nos\ + /sui\ + /tu\ + /vos\ + + DEMONSTRATIVE + /hic\ + /idem\ + /ille\ + /iste\ + + INTENSIVE + /ipse\ + + INDEFINITE + /aliquis, aliqui\ + /quidam\ + /quis, qui\ + /quisquam\ + /quisque\ + + ADVERBS + /ne: ... quidem\ /quoque\ + olim /satis\ + /paene\ /vero\ + + CONJUNCTIONS + /itaque\ + /nisi\ + + PREPOSITIONS + /ante\ + /post\ + /propter\ + + VERBS + CONJ. I CONJ. II + /conloco\ /debeo\ + /convoco\ /exerceo\ + /cremo\ /maneo\ + /demonstro\ /placeo\ + /mando\ /sustineo\ + + CONJ. III CONJ. IV + /committo\, /desilio\ + /committere proelium\ + /decido\ + /eripio\ + /sumo\, + /sumere supplicium de\ + /traduco\ + /verto\ + +_522._ Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs. + + _if not, unless_ _adversity_ + _on account of_ _former, old-time_ + _public_ _all, every_ + _commonwealth_ _any one_ (at all) + _leap down, dismount_ _this_ (of mine) + _unharmed_ _heavy, serious_ + _lead across_ _hateful, detested_ + _remain_ _true_ + _call together_ _burn_ + _friendship_ _snatch from_ + _footprint, trace_ _letter_ + _each_ _punishment_ + _fear_ (noun) _inflict punishment on_ + _hope_ _behind, after_ + _therefore_ _suffer punishment_ + _so great_ _liberty_ + _equal_ _sun_ + _in truth, indeed_ _sustain_ + _that_ (yonder) _take up, assume_ + _a certain_ _hour_ + _fall down_ _reign, realm_ + _owe, ought_ _messenger_ + _measure, mode_ _part, direction_ + _eye_ _body_ + _name_ _harbor_ + _wave, billow_ _faith, protection_ + _thing, matter_ _of himself_ + _exploits_ _also, too_ + _republic_ _sufficiently_ + _prosperity_ _you_ (plur.) + _burn_ _peace_ + _that_ (of yours) _back_ + _before_ _turn the back, retreat_ + _light_ _night_ + _daybreak_ _hand, force_ + _winter_ _lake_ + _attack_ _day_ + _line of battle_ _commit, intrust_ + _army_ _a few only_ + _drill, train_ _sharp, eager_ + _join battle_ _we_ + _house, home_ _turn_ + _midday_ _you_ (sing.) + _wonderful_ _I_ + _brave_ _signal_ + _almost_ _summer_ + _the same_ _cavalry_ + _some, any_ _wound_ + _if any one_ _horn, wing_ + _self, very_ _country_ + _not even_ _second, favorable_ + _easy_ _formerly, once_ + _dense_ _short_ + _point out, explain_ _voice_ + _difficult_ _arrival_ + _first_ _come under the protection of_ + _arrange, station_ _nothing_ + _please_ _swift_ + _year_ + +_523._ Review Questions. By what declensions are Latin adjectives +declined? What can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third +declension? Into what classes are these adjectives divided? How can you +tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs? Decline /acer, omnis, +par\. What are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of the fourth +or u-declension? What nouns are feminine by exception? Decline +/adventus, lacus, cornu, domus\. Give the rules for the ordinary +expression of the _place to which_, the _place from which_, the _place +in which_. What special rules apply to names of towns, small islands, +and /rus\? What is the locative case? What words have a locative case? +What is the form of the locative case? Translate _Galba lives at home, +Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives at Pompeii_. What is the rule for +gender in the fifth or /e:\-declension? Decline /dies\, /res\. When is +the long /e:\ shortened? What can you say about the plural of the fifth +declension? Decline /tuba\, /servus\, /pilum\, /ager\, /puer\, /miles\, +/consul\, /flumen\, /caedes\, /animal\. How is the _time when_ +expressed? Name the classes of pronouns and define each class. Decline +/ego, tu, is\. What are the reflexives of the first and second persons? +What is the reflexive of the third person? Decline it. Translate _I see +myself, he sees himself, he sees him_. Decline /ipse\. How is /ipse\ +used? Decline /idem\. Decline /hic\, /iste\, /ille\. Explain the use of +these words. Name and translate the commoner indefinite pronouns. +Decline /aliquis\, /quisquam\, /quidam\, /quisque\. + + +VII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LIII-LX + +_524._ Give the English of the following words: + + NOUNS + FIRST DECLENSION + /aquila\ /fossa\ + + SECOND DECLENSION + /aedificium\ /negotium\ + /captivus\ /spatium\ + /concilium\ /vallum\ + /imperium\ + + THIRD DECLENSION + /agmen\ /mors\ + /celeritas\ /mulier\ + /civitas\ /multitudo\ + /clamor\ /munitio\ + /cohors\ /nemo\ + /difficultas\ /obses\ + /explorator\ /opinio\ + /gens\ /regio\ + /latitudo\ /rumor\ + /longitudo\ /scelus\ + /magnitudo\ /servitus\ + /mens\ /timor\ + /mercator\ /valles\ + /mille\ + + FOURTH DECLENSIONS + /aditus\ /passus\ + /commeatus\ + + FIFTH DECLENSION + /res frumentaria\ + + ADJECTIVES + FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS + /aequus\ /pessimus\ + /bini\ /plurimus\ + /ducenti\ /posterus\ + /duo\ /primus\ + /exterus\ reliquus + /inferus\ /secundus\ + /maximus\ /singuli\ + /medius\ /superus\ + /minimus\ /tardus\ + /opportunus\ /terni\ + /optimus\ /unus\ + + THIRD DECLENSION + /alacer, alacris, alacre\ + /audax, audax\ + /celer, celeris, celere\ + /citerior, citerius\ + /difficilis, difficile\ + /dissimilis, dissimile\ + /facilis, facile\ + gracilis, gracile + /humilis, humile\ + /ingens, ingens\ + /interior, interius\ + /lenis, lene\ + /maior, maius\ + /melior, melius\ + /minor, minus\ + /nobilis, nobile\ + /peior, peius\ + ----, /plus\ + /prior, prius\ + /recens, recens\ + /similis, simile\ + /tres, tria\ + /ulterior, ulterius\ + + ADVERBS + /acriter\ /optime\ + /audacter\ /parum\ + /bene\ /paulo\ + /facile\ /plurimum\ + /fere\ /prope\ + /fortiter\ /propius\ + /magis\ /proxime\ + /magnopere\ /quam\ + /maxime\ /statim\ + /melius\ /tam\ + /minime\ /undique\ + /multum\ + + CONJUNCTIONS + /atque, ac\ /qua de causa\ + /aut\ /quam ob rem\ + /aut ... aut\ /simul atque or\ + /et ... et\ /simul ac + /nam\\ + + PREPOSITIONS + /circum\ + /contra\ + /inter\ + /ob\ + /trans\ + + VERBS + CONJ. I CONJ. II + /conor\ /obtineo\ + /hortor\ /perterreo\ + /moror\ /valeo\ + /vexo\ /vereor\ + + CONJ. III + /abdo\ /patior\ + /cado\ premo + /cognosco\ /proficiscor\ + /consequor\ /progredior\ + /contendo\ /quaero\ + /cupio\ /recipio\ + /curro\ /relinquo\ + /dedo\ /revertor\ + /defendo\ /sequor\ + egredior statuo + /incendo\ subsequor + /incolo\ /suscipio\ + /insequor\ /trado\ + /occido\ /traho\ + + CONJ. IV + /orior\ pervenio\ + +_525._ Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the +gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs: + + _on account of_ _width_ + _nearly_ _scout_ + _keenly, sharply_ _cohort_ + _thousand_ _tribe, nation_ + _two_ _business_ + _opportune_ _by a little_ + _remaining_ _somewhat_ + _above_ (adj.) _crime_ + _next_ _difficult_ + _grain supply_ _equal_ + _pace_ _move forward, advance_ + _shout_ (noun) _further_ + _from all sides_ _multitude_ + _against_ _woman_ + _around_ _desire_ (verb) + _three_ _give over, surrender_ + _line of march_ _kill_ + _manor_ _overtake_ + _region_ _hasten, strive_ + _fortification_ _hide_ + _eagle_ _one_ + _almost_ _first_ + _boldly_ _second, favorable_ + _bravely_ _two hundred_ + _across_ _former_ + _between, among_ _inner_ + _hither_ (adj.) _middle_ + _so_ _low_ + _less_ _outward_ + _more_ _three by three_ + _most_ _provisions_ + _worst_ _speed_ + _difficulty_ _ditch_ + _hostage_ _wherefore_ or _therefore_ + _death_ _length_ + _command, power_ _for this reason_ + _captive_ _fear_ (noun) + _or_ _return_ + _and_ _inquire_ + _arrive_ _set out_ + _attempt, try_ _move out, disembark_ + _fear_ (verb) _leave_ + _worse_ _abandon_ + _greater, larger_ _be strong_ + _two by two_ _receive, recover_ + _least_ (adv.) _terrify, frighten_ + _opinion, expectation_ _dwell_ + _defend_ _state, citizenship_ + _approach, entrance_ _valley_ + _trader_ _slavery_ + _magnitude, size_ _greatly_ + _council, assembly_ _best of all_ (adv.) + _space, room_ _better_ (adv.) + _either ... or_ _well_ (adv.) + _rise, arise_ _very much_ + _suffer, allow_ _much_ + _press hard_ _unlike_ + _fall_ _like_ (adj.) + _surrender_ _slow_ + _set fire to_ _very greatly, exceedingly_ + _possess, hold_ _building_ + _delay_ (verb) _mind_ (noun) + _nearest_ (adv.) _easily_ + _nearer_ (adv.) _easy_ + _better_ (adj.) _recent_ + _well known, noble_ _huge, great_ + _rampart_ _bold_ + _mild, gentle_ _immediately_ + _swift_ _as soon as_ + _eager_ _for_ + _low_ (adj.) _than_ + _slender_ _best_ (adj.) + _one by one_ _greatest_ + _no one_ _follow close_ + _least_ (adv.) _encourage_ + _little_ (adv.) _annoy, ravage_ + _learn, know_ _hide_ + _drag_ _follow_ + _undertake_ _pursue_ + _run_ _both ... and_ + _fix, decide_ + +_526._ Review Questions. What is meant by comparison? In what two ways +may adjectives be compared? Compare /clarus, brevis, velox\, and explain +the formation of the comparative and the superlative. What are the +adverbs used in comparison? Compare /brevis\ by adverbs. Decline the +comparative of /velox\. How are adjectives in -er compared? Compare +/acer\, /pulcher\, /liber\. What are possible translations for the +comparative and superlative? Name the six adjectives that form the +superlative in -limus. Translate in two ways _Nothing is brighter than +the sun_. Give the rule for the ablative with comparatives. Compare +/bonus, magnus, malus, multus, parvus, exterus, inferus, posterus, +superus\. Decline /plus\. Compare /citerior, interior, propior, +ulterior\. Translate _That route to Italy is much shorter_. Give the +rule for the expression of measure of difference. Name five words that +are especially common in this construction. How are adverbs usually +formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions? from +adjectives of the third declension? Compare the adverbs /care\, +/libere\, /fortiter\, /audacter\. What cases of adjectives are sometimes +used as adverbs? What are the adverbs from /facilis\? /multus? primus? +plurimus\? /bonus\? /magnus\? /parvus\? Compare /prope\, /saepe\, +/magnopere\. How are numerals classified? Give the first twenty +cardinals. Decline /unus, duo, tres, mille\. How are the hundreds +declined? What is meant by the partitive genitive? Give the rule for the +partitive genitive. What sort of words are commonly used with this +construction? What construction is used with /quidam\ and cardinal +numbers excepting /mille\? Give the first twenty ordinals. How are they +declined? How are the distributives declined? Give the rule for the +expression of duration of time and extent of space. What is the +difference between the ablative of time and the accusative of time? What +is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of one. What form always has a +passive meaning? Conjugate /amo\, /moneo\, /rego\, /capio\, /audio\, in +the active and passive. + + +VIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXI-LXIX + +_527._ Review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See +Secs. 502, 503, 506, 507. + +_528._ Review Questions. Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time +is denoted by these tenses? What are the mood signs of the present +subjunctive? How may the imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the +perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in +form? How is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed? Inflect the +subjunctive active and passive of /curo\, /deleo\, /vinco\, /rapio\, +/munio\. Inflect the subjunctive tenses of /sum\; of /possum\. What are +the tenses of the participles in the active? What in the passive? Give +the active and passive participles of /amo\, /moneo\, /rego\, /capio\, +/audio\. Decline /regens\. What participles do deponent verbs have? What +is the difference in meaning between the perfect participle of a +deponent verb and of one not deponent? Give the participles of /vereor\. +How should participles usually be translated? Conjugate /volo\, /nolo\, +/malo\, /fio\. + +What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in their +fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English? How is +it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause +introduced? When should /quo\ be used? What is meant by sequence of +tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the +subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly +followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows +/iubeo\? What construction follows verbs of _fearing_? How is +consequence or result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause +introduced? What words are often found in the principal clause +foreshadowing the coming of a result clause? How may negative purpose be +distinguished from negative result? What is meant by the subjunctive of +characteristic or description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain +the ablative absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent +occurrence in Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs +are two accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become +when the verb is passive? + + [Illustration: IMPERATOR MILITES HORTATUR] + + + + +SPECIAL VOCABULARIES + +The words in heavy type are used in Caesar's "Gallic War." + +[Transcriber's Note: + +Each chapter's Special Vocabulary was included with its chapter text +in addition to its original location here. Details are given in the +Transcriber's Note at the beginning of the text. In the printed book, +the vocabularies for Lesson IV and Lesson V appeared on the same page; +the Footnote about _conjunctions_ was shared by the two lists.] + + +LESSON IV, Sec. 39 + + NOUNS + dea, _goddess_ (deity) + Dia:'na, _Diana_ + /fera\, _a wild beast_ (fierce) + La:to:'na, _Latona_ + /sagit'ta\, _arrow_ + + VERBS + /est\, _he (she, it) is_; sunt, _they are_ + /necat\, _he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill_ + + CONJUNCTION[A] + /et\, _and_ + + PRONOUNS + /quis\, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., _who?_ + /cuius\ (pronounced _c[oo]i'y[oo]s_, two syllables), interrog. + pronoun, gen. sing., _whose?_ + + [Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts + of sentences, or sentences.] + + +LESSON V, Sec. 47 + + NOUNS + /coro:'na\, _wreath, garland, crown_ + fa:'bula, _story_ (fable) + /pecu:'nia\, _money_ (pecuniary) + /pugna\, _battle_ (pugnacious) + /victo:'ria\, _victory_ + + VERBS + /dat\, _he (she, it) gives_ + na:rrat, _he (she, it) tells_ (narrate) + + CONJUNCTION[A] + /quia\ or /quod\, _because_ + + /cui\ (pronounced _c[oo]i_, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat. + sing., _to whom?_ _for whom?_ + + [Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts + of sentences, or sentences.] + + +LESSON VI, Sec. 56 + + ADJECTIVES + /bona\, _good_ + /gra:ta\, _pleasing_ + /magna\, _large, great_ + /mala\, _bad, wicked_ + /parva\, _small, little_ + /pulchra\, _beautiful, pretty_ + /so:la\, _alone_ + + NOUNS + ancil'la, _maidservant_ + Iu:lia, _Julia_ + + ADVERBS[A] + /cu:r\, _why_ + /no:n\, _not_ + + PRONOUNS + /mea\, _my_; tua, _thy, your_ (possesives) + /quid\, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., _what?_ + + /-ne\, the question sign, an enclitic (Sec. 16) added to the first + word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as /amat\, _he + loves_, but /amat'ne?\ _does he love?_ est, _he is_; /estne?\ _is he?_ + Of course /-ne\ is not used when the sentence contains quis, cu:r, or + some other interrogative word. + + [Footnote A: An _adverb_ is a word used to modify a verb, an + adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings _sweetly_; she is + _very_ talented; she began to sing _very early_.] + + +LESSON VII, Sec. 62 + + NOUNS + /casa, -ae\, f., _cottage_ + ce:na, -ae, f., _dinner_ + /galli:'na, -ae\, f., _hen, chicken_ + /i:n'sula, ae\, f., _island_ (pen-insula) + + ADVERBS + /de-in'de\, _then, in the next place_ + /ubi\, _where_ + + PREPOSITION + /ad\, _to_, with acc. to express motion toward + + PRONOUN + /quem\, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., _whom?_ + + VERBS + ha'bitat, _he (she, it) lives, is living, does live_ (inhabit) + /laudat\, _he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise_ (laud) + /parat\, _he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare_ + /vocat\, _he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, + is inviting, does invite_ (vocation) + + +LESSON VIII, Sec. 69 + + NOUNS + /Italia, -ae\, f., _Italy_ + Sicilia, -ae, f., _Sicily_ + /tuba, -ae\, f., _trumpet_ (tube) + /via, -ae\, f., _way, road, street_ (viaduct) + + ADJECTIVES + /alta\, _high, deep_ (altitude) + /cla:ra\, _clear, bright; famous_ + /la:ta\, _wide_ (latitude) + /longa\, _long_ (longitude) + /nova\, _new_ (novelty) + + +LESSON IX, Sec. 77 + + NOUNS + /bellum, -i:\, n., _war_ (re-bel) + /co:nstantia, -ae\, f., _firmness, constancy, steadiness_ + dominus, -i:, m., _master, lord_ (dominate) + /equus, -i:\, m., _horse_ (equine) + /fru:mentum, -i:\, n., _grain_ + /le:ga:tus, -i:\, m., _lieutenant, ambassador_ (legate) + /Ma:rcus, -i:\, m., _Marcus, Mark_ + /mu:rus, -i:\, m., _wall_ (mural) + /oppida:nus, -i:\, m., _townsman_ + /oppidum, -i:\, n., _town_ + /pi:lum, -i:\, n., _spear_ (pile driver) + /servus, -i:\, m., _slave, servant_ + Sextus, -i:, m., _Sextus_ + + VERBS + /cu:rat\, _he (she, it) cares for_, with acc. + /properat\, _he (she, it) hastens_ + + +LESSON X, Sec. 82 + + NOUNS + /ami:cus, -i:\, m., _friend_ (amicable) + /Germa:nia, -ae\, f., _Germany_ + /patria, -ae\, f., _fatherland_ + /populus, -i:\, m., _people_ + /Rhe:nus, -i:\, m., _the Rhine_ + /vi:cus, -i:\, m., _village_ + + +LESSON XI, Sec. 86 + + NOUNS + /arma, armo:rum\, n., plur., _arms_, especially defensive weapons + /fa:ma, -ae\, f., _rumor; reputation, fame_ + /galea, -ae\, f., _helmet_ + /praeda, -ae\, f., _booty, spoils_ (predatory) + /te:lum, -i:\, n., _weapon of offense, spear_ + + ADJECTIVES + /du:rus, -a, -um\, _hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome_ + (durable) + /Ro:ma:nus, -a, -um\, _Roman_. As a noun, Ro:ma:nus, -i:, m., + _a Roman_ + + +LESSON XII, Sec. 90 + + NOUNS + /fi:lius, fi:li:\, m., _son_ (filial) + fluvius, fluvi:, m., _river_ (fluent) + /gladius, gladi:\, m., _sword_ (gladiator) + /praesidium, praesi'di:\, n., _garrison, guard, protection_ + /proelium, proeli:\, n., _battle_ + + ADJECTIVES + /fi:nitimus, -a, -um\, _bordering upon, neighboring, near to_. + As a noun, fi:nitimi:, -o:rum, m., plur., _neighbors_ + /Germa:nus, -a, -um\, _German_. As a noun, Germa:nus, -i:, m., + _a German_ + /multus, -a, -um\, _much_; plur., _many_ + + ADVERB + /saepe\, _often_ + + +LESSON XIII, Sec. 95 + + NOUNS + /ager, agri:\, m., _field_ (acre) + /co:pia, -ae\, f., _plenty, abundance_ (copious); plur., _troops, + forces_ + /Corne:lius, Corne:'li:\, m., _Cornelius_ + /lo:ri:'ca, -ae\, f., _coat of mail, corselet_ + /praemium, praemi:\, n., _reward, prize_ (premium) + /puer, pueri:\, m., _boy_ (puerile) + /Ro:ma, -ae\, f., _Rome_ + /scu:tum, -i:\, n., _shield_ (escutcheon) + /vir, viri:\, m., _man, hero_ (virile) + + ADJECTIVES + /legio:na:rius, -a, -um\,[A] _legionary, belonging to the legion_. + As a noun, legio:na:rii:, -o:rum, m., plur., _legionary soldiers_ + /li:ber, li:bera, li:berum\, _free_ (liberty) As a noun. li:beri:, + -o:rum, m., plur., _children_ (lit. _the freeborn_) + /pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum\, _pretty, beautiful_ + + PREPOSITION + /apud\, _among_, with acc. + + CONJUNCTION + /sed\, _but_ + + [Footnote A: The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius + ends in -ii: and the vocative in -ie; not in -i:, as in nouns.] + + +LESSON XIV, Sec. 99 + + NOUNS + /auxilium, auxi'li:\, n., _help, aid_ (auxiliary) + /castrum, -i:\, n., _fort_ (castle); plur., _camp_ (lit. _forts_) + /cibus, -i:\, m., _food_ + /co:nsilium, co:nsi'li:\, n., _plan_ (counsel) + /di:ligentia, -ae\, f., _diligence, industry_ + magister, magistri:, m., _master, teacher_[A] + + ADJECTIVES + /aeger, aegra, aegrum\, _sick_ + /cre:ber, cre:bra, cre:brum\, _frequent_ + /miser, misera, miserum\, _wretched, unfortunate_ (miser) + + [Footnote A: Observe that dominus, as distinguished from + /magister\, means _master_ in the sense of _owner_.] + + +LESSON XV, Sec. 107 + + NOUNS + /carrus, -i:\, m., _cart, wagon_ + /inopia, -ae\, f., _want, lack;_ the opposite of co:pia + /studium, studi:\, n., _zeal, eagerness_ (study) + + ADJECTIVES + /arma:tus, -a, -um\, _armed_ + /i:nfi:rmus, -a, -um\, _week, feeble_ (infirm) + vali'dus, -a, -um, _strong, sturdy_ + + VERB + /ma:tu:rat\, _he (she, it) hastens._ Cf. properat + + ADVERB + /iam\, _already, now_ + + /-que\, conjunction, _and_; an enclitic (cf. Sec. 16) and always added + to the _second_ of two words to be connected, as arma te:la'que, + _arms and weapons_. + + +LESSON XVII, Sec. 117 + + NOUNS + /agri: cultu:ra, -ae\, f., _agriculture_ + /Gallia, -ae\, f., _Gaul_ + /domicili:um, domi:ci'li:\, n., _dwelling place_ (domicile), _abode_ + /Gallus, -i\, m., _a Gaul_ + /lacrima, -ae\, f., _tear_ + /fe:mina, -ae\, f., _woman_ (female) + /numerus, -i:\, m., _number_ (numeral) + + ADJECTIVE + /ma:tu:rus, -a, -um\, _ripe, mature_ + + ADVERB + quo:, _whither_ + + VERBS + arat, _he (she, it) plows_ (arable) + /de:si:derat\, _he (she, it) misses, longs for_ (desire), with acc. + + CONJUNCTION + /an\, _or_, introducing the second half of a double question, as + _Is he a Roman or a Gaul_, Estne Romanus an Gallus? + + +LESSON XVIII, Sec. 124 + + NOUNS + lu:dus, -i:, m., _school_ + /socius, soci:\, m., _companion, ally_ (social) + + ADJECTIVES + /i:ra:tus, -a, -um\, _angry, furious_ (irate) + /laetus, -a, -um\, _happy, glad_ (social) + + ADVERBS + hodie:, _to-day_ + /ibi\, _there, in that place_ + mox, _presently, soon_, of the immediate future + /nunc\, _now, the present moment_ + /nu:per\, _lately, recently_, of the immediate past + + +LESSON XX, Sec. 136 + + NOUNS + /fo:rma, -ae\, f., _form, beauty_ + /regi:na, -ae\, f., _queen_ (regal) + /poena, -ae\, f., _punishment, penalty_ + superbia, -ae, f., _pride, haughtiness_ + /potentia, -ae\, f., _power_ (potent) + /tri:sti:ti:a, -ae\, f., _sadness, sorrow_ + + ADJECTIVES + /septem\, indeclinable, _seven_ + /superbus, -a, -um\, _proud, haughty_ (superb) + + CONJUNCTIONS + /no:n so:lum ... sed etiam\, _not only ... but also_ + + +LESSON XXI, Sec. 140 + + NOUNS + sacrum, -i:, n., _sacrifice, offering, rite_ + /verbum, -i:\, n., _word_ (verb) + + VERBS + sedeo:, -e:re, _sit_ (sediment) + volo:, -a:re, _fly_ (volatile) + + ADJECTIVES + /interfectus, -a, -um\, _slain_ + /molestus, -a, -um\, _troublesome, annoying_ (molest) + /perpetuus, -a, -um\, _perpetual, continuous_ + + /ego\, personal pronoun, _I_ (egotism). Always emphatic in the + nominative. + + +LESSON XXII, Sec. 146 + + NOUNS + /discipli:na, -ae\, f., _training, culture, discipline_ + /Ga:ius, Ga:i:\, m., _Caius_, a Roman first