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This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
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Title: Latin for Beginners
Author: Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge
Release Date: April 25, 2006 [EBook #18251]
Language: English
Character set encoding: MAC
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN FOR BEGINNERS ***
Produced by Louise Hope, Dave Maddock and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was made using scans of public domain material by
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[Transcribers Notes:
This text file is intended for Macintosh users whose browsers or text
readers cannot display either of the utf-8 versions (plain text or
html). A few necessary changes have been made.
The macron (straight line, representing long vowels) has been replaced
everywhere by a circumflex accent:
The y in Pythia, Lydia and peristylum is also long, and is
marked y: in vocabulary lists.
The breve symbol (), representing a short vowel, has been omitted.
This symbol was used only in the introductory section on
pronunciation (1-18), and in one or two vocabulary entries.
The notation [oo] represents short oo.
Letters shown with combined breve and macron have been expanded as
-ei or -i, -ius or -us.
To make this unpaginated e-text easier to use, each chapters Special
Vocabulary has been included with its chapter _in addition to_ its
original location near the end of the book. The same was done with the
irregular verbs. The vocabulary lists are at the beginning of each
chapter, as far as possible from the Exercises.
Boldface is shown by guillemets, italics by _lines_.
The variation between Ҿ (English text) and ae (Latin text) is as in
the original. Bracketed passages in the original are shown in [[double
brackets]].]
* * * * *
* * * *
* * * * *
LATIN FOR BEGINNERS
BY
BENJAMIN L. DOOGE, Ph.D.
Professor in the Michigan State Normal College
Ginn and Company
Boston New York Chicago London
Copyright, 1909, 1911 by Benjamin L. DOoge
Entered at Stationers Hall
All Rights Reserved
013.4
The Athenum Press
Ginn and Company Proprietors Boston U.S.A.
* * * * *
PREFACE
To make the course preparatory to Csar at the same time systematic,
thorough, clear, and interesting is the purpose of this series of
lessons.
The first pages are devoted to a brief discussion of the Latin language,
its history, and its educational value. The body of the book, consisting
of seventy-nine lessons, is divided into three parts.
Part I is devoted to pronunciation, quantity, accent, and kindred
introductory essentials.
Part II carries the work through the first sixty lessons, and is devoted
to the study of forms and vocabulary, together with some elementary
constructions, a knowledge of which is necessary for the translation of
the exercises and reading matter. The first few lessons have been made
unusually simple, to meet the wants of pupils not well grounded in
English grammar.
Part III contains nineteen lessons, and is concerned primarily with the
study of syntax and of subjunctive and irregular verb forms. The last
three of these lessons constitute a review of all the constructions
presented in the book. There is abundant easy reading matter; and, in
order to secure proper concentration of effort upon syntax and
translation, no new vocabularies are introduced, but the vocabularies in
Part II are reviewed.
It is hoped that the following features will commend themselves to
teachers:
The forms are presented in their natural sequence, and are given, for
the most part, in the body of the book as well as in a grammatical
appendix. The work on the verb is intensive in character, work in other
directions being reduced to a minimum while this is going on. The forms
of the subjunctive are studied in correlation with the subjunctive
constructions.
The vocabulary has been selected with the greatest care, using Lodges
Dictionary of Secondary Latin and Brownes Latin Word List as a
basis. There are about six hundred words, exclusive of proper names, in
the special vocabularies, and these are among the simplest and commonest
words in the language. More than ninety-five per cent of those chosen
are Csarian, and of these more than ninety per cent are used in Csar
five or more times. The few words not Csarian are of such frequent
occurrence in Cicero, Vergil, and other authors as to justify their
appearance here. But teachers desiring to confine word study to Csar
can easily do so, as the Csarian words are printed in the vocabularies
in distinctive type. Concrete nouns have been preferred to abstract,
root words to compounds and derivatives, even when the latter were of
more frequent occurrence in Csar. To assist the memory, related English
words are added in each special vocabulary. To insure more careful
preparation, the special vocabularies have been removed from their
respective lessons and placed by themselves. The general vocabulary
contains about twelve hundred words, and of these above eighty-five per
cent are found in Csar.
The syntax has been limited to those essentials which recent
investigations, such as those of Dr. Lee Byrne and his collaborators,
have shown to belong properly to the work of the first year. The
constructions are presented, as far as possible, from the standpoint of
English, the English usage being given first and the Latin compared or
contrasted with it. Special attention has been given to the
constructions of participles, the gerund and gerundive, and the
infinitive in indirect statements. Constructions having a logical
connection are not separated but are treated together.
Exercises for translation occur throughout, those for translation into
Latin being, as a rule, only half as long as those for translation into
English. In Part III a few of the commoner idioms in Csar are
introduced and the sentences are drawn mainly from that author. From
first to last a consistent effort is made to instill a proper regard for
Latin word order, the first principles of which are laid down early in
the course.
Selections for reading are unusually abundant and are introduced from
the earliest possible moment. These increase in number and length as the
book progresses, and, for the most part, are made an integral part of
the lessons instead of being massed at the end of the book. This
arrangement insures a more constant and thorough drill in forms and
vocabulary, promotes reading power, and affords a breathing spell
between succeeding subjects. The material is drawn from historical and
mythological sources, and the vocabulary employed includes but few words
not already learned. The book closes with a continued story which
recounts the chief incidents in the life of a Roman boy. The last
chapters record his experiences in Csars army, and contain much
information that will facilitate the interpretation of the Commentaries.
The early emphasis placed on word order and sentence structure, the
simplicity of the syntax, and the familiarity of the vocabulary, make
the reading selections especially useful for work in sight translation.
Reviews are called for at frequent intervals, and to facilitate this
branch of the work an Appendix of Reviews has been prepared, covering
both the vocabulary and the grammar.
The illustrations are numerous, and will, it is hoped, do much to
stimulate interest in the ancient world and to create true and lasting
impressions of Roman life and times.
A consistent effort has been made to use simple language and clear
explanation throughout.
As an aid to teachers using this book a Teachers Manual has been
prepared, which contains, in addition to general suggestions, notes on
each lesson.
The author wishes to express his gratitude to the numerous teachers who
tested the advance pages in their classes, and, as a result of their
experience, have given much valuable aid by criticism and suggestion.
Particular acknowledgments are due to Miss A. Susan Jones of the Central
High School, Grand Rapids, Michigan; to Miss Clara Allison of the High
School at Hastings, Michigan; and to Miss Helen B. Muir and Mr. Orland
O. Norris, teachers of Latin in this institution.
BENJAMIN L. DOOGE
MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL COLLEGE
CONTENTS
Lesson Page
TO THE STUDENT--By way of Introduction 1-4
PART I. THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN
ALPHABET, SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, SYLLABLES, QUANTITY, ACCENT,
HOW TO READ LATIN 5-11
PART II. WORDS AND FORMS
I-VI. FIRST PRINCIPLES--_Subject and Predicate,
Inflection, Number, Nominative Subject, Possessive
Genitive, Agreement of Verb, Direct Object,
Indirect Object, etc._--DIALOGUE 12-24
VII-VIII. FIRST OR __-DECLENSION--_Gender, Agreement of
Adjectives, Word Order_ 25-30
IX-X. SECOND OR _O_-DECLENSION--GENERAL RULES FOR
DECLENSION--_Predicate Noun, Apposition_--DIALOGUE 31-35
XI. ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 36-37
XII. NOUNS IN -ius AND -ium--GERMNIA 38-39
XIII. SECOND DECLENSION (_Continued_)--Nouns in -er and
-ir--ITALIA--DIALOGUE 39-41
XIV. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS 42-43
XV. ABLATIVE DENOTING WITH--_Cause, Means, Accompaniment,
Manner_--THE ROMANS PREPARE FOR WAR 44-46
XVI. THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 46-47
XVII. THE DEMONSTRATIVE is, ea, id--DIALOGUE 48-50
XVIII. CONJUGATION--Present, Imperfect, and Future of sum--
DIALOGUE 51-53
XIX. PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF am AND mone 54-56
XX. IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF am AND mone--
_Meaning of the Imperfect_--NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN 56-57
XXI. FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF am AND mone--
NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN (_Concluded_) 58-59
XXII. REVIEW OF VERBS--_The Dative with Adjectives_--
CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS 59-61
XXIII. PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF reg AND audi--
CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (_Concluded_) 61-63
XXIV. IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF reg AND audi--
_The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs_ 63-65
XXV. FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF reg AND audi 65-66
XXVI. VERBS IN -i--Present, Imperfect, and Future Active
Indicative of capi--_The Imperative_ 66-68
XXVII. PASSIVE VOICE--Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative of am and mone--PERSEUS AND
ANDROMEDA 68-71
XXVIII. PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE
OF reg AND audi--PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA
(_Continued_) 72-73
XXIX. PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE
OF -i VERBS--PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND
IMPERATIVE 73-75
XXX. SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS--THE ABLATIVE
DENOTING FROM--_Place from Which, Separation,
Personal Agent_ 75-78
XXXI. PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF sum--
DIALOGUE 79-81
XXXII. PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR
CONJUGATIONS--_Meanings of the Perfect_--PERSEUS
AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_) 81-83
XXXIII. PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE--
PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE 84-85
XXXIV. REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE--PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA
(_Concluded_) 86-87
XXXV. PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE--PERFECT PASSIVE
AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE 88-90
XXXVI. REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS--_Prepositions, Yes-or-No
Questions_ 90-93
XXXVII. CONJUGATION OF possum--_The Infinitive used as in
English_--_Accusative Subject of an Infinitive_--
THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA 93-96
XXXVIII. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN--
_Agreement of the Relative_--THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA
(_Concluded_) 97-101
XXXIX-XLI. THE THIRD DECLENSION--Consonant Stems 101-106
XLII. REVIEW LESSON--TERROR CIMBRICUS 107
XLIII. THIRD DECLENSION--_I_-Stems 108-110
XLIV. IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION--
GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION--THE FIRST BRIDGE
OVER THE RHINE 111-112
XLV. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION--THE ROMANS
INVADE THE ENEMYS COUNTRY 113-115
XLVI. THE FOURTH OR _U_-DECLENSION 116-117
XLVII. EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE--_Place to Which, Place from
Which, Place at or in Which, the Locative_--
Declension of domus--DDALUS AND ICARUS 117-121
XLVIII. THE FIFTH OR __-DECLENSION--_Ablative of Time_
--DDALUS AND ICARUS (_Continued_) 121-123
XLIX. PRONOUNS--Personal and Reflexive Pronouns--DDALUS
AND ICARUS (_Concluded_) 123-126
L. THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN ipse AND THE DEMONSTRATIVE
ǔdem--HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE 126-127
LI. THE DEMONSTRATIVES hic, iste, ille--A GERMAN
CHIEFTAIN ADDRESSES HIS FOLLOWERS--HOW HORATIUS
HELD THE BRIDGE (_Continued_) 128-130
LII. THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS--HOW HORATIUS HELD THE
BRIDGE (_Concluded_) 130-132
LIII. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 133-135
LIV. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES--_Ablative with
Comparatives_ 135-136
LV. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Continued_)--
Declension of pls 137-138
LVI. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Concluded_)--
_Ablative of the Measure of Difference_ 138-139
LVII. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 140-142
LVIII. NUMERALS--_Partitive Genitive_ 142-144
LIX. NUMERALS (_Continued_)--_Accusative of Extent_--
CSAR IN GAUL 144-146
LX. DEPONENT VERBS--_Prepositions with the Accusative_ 146-147
PART III. CONSTRUCTIONS
LXI. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD--Inflection of the Present--
_Indicative and Subjunctive Compared_ 148-152
LXII. THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE 152-153
LXIII. INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE--_Sequence
of Tenses_ 153-155
LXIV. INFLECTION OF THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT
SUBJUNCTIVE--_Substantive Clauses of Purpose_ 156-159
LXV. SUBJUNCTIVE OF possum--_Verbs of Fearing_ 160-161
LXVI. THE PARTICIPLES--Tenses and Declension 161-164
LXVII. THE IRREGULAR VERBS vol, nl, ml--
_Ablative Absolute_ 164-166
LXVIII. THE IRREGULAR VERB f--_Subjunctive of Result_ 167-168
LXIX. SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC--_Predicate
Accusative_ 169-171
LXX. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH cum--_Ablative of
Specification_ 171-173
LXXI. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Gerund and Gerundive_--
_Predicate Genitive_ 173-177
LXXII. THE IRREGULAR VERB e--_Indirect Statements_ 177-180
LXXIII. VOCABULARY REVIEW--THE IRREGULAR VERB fer--
_Dative with Compounds_ 181-183
LXXIV. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Subjunctive in Indirect
Questions_ 183-185
LXXV. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Dative of Purpose or End for
Which_ 185-186
LXXVI. VOCABULARY REVIEW--_Genitive and Ablative of
Quality or Description_ 186-188
LXXVII. REVIEW OF AGREEMENT--_Review of the Genitive,
Dative, and Accusative_ 189-190
LXXVIII. REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE 191-192
LXXIX. REVIEW OF THE SYNTAX OF VERBS 192-193
READING MATTER
INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS 194-195
THE LABORS OF HERCULES 196-203
P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY 204-215
APPENDIXES AND VOCABULARIES
APPENDIX I. TABLES OF DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS,
ETC. 226-260
APPENDIX II. RULES OF SYNTAX 261-264
APPENDIX III. REVIEWS 265-282
SPECIAL VOCABULARIES 283-298
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 299-331
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 332-343
INDEX 344-348
LATIN FOR BEGINNERS
TO THE STUDENT--BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION
What is Latin? If you will look at the map of Italy on the opposite
page, you will find near the middle of the peninsula and facing the west
coast a district called Latium,[1] and Rome its capital. The Latin
language, meaning the language of Latium, was spoken by the ancient
Romans and other inhabitants of Latium, and Latin was the name applied
to it after the armies of Rome had carried the knowledge of her language
far beyond its original boundaries. As the English of to-day is not
quite the same as that spoken two or three hundred years ago, so Latin
was not always the same at all times, but changed more or less in the
course of centuries. The sort of Latin you are going to learn was in use
about two thousand years ago. And that period has been selected because
the language was then at its best and the greatest works of Roman
literature were being produced. This period, because of its supreme
excellence, is called the Golden Age of Roman letters.
[Footnote 1: Pronounce _Lshi-um_.]
The Spread of Latin. For some centuries after Rome was founded, the
Romans were a feeble and insignificant people, their territory was
limited to Latium, and their existence constantly threatened by warlike
neighbors. But after the third century before Christ, Romes power grew
rapidly. She conquered all Italy, then reached out for the lands across
the sea and beyond the Alps, and finally ruled over the whole ancient
world. The empire thus established lasted for more than four hundred
years. The importance of Latin increased with the growth of Roman
power, and what had been a dialect spoken by a single tribe became the
universal language. Gradually the language changed somewhat, developing
differently in different countries. In Italy it has become Italian, in
Spain Spanish, and in France French. All these nations, therefore, are
speaking a modernized form of Latin.
The Romans and the Greeks. In their career of conquest the Romans came
into conflict with the Greeks. The Greeks were inferior to the Romans in
military power, but far superior to them in culture. They excelled in
art, literature, music, science, and philosophy. Of all these pursuits
the Romans were ignorant until contact with Greece revealed to them the
value of education and filled them with the thirst for knowledge. And so
it came about that while Rome conquered Greece by force of arms, Greece
conquered Rome by force of her intellectual superiority and became her
schoolmaster. It was soon the established custom for young Romans to
go to Athens and to other centers of Greek learning to finish their
training, and the knowledge of the Greek language among the educated
classes became universal. At the same time many cultured Greeks--poets,
artists, orators, and philosophers--flocked to Rome, opened schools, and
taught their arts. Indeed, the preminence of Greek culture became so
great that Rome almost lost her ambition to be original, and her writers
vied with each other in their efforts to reproduce in Latin what was
choicest in Greek literature. As a consequence of all this, the
civilization and national life of Rome became largely Grecian, and to
Greece she owed her literature and her art.
Rome and the Modern World. After conquering the world, Rome impressed
her language, laws, customs of living, and modes of thinking upon the
subject nations, and they became Roman; and the world has remained
largely Roman ever since. Latin continued to live, and the knowledge of
Latin was the only light of learning that burned steadily through the
dark ages that followed the downfall of the Roman Empire. Latin was the
common language of scholars and remained so even down to the days of
Shakespeare. Even yet it is more nearly than any other tongue the
universal language of the learned. The life of to-day is much nearer
the life of ancient Rome than the lapse of centuries would lead one to
suppose. You and I are Romans still in many ways, and if Csar and
Cicero should appear among us, we should not find them, except for dress
and language, much unlike men of to-day.
Latin and English. Do you know that more than half of the words in the
English dictionary are Latin, and that you are speaking more or less
Latin every day? How has this come about? In the year 1066 William the
Conqueror invaded England with an army of Normans. The Normans spoke
French--which, you remember, is descended from Latin--and spread their
language to a considerable extent over England, and so Norman-French
played an important part in the formation of English and forms a large
proportion of our vocabulary. Furthermore, great numbers of almost pure
Latin words have been brought into English through the writings of
scholars, and every new scientific discovery is marked by the addition
of new terms of Latin derivation. Hence, while the simpler and commoner
words of our mother tongue are Anglo-Saxon, and Anglo-Saxon forms the
staple of our colloquial language, yet in the realms of literature, and
especially in poetry, words of Latin derivation are very abundant. Also
in the learned professions, as in law, medicine, and engineering, a
knowledge of Latin is necessary for the successful interpretation of
technical and scientific terms.
Why study Latin? The foregoing paragraphs make it clear why Latin
forms so important a part of modern education. We have seen that our
civilization rests upon that of Greece and Rome, and that we must look
to the past if we would understand the present. It is obvious, too, that
the knowledge of Latin not only leads to a more exact and effective use
of our own language, but that it is of vital importance and of great
practical value to any one preparing for a literary or professional
career. To this it may be added that the study of Latin throws a flood
of light upon the structure of language in general and lays an excellent
foundation for all grammatical study. Finally, it has been abundantly
proved that there is no more effective means of strengthening the mind
than by the earnest pursuit of this branch of learning.
Review Questions. Whence does Latin get its name? Where is Latium?
Where is Rome? Was Latin always the same? What sort of Latin are we to
study? Describe the growth of Romes power and the spread of Latin. What
can you say of the origin of Italian, French, and Spanish? How did the
ancient Greeks and Romans compare? How did Greece influence Rome? How
did Rome influence the world? In what sense are we Romans still? What
did Latin have to do with the formation of English? What proportion of
English words are of Latin origin, and what kind of words are they? Why
should we study Latin?
PART I
THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN
THE ALPHABET
1. The Latin alphabet contains the same letters as the English except
that it has no _w_ and no _j_.
2. The vowels, as in English, are _a, e, i, o, u, y_. The other
letters are consonants.
3. _I_ is used both as a vowel and as a consonant. Before a vowel in
the same syllable it has the value of a consonant and is called _I
consonant_.
Thus in I-li-us the first _i_ is a consonant, the second a vowel.
SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS[1]
[Footnote 1: N.B. The sounds of the letters are best learned by
hearing them correctly pronounced. The matter in this section is,
therefore, intended for reference rather than for assignment as a
lesson. As a first step it is suggested that the teacher pronounce
the examples in class, the pupils following.]
4. Latin was not pronounced like English. The Romans at the beginning
of the Christian era pronounced their language substantially as
described below.
5. The vowels have the following sounds:
VOWELS[2] LATIN EXAMPLES
as in _father_ hc, sts
a like the first _a_ in _aha_,
never as in _hat_ a-mat, ca-ns
as in _they_ t-la, m-ta
e as in _met_ te-net, mer-cs
as in _machine_ ser-t, pr-t
i as in _bit_ si-tis, bi-b
as in _holy_ R-ma, -ris
o as in _wholly_, never as in
_hot_ mo-do, bo-ns
as in _rude_, or as _oo_ in
_boot_ -mor, t-ber
u as in _full_, or as _oo_ in
_foot_ ut, t-tus
NOTE. It is to be observed that there is a decided difference in sound,
except in the case of _a_, between the long and the short vowels. It is
not merely a matter of _quantity_ but also of _quality_.
[Footnote 2: Long vowels are marked , short ones .]
[Transcribers Note:
In this version of the text, long vowels are shown with a circumflex
accent (hat) and short vowels are unmarked, as described in the
introductory notes.]
6. In diphthongs (two-vowel sounds) both vowels are heard in a
single syllable.
DIPHTHONGS LATIN EXAMPLES
ae as _ai_ in _aisle_ tae-dae
au as _ou_ in _out_ gau-det
ei as _ei_ in _eight_ dein-de
eu as _e[oo]_ (a short _e_
followed by a short _u_ in
one syllable) seu
oe like _oi_ in _toil_ foe-dus
ui like _[oo]i_ (a short _u_
followed by a short _i_ in one
syllable. Cf. English _we_) cui, huic
NOTE. Give all the vowels and diphthongs their proper sounds and do not
slur over them in unaccented syllables, as is done in English.