name + /o:rna:mentum, -i:\, n., _ornament, jewel_ + Tiberius, Tibe'ri:, m., _Tiberius_, a Roman first name + + VERB + /doceo:, -e:re\, _teach_ (doctrine) + + ADVERB + /maxime:\, _most of all, especially_ + + ADJECTIVE + /anti:quus, -qua, -quum\, _old, ancient_ (antique) + + +LESSON XXVII, Sec. 168 + + NOUNS + /a:la, -ae\, f., _wing_ + /deus, -i:\, m., _god_ (deity)[A] + /monstrum, -i:\, n., _omen, prodigy; monster_ + o:ra:culum, -i:, n., _oracle_ + + VERB + /va:sto:, -a:re\, _lay waste, devastate_ + + ADJECTIVES + /commo:tus, -a, -um\, _moved, excited_ + /maximus, -a, -um\, _greatest_ (maximum) + /saevus, -a, -um\, _fierce, savage_ + + ADVERBS + /ita\, _thus, in this way, as follows_ + /tum\, _then, at that time_ + + [Footnote A: For the declension of deus, see Sec. 468] + + +LESSON XXVIII, Sec. 171 + + VERBS + /respondeo:, -e:re\, _respond, reply_ + /servo:, -a:re\, _save, preserve_ + + ADJECTIVE + /ca:rus, -a, -um\, _dear_ (cherish) + + CONJUNCTION + /autem\, _but, moreover, now_. Usually stands second, never first + + NOUN + /vi:ta, -ae\, f., _life_ (vital) + + +LESSON XXIX, Sec. 176 + + VERB + /supero:, -a:re\, _conquer, overcome_ (insuperable) + + NOUNS + /cu:ra, -ae\, f., _care, trouble_ + /locus, -i:\, m., _place, spot_ (location). Locus is neuter in the + plural and is declined loca, -o:rum, etc. + /peri:culum, -i:\, n., _danger, peril_ + + ADVERBS + /semper\, _always_ + /tamen\, _yet, nevertheless_ + + PREPOSITIONS + /de:\, with abl., _down from.; concerning_ + /per\, with acc., _through_ + + CONJUNCTION + /si\, _if_ + + +LESSON XXX, Sec. 182 + + VERBS + /absum, abesse\, irreg., _be away, be absent, be distant_, with + separative abl. + /adpropinquo:, -a:re\, _draw near, approach_ (propinquity), with + dative[A] + /contineo:, -e:re\, _hold together, hem in, keep_ (contain) + /disce:do:, -ere\, _depart, go away, leave_, with separative abl. + /egeo:, -e:re\, _lack, need, be without_, with separative abl. + /interficio:, -ere\, _kill_ + /prohibeo:, -e:re\, _restrain, keep from_ (prohibit) + /vulnero:, -a:re\, _wound_ (vulnerable) + + NOUNS + /pro:vincia, -ae\, f., _province_ + /vi:num, -i:\, n., _wine_ + + ADJECTIVE + /de:fessus, -a, -um\, _weary, worn out_ + + ADVERB + /longe:\, _far, by far, far away_ + + [Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of + _nearness to_ is stronger than that of _motion to_. If the latter + idea were the stronger, the word would be used with ad and the + accusative.] + + +LESSON XXXI, Sec. 188 + + NOUNS + aurum, -i:, n., _gold_ (oriole) + /mora, -ae\, f., _delay_ + /na:vigium, na:vi'gi:\, n., _boat, ship_ + /ventus, -i:\, m., _wind_ (ventilate) + + VERB + /na:vigo:, -a:re\, _sail_ (navigate) + + ADJECTIVES + attentus, -a, -um, _attentive, careful_ + /dubius, -a, -um\, _doubtful_ (dubious) + perfidus, -a, -um, _faithless, treacherous_ (perfidy) + + ADVERB + /antea:\, _before, previously_ + + PREPOSITION + /sine\, with abl., _without_ + + +LESSON XXXII, Sec. 193 + + NOUNS + /animus, -i:\, m., _mind, heart; spirit, feeling_ (animate) + /bracchium, bracchi:\, n., _forearm, arm_ + /porta, -ae\, f., _gate_ (portal) + + ADJECTIVES + /adversus, -a, -um\, _opposite; adverse, contrary_ + /ple:nus, -a, -um\, _full_ (plenty) + + PREPOSITION + /pro\, with abl., _before; in behalf of; instead of_ + + ADVERB + /diu:\, _for a long time, long_ + + +LESSON XXXIV, Sec. 200 + + ADVERBS + /celeriter\, _quickly_ (celerity) + /de:nique\, _finally_ + /graviter\, _heavily, severely_ (gravity) + /subito:\, _suddenly_ + + VERB + /reporto:, -a:re\, -a:vi:, _bring back, restore; win, gain_ (report) + + +LESSON XXXVI, Sec. 211 + + /dexter, dextra, dextrum\, _right_ (dextrous) + /sinister, sinistra, sinistrum\, _left_ + /fru:stra:\, adv., _in vain_ (frustrate) + + /gero:, gerere, gessi:, gestus\, _bear, carry on; wear_; + /bellum gerere\, _to wage war_ + /occupo:, occupa:re, occupa:vi:, occupa:tus\, _seize, take possession + of_ (occupy) + /postulo:, postula:re, postula:vi:, postula:tus\, _demand_ + (ex-postulate) + /recu:so:, recu:sa:re, recu:sa:vi:, recu:sa:tus\, _refuse_ + /sto:, sta:re, steti:, status\, _stand_ + /tempto:, tempta:re, tempta:vi:, tempta:tus\, _try, tempt, test; + attempt_ + /teneo:, tene:re, tenui:, ----\, _keep, hold_ (tenacious) + + The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense of _where_ in + asking a question, has two other uses equally important: + + 1. ubi = _when_, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as, + /Ubi mo:nstrum audi:ve:runt, fu:ge:runt\, _when they heard the + monster, they fled_ + + 2. ubi = _where_, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as, + /Video: oppidum ubi Galba habitat\, _I see the town where Galba + lives_ + + /ubi\ is called a _relative conjunction_ because it is equivalent to + a relative pronoun. _When_ in the first sentence is equivalent to + _at the time at which;_ and in the second, _where_ is equivalent + to _the place in which._ + + +LESSON XXXVII, Sec. 217 + + /neque or nec\, conj., _neither_, _nor_, _and ... not_; + /neque ... neque\, _neither ... nor_ + /castellum, -i:\, n., _redoubt, fort_ (castle) + /coti:die:\, adv., _daily_ + + cesso:, cessa:re, cessa:vi:, cessa:tus, _cease_, with the infin. + /incipio:, incipere, ince:pi:, inceptus\, _begin_ (incipient), + with the infin. + /oppugno:, oppugna:re, oppugna:vi:, oppugna:tus\, _storm, assail_ + /peto:, petere, petivi or petii:, peti:tus\, _aim at, assail, storm, + attack; seek, ask_ (petition) + /po:no:, po:nere, posui:, positus\, _place, put_ (position); + /castra po:nere\, _to pitch camp_ + /possum, posse, potui:, ----\, _be able, can_ (potent), with the + infin. + /veto:, veta:re, vetui:, vetitus\, _forbid_ (veto), vith the infin.; + opposite of iubeo:, _command_ + /vinco:, vincere, vi:ci:, victus\, _conquer_ (in-vincible) + /vi:vo:, vi:vere, vi:xi:, ----\, _live, be alive_ (re-vive) + + +LESSON XXXIX, Sec. 234 + + /barbarus, -a, -um\, _strange, foreign, barbarous_. As a noun, + /barbari:, -o:rum\, m., plur., _savages, barbarians_ + /dux, ducis\, m., _leader_ (duke). Cf. the verb du:co: + /eques, equitis\, m., _horseman, cavalryman_ (equestrian) + iu:dex, iu:dicis, _m., judge_ + /lapis, lapidis\, m., _stone_ (lapidary) + /mi:les, mi:litis\, m., _soldier_ (militia) + /pedes, peditis\, m., _foot soldier_ (pedestrian) + /pe:s, pedis\,[A] m., _foot_ (pedal) + /pri:nceps, pri:ncipis\, m., _chief_ (principal) + /re:x, re:gis\, m., _king_ (regal) + /summus, -a, -um\, _highest, greatest_ (summit) + /virtu:s, virtu:tis\, f., _manliness, courage_ (virtue) + + [Footnote A: Observe that e is _long_ in the nom. sing, and + _short_ in the other cases.] + + +LESSON XL, Sec. 237 + + /Caesar, -aris\, m., _Caesar_ + /capti:vus, -i:\, m., _captive, prisoner_ + /co:nsul, -is\, m., _consul_ + /fra:ter, fra:tris\, m., _brother_ (fraternity) + /homo:, hominis\, m., _man, human being_ + /impedi:mentum, -i:\, n., _hindrance_ (impediment); plur. + /impedi:menta, -o:rum\, _baggage_ + /impera:tor, impera:to:ris\, m., _commander in chief, general_ + (emperor) + /legio:, legio:nis\, f., _legion_ + /ma:ter, ma:tris\, f., _mother_ (maternal) + /o:rdo:, o:rdinis\, m., _row, rank_ (order) + /pater, patris\, m., _father_ (paternal) + /salu:s, salu:tis\, f., _safety_ (salutary) + /soror, soro:ris\, f., _sister_ (sorority) + + +LESSON XLI, Sec. 239 + + /calamita:s, calamita:tis\, f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity) + /caput, capitis\, n., _head_ (capital) + /flu:men, flu:minis\, n., _river_ (flume) + /labor, labo:ris\, m., _labor, toil_ + /opus, operis\, n., _work, task_ + /o:ra:tor, o:ra:to:ris\, m., _orator_ + /ri:pa, -ae\, f., _bank_ (of a stream) + /tempus, temporis\, n., _time_ (temporal) + /terror, terro:ris\, m., _terror, fear_ + /victor, victo:ris\, m., _victor_ + + /accipio:, accipere, acce:pi:, acceptus\, _receive, accept_ + /co:nfirmo:, co:nfi:rma:re, co:nfi:rma:vi:, co:nfi:rma:tus\, + _strengthen_ = _establish, encourage_ (confirm) + + +LESSON XLIII, Sec. 245 + + /animal, anima:lis (-ium[A])\, n., _animal_ + /avis, avis (-ium)\, f., _bird_ (aviation) + /caede:s, caedis (-ium)\, f., _slaughter_ + calcar, calca:ris (-ium), n., _spur_ + /ci:vis, ci:vis (-ium)\, m. and f., _citizen_ (civic) + /clie:ns, clientis (-ium)\, m., _retainer, dependent_ (client) + /fi:nis, fi:nis (-ium)\, m., _end, limit_ (final); + plur., _country, territory_ + /hostis, hostis (-ium)\, m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile). + Distinguish from inimi:cus, which means a _personal_ enemy + /ignis, ignis (-ium)\, m., _fire_ (ignite) + /i:nsigne, i:nsignis (-ium)\, n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign) + /mare, maris (-ium[B])\, n., _sea_ (marine) + /na:vis, na:vis (-ium)\, f., _ship_ (naval); + /na:vis longa\, _man-of-war_ + /turris, turris (-ium)\, f., _tower_ (turret) + /urbs, urbis (-ium)\, f., _city_ (suburb). An /urbs\ is larger than an + /oppidum\. + + [Footnote A: The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the + i-stems.] + + [Footnote B: The genitive plural of mare is not in use.] + + +LESSON XLIV, Sec. 249 + + /arbor, arboris\, f., _tree_ (arbor) + /collis, collis (-ium)\, m., _hill_ + /de:ns, dentis (-ium)\, m., _tooth_ (dentist) + fo:ns, fontis (-ium), m.. _fountain, spring; source_ + /iter, itineris\, n., _march, journey, route_ (itinerary) + /me:nsis, me:nsis (-ium)\, m., _month_ + /moenia, -ium\, n., plur., _walls, fortifications_. Cf. mu:rus + /mo:ns, montis (-ium)\, m., _mountain_; + /summus mo:ns\, _top of the mountain_ + /numquam\, adv., _never_ + /po:ns, pontis\, m., _bridge_ (pontoon) + /sanguis, sanguinis\, m., blood (sanguinary) + /summus, -a, -um\, _highest, greatest_ (summit) + /tra:ns\, prep, with acc., _across_ (transatlantic) + /vi:s (vi:s)\, gen. plur. /virium\, f. _strength, force, violence_ + (vim) + + +LESSON XLV, Sec. 258 + + /a:cer, a:cris, a:cre\, _sharp, keen, eager_ (acrid) + /brevis, breve\, _short, brief_ + /difficilis, difficile\, _difficult_ + /facilis, facile\, _facile, easy_ + /fortis, forte\, _brave_ (fortitude) + /gravis, grave\, _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave) + /omnis, omne\, _every, all_ (omnibus) + /pa:r\, gen. /paris\, _equal_ (par) + /pauci:, -ae, -a\, _few, only a few_ (paucity) + /secundus, -a, -um\, _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus + /signum, -i:\, n., _signal, sign, standard_ + /ve:lo:x\, gen. /ve:lo:cis\, _swift_ (velocity) + + /conloco:, conloca:re, conloca:vi:, conloca:tus\, _arrange, station, + place_ (collocation) + /de:mo:nstro:, de:mo:nstra:re, de:mo:nstra:vi:, de:mo:nstra:tus\, + _point out, explain_ (demonstrate) + /mando:, manda:re, manda:vi:, manda:tus\, _commit, intrust_ (mandate) + + +LESSON XLVI, Sec. 261 + + /adventus, -u:s\, m., _approach, arrival_ (advent) + /ante\, prep, with acc., _before_ (ante-date) + /cornu:, -u:s\, n., _horn, wing_ of an army (cornucopia); + /a: dextro: cornu:\, _on the right wing_; + /a: sinistro: cornu:\, _on the left wing_ + /equita:tus, -u:s\, m., _cavalry_ + /exercitus, -u:s\, m., _army_ + /impetus, -u:s\, m., _attack_ (impetus); + /impetum facere in\, with acc., _to make an attack on_ + /lacus, -u:s\, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., _lake_ + /manus, -u:s\, f., _hand; band, force_ (manual) + /portus, -u:s\, m., _harbor_ (port) + /post\, prep, with acc., _behind, after_ (post-mortem) + + /cremo:, crema:re, crema:vi:, crema:tus\, _burn_ (cremate) + /exerceo:, exerce:re, exercui:, exercitus\, _practice, drill, train_ + (exercise) + + +LESSON XLVII, Sec. 270 + + Athe:nae, -a:rum, f., plur., _Athens_ + Corinthus, -i:, f., _Corinth_ + /domus, -u:s\, locative /domi:\, f., _house, home_ (dome). + Cf. domicilium + /Gena:va, -ae\, f., _Geneva_ + Pompe:ii, -o:rum, m., plur., _Pompeii_, a city in Campania. See map + /propter\, prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_ + ru:s, ru:ris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. ru:ra, n., _country_ + (rustic) + /tergum, tergi:\, n., _back_; a: tergo:, _behind, in the rear_ + /vulnus, vulneris\, n., _wound_ (vulnerable) + + /committo:, committere, commi:si:, commissus\, _intrust, commit;_ + /proelium committere\, _join battle_ + /convoco:, convoca:re, convoca:vi:, convoca:tus\, _call together, + summon_ (convoke) + /timeo:, time:re, timui:, ----\, _fear; be afraid_ (timid) + /verto:, vertere, verti:, versus\, _turn, change_ (convert); + /terga vertere\, _to turn the backs_, hence _to retreat_ + + +LESSON XLVIII, Sec. 276 + + /acie:s, -e:i:\, f., _line of battle_ + /aesta:s, aesta:tis\, f., _summer_ + /annus, -i:\, m., _year_ (annual) + /die:s, die:i:\, m., _day_ (diary) + /fide:s, fidei:\, no plur., f., _faith, trust; promise, word; + protection_; in fidem veni:re, _to come under the protection_ + /fluctus, -u:s\, m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate) + /hiems, hiemis\, f., _winter_ + /ho:ra, -ae\, f., _hour_ + /lu:x, lu:cis\, f., _light_ (lucid); pri:ma lux, _daybreak_ + /meri:die:s\, acc. -em, abl. -e:, no plur., m., _midday_ + (meridian) + /nox, noctis (-ium)\, f., _night_ (nocturnal) + /pri:mus, -a, -um\, _first_ (prime) + /re:s, rei:\, f., _thing, matter_ (real); + /re:s gestae\, _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_); + /re:s adversae\, _adversity_; + /re:s secundae\, _prosperity_ + /spe:s, spei:\, f., _hope_ + + +LESSON XLIX, Sec. 283 + + /ami:citia, -ae\, f., _friendship_ (amicable) + /itaque\, conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_ + /littera, -ae\, f., _a letter_ of the alphabet; + plur., _a letter, an epistle_ + /metus, metu:s\, m., _fear_ + /nihil\, indeclinable, n., _nothing_ (nihilist) + /nu:ntius, nu:nti:\, m., _messenger_. Cf. nu:ntio: + /pa:x, pa:cis\, f., _peace_ (pacify) + /re:gnum, -i:\, n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_ + /supplicum, suppli'ci:\, n., _punishment_; + /supplicum su:mere de:\, with abl., _inflict punishment on_; + /supplicum dare\, _suffer punishment_. Cf. poena + + /placeo:, place:re, placui:, placitus\, _be pleasing to, please_, + with dative. Cf. Sec. 154 + /su:mo:, su:mere, su:mpsi:, su:mptus\, _take up, assume_ + /sustineo:, sustine:re, sustinui:, sustentus\, _sustain_ + + +LESSON L, Sec. 288 + + /corpus, corporis\, n., _body_ (corporal) + /de:nsus, -a, -um\, _dense_ + /i:dem, e'adem, idem\, demonstrative pronoun, _the same_ (identity) + /ipse, ipsa, ipsum\, intensive pronoun, _self; even, very_ + /mi:rus, -a, -um\, _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle) + /o:lim\, adv., _formerly, once upon a time_ + /pars, partis (-ium)\, f., _part, region, direction_ + /quoque\, adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes + /so:l, so:lis\, m., _sun_ (solar) + /ve:rus, -a, -um\, _true, real_ (verity) + + /de:beo:, de:be:re, de:bui:, de:bitus\, _owe, ought_ (debt) + /e:ripio:, e:ripere, e:ripui:, e:reptus\, _snatch from_ + + +LESSON LI, Sec. 294 + + /hic, haec, hoc\, demonstrative pronoun, _this_ (of mine); + _he, she, it_ + /ille, illa, illud\, demonstrative pronoun _that_ (yonder); + _he, she, it_ + /invi:sus, -a, -um\, _hateful, detested_, with dative Cf. Sec. 143 + /iste, ista, istud\, demonstrative pronoun, _that_ (of yours); + _he, she, it_ + /li:berta:s, -a:tis\, f., _liberty_ + /modus, -i:\, m., _measure; manner, way, mode_ + /no:men, no:minis\, n., _name_ (nominate) + /oculus, -i:\, m., _eye_ (oculist) + /pri:stinus, -a, -um\, _former, old-time_ (pristine) + /pu:blicus, -a, -um\, _public, belonging to the state;_ + /re:s pu:blica, rei: pu:blicae\, f., _the commonwealth, the state, + the republic_ + /vesti:gium, vesti:'gi:\, n., _footprint, track; trace, vestige_ + /vo:x, vo:cis\, f., _voice_ + + +LESSON LII, Sec. 298 + + /incolumis, -e\, _unharmed_ + /ne: ... quidem\, adv., _not even_. The emphatic word stands between + /ne:\ and quidem + /nisi\, conj., _unless, if ... not_ + /paene\, adv., _almost_ (pen-insula) + /satis\, adv., _enough, sufficiently_ (satisfaction) + /tantus, -a, -um\, _so great_ + /ve:ro:\, adv., _truly, indeed, in fact_. As a conj. _but, however_, + usually stands second, never first. + + /de:cido:, de:cidere, de:cidi:, ----\, _fall down_ (deciduous) + /de:silio:, de:sili:re, de:silui:, de:sultus\, _leap down, dismount_ + /maneo:, mane:re, ma:nsi:, ma:nsu:rus\, _remain_ + /tra:du:co:, tra:du:cere, tra:du:xi:, tra:ductus\, _lead across_ + + +LESSON LIII, Sec. 306 + + /aquila, -ae\, f., _eagle_ (aquiline) + /auda:x\, gen. /auda:cis\, adj., _bold, audacious_ + /celer, celeris, celere\, _swift, quick_ (celerity). Cf. ve:lo:x + /explo:rato:r, -o:ris\, m., _scout, spy_ (explorer) + /inge:ns\, gen. /ingentis\, adj., _huge, vast_ + /medius, -a, -um\, _middle, middle part of_ (medium) + /me:ns, mentis (-ium)\, f., _mind_ (mental). Cf. animus + /opportu:nus, -a, -um\, _opportune_ + /quam\, adv., _than_. With the superlative quam gives the force of + _as possible_, as quam auda:cissimi: viri:, _men as bold as + possible_ + /recens\, gen. /recentis\, adj., _recent_ + /tam\, adv., _so_. Always with an adjective or adverb, while ita is + generally used with a verb + + /quaero:, quaerere, quaesi:vi:, quaesi:tus\, _ask, inquire, seek_ + (question). Cf. peto: + + +LESSON LIV, Sec. 310 + + /alacer, alacris, alacre\, _eager, spirited, excited_ (alacrity) + /celerita:s, -a:tis\, f., _speed_ (celerity) + /cla:mor, cla:mo:ris\, m., _shout, clamor_ + /le:nis, le:ne\, _mild, gentle_ (lenient) + /mulier, muli'eris\, f., _woman_ + /multitu:do:, multitu:dinis\, f., _multitude_ + /ne:mo:\, dat. /ne:mini:\, acc. /ne:minem\ (gen. /nu:lli:us\, + abl. /nu:llo:\, from /nu:llus\), no plur., m. and f., _no one_ + /no:bilis, no:bile\, _well known, noble_ + /noctu:\, adv. (an old abl.), _by night_ (nocturnal) + /statim\, adv., _immediately, at once_ + /subito:\, adv., _suddenly_ + /tardus, -a, -um\, _slow_ (tardy) + /cupio:, cupere, cupi:vi:, cupi:tus\, _desire, wish_ (cupidity) + + +LESSON LV, Sec. 314 + + /aedificium, aedifi'ci:\, n., _building, dwelling_ (edifice) + /imperium, impe'ri:\, n., _command, chief power; empire_ + /mors, mortis (-ium)\, f., _death_ (mortal) + /reliquus, -a, -um\, _remaining, rest of_. As a noun, m. and n. plur., + _the rest_ (relic) + /scelus, sceleris\, n., _crime_ + /servitu:s, -u:tis\, f., _slavery_ (servitude) + /valle:s, vallis (-ium)\, f., _valley_ + + /abdo:, abdere, abdidi:, abditus\, _hide_ + /contendo:, contendere, contendi:, contentus\, _strain, struggle; + hasten_ (contend) + /occi:do:, occi:dere, occi:di:, occi:sus\, _cut down, kill_. + Cf. /neco:\, /interficio:\ + /perterreo:, perterre:re, perterrui:, perterritus\, _terrify, + frighten_ + /recipio:, recipere, rece:pi:, receptus\, _receive, recover_; + /se: recipere\, _betake one's self, withdraw, retreat_ + /tra:do:, tra:dere, tra:didi:, tra:ditus\, _give over, surrender, + deliver_ (traitor) + + +LESSON LVI, Sec. 318 + + /aditus, -u:s\, m., _approach, access; entrance_ + /ci:vita:s, ci:vita:tis\, f., _citizenship; body of citizens, state_ + (city) + /inter\, prep, with acc., _between, among_ (interstate commerce) + /nam\, conj., _for_ + /obses, obsidis\, m. and f., _hostage_ + /paulo:\, adv. (abl. n. of /paulus\), _by a little, somewhat_ + + /incolo:, incolere, incolui:, ----\, transitive, _inhabit_; + intransitive, _dwell_. Cf. habito:, vi:vo: + /relinquo:, relinquere, reli:qui:, relictus\, _leave, abandon_ + (relinquish) + /statuo:, statuere, statui:, statu:tus\, _fix, decide_ (statute), + usually with infin. + + +LESSON LVII, Sec. 326 + + /aequus, -a, -um\, _even, level; equal_ + /cohors, cohortis (-ium)\, f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion, + about 360 men + /curro:, currere, cucurri:, cursus\, _run_ (course) + /difficulta:s, -a:tis\, f., _difficulty_ + /fossa, -ae\, f., _ditch_ (fosse) + /ge:ns, gentis (-ium)\, f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile) + /nego:tium, nego:ti:\, n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate) + /regio:, -o:nis\, f., _region, district_ + /ru:mor, ru:mo:ris\, m., _rumor, report_. Cf. fa:ma + /simul atque\, conj., _as soon as_ + + /suscipio:, suscipere, susce:pi:, susceptus\, _undertake_ + /traho:, trahere, tra:xi:, tra:ctus\, _drag, draw_ (ex-tract) + /valeo:, vale:re, valui:, valitu:rus\, _be strong_; plu:rimum vale:re, + _to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus + + +LESSON LVIII, Sec. 332 + + /commea:tus, -u:s\, m.. _provisions_ + /la:titu:do:, -inis\, f., _width_ (latitude) + /longitu:do:, -inis\, f., _length_ (longitude) + /magnitu:do:, -inis\, f., _size, magnitude_ + /merca:tor, merca:to:ris\, m., _trader, merchant_ + /mu:ni:tio:, -o:nis\, f., _fortification_ (munition) + /spatium, spati:\, n., _room, space, distance; time_ + + /cogno:sco:, cogno:scere, cogno:vi:, cognitus\, _learn_; + in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize) + /co:go:, co:gere, coe:gi:, coa:ctus\, _collect; compel_ (cogent) + /de:fendo:, de:fendere, de:fendi:, de:fe:nsus\, _defend_ + /incendo:, incendere, incendi:, ince:nsus\, _set fire to, burn_ + (incendiary). Cf. cremo: + /obtineo:, obtine:re, obtinui:, obtentus\, _possess, occupy, hold_ + (obtain) + /pervenio:, perveni:re, perve:ni:, perventus\, _come through, arrive_ + + +LESSON LIX, Sec. 337 + + /agmen, agminis\, n., _line of march, column_; + /pri:mum agmen\, _the van_; + /novissimum agmen\, _the rear_ + /atque\, /ac\, conj., _and_; atque is used before vowels and + consonants, ac before consonants only. Cf. et and -que + /concilium, conci'li:\, n., _council, assembly_ + /Helve:tii:, -o:rum\, m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe + /passus, passu:s\, m., _a pace_, five Roman feet; + /mi:lle passuum\, _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile + /qua: de: causa:\, _for this reason, for what reason_ + /va:llum, -i:\, n., _earth-works, rampart_ + + /cado:, cadere, cecidi:, ca:su:rus\, _fall_ (decadence) + /de:do:, de:dere, de:didi:, de:ditus\, _surrender, give up_; + with a reflexive pronoun, _surrender one's self, submit_, with the + dative of the indirect object + /premo:, premere, pressi:, pressus\, _press hard, harass_ + /vexo:, vexa:re, vexa:vi:, vexa:tus\, _annoy, ravage_ (vex) + + +LESSON LX, Sec. 341 + + /aut\, conj., _or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or_ + /causa:\, abl. of causa, _for the sake of, because of_. Always stands + _after_ the gen. which modifies it + /fere:\, adv., _nearly, almost_ + /opi:nio:, -o:nis\, f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_ + /re:s fru:menta:ria, rei: fru:menta:riae\, f. (lit. _the grain + affair_), _grain supply_ + /timor, -o:ris\, m., _fear_. Cf. timeo: + /undique\, adv., _from all sides_ + + /co:nor, co:na:ri:, co:na:tus sum\, _attempt, try_ + /e:gredior, e:gredi:, e:gressus sum\, _move