7. Consonants are pronounced as in English, except that
CONSONANTS LATIN EXAMPLES
c is always like _c_ in _cat_,
never as in _cent_ ca-d, ci-bus, c-na
g is always like _g_ in _get_,
never as in _gem_ ge-m, gig-n
i consonant is always like
_y_ in _yes_ iam, io-cus
n before _c, qu_, or _g_ is
like _ng_ in _sing_ (compare
the sound of _n_ in _anchor_) an-co-ra (ang-ko-ra)
qu, gu, and sometimes su
before a vowel have the sound
of _qw, gw_, and _sw_. Here
_u_ has the value of consonant
_v_ and is not counted a vowel in-quit, qu, lin-gua,
san-guis, su-de-
s is like _s_ in _sea_, never
as in _ease_ ro-sa, is
t is always like _t_ in
_native_, never as in _nation_ ra-ti-, n-ti-
v is like _w_ in _wine_, never
as in _vine_ v-num, vir
x has the value of two
consonants (_cs_ or _gs_) and
is like _x_ in _extract_, not
as in _exact_ ex-tr, ex-c-tus
bs is like _ps_ and bt like
_pt_ urbs, ob-ti-ne-
ch, ph, and th are like
_c_, _p_, _t_ pul-cher, Phoe-b,
the--trum
_a._ In combinations of consonants give each its distinct sound.
Doubled consonants should be pronounced with a slight pause between
the two sounds. Thus pronounce _tt_ as in _rat-trap_, not as in
_rattle_; _pp_ as in _hop-pole_, not as in _upper_. Examples,
mit-t, Appi-us, bel-lum.
SYLLABLES
8. A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs.
Thus aes-t-te has three syllables, au-di-en-dus has four.
_a._ Two vowels with a consonant between them never make one
syllable, as is so often the case in English. Compare English
_inside_ with Latin n-s-de.
9. Words are divided into syllables as follows:
1. A single consonant between two vowels goes with the second. Thus
a-m-bi-lis, me-mo-ri-a, in-te-re-, a-best,
pe-r-git.[3]
[Footnote 3: In writing and printing it is customary to divide
the parts of a compound, as inter-e, ab-est, sub-ctus,
per-git, contrary to the correct phonetic rule.]
2. Combinations of two or more consonants:
_a._ A consonant followed by _l_ or _r_ goes with the _l_ or _r_.
Thus p-bli-cus, a-gr.
EXCEPTION. Prepositional compounds of this nature, as also _ll_ and
_rr_, follow rule _b_. Thus ab-lu-, ab-rum-p, il-le,
fer-rum.
_b._ In all other combinations of consonants the first consonant
goes with the preceding vowel.[4] Thus mag-nus, e-ges-ts,
vic-t-ri-a, hos-pes, an-nus, su-bc-tus.
[Footnote 4: The combination nct is divided nc-t, as fnc-tus,
snc-tus.]
3. The last syllable of a word is called the _ul-ti-ma_; the one
next to the last, the _pe-nult_; the one before the penult, the
_an-te-pe-nult_.
10. EXERCISE
Divide the words in the following passage into syllables and pronounce
them, placing the accent as indicated:
Vde ad formcam, pger, et cnsder vs ius et dsce
sapintiam: quae cum nn hbeat dcem nec praeceptrem nec prncipem,
prat in aestte cbum sbi et cngregat in msse quod cmedat.
[[Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: which,
having no guide, overseer, or ruler, provideth her meat in the summer
and gathereth her food in the harvest.]]
QUANTITY
11. The quantity of a vowel or a syllable is the time it takes to
pronounce it. Correct pronunciation and accent depend upon the proper
observance of quantity.
12. Quantity of Vowels. Vowels are either long () or short ().
In this book the long vowels are marked. Unmarked vowels are to be
considered short.
[Transcribers Note:
The wording of 12 is as in the original.]
1. A vowel is short before another vowel or _h_; as po--ta,
tra-h.
2. A vowel is short before _nt_ and _nd_, before final _m_ or _t_,
and, except in words of one syllable, before final _l_ or _r_. Thus
a-mant, a-man-dus, a-m-bam, a-m-bat, a-ni-mal,
a-mor.
3. A vowel is long before _nf_, _ns_, _nx_, and _nct_. Thus
ǔn-fe-r, re-gns, sn-x, snc-tus.
4. Diphthongs are always long, and are not marked.
13. Quantity of Syllables. Syllables are either long or short, and
their quantity must be carefully distinguished from that of vowels.
1. A syllable is short,
_a._ If it ends in a short vowel; as a-m, pi-gri.
NOTE. In final syllables the short vowel may be followed by a final
consonant. Thus the word me-mo-ri-am contains four short syllables.
In the first three a short vowel ends the syllable, in the last the
short vowel is followed by a final consonant.
2. A syllable is long,
_a._ If it contains a long vowel or a diphthong, as c-r,
poe-nae, aes-t-te.
_b._ If it ends in a consonant which is followed by another
consonant, as cor-pus, mag-nus.
NOTE. The vowel in a long syllable may be either long or short, and
should be pronounced accordingly. Thus in ter-ra, in-ter, the
first syllable is long, but the vowel in each case is short and should
be given the short sound. In words like saxum the first syllable is
long because _x_ has the value of two consonants (_cs_ or _gs_).
3. In determining quantity _h_ is not counted a consonant.
NOTE. Give about twice as much time to the long syllables as to the
short ones. It takes about as long to pronounce a short vowel plus a
consonant as it does to pronounce a long vowel or a diphthong, and so
these quantities are considered equally long. For example, it takes
about as long to say cur-r as it does c-r, and so each of these
first syllables is long. Compare mol-lis and m-lis, lj-mis-s
and lj-mi-s.
ACCENT
14. Words of two syllables are accented on the first, as mn-sa,
Cae-sar.
15. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult if the
penult is long. If the penult is short, accent the antepenult. Thus
mo-n-mus, re-gi-tur, a-gri-co-la, a-man-dus.
NOTE. Observe that the position of the accent is determined by the
length of the _syllable_ and not by the length of the vowel in the
syllable. (Cf. 13.2, Note.)
16. Certain little words called _enclitics_[5] which have no separate
existence, are added to and pronounced with a preceding word. The most
common are -que, _and_; -ve, _or_; and -ne, the question sign.
The syllable before an enclitic takes the accent, regardless of its
quantity. Thus populusque, deaque, rgnave, auditne.
[Footnote 5: Enclitic means _leaning back_, and that is, as you see,
just what these little words do. They cannot stand alone and so they
lean back for support upon the preceding word.]
HOW TO READ LATIN
17. To read Latin well is not so difficult, if you begin right.
Correct habits of reading should be formed now. Notice the quantities
carefully, especially the quantity of the penult, to insure your getting
the accent on the right syllable. (Cf. 15.) Give every vowel its
proper sound and every syllable its proper length. Then bear in mind
that we should read Latin as we read English, in phrases rather than in
separate words. Group together words that are closely connected in
thought. No good reader halts at the end of each word.
18. Read the stanzas of the following poem by Longfellow, one at a
time, first the English and then the Latin version. The syllables
inclosed in parentheses are to be slurred or omitted to secure
smoothness of meter.
EXCELSIOR [[HIGHER]]! [6]
The shades of night were falling fast,
As through an Alpine village passed
A youth, who bore, mid snow and ice,
A banner with the strange device,
Excelsior!
Cadbant noctis umbrae, dum
Ibat per vcum Alpicum
Gel nivequ(e) adolscns,
Vxillum cum sign ferns,
Excelsior!
His brow was sad; his eye beneath,
Flashed like a falchion from its sheath,
And like a silver clarion rung
The accents of that unknown tongue,
Excelsior!
Frns trstis, micat oculus
Velut vgn gladius;
Sonantque simils tubae
Accents lingu(ae) incognitae,
Excelsior!
In happy homes he saw the light
Of household fires gleam warm and bright;
Above, the spectral glaciers shone,
And from his lips escaped a groan,
Excelsior!
In domibus videt clrs
Focrum lcs calids;
Relucet glacis cris,
Et rumpit gemits labrs,
Excelsior!
Try not the Pass! the old man said;
Dark lowers the tempest overhead,
The roaring torrent is deep and wide!
And loud that clarion voice replied,
Excelsior!
Dcit senex, N trnses!
Supr nigrscit tempests;
Ltus et altus est torrns.
Clra vnit vx respondns,
Excelsior!
At break of day, as heavenward
The pious monks of Saint Bernard
Uttered the oft-repeated prayer,
A voice cried through the startled air,
Excelsior!
Iam lcscbat, et frtrs
Snct Bernard vigils
rbant precs solits,
Cum vx clmvit per aurs,
Excelsior!
A traveler, by the faithful hound,
Half-buried in the snow was found,
Still grasping in his hand of ice
That banner with the strange device,
Excelsior!
Smi-sepultus vitor
Can(e) fd repertur,
Comprndns pugn gelid
Illud vxillum cum sign,
Excelsior!
There in the twilight cold and gray,
Lifeless, but beautiful, he lay,
And from the sky, serene and far,
A voice fell, like a falling star,
Excelsior!
Iacet corpus exanimum
Sed lce frgid pulchrum;
Et cael procul exins
Cadit vx, ut Stella cadns,
Excelsior!
[Footnote 6: Translation by C. W. Goodchild in _Praeco Latinus_,
October, 1898.]
PART II
WORDS AND FORMS
LESSON I
FIRST PRINCIPLES
19. Subject and Predicate.
1. Latin, like English, expresses thoughts by means of sentences.
A sentence is a combination of words that expresses a thought, and in
its simplest form is the statement of a single fact. Thus,
_Galba is a farmer_
Galba est agricola
_The sailor fights_
Nauta pugnat
In each of these sentences there are two parts:
SUBJECT PREDICATE
_Galba_ _is a farmer_
Galba
_The sailor_ _fights_
Nauta pugnat
2. The subject is that person, place, or thing about which something
is said, and is therefore a _noun_ or some word which can serve the
same purpose.
_a._ Pronouns, as their name implies (_pro_, instead of, and
_noun_), often take the place of nouns, usually to save repeating
the same noun, as, _Galba is a farmer; he is a sturdy fellow_.
3. The predicate is that which is said about the subject, and consists
of a verb with or without modifiers.
_a._ A verb is a word which asserts something (usually an act)
concerning a person, place, or thing.
20. The Object. In the two sentences, _The boy hit the ball_ and
_The ball hit the boy_, the same words are used, but the meaning is
different, and depends upon the order of the words. The doer of the
act, that about which something is said, is, as we have seen above, the
subject. That to which something is done is the direct object of
the verb. _The boy hit the ball_ is therefore analyzed as follows:
SUBJECT PREDICATE
/-----------\
_The boy_ _hit the ball_
(verb) (direct object)
_a._ A verb whose action passes over to the object directly, as in
the sentence above, is called a transitive verb. A verb which does
not admit of a direct object is called intransitive, as, _I walk_,
_he comes_.
21. The Copula. The verb _to be_ in its different forms--_are_,
_is_, _was_, etc.--does not tell us anything about the subject; neither
does it govern an object. It simply connects the subject with the word
or words in the predicate that possess a distinct meaning. Hence it is
called the copula, that is, _the joiner_ or _link_.
22. In the following sentences pronounce the Latin and name the
_nouns, verbs, subjects, objects, predicates, copulas_:
1. America est patria mea
_America is fatherland my_
2. Agricola fliam amat
_(The) farmer (his) daughter loves_
3. Flia est Ilia
_(His) daughter is Julia_
4. Ilia et agricola sunt in nsul
_Julia and (the) farmer are on (the) island_
5. Ilia aquam portat
_Julia water carries_
6. Rosam in coms habet
_(A) rose in (her) hair (she) has_
7. Ilia est puella pulchra
_Julia is (a) girl pretty_
8. Domina fliam pulchram habet
_(The) lady (a) daughter beautiful has_
_a._ The sentences above show that Latin does not express some words
which are necessary in English. First of all, _Latin has no article
the or a_; thus _agricola_ may mean _the farmer, a farmer_,
or simply _farmer_. Then, too, the personal pronouns, _I, you, he,
she_, etc., and the possessive pronouns, _my, your, his, her_, etc.,
are not expressed if the meaning of the sentence is clear without
them.
LESSON II
FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_)
23. Inflection. Words may change their forms to indicate some change
in sense or use, as, _is, are_; _was, were; who, whose, whom; farmer,
farmers; woman, women_. This is called inflection. The inflection of
a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its declension, that of a verb
its conjugation.
24. Number. Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular and
plural. In English we usually form the plural by adding _-s_ or _-es_ to
the singular. So Latin changes the singular to the plural by changing
the ending of the word. Compare
Naut-a pugnat
_The sailor fights_
Naut-ae pugnant
_The sailors fight_
25. RULE. _Nouns that end in -a in the singular end in -ae in the
plural_.
26. Learn the following nouns so that you can give the English for the
Latin or the Latin for the English. Write the plural of each.
agricola, _farmer_ (agriculture)[1]
aqua, _water_ (aquarium)
causa, _cause, reason_
domina, _lady of the house, mistress_ (dominate)
filia, _daughter_ (filial)
fortna, _fortune_
fuga, _flight_ (fugitive)
iniria, _wrong, injury_
lna, _moon_ (lunar)
nauta, _sailor_ (nautical)
puella, _girl_
silva, forest (silvan)
terra, _land_ (terrace)
[Footnote 1: The words in parentheses are English words related to
the Latin. When the words are practically identical, as causa,
_cause_, no comparison is needed.]
27. Compare again the sentences
Nauta pugna-t
_The sailor fights_
Nautae pugna-nt
_The sailors fight_
In the first sentence the verb pugna-t is in the third person
singular, in the second sentence pugna-nt is in the third person
plural.
28. RULE. Agreement of Verb. _A finite verb must always be in the
same person and number as its subject._
29. RULE. _In the conjugation of the Latin verb the third person
singular active ends in -t, the third person plural in -nt. The
endings which show the person and number of the verb are called
personal endings._
30. Learn the following verbs and write the plural of each. The
personal pronouns _he_, _she_, _it_, etc., which are necessary in the
inflection of the English verb, are not needed in the Latin, because the
personal endings take their place. Of course, if the verbs subject is
expressed we do not translate the personal ending by a pronoun; thus
nauta pugnat is translated _the sailor fights_, not _the sailor he
fights_.
ama-t _he (she, it) loves, is loving, does love_ (amity, amiable)
labra-t _labors, is laboring, does labor_
nntia-t[2] _announces, is announcing, does announce_
porta-t _carries, is carrying, does carry_ (porter)
pugna-t _fights, is fighting, does fight_ (pugnacious)
[Footnote 2: The _u_ in nnti is long by exception.
(Cf. 12.2.)]
31. EXERCISES
I. 1. The daughter loves, the daughters love. 2. The sailor is carrying,
the sailors carry. 3. The farmer does labor, the farmers labor. 4. The
girl is announcing, the girls do announce. 5. The ladies are carrying,
the lady carries.
II. 1. Nauta pugnat, nautae pugnant. 2. Puella amat, puellae amant.
3. Agricola portat, agricolae portant. 4. Flia labrat, fliae
labrant. 5. Nauta nntiat, nautae nntiant. 6. Dominae amant, domina
amat.
[Illustration: DOMINA]
LESSON III
FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_)
32. Declension of Nouns. We learned above (19, 20) the difference
between the subject and object, and that in English they may be
distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the order
is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence _The lady
her daughter loves_ might mean either that the lady loves her daughter,
or that the daughter loves the lady.
1. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the
subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the
words, but by the endings of the words themselves. Compare the
following sentences:
Domina fliam amat
Fliam domina amat
Amat fliam domina
Domina amat fliam
_The lady loves her daughter_
Flia dominam amat
Dominam flia amat
Amat dominam flia
Flia amat dominam
_The daughter loves the lady_
_a._ Observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in
-a and the object in -am. The _form_ of the noun shows how it is
used in the sentence, and the order of the words has no effect on
the essential meaning.
2. As stated above (23), this change of ending is called
declension, and each different ending produces what is called a
case. When we decline a noun, we give all its different cases, or
changes of endings. In English we have three cases,--nominative,
possessive, and objective; but, in nouns, the nominative and objective
have the same form, and only the possessive case shows a change of
ending, by adding _s_ or the apostrophe. The interrogative pronoun,
however, has the fuller declension, _who?_ _whose?_ _whom?_
33. The following table shows a comparison between English and Latin
declension forms, and should be thoroughly memorized:
ENGLISH CASES LATIN CASES
+---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+
| | Declension | Name of case | Declension of | Name of case |
| | of _who?_ | and use | domina | and use |
| | | | and translation | |
+---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+
| | Who? | Nominative-- | domin-a | Nominative-- |
| S | | case of the | _the lady_ | case of the |
| I | | subject | | subject |
| N | | | | |
| G | Whose? | Possessive-- | domin-ae | Genitive-- |
| U | | case of the | _the ladys_ | case of the |
| L | | possessor | _of the lady_ | possessor |
| A | | | | |
| R | Whom? | Objective-- | domin-am | Accusative-- |
| | | case of the | _the lady_ | case of the |
| | | object | | direct object |
+---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+
| | Who? | Nominative-- | domin-ae | Nominative-- |
| | | case of the | _the ladies_ | case of the |
| P | | subject | | subject |
| L | | | | |
| U | Whose? | Possessive-- | domin-rum | Genitive-- |
| R | | case of the | _the ladies_ | case of the |
| A | | possessor | _of the ladies_ | possessor |
| L | | | | |
| | Whom? | Objective-- | domin-s | Accusative-- |
| | | case of the | _the ladies_ | case of the |
| | | object | | direct object |
+---+-------------+--------------+------------------+----------------+
When the nominative singular of a noun ends in -a, observe that
_a._ The nominative plural ends in -ae.
_b._ The genitive singular ends in -ae and the genitive plural in
-rum.
_c._ The accusative singular ends in -am and the accusative plural
in -s.
_d._ The genitive singular and the nominative plural have the same
ending.
34. EXERCISE
Pronounce the following words and give their general meaning. Then give
the number and case, and the use of each form. Where the same form
stands for more than one case, give all the possible cases and uses.
1. Silva, silvs, silvam. 2. Fugam, fugae, fuga. 3. Terrrum,
terrae, terrs. 4. Aqus, causam, lns. 5. Fliae, fortnae, lnae.
6. Iniris, agricolrum, aqurum. 7. Inirirum, agricolae, puells.
8. Nautam, agricols, nauts. 9. Agricolam, puellam, silvrum.
LESSON IV
FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_)
[Special Vocabulary]
[See Transcribers Note at beginning of text.]
NOUNS
dea, _goddess_ (deity)
Dina, _Diana_
fera, _a wild beast_ (fierce)
Ltna, _Latona_
sagitta, _arrow_
VERBS
est, _he (she, it) is_; sunt, _they are_
necat, _he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill_
CONJUNCTION[A]
et, _and_
PRONOUNS
quis, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., _who?_
cuius (pronounced _c[oo]iy[oo]s_, two syllables), interrog.
pronoun, gen. sing., _whose?_
[Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts
of sentences, or sentences.]
35. We learned from the table (33) that the Latin nominative,
genitive, and accusative correspond, in general, to the nominative,
possessive, and objective in English, and that they are used in the same
way. This will be made even clearer by the following sentence:
Flia agricolae nautam amat,
_the farmers daughter_ (or _the daughter of the farmer_)
_loves the sailor_
What is the subject? the direct object? What case is used for the
subject? for the direct object? What word denotes the possessor? In what
case is it?
36. RULE. Nominative Subject. _The subject of a finite verb is in
the Nominative and answers the question Who? or What?_
37. RULE. Accusative Object. _The direct object of a transitive verb
is in the Accusative and answers the question Whom? or What?_
38. RULE. Genitive of the Possessor. _The word denoting the owner or
possessor of something is in the Genitive and answers the question
Whose?_
[Illustration: DIANA SAGITTAS PORTAT ET FERAS NECAT]
39. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283.
I. 1. Dina est dea. 2. Ltna est dea. 3. Dina et Ltna sunt deae.
4. Dina est dea lnae. 5. Dina est flia Ltnae. 6. Ltna Dinam
amat. 7. Dina est dea silvrum. 8. Dina silvam amat. 9. Dina sagitts
portat. 10. Dina fers silvae necat. 11. Ferae terrrum pugnant.
For the order of words imitate the Latin above.
II. 1. The daughter of Latona does love the forests. 2. Latonas
daughter carries arrows. 3. The farmers daughters do labor. 4. The
farmers daughter loves the waters of the forest. 5. The sailor is
announcing the girls flight. 6. The girls announce the sailors wrongs.
7. The farmers daughter labors. 8. Dianas arrows are killing the wild
beasts of the land.
40. CONVERSATION
Translate the questions and answer them in Latin. The answers may be
found in the exercises preceding.
1. Quis est Dina?
2. Cuius flia est Dina?
3. Quis Dinam amat?
4. Quis silvam amat?
5. Quis sagitts portat?
6. Cuius fliae labrant?
LESSON V
FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_)
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
corna, _wreath, garland, crown_
fbula, _story_ (fable)
pecnia, _money_ (pecuniary)
pugna, _battle_ (pugnacious)
victria, _victory_
VERBS
dat, _he (she, it) gives_
nrrat, _he (she, it) tells_ (narrate)
CONJUNCTION[A]
quia or quod, _because_
cui (pronounced _c[oo]i_, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat.
sing., _to whom?_ _for whom?_
[Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts
of sentences, or sentences.]
41. The Dative Case. In addition to the relationships between words
expressed by the nominative, genitive (possessive), and accusative
(objective) cases, there are other relationships, to express which in
English we use such words as _from_, _with_, _by_, _to_, _for_, _in_,
_at_.[1]
[Footnote 1: Words like _to_, _for_, _by_, _from_, _in_, etc., which
define the relationship between words, are called prepositions.]
Latin, too, makes frequent use of such prepositions; but often it
expresses these relations without them by means of case forms which
English does not possess. One of the cases found in the Latin declension
and lacking in English is called the _dative_.
42. When the nominative singular ends in -a, the dative singular
ends in -ae and the dative plural in -s.
NOTE. Observe that the _genitive singular_, the _dative singular_, and
the _nominative plural_ all have the same ending, -ae; but the uses of
the three cases are entirely different. The general meaning of the
sentence usually makes clear which case is intended.
_a._ Form the dative singular and plural of the following nouns:
fuga, causa, fortna, terra, aqua, puella, agricola,
nauta, domina.
43. The Dative Relation. The dative case is used to express the
relations conveyed in English by the prepositions _to_, _towards_,
_for_.
These prepositions are often used in English in expressions of motion,
such as _She went to town_, _He ran towards the horse_, _Columbus sailed
for America_. In such cases the dative is not used in Latin, as _motion
through space_ is foreign to the dative relation. But the dative is used
to denote that _to_ or _towards which_ a benefit, injury, purpose,
feeling, or quality is directed, or that _for which_ something serves or
exists.
_a._ What dative relations do you discover in the following?
The teacher gave a prize to John because he replied so promptly to all
her questions--a good example for the rest of us. It is a pleasure to us
to hear him recite. Latin is easy for him, but it is very hard for me.
Some are fitted for one thing and others for another.
44. The Indirect Object. Examine the sentence
Nauta fugam nntiat,
_the sailor announces the flight_
Here the verb, nntiat, governs the direct object, fugam, in the
accusative case. If, however, we wish to mention the persons to whom
the sailor announces the flight, as, _The sailor announces the flight
to the farmers_, the verb will have two objects:
1. Its direct object, _flight_ (fugam)
2. Its indirect object, _farmers_
According to the preceding section, _to the farmers_ is a relation
covered by the dative case, and we are prepared for the following rule:
45. RULE. Dative Indirect Object. _The indirect object of a verb is
in the Dative._
_a._ The indirect object usually stands before the direct object.
46. We may now complete the translation of the sentence _The sailor
announces the flight to the farmers_, and we have
Nauta agricols fugam nntiat
47. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283.
_Point out the direct and indirect objects and the genitive of the
possessor._
I. 1. Quis nauts pecniam dat? 2. Fliae agricolae nauts pecniam
dant. 3. Quis fortnam pugnae nntiat? 4. Galba agricols fortunam
pugnae nntiat. 5. Cui domina fbulam nrrat? 6. Fliae agricolae domina
fbulam nrrat. 7. Quis Dinae cornam dat? 8. Puella Dinae cornam dat
quia Dinam amat. 9. Dea lnae sagitts portat et fers silvrum necat.
10. Cuius victriam Galba nntiat? 11. Nautae victriam Galba nntiat.
Imitate the word order of the preceding exercise.
II. 1. To whom do the girls give a wreath? 2. The girls give a wreath to
Julia, because Julia loves wreaths. 3. The sailors tell the ladies[2] a
story, because the ladies love stories. 4. The farmer gives his
(22.a) daughter water. 5. Galba announces the cause of the battle
to the sailor. 6. The goddess of the moon loves the waters of the
forest. 7. Whose wreath is Latona carrying? Dianas.
[Footnote 2: Observe that in English the indirect object often
stands without a preposition _to_ to mark it, especially when it
precedes the direct object.]
LESSON VI
FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_)
[Special Vocabulary]
ADJECTIVES
bona, _good_
grta, _pleasing_
magna, _large, great_
mala, _bad, wicked_
parva, _small, little_
pulchra, _beautiful, pretty_
sla, _alone_
NOUNS
ancilla, _maidservant_
Ilia, _Julia_
ADVERBS[A]
cr, _why_
nn, _not_
PRONOUNS
mea, _my_; tua, _thy, your_ (possesives)
quid, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., _what?_
-ne, the question sign, an enclitic (16) added to the first word,
which, in a question, is usually the verb, as amat, _he loves_,
but amatne? _does he love?_ est, _he is_; estne? _is he?_
Of course -ne is not used when the sentence contains quis,
cr, or some other interrogative word.
[Footnote A: An _adverb_ is a word used to modify a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings _sweetly_; she is
_very_ talented; she began to sing _very early_.]
48. The Ablative Case. Another case, lacking in English but found in
the fuller Latin declension, is the _abla-tive._
49. When the nominative singular ends in -a, the ablative singular
ends in - and the ablative plural in -s.
_a._ Observe that the final -a of the nominative is short, while the
final - of the ablative is long, as,
_Nom._ flia
_Abl._ fli
_b._ Observe that the ablative plural is like the dative plural.
_c._ Form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns:
fuga, causa, fortna, terra, aqua, puella, agricola,
nauta, domina.
50. The Ablative Relation. The ablative case is used to express the
relations conveyed in English by the prepositions _from_, _with_, _by_,
_at_, _in_. It denotes
1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or of
which it is deprived--generally translated by _from_.
2. That with which something is associated or by means of which it is
done--translated by _with_ or _by_.
3. The place where or the time when something happens--translated by
_in_ or _at_.
_a._ What ablative relations do you discover in the following?
In our class there are twenty boys and girls. Daily at eight
oclock they come from home with their books, and while they are
at school they read with ease the books written by the Romans.
By patience and perseverance all things in this world can be
overcome.
51. Prepositions. While, as stated above (41), many relations
expressed in English by prepositions are in Latin expressed by case
forms, still prepositions are of frequent occurrence, but only with the
accusative or ablative.
52. RULE. Object of a Preposition. _A noun governed by a preposition
must be in the Accusative or Ablative case._
53. Prepositions denoting the ablative relations _from, with, in, on_,
are naturally followed by the ablative case. Among these are
lj[1] or ab, _from, away from_
d, _from, down from_
ǐ[1] or ex, _from, out from, out of_
cum, _with_
in, _in, on_
[Footnote 1: lj and ǐ are used only before words beginning with
a consonant; ab and ex are used before either vowels or
consonants.]
1. _Translate into Latin, using prepositions._ In the water, on the
land, down from the forest, with the fortune, out of the forests, from
the victory, out of the waters, with the sailors, down from the moon.
54. Adjectives. Examine the sentence
Puella parva bonam deam amat,
_the little girl loves the good goddess_
In this sentence parva (_little_) and bonam (_good_) are not nouns,
but are descriptive words expressing quality. Such words are called
_adjectives_,[2] and they are said to belong to the noun which they
describe.
[Footnote 2: _Pick out the adjectives in the following:_ When I
was a little boy, I remember that one cold winters morning I was
accosted by a smiling man with an ax on his shoulder. My pretty
boy, said he, has your father a grindstone? Yes, sir, said I.
You are a fine little fellow, said he. Will you let me grind my
ax on it?]
You can tell by its ending to which noun an adjective belongs. The
ending of parva shows that it belongs to puella, and the ending of
bonam that it belongs to deam. Words that belong together are said
to agree, and the belonging-together is called _agreement_. Observe that
_the adjective and its noun agree in number and case_.
55. Examine the sentences
Puella est parva,
_the girl is little_
Puella parva bonam deam amat,
_the little girl loves the good goddess_
In the first sentence the adjective parva is separated from its noun
by the verb and stands in the predicate. It is therefore called a
_predicate adjective_. In the second sentence the adjectives parva and
bonam are closely attached to the nouns puella and deam
respectively, and are called _attributive adjectives._
_a._ Pick out the attributive and the predicate adjectives in the
following:
Do you think Latin is hard? Hard studies make strong brains. Lazy
students dislike hard studies. We are not lazy.
56. DIALOGUE
JULIA AND GALBA
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283.
I. Quis, Galba, est Dina?
G. Dina, Ilia, est pulchra dea lnae et silvrum.
I. Cuius flia, Galba, est Dina?
G. Ltnae flia, Ilia, est Dina.
I. Quid Dina portat?
G. Sagitts Dina portat.
I. Cr Dina sagitts portat?
G. Dina sagitts portat, Ilia, quod mals fers silvae magnae necat.
I. Amatne Ltna fliam?
G. Amat, et flia Ltnam amat.
I. Quid flia tua parva portat?
G. Corns pulchrs flia mea parva portat.
I. Cui flia tua corns pulchrs dat?
G. Dinae corns dat.
I. Quis est cum fli tu? Estne sla?
G. Sla nn est; flia mea parva est cum ancill me.
_a._ When a person is called or addressed, the case used is called
the _vocative_ (Latin _vocre_, to call). _In form the vocative
is regularly like the nominative_. In English the name of the person
addressed usually stands first in the sentence. _The Latin vocative
rarely stands first_. Point out five examples of the vocative in
this dialogue.
_b._ Observe that questions answered by _yes_ or _no_ in English
are answered in Latin by repeating the verb. Thus, if you wished to
answer in Latin the question _Is the sailor fighting?_ Pugnatne
nauta? you would say Pugnat, _he is fighting_, or Nn pugnat,
_he is not fighting._
LESSON VII
THE FIRST OR __-DECLENSION
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
casa, -ae, f., _cottage_
cna, -ae, f., _dinner_
gallna, -ae, f., _hen, chicken_
ǔnsula, ae, f., _island_ (pen-insula)
ADVERBS
de-inde, _then, in the next place_
ubi, _where_
PREPOSITION
ad, _to_, with acc. to express motion toward
PRONOUN
quem, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., _whom?_
VERBS
habitat, _he (she, it) lives, is living, does live_ (inhabit)
laudat, _he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise_ (laud)
parat, _he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare_
vocat, _he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites,
is inviting, does invite_ (vocation)
57. In the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases,
singular and plural, of nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a.
All Latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a belong to the
First Declension. It is also called the __-Declension because of the
prominent part which the vowel a plays in the formation of the cases.
We have also learned what relations are expressed by each case. These
results are summarized in the following table:
+--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| CASE | NOUN | TRANSLATION | USE AND GENERAL MEANING |
| | | | OF EACH CASE |
+--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| | | SINGULAR | |
+--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| _Nom._ | domin-a | _the lady_ | The subject |
| | | | |
| _Gen._ | domin-ae | _of the lady_, | The possessor |
| | | or _the ladys_ | of something |
| | | | |
| _Dat._ | domin-ae | _to_ or _for | Expressing the relation |
| | | the lady_ | _to_ or _for_, |
| | | | especially the |
| | | | indirect object |
| | | | |
| _Acc._ | domin-am | _the lady_ | The direct object |
| | | | |
| _Abl._ | domin- | _from, with, by, | Separation (_from_), |
| | | in, the lady_ | association or means |
| | | | (_with, by_), place |
| | | | where or time when |
| | | | (_in, at_) |
+--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| | | PLURAL | |
+--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+
| _Nom._ | domin-ae | _the ladies_ | |
| | | | |
| _Gen._ | domin-rum | _of the ladies_, | |
| | | or _the ladies_ | |
| | | | |
| _Dat._ | domin-s | _to_ or _for | The same as |
| | | the ladies_ | the singular |
| | | | |
| _Acc._ | domin-s | _the ladies_ | |
| | | | |
| _Abl._ | domin-s | _from, with, by_, | |
| | | _in, the ladies_ | |
+--------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------------+
58. The Base. That part of a word which remains unchanged in
inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the base.
Thus, in the declension above, domin- is the base and -a is the
termination of the nominative singular.
59. Write the declension of the following nouns, separating the base
from the termination by a hyphen. Also give them orally.
pugna, terra, lna, ancilla, corna, ǔnsula, silva
60. Gender. In English, names of living beings are either masculine
or feminine, and names of things without life are neuter. This is called
natural gender. Yet in English there are some names of things to which
we refer as if they were feminine; as, Have you seen my yacht? _She_ is
a beauty. And there are some names of living beings to which we refer
as if they were neuter; as, Is the baby here? No, the nurse has taken
_it_ home. Some words, then, have a gender quite apart from sex or real
gender, and this is called grammatical gender.
Latin, like English, has three genders. Names of males are usually
masculine and of females feminine, but _names of things have grammatical
gender and may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter_. Thus we have
in Latin the three words, lapis, _a stone_; rps, _a cliff_; and
saxum, _a rock_. Lapis is _masculine_, rps _feminine_, and
saxum _neuter_. The gender can usually be determined by the ending of
the word, and _must always be learned_, for without knowing the gender
it is impossible to write correct Latin.
61. Gender of First-Declension Nouns. Nouns of the first declension
are feminine unless they denote males. Thus silva is feminine, but
nauta, _sailor_, and agricola, _farmer_, are masculine.
62. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 284.
I. 1. Agricola cum fli in cas habitat. 2. Bona flia agricolae cnam
parat. 3. Cna est grta agricolae[1] et agricola bonam fliam laudat.
4. Deinde flia agricolae gallns ad cnam vocat. 5. Gallnae fliam
agricolae amant. 6. Malae fliae bons cns nn parant. 7. Flia
agricolae est grta dominae. 8. Domina in nsul magn habitat.
9. Domina bonae puellae parvae pecniam dat.
II. 1. Where does the farmer live? 2. The farmer lives in the small
cottage. 3. Who lives with the farmer? 4. (His) little daughter lives
with the farmer. 5. (His) daughter is getting (parat) a good dinner
for the farmer. 6. The farmer praises the good dinner. 7. The daughters
good dinner is pleasing to the farmer.
[Footnote 1: Note that the relation expressed by the dative case
covers that _to which a feeling is directed._ (Cf. 43.)]
[Illustration]
What Latin words are suggested by this picture?
63. CONVERSATION
Answer the questions in Latin.
1. Quis cum agricol in cas habitat?
2. Quid bona flia agricolae parat?
3. Quem agricola laudat?
4. Vocatne flia agricolae gallns ad cnam?
5. Cuius flia est grta dominae?
6. Cui domina pecniam dat?
LESSON VIII
FIRST DECLENSION (_Continued_)
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
Italia, -ae, f., _Italy_
Sicilia, -ae, f., _Sicily_
tuba, -ae, f., _trumpet_ (tube)
via, -ae, f., _way, road, street_ (viaduct)
ADJECTIVES
alta, _high, deep_ (altitude)
clra, _clear, bright; famous_
lta, _wide_ (latitude)
longa, _long_ (longitude)
nova, _new_ (novelty)
64. We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together
and you have noticed an agreement between them in _case_ and in _number_
(54). They agree also in _gender_. In the phrase silva magna, we
have a feminine adjective in -a agreeing with a feminine noun in -a.
65. RULE. Agreement of Adjectives. _Adjectives agree with their
nouns in gender, number, and case._
66. Feminine adjectives in -a are declined like feminine nouns in
-a, and you should learn to decline them together as follows:
NOUN ADJECTIVE
domina (base domin-), bona (base bon-),
f., _lady_ _good_
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ domina bona -a
_Gen._ dominae bonae -ae
_Dat._ dominae bonae -ae
_Acc._ dominam bonam -am
_Abl._ domin bon -
PLURAL
_Nom._ dominae bonae -ae
_Gen._ dominrum bonrum -rum
_Dat._ domins bons -s
_Acc._ domins bons -s
_Abl._ domins bons -s
_a._ In the same way decline together puella mala, _the bad girl_;
ancilla parva, _the little maid_; fortna magna, _great
fortune._
67. The words dea, _goddess_, and flia, _daughter_, take the
ending -bus instead of -s in the _dative and ablative plural._
Note the _dative and ablative plural_ in the following declension:
dea bona (bases de- bon-)
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ dea bona deae bonae
_Gen._ deae bonae derum bonrum
_Dat._ deae bonae debus bons
_Acc._ deam bonam des bons
_Abl._ de bon deabus bons
_a._ In the same way decline together fla parva.
68. Latin Word Order. The order of words in English and in Latin
sentences is not the same.
In English we arrange words in a fairly fixed order. Thus, in the
sentence _My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers_, we cannot
alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence. We can,
however, throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more
force. Try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force
on _my, daughter, dinner, farmers_.
In Latin, where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by its
_ending_ (cf. 32.1), and not by its _position_, the order of words is
more free, and position is used to secure the same effect that in
English is secured by emphasis of voice. To a limited extent we can
alter the order of words in English, too, for the same purpose. Compare
the sentences
_I saw a game of football at Chicago last November_ (normal order)
_Last November I saw a game of football at Chicago_
_At Chicago, last November, I saw a game of football_
1. In a Latin sentence the most emphatic place is the _first_; next in
importance is the _last_; the weakest point is the _middle_. Generally
the _subject_ is the most important word, and is placed _first_;
usually the _verb_ is the next in importance, and is placed _last_.
The other words of the sentence stand between these two in the order
of their importance. Hence the normal order of words--that is, where
no unusual emphasis is expressed--is as follows:
_subject_--_modifiers of the subject_--_indirect object_--
_direct object_--_adverb_--_verb_
Changes from the normal order are frequent, and are due to the desire
for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase. _Notice the order of
the Latin words when you are translating, and imitate it when you are
turning English into Latin._
2. Possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after
their nouns. When placed before their nouns they are emphatic, as
flia mea, _my daughter_;
mea flia, _my daughter_;
casa Galbae, _Galbas cottage_;
Galbae casa, _Galbas cottage_.
Notice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following
sentence in different ways:
Flia mea agricols cnam parat (normal order)
Mea flia agricols parat cnam (mea and cnam emphatic)
Agricols flia mea cnam parat (agricols emphatic)
3. An adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it
follows. When great emphasis is desired, the adjective is separated
from its noun by other words.
Flia mea casam parvam nn amat (parvam not emphatic)
Flia mea parvam casam nn amat (parvam more emphatic)
Parvam flia mea casam nn amat (parvam very emphatic)
4. Interrogative words usually stand first, the same as in English.
5. The copula (as est, sunt) is of so little importance that it
frequently does not stand last, but may be placed wherever it sounds
well.
69. EXERCISE
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 284.
_Note the order of the words in these sentences and pick out those that
are emphatic._
1. Longae nn sunt tuae viae. 2. Suntne tubae novae in me cas? Nn
sunt. 3. Quis lt in silv habitat? Dina, lnae clrae pulchra dea,
lt in silv habitat. 4. Nautae alts et lts amant aqus. 5. Quid
ancilla tua portat? Ancilla mea tubam novam portat. 6. Ubi sunt Lesbia
et Ilia? In tu casa est Lesbia et Ilia est in me. 7. Estne Italia
lta terra? Longa est Italia, nn lta. 8. Cui Galba agricola fbulam
novam nrrat? Flibus dominae clrae fbulam novam nrrat. 9. Clra
est nsula Sicilia. 10. Quem laudat Ltna? Ltna laudat fliam.
* * * * *
First Review of Vocabulary and Grammar, 502-505
* * * * *
LESSON IX
THE SECOND OR _O_-DECLENSION
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
bellum, -, n., _war_ (re-bel)
cnstantia, -ae, f., _firmness, constancy, steadiness_
dominus, -, m., _master, lord_ (dominate)
equus, -, m., _horse_ (equine)
frmentum, -, n., _grain_
lgtus, -, m., _lieutenant, ambassador_ (legate)
Mrcus, -, m., _Marcus, Mark_
mrus, -, m., _wall_ (mural)
oppidnus, -, m., _townsman_
oppidum, -, n., _town_
plum, -, n., _spear_ (pile driver)
servus, -, m., _slave, servant_
Sextus, -, m., _Sextus_
VERBS
crat, _he (she, it) cares for_, with acc.
properat, _he (she, it) hastens_
70. Latin nouns are divided into five declensions.
The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the ending of
the genitive singular. This should always be learned along with the
nominative and the gender.
71. The nominative singular of nouns of the Second or _O_-Declension
ends in -us, -er, -ir, or -um. The genitive singular ends in
-.
72. Gender. Nouns in -um are neuter. The others are regularly
masculine.