out, disembark_; + /pro:gredior\, _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress) + /moror, mora:ri:, mora:tus sum\, _delay_ + /orior, oriri:, ortus sum\, _arise, spring; begin; be born_ + (_from_) (origin) + /profici:scor, profici:sci:, profectus sum\, _set out_ + /revertor, reverti:, reversus sum\, _return_ (revert). The forms of + this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect + system. Perf. act., reverti: + /sequor, sequi:, secu:tus sum\, _follow_ (sequence). Note the + following compounds of /sequor\ and the force of the different + prefixes: + /co:nsequor\ (_follow with_), _overtake_; + /i:nsequor\ (_follow against_), _pursue_; + /subsequor\ (_follow under_), _follow close after_ + + + + +LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY + +Translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such; +they are inserted to show etymological meanings. + + [Transcriber's Note: + The "parentheses" were originally printed as [square brackets]. They + are rendered here as [[double brackets]].] + + +A + +a: or ab, prep. with abl. _from, by, off_. + Translated _on_ in a: dextro: cornu:, _on the right wing_; + a: fronte, _on the front_ or _in front_; + a: dextra:, _on the right_; + a: latere, _on the side_; etc. +ab-do:, -ere, -didi:, -ditus, _hide, conceal_ +ab-du:co:, -ere, -du:xi:, -ductus, _lead off, lead away_ +abs-ci:do:, -ere, -ci:di:,-ci:sus [[ab(s), _off_, + caedo:, _cut_]], + _cut off_ +ab-sum, -esse, a:fui:, a:futu:rus, _be away, be absent, be distant, + be off_; with a: or ab and abl., Sec. 501.32 +ac, conj., see atque +ac-cipio:, -ere, -ce:pi:, -ceptus [[ad, _to_, + capio:, _take_]], + _receive, accept_ +a:cer, a:cris, a:cre, adj. _sharp_; figuratively, _keen, active, eager_ + (Sec. 471) +acerbus, -a, -um, adj. _bitter, sour_ +acie:s, -e:i:, f. [[a:cer, _sharp_]], _edge; line of battle_ +a:criter, adv. [[a:cer, _sharp_]], compared a:crius, a:cerrime:, + _sharply, fiercely_ +ad, prep. with acc. _to, towards, near_. + With the gerund or gerundive, _to, for_ +ad-aequo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _make equal, make level with_ +ad-du:co:, -ere, -du:xi:, -ductus, _lead to; move, induce_ +ad-eo:, -i:re, -ii:, -itus, _go to, approach, draw near, visit_, with + acc. (Sec. 413) +ad-fero:, ad-ferre, at-tuli:, ad-la:tus, _bring, convey; report, + announce; render, give_ (Sec. 426) +ad-ficio:, -ere, -fe:ci:, -fectus [[ad, _to_, + facio:, _do_]], + _affect, visit_ +adfli:cta:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of adfli:cto:, _shatter_]], + _shattered_ +ad-fli:go:, -ere, -fli:xi:, -fli:ctus, _dash upon, strike upon; harass, + distress_ +ad-hibeo:, -e:re, -ui:, -itus [[ad, _to_, + habeo:, _hold_]], _apply, + employ, use_ +ad-hu:c, adv. _hitherto, as yet, thus far_ +aditus, -u:s, m. [[adeo:, _approach_]], _approach, access; entrance_. + Cf. adventus +ad-ligo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _bind to, fasten_ +ad-loquor, -loqui:, -locu:tus sum, dep. verb [[ad, _to_, + loquor, + _speak_]], _speak to, address_, with acc. +ad-ministro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _manage, direct_ +admi:ra:tio:, -o:nis, f. [[admi:ror, _wonder at_]], _admiration, + astonishment_ +ad-moveo:, -e:re, -mo:vi:, -mo:tus, _move to; apply, employ_ +ad-propinquo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _come near, approach_, with dat. +ad-sum, -esse, -fui:, -futu:res, _be present; assist_; with dat., Sec. + 426 +adule:sce:ns, -entis, m. and f. [[part. of adole:sco:, _grow_]], _a + youth, young man, young person_ +adventus, -u:s, m. [[ad, _to_, + venio:, _come_]], _approach, + arrival_ (Sec. 466) +adversus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of adverto:, _turn to_]], _turned + towards, facing; contrary, adverse_. + re:s adversae, _adversity_ +aedificium, aedifi'ci:, n. [[aedifico:, _build_]], _building, edifice_ +aedifico:, -a:re, -a:vi, -a:tus [[aede:s, _house_, + facio:, _make_]], + _build_ +aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj. _sick, feeble_ +aequa:lis, -e, adj. _equal, like_. As a noun, aequa:lis, -is, m. or f. + _one of the same age_ +aequus, -a, -um, adj. _even, level; equal_ +Aeso:pus, -i:, m. _Aesop_, a writer of fables +aesta:s, -a:tis, f. _summer_, + inita: aesta:te, _at the beginning of summer_ +aeta:s, -a:tis, f. _age_ +Aethiopia, -ae, f. _Ethiopia_, a country in Africa +A:frica, -ae, f. _Africa_ +A:frica:nus, -a, -um, adj. _of Africa_. A name given to Scipio for his + victories in Africa +ager, agri:, m. _field, farm, land_ (Sec. 462.c) +agger, -eris, m. _mound_ +agmen, -inis, n. [[ago:, _drive_]], _an army_ on the march, _column_. + pri:mum agmen, _the van_ +ago:, -ere, e:gi:, a:ctus, _drive, lead; do, perform_. + vi:tam agere, _pass life_ +agricola, -ae, m. [[ager, _field_, + colo:, _cultivate_]], _farmer_ +agri: cultu:ra, -ae, f. _agriculture_ +a:la, -ae, f. _wing_ +alacer, -cris, -cre, adj. _active, eager_. Cf. a:cer +alacrita:s, -a:tis, f. [[alacer, _active_]], _eagerness, alacrity_ +alacriter, adv. [[alacer, _active_]], comp alacrius, alacerrime:, + _actively, eagerly_ +albus, -a, -um, adj., _white_ +alce:s, -is, f. _elk_ +Alcme:na, -ae, f. _Alcme'na_, the mother of Hercules +aliquis (-qui:), -qua, -quid (-quod), indef. pron. _some one, some_ + (Sec. 487) +alius, -a, -ud (gen. -i:us, dat. -i:), adj. _another, other_. + alius ... alius, _one ... another_. + alii: ... alii:, _some ... others_ (Sec. 110) +Alpe:s, -ium, f. plur. _the Alps_ +alter, -era, -erum (gen. -i:us, dat. -i:), adj. _the one, the other_ + (of two). + alter ... alter, _the one ... the other_ (Sec. 110) +altitu:do:, -inis, f. [[altus, _high_]], _height_ +altus, -a, -um, adj. _high, tall, deep_ +Ama:zone:s, -um, f. plur. _Amazons_, a fabled tribe of warlike women +ambo:, -ae, -o:, adj. (decl. like duo), _both_ +ami:ce:, adv. [[ami:cus, _friendly_]], superl. ami:cissime:, _in a + friendly manner_ +amicio:, -i:re, ----, -ictus [[am-, _about_, + iacio:, _throw_]], + _throw around, wrap about, clothe_ +ami:citia, -ae, f. [[ami:cus, _friend_]], _friendship_ +ami:cus, -a, -um, adj. [[amo:, _love_]], _friendly_. As a noun, + ami:cus, -i:, m. _friend_ +a:-mitto:, -ere, -mi:si:, -missus, _send away; lose_ +amo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _love, like, be fond of_ (Sec. 488) +amphithea:trum, -i:, n. _amphitheater_ +amplus, -a, -um, adj. _large, ample; honorable, noble_ +an, conj. _or_, introducing the second part of a double question +ancilla, -ae, f. _maidservant_ +ancora, -ae, f. _anchor_ +Andromeda, -ae, f. _Androm'eda_, daughter of Cepheus and wife of + Perseus +angulus, -i:, m. _angle, corner_ +anim-adverto:, -ere, -ti:, -sus [[animus, _mind_, + adverto:, _turn + to_]], _turn the mind to, notice_ +animal, -a:lis, n. [[anima, _breath_]], _animal_ (Sec. 465.b) +animo:sus, -a, -um, adj. _spirited_ +animus, -i:, m. [[anima, _breath_]], _mind, heart; spirit, courage, + feeling;_ in this sense often plural +annus, -i, m. _year_ +ante, prep, with acc. _before_ +antea:, adv. [[ante]], _before, formerly_ +anti:quus, -a, -um, adj. [[ante, _before_]], _former, ancient, old_ +aper, apri:, m. _wild boar_ +Apollo:, -inis, m. _Apollo_, son of Jupiter and Latona, brother of + Diana +ap-pa:reo:, -e:re, -ui:, ---- [[ad + pa:reo:, _appear_]], _appear_ +ap-pello:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _call by name, name_. Cf. no:mino:, + voco: +Appius, -a, -um, adj. _Appian_ +ap-plico:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _apply, direct, turn_ +apud, prep, with acc. _among; at, at the house of_ +aqua, -ae, f. _water_ +aquila, -ae, f. _eagle_ +a:ra, -ae, f. _altar_ +arbitror, -a:ri:, -a:tus sum, _think, suppose_ (Sec. 420.c). Cf. + exi:stimo:, puto: +arbor, -oris, f. _tree_ (Sec. 247.1.a) +Arcadia, -ae, f. _Arcadia_, a district in southern Greece +a:rdeo:, -e:re, a:rsi:, a:rsu:rus, _be on fire, blaze, burn_ +arduus, -a, -um, adj. _steep_ +Ari:cia, -ae, f. _Aricia_, a town on the Appian Way, near Rome +arie:s, -etis, m. _battering-ram_ (p. 221) +arma, -o:rum, n. plur. _arms, weapons_. Cf. te:lum +arma:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[armo:, _arm_]], _armed, equipped_ +aro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _plow, till_ +ars, artis, f. _art, skill_ +articulus, -i:, m. _joint_ +ascri:bo:, -ere, -scri:psi:, -scri:ptus [[ad, _in addition_, + scri:bo:, + _write_]], _enroll, enlist_ +A:sia, -ae, f. _Asia_, i.e. Asia Minor +at, conj. _but_. Cf. autem, sed +Athe:nae, -a:rum, f. plur. _Athens_ +Atla:s, -antis, m. _Atlas_, a Titan who was said to hold up the sky +at-que, ac, conj. _and, and also, and what is more_. atque may be + used before either vowels or consonants, ac before consonants only +attentus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of attendo:, _direct_ (the mind) + _toward_]], _attentive, intent on, careful_ +at-tonitus, -a, -um, adj. _thunderstruck, astounded_ +auda:cia, -ae, f. [[auda:x, _bold_]], _boldness, audacity_ +auda:cter, adv. [[auda:x, _bold_]], compared auda:cius, auda:cissime:, + _boldly_ +auda:x, -a:cis, adj. _bold, daring_ +audeo:, -e:re, ausus sum, _dare_ +audio:, -i:re, -i:vi: or -i:i:, -i:tus, _hear, listen to_ (Secs. 420.d, + 491) +Auge:a:s, -ae, m. _Auge'as_, a king whose stables Hercules cleaned +aura, -ae, f. _air, breeze_ +aura:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[aurum, _gold_]], _adorned with gold_ +aureus, -a, -um, adj.[[aurum, _gold_]], _golden_ +aurum, -i:, n. _gold_ +aut, conj. _or_. + aut ... aut, _either ... or_ +autem, conj., usually second, never first, in the clause, _but, + moreover, however, now_. Cf. at, sed +auxilium, auxi'li:, n. _help, aid, assistance;_ plur. _auxiliaries_ +a:-verto:, -ere, -ti:, -sus, _turn away, turn aside_ +avis, -is, f. _bird_ (Sec. 243.1) + + +B + +ballista, -ae, f. _ballista_, an engine for hurling missiles (p. 220) +balteus, -i:, m. _belt, sword belt_ +barbarus, -i:, m. _barbarian, savage_ +bellum, -i:, n. _war_. + bellum i:nferre, with dat. _make war upon_ +bene, adv. [[for bone:, from bonus]], compared melius, optime:, + _well_ +benigne:, adv. [[benignus, _kind_]], compared benignius, + benignissime:, _kindly_ +benignus, -a, -um, adj. _good-natured, kind_, often used with dat. +bi:ni:, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. _two each, two at a time_ + (Sec. 334) +bis, adv. _twice_ +bonus, -a, -um, adj. compared melior, optimus, _good, kind_ + (Sec. 469.a) +bo:s, bovis (gen. plur. boum or bovum, dat. and abl. plur. bo:bus + or bu:bus), m. and f. _ox, cow_ +bracchium, bracchi:, n. _arm_ +brevis, -e, adj. _short_ +Brundisium, -i:, n. _Brundisium_, a seaport in southern Italy. See map +bulla, -ae, f. _bulla_, a locket made of small concave plates of gold + fastened by a spring (p. 212) + + +C + +C. abbreviation for Ga:ius, Eng. _Caius_ +cado:, -ere, ce'cidi:, ca:su:rus, _fall_ +caede:s, -is, f. [[caedo:, _cut_]], (_a cutting down_), _slaughter, + carnage_ (Sec. 465.a) +caelum, -i:, n. _sky, heavens_ +Caesar, -aris, m. _Caesar_, the famous general, statesman, and writer +calamita:s, -a:tis, f. _loss, calamity, defeat, disaster_ +calcar, -a:ris, n. _spur_ (Sec. 465.b) +Campa:nia, -ae, f. _Campania_., a district of central Italy. See map +Campa:nus, -a, -um, adj. _of Campania_ +campus, -i:, m. _plain, field_, esp. the _Campus Martius_, along the + Tiber just outside the walls of Rome +canis, -is, m. and f. _dog_ +cano:, -ere, ce'cini:, ----, _sing_ +canto:, -a:re, -a:vi, -a:tus [[cano:, _sing_]], _sing_ +Cape:nus, -a, -um, adj. _of Capena_, esp. the _Porta Cape'na_, the gate + at Rome leading to the Appian Way +capio:, -ere, ce:pi:, captus, _take, seize, capture_ (Sec. 492) +Capito:li:nus, -a, -um, adj. _belonging to the Capitol, Capitoline_ +Capito:lium, Capito:'li:, n. [[caput, _head_]], _the Capitol_, the hill + at Rome on which stood the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the + citadel +capsa, -ae, f. _box_ for books +capti:vus, -i:, m. [[capio:, _take_]], _captive_ +Capua, -ae, f. _Capua_, a large city of Campania. See map +caput, -itis, n. _head_ (Sec. 464.2.b) +carcer, -eris, m. _prison, jail_ +carrus, -i:, m. _cart, wagon_ +ca:rus, -a, -um, adj. _dear; precious_ +casa, -ae, f. _hut, cottage_ +castellum, -i:, n. [[dim. of castrum, _fort_]], _redoubt, fort_ +castrum, -i:, n. _fort_. Usually in the plural, castra, -o:rum, + a military _camp_. + castra po:nere, _to pitch camp_ +ca:sus, -us, m. [[cado:, _fall_]], _chance; misfortune, loss_ +catapulta, -ae, f. _catapult_, an engine for hurling stones +cate:na, -ae, f. _chain_ +caupo:na, -ae, f. _inn_ +causa, -ae, f. _cause, reason_, qua: de: causa:, _for this reason_ +ce:do:, -ere, cessi:, cessu:rus, _give way, retire_ +celer, -eris, -ere, adj. _swift, fleet_ +celerita:s, -a:tis, f. [[celer, _swift_]], _swiftness, speed_ +celeriter, adv. [[celer, _swift_]], compared celerius, celerrime:, + _swiftly_ +ce:na, -ae, f. _dinner_ +centum, indecl. numeral adj. _hundred_ +centurio:, -o:nis, m. _centurion, captain_ +Ce:pheus (dissyl.), -ei: (acc. Ce:phea), m. _Cepheus_, a king of + Ethiopia and father of Andromeda +Cerberus, -i:, m. _Cerberus_, the fabled three-headed dog that guarded + the entrance to Hades +certa:men, -inis, n. [[certo:, _struggle_]], _struggle, contest, + rivalry_ +certe:, adv. [[certus, _sure_]], compared certius, certissime:, + _surely, certainly_ +certus, -a, -um, adj. _fixed, certain, sure_. + aliquem certio:rem facere (_to make some one more certain_), + _to inform some one_ +cervus, -i:, m. _stag, deer_ +cesso:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _delay, cease_ +ciba:ria, -o:rum, n. plur. _food, provisions_ +cibus, -i:, m. _food, victuals_ +Cimbri:, -o:rum, m. plur. _the Cimbri_ +Cimbricus, -a, -um, adj. _Cimbrian_ +ci:nctus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of cingo:, _surround_]], _girt, + surrounded_ +cingo:, -ere, ci:nxi:, ci:nctus, _gird, surround_ +circiter, adv. _about_ +circum, prep, with acc. _around_ +circum'-do:, -dare, -dedi:, -datus, _place around, surround, inclose_ +circum'-eo:, -i:re, -ii:, -itus, _go around_ +circum-sisto:, -ere, circum'steti:, ----, _stand around, surround_ +circum-venio:, -i:re, -ve:ni:, -ventus (_come around_), _surround_ +citerior, -ius, adj. in comp., superl. citimus, _hither, nearer_ + (Sec. 475) +ci:vi:lis, -e, adj. [[ci:vis]], _civil_ +ci:vis, -is, m. and f. _citizen_ (Sec. 243.1) +ci:vita:s, -a:tis, f. [[ci:vis, _citizen_]], (_body of citizens_), + _state; citizenship_ +cla:mor, -o:ris, m. _shout, cry_ +cla:rus, -a, -um, adj. _clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining_ +classis, -is, f. _fleet_ +claudo:, -ere, -si:, -sus, _shut, close_ +clavus, -i:, m. _stripe_ +clie:ns, -entis, m. _dependent, retainer, client_ (Sec. 465.a) +Cocles, -itis, m. (_blind in one eye_), _Cocles_, the surname of + Horatius +co-gno:sco:, -ere, -gno:vi:, -gni:tus, _learn, know, understand_. Cf. + scio: (Sec. 420.b) +co:go:, -ere, coe:gi:, coa:ctus [[co(m)-, _together_, + ago:, _drive_]], + (_drive together_), _collect; compel, drive_ +cohors, cohortis, f. _cohort_, the tenth part of a legion, about 360 + men +collis, -is, m. _hill_, in summo: colle, _on top of the hill_ + (Sec. 247.2.a) +collum, -i:, n. _neck_ +colo:, -ere, colui:, cultus, _cultivate, till; honor, worship; devote + one's self to_ +columna, -ae, f. _column, pillar_ +com- (col-, con-, cor-, co-), a prefix, _together, with_, or + intensifying the meaning of the root word +coma, -ae, f. _hair_ +comes, -itis, m. and f. [[com-, _together_, + eo:, _go_]], + _companion, comrade_ +comita:tus, -u:s, m. [[comitor, _accompany_]], _escort, company_ +comitor, -a:ri:, -a:tus sum, dep. verb [[comes, _companion_]], + _accompany_ +com-mea:tus, -u:s, m. _supplies_ +com-minus, adv. [[com-, _together_, + manus, _hand_]], _hand to + hand_ +com-mitto:, -ere, -mi:si:, -missus, _join together; commit, intrust_. + proelium committere, _join battle_. + se: committere with dat, _trust one's self to_ +commode:, adv. [[commodus, _fit_]], compared commodius, + commodissime:, _conveniently, fitly_ +commodus, -a, -um, adj. _suitable, fit_ +com-mo:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of commoveo:, _move_]], _aroused, + moved_ +com-paro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[com-, intensive, + paro:, + _prepare_]], _prepare; provide, get_ +com-pleo:, -e:re, -ple:vi:, -ple:tus [[com-, intensive, + pleo:, + _fill_]], _fill up_ +complexus, -u:s, m. _embrace_ +com-primo:, -ere, -pressi:, -pressus [[com-, _together_, + premo:, + _press_]], _press together, grasp, seize_ +con-cido:, -ere, -cidi:, ---- [[com-, intensive, + cado:, _fall_]], + _fall down_ +concilium, conci'li:, n. _meeting, council_ +con-clu:do:, -ere, -clu:si:, -clu:sus [[com-, intensive, + claudo:, + _close_]], _shut up, close; end, finish_ +con-curro:, -ere, -curri:, -cursus [[com-, _together_, + curro:, + _run_]], _run together; rally, gather_ +condicio:, -o:nis, f. [[com-, _together_, + dico:, _talk_]], + _agreement, condition, terms_ +con-do:no:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _pardon_ +con-du:co:, -ere, -du:xi:, -ductus, _hire_ +co:n-fero:, -ferre, -tuli:, -la:tus, _bring together_. + se: co:nferre, _betake one's self_ +co:n-fertus, -a, -um, adj. _crowded, thick_ +co:nfestim, adv. _immediately_ +co:n-ficio:, -ere, -fe:ci:, -fectus [[com-, _completely_, + facio:, + _do_]], _make, complete, accomplish, finish_ +co:n-fi:rmo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _make firm, establish, strengthen, + affirm, assert_ +co:n-fluo:, -ere, -flu:xi:, ----, _flow together_ +co:n-fugio:, -ere, -fu:gi:, -fugitu:rus, _flee for refuge, flee_ +con-icio:, -ere, -ie:ci:, -iectus [[com-, intensive, + iacio:, + _throw_]], _hurl_ +con-iungo:, -ere, -iu:nxi:, -iu:nctus [[com-, _together_, + iungo:, + _join_]], _join together, unite_ +con-iu:ro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[com-, _together_, + iu:ro:, + _swear_]], _unite by oath, conspire_ +con-loco:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[com-, _together_, + loco:, _place_]], + _arrange, place, station_ +conloquium, conlo'qui:, n. [[com-, _together_, + loquor, _speak_]], + _conversation, conference_ +co:nor, -a:ri:, -a:tus sum, dep. verb, _endeavor, attempt, try_ +co:n-scendo:, -ere, -scendi:, -sce:nsus [[com-, intensive, + scando:, + _climb_]], _climb up, ascend_. + na:vem co:nscendere, _embark, go on board_ +co:n-scri:bo:, -ere, -scri:psi:, -scri:ptus [[com-, _together_, + + scri:bo:, _write_]], (_write together_), _enroll, enlist_ +co:n-secro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[com-, intensive, + sacro:, + _consecrate_]], _consecrate, devote_ +co:n-sequor, -sequi:, -secu:tus sum, dep. verb [[com-, intensive, + + sequor, _follow_]], _pursue; overtake; win_ +co:n-servo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[com-, intensive, + servo:, + _save_]], _preserve, save_ +co:nsilium, co:nsi'li:, n. _plan, purpose, design; wisdom_ +co:n-sisto:, -ere, -stiti:, -stitus [[com-, intensive, + sisto:, + _cause to stand_]], _stand firmly, halt, take one's stand_ +co:n-spicio:, -ere, -spe:xi:, -spectus [[com-, intensive, + spicio:, + _spy_]], _look at attentively, perceive, see_ +co:nstantia, -ae, f. _firmness, steadiness, perseverance_ +co:n-stituo:, -ere, -ui:, -u:tus [[com-, intensive, + statuo:, + _set_]], _establish, determine, resolve_ +co:n-sto:, -a:re, -stiti:, -sta:tu:rus [[com-, _together_, + sto:, + _stand_]], _agree; be certain; consist of_ +co:nsul, -ulis, m. _consul_ (Sec. 464.2.a) +co:n-su:mo:, -ere, -su:mpsi:, -su:mptus [[com-, intensive, + sumo:, + _take_]], _consume, use up_ +con-tendo:, -ere, -di:, -tus, _strain; hasten; fight, contend, + struggle_ +con-tineo:, -e:re, -ui:, -tentus [[com-, _together_, + teneo:, + _hold_]], _hold together, hem in, contain; restrain_ +contra:, prep, with acc. _against, contrary to_ +con-traho:, -ere, -tra:xi:, -tra:ctus [[com-, _together_, + traho:, + _draw_]], _draw together;_ of sails, _shorten, furl_ +contro:versia, -ae, f. _dispute, quarrel_ +con-venio:, -i:re, -ve:ni:, -ventus [[com-, _together_, + venio:, + _come_]], _come together, meet, assemble_ +con-verto:, -ere, -verti:, -versus [[com-, intensive, + verto:, + _turn_]], _turn_ +con-voco:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[com-, _together_, + voco:, _call_]], + _call together_ +co-orior, -i:ri:, -ortus sum, dep. verb [[com-, intensive, + orior, + _rise_]], _rise, break forth_ +co:pia, -ae, f. [[com-, intensive, + ops, _wealth_]], _abundance, + wealth, plenty_. Plur. co:piae, -a:rum, _troops_ +coquo:, -ere, coxi:, coctus, _cook_ +Corinthus, -i:, f. _Corinth_, the famous city on the Isthmus of Corinth +Corne:lia, -ae, f. _Cornelia_, daughter of Scipio and mother of the + Gracchi +Corne:lius, Corne:'li:, m. _Cornelius_, a Roman name +cornu:, -u:s, n. _horn; wing_ of an army, a: dextro: cornu:, _on the + right wing_ (Sec. 466) +coro:na, -ae, f. _garland, wreath; crown_ +coro:na:tus, -a, -um, adj. _crowned_ +corpus, -oris, n. _body_ +cor-ripio:, -ere, -ui:, -reptus [[com-, intensive, + rapio:, + _seize_]], _seize, grasp_ +coti:dia:nus, -a, -um, adj. _daily_ +coti:die:, adv. _daily_ +cre:ber, -bra, -brum, adj. _thick, crowded, numerous, frequent_ +cre:do:, -ere, -di:di:, -ditus, _trust, believe_, with dat. + (Sec. 501.14) +cremo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _burn_ +creo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _make; elect, appoint_ +Creo:n, -ontis, m. _Creon_, a king of Corinth +cre:sco:, -ere, cre:vi:, cre:tus, _rise, grow, increase_ +Cre:ta, -ae, f. _Crete_, a large island in the Mediterranean +Cre:taeus, -a, -um, adj. _Cretan_ +cru:s, cru:ris, n. _leg_ +cru:stulum, -i:, n. _pastry, cake_ +cubi:le, -is, n. _bed_ +cultu:ra, -ae, f. _culture, cultivation_ +cum, conj. with the indic. or subjv. _when; since; although_ + (Sec. 501.46) +cum, prep, with abl. _with_ (Sec. 209) +cupide:, adv. [[cupidus, _desirous_]], compared cupidius, + cupidissime:, _eagerly_ +cupidita:s, -a:tis, f. [[cupidus, _desirous_]], _desire, longing_ +cupio:, -ere, -i:vi: or -ii:, -i:tus, _desire, wish_. Cf. volo: +cu:r, adv. _why, wherefore_ +cu:ra, -ae, f. _care, pains; anxiety_ +cu:ria, -ae, f. _senate house_ +cu:ro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[cu:ra, _care_]], _care for, attend to, + look after_ +curro:, -ere, cucurri:, cursus, _run_ +currus, -u:s, m. _chariot_ +cursus, -u:s, m. _course_ +custo:dio:, -i:re, -i:vi:, -i:tus [[custo:s, _guard_]], _guard, watch_ + + +D + +Daedalus, -i:, m. _Daed'alus_, the supposed inventor of the first flying + machine +Da:vus, -i:, m. _Davus_, name of a slave +de:, prep, with abl. _down from, from; concerning, about, for_ + (Sec. 209). + qua: de: causa:, _for this reason, wherefore_ +dea, -ae, f. _goddess_ (Sec. 