73. Declension of nouns in -_us_ and -_um_. Masculines in -us and
neuters in -um are declined as follows:
dominus (base domin-), plum (base pl-),
m., _master_ n., _spear_
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
SINGULAR
_Nom._ dominus[1] -us plum -um
_Gen._ domin - pl -
_Dat._ domin - pl -
_Acc._ dominum -um plum -um
_Abl._ domin - pl -
_Voc._ domine -e plum -um
PLURAL
_Nom._ domin - pla -a
_Gen._ dominrum -rum plrum -rum
_Dat._ domins -s pls -s
_Acc._ domins -s pla -a
_Abl._ domins -s pls -s
[Footnote 1: Compare the declension of domina and of dominus.]
_a._ Observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same
terminations excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative
and accusative plural.
_b._ The vocative singular of words of the second declension in
-us ends in -e, as domine, _O master_; serve, _O slave_.
This is the most important exception to the rule in 56.a.
74. Write side by side the declension of domina, dominus, and
plum. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following rules,
which are of great importance because they apply to all five
declensions:
_a._ The vocative, with a single exception (see 73.b), is like
the nominative. That is, the vocative singular is like the
nominative singular, and the vocative plural is like the nominative
plural.
_b._ The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are
alike, and in the plural end in -a.
_c._ The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in
-m and the accusative plural in -s.
_d._ The dative and ablative plural are always alike.
_e._ Final -i and -o are always _long_; final -a is _short_,
except in the ablative singular of the first declension.
75. Observe the sentences
Lesbia est bona,
_Lesbia is good_
Lesbia est ancilla,
_Lesbia is a maidservant_
We have learned (55) that bona, when used, as here, in the predicate
to describe the subject, is called a _predicate adjective_. Similarly a
_noun_, as ancilla, used in the _predicate_ to define the subject is
called a predicate noun.
76. RULE. Predicate Noun. _A predicate noun agrees in case with the
subject of the verb._
[Illustration: PILA]
77. DIALOGUE
GALBA AND MARCUS
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.
G. Quis, Mrce, est lgtus cum pl et tub?
M. Lgtus, Galba, est Sextus.
G. Ubi Sextus habitat?[2]
M. In oppid Sextus cum flibus habitat.
G. Amantne oppidn Sextum?
M. Amant oppidn Sextum et laudant, quod magn cum cnstanti pugnat.
G. Ubi, Mrce, est ancilla tua? Cr nn cnam parat?
M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equ lgt aquam et frmentum dat.
G. Cr nn servus Sext equum domin crat?
M. Sextus et servus ad mrum oppid properant. Oppidn bellum
parant.[3]
[Footnote 2: habitat is here translated _does live_. Note the
_three_ possible translations of the Latin present tense:
habitat
_he lives_
_he is living_
_he does live_
Always choose the translation which makes the best sense.]
[Footnote 3: Observe that the verb par means not only
_to prepare_ but also _to prepare for_, and governs the
accusative case.]
[Illustration: LEGATUS CUM PILO ET TUBA]
78. CONVERSATION
Translate the questions and answer them in Latin.
1. Ubi fliae Sext habitant?
2. Quem oppidn amant et laudant?
3. Quid ancilla equ lgt dat?
4. Cuius equum ancilla crat?
5. Quis ad mrum cum Sext properat?
6. Quid oppidn parant?
LESSON X
SECOND DECLENSION (_Continued_)
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
amcus, -, m., _friend_ (amicable)
Germnia, -ae, f., _Germany_
patria, -ae, f., _fatherland_
populus, -, m., _people_
Rhnus, -, m., _the Rhine_
vcus, -, m., _village_
79. We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like bona, in
agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like
them. _Masculine_ adjectives of this class are declined like dominus,
and _neuters_ like plum. The adjective and noun, masculine and neuter,
are therefore declined as follows:
MASCULINE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE NEUTER NOUN AND ADJECTIVE
dominus bonus, _the good master_ plum bonum, _the good spear_
BASES domin- bon- BASES pl- bon-
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
SINGULAR
_Nom._ dominus bonus -us plum bonum -um
_Gen._ domin bon - pl bon -
_Dat._ domin bon - pl bon -
_Acc._ dominum bonum -um plum bonum -um
_Abl._ domin bon - pl bon -
_Voc._ domine bone -e plum bonum -um
PLURAL
_Nom._ domin bon - la bona -a
_Gen._ dominrum bonrum -rum lrum bonrum -rum
_Dat._ domins bons -is ls bons -s
_Acc._ domins bons -s la bona -a
_Abl._ domins bons -s ls bons -s
Decline together bellum longum, equus parvus, servus malus,
mrus altus, frmentum novum.
80. Observe the sentences
Lesbia ancilla est bona,
_Lesbia, the maidservant, is good_
Flia Lesbiae ancillae est bona,
_the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good_
Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat,
_the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant_
In these sentences ancilla, ancillae, and ancillam denote the
class of persons to which _Lesbia_ belongs and explain who she is. Nouns
so related that the second is only another name for the first and
explains it are said to be in apposition, and are always in the same
case.
81. RULE. Apposition. _An appositive agrees in case with the noun
which it explains._
82. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.
I. 1. Patria serv bon, vcus servrum bonrum, bone popule. 2. Populus
oppid magn, in oppid magn, in oppids magns. 3. Cum pls longs,
ad pla longa, ad mrs lts. 4. Lgte male, amc legt mal, cna
grta domin bon. 5. Frmentum equrum parvrum, domine bone, ad
lgts clrs. 6. Rhnus est in Germni, patri me. 7. Sextus lgtus
plum longum portat. 8. Oppidn bon Sext lgt clr pecniam dant.
9. Mal serv equum bonum Mrc domin necant. 10. Galba agricola et
Ilia flia bona labrant. 11. Mrcus nauta in nsul Sicili habitat.
II. 1. Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise Galba,
your master? 2. My friend is from (ex) a village of Germany, my
fatherland. 3. My friend does not love the people of Italy. 4. Who is
caring for[1] the good horse of Galba, the farmer? 5. Mark, where is
Lesbia, the maidservant? 6. She is hastening[1] to the little cottage[2]
of Julia, the farmers daughter.
[Footnote 1: See footnote 1, p. 33. Remember that crat is
transitive and governs a direct object.]
[Footnote 2: Not the dative. (Cf. 43.)]
LESSON XI
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
arma, armrum, n., plur., _arms_, especially defensive weapons
fma, -ae, f., _rumor; reputation, fame_
galea, -ae, f., _helmet_
praeda, -ae, f., _booty, spoils_ (predatory)
tlum, -, n., _weapon of offense, spear_
ADJECTIVES
drus, -a, -um, _hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome_
(durable)
Rmnus, -a, -um, _Roman_. As a noun, Rmnus, -, m., _a Roman_
83. Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the
three genders as follows:
MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER
SINGULAR
_Nom._ bonus bona bonum
_Gen._ bon bonae bon
_Dat._ bon bonae bon
_Acc._ bonum bonam bonum
_Abl._ bon bon bon
_Voc._ bone bona bonum
PLURAL
_Nom._ bon bonae bona
_Gen._ bonrum bonrum bonrum
_Dat._ bons bons bons
_Acc._ bons bons bona
_Abl._ bons bons bons
_a._ Write the declension and give it orally _across the page_, thus
giving the three genders for each case.
_b._ Decline grtus, -a, -um; malus, -a, -um; altus, -a, -um;
parvus, -a, -um.
84. Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the
nouns. However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does
_not_ mean that they must have the same termination. If the adjective
and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations will, in
many cases, not be the same. For example, nauta, _sailor_, is
masculine and belongs to the first declension. The masculine form of the
adjective bonus is of the second declension. Consequently, _a good
sailor_ is nauta bonus. So, _the wicked farmer_ is agricola malus.
Learn the following declensions:
85. nauta bonus (bases naut- bon-), m., _the good sailor_
SINGULAR
_Nom._ nauta bonus
_Gen._ nautae bon
_Dat._ nautae bon
_Acc._ nautam bonum
_Abl._ naut bon
_Voc._ nauta bone
PLURAL
_Nom._ nautae bon
_Gen._ nautrum bonrum
_Dat._ nauts bons
_Acc._ nauts bons
_Abl._ nauts bons
_Voc._ nautae bon
86. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.
I. 1. Est[1] in vc nauta bonus. 2. Sextus est amcus nautae bon.
3. Sextus nautae bon galeam dat. 4. Populus Rmnus nautam bonum
laudat. 5. Sextus cum naut bon praedam portat. 6. Ubi, nauta bone,
sunt arma et tla lgt Rmn? 7. Nautae bon ad bellum properant.
8. Fma nautrum bonrum est clra. 9. Pugnae sunt grtae nauts bons.
10. Oppidn nauts bons crant. 11. Cr, nautae bon, mal agricolae
ad Rhnum properant? 12. Mal agricolae cum bons nauts pugnant.
II. 1. The wicked farmer is hastening to the village with (his) booty.
2. The reputation of the wicked farmer is not good. 3. Why does Galbas
daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked farmer? 4. Lesbia invites
the good sailor to dinner. 5. Why is Lesbia with the good sailor
hastening from the cottage? 6. Sextus, where is my helmet? 7. The good
sailors are hastening to the toilsome battle. 8. The horses of the
wicked farmers are small. 9. The Roman people give money to the good
sailors. 10. Friends care for the good sailors. 11. Whose friends are
fighting with the wicked farmers?
[Footnote 1: Est, beginning a declarative sentence, _there is._]
[Illustration: GALEAE]
LESSON XII
NOUNS IN _-IUS_ AND _-IUM_
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
flius, fl, m., _son_ (filial)
fluvius, fluv, m., _river_ (fluent)
gladius, glad, m., _sword_ (gladiator)
praesidium, praesid, n., _garrison, guard, protection_
proelium, proel, n., _battle_
ADJECTIVES
fnitimus, -a, -um, _bordering upon, neighboring, near to_.
As a noun, fnitim, -rum, m., plur., _neighbors_
Germnus, -a, -um, _German_. As a noun, Germnus, -, m.,
_a German_
multus, -a, -um, _much_; plur., _many_
ADVERB
saepe, _often_
87. Nouns of the second declension in -ius and -ium end in - in
the genitive singular, _not_ in -i, and the accent rests on the
penult; as, fl from flius (_son_), praesid from praesidium
(_garrison_).
88. Proper names of persons in -ius, and flius, end in - in
the vocative singular, _not_ in -e, and the accent rests on the
penult; as, Vergil, _O Vergil_; fl, _O son._
_a._ Observe that in these words the vocative and the genitive are
alike.
89. praesidium (base praesidi-), flius (base fli-),
n., _garrison_ m., _son_
SINGULAR
_Nom._ praesidium flius
_Gen._ praesid fl
_Dat._ praesidi fli
_Acc._ praesidium flium
_Abl._ praesidi fli
_Voc._ praesidium fl
The plural is regular. Note that the -i- of the base is lost only in
the genitive singular, and in the vocative of words like flius.
Decline together praesidium parvum; flius bonus; fluvius longus,
_the long river_; proelium clrum, _the famous battle._
90. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.
I. 1. Frmentum bonae terrae, glad mal, bell long. 2. Cnstantia
magna, praesidia magna, clre Vergil. 3. Male serve, clrum oppidum,
male fl, fli mal, fl mal. 4. Fluv long, fluvi long,
fluvirum longrum, fma praesid magn. 5. Cum gladis parvs, cum
debus clrs, ad nauts clrs. 6. Multrum proelirum, praedae magnae,
ad proelia dra.
GERMNIA
II. Germnia, patria Germnrum, est clra terra. In Germni sunt
fluvi mult. Rhnus magnus et ltus fluvius Germniae est. In silvs
lts Germniae sunt ferae multae. Multi Germnii in oppids magnis et
in vcs parvs habitant et mult sunt agricolae bon. Bella Germnrum
sunt magna et clra. Populus Germniae bellum et proelia amat et saepe
cum finitims pugnat. Fluvius Rhnus est fnitimus oppids[1] mults et
clrs.
[Footnote 1: Dative with fnitimus. (See 43.)]
LESSON XIII
SECOND DECLENSION (_Continued_)
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
ager, agr, m., _field_ (acre)
cpia, -ae, f., _plenty, abundance_ (copious); plur., _troops,
forces_
Cornlius, Cornl, m., _Cornelius_
lrca, -ae, f., _coat of mail, corselet_
praemium, praem, n., _reward, prize_ (premium)
puer, puer, m., _boy_ (puerile)
Rma, -ae, f., _Rome_
sctum, -, n., _shield_ (escutcheon)
vir, vir, m., _man, hero_ (virile)
ADJECTIVES
leginrius, -a, -um,[A] _legionary, belonging to the legion_.
As a noun, leginri, -rum, m., plur., _legionary soldiers_
lber, lbera, lberum, _free_ (liberty) As a noun. lber, -rum,
m., plur., _children_ (lit. _the freeborn_)
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, _pretty, beautiful_
PREPOSITION
apud, _among_, with acc.
CONJUNCTION
sed, _but_
[Footnote A: The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius
ends in -i and the vocative in -ie; not in -, as in nouns.]
91. Declension of Nouns in _-er_ and _-ir_. In early Latin all the
masculine nouns of the second declension ended in -os. This -os
later became -us in words like servus, and was dropped entirely in
words with bases ending in -r, like puer, _boy_; ager, _field_;
and vir, _man_. These words are therefore declined as follows:
92. puer, m., _boy_ ager, m., _field_ vir, m., _man_
BASE puer- BASE agr- BASE vir-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ puer ager vir ----
_Gen._ puer agr vir -
_Dat._ puer agr vir -
_Acc._ puerum agrum virum -um
_Abl._ puer agr vir -
PLURAL
_Nom._ puer agr vir -
_Gen._ puerrum agrrum virrum -rum
_Dat._ puers agrs virs -s
_Acc._ puers agrs virs -s
_Abl._ puers agrs virs -s
_a._ The vocative case of these words is like the nominative,
following the general rule (74.a).
_b._ The declension differs from that of servus only in the
nominative and vocative singular.
_c._ Note that in puer the e remains all the way through, while
in ager it is present only in the nominative. In puer the e
belongs to the base, but in ager (base agr-) it does not, and
was inserted in the nominative to make it easier to pronounce. Most
words in -er are declined like ager. _The genitive shows whether
you are to follow_ puer _or_ ager.
93. Masculine adjectives in -er of the second declension are
declined like nouns in -er. A few of them are declined like puer,
but most of them like ager. The feminine and neuter nominatives show
which form to follow, thus,
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
lber lbera lberum (_free_)
is like puer
pulcher pulchra pulchrum (_pretty_)
is like ager
For the full declension in the three genders, see 469._b._ _c._
94. Decline together the words vir lber, terra lbera, frmentum
lberum, puer pulcher, puella pulchra, oppidum pulchrum
95. ITALIA[1]
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.
Magna est Italiae fma, patriae Rmnrum, et clra est Rma, domina
orbis terrrum.[2] Tiberim,[3] fluvium Rmnum, quis nn laudat et
pulchrs fluvi fnitims agrs? Alts mrs, longa et dra bella,
clrs victris quis nn laudat? Pulchra est terra Italia. Agr bon
agricols praemia dant magna, et equ agricolrum cpiam frment ad
oppida et vcs portant. In agrs popul Rmn labrant mult serv.
Viae Italiae sunt longae et ltae. Fnitima Italiae est nsula Sicilia.
[Footnote 1: In this selection note especially the emphasis as shown
by the order of the words.]
[Footnote 2: orbis terrrum, _of the world_.]
[Footnote 3: Tiberim, _the Tiber_, accusative case.]
96. DIALOGUE
MARCUS AND CORNELIUS
C. Ubi est, Mrce, flius tuus? Estne in pulchr terr Itali?
M. Nn est, Cornl, in Itali. Ad fluvium Rhnum properat cum cpis
Rmns quia est[4] fma Nov bell cum Germns. Lber Germniae
populus Rmns Nn amat.
C. Estne flius tuus copirum Rmnrum lgtus?
M. Lgtus nn est, sed est apud leginris.
C. Quae[5] arma portat[6]?
M. Sctum magnum et lrcam dram et galeam pulchram portat.
C. Quae tla portat?
M. Gladium et plum longum portat.
C. Amatne lgtus flium tuum?
M. Amat, et saepe fli me praemia pulchra et praedam multam dat.
C. Ubi est terra Germnrum?
M. Terra Germnrum, Cornl est fnitima Rhn, fluvi magn et alt.
[Footnote 4: est, before its subject, _there is_; so sunt,
_there are._]
[Footnote 5: Quae, _what kind of_, an interrogative adjective
pronoun.]
[Footnote 6: What are the three possible translations of the present
tense?]
[Illustration: LEGIONARIUS]
LESSON XIV
THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
auxilium, auxil, n., _help, aid_ (auxiliary)
castrum, -, n., _fort_ (castle); plur., _camp_ (lit. _forts_)
cibus, -, m., _food_
cnsilium, cnsil, n., _plan_ (counsel)
dligentia, -ae, f.. _diligence, industry_
magister, magistr, m., _master, teacher_[A]
ADJECTIVES
aeger, aegra, aegrum, _sick_
crber, crbra, crbrum, _frequent_
miser, misera, miserum, _wretched, unfortunate_ (miser)
[Footnote A: Observe that dominus, as distinguished from
magister, means _master_ in the sense of _owner_.]
97. Observe the sentences
_This is my shield_
_This shield is mine_
In the first sentence _my_ is a possessive adjective; in the second
_mine_ is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a noun, _this
shield is mine_ being equivalent to _this shield is my shield_.
Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes _adjectives_ and
sometimes _pronouns_.
98. The possessives _my, mine, your, yours_, etc. are declined like
adjectives of the first and second declensions.
SINGULAR
_1st Pers._ meus, mea, meum _my, mine_
_2d Pers._ tuus, tua, tuum _your, yours_
_3d Pers._ suus, sua, suum _his (own), her (own),
its (own)_
PLURAL
_1st Pers._ noster, nostra, nostrum _our, ours_
_2d Pers._ vester, vestra, vestrum _your, yours_
_3d Pers._ suus, sua, suum _their (own), theirs_
NOTE. Meus has the irregular vocative singular masculine m, as
m fl, _O my son_.
_a._ The possessives agree with the name of the _thing possessed_ in
gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin in
_Sextus is calling his boy_ Sextus } suum puerum vocat
_Julia is calling her boy_ Ilia }
Observe that suum agrees with puerum, and is unaffected by the
gender of Sextus or Julia.
_b._ When _your, yours_, refers to _one_ person, use tuus; when to
_more than one_, vester; as,
_Lesbia, your wreaths are pretty_
Cornae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae
_Girls, your wreaths are pretty_
Cornae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae
_c._ Suus is a _reflexive_ possessive, that is, it usually stands
in the predicate and regularly refers back to the _subject_. Thus,
Vir sus servs vocat means _The man calls his (own) slaves._ Here
_his_ (sus) refers to _man_ (vir), and could not refer to any
one else.
_d._ Possessives are used much less frequently than in English,
being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf.
22.a.) This is especially true of suus, -a, -um, which, when
inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our _his own, her own_,
etc.
99. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.
I. 1. Mrcus amc Sext cnsilium suum nntiat 2. Est cpia frment in
agrs nostrs. 3. Amc me bonam cnam ancillae vestrae laudant 4. Tua
lrca, m fl, est dra. 5. Scta nostra et tla, m amce, in castrls
Rmns sunt. 6. Suntne vir patriae tuae lber? Sunt. 7. Ubi, Cornl,
est tua galea pulchra? 8. Mea galea, Sexte, est in cas me. 9. Plum
longum est tuum, sed gladius est meus. 10. Ilia gallns sus pulchrs
amat et gallnae dominam suam amant. 11. Nostra castra sunt vestra.
12. Est cpia praedae in castrs vestrs. 13. Amc tu misers et
aegrs cibum et pecniam saepe dant.
II. 1. Our teacher praises Marks industry. 2. My son Sextus is carrying
his booty to the Roman camp.[1] 3. Your good girls are giving aid to the
sick and wretched.[2] 4. There are [3] frequent battles in our villages.
5. My son, where is the lieutenants food? 6. The camp is mine, but the
weapons are yours.
[Footnote 1: Not the dative. Why?]
[Footnote 2: Here the adjectives _sick_ and _wretched_ are used like
nouns.]
[Footnote 3: Where should sunt stand? Cf. I. 2 above.]
[Illustration: AGRICOLA ARAT]
LESSON XV
THE ABLATIVE DENOTING _WITH_
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
carrus, -, m., _cart, wagon_
inopia, -ae, f., _want, lack;_ the opposite of cpia
studium, stud, n., _zeal, eagerness_ (study)
ADJECTIVES
armtus, -a, -um, _armed_
ǔnfrmus, -a, -um, _week, feeble_ (infirm)
validus, -a, -um, _strong, sturdy_
VERB
mtrat, _he (she, it) hastens._ Cf. properat
ADVERB
iam, _already, now_
-que, conjunction, _and_; an enclitic (cf. 16) and always added
to the _second_ of two words to be connected, as arma tlaque,
_arms and weapons_.
100. Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (50)
there is none more important than that expressed in English by the
preposition _with_. This little word is not so simple as it looks.