461.a) +de:beo:, -e:re, -ui:, -itus [[de:, _from_, + habeo:, _hold_]], _owe, + ought, should_ +decem, indecl. numeral adj. _ten_ +de:-cerno:, -ere, -cre:vi:, -cre:tus [[de:, _from_, + cerno:, + _separate_]], _decide, decree_ +de:-cido:, -ere, -cidi:, ---- [[de:, _down_, + cado:, _fall_]], _fall + down_ +decimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. _tenth_ +de:cli:vis, -e, adj. _sloping downward_ +de:-do:, -ere, -didi:, -ditus, _give up, surrender_, se: de:dere, + _surrender one's self_ +de:-du:co:, -ere, -du:xi:, -ductus [[de:, _down_, + du:co:, _lead_]], + _lead down, escort_ +de:-fendo:, -ere, -di:, -fe:nsus, _ward off, repel, defend_ +de:-fero:, -ferre, -tuli:, -la:tus [[de:, _down_, + fero:, _bring_]], + _bring down; report, announce_ (Sec. 426) +de:-fessus, -a, -um, adj. _tired out, weary_ +de:-ficio:, -ere, -fe:ci:, -fectus [[de:, _from_, + facio:, _make_]], + _fail, be wanting; revolt from_ +de:-fi:go:, -ere, -fi:xi:, -fi:xus [[de:, _down_, + fi:go:, _fasten_]], + _fasten, fix_ +de:-icio:, -ere, -ie:ci:, -iectus [[de:, _down_, + iacio:, _hurl_]], + _hurl down; bring down, kill_ +de-inde, adv. _(from thence), then, in the next place_ +de:lecto:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _delight_ +de:leo:, -e:re, -e:vi:, -e:tus, _blot out, destroy_ +de:li:bero:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _weigh, deliberate, ponder_ +de:-ligo:, -ere, -le:gi:, -le:ctus [[de:, _from_, + lego:, _gather_]], + _choose, select_ +Delphicus, -a, -um, adj. _Delphic_ +de:missus, -a, -um [[part. of de:mitto:, _send down_]], _downcast, + humble_ +de:-mo:nstro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[de:, _out_, + mo:nstro:, + _point_]], _point out, show_ +de:mum, adv. _at last, not till then_. + tum de:mum, _then at last_ +de:nique, adv. _at last, finally_. Cf. postre:mo: +de:ns, dentis, m. _tooth_ (Sec. 247.2.a) +de:nsus, -a, -um, adj. _dense, thick_ +de:-pendeo:, -e:re, ----, ---- [[de:, _down_, + pendeo:, _hang_]], _hang + from, hang down_ +de:-plo:ro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[de:, intensive, + plo:ro:, + _wail_]], _bewail, deplore_ +de:-po:no:, -ere, -posui:, -positus [[de:, _down_, + po:no:, _put_]], + _put down_ +de:-scendo:, -ere, -di:, -sce:nsus [[de:, _down_, + scando:, _climb_]], + _climb down, descend_ +de:-scri:bo:, -ere, -scri:psi:, -scri:ptus [[de:, _down_, + scri:bo:, + _write_]], _write down_ +de:si:dero:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _long for_ +de:-silio:, -i:re, -ui:, -sultus [[de:, _down_, + salio:, _leap_]], + _leap down_ +de:-spe:ro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[de:, _away from_, + spe:ro:, + _hope_]], _despair_ +de:-spicio:, -ere, -spe:xi, -spectus [[de:, _down_]], _look down upon, + despise_ +de:-sum, -esse, -fui:, -futu:rus [[de:, _away from_, + sum, _be_]], + _be wanting, lack_, with dat. (Sec. 426) +deus, -i:, m. _god_ (Sec. 468) +de:-volvo:, -ere, -volvi:, -volu:tus [[de:, _down_, + volvo:, _roll_]], + _roll down_ +de:-voro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[de:, _down_, + voro:, _swallow_]], + _devour_ +dexter, -tra, -trum (-tera, -terum), adj. _to the right, right_. + a: dextro: cornu:, _on the right wing_ +Dia:na, -ae, f. _Diana_, goddess of the moon and twin sister of Apollo +di:co:, -ere, di:xi:, dictus (imv. di:c), _say, speak, tell_. Usually + introduces indirect discourse (Sec. 420.a) +dicta:tor, -o:ris, m. [[dicto:, _dictate_]], _dictator_, a chief + magistrate with unlimited power +die:s, -e:i or die:, m., sometimes f. in sing., _day_ (Sec. 467) +dif-fero:, -ferre, distuli:, di:la:tus [[dis-, _apart_, + fero:, + _carry_]], _carry apart; differ_. + differre inter se:, _differ from each other_ +dif-ficilis, -e, adj. [[dis-, _not_, + facilis, _easy_]], _hard, + difficult_ (Sec. 307) +difficulta:s, -a:tis, f. [[difficilis, _hard_]], _difficulty_ +di:ligenter, adv. [[di:lige:ns, _careful_]], compared di:ligentius, + di:ligentissime:, _industriously, diligently_ +di:ligentia, -ae, f. [[di:lige:ns, _careful_]], _industry, diligence_ +di:-mico:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _fight, struggle_ +di:-mitto:, -ere, -mi:si:, -missus [[di:-, _off_, + mitto:, _send_]], + _send away, dismiss, disband_. + di:mittere animum in, _direct one's mind to, apply one's self to_ +Diome:de:s, -is, m. _Di:-o-me:'de:s_, a name +dis-, di:-, a prefix expressing separation, _off, apart, in different + directions_. Often negatives the meaning +dis-ce:do:, -ere, -cessi:, -cessus [[dis-, _apart_, + ce:do:, _go_]], + _depart from, leave, withdraw, go away_ +dis-cerno:, -ere, -cre:vi:, -cre:tus [[dis-, _apart_, + cerno:, + _sift_]], _separate; distinguish_ +discipli:na, -ae, f. _instruction, training, discipline_ +discipulus, -i:, m. [[disco:, _learn_]], _pupil, disciple_ +disco:, -ere, didici:, ----, _learn_ +dis-cutio:, -ere, -cussi:, -cussus [[dis-, _apart_, + quatio:, + _shake_]], _shatter, dash to pieces_ +dis-po:no:, -ere, -posui:, -positus [[dis-, _apart_, + po:no:, _put_]], + _put here and there, arrange, station_ +dis-similis, -e, adj. [[dis-, _apart_, + similis, _like_]], + _unlike, dissimilar_ (Sec. 307) +dis-tribuo:, -ere, -ui:, -u:tus, _divide, distribute_ +diu:, adv., compared diu:tius, diu:tissime:, _for a long time, long_ + (Sec. 477) +do:, dare, dedi:, datus, _give_. + in fugam dare, _put to flight_. + alicui nego:tium dare, _employ some one_ +doceo:, -e:re, -ui:, -tus, _teach, show_ +doctri:na, -ae, f. [[doctor, _teacher_]], _teaching, learning, + wisdom_ +dolor, -o:ris, m. _pain, sorrow_ +domesticus, -a, -um, adj. [[domus, _house_]], _of the house, + domestic_ +domicilium, domici'li:, n. _dwelling; house, abode_. Cf. domus +domina, -ae, f. _mistress_ (of the house), _lady_ (Sec. 461) +dominus, -i:, m. _master_ (of the house), _owner, ruler_ (Sec. 462) +domus, -u:s, f. _house, home_. + domi:, locative, _at home_ (Sec. 468) +dormio:, -i:re, -i:vi:, -i:tus, _sleep_ +draco:, -o:nis, m. _serpent, dragon_ +dubito:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _hesitate_ +dubius, -a, -um, adj. [[duo, _two_]], (_moving two ways_), + _doubtful, dubious_ +du-centi:, -ae, -a, numeral adj. _two hundred_ +du:co:, -ere, du:xi:, ductus (imv. du:c), _lead, conduct_ +dum, conj. _while, as long as_ +duo, duae, duo, numeral adj. _two_ (Sec. 479) +duo-decim, indecl. numeral adj. _twelve_ +du:rus, -a, -um, adj. _hard, tough; harsh, pitiless, bitter_ +dux, ducis, m. and f. [[cf. du:co:, _lead_]], _leader, commander_ + + +E + +e: or ex, prep, with abl. _out of, from, off, of_ (Sec. 209) +eburneus, -a, -um, adj. _of ivory_ +ecce, adv. _see! behold! there! here!_ +e:-du:co:, -ere, -du:xi:, -ductus [[e:, _out_, + du:co:, _lead_]], _lead + out, draw out_ +ef-ficio:, -ere, -fe:ci:, -fectus [[ex, _thoroughly_, + facio:, + _do_]], _work out; make, cause_ +ef-fugio:, -ere, -fu:gi:, -fugitu:rus [[ex, _from_, + fugio:, _flee_]], + _escape_ +egeo:, -e:re, -ui:, ----, _be in need of, lack_, with abl. (Sec. 501.32) +ego, pers. pron. _I_; plur. no:s, _we_ (Sec. 480) +e:-gredior, -i:, e:gressus sum, dep. verb [[e:, _out of_, + gradior, + _go_]], _go out, go forth_. + e: na:vi: e:gredi:, _disembark_ +e:-icio:, -ere, -ie:ci:, -iectus [[e:, _forth_, + iacio:, _hurl_]], + _hurl forth, expel_ +elementum, -i:, n., in plur. _first principles, rudiments_ +elephantus, -i:, m. _elephant_ +E:lis, Elidis, f. _E'lis_, a district of southern Greece +emo:, -ere, e:mi:, e:mptus, _buy, purchase_ +enim, conj., never standing first, _for, in fact, indeed._ Cf. nam +Ennius, Enni:, m. _Ennius_, the father of Roman poetry, born 239 B.C. +eo:, i:re, ii: (i:vi:), itu:rus, _go_ (Sec. 499) +eo:, adv. _to that place, thither_ +E:pi:rus, -i:, f. _Epi'rus_, a district in the north of Greece +eques, -itis, m. [[equus, _horse_]], _horseman, cavalryman_ +equita:tus, -u:s, m. [[equito:, _ride_]], _cavalry_ +equus, -i:, m. _horse_ +e:-rigo:, -ere, -re:xi:, -re:ctus [[e:, _out_, + rego:, _make + straight_]], _raise up_ +e:-ripio:, -ere, -ui:, -reptus [[e:, _out of_, + rapio:, _seize_]], + _seize, rescue_ +e:-rumpo:, -ere, -ru:pi:, -ruptus [[e:, _forth_, + rumpo:, _break_]], + _burst forth_ +e:ruptio:, -o:nis, f. _sally_ +Erymanthius, -a, -um, adj. _Erymanthian, of Erymanthus_, a district in + southern Greece +et, conj. _and, also_. et ... et, _both ... and_. Cf. atque, ac, + -que +etiam, adv. (rarely conj.) [[et, _also_, + iam, _now_]], _yet, + still; also, besides_. Cf. quoque. + no:n so:lum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_ +Etru:sci:, -o:rum, m. _the Etruscans_, the people of Etruria. See map of + Italy +Euro:pa, -ae, f. _Europe_ +Eurystheus, -i:, m. _Eurys'theus_, a king of Tiryns, a city in southern + Greece +e:-va:do:, -ere, -va:si:, -va:sus [[e:, _out_, + va:do:, _go_]], _go + forth, escape_ +ex, see e: +exanima:tus, -a, -um [[part. of exanimo:, _put out of breath_ + (anima)]], adj. _out of breath, tired; lifeless_ +ex-cipio:, -ere, -ce:pi:, -ceptus [[ex, _out_, + capio:, _take_]], + _welcome, receive_ +exemplum, -i:, n. _example, model_ +ex-eo:,-i:re,-ii:,-itu:rus [[ex, _out_, + eo:, _go_]], _go out, go + forth_ (Sec. 413) +ex-erceo:, -e:re, -ui:, -itus [[ex, _out_, + arceo:, _shut_]], _(shut + out), employ, train, exercise, use_ +exercitus, -us, m. [[exerceo:, _train_]], _army_ +ex-i:stimo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[ex, _out_, + aestimo:, _reckon_]], + _estimate; think, judge_ (Sec. 420.c). Cf. arbitror, puto: +ex-orior, -i:ri:, -ortus sum, dep. verb [[ex, _forth_, + orior, + _rise_]], _come forth, rise_ +expedi:tus, -a, -um, adj. _without baggage_ +ex-pello:, -ere, -puli:, -pulsus [[ex, _out_, + pello:, _drive_]], + _drive out_ +ex-pio:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[ex, intensive, + pi:o, _atone for_]], + _make amends for, atone for_ +explo:ra:tor, -o:ris, m. [[explo:ro:, _investigate_]], _spy, scout_ +explo:ro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _examine, explore_ +ex-pugno:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[ex, _out_, + pugno:, _fight_]], _take + by storm, capture_ +exsilium, exsi'li:, n. [[exsul, _exile_]], _banishment, exile_ +ex-specto:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[ex, _out_, + specto:, _look_]], + _expect, wait_ +ex-struo:, -ere, -stru:xi:, -stru:ctus [[ex, _out_, + struo:, + _build_]], _build up, erect_ +exterus, -a, -um, adj., compared exterior, extre:mus or extimus, + _outside, outer_ (Sec. 312) +extra:, prep, with acc. _beyond, outside of_ +ex-traho:, -ere, -tra:xi:, -tra:ctus [[ex, _out_, + traho:, _drag_]], + _drag out, pull forth_ +extre:mus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of exterus, _utmost, farthest_ + (Sec. 312) + + +F + +fa:bula, -ae, f. _story, tale, fable_ +facile, adv. [[facilis, _easy_]], compared facilius, facillime:, + _easily_ (Sec. 322) +facilis, -e, adj. [[cf. facio:, _make_]], _easy, without difficulty_ + (Sec. 307) +facio:, -ere, fe:ci:, factus (imv. fac), _make, do; cause, bring + about_. + impetum facere in, _make an attack upon_. + proelium facere, _fight a battle_. + iter facere, _make a march_ or _journey_. + aliquem certio:rem facere, _inform some one_. + facere verba pro:, _speak in behalf of_. + Passive fi:o:, fieri:, factus sum, _be done, happen_. + certior fieri:, _be informed_ +fallo:, -ere, fefelli:, falsus, _trip, betray, deceive_ +fa:ma, -ae, f. _report, rumor; renown, fame, reputation_ +fame:s, -is (abl. fame:), f. _hunger_ +familia, -ae, f. _servants, slaves; household, family_ +fasce:s, -ium (plur. of fascis), f. _fasces_ (p. 225) +fasti:gium, fasti:'gi:, n. _top; slope, descent_ +fa:tum, -i:, n. _fate, destiny_ +fauce:s, -ium, f. plur. _jaws, throat_ +faveo:, -e:re, fa:vi:, fautu:rus, _be favorable to, favor_, with dat. + (Sec. 501.14) +fe:li:x, -i:cis, adj. _happy, lucky_ +fe:mina, -ae, f. woman. Cf. mulier +fera, -ae, f. [[ferus, _wild_]], _wild beast_ +fera:x, -a:cis, adj. _fertile_ +fere:, adv. _about, nearly, almost_ +fero:, ferre, tuli:, la:tus, _bear_. + graviter or moleste: ferre, _be annoyed_ (Sec. 498) +ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [[ferrum, _iron_]], _made of iron_ +fide:lis, -e, adj. [[fide:s, _trust_]], _faithful, true_ +fide:s, fidei: _or_ fide:, _trust, faith; promise, word; protection_. + in fidem veni:re, _come under the protection_. + in fide: mane:re, _remain loyal_ +fi:lia, -ae (dat. and abl. plur. fi:lia:bus), f. _daughter_ (Sec. 461.a) +fi:lius, fi:li: (voc. sing, fi:li:), m. _son_ +fi:nis, -is, m. _boundary, limit, end;_ in plur. _territory, country_ + (Sec. 243.1) +fi:nitimus, -a, -um, adj. [[fi:nis, _boundary_]], _adjoining, + neighboring_. + Plur. fi:nitimi:, -o:rum, m. _neighbors_ +fi:o:, fieri:, factus sum, used as passive of facio:. See facio: (Sec. + 500) +flamma, -ae, f. _fire, flame_ +flo:s, flo:ris, m. _flower_ +fluctus, -u:s, m. [[of. fluo:, _flow_]], _flood, wave, billow_ +flu:men, -inis, n. [[cf. fluo:, _flow_]], _river_ (Sec. 464.2.b) +fluo:, -ere, flu:xi:, fluxus, _flow_ +fluvius, fluvi:, m. [[cf. fluo:, _flow_]], _river_ +fodio:, -ere, fo:di:, fossus, _dig_ +fo:ns, fontis, m. _fountain_ (Sec. 247.2.a) +fo:rma, -ae, f. _form, shape, appearance; beauty_ +Formiae, -a:rum, f. _Formiae_, a town of Latium on the Appian Way. + See map +forte, adv. [[abl. of fors, _chance_]], _by chance_ +fortis, -e, adj. _strong; fearless, brave_ +fortiter, adv. [[fortis, _strong_]], compared fortius, fortissime:, + _strongly; bravely_ +fortu:na, -ae, f. [[fors, _chance_]], _chance, fate, fortune_ +forum, -i:, n. _market place_, esp. the Forum Ro:ma:num, where the life + of Rome centered +Forum Appi:, _Forum of Appius_, a town in Latium on the Appian Way +fossa, -ae, f. [[cf. fodio:, _dig_]], _ditch_ +fragor, -o:ris, m. [[cf. frango:, _break_]], _crash, noise_ +frango:, -ere, fre:gi:, fra:ctus, _break_ +fra:ter, -tris, m. _brother_ +fremitus, -u:s, m. _loud noise_ +frequento:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _attend_ +fre:tus, -a, -um, adj. _supported, trusting_. Usually with abl. of + means +fro:ns, frontis, f. _front_, a: fronte, _in front_ +fru:ctus, -u:s, m. _fruit_ +fru:menta:rius, -a, -um, adj. _pertaining to grain_. + re:s fru:menta:ria, _grain supplies_ +fru:mentum, -i:, n. _grain_ +fru:stra:, adv. _in vain, vainly_ +fuga, -ae, f. [[cf. fugio:, _flee_]], _flight_. + in fugam dare, _put to flight_ +fugio:, -ere, fu:gi:, fugitu:rus, _flee, run; avoid, shun_ +fu:mo:, -are, ------, ------, _smoke_ +fu:nis, -is, m. _rope_ +furor, -o:ris, m. [[furo:, _rage_]], _madness_. + in furo:rem inci:dere, _go mad_ + + +G + +Ga:ius, Ga:i:, m. _Gaius_, a Roman name, abbreviated C., English form + _Caius_ +Galba, -ae, m. _Galba_, a Roman name +galea, -ae, f. _helmet_ +Gallia, -ae, f. _Gaul_, the country comprising what is now Holland, + Belgium, Switzerland, and France +Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. _Gallic_ +galli:na, -ae, f. _hen, chicken_ +Gallus, -i:, m. _a Gaul_ +gaudium, gaudi:, n. _joy_ +Gena:va, -ae, f. _Geneva_, a city in Switzerland +ge:ns, gentis, f. [[cf. gigno:, _beget_]], _race, family; people, + nation, tribe_ +genus, -eris, n. _kind, variety_ +Germa:nia, -ae, f. _Germany_ +Germa:nus, -i:, m. _a German_ +gero:, -ere, gessi:, gestus, _carry, wear; wage_. + bellum gerere, _wage war_. + re:s gestae, _exploits_. + bene gerere, _carry on successfully_ +gladia:to:rius, -a, -um, adj. _gladiatorial_ +gladius, gladi:, m. _sword_ +glo:ria, -ae, f. _glory, fame_ +Gracchus, -i:, m. _Gracchus_, name of a famous Roman family +gracilis, -e, adj. _slender_ (Sec. 307) +Graeca, -o:rum, n. plur. _Greek writings, Greek literature_ +Graece:, adv. _in Greek_ +Graecia, -ae, f. _Greece_ +grammaticus, -i:, m. _grammarian_ +gra:tia, -ae, f. _thanks, gratitude_ +gra:tus, -a, -um, adj. _acceptable, pleasing_. Often with dat. + (Sec. 501.16) +gravis, -e:, adj. _heavy; disagreeable; serious, dangerous; earnest, + weighty_ +graviter, adv. [[gravis, _heavy_]], compared gravius, gravissime:, + _heavily; greatly, seriously_. + graviter ferre, _bear ill, take to heart_ +guberna:tor, -o:ris, m. [[guberno:, _pilot_]], _pilot_ + + +H + +habe:na, -ae, f. _halter, rein_. +habeo:, -e:re, -ui:, -itus, _have, hold; regard, consider, deem_ +habito:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[cf. habeo:, _have_]], _dwell, abide, + inhabit_. Cf. incolo:, vi:vo: +ha:c-tenus, adv. _thus far_ +Helve:tii:, -o:rum, m. _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe +Hercule:s, -is, m. _Hercules_, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and god of + strength +Hesperide:s, -um, f. _the Hesperides_, daughters of Hesperus, who kept + the garden of the golden apples +hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative adj. and pron. _this_ (of mine); as + pers. pron. _he, she, it_ (Sec. 481) +hi:c, adv. _here_ +hiems, -emis, f. _winter_ +hi:nc, adv. [[hi:c, _here_]], _from here, hence_ +Hippolyte:, -e:s, f. _Hippolyte_, queen of the Amazons +ho-die:, adv. [[modified form of ho:c die:, _on this day_]], _to-day_ +homo:, -inis, m. and f. _(human being), man, person_ +honestus, -a, -um, adv. [[honor, _honor_]], _respected, honorable_ +honor, -o:ris, m. _honor_ +ho:ra, -ae, f. _hour_ +Hora:tius, Hora:'ti:, m. _Horatius_, a Roman name +horribilis, -e, adj. _terrible, horrible_ +hortor, -a:ri, -a:tus sum, dep. verb, _urge, incite, exhort, encourage_ + (Sec. 493) +hortus, -i:, m. _garden_ +hospitium, hospi'ti:, n. [[hospes, _host_]], _hospitality_ +hostis, -is, m. and f. _enemy, foe_ (Sec. 465.a) +humilis, -e, adj. _low, humble_ (Sec. 307) +Hydra, -ae, f. _the Hydra_, a mythical water snake slain by + Hercules + + +I + +iacio:, -ere, ie:ci:, iactus, _throw, hurl_ +iam, adv. _now, already_. + nec iam, _and no longer_ +Ia:niculum, -i:, n. _the Janiculum_, one of the hills of Rome +ia:nua, -ae, f. _door_ +ibi, adv. _there, in that place_ +I:carus, -i:, m. _Ic'arus_, the son of Daedalus +ictus, -u:s, m. [[cf. i:co:, _strike_]], _blow_ +i:dem, e'adem, idem, demonstrative pron. [[is + dem]], _same_ + (Sec. 481) +ido:neus, -a, -um, adj. _suitable, fit_ +igitur, conj., seldom the first word, _therefore, then_. Cf. itaque +ignis, -is, m. _fire_ (Secs. 243.1; 247. 2.a; 465, 1) +igno:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + (g)notus, _known_]], + _unknown, strange_ +ille, illa, illud, demonstrative adj. and pron. _that_ (yonder); as + pers. pron. _he, she, it_ (Sec. 481) +illi:c, adv. [[cf. ille]], _yonder, there_ +im-mitto:, -ere, -mi:si:, -missus [[in, _against_, + mitto:, _send_]], + _send against; let in_ +immolo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[in, _upon_, + mola, _meal_]], + _sprinkle with sacrificial meal; offer, sacrifice_ +im-morta:lis, -e, adj. [[in-, _not_, + mortalis, _mortal_]], + _immortal_ +im-morta:lita:s, -a:tis, f. [[immorta:lis, _immortal_]], _immortality_ +im-para:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + para:tus, _prepared_]], + _unprepared_ +impedi:mentum, -i:, n. [[impedio:, _hinder_]], _hindrance;_ in plur. + _baggage_ +impedi:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of impedio:, _hinder_]], _hindered, + burdened_ +im-pello:, -ere, -puli:, -pulsus [[in, _against_, + pello:, + _strike_]], _strike against; impel, drive, propel_ +impera:tor, -o:ris, m. [[impero:, _command_]], _general_ +imperium, impe'ri:, n. [[impero:, _command_]], _command, order; realm, + empire; power, authority_ +impero:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _command, order_. Usually with dat. and + an object clause of purpose (Sec. 501.41). + With acc. object, _levy, impose_ +impetus, -u:s, m. _attack_, impetum facere in, _make an attack upon_ +im-po:no:, -ere, -posui, -positus [[in, _upon_, + po:no:, _place_]], + _place upon; impose, assign_ +in, prep, with acc. _into, to, against, at, upon, towards;_ with abl. + _in, on_. + in reliquum tempus, _for the future_ +in-, inseparable prefix. With nouns and adjectives often with a + negative force, like English _un-, in-_ +in-cautus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + cautus, _careful_]], _off + one's guard_ +incendium, incendi:, n. _flame, fire_. Cf. ignis, flamma +in-cendo:, -ere, -di:, -ce:nsus, _set fire to, burn_ +in-cido:, -ere, -cidi:, ----, [[in, _in, on_, + cado:, _fall_]], + _fall in, fall on; happen_. + in furo:rem incidere, _go mad_ +in-cipio:, -ere, -ce:pi, -ceptus [[in, _on_, + capio:, _take_]], + _begin_ +in-cognitus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + cognitus, _known_]], + _unknown_ +in-colo:, -ere, -ui:, ----, [[in, _in_, + colo:, _dwell_]], _inhabit; + live_ +incolumis, -e, adj. _sound, safe, uninjured, imharmed_ +in-cre:dibilis, -e, adj. [[in-, _not_, + cre:dibilis, _to be + believed_]], _incredible_ +inde, _from that place, thence_ +induo:, -ere, -ui:, -u:tus, _put on_ +indu:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of induo:, _put on_]], _clothed_ +in-eo:, -i:re, -ii:, -itus [[in, _into_, + eo:, _go_]], _go into; + enter upon, begin_, with acc. (Sec. 413) +i:n-fa:ns, -fantis, adj. [[in-, _not_, + *fa:ns, _speaking_]], _not + speaking_. As a noun, m. and f. _infant_ +i:n-fe:li:x, -i:cis, adj. [[in-, _not_, + fe:li:x, _happy_]], _unhappy, + unlucky_ +i:nfe:nsus, -a, -um, adj. _hostile_ +i:n'-fero:, i:nfer're, in'tuli:, inla:'tus [[in, _against_, + fero:, + _bear_]], _bring against or upon, inflict_, with acc. and dat. + (Sec. 501.15). + bellum i:nferre, with dat., _make war upon_ +i:nferus, -a, -um, adj. _low, below_ (Sec. 312). +i:n-fi:ni:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + fi:ni:tus, _bounded_]], + _boundless, endless_ +i:n-fi:rmus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + fi:rmus, _strong_]], + _weak, infirm_ +ingenium, inge'ni, n. _talent, ability_ +inge:ns, -entis, adj. _vast, huge, enormous, large_. Cf. magnus +in-gredior, -gredi:, -gressus sum [[in, _in_, + gradior, _walk_]], + _advance, enter_ +inimi:cus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + ami:cus, _friendly_]], + _hostile_. + As a noun, inimi:cus, -i:, m. _enemy, foe_. Cf. hostis +initium, ini'ti:, _entrance, beginning_ +initus, -a, -um, part. of ineo:. + inita: aesta:te, _at the beginning of summer_ +iniu:ria, -ae, f. [[in, _against_, + iu:s, _law_]], _injustice, + wrong, injury_. + alicui iniu:ria:s i:nferre, _inflict wrongs upon some one_ +inopia, -ae, f. [[inops, _needy_]], _want, need, lack_ +in-opi:na:ns, -antis, adj. [[in-, _not_, + opi:na:ns, _thinking_]], + _not expecting, taken by surprise_ +inquit, _said he, said she_. Regularly inserted in a direct quotation +in-rigo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _irrigate, water_ +in-rumpo:, -ere, -ru:pi:, -ruptus [[in, _into_, + rumpo:, _break_]], + _burst in, break in_ +in-ruo:, -ere, -rui:,---- [[in, _in_, + ruo:, _rush_]], _rush in_ +i:n-sequor, -sequi:, -secu:tus sum, dep. verb [[in, _on_, + sequor, + _follow_]], _follow on, pursue_ +i:n-signe, -is, n. _badge, decoration_ (Sec. 465.b) +i:nsignis, -e, adj. _remarkable, noted_ +i:nsta:ns, -antis, adj. [[part. of i:nsto, _be at hand_]], _present, + immediate_ +i:n-sto:, -a:re, -stiti:, -statu:rus [[in, _upon_, + sto:, _stand_]], + _stand upon; be at hand; pursue, press on_ +i:nstru:mentum, -i:, n. _instrument_ +i:n-struo:, -ere, -stru:xi:, -stru:ctus [[in, _on_, + struo:, _build_]], + _draw up_ +i:nsula, -ae, f. _island_ +integer, -gra, -grum, _untouched, whole; fresh, new_ +intellego:, -ere, -le:xi:, -le:ctus [[inter, _between_, +lego:, + _choose_]], _perceive, understand_ (Sec. 420.d) +intento:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _aim; threaten_ +inter, prep. with acc. _between, among; during, while_ (Sec. 340) +interfectus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of inter-ficio:, _kill_]], _slain, + dead_ +inter-ficio:, -ere, -fe:ci:, -fectus [[inter, _between_, + facio:, + _make_]], _put out of the way, kill_. Cf. neco:, occi:do:, truci:do: +interim, adv. _meanwhile_ +interior, -ius, adj. _interior, inner_ (Sec. 315) +inter-mitto:, -ere, -mi:si:, -missus, _leave off, suspend_ +interpres, -etis, m. and f. _interpreter_ +inter-rogo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _question_ +inter-sum, -esse, -fui:, -futu:rus [[inter, _between_, +sum, _be_]], + _be present, take part in_, with dat. (Sec. 501.15) +inter-va:llum, -i:, n. _interval, distance_ +intra:, adv. and prep. with acc. _within, in_ +intro:, -a:re, -a:vi, -a:tus, _go into, enter_ +in-venio:, -i:re, -ve:ni:, -ventus [[in, _upon_, +venio:, _come_]], + _find_ +invi:sus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of invideo:, _envy_]], _hated, + detested_ +Iola:us, -i:, m. _I-o-la:'us_, a friend of Hercules +ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron. _that very, this very; self, himself, + herself, itself_, (Sec. 481) +i:ra, -ae, f. _wrath, anger_ +i:ra:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of i:ra:scor, _be angry_]], _angered, + enraged_ +is, ea, id, demonstrative adj. and pron. _this, that; he, she, it_ + (Sec. 481) +iste, -a, -ud, demonstrative adj. and pron. _that_ (of yours), _he, + she, it_ (Sec. 481) +ita, adv. _so, thus_. Cf. si:c and tam +Italia, -ae, f. _Italy_ +ita-que, conj. _and so, therefore_ +item, adv. _also_ +iter, itineris, n. _journey, march, route; way, passage_ + (Secs. 247.1.a; 468). + iter dare, _give a right of way, allow to pass_. + iter facere, _march_ (see p. 159) +iubeo:, -e:re, iussi:, iussus, _order, command_. Usually with the infin. + and subj. acc. (Sec. 213) +iu:dex, -icis, m. and f. _judge_ (Sec. 464.1) +iu:dico:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[iu:dex, _judge_]], _judge, decide_ + (Sec. 420.c) +Iu:lia, -ae, _Julia_, a Roman name +Iu:lius, Iu:li:, m. _Julius_, a Roman name +iungo:, -e:re, iu:nxi:, iu:nctus, _join; yoke, harness_ +Iu:no:, -o:nis, f. _Juno_, the queen of the gods and wife of Jupiter +Iuppiter, Iovis, m. _Jupiter_, the supreme god +iu:ro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _swear, take an oath_ +iussus, -a, -um, part. of iubeo:, _ordered_ + + +L + +L., abbreviation for Lu:cius +labefactus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of labefacio:, _cause to shake_]], + _shaken, weakened, ready to fall_ +Labie:nus, -i:, m. _La-bi-e'nus_, one of Caesar's lieutenants +labor, -o:ris, m. _labor, toil_ +labo:ro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[labor, _labor_]], _labor; suffer, be + hard pressed_ +lacrima, -ae, f. _tear_ +lacus, -u:s (dat. and abl. plur. lacubus), m. _lake_ +laete:, adv. [[laetus, _glad_]], compared laetius, laetissime:, + _gladly_ +laetitia, -ae, f. [[laetus, _glad_]], _joy_ +laetus, -a, -um, adj. _glad, joyful_ +lapis, -idis, m. _stone_ (Secs. 247.2.a; 464.1) +La:r, Laris, m.; plur. Lare:s, -um (rarely -ium), _the Lares_ or + _household, gods_ +la:te:, adv. [[la:tus, _wide_]], compared la:tius, la:tissime:, _widely_ +Latine:, adv. _in Latin_. + Lati:ne: loqui:, _to speak Latin_ +la:titu:do:, -inis, f. [[la:tus, _wide_]], _width_ +La:to:na, -ae, f. _Latona_, mother of Apollo and Diana +latus, -a, -um, adj. _wide_ +la:tus, -eris, n. _side, flank_. + ab utro:que latere, _on each side_ +laudo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[laus, _praise_]], _praise_ +laurea, -ae, f. _laurel_ +laurea:tus, -a, -um, adj. _crowned with laurel_ +laus, laudis, f. _praise_ +lectulus, -i:, m. _couch, bed_ +le:ga:tus, -i:, m. _ambassador; lieutenant_ +legio:, -o:nis, f. [[cf. lego:, _gather_]], (_body of soldiers_), + _legion_, about 3600 men (Sec. 464.2.a) +legio:na:rius, -a, -um, adj. _legionary_. Plur. legio:narii:, -o:rum, m. + _the soldiers of the legion_ +lego:, -ere, le:gi:, le:ctus, _read_ +le:nis, -e, adj. _gentle, smooth, mild_ +le:niter, adv. [[le:nis, _gentle_]], compared le:nius, le:nissime:, + _gently_ +Lentulus, -i, m. _Lentulus_, a Roman family name +leo:, -o:nis, m. _lion_ +Lernaeus, -a, -um, adj. _Lernaeean_, of Lerna, in southern Greece +Lesbia, -ae, f. _Lesbia_, a girl's name +levis, -e, adj. _light_ +le:x, le:gis, f. _measure, law_ +libenter, adv. [[libe:ns, _willing_]], compared libentius, + libentissime:, _willingly, gladly_ +li:ber, -era, -erum, adj. _free_ (Sec. 469.b) +li:beri:, -o:rum, m. [[li:ber, _free_]], _children_ +li:bero:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[li:ber, _free_]], _set free, release, + liberate_ +li:berta:s, -a:tis, f. [[li:ber, _free_]], _freedom, liberty_ +li:ctor, -o:ris, m. _lictor_ (p. 225) +li:mus, -i:, m. _mud_ +littera, -ae, f. _a letter_ of the alphabet; in plur. _a letter, + epistle_ +li:tus, -oris, n. _seashore, beach_ +locus, -i:, m. (plur. loci: and loca, m. and n.), _place, spot_ +longe:, adv. [[longus, _long_]], comp. longius, longissime:, _a long + way off; by far_ +longinquus, -a, -um, adj. [[longus, _long_]], _distant, remote_ +longitu:do:, -inis, f. [[longus, _long_]], _length_ +longus, -a, -um, adj. _long_ +loquor, loqui, locu:tus sum, dep. verb, _talk, speak_ +lo:ri:ca, -ae, f. [[lo:rum, _thong_]], _coat of mail, corselet_ +lu:do:, -ere, lu:si:, lu:sus, _play_ +lu:dus, -i:, m. _play; school_, the elementary grades. Cf. schola +lu:na, -ae, f. _moon_ +lu:x, lu:cis, f. (no gen. plur.), _light_. + pri:ma lu:x, _daybreak_ +Ly:dia, -ae, f. _Lydia_, a girl's name + + +M + +M., abbreviation for Ma:rcus +magicus, -a, -um, adj. _magic_ +magis, adv. in comp. degree [[magnus, _great_]], _more, in a higher + degree_ (Sec. 323) +magister, -tri:, m. _master, commander; teacher_ +magistra:tus, -u:s, m. [[magister, _master_]], _magistracy; + magistrate_ +magnitu:do:, -inis, f. [[magnus, _great_]], _greatness, size_ +magnopere, adv. [[abl. of magnum opus]], compared magis, maxime:, + _greatly, exceedingly_ (Sec. 323) +magnus, -a, -um, adj., compared maior, maximus, _great, large; + strong, loud_ (Sec. 311) +maior, maius, -o:ris, adj., comp. of magnus, _greater, larger_ (Sec. + 311) +maio:re:s, -um, m. plur. of maior, _ancestors_ +ma:lo:, ma:lle, ma:lui:, ---- [[magis, _more_, + volo:, _wish_]], _wish + more, prefer_ (Sec. 497) +malus, -a, -um, adj., compared peior, pessimus, _bad, evil_ (Sec. 311) +mando:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[manus, _hand_, + do:, _put_]], _(put in + hand), intrust; order, command_ +maneo:, -e:re, ma:nsi:, ma:nsu:rus, _stay, remain, abide_ +Ma:nlius, Ma:nli:, m. _Manlius_, a Roman name +ma:nsue:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of ma:nsue:sco:, _tame_]], _tamed_ +manus, -u:s, f. _hand; force, band_ +Ma:rcus, -i:, m. _Marcus, Mark_, a Roman first name +mare, -is, n. (no gen. plur.), _sea_. + mare tene:re, _be out to sea_ +margo:, -inis, m. _edge, border_ +mari:tus, -i:, m. _husband_ +Marius, Mari:, m. _Marius_, a Roman name, esp. _C. Marius_, the general +Ma:rtius, -a, -um, adj. _of Mars_, esp. the _Campus Martius_ +ma:ter, -tris, f. _mother_ +ma:trimo:nium, ma:trimo:'ni:, n. _marriage_. + in ma:trimo:nium du:cere, _marry_ +ma:tu:ro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _hasten_. Cf. contendo:, propero: +ma:tu:rus, -a, -um, adj. _ripe, mature_ +maxime:, adv. in superl. degree [[maximus, _greatest_]], compared + magnopere, magis, maxime:, _especially, very much_ (Sec. 323) +maximus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of magnus, _greatest, extreme_ + (Sec. 311) +medius, -a, -um, adj. _middle part; middle, intervening_ +melior, -ius, -o:ris, adj., comp. of bonus, _better_ (Sec. 311) +melius, adv. in comp. degree, compared bene, melius, optime:, + _better_ (Sec. 323) +memoria, -ae, f. [[memor, _mindful_]], _memory_. + memoria: tene:re, _remember_ +me:ns, mentis, f. _mind_. Cf. animus +me:nsis, -is, m. _month_ (Sec. 247.2. a) +merca:tor, -o:ris, m. [[mercor, _trade_]], _trader, merchant_ +meri:dia:nus, -a, -um, adj. [[meri:die:s, _noon_]], _of midday_ +meri:die:s, ---- (acc. -em, abl. -e:), m. [[medius, _mid_, + + die:s, _day_]], _noon_ +metus, -u:s, m. _fear, dread_ +meus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. _my, mine_ (Sec. 98) +mi:les, -itis, m. _soldier_ (Sec. 464.1) +mi:lita:ris, -e, adj. [[mi:les, _soldier_]], _military_. + re:s mi:lita:ris, _science of war_ +mi:lito:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[mi:les, _soldier_]], _serve as a + soldier_ +mi:lle, plur. mi:lia, -ium, numeral adj. and subst. _thousand_ (Sec. + 479) +minime:, adv. in superl. degree, compared parum, minus, minime:, + _least, very little; by no means_ (Sec. 323) +minimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared parvus, minor, + minimus, _least, smallest_ (Sec. 311) +minor, minus, -o:ris, adj. in comp. degree, compared parvus, minor, + minimus, _smaller, less_ (Sec. 311) +Mi:no:s, -o:is, m. _Minos_, a king of Crete +minus, adv. in comp. degree, compared parum, minus, minime:, _less_ + (Sec. 323) +Minyae, -a:rum, m. _the Minyae_, a people of Greece +mi:ra:bilis, -e, adj. [[mi:ror, _wonder at_]], _wonderful, marvelous_ +mi:ror, -a:ri:, -a:tus sum, dep. verb [[mi:rus, _wonderful_]], _wonder, + marvel, admire_ +mi:rus, -a, -um, adj. _wonderful_ +Mi:se:num, -i:, _Mise'num_, a promontory and harbor on the coast of + Campania. See map +miser, -era, -erum, adj. _wretched, unhappy, miserable_ +missus, -a, -um, part. of mitto:, _sent_ +mitto:, -ere, mi:si:, missus, _send_ +modicus, -a, -um [[modus, _measure_]], _modest, ordinary_ +modo, adv. [[abl. of modus, _measure_, with shortened o]], _only, + merely, just now_. + modo ... modo, _now ... now, sometimes ... sometimes_ +modus, -i:, m. _measure; manner, way; kind_ +moenia, -ium, n. plur. [[cf. mu:nio:, _fortify_]], _walls, ramparts_ +moleste:, adv. [[molestus, _troublesome_]], compared molestius, + molestissime:, _annoyingly_. + moleste: ferre, _to be annoyed_ +molestus, -a, -um, _troublesome, annoying, unpleasant_ (Sec. 501.16) +moneo:, -e:re, -ui:, -itus, _remind, advise, warn_ (Sec. 489) +mo:ns, montis, m. _mountain_ (Sec. 247.2. a) +mo:nstrum, -i:, n. _monster_ +mora, -ae, f. _delay_ +moror, -a:ri:, -a:tus sum, dep. verb [[mora, _delay_]], _delay, linger; + impede_ +mors, mortis, f. [[cf. morior, _die_]], _death_ +mo:s, mo:ris, m. _custom, habit_ +mo:tus, -u:s, m. [[cf. moveo:, _move_]], _motion, movement_. + terrae mo:tus, _earthquake_ +moveo:, -e:re, mo:vi:, mo:tus, _move_ +mox, adv. _soon, presently_ +mulier, -eris, f. _woman_ +multitu:do:, -inis, f. [[multus, _much_]], _multitude_ +multum (multo:), adv. [[multus, _much_]], compared plu:s, plu:rimum, + _much_ (Sec. 477) +multus, -a, -um, adj., compared plu:s, plu:rimus, _much_; plur. _many_ + (Sec. 311) +mu:nio:, -i:re, -i:vi: or -ii:, -i:tus, _fortify, defend_ +mu:ni:tio:, -o:nis, f. [[mu:nio:, _fortify_]], _defense, fortification_ +mu:rus, -i:, m. _wall_. Cf. moenia +mu:sica, -ae, f. _music_ + + +N + +nam, conj. _for_. Cf. enim +nam-que, conj., a strengthened nam, introducing a reason or + explanation, _for, and in fact; seeing that_ +na:rro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _tell, relate_ +na:scor, na:sci:, na:tus sum, dep. verb, _be born, spring from_ +na:tu:ra, -ae, f. _nature_ +na:tus, part. of na:scor +nauta, -ae, m. [[for na:vita, from na:vis, _ship_]], _sailor_ +na:va:lis, -e, adj. [[na:vis, _ship_]], _naval_ +na:vigium, na:vi'gi:, n. _ship, boat_ +na:vigo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[na:vis, _ship_, + ago:, _drive_]], + _sail, cruise_ +na:vis, -is (abl. -i: or -e), f. _ship_ (Sec. 243.1). + na:vem co:nscendere, _embark, go on board_. + na:vem solvere, _set sail_. + na:vis longa, _man-of-war_ +ne:, conj. and adv. _in order that not, that_ (with verbs of fearing), + _lest; not_. + ne: ... quidem, _not even_ +-ne, interrog. adv., enclitic (see Secs. 16, 210). Cf. no:nne and num +nec or neque, conj. [[ne:, _not_, + que, _and_]], _and not, nor_. + nec ... nec or neque ... neque, _neither ... nor_ +necessa:rius, -a, -um, adj. _needful, necessary_ +neco:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[cf. nex, _death_]], _kill_. Cf. interficio:, + occi:do:, truci:do: +nego:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _deny, say not_ (Sec. 420.a) +nego:tium, nego:'ti:, n. [[nec, _not_, + o:tium, _ease_]], _business, + affair, matter_. + alicui nego:tium dare, _to employ some one_ +Nemaeus, -a, -um, adj. _Neme'an, of Neme'a_, in southern Greece +ne:mo, dat. ne:mini: (gen. nu:lli:us, abl. nu:llo:, supplied from + nu:llus), m. and f. [[ne:, _not_, + homo:, _man_]], _(not a man), + no one, nobody_ +Neptu:nus, -i:, m. _Neptune_, god of the sea, brother of Jupiter +neque, see nec +neuter, -tra, -trum (gen. -tri:us, dat. -tri:), adj. _neither_ (of + two) (Sec. 108) +ne:-ve, conj. adv. _and not, and that not, and lest_ +nihil, n. indecl. [[ne:, _not_, + hi:lum, _a whit_]], _nothing_. + nihil posse, _to have no power_ +nihilum, -i:, n., see nihil +Niobe:, -e:s, f. _Ni'obe_, the queen of Thebes whose children were + destroyed by Apollo and Diana +nisi, conj. [[ne:, _not_, + si:, _if_]], _if not, unless, except_ +no:bilis, -e, adj. _well known; noble_ +noceo:, -e:re, -ui:, -itu:rus [[cf. neco:, _kill_]], _hurt, injure_, + with dat. (Sec. 501.14) +noctu:, abl. used as adv. [[cf. nox, _night_]], _at night, by night_ +No:la, -ae, f. _Nola_, a town in central Campania. See map +no:lo:, no:lle, no:lui:, ---- [[ne, _not_, + volo:, _wish_]], _not to + wish, be unwilling_ (Sec. 497) +no:men, -inis, n. [[cf. no:sco:, _know_]], _(means of knowing), name_ +no:mino:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[no:men, _name_]], _name, call_. Cf. + appello:, voco: +no:n, adv. [[ne:, _not_, + u:num, _one_]], _not_. + no:n so:lum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_ +no:n-dum, adv. _not yet_ +no:n-ne, interrog. adv. suggesting an affirmative answer, _not?_ + (Sec. 210). Cf. -ne and num +no:s, pers. pron. _we_ (see ego) (Sec. 480) +noster, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. _our, ours_. Plur. + nostri:, -o:rum, m. _our men_ (Sec. 98) +novem, indecl. numeral adj. _nine_ +novus, -a, -um, adj. _new_. + novae re:s, _a revolution_ +nox, noctis, f. _night_, multa: nocte, _late at night_ +nu:llus, -a, -um (gen. -i:us, dat. -i:) adj. [[ne:, _not_, + + u:llus, _any_]], _not any, none, no_ (Sec. 108) +num, interrog. adv. suggesting a negative answer (Sec. 210). Cf. -ne and + no:nne. In indir. questions, _whether_ +numerus, -i:, m. _number_ +numquam, adv. [[ne:, _not_, + umquam, _ever_]], _never_ +nunc, adv. _now_. Cf. iam +nu:ntio:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[nu:ntius, _messenger_]], _report, + announce_ (Sec. 420.a) +nu:ntius, nu:nti:, m. _messenger_ +nu:per, adv. _recently, lately, just now_ +nympha, -ae, f. _nymph_ + + +O + +ob, prep. with acc. _on account of_. In compounds it often means _in + front of, against_, or it is intensive. + quam ob rem, _for this reason_ (Sec. 340) +obses, -idis, m. and f. _hostage_ +ob-sideo:,-e:re,-se:di:, -sessus [[ob, _against_, + sedeo:, _sit_]], + _besiege_ +obtineo:, -e:re, -ui:, -tentus [[ob, _against_, + teneo:, _hold_]], + _possess, occupy, hold_ +occa:sio:, -o:nis, f. _favorable opportunity, favorable moment_ +occa:sus, -u:s, m. _going down, setting_ +occi:do:, -ere, -ci:di:, -ci:sus [[ob, _down_, + caedo:, _strike_]], + _strike down; cut down, kill_. Cf. interficio:, neco: +occupo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[ob, _completely_, + capio:, _take_]], + _seize, take possession of, occupy_. Cf. rapio +oc-curro:, -ere, -curri:, -cursus [[ob, _against_ + curro:, _run_]], + _run towards; meet_, with dat. (Sec. 426) +o:ceanus, -i:, m. _the ocean_ +octo:, indecl. numeral adj. _eight_ +oculus, -i:, m. _eye_ +officium, offi'ci:, n. _duty_ +o:lim, adv. _formerly, once upon a time_ +o:men, -inis, n. _sign, token, omen_ +o:-mitto:, -ere, -mi:si:, -missus [[ob, _over, past_, + mitto:, + _send_]], _let go, omit_. + consilium omittere, _give up a plan_ +omni:no:, adv. [[omnis, _all_]], _altogether, wholly, entirely_ +omnis, -e, adj. _all, every._ Cf. to:tus +onera:ria, -ae, f. [[onus, _load_]], with na:vis expressed or + understood, _merchant vessel, transport_ +onus, -eris, n. _load, burden_ +opi:nio:, -o:nis, f. [[opi:nor, _suppose_]], _opinion, supposition, + expectation_ +oppida:nus, -i:, m. [[oppidum, _town_]], _townsman_ +oppidum, -i:, n. _town, stronghold_ +opportu:nus, -a, -um, adj. _suitable, opportune, favorable_ +op-primo:, -ere, -pressi:, -pressus [[ob, _against_, + premo:, + _press_]], (_press against_), _crush; surprise_ +oppugna:tio:, -o:nis, f. _storming, assault_ +oppugno:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[ob, _against_, + pugno: _fight_]], + _fight against, assault, storm, assail_ +optime:, adv. in superl. degree, compared bene, melius, optime:, _very + well, best of all_ (Sec. 323) +optimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared bonus, melior, + optimus, _best, most excellent_ (Sec. 311) +opus, -eris, n. _work, labor, task_ (Sec. 464.2.b) +o:ra:culum, -i:, n. [[o:ro:, _speak_]], _oracle_ +o:ra:tor, -o:ris, m. [[o:ro:, _speak_]], _orator_ +orbis, -is, m. _ring, circle_. + orbis terra:rum, _the earth, world_ +orbita, -ae, f. [[orbis, _wheel_]], _rut_ +Orcus, -i:, m. _Orcus, the lower world_ +o:rdo:, -inis, m. _row, order, rank_ (Sec. 247.2.a) +ori:go, -inis, f. [[orior, _rise_]], _source, origin_ +orior, -i:ri:, ortus sum, dep. verb, _arise, rise, begin; spring, be + born_ +o:rna:mentum, -i:, n. [[o:rno:, _fit out_]], _ornament, jewel_ +o:rna:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of o:rno:, _fit out_]] _fitted out; + adorned_ +o:rno:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _fit out, adorn_ + + +P + +P., abbreviation for Pu:blius +paene, adv. _nearly, almost_ +palu:da:mentum, -i:, n. _military cloak_ +palu:s, -u:dis, f. _swamp, marsh_ +pa:nis, -is, m. _bread_ +pa:r, paris, adj. _equal_ (Sec. 471. III) +para:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of paro:, _prepare_]], _prepared, + ready_ +parco:, -ere, peper'ci: (parsi:), parsu:rus, _spare_, with dat. + (Sec. 501.14) +pa:reo:, -e:re, -ui:, ----, _obey_, with dat. (Sec. 501.14) +paro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _prepare for, prepare; provide, procure_ +pars, partis, f. _part, share; side, direction_ +parum, adv., compared minus, minime:, _too little, not enough_ (Sec. + 323) +parvus, -a, -um, adj., compared minor, minimus, _small, little_ + (Sec. 311) +passus, -u:s, m. _step, pace_. + mi:lle passuum, _thousand paces, mile_ (Sec. 331.b) +pateo:, -e:re, patui:, ----, _lie open, be open; stretch, extend_ +pater, -tris, m. _father_ (Sec. 464.2.a) +patior, -i:, passus sum, dep. verb, _bear, suffer, allow, permit_ +patria, -ae, f. [[cf. pater, _father_]], _fatherland_, (_one's_) + _country_ +paucus, -a, -um, adj. (generally plur.), _few, only a few_ +paulisper, adv. _for a little while_ +paulo:, adv. _by a little, little_ +paulum adv. _a little, somewhat_ +pa:x, pa:cis, f. (no gen. plur.), _peace_ +pecu:nia, -ae, f. [[pecus, _cattle_]], _money_ +pedes, -itis, m. [[pe:s, _foot_]], _foot soldier_ +pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. [[pe:s, _foot_]], _on foot; by land_ +peior, peius, -o:ris, adj. in comp. degree, compared malus, peior, + pessimus, _worse_ (Sec. 311) +pellis, -is, f. _skin, hide_ +penna, -ae, f. _feather_ +per, prep. with acc. _through, by means of, on account of_. In + composition it often has the force of _thoroughly, completely, very_ + (Sec. 340) +percussus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of percutio:, _strike through_]], + _pierced_ +per-du:co:, -ere, -du:xi:, -ductus [[per, _through_, + du:co:, _lead_]], + _lead through_. + fossam perdu:cere, _to construct a ditch_ +per-exiguus, -a, -um, adj. [[per, _very_, + exiguus, _small_]], + _very small, very short_ +perfidus, -a, -um, adj. _faithless, treacherous, false_ +per-fringo:, -ere, -fre:gi:, -fra:ctus [[per, _through_, frango:, + _break_]], _shatter_ +pergo:, -ere, perre:xi:, perre:ctus [[per, _through_, + rego:, + _conduct_]], _go on, proceed, hasten_ +peri:culum, -i:, n. _trial, test; danger_ +peristy:lum, -i:, n. _peristyle_, an open court with columns around it +peri:tus, -a, -um, adj. _skillful_ +perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. _perpetual_ +Perseus, -ei:, _Perseus_, a Greek hero, son of Jupiter and Danae +perso:na, -ae, f. _part, character, person_ +per-sua:deo:, -e:re, -sua:si:, -sua:sus [[per, _thoroughly_, + sua:deo:, + _persuade_]], _persuade, advise_, with dat. (Sec. 501.14), often + with an object clause of purpose (Sec. 501.41) +per-terreo:, -e:re, -ui:, -itus [[per, _thoroughly_, + terreo:, + _frighten_]], _thoroughly terrify, alarm_ +per-venio:, -i:re, -ve:ni:, -ventus [[per, _through_, + venio:, + _come_]], _arrive, reach, come to_ +pe:s, pedis, m. _foot_. + pedem referre, _retreat_ (Sec. 247.2.a) +pessimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared malus, peior, + pessimus, _worst_ (Sec. 311) +peto:, -ere, -i:vi: or -ii:, -i:tus, _strive for, seek, beg, ask; make + for, travel to_. Cf. postulo:, quaero:, rogo: +Pharsa:lus, -i:, f. _Pharsa'lus_ or _Pharsa'lia_, a town in Thessaly, + near which Cassar defeated Pompey, 48 B.C. +philosophia, -ae, f. _philosophy_ +philosophus, -i:, m. _philosopher_ +pictus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of pingo:, _paint_]], _colored, + variegated_ +pi:lum, -i:, n. _spear, javelin_ (Sec. 462.b) +pisci:na, -ae, f. [[piscis, _fish_]], _fish pond_ +piscis, -is, m. _fish_ +pi:stor, -o:ris, m. _baker_ +placeo:. -e:re, -ui:, -itus, _please, be pleasing_, with dat. (Sec. + 501.14) +pla:nitie:s, -e:i:, f. [[pla:nus, _level_]], _plain_ +pla:nus, -a, -um, adj. _level, flat_ +ple:nus, -a, -um, _full_ +plu:rimum, adv. in