It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is it always to be
translated by cum. This will become clear from the following
sentences:
_a._ Mark is feeble _with_ (_for_ or _because of_) want of food
_b._ Diana kills the beasts _with_ (or _by_) her arrows
_c._ Julia is _with_ Sextus
_d._ The men fight _with_ great steadiness
_a._ In sentence _a_, _with want_ (_of food_) gives the cause of
Marks feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative
without a preposition, and the construction is called the ablative
of cause:
Mrcus est nfrmus inopi cib
_b._ In sentence _b_, _with_ (or _by_) _her arrows_ tells by means
of what Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by
the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called
the ablative of means:
Dina sagitts sus fers necat
_c._ In sentence _c_ we are told that Julia is not alone, but in
company with Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the
ablative with the preposition cum, and the construction is called
the ablative of accompaniment:
Ilia est cum Sext
_d._ In sentence _d_ we are told how the men fight. The idea is one
of manner. This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with cum,
unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case cum
may be omitted. This construction is called the ablative of
manner:
Vir (cum) cnstanti magn pugnant
101. You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative
denoting _with_:
102. RULE. Ablative of Cause. _Cause is denoted by the ablative
without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what?_
103. RULE. Ablative of Means. _Means is denoted by the ablative
without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what?
With what?_
N.B. Cum must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or
means.
104. RULE. Ablative of Accompaniment. _Accompaniment is denoted by
the ablative with cum. This answers the question With whom?_
105. RULE. Ablative of Manner. _The ablative with cum is used to
denote the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is
used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner?_
106. What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following
passage, and what question does each answer?
The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the
gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din,
attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the
stream was swollen with (_or_ by) the rain. Because of this many were
swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue,
with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore.
107. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.
I. _The Romans prepare for War._ Rmn, clrus Italiae populus, bellum
parant. Ex agrs sus, vics, oppidsque magn studi vir valid ad
arma properant. Iam lgat cum leginaris ex Itali ad Rhnum, fluvium
Germniae altum et ltum, properant, et serv equs et carrs cibum
frmentumque ad castra Rmna portant. Inopi bonrum tlrum nfirm
sunt Germn, sed Rmn armti gales, lrcs, scts, gladis,
plsque sunt valid.
II. 1. The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great
diligence. 2. Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are fighting
with the Germans. 3. The Roman legionaries are armed with long spears.
4. Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with my friends in
Galbas cottage. 5. Many are sick because of bad water and for lack of
food. 6. The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening
with horses and wagons.
LESSON XVI
THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
108. There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second
declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and
dative singular of all genders:
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Gen._ -us -us -us
_Dat._ - - -
Otherwise they are declined like bonus, -a, -um. Learn the list and
the meaning of each:
alius, alia, aliud, _other, another_ (of several)
alter, altera, alterum, _the one, the other_ (of two)
Ǟnus, -a, -um, _one, alone_; (in the plural) _only_
Ǟllus, -a, -um, _any_
nllus, -a, -um, _none, no_
slus, -a, -um, _alone_
ttus, -a, -um, _all, whole, entire_
uter, utra, utrum, _which?_ (of two)
neuter, neutra, neutrum, _neither_ (of two)
109. PARADIGMS
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ nllus nlla nllum
_Gen._ nllus nllus nllus
_Dat._ nll nll nll
_Acc._ nllum nllam nllum
_Abl._ nll nll nll
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ alius alia aliud
_Gen._ alus alus alus
_Dat._ ali ali ali
_Acc._ alium aliam aliud
_Abl._ ali ali ali
THE PLURAL IS REGULAR
_a._ Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in -d of alius.
The genitive alus is rare. Instead of it use alterus, the
genitive of alter.
_b._ These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension of
pronouns (see 114). For this reason these adjectives are sometimes
called the pronominal adjectives.
110. Learn the following idioms:
alter, -era, -erum ... alter, -era, -erum, _the one ... the other_
(of two)
alius, -a, -ud ... alius, -a, -ud, _one ... another _ (of any
number)
ali, -ae, -a ... ali, -ae, -a, _some ... others_
EXAMPLES
1. Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum, _the one town is
large, the other small_ (of two towns).
2. Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud nfrmum, _one town is strong,
another weak_ (of towns in general).
3. Ali gladis, ali scta portant, _some carry swords, others
shields._
111. EXERCISES
I. 1. In utr cas est Ilia? Ilia est in neutr cas. 2. Nll mal
puer praemium dat magister. 3. Alter puer est nauta, alter agricola.
4. Ali vir aquam, ali terram amant. 5. Galba nus (_or_ slus) cum
studi labrat. 6. Estne llus carrus in agr me? 7. Lesbia est ancilla
alterus domin, Tullia alterus. 8. Lesbia sla cnam parat. 9. Cna
nllus alterus ancillae est bona. 10. Lesbia nll ali vir cnam
dat.
NOTE. The pronominal adjectives, as you observe, regularly stand before
and not after their nouns.
II. 1. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. 2. Some towns are
great and others are small. 3. One boy likes chickens, another horses.
4. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. 5. Our whole village is
suffering for (i.e. _weak because of_) lack of food. 6. The people are
already hastening to the other town. 7. Among the Romans (there) is no
lack of grain.
LESSON XVII
THE DEMONSTRATIVE _IS, EA, ID_
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
agr cultra, -ae, f., _agriculture_
Gallia, -ae, f., _Gaul_
domicilum, domcil, n., _dwelling place_ (domicile), _abode_
Gallus, -i, m., _a Gaul_
lacrima, -ae, f., _tear_
fmina, -ae, f., _woman_ (female)
numerus, -, m., _number_ (numeral)
ADJECTIVE
mtrus, -a, -um, _ripe, mature_
ADVERB
qu, _whither_
VERBS
arat, _he (she, it) plows_ (arable)
dsderat, _he (she, it) misses, longs for_ (desire), with acc.
CONJUNCTION
an, _or_, introducing the second half of a double question, as
_Is he a Roman or a Gaul_, Estne Romanus an Gallus?
112. A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely,
as _this, that, these, those_. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as,
_Do you hear these?_ and sometimes adjectives, as, _Do you hear these
men?_ In the former case they are called demonstrative pronouns, in
the latter demonstrative adjectives.
113. Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as _pronouns_ and
as _adjectives_. The one used most is
is, masculine; ea, feminine; id, neuter
SINGULAR: _this, that_; PLURAL: _these, those_
114. Is is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of
alius, 109.
BASE e-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ is ea id e eae ea
(_or_ i)
_Gen._ eius eius eius erum erum erum
_Dat._ e e e es es es
(_or_ is is is)
_Acc._ eum eam id es es ea
_Abl._ e e e es es es
(_or_ is is is)
Note that the base e- changes to i- in a few cases. The genitive
singular eius is pronounced _ehyus_. In the plural the forms with two
is are preferred and the two is are pronounced as one. Hence,
pronounce i as ǔ and is as ǔs.
115. Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the
Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun _he,
she, it_. As a personal pronoun, then, is would have the following
meanings:
SINGULAR
_Nom._ is, _he_; ea, _she_; id, _it_
_Gen._ eius, _of him_ or _his_;
eius, _of her, her_, or _hers_;
eius, _of it_ or _its_
_Dat._ e, _to_ or _for him_;
e, _to_ or _for her_;
e, _to_ or _for it_
_Acc._ eum, _him_; eam, _her_; id, _it_
_Abl._ e, _with, from_, etc., _him_;
e, _with, from_, etc., _her_;
e, _with, from_, etc., _it_
PLURAL
_Nom._ e or i, eae, ea, _they_
_Gen._ erum, erum, erum, _of them, their_
_Dat._ es or is, es or is, es or is,
_to_ or _for them_
_Acc._ es, es, ea, _them_
_Abl._ es or is, es or is, es or is,
_with, from_, etc., _them_
116. Comparison between _suus_ and _is_. We learned above (98.c)
that suus is a _reflexive_ possessive. When _his, her_ (poss.), _its,
their_, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express _his,
her, its_ by eius, the genitive singular of is, ea, id; and
_their_ by the genitive plural, using erum to refer to a masculine
or neuter antecedent noun and erum to refer to a feminine one.
EXAMPLES
_Galba calls his_ (own) _son_,
Galba suum flium vocat
_Galba calls his son_ (not his own, but anothers),
Galba eius flium vocat
_Julia calls her_ (own) _children_,
Ilia sus lbers vocat
_Julia calls her children_ (not her own, but anothers),
Ilia eius lbers vocat
_The men praise their_ (own) _boys_,
vir sus puers laudant
_The men praise their boys_ (not their own, but others),
vir erum puers laudant
117. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.
1. He praises her, him, it, them. 2. This cart, that report, these
teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes. 3. That strong
garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness,
those frequent plans.
4. The other woman is calling her chickens (_her own_). 5. Another woman
is calling her chickens (_not her own_). 6. The Gaul praises his arms
(_his own_). 7. The Gaul praises his arms (_not his own_). 8. This
farmer often plows their fields. 9. Those wretched slaves long for their
master (_their own_). 10. Those wretched slaves long for their master
(_not their own_). 11. Free men love their own fatherland. 12. They
love its villages and towns.
118. DIALOGUE[1]
CORNELIUS AND MARCUS
M. Quis est vir, Cornl, cum puer parv? Estne Rmnus et lber?
C. Rmnus nn est, Mrce. Is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in
silvs Galliae.
M. Estne puer flius eius serv an alterus?
C. Neutrus flius est puer. Is est flius lgt Sext.
M. Qu puer cum e serv properat?
C. Is cum serv properat ad lts Sext agrs.[2] Ttum frmentum est
iam mtrum et magnus servrum numerus in Italiae[3] agrs labrat.
M. Agricolaene sunt Gall et patriae suae agrs arant?
C. Nn agricolae sunt. Bellum amant Gall, nn agr cultram. Apud es
vir pugnant et fminae auxili lberrum agrs arant parantque
cibum.
M. Magister noster puers puellsque grts Gallrum fbuls saepe
nrrat et laudat es saepe.
C. Mala est fortna erum et saepe miser serv mults cum lacrims
patriam suam dsderant.
[Footnote 1: There are a number of departures from the normal order
in this dialogue. Find them, and give the reason.]
[Footnote 2: When a noun is modified by both a genitive and an
adjective, a favorite order of words is _adjective, genitive,
noun_.]
[Footnote 3: A modifying genitive often stands between a preposition
and its object.]
* * * * *
Second Review, Lessons IX-XVII, 506-509
* * * * *
LESSON XVIII
CONJUGATION
THE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE TENSES OF SUM
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
ldus, -, m.,_school_
socius, soc, m., _companion, ally_ (social)
ADJECTIVES
ǔrtus, -a, -um, _angry, furious_ (irate)
laetus, -a, -um, _happy, glad_ (social)
ADVERBS
hodi, _to-day_
ibi, _there, in that place_
mox, _presently, soon_, of the immediate future
nunc, _now, the present moment_
nper, _lately, recently_, of the immediate past
119. The inflection of a verb is called its _conjugation_ (cf. 23).
In English the verb has but few changes in form, the different meanings
being expressed by the use of personal pronouns and auxiliaries, as,
_I am carried, we have carried, they shall have carried_, etc. In Latin,
on the other hand, instead of using personal pronouns and auxiliary
verbs, the form changes with the meaning. In this way the Romans
expressed differences in _tense, mood, voice, person_, and _number_.
120. The Tenses. The different forms of a verb referring to
different times are called its _tenses_. The chief distinctions of
time are present, past, and future:
1. The present, that is, _what is happening now_, or
_what usually happens_, is expressed by
THE PRESENT TENSE
2. The past, that is, _what was happening, used to happen,
happened, has happened_, or _had happened_, is expressed by
THE IMPERFECT, PERFECT, AND PLUPERFECT TENSES
3. The future, that is, _what is going to happen_, is expressed by
THE FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
121. The Moods. Verbs have inflection of _mood_ to indicate the
manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the
_indicative, subjunctive, imperative_, and _infinitive_.
_a._ A verb is in the _indicative_ mood when it makes a statement or
asks a question about something assumed as a fact. All the verbs we
have used thus far are in the present indicative.
122. The Persons. There are three persons, as in English. The first
person is the person speaking (_I sing_); the second person the person
spoken to (_you sing_); the third person the person spoken of (_he
sings_). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different persons in
the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the personal
endings (cf. 22 _a_; 29). We have already learned that -t is the
ending of the third person singular in the active voice and -nt of the
third person plural. The complete list of personal endings of the active
voice is as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
_1st Pers._ _I_ -m or - _we_ -mus
_2d Pers._ _thou_ or _you_ -s _you_ -tis
_3d Pers._ _he, she, it_ -t _they_ -nt
123. Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and
are called _regular_ verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called
_irregular_. The verb _to be_ is irregular in Latin as in English. The
present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are inflected as
follows:
PRESENT INDICATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
_1st Pers._ su-m, _I am_ su-mus, _we are_
_2d Pers._ e-s, _you[1] are_ es-tis, _you[1] are_
_3d Pers._ es-t, _he, she_, or _it is_ su-nt, _they are_
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
_1st Pers._ er-a-m, _I was_ er--mus, _we were_
_2d Pers._ er--s, _you were_ er--tis, _you were_
_3d Pers._ er-a-t, _he, she_, or _it was_ er--nt, _they were_
FUTURE INDICATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
_1st Pers._ er-, _I shall be_ er-i-mus, _we shall be_
_2d Pers._ er-i-s, _you will be_ er-i-tis, _you will be_
_3d Pers._ er-i-t, _he will be_ er-u-nt, _they will be_
_a._ Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and
consult 12.2; 14; 15.
[Footnote 1: Observe that in English _you are_, _you were_, etc. may
be either singular or plural. In Latin the singular and plural forms
are never the same.]
124. DIALOGUE
THE BOYS SEXTUS AND MARCUS
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.
S. Ubi es, Mrce? Ubi est Quntus? Ubi estis, amc?
M. Cum Qunt, Sexte, in silv sum. Nn sl sumus; sunt in silv
mult ali puer.
S. Nunc laetus es, sed nper nn laetus ers. Cr miser ers?
M. Miser eram quia amc me erant in ali vic et eram slus. Nunc
sum apud socis mes. Nunc laet sumus et erimus.
S. Ertisne in ldo hodi?
M. Hodi nn ermus in ld, quod magister erat aeger.
S. Eritisne mox in ld?
M. Amc me ibi erunt, sed ego (_I_) nn er.
S. Cr nn ibi eris? Magister, saepe irtus, inopiam tuam stud
dligentiaeque nn laudat.
M. Nper aeger eram et nunc nfrmus sum.
125. EXERCISE
1. You are, you were, you will be, (_sing. and plur._). 2. I am, I was,
I shall be. 3. He is, he was, he will be. 4. We are, we were, we shall
be. 5. They are, they were, they will be.
6. Why were you not in school to-day? I was sick. 7. Lately he was a
sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher. 8. To-day I am
happy, but lately I was wretched. 9. The teachers were happy because of
the boys industry.
[Illustration: PUERI ROMANI IN LUDO]
LESSON XIX
THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS
PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AM_ AND _MONE_
126. There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These
conjugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the
present conjugation-stem.[1] This vowel is called the _distinguishing
vowel_, and is best seen in the present infinitive.
[Footnote 1: The _stem_ is the body of a word to which the
terminations are attached. It is often identical with the base (cf.
58). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the latter does not
appear in the base, but is variously combined with the inflectional
terminations. This point is further explained in 230.]
Below is given the _present infinitive_ of a verb of each conjugation,
the _present stem_, and the _distinguishing vowel._
DISTINGUISHING
CONJUGATION PRES. INFIN. PRES. STEM VOWEL
I. amre, _to love_ am- lj
II. monre, _to advise_ mon- ǐ
III. regere, _to rule_ rege- e
IV. audre, _to hear_ audi- ǔ
_a._ Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by
dropping -re, the ending of the present infinitive.
NOTE. The present infinitive of sum is esse, and es- is the
present stem.
127. From the present stem are formed the _present_, _imperfect_, and
_future_ tenses.
128. The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and
of the second conjugation is as follows:
am, amre (_love_) mone, monre (_advise_)
PRES. STEM am- PRES. STEM mon-
SINGULAR PLURAL PERSONAL ENDINGS
1. am, _I love_ mone, _I advise_ -
2. ams, _you love_ mons, _you advise_ -s
3. amat, _he (she, it) loves_ monet, _he (she, it) advises_ -t
1. ammus, _we love_ monmus, _we advise_ -mus
2. amtis, _you love_ montis, _you advise_ -tis
3. amant, _they love_ monent, _they advise_ -nt
1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to
the present stem, and its first person uses -o and not -m. The
form am is for am-, the two vowels lj- contracting to Ǚ. In
mone there is no contraction. _Nearly all regular verbs ending in
-eo belong to the second conjugation._
2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before
another vowel (mon- = mone), and before final -t (amat,
monet) and -nt (amant, monent). Compare 12.2.
129. Like am and mone inflect the present active indicative of
the following verbs[2]:
[Footnote 2: The only new verbs in this list are the five of the
second conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings.]
INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT
ar, _I plow_ arre, _to plow_
cr, _I care for_ crre, _to care for_
*dle, _I destroy_ dlre, _to destroy_
dsder, _I long for_ dsderre, _to long for_
d,[3] _I give_ dare, _to give_
*habe, _I have_ habre, _to have_
habit, _I live, I dwell_ habitre, _to live, to dwell_
*iube, _I order_ iubre, _to order_
labr, _I labor_ labrre, _to labor_
laud, _I praise_ laudre, _to praise_
mtr, _I hasten_ mtrre, _to hasten_
*move, _I move_ movre, _to move_
nrr, _I tell_ nrrre, _to tell_
nec, _I kill_ necre, _to kill_
nnti, _I announce_ nntire, _to announce_
par, _I prepare_ parre, _to prepare_
port, _I carry_ portre, _to carry_
proper, _I hasten_ properre, _to hasten_
pugn, _I fight_ pugnre, _to fight_
*vide, _I see_ vidre, _to see_
voc, _I call_ vocre, _to call_
[Footnote 3: Observe that in d, dare, the a is _short_, and
that the present stem is da- and not d-. The only forms of d
that have a long are ds (pres. indic.), d (pres. imv.), and
dns (pres. part.).]
130. The Translation of the Present. In English there are three ways
of expressing present action. We may say, for example, _I live, I am
living_, or _I do live_. In Latin the one expression habit covers all
three of these expressions.
131. EXERCISES
Give the _voice_, _mood_, _tense_, _person_, and _number_ of each form.
I. 1. Vocmus, propertis, iubent. 2. Movtis, lauds, vids.
3. Dltis, habtis, dant. 4. Mtrs, dsderat, vidmus. 5. Iubet,
movent, necat. 6. Nrrmus, movs, vident. 7. Labrtis, properant,
ports, parant. 8. Dlet, habtis, iubmus, ds.
N.B. Observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in
translating a Latin verb form. Give that your first attention.
II. 1. We plow, we are plowing, we do plow. 2. They care for, they are
caring for, they do care for. 3. You give, you are having, you do have
(_sing_.). 4. We destroy, I do long for, they are living. 5. He calls,
they see, we are telling. 6. We do fight, we order, he is moving, he
prepares. 7. They are laboring, we kill, you announce.
LESSON XX
IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AM_ AND _MONE_
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
frma, -ae, f., _form, beauty_
regna, -ae, f., _queen_ (regal)
poena, -ae, f., _punishment, penalty_
superbia, -ae, f., _pride, haughtiness_
potentia, -ae, f., _power_ (potent)
trstta, -ae, f., _sadness, sorrow_
ADJECTIVES
septem, indeclinable, _seven_
superbus, -a, -um, _proud, haughty_ (superb)
CONJUNCTIONS
nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_
132. Tense Signs. Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express
differences in tense, like _was_, _shall_, _will_, etc., Latin adds to
the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs.
These are called _tense signs_.
133. Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect. The tense sign of
the imperfect is -b-, which is added to the present stem. The
imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts:
PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING
am- ba- m
_loving_ _was_ _I_
The inflection is as follows:
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
PERSONAL
SINGULAR ENDINGS
1. ambam, _I was loving_ monbam, _I was advising_ -m
2. ambs, _you were loving_ monbs, _you were advising_ -s
3. ambat, _he was loving_ monbat, _he was advising_ -t
PLURAL
1. ambmus, _we were loving_ monbmus, _we were advising_ -mus
2. ambtis, _you were loving_ monbtis, _you were advising_ -tis
3. ambant, _they were loving_ monbant, _they wereadvising_ -nt
_a._ Note that the lj of the tense sign -b- is shortened before
-nt, and before m and t when final. (Cf. 12.2.)
In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in 129.
134. Meaning of the Imperfect. The Latin imperfect describes an
act as _going on_ or _progressing in past time_, like the English
past-progressive tense (as, _I was walking_). It is the regular tense
used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs.
135. EXERCISES
I. 1. Vidbmus, dsderbat, mtrbs. 2. Dabant, vocbtis,
dlbmus. 3. Pugnant, laudbs, movbtis. 4. Iubbant, properbtis,
portbmus. 5. Dabs, nrrbant, labrbtis. 6. Vidbant, movbs,
nntibmus. 7. Necbat, movbam, habbat, parbtis.
II. 1. You were having (_sing. and plur._), we were killing, they were
laboring. 2. He was moving, we were ordering, we were fighting. 3. We
were telling, they were seeing, he was calling. 4. They were living,
I was longing for, we were destroying. 5. You were giving, you were
moving, you were announcing, (_sing. and plur._). 6. They were caring
for, he was plowing, we were praising.
136. NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.
Niob, rgina Thbnrum, erat pulchra fmina sed superba. Erat superba
nn slum frm[1] su martque potenti[1] sed etiam magn lberrum
numer.[1] Nam habbat[2] septem flis et septem flis. Sed ea
superbia erat rgnae[3] causa magnae trstitiae et lbers[3] causa
drae poenae.
NOTE. The words Niob, Thbnrum, and mart will be found in the
general vocabulary. Translate the selection without looking up any other
words.
[Footnote 1: Ablative of cause.]
[Footnote 2: Translate _had_; it denotes a past situation. (See
134.)]
[Footnote 3: Dative, cf. 43.]
LESSON XXI
FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _AM_ AND _MONE_
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
sacrum, -, n., _sacrifice, offering, rite_
verbum, -, n., _word_ (verb)
VERBS
sede, -re, _sit_ (sediment)
vol, -re, _fly_ (volatile)
ADJECTIVES
interfectus, -a, -um, _slain_
molestus, -a, -um, _troublesome, annoying_ (molest)
perpetuus, -a, -um, _perpetual, continuous_
ego, personal pronoun, _I_ (egotism). Always emphatic in the
nominative.
137. The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second
conjugations is -bi-. This is joined to the present stem of the verb
and followed by the personal ending, as follows:
PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING
am- bi- s
_love_ _will_ _you_
138. The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows.
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
SINGULAR
1. amb, _I shall love_ monb, _I shall advise_
2. ambis, _you will love_ monbis, _you will advise_
3. ambit, _he will love_ monbit, _he will advise_
PLURAL
1. ambimus, _we shall love_ monbimus, _we shall advise_
2. ambitis _you will love_ monbitis, _you will advise_
3. ambunt, _they will love_ monbunt, _they will advise_
_a._ The personal endings are as in the present. The ending -b
in the first person singular is contracted from -bi-. The -bi-
appears as -bu- in the third person plural. Note that the
inflection is like that of er, the future of sum. _Pay especial
attention to the accent._
In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in 129.
139. EXERCISES
I. 1. Movbitis, laudbis, arb. 2. Dlbitis, vocbitis, dabunt.
3. Mtrbis, dsderbit, vidbimus. 4. Habbit, movbunt, necbit.
5. Nrrbimus, monbis, vidbunt. 6. Labrbitis, crbunt, dabis.
7. Habitbimus, properbitis, iubbunt, parbit. 8. Nntib,
portbimus, iubb.
II. 1. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. 2. I shall
carry, he will plow, they will care for. 3. You will announce, you will
move, you will give, (_sing. and plur._). 4. We shall fight, we shall
destroy, I shall long for. 5. He will call, they will see, you will tell
(_plur._). 6. They will dwell, we shall order, he will praise. 7. They
will labor, we shall kill, you will have (_sing. and plur._), he will
destroy.
140. NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN (_Concluded_)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Apoll et Dina erant lber Ltnae. Is Thbn sacra crbra
parbant.[1] Oppidn ambant Ltnam et lbers eius. Id superbae
rgnae erat molestum. Cr, inquit, Ltnae et lbers sacra partis?
Dus lbers habet Ltna; quattuordecim habe ego. Ubi sunt mea sacra?
Ltna is verbs[2] rta lbers sus vocat. Ad eam volant Apoll
Dinaque et sagitts[3] sus misers lbers rgnae superbae dlent.
Niob, nper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud lbers interfects et cum
perpetus lacrims[4] es dsderat.
NOTE. Consult the general vocabulary for Apoll, inquit, dus, and
quattuordecim. Try to remember the meaning of all the other words.
[Footnote 1: Observe the force of the imperfect here, _used to
prepare_, _were in the habit of preparing_; so ambant denotes a
past situation of affairs. (See 134.)]
[Footnote 2: Ablative of cause.]
[Footnote 3: Ablative of means.]
[Footnote 4: This may be either manner or accompaniment. It is often
impossible to draw a sharp line between means, manner, and
accompaniment. The Romans themselves drew no sharp distinction. It
was enough for them if the general idea demanded the ablative case.]
LESSON XXII
REVIEW OF VERBS THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
disciplna, -ae, f., _training, culture, discipline_
Gius, G, m., _Caius_, a Roman first name
Ǚrnmentum, -, n., _ornament, jewel_
Tiberius, Tiber, m., _Tiberius_, a Roman first name
VERB
doce, -re, _teach_ (doctrine)
ADVERB
maxim, _most of all, especially_
ADJECTIVE
antquus, -qua, -quum, _old, ancient_ (antique)
141. Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both
orally and in writing, of sum and the verbs in 129.
142. We learned in 43 for what sort of expressions we may expect the
dative, and in 44 that one of its commonest uses is with _verbs_ to
express the indirect object. It is also very common with _adjectives_
to express the object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective
is directed. We have already had a number of cases where grtus,
_agreeable to_, was so followed by a dative; and in the last lesson we
had molestus, _annoying to_, followed by that case. The usage may be
more explicitly stated by the following rule:
143. RULE. Dative with Adjectives. _The dative is used with
adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is
directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit,
friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites._
144. Among such adjectives memorize the following:
idneus, -a, -um, _fit, suitable_ (for)
amcus, -a, -um, _friendly_ (to)
inimicus, -a, -um, _hostile_ (to)
grtus, -a, -um, _pleasing_ (to), _agreeable_ (to)
molestus, -a, -um, _annoying_ (to), _troublesome_ (to)
fnitimus, -a, -um, _neighboring_ (to)
proximus, -a, -um, _nearest, next_ (to)
145. EXERCISES
I. 1. Rmn terram idneam agr cultrae habent. 2. Gall cpis
Rmns inimc erant. 3. Cui dea Ltna amca non erat? 4. Dea Ltna
superbae rgnae amca nn erat. 5. Cibus noster, Mrce, erit armts
virs grtus. 6. Quid erat molestum populs Italiae? 7. Bella longa cum
Galls erant molesta populs Italiae. 8. Agr Germnrum fluvi Rhn
fnitim erant. 9. Rmn ad silvam oppid proximam castra movbant.
10. Nn slum frma sed etiam superbia rgnae erat magna. 11. Mox
rgna pulchra erit aegra trstiti. 12. Cr erat Niob, rgna
Thbnrum, laeta? Laeta erat Niob mults flis et flibus.
II. 1. The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty
queen. 2. The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also to
Diana. 3. Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona. 4. The punishment
of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess Diana. 5. The Romans
will move their forces to a large field[1] suitable for a camp. 6. Some
of the allies were friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls.
[Footnote 1: Why not the dative?]
146. CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Apud antqus domins, Cornlia, fricn flia, erat[2] maxim clra.
Fli eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gius Gracchus. I puer cum
Cornli in oppid Rm, clr Italiae oppid, habitbant. Ibi es
crbat Cornlia et ibi magn cum studi es docbat. Bona fmina erat
Cornlia et bonam disciplnam maxim ambat.
NOTE. Can you translate the paragraph above? There are no new words.
[Footnote 2: Observe that all the imperfects denote continued or
progressive action, or describe a state of affairs. (Cf. 134.)]
LESSON XXIII
PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REG_ AND _AUDI_
147. As we learned in 126, the present stem of the third conjugation
ends in -e, and of the fourth in -. The inflection of the Present
Indicative is as follows:
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
reg, regere (_rule_) audio, audre (_hear_)
PRES. STEM rege- PRES. STEM aud-
SINGULAR
1. reg, _I rule_ audi, _I hear_
2. regis, _you rule_ auds, _you hear_
3. regit, _he (she, it) rules_ audit, _he (she, it) hears_
PLURAL
1. regimus, _we rule_ audmus, _we hear_
2. regitis, _you rule_ audtis, _you hear_
3. regunt, _they rule_ audiunt, _they hear_
1. The personal endings are the same as before.
2. The final short -e- of the stem rege- combines with the - in
the first person, becomes -u- in the third person plural, and
becomes -i- elsewhere. The inflection is like that of er, the
future of sum.
3. In audi the personal endings are added regularly to the stem
aud-. In the third person plural -u- is inserted between the stem
and the personal ending, as audi-u-nt. Note that the long vowel of
the stem is shortened before final -t just as in am and mone.
(Cf. 12.2.)
Note that -i- is always short in the third conjugation and long in
the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. (Cf.
12.1, 2.)
148. Like reg and audi inflect the present active indicative of
the following verbs:
INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT
ag, _I drive_ agere, _to drive_
dc, _I say_ dcere, _to say_
dc, _I lead_ dcere, _to lead_
mitt, _I send_ mittere, _to send_
mni, _I fortify_ mnre, _to fortify_
reperi, _I find_ reperre, _to find_
veni, _I come_ venre, _to come_
149. EXERCISES
I. 1. Quis agit? Cr venit? Quem mittit? Quem dcis? 2. Quid mittunt? Ad
quem veniunt? Cuius castra mniunt? 3. Quem agunt? Venmus. Quid puer
reperit? 4. Quem mittimus? Cuius equum dcitis? Quid dcunt? 5. Mnmus,
ventis, dcit. 6. Agimus, repertis, mns. 7. Reperis, ducitis, dcis.
8. Agitis, audimus, regimus.
II. 1. What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come? 2. Whose
camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we saying? 3. I am
driving, you are leading, they are hearing. 4. You send, he says, you
fortify (_sing. and plur._). 5. I am coming, we find, they send. 6. They
lead, you drive, he does fortify. 7. You lead, you find, you rule, (_all
plur._).
150. CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (_Concluded_)
Proximum domicli Cornliae erat pulchrae Campnae domicilium. Campna
erat superba nn slum frm su sed maxim rnments sus. Ea[1]
laudbat semper. Habsne t lla ornmenta, Cornlia? inquit. Ubi
sunt tua rnmenta? Deinde Cornlia flis sus Tiberium et Gium
vocat. Puer me, inquit, sunt mea rnmenta. Nam bon lber sunt
semper bonae fminae rnmenta maxim clra.
NOTE. The only new words here are Campna, semper, and t.
[Footnote 1: Ea, accusative plural neuter.]
[Illustration: PUERI MEI SUNT MEA ORNAMENTA]
LESSON XXIV
IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REG_ AND _AUDI_
THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL INTRANSITIVE VERBS
151. PARADIGMS
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
SINGULAR
1. regbam, _I was ruling_ audibam, _I was hearing_
2. regbs, _you were riding_ audibs, _you were hearing_
3. regbat, _he was ruling_ audibat, _he was hearing_
PLURAL
1. regbmus, _we were ruling_ audibmus, _we were hearing_
2. regbtis, _you were ruling_ audibtis, _you were hearing_
3. regbant, _they were ruling_ audibant, _they were hearing_
1. The tense sign is -b-, as in the first two conjugations.
2. Observe that the final -e- of the stem is lengthened before the
tense sign -b-. This makes the imperfect of the third conjugation
just like the imperfect of the second (cf. monbam and regbam).
3. In the fourth conjugation -- is inserted between the stem and
the tense sign -b- (audi--ba-m).
4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in 148.
152. EXERCISES
I. 1. Agbat, venibat, mittbat, dcbant. 2. Agbant, mittbant,
dcbas, mnibant. 3. Mittbmus, dcbtis, dcbant. 4. Mnibmus,
venibtis, dcbs. 5. Mittbs, venibmus, reperibat. 6. Reperibs,
venibs, audibtis. 7. Agbmus, reperibtis, mnibat. 8. Agbtis,
dcbam, mnibam.
II. 1. They were leading, you were driving (_sing. and plur._), he was
fortifying. 2. They were sending, we were finding, I was coming. 3. You
were sending, you were fortifying, (_sing. and plur._), he was saying.
4. They were hearing, you were leading (_sing. and plur._), I was
driving. 5. We were saying, he was sending, I was fortifying. 6. They
were coming, he was hearing, I was finding. 7. You were ruling (_sing.
and plur._), we were coming, they were ruling.
153. The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs. We learned above
(20.a) that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called
an _intransitive_ verb. Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning
that they can govern an indirect object, which will, of course, be in
the dative case (45). Learn the following list of intransitive verbs
with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is the
person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed.
(Cf. 43.)
crd, crdere, _believe_ (give belief to)
fave, favre, _favor_ (show favor to)
noce, nocre, _injure_ (do harm to)
pre, prre, _obey_ (give obedience to)
persude, persudre, _persuade_ (offer persuasion to)
resist, resistere, _resist_ (offer resistance to)
stude, studre, _be eager for_ (give attention to)
154. RULE. Dative with Intransitive Verbs. _The dative of the
indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crd, fave,
noce, pre, persude, resist, stude, and others of like
meaning._
155. EXERCISE
1. Crdisne verbs socirum? Mult verbs erum nn crdunt. 2. Me
fnitim cnsili tu nn favbunt, quod bell student. 3. Tiberius et
Gius disciplnae drae nn resistbant et Cornliae prbant. 4. Dea
erat inimca septem flibus rgnae. 5. Dra poena et perpetua
trstitia rgnae nn persudbunt. 6. Nper ea resistbat et nunc
resistit potentiae Ltnae. 7. Mox sagittae volbunt et lbers misers
nocbunt.
LESSON XXV
FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF _REG_ AND _AUDI_
156. In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet
with a new tense sign. Instead of using -bi-, as in the first and
second conjugations, we use --[1] in the first person singular and
-- in the rest of the tense. In the third conjugation the final -e-
of the stem is dropped before this tense sign; in the fourth conjugation
the final -- of the stem is retained.[2]
[Footnote 1: The -- is shortened before -m final, and --
before -t final and before -nt. (Cf. 12.2.)]
[Footnote 2: The -- is, of course, shortened, being before
another vowel. (Cf. 12.1.)]
157. PARADIGMS
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
SINGULAR
1. regam, _I shall rule_ audiam, _I shall hear_
2. regs, _you will rule_ audis, _you will hear_
3. reget, _he will rule_ audiet, _he will hear_
PLURAL
1. regmus, _we shall rule_ audimus, _we shall hear_
2. regtis, _you will rule_ auditis, _you will hear_
3. regent, _they will rule_ audient, _they will hear_
1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the
present of the second, excepting in the first person singular.
2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in 148.
158. EXERCISES
I. 1. Dcet, dctis, mnimus. 2. Dcent, dctis, mittmus.
3. Mnient, venient, mittent, agent. 4. Dcet, mitts, veniet, aget.
5. Mniet, reperitis, agmus. 6. Mittam, venimus, regent. 7. Auditis,
venis, reperis. 8. Reperiet, agam, dcmus, mittet. 9. Vidbitis,
sedb, vocbimus.
II. 1. I shall find, he will hear, they will come. 2. I shall fortify,
he will send, we shall say. 3. I shall drive, you will lead, they will
hear. 4. You will send, you will fortify, (_sing. and plur._), he will
say. 5. I shall come, we shall find, they will send.
6. Who[3] will believe the story? I[4] shall believe the story. 7. Whose
friends do you favor? We favor our friends. 8. Who will resist our
weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons. 9. Who will persuade him?
They will persuade him. 10. Why were you injuring my horse? I was not
injuring your horse. 11. Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave obeys
his master. 12. Our men were eager for another battle.
[Footnote 3: Remember that quis, _who_, is singular in number.]
[Footnote 4: Express by ego, because it is emphatic.]
LESSON XXVI
VERBS IN _-I_ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
159. There are a few common verbs ending in -i which do not belong
to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The
fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of
the infinitive. (Cf. 126.) Compare
audi, audre (_hear_), fourth conjugation
capi, capere (_take_), third conjugation
160. The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of capi
are inflected as follows:
capi, capere, _take_
PRES. STEM cape-
PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE
SINGULAR
1. capi capibam capiam
2. capis capibs capis
3. capit capibat capiet
PLURAL
1. capimus capibmus capimus
2. capitis capibtis capitis
3. capiunt capibant capient
1. Observe that capi and the other -i verbs follow the fourth
conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation _two vowels occur in
succession._ (Cf. capi, audi; capiunt, audiunt; and all the
imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third conjugation.
(Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.)
2. Like capi, inflect
faci, facere, _make, do_
fugi, fugere, _flee_
iaci, iacere, _hurl_
rapi, rapere, _seize_
161. The Imperative Mood. The imperative mood expresses a command;
as, _come!_ _send!_ The present tense of the imperative is used only in
the second person, singular and plural. _The singular in the active
voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The plural is
formed by adding -te to the singular._
CONJUGATION SINGULAR PLURAL
I. am, _love thou_ amte, _love ye_
II. mon, _advise thou_ monte, _advise ye_
III. (_a_) rege, _rule thou_ regite, _rule ye_
(_b_) cape, _take thou_ capite, _take ye_
IV. aud, _hear thou_ audte, _hear ye_
sum (irregular) es, _be thou_ este, _be ye_
1. In the third conjugation the final -e- of the stem becomes -i- in
the plural.
2. The verbs dc, _say_; dc, _lead_; and faci, _make_, have
the irregular forms dc, dc, and fac in the singular.
3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of
veni, dc, voc, doce, laud, dc, sede, ag,
faci, mni, mitt, rapi.
162. EXERCISES
I. 1. Fugient, faciunt, iacibat. 2. Dl, nntite, fugiunt. 3. Vente,
dc, facitis. 4. Dcite, iaciam, fugibant. 5. Fac, iacibmus,
fugimus, rapite. 6. Sedte, reper, docte. 7. Fugimus, iacient,
rapis. 8. Reperient, rapibtis, nocent. 9. Favte, resist, prbitis.
10. Vol ad mults terrs et d auxilium. 11. Ego tla mea capiam et
mults fers dlb. 12. Quis fbulae tuae crdet? 13. Este bon, puer,
et audte verba grta magistr.
II. 1. The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons.
2. With her weapons she will destroy many beasts. 3. She will give aid
to the weak.[1] 4. She will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee.
5. Romans, tell[2] the famous story to your children.
[Footnote 1: Plural. An adjective used as a noun. (Cf.
99.II.3.)]
[Footnote 2: Imperative. The imperative generally stands first, as
in English.]
* * * * *
Third Review, Lessons XVIII-XXVI, 510-512
* * * * *
LESSON XXVII
THE PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF _AM_ AND _MONE_
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
ljla, -ae, f., _wing_
deus, -, m., _god_ (deity)[A]
monstrum, -, n., _omen, prodigy; monster_
rculum, -, n., _oracle_
VERB
vst, -re, _lay waste, devastate_
ADJECTIVES
commtus, -a, -um, _moved, excited_
maximus, -a, -um, _greatest_ (maximum)
saevus, -a, -um, _fierce, savage_
ADVERBS
ita, _thus, in this way, as follows_
tum, _then, at that time_
[Footnote A: For the declension of deus, see 468]
163. The Voices. Thus far the verb forms have been in the _active
voice_; that is, they have represented the subject as _performing_ an
action; as,
The lion ---> _killed_ ---> the hunter
A verb is said to be in the _passive voice_ when it represents its
subject as _receiving_ an action; as,
The lion <--- _was killed_ <--- by the hunter
Note the direction of the arrows.
164. Passive Personal Endings. In the passive voice we use a
different set of personal endings. They are as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. -r, _I_ 1. -mur, _we_
2. -ris, -re, _you_ 2. -min, _you_
3. -tur, _he, she, it_ 3. -ntur, _they_
_a._ Observe that the letter -r appears somewhere in all but one
of the endings. This is sometimes called the _passive sign_.
165. PARADIGMS
am, amre mono, monre
PRES. STEM am- PRES. STEM mon-
PRESENT INDICATIVE PERSONAL
ENDINGS
SINGULAR
amor, _I am loved_ moneor, _I am advised_ -or[1]
amris or amre, monris or monre. -ris or -re
_you are loved_ _you are advised_
amtur, _he is loved_ montur, _he is advised_ -tur
PLURAL
ammur, _we are loved_ monmur, _we are advised_ -mur
ammin, _you are loved_ monmin, _you are advised_ -mini
amantur, _they are loved_ monentur, _they are advised_ -ntur
[Footnote 1: In the present the personal ending of the first person
singular is -or.]