superl. degree, compared multum, plu:s, plu:rimum, + _very much_. + plu:rimum vale:re, _be most influential_ (Sec. 322) +plu:rimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared multus, plu:s, + plu:rimus, _most, very many_ (Sec. 311) +plu:s, plu:ris, adj. in comp. degree, compared multus, plu:s, plu:rimus; + sing. n. as substantive, _more_; plur. _more, several_ (Sec. 311) +pluteus, -i:, m. _shield, parapet_ +poena, -ae, f. _punishment, penalty_ +poe:ta, -ae, m. _poet_ +pompa, -ae, f. _procession_ +Pompe:ii:, -o:rum, m. _Pompeii_, a city of Campania. See map +Pompe:ius, Pompe:'i:, m. _Pompey_, a Roman name +po:mum, -i:, n. _apple_ +po:no:, -ere, posui:, positus, _put, place_. + castra po:nere, _pitch camp_ +po:ns, pontis, m. _bridge_ (Sec. 247.2.a) +popi:na, -ae, f. _restaurant_ +populus, -i:, m. _people_ +Porsena, -ae, m. _Porsena_, king of Etruria, a district of Italy. + See map +porta, -ae, f. _gate, door_ +porto:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _bear, carry_ +portus, -u:s, m. [[cf. porta, _gate_]], _harbor_ +possideo:, -e:re, -se:di:, -sessus, _have, own, possess_ +possum, posse, potui:, ----, irreg. verb [[potis, _able_, + sum, + _I am_]], _be able, can_ (Sec. 495). + nihil posse, _have no power_ +post, prep, with acc. _after, behind_ (Sec. 340) +postea:, adv. [[post, _after_, + ea:, _this_]], _afterwards_ +(posterus), -a, -um, adj., compared posterior, postre:mus or + postumus, _following, next_ (Sec. 312) +postquam, conj. _after, as soon as_ +postre:mo:, adv. [[abl. of postre:mus, _last_]], _at last, finally_. + Cf. de:mum, de:nique (Sec. 322) +postri:die:, adv. [[postero:, _next_, + die:, _day_]], _on the next + day_ +postulo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _ask, demand, require_. Cf. peto:, + quaero:, rogo: +potentia, -ae, f. [[pote:ns, _able_]], _might, power, force_ +prae-beo:, -e:re, -ui:, -itus [[prae, _forth_, + habeo:, _hold_]], + _offer, give_ +praeda, -ae, f. _booty, spoil, plunder_ +prae-di:co:, -ere, -di:xi:, -dictus [[prae, _before_, + di:co:, + _tell_]], _foretell, predict_ +prae-ficio:, -ere, -fe:ci:, -fectus [[prae, _before_, + facio:, + _make_]], _place in command_, with acc. and dat. (Sec. 501.15) +prae-mitto:, -ere, -mi:si:, -missus [[prae, _forward_, + mitto:, + _send_]], _send forward_ +praemium, praemi:, n. _reward, prize_ +praeruptus, -a, -um [[part. of prae-rumpo:, _break off_]], _broken + off, steep_ +praese:ns, -entis, adj. _present, immediate_ +praesertim, adv. _especially, chiefly_ +praesidium, praesi'di, n. _guard, garrison, protection_ +prae-sto:, -a:re, -stiti:, -stitus [[prae, _before_, + sto, + _stand_]], (_stand before_), _excel, surpass_, with dat. (Sec. + 501.15); _show, exhibit_ +prae-sum, -esse, -fui:, -futu:rus [[prae, _before_, + sum, _be_]], + _be over, be in command of_, with dat. (Sec. 501.15) +praeter, prep, with acc. _beyond, contrary to_ (Sec. 340) +praeterea:, adv. [[praeter, _besides_, + ea:, _this_]], _in + addition, besides, moreover_ +praetextus, -a, -um, adj. _bordered, edged_ +praeto:rium, praeto:'ri:, n. _praetorium_ +prandium, prandi:, n. _luncheon_ +premo:, -ere, pressi:, pressus, _press hard, compress; crowd, drive, + harass_ +(prex, precis), f. _prayer_ +pri:mo:, adv. [[pri:mus, _first_]], _at first, in the beginning_ (Sec. + 322) +pri:mum, adv. [[pri:mus, _first_]], _first_. + quam primum, _as soon as possible_ +pri:mus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared prior, pri:mus, + _first_ (Sec. 315) +pri:nceps, -cipis, m. [[pri:mus, _first_, + capio:, _take_]], + (_taking the first place_), _chief, leader_ (Sec. 464.1) +prior, prius, -o:ris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., pri:mus, _former_ + (Sec. 315) +pri:stinus, -a, -um, adj. _former, previous_ +pro:, prep, with abl. _before; for, for the sake of, in behalf of; + instead of, as_ (Sec. 209). In composition, _forth, forward_ +pro:-ce:do:, -ere, -cussi:, -cessu:rus [[pro:, _forward_, + ce:do:, + _go_]], _go forward, proceed_ +procul, adv. _far, afar off_ +pro:-curro:, -ere, -curri: (-cucurri:), -cur-sus [[pro:, _forward_, + + curro:, _run_]], _run forward_ +proelium, proeli, n. _battle, combat_. + proelium committere, _join battle_. + proelium facere, _fight a battle_ +profectio:, -o:nis, f. _departure_ +profici:scor, -i:, -fectus sum, dep. verb, _set out, march_. Cf. + e:gredior, exeo: +pro:-gredior, -i:, -gressus sum, dep. verb [[pro:, _forth_, + + gradior, _go_]], _go forth, proceed, advance_. Cf. pergo:, + pro:ce:do: +pro:gressus, see pro:gredior +prohibeo:, -e:re, -ui:, -itus [[pro:, _forth, away from_, + habeo:, + _hold_]], _keep away from, hinder, prevent_ +pro:-moveo:, -e:re, -mo:vi:, -mo:tus [[pro:, _forward_, + moveo:, + _move_]], _move forward, advance_ +pro:-nu:ntio:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[pro:, _forth_, + nu:ntio:, + _announce_]], _proclaim, declare_ +prope, adv., compared propius, proxi-me:, _nearly_. Prep, with acc. + _near_ +pro:-pello:, -ere, -puli:, -pulsus [[pro:, _forth_, + pello:, + _drive_]], _drive forth; move, impel_ +propero:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[properus, _quick]], go quickly, + hasten_. Cf. contendo:, maturo: +propinquus, -a, -um, adj. [[prope, _near]], near, neighboring_ +propior, -ius, -o:ris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., proximus, + _nearer_ (Sec. 315) +propius, adv. in comp. degree, compared prope, propius, proxime:, + _nearer_ (Sec. 323) +propter, prep. with acc. _on account of, because of_ (Sec. 340) +pro:-scri:bo:, -ere, -scri:psi:, -scriptus [[pro:, _forth_, + scribo:, + _write_]], _proclaim, publish_. Cf. pro:nu:ntio: +pro:-sequor, -sequi:, -secu:tus sum, dep. verb [[pro:, _forth_, + + sequor, _follow]], escort, attend_ +pro:-sum, pro:desse, pro:fui:, pro:futu:rus [[pro:, _for_, + sum, _be_]], + _be useful, benefit_, with dat. (Secs. 496; 501.15) +pro:-tego:, -ere, -te:x=i], -te:ctus [[pro:, _in front_, + tego:, + _cover]], cover in front, protect_ +pro:vincia, -ae, f. _territory, province_ +proxime:, adv. in superl. degree, compared prope, propius, proxime:, + _nearest, next; last, most recently_ (Sec. 323) +proximus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared propior, + proximus, _nearest, next_ (Sec. 315) +pu:blicus, -a, -um, adj. [[populus,_people_]], _of the people, + public_, res pu:blica, _the commonwealth_ +puella, -ae, f. [[diminutive of puer, _boy_]], _girl, maiden_ +puer, -eri, m. _boy; slave_ (Sec. 462.c) +pugna, -ae, f _-fight, battle._ Cf. proelium +pugno:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[pugna, _battle]], fight_. Cf. contendo:, + di:mico: +pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. _beautiful, pretty_ (Secs. 469.b; 304) +Pullo:, -o:nis, m. _Pullo_, a centurion +pulso:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _strike, beat_ +puppis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -i:), f. _stern_ of a ship, _deck_ +pu:re:, adv. [[pu:rus, _pure_]], comp. pu:rius, _purely_ +pu:rgo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _cleanse, clean_ +purpureus, -a, -um, adj. _purple, dark red_ +puto:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _reckon, think_ (Sec. 420,_c_). Cf. arbitror, + exi:stimo: +Py:thia, -ae, f. _Pythia_, the inspired priestess of Apollo at Delphi + + +Q + +qua: de: causa:, _for this reason, wherefore_ +qua: re:, _therefore, for this reason_ +quaero:, -ere, -si:vi:, -si:tus, _seek, ask, inquire_. Cf. peto:, postulo:, + rogo: +qua:lis, -e, interrog. pronom. adj. _of what sort, what kind of_. + talis ... qualis, _such ... as_ +quam, adv. _how_; after a comparative, _than_; with a superlative, + translated _as ... as possible_, quam pri:mum, _as soon as possible_ +quantus, -a, -um, adj. [[quam, _how]], how great, how much_, + tantus ... quantus, _as great as_ +qua:rtus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [[quattuor, _four_]], _fourth_ +quattuor, indecl. numeral adj. _four_ +quattuor-decim, indecl. numeral adj. _fourteen_ +-que, conj., enclitic, _and_ (Sec. 16). Cf. ac, atque, et +qui:, quae, quod, rel. pron. and adj. _who, which, what, that_ (Sec. + 482) +quia, conj. _because_. Cf. quod +qui:dam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), indef. pron. and adj. _a certain + one, a certain, a_ (Sec. 485). +quidem, adv. _to be sure, certainly, indeed_, ne: ... quidem, _not + even_ +quie:s, -e:tis, f. _rest, repose_ +quie:tus, -a, -um, adj. _quiet, restful_ +qui:ndecim, indecl. numeral adj. _fifteen_ +qui:ngenti:, -ae, -a, numeral adj. _five hundred_ +qui:nque, indecl. numeral adj. _five_ +qui:ntus, -a, -um, numeral adj. _fifth_ +quis (qui:), quae, quid (quod), interrog. pron. and adj. _who? what? + which?_ (Sec. 483). +quis (qui:), qua (quae), quid (quod), indef. pron. and adj., used after + si:, nisi, ne:, num, _any one, anything, some one, something, any, + some_ (Sec. 484). +quisquam, quicquam or quidquam (no fem. or plur.), indef. pron. _any + one_ (at all), _anything_ (at all) (Sec. 486). +quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), indef. pron. and adj. _each, each + one, every_ (Sec. 484). +quo:, interrog. and rel. adv. _whither, where_ +quo:, conj. _in order to, that_, with comp. degree (Sec. 350). +quod, conj. _because, in that_. Cf. quia +quoque, conj., following an emphatic word, _also, too_. Cf. etiam +quot-anni:s, adv. [[quot, _how many_ + annus, _year_]], _every + year, yearly_ +quotie:ns, interrog. and rel. adv. _how often? as often as_ + + +R + +ra:di:x, -i:cis, f. _root; foot_ +rapio:, -ere, -ui:, -tus, _seize, snatch_ +ra:ro:, adv. [[ra:rus, _rare_]], _rarely_ +ra:rus, -a, -um, adj. _rare_ +re- or red-, an inseparable prefix, _again, back, anew, in return_ +rebellio:, -o:nis, f. _renewal of war, rebellion_ +rece:ns, -entis, adj. _recent_ +re-cipio:, -ere, -ce:pi:, -ceptus [[re-, _back_, + capio:, _take_]], + _take back, receive_. + se: recipere, _withdraw, retreat_ +re-cli:na:tus, -a, -um, part. of recli:no:, _leaning back_ +re-crea:tus, -a, -um, part. of recreo:, _refreshed_ +re:ctus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of rego:, _keep straight_]], _straight, + direct_ +re-cu:so:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _refuse_ +red-a:ctus, -a, -um, part. of redigo:, _reduced, subdued_ +red-eo:, -i:re, -ii:, -itus [[red-, _back_, + eo:, _go_]], _go back, + return_ (Sec. 413). Cf. reverto: +reditus, -u:s, m. [[cf. redeo:, _return_]], _return, going back_ +re-du:co:, -ere, -du:xi:, -ductus [[re-, _back_, + du:co:, _lead_]], + _lead back_ +re-fero:, -ferre, rettuli:, -la:tus [[re-, _back_, + fero:, _bear_]], + _bear back; report_. + pedem referre, _withdraw, retreat_ +re-ficio:, -ere, -fe:ci:, -fectus [[re-, _again_, + facio:, _make_]], + _make again, repair_. + se: reficere, _refresh one's self_ +re:gi:na, -ae, f. [[re:x, _king_]], _queen_ +regio:, -o:nis, f. _region, district_ +re:gnum, -i:, n. _sovereignty; kingdom_ +rego:, -ere, re:xi:, re:ctus [[cf. re:x, _king_]], _govern, rule_ (Sec. + 490) +re-icio:, -ere, -ie:ci:, -iectus [[re-, _back_, + iacio:, _hurl_]], + _hurl back; throw away_ +re-linquo:, -ere, -li:qui:, -lictus [[re-, _behind_, + linquo:, + _leave_]], _leave behind, leave, abandon_ +reliquus, -a, -um, adj. [[cf. relinquo:, _leave_]], _left over, + remaining_. As a noun, plur. _the rest_ +remo:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of re-moveo:, _remove_]], _remote, + distant_ +re-moveo:, -e:re, -mo:vi:, -motus [[re-, _back_, + moveo:, _move_]], + _remove_ +re:mus, -i:, m. _oar_ +re-perio:, -i:re, repperi:, repertus, _find_ +re-porto:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[re-, _back_, + porto:, _carry_]], + _carry back, bring back, win, gain_ +re:s, rei:, f. _thing, business, matter, deed, event, circumstance_ + (Sec. 467). + quam ob rem, _for this reason_. + re:s adversae, _adversity_. + re:s fru:menta:ria, _grain supplies_. + re:s gestae, _exploits_. + re:s milita:ris, _science of war_. + re:s pu:blica, _the commonwealth_. + re:s secundae, _prosperity_ +re-scindo:, -ere, -scidi:, -scissus [[re-, _back_, + scindo:, + _cut_]], _cut off, cut down_ +re-sisto:, -ere, -stiti:, ---- [[re-, _back_, + sisto:, _cause to + stand_]], _oppose, resist_, with dat. (Sec. 501.14) +re-spondeo:, -e:re, -spondi:, -spo:nsus [[re-, _in return_, + spondeo:, + _promise_]], answer, reply (Sec. 420.a) +re-verto:, -ere, -i:, ----, or dep. verb re-vertor, -i:, -sus sum + [[re-, _back_, + verto:, _turn_]], _turn back, return_. Usually + active in the perf. system +re-vincio:, -i:re, -vi:nxi:, -vi:nctus [[re-, _back_, + vincio:, + _bind_]], _fasten_ +re:x, re:gis, m. [[cf. rego:, _rule_]], _king_ +Rhe:nus, -i:, m. _the Rhine_, a river of Germany +ri:pa, -ae, f. _bank_ +rogo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _ask_. Cf. peto:, postulo:, quaero: +Ro:ma, -ae, f. _Rome_. See map +Ro:ma:nus, -a, -um, adj. [[Ro:ma, _Rome_]], _Roman_, follows its noun. + As a noun, m. and f. _a Roman_ +rosa, -ae, f. _rose_ +ro:strum, -i:, n. _beak_ of a ship. In plur., _the rostra_, the + speaker's stand in the Roman Forum +rota, -ae, f. _wheel_ +Rubico:, -o:nis, m. _the Rubicon_, a river in northern Italy. See map +ru:mor, -o:ris, m. _report, rumor_ +ru:rsus, adv. [[for reversus, _turned back_]], _again, in turn_ +ru:s, ru:ris (locative abl. ru:ri:, no gen., dat., or abl. plur.), n. + _the country_ (Sec. 501.36.1). Cf. ager, patria, terra + + +S + +Sabi:nus, -a, -um, adj. _Sabine_. As a noun, m. and f. _a Sabine_. The + Sabines were an ancient people of central Italy. See map +sacrum, -i:, n. [[sacer, _consecrated_]], _something consecrated, + sacrifice;_ usually in plur., _religious rites_ +saepe, adv., compared saepius, saepissime:, _often, frequently_ +saevus, -a, -um, adj. _cruel, savage_ +sagitta, -ae, f. _arrow_ +salio:, -i:re, -ui:, saltus, _jump_ +salu:s, -u:tis, f. _safety; health_. + salu:tem di:cere, _send greetings_ +salu:to:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[salu:s, _health_]], _greet, salute_ +salve:, imv. of salveo:, _hail, greetings_ +sanguis, -inis, m. _blood_ (Sec. 247.2.a] +sa:nita:s, -a:tis, f. [[sa:nus, _sound_]], _health, sanity_ +sapie:ns, -entis, adj. [[part. of sapio:, _be wise_]], _wise, + sensible_ +satis, adv. and indecl. noun, _enough, sufficient, sufficiently_ +saxum, -i:, n. _rock, stone_ +scelus, -eris, n. _crime, sin_ +sce:ptrum, -i:, n. _scepter_ +schola, -ae, f. _school_, the higher grades. Cf. lu:dus +scientia, -ae, f. [[scie:ns, _knowing_]], _skill, knowledge, science_ +scindo:, -ere, scidi:, scissus, _cut, tear_ +scio:, -i:re, -i:vi:, -i:tus, _know_ (Sec. 420.b). Cf. cogno:sco: +scri:bo:, -ere, scri:psi:, scri:ptus, _write_ +scu:tum, -i:, n. _shield, buckler_ +se:, see sui: +se:cum = se: + cum +secundus, -a, -um, adj. [[sequor, _follow_]], _following, next, + second; favorable, successful_. + re:s secundae, _prosperity_ +sed, conj. _but, on the contrary_. + no:n so:lum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_ +se:decim, indecl. numeral adj. _sixteen_ +sedeo:, -e:re, se:di:, sessus, _sit_ +semper, adv. _always, forever_ +sena:tus, -u:s, m. [[cf. senex, _old_]], _council of elders, senate_ +sentio:, -i:re, se:nsi:, se:nsus, _feel, know, perceive_ (Sec. 420.d). + Cf. intellego:, video: +septem, indecl. numeral adj. _seven_ +septimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. _seventh_ +sequor, -i:, secu:tus sum, dep. verb, _follow_ (Sec. 493) +serpe:ns, -entis, f. [[serpo:, _crawl_]], _serpent, snake_ +sertae, -a:rum, f. plur. _wreaths, garlands_ +servitu:s, -u:tis, f. [[servus, _slave_]], _slavery, servitude_ +servo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _save, rescue, keep_ +servus, -i:, m. _slave_ +se:se:, emphatic for se: +sex, indecl. numeral adj. _six_ +Sextus, -i:, m. _Sextus_, a Roman first name +si:, conj. _if_ +si:c, adv. _thus, in this way_. Cf. ita, tam +Sicilia, -ae, f. _Sicily_. See map +si:c-ut, _just as, as if_ +signifer, -eri:, m. [[signum, _standard_, + fero:, _bear_]], + _standard bearer_ (p. 224) +signum, -i:, n. _ensign, standard; signal_ +silva, -ae, f. _wood, forest_ +similis, -e, adj., compared similior, simillimus, _like, similar_ + (Sec. 307) +simul, adv. _at the same time_ +simul ac or simul atque, conj. _as soon as_ +sine, prep. with abl. _without_ (Sec. 209) +singuli:, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. _one at a time, single_ + (Sec. 334) +sinister, -tra, -trum, adj. _left_ +Sinuessa, -ae, f. _Sinues'sa_, a town in Campania. See map +sitis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -i:, no plur.), f. _thirst_ +situs, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of sino:, _set_]], _situated, placed, + lying_ +socius, soci:, m. _comrade, ally_ +so:l, so:lis (no gen. plur.), m. _sun_ +soleo:, -e:re, solitus sum, semi-dep. verb, _be wont, be accustomed_ +sollicitus, -a, -um, adj. _disturbed, anxious_ +so:lum, adv. [[so:lus, _alone_]], _alone, only_. + no:n so:lum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_ +so:lus, -a, -um (gen. -i:us, dat. -i:), adj. _alone, only_ (Sec. 108) +solvo:, -ere, solvi:, solu:tus, _loosen, unbind_. + na:vem solvere, _set sail_ +somnus, -i:, m. _sleep_ +soror, -o:ris, f. _sister_ +spatium, spati:, n. _space, distance; time; opportunity_ +specta:culum, -i:, n. [[specto:, _look at_]], _show, spectacle_ +specto:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _look at, witness_ +spe:ro:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[spe:s, _hope_]], _hope, expect_ (Sec. + 420.c) +spe:s, spei:, f. _hope_ (Sec. 273.2) +splendide:, adv. [[splendidus]], compared splendidius, + splendidissime:, _splendidly, handsomely_ +splendidus, -a, -um, adj. _brilliant, gorgeous, splendid_ +Stabia:nus, -a, -um, _Stabian_ +stabulum, -i:, n. [[cf. sto:, _stand_]], _standing place, stable, + stall_ +statim, adv. [[cf. sto:, _stand_]], _on the spot, at once, instantly_ +statua, -ae, f. [[sisto:, _place, set_]], _statue_ +statuo:, -ere, -ui:, -u:tus [[status, _station_]], _decide, determine_ +stilus, -i:, m. _iron pencil, style_ (p. 210) +sto:, -a:re, steti:, status, _stand_ +stra:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of sterno:, _spread_]], _paved_ (of + streets) +strepitus, -u:s, m. [[strepo:, _make a noise_]], _noise, din_ +stringo:, -ere, stri:nxi:, strictus, _bind tight; draw, unsheathe_ +studeo:, -e:re, -ui:, ----, _give attention to, be eager_, with dat. + (Sec. 501.14) +studium, studi:, n. [[cf. studeo:, _be eager for_]], _eagerness, + desire, zeal, devotion_ +stultus, -a, -um, adj. _foolish, stupid_ +Stympha:lis, -idis, adj. f. _Stymphalian, of Stympha'lus_, a lake in + southern Greece +Stympha:lus, -i:, m. _Stympha'lus_, a district of southern Greece with a + town, mountain, and lake, all of the same name +sua:deo:, -e:re, -si:, -sus, _advise, recommend_, with subjv. of purpose + (Sec. 501.41) +sub, prep, with acc. and abl. _under, below, up to; at_ or _to the + foot of_ +sub-igo:, -ere, -e:gi:, -a:ctus [[sub, _under_, + ago:, _drive_]], + _subdue, reduce_ +subito:, adv. [[subitus, _sudden_]], _suddenly_ +sub-sequor, -i:, -secu:tus sum, dep. verb [[sub, _below_, + sequor, + _follow_]], _follow close after, follow up_ +suc-ce:do:, -ere, -cessi:, -cessus [[sub, _below_, + ce:do:, _go_]], + _follow, succeed_ +sui:, reflexive pron. _of himself (herself, itself, themselves)_ + (Sec. 480). + se:cum = se: + cum. + se:se:, emphatic form of se: +sum, esse, fui:, futu:rus, irreg. verb, _be; exist_ (Sec. 494) +summus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared superus, superior, + supre:mus or summus (Sec. 312), _supreme, highest; best, greatest_. + in summo: colle, _on the top of the hill_ +su:mo:, -ere, su:mpsi:, su:mptus, _take up; assume, put on_. + su:mere supplicium de:, _inflict punishment on_ +super, prep. with acc. and abl. _over, above_ +superbia, -ae, f. [[superbus, _proud_]], _pride, arrogance_ +superbus, -a, -um, adj. _proud, haughty_ +superior, comp. of superus +supero:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[superus, _above_]], _go over; subdue, + overcome; surpass, excel_ +super-sum, -esse, -fui:, ----, _be over, survive_, with dat. (Sec. + 501.15) +superus, -a, -um, adj., compared superior, supre:mus or summus, + _above, upper_ (Sec. 312) +supplicium, suppli'ci:, n. [[supplex, _kneeling in entreaty_]], + _punishment, torture_. + supplicium su:mere de:, _inflict punishment on_. + supplicium dare, _suffer punishment_ +surgo:, -ere, surre:xi:, ---- [[sub, _from below_, + rego:, +_straighten_]], _rise_ +sus-cipio:, -ere, -ce:pi:, -ceptus [[sub, _under_, + capio:, _take_]], + _undertake, assume, begin_ +suspicor, -a:ri:, -a:tus sum, dep. verb, _suspect, surmise, suppose_ +sus-tineo:, -e:re, -tinui:, -tentus [[sub, _under_, + teneo:, + _hold_]], _hold up, bear, sustain, withstand_ +suus, -a, -um, reflexive possessive adj. and pron., _his, her, hers, + its, their, theirs_ (Sec. 98) + + +T + +T., abbreviation of Titus +taberna, -ae, f. _shop, stall_ +tabula, -ae, f. _tablet_ for writing +ta:lis, -e, adj. _such_. + ta:lis ... qua:lis, _such ... as_ +tam, adv. _so, such_. Cf. ita, si:c +tamen, adv. _yet, however, nevertheless_ +tandem, adv. _at length, finally_ +tango:, -ere, tetigi:, ta:ctus, _touch_ +tantum, adv. [[tantus]], _only_ +tantus, -a, -um, adj. _so great, such_. + tantus ... quantus, _as large as_ +tardus, -a, -um, adj. _slow, late; lazy_ +Tarpe:ia, -ae, f. _Tarpeia_ (pronounced _Tar-pe:'ya_), the maiden who + opened the citadel to the Sabines +Tarquinius, Tarqui'ni:, _Tarquin_, a Roman king. With the surname + Superbus, _Tarquin the Proud_ +Tarraci:na, -ae, f. _Tarraci'na_, a town in Latium. See map +taurus, -i:, m. _bull_ +te:ctus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of tego:, _cover_]], _covered, + protected_ +te:lum, -i:, n. _weapon_ +temere:, adv. _rashly, heedlessly_ +tempesta:s, -a:tis, f. [[tempus, _time_]] _storm, tempest_ +templum, -i:, n. _temple, shrine_ +tempto, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _try, test; make trial of, attempt_ +tempus, -oris, n. _time_ (Sec. 464.2.b). + in reliquum tempus, _for the future_ +teneo:, -e:re, tenui:, ----, _hold, keep_ +tergum, -i:, n. _back_, a: tergo:, _on the rear_, tergum vertere, +_retreat, flee_ +terni:, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. _three each, by threes_ + (Sec. 334) +terra, -ae, f. _earth, ground, land_. + orbis terra:rum, _the whole world_ +terror, -o:ris, m. [[cf. terreo:, _frighten_]], _dread, alarm, terror_ +tertius, -a, -um, numeral adj. _third_ +Teutone:s, -um, m. _the Teutons_ +thea:trum, -i:, n. _theater_ +The:bae, -a:rum, f. _Thebes_, a city of Greece +The:ba:ni:, -o:rum, m. _Thebans_, the people of Thebes +thermae, -a:rum, f. plur. _baths_ +Thessalia, -ae, f. _Thessaly_, a