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN -b-)
SINGULAR
ambar, monbar, -r
_I was being loved_ _I was being advised_
ambris or ambre, monbris or monbre -ris or -re
_you were being loved_ _you were being advised_
ambtur, monbtur, -tur
_he was being loved_ _he was being advised_
PLURAL
ambmur, monbmur, -mur
_we were being loved_ _we were being advised_
ambmin, monbmin, -min
_you were being loved_ _you were being advised_
ambantur, monbantur, -ntur
_they were being loved_ _they were being advised_
FUTURE (TENSE SIGN -bi-)
SINGULAR
ambor, monbor, -r
_I shall be loved_ _I shall be advised_
amberis, _or_ ambere monberis _or_ monbere, -ris or -re
_you will be loved_ _you will be advised_
ambitur, monbitur, -tur
_he will be loved_ _he will be advised_
PLURAL
ambimur, monbimur, -mur
_we shall be loved_ _we shall be advised_
ambimin, monbimin, -min
_you will be loved_ _you will be advised_
ambuntur, monbuntur, -ntur
_they will be loved_ _they will be advised_
1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active.
2. In the future the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the first
person, -be- in the second, singular number, and as -bu- in the
third person plural.
3. Inflect laud, nec, port, move, dle, iube, in the
present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.
166. Intransitive verbs, such as mtr, _I hasten_; habit, _I
dwell_, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject.
167. EXERCISES
I. 1. Laudris _or_ laudre, lauds, datur, dat. 2. Dabitur, dabit,
vidmin, vidtis. 3. Vocbat, vocbtur, dlbitis, dlbimin.
4. Parbtur, parbat, crs, crris _or_ crre. 5. Portbantur,
portbant, vidbimur, vidbimus. 6. Iubris _or_ iubre, iubs,
laudbris _or_ laudbre, laudbs. 7. Movberis or movbere, movbis,
dabantur, dabant. 8. Dlentur, dlent, parbmur, parbmus.
II. 1. We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, you
were carrying, you were being carried. 2. I see, I am seen, it was being
announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be ordered.
3. You will be killed, you will kill, you move, you are moved, we are
praising, we are being praised. 4. I am called, I call, you will have,
you are cared for. 5. They are seen, they see, we were teaching, we were
being taught, they will move, they will be moved.
[Illustration: PERSEUS ANDROMEDAM SERVAT]
168. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Perseus flius erat Iovis,[2] maxim[3] derum. D e mults fabuls
nrrant potae. E favent de, e magica arma et ls dant. Es tls
armtus et ls frtus ad mults terrs volbat et mnstra saeva dlbat
et misers nfrmsque auxilium dabat.
Aethiopia est terra fricae. Eam terram Cpheus[4] regbat. E[5]
Neptnus, maximus aqurum deus, erat rtus et mittit[6] mnstrum saevum
ad Aethiopiam. Ibi mnstrum nn slum lts pulchrsque Aethiopiae agrs
nocbat sed etiam domicilia agricolrum dlbat, et mults virs,
fmins, lbersque necbat. Populus ex agrs fugibat et oppida mrs
valids mnibat. Tum Cpheus magn trstiti commtus ad Iovis rculum
properat et ita dcit: Amc me necantur; agr me vstantur. Aud
verba mea, Iuppiter. D misers auxilium. Age mnstrum saevum ex
patri.
[Footnote 2: Iovis, the genitive of Iuppiter.]
[Footnote 3: Used substantively, _the greatest_. So below, l. 4,
misers and ǔnfrms are used substantively.]
[Footnote 4: Pronounce in two syllables, _Cepheus_.]
[Footnote 5: E, _at him_, dative with ǔrtus.]
[Footnote 6: The present is often used, as in English, in speaking
of a past action, in order to make the story more vivid and
exciting.]
LESSON XXVIII
PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF _REG_ AND _AUDI_
[Special Vocabulary]
VERBS
responde, -re, _respond, reply_
serv, -re, _save, preserve_
ADJECTIVE
crus, -a, -um, _dear_ (cherish)
CONJUNCTION
autem, _but, moreover, now_. Usually stands second, never first
NOUN
vta, -ae, f., _life_ (vital)
169. Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of
reg and audi, and learn the passive of the same tenses (490,
491).
_a._ Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are
the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal
endings (164) are added instead of the active ones.
_b._ Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular
present of the third conjugation. There the final -e- of the stem
is not changed to -i-, as it is in the active. We therefore have
regeris or regere, _not_ regiris, regire.
_c._ Inflect ag, dc, dc, mni, reperi, in the
present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.
170. EXERCISES
I. 1. Agbat, agbtur, mittbat, mittbtur, dcbat. 2. Agunt,
aguntur, mittuntur, mittunt, mniunt. 3. Mittor, mittar, mittam, dcre,
dcere. 4. Dcmur, dcimus, dcmus, dcimur, mnibamin. 5. Dcitur,
dcimin, repermur, reperiar, agitur. 6. Agbmus, agbmur, reperris,
reperimin. 7. Mnmin, venibam, dcbar, dctur. 8. Mittimin,
mittitis, mittris, mitteris, agbmin. 9. Dcitur, dcit, mniuntur,
reperient, audientur.
II. 1. I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were being
led, he says, it is said. 2. I shall send, I shall be sent, you will
find, you will be found, they lead, they are led. 3. I am found, we are
led, they are driven, you were being led (_sing. and plur._). 4. We
shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is being led, they will
come, they will be fortified. 5. They were ruling, they were being
ruled, you will send, you will be sent, you are sent, (_sing. and
plur._). 6. He was being led, he will come, you are said (_sing. and
plur._).
171. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Tum rculum ita respondet: Mala est fortna tua. Neptnus, magnus
aqurum deus, terrae Aethiopiae inimcus, es poens mittit. Sed par
rt de sacrum idneum et mnstrum saevum ex patri tu agtur.
Andromeda flia tua est mnstr grta. D eam mnstr. Serv cram
patriam et vtam popul tu. Andromeda autem erat puella pulchra. Eam
ambat Cpheus maxim.
LESSON XXIX
PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF _-I_ VERBS
PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE
[Special Vocabulary]
VERB
super, -re, _conquer, overcome_ (insuperable)
NOUNS
cra, -ae, f., _care, trouble_
locus, -, m., _place, spot_ (location). Locus is neuter in the
plural and is declined loca, -rum, etc.
perculum, -, n., _danger, peril_
ADVERBS
semper, _always_
tamen, _yet, nevertheless_
PREPOSITIONS
d, with abl., _down from; concerning_
per, with acc., _through_
CONJUNCTION
si, _if_
172. Review the active voice of capi, present, imperfect, and
future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (492).
_a._ The present forms capior and capiuntur are like audior,
audiuntur, and the rest of the tense is like regor.
_b._ In like manner inflect the passive of iaci and rapi.
173. The Infinitive. The infinitive mood gives the general meaning
of the verb without person or number; as, amre, _to love_. Infinitive
means _unlimited_. The forms of the other moods, being limited by person
and number, are called the _finite_, or limited, verb forms.
174. The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as
follows:
CONJ. PRES. PRES. INFINITIVE PRES. INFINITIVE
STEM ACTIVE PASSIVE
I. am- amre, amr,
_to love_ _to be loved_
II. mon- monre, monr,
_to advise_ _to be advised_
III. rege- regere, reg,
_to rule_ _to be ruled_
cape- capere cap,
_to take_ _to be taken_
IV. aud- audre, audr,
_to hear_ _to be heard_
1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add -re to
the present stem.
_a._ The present infinitive of sum is esse. There is no passive.
2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the
active by changing final -e to -, except in the third
conjugation, which changes final -ere to -.
3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of doce,
sede, vol, cr, mitt, dc, mni, reperi, iaci,
rapi.
175. The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as
follows:
ACTIVE[1] PASSIVE
CONJ. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
I. am amte amre, ammin,
_be thou loved_ _be ye loved_
II. mon monte monre, monmin,
_be thou advised_ _be ye advised_
III. rege regite regere, regimin,
_be thou ruled _ _be ye ruled_
cape capite capere, capimin,
_be thou taken_ _be ye taken_
IV. aud audte audre, audmin,
_be thou heard_ _be ye heard_
1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive
imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both
singular and plural are like the second person singular[2] and plural,
respectively, of the present passive indicative.
2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs
in 174.3.
[Footnote 1: For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from
161.]
[Footnote 2: That is, using the personal ending -re. A form like
amre may be either _indicative_, _infinitive_, or _imperative_.]
176. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.
I. 1. Tum Perseus ls ad terrs mults volabit. 2. Mnstrum saevum per
aqus properat et mox agrs nostrs vstbit. 3. S autem Cpheus ad
rculum properbit, rculum ita respondbit. 4. Quis tls Perse
superbitur? Multa mnstra tls eius superbuntur. 5. Cum crs magns
et lacrims mults agricolae ex domicilis crs aguntur. 6. Multa loca
vstbantur et multa oppida dlbantur. 7. Mnstrum est validum, tamen
superbitur. 8. Crdsne semper verbs rcul? Ego is non semper
crdam. 9. Prbitne Cpheus rcul? Verba rcul e persudbunt.
10. Si nn fugimus, oppidum capitur et oppidn necbuntur. 11. Vocte
puers et nrrte fbulam clram d mnstr saev.
II. 1. Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou. 2. To lead, to
be led, be ye seized, fortify thou. 3. To be hurled, to fly, send thou,
to be found. 4. To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to be taken. 5. Find
thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified.
LESSON XXX
SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS THE ABLATIVE DENOTING _FROM_
[Special Vocabulary]
VERBS
absum, abesse, irreg., _be away, be absent, be distant_, with
separative abl.
adpropinqu, -re, _draw near, approach_ (propinquity), with
dative[A]
contine, -re, _hold together, hem in, keep_ (contain)
discd, -ere, _depart, go away, leave_, with separative abl.
ege, -re, _lack, need, be without_, with separative abl.
interfici, -ere, _kill_
prohibe, -re, _restrain, keep from_ (prohibit)
vulner, -re, _wound_ (vulnerable)
NOUNS
prvincia, -ae, f., _province_
vnum, -, n., _wine_
ADJECTIVE
dfessus, -a, -um, _weary, worn out_
ADVERB
long, _far, by far, far away_
[Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of
_nearness to_ is stronger than that of _motion to_. If the latter
idea were the stronger, the word would be used with ad and the
accusative.]
177. You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have
had, as follows:[1]
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ am amor mone moneor
_Imperf._ ambam ambar monbam monbar
_Fut._ ambo ambor monbo monbor
[Footnote 1: Synopses should be given not only in the first person,
but in other persons as well, particularly in the third singular and
plural.]
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
IMPERATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ am amre mon monre
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ amre amr monre monr
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION III (-i verbs)
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ reg regor capi capior
_Imperf._ regbam regbar capibam capibar
_Fut._ regam regar capiam capiar
IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ rege regere cape capere
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ regere reg capere cap
CONJUGATION IV
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ audi audior
_Imperf._ audibam audibar
_Fut._ audiam audiar
IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ aud audre
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ audre audr
1. Give the synopsis of rapi, mni, reperi, doce, vide,
dc, ag, laud, port, and vary the person and number.
178. We learned in 50 that one of the three relations covered by the
ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition _from._ This is
sometimes called the _separative ablative_, and it has a number of
special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned
below.
179. RULE. Ablative of the Place From. _The place from which is
expressed by the ablative with the prepositions lj or ab, d, ǐ
or ex._
Agricolae ex agrs veniunt, _the farmers come from the fields_
_a._ lj or ab denotes _from near_ a place; ǐ or ex, _out
from_ it; and d, _down from_ it. This may be represented
graphically as follows:
_________
| |
lj or ab | | ǐ or ex
/_____________| ___________________\
\ | Place | /
|_________|
|
| d
|
V
180. RULE. Ablative of Separation. _Words expressing separation or
deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning._
_a._ If the separation is _actual_ and _literal_ of one material
thing from another, the preposition lj or ab, ǐ or ex, or
d is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing
from another, no preposition is necessary.
(a) Perseus terram mnstrs lberat
_Perseus frees the land from monsters_
(literal separation--actual motion is expressed)
(b) Perseus terram trstiti lberat
_Perseus frees the land from sorrow_
(figurative separation--no actual motion is expressed)
181. RULE. Ablative of the Personal Agent. _The word expressing the
person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the
ablative with the preposition lj or ab._
_a._ In this construction the English translation of lj, ab is
_by_ rather than _from_. This ablative is regularly used with
passive verbs to indicate the _person by whom_ the act was
performed.
Mnstrum Perse nectur, _the monster is being slain by_
(lit. _from_) _Perseus_
_b._ Note that the active form of the above sentence would be
Perseus monstrum necat, _Perseus is slaying the monster_. In the
passive the _object_ of the active verb becomes the _subject_, and
the _subject_ of the active verb becomes the _ablative of the
personal agent_, with lj or ab.
_c._ Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the
ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into
English by the preposition _by_. (Cf. 100. _b._) _Means is a
thing; the agent or actor is a person_. The ablative of means
has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has lj or
ab. Compare
Fera sagitt nectur, _the wild beast is killed by an arrow_
Fera Din nectur, _the wild beast is killed by Diana_
Sagitt, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; lj
Din, in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent.
182. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.
I. 1. Viri inopi cib dfess ab e loc discdent. 2. Gerinn castrs
Rmns adpropinqubant, tamen lgtus cpis proeli continbat.
3. Multa Gallrum oppida ab Rmans capientur. 4. Tum Rmn ttum
populum erum oppidrum gladis plsque interficient. 5. Oppidn
Rmns resistent, sed defess long proelo fugient. 6. Mult ex
Galli fugibant et in Germnrum vics habitbant. 7. Miser nautae
vulnerantur ab inimcs[2] saevs et cib egent. 8. Discdite et
date virs frmentum et cpiam vn. 9. Cpiae nostrae proeli
continbantur ab Sext lgat. 10. Id oppidum ab prvinci Rmn long
aberat.
II. 1. The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess
Diana. 2. They were without food and without wine. 3. Then Galba and
seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus. 4. Already
they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high
place. 5. They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows.
6. The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with
great eagerness.
[Footnote 2: inimcs, here used as a noun. See vocabulary.]
LESSON XXXI
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF _SUM_
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
aurum, -, n., _gold_ (oriole)
mora, -ae, f., _delay_
nvigium, nvig, n., _boat, ship_
ventus, -, m., _wind_ (ventilate)
VERB
nvig, -re, _sail_ (navigate)
ADJECTIVES
attentus, -a, -um, _attentive, careful_
dubius, -a, -um, _doubtful_ (dubious)
perfidus, -a, -um, _faithless, treacherous_ (perfidy)
ADVERB
ante, _before, previously_
PREPOSITION
sine, with abl., _without_
183. Principal Parts. There are certain parts of the verb that are
of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the
_principal parts._
The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and the
past participle; as _go, went, gone_; _see, saw, seen_, etc.
The principal parts of the Latin verb are the _first person singular of
the present indicative_, the _present infinitive_, the _first person
singular of the perfect indicative_, and _the perfect passive
participle._
184. Conjugation Stems. From the principal parts we get three
conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We
have already learned about the present stem, which is found from the
present infinitive (cf. 126.a). The other two stems are the perfect
stem and the participial stem.
185. The Perfect Stem. The perfect stem of the verb is formed in
various ways, but may always be _found by dropping - from the first
person singular of the perfect_, the third of the principal parts. From
the perfect stem are formed the following tenses:
THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE
THE PLUPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE (ENGLISH PAST PERFECT)
THE FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE
All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future
time respectively.
186. The Endings of the Perfect. The perfect active indicative is
inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem.
These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are
as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. -, _I_ 1. -imus, _we_
2. -ist, _you_ 2. -istis, _you_
3. -it, _he, she, it_ 3. -runt or -re, _they_
187. Inflection of sum in the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect indicative:
PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.
PRIN. PARTS sum esse fu
PERFECT STEM fu-
PERFECT
SINGULAR PLURAL
fu, _I have been, I was_ fuimus, _we have been, we were_
fuist, fuistis, _you have been, you were_
_you have been, you were_
fuit, _he has been, he was_ furunt _or_ fure,
_they have been, they were_
PLUPERFECT (TENSE SIGN -er-)
fueram, _I had been_ fuermus, _we had been_
fuers, _you had been_ fuertis, _you had been_
fuerat, _he had been_ fuerant, _they had been_
FUTURE PERFECT (TENSE SIGN -eri-)
fuer, _I shall have been_ fuerimus, _we shall have been_
fueris, _you will have been_ fueritis, _you will have been_
fuerit, _he will have been_ fuerint, _they will have been_
1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.
2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding eram, the
imperfect of sum, to the perfect stem. The tense sign is -er-.
3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding er, the
future of sum, to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends
in -erint, not in -erunt. The tense sign is -eri-.
4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed on
the perfect stem and inflected in the same way.
188. DIALOGUE
THE BOYS TITUS, MARCUS, AND QUINTUS
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.
M. Ubi fuistis, Tite et Qunte?
T. Ego in me ld fu et Quntus in su ld fuit. Bon puer fuimus.
Fuitne Sextus in vc hodi?
M. Fuit. Nper per agrs proxims fluvi properbat. Ibi is et
Cornlius habent nvigium.
T. _Nvigium_ dcis? Ali[1] nrr eam fbulam!
M. Vr (_Yes, truly_), pulchrum et novum nvigium!
Q. Cuius pecni[2] Sextus et Cornlius id nvigium parant? Quis is
pecniam dat?
M. Amc Cornl multum habent aurum et puer pecni nn eget.
T. Qu puer nvigbunt? Nvigbuntne long terr?
M. Dubia sunt cnsilia erum. Sed hodi, crd, s ventus erit
idneus, ad maximam nsulam nvigbunt. Iam ante ibi furunt.
Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et puer magn in percul erant.
Q. Aqua vent commta est inimca nauts semper, et saepe perfidus
ventus nvigia rapit, agit, dletque. I puer, s nn fuerint
maxim attent, rt aqu et valid vent superbuntur et ita
interficientur.
[Footnote 1: Dative case. (Cf. 109.)]
[Footnote 2: Ablative of means.]
189. EXERCISE
1. Where had the boys been before? They had been in school. 2. Where had
Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river. 3. Who has been
with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him. 4. Who says so? Marcus.
5. If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat.
6. Soon we shall sail with the boys. 7. There[3] will be no danger,
if we are (shall have been) careful.[4]
[Footnote 3: The expletive _there_ is not expressed, but the verb
will precede the subject, as in English.]
[Footnote 4: This predicate adjective must be nominative plural to
agree with _we_.]
LESSON XXXII
THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
animus, -, m., _mind, heart; spirit, feeling_ (animate)
bracchium, bracch, n., _forearm, arm_
porta, -ae, f., _gate_ (portal)
ADJECTIVES
adversus, -a, -um, _opposite; adverse, contrary_
plnus, -a, -um, _full_ (plenty)
PREPOSITION
pr, with abl., _before; in behalf of; instead of_
ADVERB
di, _for a long time, long_
190. Meanings of the Perfect. The perfect tense has two distinct
meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present
perfect, or perfect with _have_, and denotes that the action of the verb
is complete at the time of speaking; as, _I have finished my work_. As
this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the
perfect definite.
The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened _sometime in
the past_; as, _I finished my work._ As no definite time is specified,
this is called the perfect indefinite. It corresponds to the ordinary
use of the English past tense.
_a._ Note carefully the difference between the following tenses:
_I {was finishing } my work_ (imperfect, 134)
{used to finish}
_I finished my work_ (perfect indefinite)
_I have finished my work_ (perfect definite)
When telling a story the Latin uses the _perfect indefinite_ to mark the
different _forward steps_ of the narrative, and the _imperfect_ to
_describe situations and circumstances_ that attend these steps. If the
following sentences were Latin, what tenses would be used?
Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of
mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home.
191. Inflection of the Perfect. We learned in 186 that any perfect
is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem.
The inflection in the four regular conjugations is then as follows:
CONJ. I amv _I have loved_, _I loved_ or _did love_
CONJ. II monu _I have advised_, _I advised_ or _did advise_
CONJ. III rx _I have ruled_, _I ruled_ or _did rule_
cp _I have taken_, _I took_ or _did take_
CONJ. IV audv _I have heard_, _I heard_ or _did hear_
PERFECT STEMS
amv- monu- rx- cp- audv-
SINGULAR
1. amv monu rx cp audv
2. amvist monuist rxist cpist audvist
3. amvit monuit rxit cpit audvit
PLURAL
1. amvimus monuimus rximus cpimus audvimus
2. amvistis monuistis rxistis cpistis audvistis
3. amvrunt monurunt rxrunt cprunt audvrunt
_or_ _or_ _or_ _or_ _or_
amvre monure rxre cpre audvre
1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the
principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. _This shows the
absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly._
2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding
-v to the present stem. Like amv inflect parv, vocv,
crv, laudv.
3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on it.
192. Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects:
PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.
d dare ded _give_
dle dlre dlv _destroy_
habe habre habu _have_
move movre mv _move_
pre prre pru _obey_
prohibe prohibre prohbu _restrain, keep from_
vide vidre vd _see_
dc dcere dx _say_
discd discdere discess _depart_
dc dcere dx _lead_
faci facere fc _make, do_
mitt mittere ms _send_
mni mnre mnv _fortify_
veni venre vn _come_
193. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Continued_)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290.