district of northern Greece +Thra:cia, -ae, f. _Thrace_, a district north of Greece +Tiberius, Tibe'ri:, m. _Tiberius_, a Roman first name +ti:bi:cen, -i:nis, m. [[cf. ti:bia, _pipe_]], _piper, flute player_ +timeo:, -e:re, -ui:, ----, _fear, be afraid of_. Cf. vereor +timor, -o:ris, m. [[cf. timeo:, _fear_]], _fear, dread, alarm_. + Cf. metus +Ti:ryns, Ti:rynthis, f. _Ti'ryns_, an ancient town in southern Greece, + where Hercules served Eurystheus +toga, -ae, f. [[cf. tego:, _cover_]], _toga_ +tormentum, -i:, n. _engine of war_ +totie:ns, adv. _so often, so many times_ +to:tus, -a, -um, (gen. -i:us, dat. -i:), adj. _all, the whole, + entire_ (Sec. 108) +tra:-do:, -ere, -didi:, -ditus [[tra:ns, _across_, + do:, _deliver_]], + _give up, hand over, surrender, betray_ +tra:-du:co:, -ere, -du:xi:, -ductus [[tra:ns, _across_, + du:co:, + _lead_]], _lead across_ +traho:, -ere, tra:xi:, tra:ctus, _draw, pull, drag_. + multum trahere, _protract, prolong much_ +tra:-icio:, -ere, -ie:ci:, -iectus [[tra:ns, _across_, + iacio:, + _hurl_]], _throw across; transfix_ +tra:-no:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[tra:ns, _across_, + no:, _swim_]], + _swim across_ +tra:ns, prep. with acc. _across, over_ (Sec. 340) +tra:ns-eo:, -i:re, -ii:, -itus [[tra:ns, _across_, + eo:, _go_]], _go + across, cross_ (Sec. 413) +tra:ns-fi:go:, -ere, -fi:xi:, -fi:xus [[tra:ns, _through_, + fi:go:, + _drive_]], _transfix_ +tra:nsitus, ---- (acc. -um, abl. -u:), m. [[cf. tra:nseo:, _cross + over_]], _passage across_ +tre:s, tria, numeral adj. _three_ (Sec. 479) +tri:duum, tri:dui:, n. [[tre:s, _three_, + die:s, _days_]], _three + days' time, three days_ +tri:ginta:, indecl. numeral adj. _thirty_ +triplex, -icis, adj. _threefold, triple_ +tri:stis, -e, adj. _sad; severe, terrible_ +tri:stitia, -ae, f. [[tri:stis, _sad_]], _sadness, sorrow_ +triumpho:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[triumphus, _triumph_]], _celebrate a + triumph_ +triumphus, -i:, m. _triumphal procession, triumph_. + triumphum agere, _celebrate a triumph_ +truci:do:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _cut to pieces, slaughter._ Cf. + interficio:, neco:, occi:do: +tu:, tui: (plur. vo:s), pers. pron. _thou, you_ (Sec. 480) +tuba, -ae, f. _trumpet_ +Tullia, -ae, f. _Tullia_, a Roman name +tum, adv. _then, at that time_ +turris, -is, f. _tower_ (Sec. 465.2) +tu:tus, -a, -um, adj. _safe_ +tuus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. _your, yours_ (Sec. 98) + + +U + +ubi, rel. and interrog. adv. _where, when_ +u:llus, -a, -um (gen. -i:us, dat. -i:), adj. _any_ (Sec. 108) +ulterior, -ius, -o:ris, adj. in comp. degree, superl. ultimus, + _farther, more remote_ (Sec. 315) +ultimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree (see ulterior), _farthest_ + (Sec. 315) +umbra, -ae, f. _shade_ +umerus, -i:, m. _shoulder_ +umquam, adv. _ever, at any time_ +u:na:, adv. [[u:nus, _one_]], _in the same place, at the same time_ +u:ndecimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [[u:nus, _one_, + decimus, + _tenth_]], _eleventh_ +undique, adv. _from every quarter, on all sides, everywhere_ +u:nus, -a, -um (gen. -i:us, dat. -i:), numeral adj. _one; alone_ + (Sec. 108) +urbs, -is, f. _city_ (Sec. 465.a) +urgeo:, -e:re, ursi:, ----, _press upon, crowd, hem in_ +u:rus, -i:, m. _wild ox, urus_ +u:sque, adv. _all the way, even_ +u:sus, -u:s, m. _use, advantage_ +ut, conj. with the subjv. _that, in order that, that not_ (with verbs + of fearing), _so that, to_ (Sec. 350.1) +uter, -tra, -trum (gen. -i:us, dat. -i:), interrog. pron. _which of + two? which?_ (Sec. 108) +uterque, utraque, utrumque, indef. pron. _each of two, each, both_. + ab utra:que parte, _on both sides_ +u:tilis, -e, adj. [[u:tor, _use_]], _useful_ +utrimque, adv. [[uterque, _each of two_]], _on each side, on either + hand_ +u:va, -ae, f. _grape, bunch of grapes_ +uxor, -o:ris, f. _wife_ + + +V + +va:gi:na, -ae, _sheath, scabbard_ +vagor, -a:ri:, -a:tus sum, dep. verb, _wander_ +valeo:, -e:re, -ui:, -itu:rus, _be powerful, be well_; in the imperative + as a greeting, _farewell_. + plu:rimum vale:re, _have the most power_ +vale:tu:do:, -inis, f. [[valeo:, _be well_]], _health_ +validus, -a, -um, adj. [[cf. valeo:, _be strong_]], _strong, able, + well_ +valle:s, -is, f. _valley_ +va:llum, -i:, n. _rampart, earthworks_ +varius, -a, -um, adj. _bright-colored_ +va:sto:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[va:stus, _empty_]], _(make empty), + devastate, lay waste_ +vecti:gal, -a:lis, n. _tax, tribute_ +vehementer, adv. [[veheme:ns, _eager_]], compared vehementius, + vehementissime:, _eagerly, vehemently_ +veho:, -ere, vexi:, vectus, _convey, carry_. In the passive often in the + sense of _ride, sail_ +vel, conj. _or_. + vel ... vel, _either ... or_. Cf. aut +ve:lo:cita:s, -a:tis, f. [[ve:lo:x, _swift_]], _swiftness_ +ve:lo:x, -o:cis, adj. _swift, fleet_ +ve:lum, -i:, n. _sail_ +ve:ndo:, -ere, ve:ndidi:, ve:nditus, _sell_ +venio:, -i:re, ve:ni:, ventus, _come, go_ +ventus, -i:, m. _wind_ +verbum, -i:, n. _word_. + verba facere pro:, _speak in behalf of_ +vereor, -e:ri:, -itus sum, dep. verb, _fear; reverence, respect_ + (Sec. 493). Cf. timeo: +Vergilius, Vergi'li:, m. _Vergil_, the poet +vergo:, -ere, ----, ----, _turn, lie_ +ve:ro:, adv. [[ve:rus, _true_]], _in truth, surely;_ conj. _but, + however_. + tum ve:ro:, _then you may be sure_, introducing the climax of a story +verto:, -ere, -ti:, -sus, _turn, change_. + tergum vertere, _retreat, flee_ +ve:rus, -a, -um, _true, actual_ +vesper, -eri:, m. _evening_ +vester, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. _your, yours_ (Sec. 98) +vesti:gium, vesti:'gi:, n. [[cf. vesti:go:, _track_]], _footstep, track, + trace_ +vesti:mentum, -i:, n. [[vestis, _clothing_]], _garment_ +vestio:, -i:re, -i:vi:, -i:tus [[vestis, _clothing_]], _clothe, dress_ +vestis, -is, f. _clothing, attire, garment, robe_ +vesti:tus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of vestio:, _clothe_]], _clothed_ +Vesuvius, Vesu'vi, m. _Vesuvius_, the volcano near Pompeii. See map +vetera:nus, -a, -um, adj. _old, veteran_ +veto:, -a:re, -ui:, -itus, _forbid, prohibit_ +vexo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _trouble, annoy_ +via, -ae, f. _way, road, street; way, manner_. Cf. iter +via:tor, -o:ris, m. [[via]], _traveler_ +victor, -o:ris, m. [[vinco:, _conquer_]], _conqueror, victor_. In + apposition, with adj. force _ victorious_ +victo:ria, -ae, f. [victor, _victor_], _victory_ +vi:cus, -i:, m. _village_ +video:, -e:re, vi:di:, vi:sus, _see, perceive_. Pass. _be seen; seem_ + (Sec. 420.d) +vigilia,-ae, f. [[vigil _awake_]], watch. + de: tertia vigilia, _about the third watch_ +vi:ginti:, indecl. numeral adj. _twenty_ +vi:licus, -i:, m. [[vi:lla, _farm_]], _steward, overseer of a farm_ +vi:lla, -ae, f. _farm, villa_ +vincio:, -i:re, vi:nxi:, vi:nctus, _bind, tie,fetter_ +vinco:, -ere, vi:ci:, victus, _conquer, defeat, overcome_. Cf. subigo:, + supero: +vi:nea, -ae, f. _shed_ (p. 219) +vi:num, -i:, n. _wine_ +violenter, adv. [[violentus, _violent_]], compared violentius, + violentissime:, _violently, furiously_ +vir, viri:, m. _man, husband; hero_ (Sec. 462.c) +viri:lis, -e, adj. [[vir, _man_]], _manly_ +virtu:s, -u:tis, f. [[vir, _man_]], _manliness; courage, valor; + virtue_ (Sec. 464.1) +vi:s, (vi:s), f. _strength, power, might, violence_ (Sec. 468) +vi:ta, -ae, f. [[cf. vi:vo:, _live_]], _life_, vi:tam agere, _spend or + pass life_ +vi:to, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _shun, avoid_ +vi:vo:, -ere, vi:xi:, ----, _live_. Cf. habito:, incolo: +vi:vus, -a, -um, adj. [[cf. vi:vo:, _live_]], _alive, living_ +vix, adv. _scarcely, hardly_ +voco:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus, _call, summon, invite_. Cf. appello:, + no:mino: +volo:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tu:rus, _fly_ +volo:, velle, volui:, ----, irreg. verb, _will, be willing; wish_ + (Sec. 497). Cf. cupio +volu:men, -inis, n. _roll, book_ +Vore:nus, -i:, m. _Vore'nus_, a centurion +vo:s, pers. pron.; _you_ (see tu:) (Sec. 480) +vo:tum, -i:, n. [[neut. part. of voveo:, _vow_]], _vow, pledge, prayer_ +vo:x, vo:cis, f. [[cf. voco:, _call_]], _voice, cry; word_ +vulnero:, -a:re, -a:vi:, -a:tus [[vulnus, _wound_]], _wound, hurt_ +vulnus, -eris, n. _wound, injury_ +vulpe:s, -i:s, f. _fox_ + + + [Illustration: EQUES ROMANUS] + + + + +ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY + +This vocabulary contains only the words used in the English-Latin +exercises. For details not given here, reference may be made to the +Latin-English vocabulary. The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, after verbs indicate +the conjugation. + + +A + +a, an, _commonly not translated_ +able (be), possum, posse, potui:, ----(Sec. 495) +abode, domicilium, domici'li:, _n._ +about (_adv._), circiter +about (_prep._), de:, _with abl._ +about to, _expressed by fut. act. part._ +abundance, co:pia, -ae, _f._ +across, tra:ns, _with acc._ +active, a:cer, a:cris, a:cre +advance, pro:gredior, 3 +advantage, u:sus, -u:s, _m._ +advise, moneo:, 2 +after (_conj_.), postquam; _often expressed by the perf. part._ +after (_prep._), post, _with acc._ +against, in, contra:, _with acc._ +aid, auxilium, auxi'li:, _n._ +all, omnis, -e; to:tus, -a, -um (Sec. 108) +allow, patior, 3 +ally, socius, soci:, _m._ +almost, paene; fere: +alone, u:nus, -a, -um; so:lus, -a, -um (Sec. 108) +already, iam +also, quoque +always, semper +ambassador, le:ga:tus, -i:, _m._ +among, apud, _with acc._ +ancient, anti:quus, -a, -um +and, et; atque (ac); -que +and so, itaque +Andromeda, Andromeda, -ae, _f._ +angry, i:ra:tus, -a, um +animal, animal, -a:lis, _n._ +announce, nu:ntio:, 1 +annoying, molestus, -a, -um +another, alius, -a, -ud (Sec. 109) +any, u:llus, -a, -um (Sec. 108) +any one, anything, quisquam, quicquam _or_ quidquam (Sec. 486) +appearance, fo:rma, -ae, _f._ +appoint, creo:, 1 +approach, adpropinquo:, 1, _with dat._ +are, _used as auxiliary, not translated_; _as a copula_, sum (Sec. 494) +arise, orior, 4 +arm, bracchium, bracchi:, _n._ +armed, arma:tus, -a, -um +arms, arma, -o:rum, _n. plur._ +army, exercitus, -u:s, _m._ +around, circum, _with acc._ +arrival, adventus, -us, _m._ +arrow, sagitta, -ae, _f._ +art of war, re:s mi:lita:ris +as possible, _expressed by_ quam _and superl._. +ask, peto:, 3; quaero:, 3; rogo:, 1 +assail, oppugno:, 1 +at, in, _with acc. or abl.; + with names of towns, locative case or abl. without a preposition_ + (Sec. 268); + _time when, abl._ +at once, statim +at the beginning of summer, inita: aesta:te +Athens, Athe:nae, -a:rum, _f._ +attack, impetus, -us, _m._ +attempt, co:nor, 1; tempto:, 1 +away from, a: _or_ ab, _with abl._ + + +B + +bad, malus, -a, -um +baggage, impedi:menta, -o:rum, _n. plur._ +bank, ri:pa, -ae, _f._ +barbarians, barbari:, -o:rum, _m. plur._ +battle, proelium, proeli:, _n._; pugna, -ae. _f._ +be, sum (Sec. 494) +be absent, be far, absum (Sec. 494) +be afraid, timeo:, 2; vereor, 2 +be away, absum (Sec. 494) +be in command of, praesum, _with dat._ (Secs. 494, 426) +be informed, certior fi:o: +be off, be distant, absum (Sec. 494) +be without, egeo:, _with abl._ (Sec. 180) +beast (wild), fera, -ae, _f._ +beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum +because, quia; quod +because of, propter, _with acc._; _or abl. of cause_ +before, heretofore (_adv._), antea: +before (_prep._), ante, _with acc._; pro:, _with abl._ +begin, incipio:, 3 +believe, cre:do:, 3, _with dat._ (Sec. 153) +belong to, _predicate genitive_ (Sec. 409) +best, optimus, _superl. of_ bonus +betray, tra:do:, 3 +better, melior, _comp. of_ bonus +between, inter, _with acc._ +billow, fluctus, -us, _m._ +bird, avis, -is, _f._ (Sec. 243.1) +blood, sanguis, -inis, _m._ +body, corpus, -oris. _n._ +bold, auda:x, -a:cis; fortis, -e +boldly, auda:cter; fortiter +boldness, auda:cia, -ae, _f._ +booty, praeda, -ae, _f._ +both, each (_of two_), uterque, utraque, utrumque +both ... and, et ... et +boy, puer, -eri:, _m._ +brave, fortis, -e +bravely, fortiter +bridge, po:ns, pontis, _m._ +bright, cla:rus, -a, -um +bring back, reporto:, 1 +bring upon, i:nfero:, -ferre, -tuli:, -la:tus, _with acc. and dat._ + (Sec. 426) +brother, fra:ter, -tris, _m._ +building, aedificium, aedifi'ci:. _n._ +burn, cremo:, 1; incendo:, 3 +business, nego:tium, nego:'ti:, _n._ +but, however, autem, sed +by, a:, ab, _with abl._; + _denoting means, abl. alone_; + _sometimes implied in a participle_ +by night, noctu: + + +C + +Caesar, Caesar, -aris, _m._ +calamity, calamita:s, -a:tis, _f._ +call, voco:, 1; appello:, 1; no:mino:, 1 +call together, convoco:, 1 +camp, castra, -o:rum, _n. plur._ +can, could, possum, posse, potui:, ---- (Sec. 495) +capture, capio:, 3; occupo:, 1 +care, cu:ra, -ae, _f._ +care for, cu:ro:, 1 +careful, attentus, -a, -um +carefulness, di:ligentia, -ae, _f._ +carry, fero:, ferre, tuli:, la:tus (Sec. 498); porto:, 1 +carry on, gero:, 3 +cart, carrus, -i:, _m._ +cause, causa, -ae, _f._ +cavalry, equita:tus, -u:s, _m._ +cease, cesso:, 1 +Cepheus, Ce:pheus, -i:, _m._ +certain (a), qui:dam, quaedam, quoddam (quiddam) (Sec. 485) +chicken, galli:na, -ae, _f._ +chief, pri:nceps, -cipis, _m._ +children, li:beri:, -o:rum, _m. plur._ +choose, de:ligo:, 3 +choose, elect, creo:, 1 +citizen, ci:vis, -is, _m. and f._ (Sec. 243.1) +city, urbs, urbis, _f._ +clear, cla:rus, -a, -um +cohort, cohors, -rtis, _f._ +come, venio:, 4 +command, impero:, 1, _with dat._ (Sec. 45); + iubeo:, 2; + praesum, _with dat._ (Sec. 426) +commit, committo:, 3 +commonwealth, re:s pu:blica, rei: pu:blicae +concerning, de:, _with abl._ +conquer, supero:, 1; vinco:, 3 +construct (_a ditch_), perdu:co:, 3 +consul, co:nsul, -ulis, _m._ +contrary to, contra:, _with acc._ +Corinth, Corinthus, -i:, _f._ +Cornelia, Corne:lia, -ae, _f._ +Cornelius, Corne:lius, Corne:'li, _m._ +corselet, lo:ri:ca, -ae, _f._ +cottage, casa, -ae, _f._ +country, _as distinguished from the city_, ru:s, ru:ris, _n.; + as territory_, fi:ne:s, -ium, _m., plur. of_ fi:nis +courage, virtu:s, -u:tis, _f._ +crime, scelus, -eris, _n._ +cross, tra:nseo:, 4 (Sec. 499) +crown, coro:na, -ae, _f._ + + +D + +daily, coti:die: +danger, peri:culum, -i:, _n._ +daughter, fi:lia, -ae, _f._ (Sec. 67) +day, die:s, -e:i:, _m._ +daybreak, pri:ma lu:x +dear, ca:rus, -a, -um +death, mors, mortis, _f._ +deed, re:s, rei:, _f._ +deep, altus, -a, -um +defeat, calamita:s, -a:tis, _f._ +defend, de:fendo:, 3 +delay (_noun_), mora, -ae, _f._ +delay (_verb_), moror, 1 +demand, postulo:, 1 +dense, de:nsus, -a, -um +depart, disce:do:, 3; exeo:, 4; profici:scor, 3 +dependent, clie:ns, -entis, _m._ +design, co:nsilium, consi'li: _n._ +desire, cupio:, 3 +destroy, de:leo:, 2 +Diana, Dia:na, -ae, _f._ +differ, differo:, differre, distuli:, di:la:tus (Sec. 498) +different, dissimilis, -e +difficult, difficilis, -e +difficulty, difficulta:s, -a:tis, _f._ +diligence, di:ligentia, -ae, _f._ +dinner, ce:na, -ae, _f._ +disaster, calamita:s, -a:tis, _f._ +distant (be), absum, -esse, a:fui:, a:futu:rus (Sec. 494) +ditch, fossa, -ae, _f._ +do, ago:, 3; facio:, 3; + _when used as auxiliary, not translated_ +down from, de:, _with abl._ +drag, traho:, 3 +drive, ago:, 3 +dwell, habito:, 1; incolo:, 3; vi:vo:, 3 +dwelling, aedificium, aedifi'ci:, _n._ + + +E + +each, quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) (Sec. 484) +each of two, uterque, utraque, utrumque +each other, inter _with acc. of a reflexive_ +eager, a:cer, a:cris, a:cre; alacer, alacris, alacre +eager (be), studeo:, 2 +eagerness, studium, studi:, _n._ +eagle, aquila, -ae, _f._ +easily, facile +easy, facilis, -e +either ... or, aut ... aut +empire, imperium, impe'ri:, _n._ +employ, nego:tium do: +encourage, hortor, 1 +enemy, hostis, -is, _m. and f._; inimi:cus, -i:, _m._ +enough, satis +entire, to:tus, -a, -um (Sec. 108) +expectation, opi:nio:, -o:nis, _f._ +eye, oculus, -i:, _m._ + + +F + +faithless, perfidus, -a, -um +famous, cla:rus, -a, -um +far, longe: +farmer, agricola, -ae, _m._ +farther, ulterior, -ius +father, pater, patris, _m._ +fatherland, patria, -ae, _f._ +favor, faveo:, 2 +favorable, ido:neus, -a,-um; secundus, -a, -um +fear, metus, -u:s, _m._; timor, -o:ris, _m._ +fear, be afraid, timeo:, 2 +few, pauci:, -ae, -a +field, ager, agri:, _m._ +fifteen, qui:ndecim +fight, contendo:, 3; pugno:, 1 +find, reperio:, 4 +finish, co:nficio:, 3 +fire, ignis, -is, _m._ (Sec. 243.1) +firmness, co:nstantia, -ae, _f._ +first, pri:mus, -a, -um +flee, fugio:, 3 +flight, fuga, -ae, _f._ +fly, volo:, 1 +foe, see enemy +follow close after, subsequor, 3 +food, cibus, -i:, _m._ +foot, pe:s, pedis, _m._ +foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, _m._ +for (_conj._), enim, nam +for (_prep._), _sign of dat._; + de:, pro:, _with abl.; + to express purpose_, ad, _with gerundive; + implied in acc. of time and of extent of space_ +for a long time, diu: +forbid, veto:, 1 +forces, co:piae, -a:rum, _f., plur. of_ co:pia +forest, silva, -ae, _f._ +fort, castellum, -i:, _n._; castrum, -i:, _n._ +fortification, mu:nitio:, -o:nis, _f._ +fortify, mu:nio:, 4 +fortune, fortu:na, -ae, _f._ +fourth, qua:rtus, -a, -um +free, li:ber, -era, -erum +free, liberate, li:bero:, 1 +frequent, cre:ber, -bra, -brum +friend, ami:cus, -i:, _m._ +friendly (_adj._), ami:cus, -a, -um +friendly (_adv._), ami:ce: +friendship, ami:citia, -ae, _f._ +frighten, perterreo:, 2 +from, a: _or_ ab, de:, e:, ex, _with abl._ + _Often expressed by the separative ablative without a prep._ +from each other, inter, _with acc. of a reflexive pron._ +full, ple:nus, -a, -um + + +G + +Galba, Galba, -ae, _m._ +_garland_, coro:na, -ae, _f._ +garrison, praesidium, praesi'di:, _n._ +gate, porta, -ae, _f._ +Gaul, Gallia, -ae, _f._ +Gaul (a), Gallus, -i:, _m._ +general, impera:tor, -o:ris, _m._ +Geneva, Gena:va, -ae, _f._ +gentle, le:nis, -e +German, Germa:nus, -a, -um +Germans (the), Germa:ni:, -o:rum, _m. plur_. +Germany, Germa:nia, -ae, _f._ +get (_dinner_), paro:, 1 +girl, puella, -ae, _f._ +give, do:, dare, dedi:, datus +give over, surrender, de:do:, 3; tra:do:, 3 +give up, omitto:, 3 +go, eo:, 4 (Sec. 499) +go forth, pro:gredior, 3 +god, deus, -i:, _m._ (Sec. 468) +goddess, dea, -ae, _f._ (Sec. 67) +gold, aurum, -i:, _n._ +good, bonus, -a, -um +grain, fru:mentum, -i:, _n._ +grain supply, re:s fru:menta:ria +great, inge:ns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um +greatest, maximus, -a, -um; summus, -a, -um +guard, praesidium, praesi'di:, _n._ + + +H + +hand, manus, -u:s, _f._ +happy, laetus, -a, -um +harbor, portus, -u:s, _m._ +hasten, contendo:, 3; ma:tu:ro:, 1; propero:, 1 +hateful, invi:sus, -a, -um +haughty, superbus, -a, -um +have, habeo:, 2 +have no power, nihil possum +he, is; hic; iste; ille; _or not expressed_ +head, caput, -itis, _n._ +hear, audio: +heart, animus, -i:, _m._ +heavy, gravis, -e +Helvetii (the), Helve:tii:, -o:rum, _m. plur._ +hem in, contineo:, 2 +hen, galli:na, -ae, _f._ +her, eius; huius; isti:us; illi:us; + _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (Sec. 116) +hide, abdo:, 3 +high, altus, -a, -um +highest, summus, -a, -um +hill, collis, -is, _m._ +himself, sui:. See self +hindrance, impedi:mentum, -i:, _n._ +his, eius; huius; isti:us; illi:us; + _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (Sec. 116) +hither, citerior, -ius (Sec. 315) +hold, teneo:, 2 +home, domus, -u:s, _f._ (Sec. 468). + at home, domi: (Sec. 267) +hope (_noun_), spe:s, spei:, _f._ +hope (_verb_), spe:ro:, 1 +horse, equus, -i:, _m._ +horseman, eques, -itis, _m._ +hostage, obses, -idis, _m. and f._ +hostile, inimi:cus, -a, -um +hour, ho:ra, -ae, _f._ +house, domicilium, domici'li:, _n._; domus, -u:s, _f._ (Sec. 468) +hurl, iacio:, 3 + + +I + +I, ego (Sec. 280); _or not expressed_ +if, si:. + if not, nisi +ill, aeger, -gra, -grum +immediately, statim +in (_of place_), in, _with abl._; + (of time or of specification) _abl. without prep._ +in order that, ut, _with subjv._; + in order that not, lest, ne:, _with subjv._ +in vain, fru:stra: +industry, di:ligentia, -ae, _f._ +inflict injuries upon, iniu:ria:s i:nfero: _with dat._ (Sec. 426) +inflict punishment on, supplicium su:mo: de +inform some one, aliquem certio:rem facio: +injure, noceo:, 2, _with dat._ (Sec. 153) +injury, iniu:ria, -ae, _f._ +into, in, _with acc._ +intrust, committo:, 3; mando:, 1 +invite, voco:, 1 +is, _used as auxiliary, not translated_; + _as a copula_, sum (Sec. 494) +island, i:nsula, -ae, _f._ +it, is; hie; iste; ille; _or not expressed_ +Italy, Italia, -ae, _f._ +its, eius; huius; isti:us; illi:us; + _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (Sec. 116) +itself, sui:. See self + + +J + +join battle, proelium committo: +journey, iter, itineris, _n._ (Sec. 468) +judge (_noun_), iu:dex, -icis, _m._ +judge (_verb_), iu:dico:, 1 +Julia, Iu:lia, -ae, _f._ +just now, nu:per + + +K + +keep, contineo:, 2; prohibeo, 2; teneo:, 2 +keep on doing something, _expressed by the impf. indic._ +kill, interficio:, 3; neco:, 1; occi:do:, 3 +king, re:x, re:gis, _m._ +kingdom, re:gnum, -i:, _n._ +know, cogno:sco:, 3, _in perf._; scio:, 4 + + +L + +labor (_noun_), labor, -o:ris, _m._ +labor (_verb_), labo:ro:, 1 +lack (_noun_), inopia, -ae, _f._ +lack (_verb_), egeo:, 2, _with abl._ (Sec. 180) +lady, domina, -ae, _f._ +lake, lacus, -u:s, _m._ (Sec. 260.2) +land, terra, -ae, _f._ +language, lingua, -ae, _f._ +large, inge:ns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um +larger, maior, maius +lately, nu:per +Latona, La:to:na, -ae, _f._ +law, le:x, le:gis, _f._ +lay waste, va:sto:, 1 +lead, du:co, 3 +leader, dux, ducis, _m. and f._ +learn, know, cogno:sco:, 3 +leave, depart from, disce:do:, 3 +leave behind, abandon, relinquo:, 3 +left, sinister, -tra, -trum +legion, legio:, -o:nis, _f._ +legionaries, legio:na:rii:, -o:rum, _m. plur._ +length, longitu:do:, -inis, _f._ +lest, ne:, _with subjv._ +letter (_of the alphabet_), littera, -ae, _f_; + (_an epistle_) litterae, -a:rum, _f. plur_. +lieutenant, le:ga:tus, -i:, _m._ +light, lu:x, lu:cis, _f._ +like (_adj._), similis, -e +like, love, amo:, 1 +line of battle, acie:s, acie:i:, _f._ +little, parvus, -a, -um +live, habito:, 1; incolo:, 3; vi:vo:, 3 +long, longus, -a, -um +long, for a long time, diu: +long for, de:si:dero:, 1 +look after, cu:ro:, 1 +love, amo:, 1 + + +M + +maid, maid servant, ancilla, -ae,_f._ +make, facio:, 3 +make war upon, bellum i:nfero: _with dat._ (Sec. 426) +man, homo:, -inis, _m. and f._; vir, viri:, _m._ +man-of-war, na:vis longa +many, multi:, -ae, -a, _plur. of_ multus +march, iter, itineris, _n._ (Sec. 468) +Mark, Ma:rcus, -i:, _m._ +marriage, ma:trimo:nium, ma:trimo:'ni:, _n._ +master, dominus, -i:, _m._; magi:ster, -tri:, _m._ +matter, nego:tium, nego:'ti:, _n._; re:s, rei:, _f._ +means, by means of, _the abl._ +messenger, nu:ntius, nu:nti:, _m._ +midnight, media nox +mile, mi:lle passuum (Sec. 331.b) +miles, mi:lia passuum +mind, animus, -i:, _m._; me:ns, mentis, _f._ +mine, meus, -a, -um +mistress, domina, -ae, _f._ +money, pecu:nia, -ae, _f._ +monster, mo:nstrum, -i:, _n._ +month, me:nsis, -is, _m._ +moon, lu:na, -ae, _f._ +more (_adj._), plu:s, plu:ris (Sec. 313); _or a comparative. Adverb_, + magis +most (_adj._), plu:rimus, -a, -um; + _superl. degree. Adverb_, maxime:; plu:rimum +mother, ma:ter, ma:tris, _f._ +mountain, mo:ns, montis, _m._ +move, moveo:, 2 +moved, commo:tus, -a, -um +much (by), multo: +multitude, multitu:do:, -inis. _f._ +my, meus, -a, -um +myself, me:, _reflexive_. See self + + +N + +name, no:men, -inis, _n._ +nation, ge:ns, gentis, _f._ +near, propinquus, -a, -um +nearest, proximus, -a, -um +nearly, fere: +neighbor, fi:nitimus, -i:, _in._ +neighboring, fi:initimus, -a, -um +neither, neque _or_ nec; + neither ... nor, neque (nec) ... neque (nec) +never, numquam +nevertheless, tamen +new, novus, -a, -um +next day, postri:die: eius die:i: +next to, proximus, -a, -um +night, nox, noctis, _f._ +nine, novem +no, minime:; _or repeat verb with a negative_ (Sec. 210) +no, none, nu:llus, -a, -um (Sec. 109) +no one, ne:mo:, nu:lli:us +nor, neque _or_ nec +not, no:n +not even, ne: ... quidem +not only ... but also, no:n so:lum ... sed etiam +nothing, nihil _or_ nihilum, -i:, _n._ +now, nunc +number, numerus, -i:, _m._ + + +O + +obey, pa:reo:, 2, _with dat._ (Sec. 153) +of, _sign of gen._; + de:, _with abl._; + out of, e: _or_ ex, _with abl._ +often, saepe +on (_of place_), in, _with abl._; + (_of time_) _abl. without prep._ +on account of, propter, _with acc._; _or abl. of cause._ +on all sides, undique +once (_upon a time_), o:lim +one, u:nus, -a, -um (Sec. 108) +one ... another, alius ... alius (Sec. 110) +only (_adv._), so:lum; tantum +opportune, opportunus, -a, -um +opposite, adversus, -a, -um +oracle, o:ra:culum, -i:, _n._ +orator, o:ra:tor, -o:ris, _m._ +order, impero:, 1; iubeo:, 2 +ornament, o:rna:mentum, -i:, _n._ +other, alius, -a, -ud (Sec. 109) +others (the), reliqui:, -o:rum, _m. plur._ +ought, de:beo:, 2 +our, noster, -tra, -trum +ourselves, no:s, _as reflexive object._ See self +overcome, supero:, 1; vinco:, 3 +own (his, her, its, their), suus, -a, -um + + +P + +part, pars, partis, _f._ +peace, pa:x, pa:cis, _f._ +people, populus, -i:, _m._ +Perseus, Perseus, -i:, _m._ +persuade, persua:deo:, 2, _with dat._ (Sec. 153) +pitch camp, castra po:no: +place (_noun_), locus, -i:, _m._ +place, arrange, conloco:, 1 +place, put, po:no:, 3 +place in command, praeficio:, 3, _with acc. and dat._ (Sec. 426) +plan (a), co:nsilium, co:nsi'li:, _n._ +please, placeo:, 2, _with dat._ (Sec. 154) +pleasing, gra:tus, -a, -um +plow, aro:, 1 +Pompeii, Pompe:ii:, -o:rum, _m. plur._ +possible (as), _expressed by_ quam _and superl_. +powerful (be), valeo:, 2 +praise, laudo:, 1 +prefer, ma:lo:, ma:lle, ma:lui:, ---- (Sec. 497) +prepare for, paro:, 1, _with acc._ +press hard, premo:, 3 +protection, fide:s, fidei:, _f._ +province, pro:vincia, -ae, _f._ +public, pu:blicus, -a, -um +Publius, Pu:blius, Pu:bli:, _m._ +punishment, poena, -ae, _f._; supplicium, suppli'ci:, _n._ +purpose, for the purpose of, ut, qui:, _or_ quo:, _with subjv._; + ad, _with gerund or gerundive_; + causa:, _following the genitive of a gerund or gerundive_ +pursue, i:nsequor, 3 + + +Q + +queen, re:gi:na, -ae, _f._ +quickly, celeriter +quite, _expressed by the comp. degree_ + + +R + +rampart, va:llum, -i:, _n._ +rear, novissimum agmen +reason, causa, -ae, _f._ +receive, accipio:, 3; excipio:, 3 +recent, rece:ns, -entis +recently, nu:per +redoubt, castellum, -i:, _n._ +refuse, recu:so:, 1 +remain, maneo:, 2 +remaining, reliquus, -a, -um +reply, respondeo:, 2 +report (_noun_), fama, -ae, _f._; ru:mor, -o:ris, _m._ +report (_verb_), adfero:; de:fero:; refero: (Sec. 498) +republic, re:s pu:blica +require, postulo:, 1 +resist, resisto:, 3, _with dat._ (Sec. 154) +rest (the), reliqui:, -o:rum, _m. plur._ +restrain, contineo:, 2 +retainer, clie:ns, -entis, _m._ +retreat, pedem refero:; terga verto: +return, redeo:, 4; revertor, 3 +revolution, re:s novae +Rhine, Rhe:nus, -i:, _m._ +right, dexter, -tra, -trum +river, flu:men, -inis, _n._; fluvius, fluvi:, _m._ +road, via, -ae, _f._ +Roman, Ro:ma:nus, -a, -um +Rome, Ro:ma, -ae, _f._ +row, o:rdo:, -inis, _m._ +rule, rego:, 3 +rumor, fa:ma, -ae, _f._; ru:mor, -o:ris, _m._ +run, curro:, 3 + + +S + +sacrifice, sacrum, -i:, _n._ +safety, salu:s, -u:tis, _f._ +sail, na:vigo:, 1 +sailor, nauta, -ae, _m._ +sake, for the sake of, causa:, _following a gen._ +same, i:dem, eadem, idem (Sec. 287) +savages, barbari:, -o:rum, _m. plur._ +save, servo:, 1 +say, di:co:, 3 +school, lu:dus, -i:, _m._; schola, -ae, _f._ +scout, explo:ra:tor, -o:ris, _m._ +sea, mare, -is, _n._ +second, secundus, -a, -um +see, video:, 2 +seek, peto:, 3 +seem, videor, 2, _passive of_ video: +seize, occupo:, 1; rapio:, 3 +self, ipse, -a, -um (Sec. 286); sui: (Sec. 281) +send, mitto:, 3 +set fire to, incendo:, 3 +set out, profici:scor, 3 +seven, septem +Sextus, Sextus, -i:, _m._ +she, ea; haec; ista; illa (Sec. 115); + _or not expressed_ +ship, na:vis, -is, _f._ (Sec. 243.1) +short, brevis, -e +shout, cla:mor, -o:ris, _m._ +show, de:mo:nstro:, 1 +Sicily, Sicilia, -ae, _f._ +sick, aeger, -gra, -grum +side, latus, -eris, _n._ +siege, obsidio:, -o:nis, _f._ +since, cum, _with subjv._ (Sec. 396); + _the abl. abs._ (Sec. 381) +sing, cano:, 3; canto:, 1 +sister, soror, -o:ris, _f._ +sit, sedeo:, 2 +size, magnitu:do:, -inis, _f._ +skillful, peri:tus, -a, -um +slave, servus, -i:, _m._ +slavery, servitiu:s, -u:tis, _f._ +slow, tardus, -a, -um +small, parvus, -a, -um +snatch, rapio:, 3 +so, ita; si:c; tam +so great, tantus, -a, -um +so that, ut; + so that not, ut no:n +soldier, mi:les, -itis, _m._ +some, _often not expressed_; + quis (qui:), qua (quae), quid (quod); aliqui:, aliqua, aliquod +some one, quis; aliquis (Sec. 487) +some ... others, alii: ... alii: (Sec. 110) +something, quid; aliquid (Sec. 487) +son, fi:lius, fi:li:, _m._ +soon, mox +space, spatium, spati:, _n._ +spear, pi:lum, -i:, _n._ +spirited, a:cer, a:cris, a:cre; alacer, alacris, alacre +spring, fo:ns, fontis, _m._ +spur, calcar, -a:ris, _n._ +stand, sto:, 1 +state, ci:vita:s, -a:tis, _f._ +station, conloco:, 1 +steadiness, co:nstantia, -ae, _f._ +stone, lapis, -idis, _m._ +storm, oppugno:, 1 +story, fa:bula, -ae, _f._ +street, via, -ae, _f._ +strength, vi:s, (vi:s), _f._ +strong, fortis, -e; validus, -a, -um +sturdy, validus, -a, -um +such, ta:lis, -e +suddenly, subito: +suffer punishment, supplicium do: +sufficiently, satis +suitable, ido:neus, -a, -um +summer, aesta:s, -a:tis, _f._ +sun, so:l, so:lis, _m._ +supplies, commea:tus, -u:s, _m._ +surrender, tra:do:, 3 +suspect, suspicor, 1 +swift, celer, -eris, -ere; ve:lo:x, -o:cis +sword, gladius, gladi:, _m._ + + +T + +take, capture, capio:, 3 +take part in, intersum, -esse, -fui:, -futu:rus, _with dat._ (Sec. 426) +take possession of, occupo:, 1 +tall, altus, -a, -um +task, opus, operis, _n._ +teach, doceo:, 2 +teacher, magister, -tri:, _m._ +tear (_noun_), lacrima, -ae, _f._ +tell, di:co:, 3; na:rro:, 1 +ten, decem +terrified, perterritus, -a, -um +terrify, perterreo:, 2 +than, quam +that (_conj. after verbs of saying and the like_), _not expressed_ +that (_pron._), is; iste; ille +that, in order that, _in purpose clauses_, ut; _after verbs of +fearing_, ne: (Secs. 349, 366, 372) +that not, lest, _in purpose clauses_, ne:; + _after verbs of fearing_, ut (Secs. 349, 366, 372) +the, _not expressed_ +their, _gen. plur. of_ is; _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (Sec. 116) +their own, suus, -a, -um (Sec. 116) +then, at that time, tum +then, in the next place, deinde, tum +there, _as expletive, not expressed_ +there, in that place, ibi +therefore, itaque +they, ii:; hi:; isti:; illi:; + _or not expressed_ +think, arbitror, 1; exi:stimo:, 1; puto:, 1 +third, tertius, -a, -um +this, hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id +though, cum. _with subjv._ (Sec. 396) +thousand, mi:lle (Sec. 479) +three, tre:s, tria (Sec. 479) +through, per, _with acc._ +thy, tuus, -a, -um +time, tempus, -oris, _n._ +to, _sign of dat._; + ad, in, _with acc._; + _expressing purpose_, ut, qui:, _with subjv._; + ad, _with gerund or gerundive_ +to each other, inter, _with acc. of a reflexive pron._ +to-day, hodie: +tooth, de:ns, dentis, _m._ +top of, summus, -a, -um +tower, turris, -is, _f._ (Sec. 243.2) +town, oppidum, -i:, _n._ +townsman, oppida:nus, -i:, _m._ +trace, vesti:gium, vesti:'gi:, _n._ +trader, merca:tor, -o:ris, _m._ +train, exerceo:, 2 +tree, arbor, -oris, _f._ +tribe, ge:ns, gentis, _f._ +troops, co:piae, -a:rum, _f. plur._ +true, ve:rus, -a, -um +trumpet, tuba, -ae, _f._ +try, co:nor, 1; tempto:, 1 +twelve, duodecim +two, duo, duae, duo (Sec. 479) + + +U + +under, sub, _with acc. or abl._ +undertake, suscipio:, 3 +unharmed, incolumis, -e +unless, nisi +unlike, dissimilis, -e +unwilling (be), no:lo:, no:lle, no:lui:, ---- (Sec. 497) +up to, sub, _with acc._ +us, no:s, _acc. plur. of_ ego + + +V + +very, _superl. degree_; maxime:; ipse, -a, -um (Sec. 285) +victor, victor, -o:ris, _m._ +victory, victo:ria, -ae, _f._ +village, vi:cus, -i:, _m._ +violence, vi:s, (vi:s), _f._ +violently, vehementer +voice, vo:x, vo:cis, _f._ + + +W + +wage, gero:, 3 +wagon, carrus. -i:, _m._ +wall, mu:rus, -i:, _m._ +want, inopia, -ae, _f._ +war, bellum, -i:, _n._ +watch, vigilia, -ae, _f._ +water, aqua, -ae, _f._ +wave, fluctus, -u:s, _m._ +way, iter, itineris, _n._ (Sec. 468); via, -ae, _f._ +way, manner, modus, -i:, _m._ +we, no:s, _plur. of_ ego; _or not expressed_ +weak, i:nfi:rmus, -a, -um +weapons, arma, -o:rum, _n. plur._; te:la, -o:rum, _n. plur._ +wear, gero:, 3 +weary, de:fessus, -a, -um +what, quis (qui:), quae, quid (quod) (Sec. 483) +when, ubi; cum (Sec. 396); _often expressed by a participle_ +where, ubi +which, qui:, quae, quod (Sec. 482); + which of two, uter, utra, utrum (Sec. 108) +while, _expressed by a participle_ +whither, quo: +who (_rel._), qui:, quae (Sec. 482); (_interrog._) quis (Sec. 483) +whole, to:tus, -a, -um (Sec. 108) +whose, cuius; + quo:rum, qua:rum, quo:rum, _gen. of_ qui:, quae, quod, _rel._; + _or of_ quis, quid, _interrog_. +why, cu:r +wicked, malus, -a, -um +wide, la:tus, -a, -um +width, la:titu:do:, -inis, _f._ +wild beast, fera, -ae, _f._ +willing (be), volo:, velle, volui:, ---- (Sec. 497) +win (_a victory_), reporto:, 1 +wind, ventus, -i:, _m._ +wine, vi:num, -i:, _n._ +wing, cornu:, -u:s, _n._ +winter, hiems, -emis, _f._ +wisdom, co:nsilium, consi'li:, _n._ +wish, cupio:, 3; volo:, velle, volui:, ---- (Sec. 497); + wish not, no:lo:, no:lle, no:lui:, ---- (Sec. 497) +with, cum, _with abl.; sometimes abl. alone_ +withdraw, se: recipere +without, sine, _with abl._ +woman, fe:mina, -ae, _f._; mulier, -eris, _f._ +wonderful, mi:rus, -a, -um +word, verbum, -i:, _n._ +work, labor, -o:ris, _m._; opus, -eris, _n._ +worse, peior, peius, _comp. of_ malus +worst, pessimus, -a, -um, _superl. of_ malus +wound (_noun_), vulnus, -eris, _n._ +wound (_verb_), vulnero:, 1 +wreath, coro:na, -ae, _f._ +wretched, miser, -era, -erum +wrong, iniu:ria, -ae, _f._ + + +Y + +year, annus, -i:, _m._ +yes, certe:; ita; ve:ro:; _or, more usually, repeat the verb_ (Sec. 210) +yonder (that), ille, -a, -ud +you, _sing_. tu:; _plur_. vo:s (Sec. 480); _or not expressed_ +your, _sing_. tuus, -a, -um; _plur._ vester, -tra, -trum (Sec. 98.b) + + +Z + +zeal, studium, studi:, _n._ + + + + +INDEX + +The numbers in all cases refer to sections. + +a:-declension of nouns, 57, 461 +a:-verbs, conjugation of, 488 +ablative case, 48, 50 + absolute, 381 + after a comparative, 309 + of accompaniment, 104 + of agent, 181 + of cause, 102 + of description, 444, 445 + of manner, 105 + of means or instrument, 103 + of measure of difference, 317 + of place from which, 179 + of place where, 265 + of separation, 180 + of specification, 398 + of time, 275 +accent, 14-16 +accompaniment + abl. of, 104 +accusative case, 33 + as subject of the infinitive, 214 + object, 37 + of duration and extent, 336 + of place to which, 263, 266 + predicate, 392 + with prepositions, 340 +adjectives, 54, 55 + agreement, 65 + comparison + regular, 301 + by adverbs, 302 + irregular, 307, 311, 312, 315 + declension of comparatives, 303 + of first and second declensions, 83, 93, 469 + of third declension, 250-257, 471 + with the dative, 143 +adverbs, 319 + comparison, 320, 323 + formation + regular, 320, 321 + irregular, 322, 323 +agent + expressed by the abl. with _a:_ or _ab_, 181 +agreement + of adjectives, 65, 215.a + of appositives, 81 + of predicate nouns, 76 + of relative pronouns, 224 + of verbs, 28 +aliquis, 487 +alius, 108, 110, 470 +alphabet, 1-3 +alter, 108, 110 +antepenult, 9.3; accent of, 15 +apposition, 80, 81 +article + not used in Latin, 22.a + +base, 58 + +cardinal numerals, 327-329, 478 +case, 32.2 +causal clauses with _cum_, 395, 396 +cause, + expressed by the abl., 102 +characteristic + subjv. of, 389, 390 +comparative + declension of, 303 +comparison + abl. of, 309 + degrees of, 300 + of adjectives, 300-315 + irregular, 311-315, 473, 475 + of adverbs + regular, 320-476 + irregular, 323, 477 + positive wanting, 315 + six adjectives in _-lis_, 307 +complementary infinitive, 215 +compound verbs + with the dative, 425, 426 +concessive clauses with _cum_, 395, 396 +conjugation stems, 184 +conjugations + the four regular, 126, 488-491 + irregular, 494-500 +consonants, 2 +copula, 21 +cum + conjunction, 395 +cum + preposition, 209 + +dative case, 43 + of indirect object, 44, 45 + of purpose, or end for which, 437 + with adjectives, 143 + with compound verbs, 426 + with special verbs, 153 +dea + declension of, 67 +declension, 23, 32 +degree of difference + expressed by the abl., 317 +demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, 112-115, 290-292, 481 +deponent verbs, 338, 339, 493 +descriptive ablative and genitive, 441-445 +descriptive relative clause + with the subjv., 389, 390 +deus + declension of, 468 +difference, measure of, 316, 317 +diphthongs, 6 +direct statements, 414 +distributive numerals, 327.3, 334 +domi: + locative, 267 +domus + declension of, 468 +duo + declension of, 479 +duration of time, expressed by the acc., 336 + +e:-declension of nouns, 272, 273, 467 +e:-verbs, conjugation of, 489 +e-verbs, conjugation of, 490 +ego + declension of, 280, 480 +enclitics, 16 +eo: + conjugation of, 499 +extent of space + expressed by the acc., 336 + +fearing + subjv. after verbs of, 370-372 +fero: + conjugation of, 498 +fifth or e:-declension, 272, 273, 467 +fi:lia + declension of, 67 +fi:lius + declension of, 87-89 +finite verb + defined, 173 +fi:o: + conjugation of, 500 +first conjugation, 488 +first or a:-declension, 57, 461 +fourth conjugation, 491 +fourth or u-declension, 259, 260, 466 +from + how expressed, 178-181 +future participle + formation of, 374.c +future perfect + formation of + active, 187.3 + passive, 202 +future tense + formation of, 137, 156 + +gender + in English and in Latin, 60 + in the first declension, 61 + in the second declension, 72 + in the third declension, 247 + in the fourth declension, 260 + in the fifth declension, 272 +general observations on declension, 74 +genitive case + English equivalents of, 33 + of description, 443, 445 + of nouns in _-ius_ and _-ium_, 87 + partitive, 331 + possessive, 38, 409 +gerund + a verbal noun, 402, 403 +gerundive + a verbal adjective, 404 + with _ad_ to express purpose, 407 + +hic + declension and use of, 290, 291 +how to read Latin, 17 + +i + consonant, 3 +i-stems of nouns, 231, 241-244 +i:-verbs + conjugation of, 491 +i:dem + declension of, 287, 481 +ie:ns + declension of, 472 +ille + declension and use of, 290-293, 481 +imperative + formation of, 161, 175 + irregular, 161.2 + in commands, 161 +imperfect indicative, formation and use of, 133, 134, 165.1 +imperfect subjunctive, 354 +indefinite pronouns and adjectives, 296, 297, 484-487 +independent clauses, 219 +indirect object, 44, 45 +indirect questions, 430-432 +indirect statements, 414-419 +infinitive + as object, 213 + as subject, 216 + complementary, 215 + definition of, 173 + does not express purpose, 352 + formation of, 126, 174, 205, 206 + in indirect statements, 415-410 + used as in English, 213-216 +inflection + defined, 23 +instrument + abl. of, 100.b, 103 +intensive pronoun + _ipse_, declension and use of, 285, 286, 481 +interrogative pronouns and adjectives, 225-227, 483 +intransitive verbs, + defined, 20.a + with the dative, 153 +io:-verbs of the third conj., 492 +ipse + declension and use of, 285, 481 +irregular adjectives, 108 +irregular comparison + of adjectives, 307 311, 312 + of adverbs, 323 +irregular nouns, 67, 246, 468 +irregular verbs, 494-500 +is + declension and use of, 113-116 +iste + declension and use of, 290, 292, 481 +iter + declension of, 468 + +Latin word order, 68 +locative case, 267 + +magis and maxime: + comparison by, 302 +ma:lo: + conjugation of, 4.97 +manner + abl. of, 105 +means + abl. of, 103 +measure of difference + abl. of, 316, 317 +mi:lle, + declension of, 479 + construction with, 331.a,b +moods, defined, 121 + +-ne, enclitic + in questions, 210 +ne:, conj., _that not, lest_ + with negative clauses of purpose, 350.II + with verbs of fearing, 370 +nine irregular adjectives, 108-110 +no:lo: + conjugation of, 497 +nominative case, 35, 36 +no:nne + in questions, 210 +no:s + declension of, 280, 480 +nouns, 19. 2 + first declension, 57, 461 + second declension, 71-74,87-92,462 + third declension, 230-247, 463-465 + fourth declension, 259, 260, 466 + fifth declension, 272, 273, 467 +num, in questions, 210 +number, 24 +numerals, 327-334, 478, 479 + +o-declension of nouns, 71-74, 87-92, 462 +object, 20 + direct, 37 + indirect, 44, 45 +order of words, 68 +ordinal numerals, 327. 2, 478 + +participial stem, 201.2 +participles, defined, 203 + agreement of, 204 + formation, + of present, 374.b + of perfect, 201 + of future, 374.c,d + of deponent verbs, 375 + tenses of, 376 + translated by a clause, 377 +partitive genitive, 330, 331 +passive voice + defined, 163 + formation of, 164, 202 +penult, 9.3 + accent of, 15 +perfect indicative + formation, + in the active, 185, 186 + in the passive, 202 + meaning of, 190 + definite, 190 + indefinite, 190 + distinguished from the imperfect, 190 +perfect infinitive + active, 195 + passive, 205 +perfect passive participle, 201 +perfect stem, 185 +perfect subjunctive + active, 361 + passive, 362 +person, 122 +personal endings + active, 122 + passive, 164 +personal pronouns, 280, 480 +place + where, whither, whence, 263-265 + names of towns and _domus_ and _ru:s_, 266-268 +pluperfect indicative + active, 187.2 + passive, 202 +pluperfect subjunctive + active, 361 + passive, 363 +plu:s + declension of, 313 +possessive pronouns, 97, 98 +possum + conjugation of, 495 +predicate + defined, 19 +predicate adjective + defined, 55 +predicate noun, 75, 76 +prepositions + with the abl., 209 + with the acc., 340 +present indicative, 128, 130, 147 +present stem, 126.a +present subjunctive, 344 +primary tenses, 356 +principal parts, 183 +pronouns + classification of, 278 + defined, 19.2.a + demonstrative, 481 + indefinite, 297, 484-487 + intensive, 285, 286, 481 + interrogative, 483 + personal, 480 + possessive, 97, 98 + reflexive, 281 + relative, 220, 221 +pronunciation, 4-7 +pro:sum + conjugation of, 496 +purpose + dative of, 436, 437 + expressed by the gerund or gerundive with _ad_, 407 + not expressed by the infinitive, 352 + subjunctive of, 348-350, 365-367 + +quality + gen. or abl. of, 441-445 +quam + with a comparative, 308 +quantity, 11-13 +questions + direct, 210 + indirect, 430-432 +qui: + declension and use of, 220,221, 482 +qui:dam + declension of, 485 +quis + declension and use of, 225-227, 483 +quisquam + declension of, 486 +quisque + declension of, 484 + +reflexive pronouns, 281 +relative clauses of characteristic or description, 389, 390 +relative clauses of purpose, 348, 349 +relative pronouns, 220, 221 +result clauses, 384-387 +reviews, 502-528 +ru:s + constructions of, 266 + +se: + distinguished from _ipse_, 285.a +second conjugation, 489 +second or o-declension, 71-93, 462 +sentences + simple, complex, compound, 219 +separation + abl. of, 180 +separative ablative, 178-181 +sequence of tenses, 356-358 +space + extent of, expressed by the acc., 336 +specification + abl. of, 398 +stems + of nouns, 230 + of verbs, 184 +subject + defined, 19.2 + of the infinitive, 213, 214 +subjunctive + formation of the present, 344 + of the imperfect, 354 + of the perfect, 361, 362 + of the pluperfect, 361.c, 363 +subjunctive constructions + characteristic or description, 389, 390 + indirect questions, 430-432 + purpose, 349, 366, 372 + result, 385, 386 + time, cause, or concession, with _cum_, 395, 396 +subjunctive ideas, 346 +subjunctive tenses, 342, 343 +subordinate clauses, 219 +sui: + declension of, 281, 480 +sum + conjugation of, 494 +suus + use of, 98.c, 116 +syllables, 8 + division of, 9 + quantity of, 13 +syntax + rules of, 501 + +temporal clauses with _cum_, 395, 396 +tense + defined, 120 +tense signs + imperfect, 133 + future, 137, 156 + pluperfect active, 187.2 + future perfect active, 187.3 +tenses + primary and secondary, 356 + sequence of, 357, 358 +third conjugation, 490, 492 +third declension of nouns + classes, 231, 463 + consonant stems, 232-238, 464 + gender, 247 + i-stems, 241-244, 465 + irregular nouns, 246 +time + abl. of, 275 +time + acc. of, 336 +towns + rules for names of, 266, 267, 268 +transitive verb, 20.a +tre:s + declension of, 479 +tu: + declension of, 280, 480 +tuus + compared with _vester_, 98. b + +u-declension of nouns, 259, 260, 466 +ultima, 9. 3 + +verbs + agreement of, 28 + conjugation of, 126, 488-491 + deponent, 338, 339, 493 + irregular, 494-500 + personal endings of, 122, 164 + principal parts of, 183 +vester + compared with _tuus_, 98.b +vi:s + declension of, 468 +vocabularies + English-Latin, pp. 332-343 + Latin-English, pp. 299-331 + special, pp. 283-298 +vocative case, 56.a + of nouns in _-us_ of the second declension, 73.b + of proper nouns in _-ius_ and of _fi:lius_, 88 +voice + defined, 163 +volo: + conjugation of, 497 +vo:s + declension of, 280, 480 +vowels + sounds of, 5, 6 + quantity of, 12 + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Latin for Beginners, by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN FOR BEGINNERS *** + +***** This file should be named 18251.txt or 18251.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/2/5/18251/ + 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