Cpheus, advers fortn maxim commtus, discessit et mults cum
lacrims popul Aethiopiae verba rcul nrrvit. Fta Andromedae,
puellae pulchrae, tt popul dplrbantur, tamen nllum erat
auxilium. Deinde Cpheus cum pln trstitiae anim cram suam fliam
ex oppid port ad aquam dxit et bracchia eius ad saxa dra revnxit.
Tum amc puellae miserae long discessrunt et di mnstrum saevum
exspectvrunt.
Tum forte Perseus, ls frtus, super Aethiopiam volbat. Vdit populum,
Andromedam, lacrims, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram dscendit. Tum
Cpheus e tts crs nrrvit et ita dxit: Prb verbs rcul, et
pr patri fliam meam dab; sed s id mnstrum interficis et
Andromedam servbis, tibi (_to you_) eam dab.
LESSON XXXIII
PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE
PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE
194. CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
am mone reg capi audi
PERFECT STEMS amv- monu- rx- cp- audv-
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
TENSE SIGN -er-
SINGULAR
I had loved I had advised I had ruled I had taken I had heard
1. amveram monueram rxeram cperam audveram
2. amvers monuers rxers cpers audvers
3. amverat monuerat rxerat cperat audverat
PLURAL
1. amvermus monuermus rxermus cpermus audvermus
2. amvertis monuertis rxertis cpertis audvertis
3. amaverant monuerant rxerant cperant audverant
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
TENSE SIGN -eri-
SINGULAR
I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have I shall have
loved advised ruled taken heard
1. amver monuer rxer cper audver
2. amveris monueris rxeris cperis audveris
3. amverit monuerit rxerit cperit audverit
PLURAL
1. amverimus monuerimus rxerimus cperimus audverimus
2. amveritis monueritis rxeritis cperitis audveritis
3. amverint monuerint rxerint cperint audverint
1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for
formation given in 187.2-4 hold good here.
2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative
active of d, port, dle, move, habe, dc, discd,
faci, veni, mni.
195. The Perfect Active Infinitive. The perfect active infinitive is
formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem.
CONJ PERFECT STEM PERFECT INFINITIVE
I. amv- amvisse, _to have loved_
II. monu- monuisse, _to have advised_
III. (_a_) rx- rxisse, _to have ruled_
(_b_) cp- cpisse, _to have taken_
IV. audv audvisse, _to have heard_
sum fu- fuisse, _to have been_
1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of d, port,
dle, move, habe, dc, discd, faci, veni,
mni.
196. EXERCISES
I. 1. Habuist, mvrunt, miserant. 2. Vdit, dxeris, dxisse.
3. Msistis, prurunt, discessermus. 4. Mnvit, dederam, mser.
5. Habuerimus, dlv, pruit, fuisse. 6. Deders, mnveritis,
vnertis, msisse. 7. Vners, fcisse, dedertis, portveris.
8. Quem verba rcul mverant? Populum verba rcul mverant.
9. Cui Cpheus verba rcul nrrverit? Perse Cpheus verba rcul
nrrverit. 10. Amc ab Andromed discesserint. 11. Mnstrum saevum
domicilia multa dlverat. 12. Ubi mnstrum vdistis? Id in aqu
vdimus. 13. Quid mnstrum faciet? Mnstrum Andromedam interficiet.
II. 1. They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had. 2. We
shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified. 3. I had departed, he
has obeyed, you have sent (_sing. and plur._). 4. To have destroyed, to
have seen, he will have given, they have carried. 5. He had destroyed,
he has moved, you have had (_sing. and plur._). 6. I have given, you had
moved (_sing. and plur._), we had said. 7. You will have made (_sing.
and plur._), they will have led, to have given.
8. Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it. 9. Why had the men
departed from[1] the towns? They had departed because the monster had
come. 10. Did Cepheus obey[2] the oracle[3]? He did.
[Footnote 1: ex. What would ab mean?]
[Footnote 2: _Did ... obey_, perfect tense.]
[Footnote 3: What case?]
LESSON XXXIV
REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE
[Special Vocabulary]
ADVERBS
celeriter, _quickly_ (celerity)
dnique, _finally_
graviter, _heavily, severely_ (gravity)
subit, _suddenly_
VERB
report, -re, -v, _bring back, restore; win, gain_ (report)
197. A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the
following formation:
{ PRESENT = First of the principal parts
TENSES { IMPERFECT = Present stem + -ba-m
OF THE { FUTURE = Present stem + -b, Conj. I and II
INDICATIVE { -a-m, Conj. III and IV
{ PERFECT = Third of the principal parts
{ PLUPERFECT = Perfect stem + -era-m
{ FUTURE PERFECT = Perfect stem + -er
198. The synopsis of the active voice of am, as far as we have
learned the conjugation, is as follows:
PRINCIPAL PARTS am, amre, amv
PRES. STEM am-
{ _Pres._ am
INDIC. { _Imperf._ ambam
{ _Fut._ amb
PRES. IMV. am
PRES. INFIN. amre
PERF. STEM amv-
{ _Perf._ amv
INDIC. { _Pluperf._ amveram
{ _Fut. perf._ amver
PERF. INFIN. amvisse
1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal
parts and synopsis of par, d, laud, dle, habe,
move, pre, vide, dc, discd, dc, mitt,
capi, muni, veni.[1]
[Footnote 1: Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the
first person singular but in any person of either number.]
199. Learn the following principal parts:[2]
PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.
IRREGULAR VERBS
sum esse fu _be_
absum abesse fu _be away_
d dare ded _give_
CONJUGATION II
contine continre continu _hold in, keep_
doce docre docu _teach_
ege egre egu _need_
fave favre fv _favor_
iube iubre iuss _order_
noce nocre nocu _injure_
persude persudre persus _persuade_
responde respondre respond _reply_
sede sedre sd _sit_
stude studre studu _be eager_
CONJUGATION III
ag agere g _drive_
crd crdere crdid _believe_
fugi fugere fg _flee_
iaci iacere ic _hurl_
interfici interficere interfc _kill_
rapi rapere rapu _seize_
resist resistere restit _resist_
CONJUGATION IV
reperi reperre repper _find_
[Footnote 2: These are all verbs that you have had before, and the
perfect is the only new form to be learned.]
200. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (_Concluded_)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290. Read the whole story.
Perseus semper proeli studbat[3] et respondit,[3] Verba tua sunt
maxim grta, et laetus arma sua magica parvit.[3] Subit mnstrum
vidtur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae adpropinquat. Eius
amc long absunt et misera puella est sla. Perseus autem sine mor
super aquam volvit.[3] Subit dscendit[3] et dr gladi saevum
mnstrum graviter vulnervit.[3] Di pugntur,[4] di proelium est
dubium. Dnique autem Perseus mnstrum interfcit[3] et victriam
reportvit.[3] Tum ad saxum vnit[3] et Andromedam lbervit[3] et eam
ad Cpheum dxit.[3] Is, nper miser, nunc laetus, ita dxit[3]: Tu
auxili, m amce, cra flia mea est lbera; tua est Andromeda. Di
Perseus cum Andromed ibi habitbat[3] et magnopere tt popul
ambtur.[3]
[Footnote 3: See if you can explain the use of the perfects and
imperfects in this passage.]
[Footnote 4: The verb pugntur means, literally, _it is fought_;
translate freely, _the battle is fought_, or _the contest rages_.
The verb pugn in Latin is intransitive, and so does not have a
personal subject in the passive. A verb with an indeterminate
subject, designated in English by _it_, is called impersonal.]
LESSON XXXV
THE PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE
THE PERFECT PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE
201. The fourth and last of the principal parts (183) is the perfect
passive participle. _From it we get the participial stem on which are
formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects._
1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time
given in full:
CONJ. PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC. PERF. PASS. PART.
I. am am-re amv- amt-us
This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation.
II. mone mon-re monu- monit-us
III. reg rege-re rx- rct-us
capi cape-re cp- capt-us
IV. audi aud-re audv- audt-us
2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from
the perfect passive participle.
202. In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses
of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb
_to be_ and the past participle; as, _I have been loved_, _I had been
loved_, _I shall have been loved._
Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect
passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of
sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, as
Perfect passive, amtus sum, _I have been_ or _was loved_
Pluperfect passive, amtus eram, _I had been loved_
Future perfect passive, amtus er, _I shall have been loved_
1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of
mone, reg, capi, and audi, and give the English meanings.
203. Nature of the Participle. A participle is partly verb and
partly adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an
adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender,
number, and case.
204. The perfect passive participle is declined like bonus, bona,
bonum, and in the compound tenses (202) it agrees as a predicate
adjective with the subject of the verb.
EXAMPLES IN SINGULAR
Vir laudtus est, _the man was praised_, or _has been praised_
Puella laudta est, _the girl was praised_, or _has been praised_
Cnsilium laudtum est, _the plan was praised_, or
_has been praised_
EXAMPLES IN PLURAL
Vir laudt sunt, _the men were praised_, or _have been praised_
Puellae laudtae sunt, _the girls were praised_, or
_have been praised_
Cnsilia laudta sunt, _the plans were praised_, or
_have been praised_
1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative
passive of am, mone, reg, capi, and audi (488-492).
205. The perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse,
the present infinitive of sum, to the perfect passive participle; as,
amt-us (-a, -um) esse, _to have been loved_; monit-us (-a,
-um) esse, _to have been advised_.
1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of reg, capi, audi,
and give the English meanings.
206. The future active infinitive is formed by adding esse, the
present infinitive of sum, to the future active participle. This
participle is made by adding -rus, -a, -um to the base of the
participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of am is
amat-rus (-a, -um) esse, _to be about to love_.
_a._ Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive
we use all three conjugation stems:
Present, amre (present stem), _to love_
Perfect, amvisse (perfect stem), _to have loved_
Future, amtrus esse (participial stem), _to be about to love_
1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of laud, mone,
reg, capi, audi, with the English meanings.
207. EXERCISES
I. 1. Fbula Andromedae nrrta est. 2. Multae fbulae magistr
nrrtae sunt. 3. Ager ab agricol valid artus erat. 4. Agr ab
agricols valids art erant. 5. Aurum serv perfid ad domicilium
suum porttum erit. 6. Nostra arma lgt laudta sunt. Quis vestra
arma laudvit? 7. Ab ancill tu ad cnam voctae sumus. 8. Andromeda
mnstr nn data est, quia mnstrum Perse nectum erat.
II. 1. The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, the
towns will have been laid waste. 2. The oracles were heard, the oracle
was heard, the oracles had been heard. 3. The oracle will have been
heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been captured.
4. The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the girls will have
been advised. 5. The towns had been ruled, we shall have been captured,
you will have been heard.
LESSON XXXVI
REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS PREPOSITIONS _YES_-OR-_NO_ QUESTIONS
[Special Vocabulary]
dexter, dextra, dextrum, _right_ (dextrous)
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, _left_
frstr, adv., _in vain_ (frustrate)
ger, gerere, gess, gestus, _bear, carry on; wear_;
bellum gerere, _to wage war_
occup, occupre, occupv, occuptus, _seize, take possession of_
(occupy)
postul, postulre, postulv, postultus, _demand_ (ex-postulate)
recs, recsre, recsv, recstus, _refuse_
st, stre, stet, status, _stand_
tempt, temptre, temptv, tempttus, _try, tempt, test; attempt_
tene, tenre, tenu, ----, _keep, hold_ (tenacious)
The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense of _where_ in
asking a question, has two other uses equally important:
1. ubi = _when_, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as,
Ubi mnstrum audvrunt, fgrunt, _when they heard the monster,
they fled_
2. ubi = _where_, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as,
Vide oppidum ubi Galba habitat, _I see the town where Galba
lives_
ubi is called a _relative conjunction_ because it is equivalent to
a relative pronoun. _When_ in the first sentence is equivalent to
_at the time at which;_ and in the second, _where_ is equivalent
to _the place in which._
208. The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you
have had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had
before are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new
form for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are
lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A
few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active
participle in -rus, which appears in the principal parts instead.
IRREGULAR VERBS
sum esse fu futrus _be_
absum abesse ljfu ljfutrus _be away_
d[1] dare ded datus _give_
[Footnote 1: d is best classed with the irregular verbs because
of the short a in the present and participial stems.]
CONJUGATION I
port portre portv porttus _carry_
So for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used.
CONJUGATION II
contine continre continu contentus _hold in, keep_
dle dlre dlv dltus _destroy_
doce docre docu doctus _teach_
ege egre egu ---- _lack_
fave favre fv fautrus _favor_
iube iubre iuss iussus _order_
move movre mv mtus _move_
noce nocre nocu nocitrus _injure_
pre prre pru ---- _obey_
persude persudre persus persusus _persuade (from)_
prohibe prohibre prohibu prohibitus _restrain, keep_
responde respondre respond respnsus _reply_
sede sedre sd -sessus _sit_
stude studre studu ---- _be eager_
vide vidre vd vsus _see_
CONJUGATION III
ag agere ǐg ljctus _drive_
crd crdere crdid crditus _believe_
dc dcere dx dictus _say_
discd discdere discess discessus _depart_
dc dcere dx ductus _lead_
faci[2] facere fc factus _make_
fugi fugere fg fugitrus _flee_
iaci iacere ic iactus _hurl_
interfici interficere interfc interfectus _kill_
mitt mittere ms missus _send_
rapi rapere rapu raptus _seize_
resist resistere restit ---- _resist_
CONJUGATION IV
mni mnre mnv mntus _fortify_
reperi reperre repper repertus _find_
veni venre vn ventus _come_
[Footnote 2: faci has an irregular passive which will be
presented later.]
209. Prepositions.
1. We learned in 52, 53 that only the _accusative_ and the
_ablative_ are used with prepositions, and that prepositions
expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have
had are here summarized. The table following should be learned.
lj or ab, _from, by_
cum, _with_
d, _down from, concerning_
ǐ or ex, _out from, out of_
pr, _before, in front of; for, in behalf of_
sine, _without_
2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the
_accusative_ (52). Of these we have had the following:
ad, _to_;
apud, _among_;
per, _through_
There are many others which you will meet as we proceed.
3. The preposition in when meaning _in_ or _on_ governs the
_ablative_; when meaning _to, into, against_ (relations foreign to the
ablative) in governs the _accusative_.
210. _Yes_-or-_No_ Questions. Questions not introduced by some
interrogative word like _who, why, when_, etc., but expecting the answer
_yes_ or _no_, may take one of three forms:
1. _Is he coming?_ (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to
the answer expected.)
2. _Is he not coming?_ (Expecting the answer _yes_.)
3. _He isnt coming, is he?_ (Expecting the answer _no_.)
These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows:
1. Venitne? _is he coming?_
2. Nnne venit? _is he not coming?_
3. Num venit? _he isnt coming, is he?_
_a._ -ne, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which
then stands first.
_b._ We learned in 56.b that _yes_-or-_no_ questions are usually
answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative. Instead
of this, ita, vr, cert, etc. (_so, truly, certainly_, etc.)
may be used for _yes_, and nn, minim, etc. for _no_ if the
denial is emphatic, as, _by no means_, _not at all_.
211. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290.
I. 1. Nnne habbat Cornlia rnmenta aur? Habbat. 2. Num Sextus
lgtus sctum in dextr bracchi gerbat? Nn in dextr, sed sinistr
in bracchi Sextus sctum gerbat. 3. Frstr bella multa ab Galls
gesta erant. 4. Ubi oppidum perfid Sext occuptum est, oppidn
miser gladi interfect sunt. 5. Id oppidum erat plnum frment.
6. Nnne Sextus ab oppidns frmentum postulvit? Vr, sed i
recsvrunt frmentum dare. 7. Cr oppidum ab Sext dltum est? Quia
frmentum recstum est. 8. Ea victria nn dubia erat. 9. Oppidn
erant dfess et arms egbant. 10. Num fugam temptvrunt? Minim.
II. 1. Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had ordered.
2. Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments of gold.
3. Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She did. 4. Who
captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held her by the left
arm. 5. She didnt have the ladys gold, did she? No, the gold had been
taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back.
* * * * *
Fourth Review, Lessons XXVII-XXXVI, 513-516
* * * * *
LESSON XXXVII
CONJUGATION OF _POSSUM_ THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH
[Special Vocabulary]
neque or nec, conj., _neither_, _nor_, _and ... not_;
neque ... neque, _neither ... nor_
castellum, -, n., _redoubt, fort_ (castle)
cotdi, adv., _daily_
cess, cessre, cessv, cesstus, _cease_, with the infin.
incipi, incipere, incp, inceptus, _begin_ (incipient),
with the infin.
oppugn, oppugnre, oppugnv, oppugntus, _storm, assail_
pet, petere, petivi or peti, pettus, _aim at, assail, storm,
attack; seek, ask_ (petition)
pn, pnere, posu, positus, _place, put_ (position);
castra pnere, _to pitch camp_
possum, posse, potu, ----, _be able, can_ (potent), with the infin.
vet, vetre, vetu, vetitus, _forbid_ (veto), vith the infin.;
opposite of iube, _command_
vinc, vincere, vc, victus, _conquer_ (in-vincible)
vv, vvere, vx, ----, _live, be alive_ (re-vive)
212. Learn the principal parts of possum, _I am able_, _I can_, and
its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. 495.)
_a._ Possum, _I can_, is a compound of potis, _able_, and sum,
_I am_.
213. The Infinitive with Subject Accusative. The _infinitive_ (cf.
173) is a _verbal noun_. Used as a noun, it has the constructions of a
noun. As a verb it can govern a case and be modified by an adverb. The
uses of the infinitive are much the same in Latin as in English.
1. In English certain verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_, and
the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive in
the objective case and an infinitive, as, _he commanded the men to
flee_. Such object clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the
substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive.
Similarly in Latin, some verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_,
and the like are used with an object clause consisting of an
infinitive with a subject in the accusative case, as, Is virs
fugere iussit, _he commanded the men to flee_.
214. RULE. Subject of the Infinitive. _The subject of the infinitive
is in the accusative._
215. The Complementary Infinitive. In English a verb is often
followed by an infinitive to complete its meaning, as, _the Romans are
able to conquer the Gauls_. This is called the _complementary_
infinitive, as the predicate is not _complete_ without the added
infinitive.
Similarly in Latin, _verbs of incomplete predication_ are completed by
the infinitive. Among such verbs are possum, _I am able, I can_;
proper, mtr, _I hasten_; tempt, _I attempt_; as
Rmn Galls superre possunt,
_the Romans are able to_ (or _can_) _conquer the Gauls_
Bellum gerere mtrant,
_they hasten to wage war_
_a._ A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive
agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main
verb.
Mal puer esse bon nn possunt, _bad boys are not able to_
(or _cannot_) _be good._
Observe that bon agrees with puer.
216. The Infinitive used as a Noun. In English the infinitive is
often used as a pure noun, as the subject of a sentence, or as a
predicate nominative. For example, _To conquer_ (= conquering) _is
pleasing; To see_ (= seeing) _is to believe_ (= believing). The same use
of the infinitive is found in Latin, especially with est, as
Superre est grtum, _to conquer is pleasing_
Vidre est crdere, _to see is to believe_
_a._ In the construction above, the infinitive often has a subject,
which must then be in the accusative case, as
Galbam superre inimcs est grtum mults,
_for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many_
_b._ An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular. Thus, in the
sentence superre est grtum, the predicate adjective grtum is
in the neuter nominative singular to agree with superre the
subject.
217. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.
I. 1. Magister ld lbers cum dligenti labrre iussit. 2. Egre
cib et vin est virs molestum. 3. Vir armt veturunt Galls castra
ibi pnere. 4. Estne lgtus in castell an in mr? Is est pr port.
5. Ubi nostr[1] fugere incprunt, lgtus ab vestrs[1] captus est.
6. Gall castellum ibi oppugnverant ubi praesidium erat nfrmum.
7. Ali pugnre temptbant, ali ports petbant. 8. Fminae pr
domicilis sedbant neque resistere valids Galls poterant.
9. Bellum est saevum, nec nfrms nec misers favet. 10. Sed vir arma
postulbant et studbant Galls d mrs agere. 11. Id castellum ab
Galls occupr Rmns nn grtum erit. 12. Gall ubi Rmns vict
sunt, esse lber[2] cessvrunt. 13. Di sine aqu vvere nn potestis.
II. 1. The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the gates.
2. The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for a battle.
3. For a long time they tried in vain to seize the redoubt. 4. Neither
did they cease to hurl weapons against[3] the walls. 5. But they were
not able to (could not) take the town.
[Footnote 1: Supply _men_. nostri, vestr, and su are often
used as nouns in this way.]
[Footnote 2: Not _children_. The Romans used lber either as an
adjective, meaning _free_, or as a noun, meaning _the free_, thereby
signifying their _free-born children_. The word was never applied to
children of slaves.]
[Footnote 3: in with the accusative.]
218. THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA
Sabn lim cum Rmns bellum gerbant et mults victris
reportverant. Iam agrs proxims mrs vstbant, iam oppid
adpropinqubant. Rmn autem in Capitlium fgerant et long percul
aberant. Mrs valids et saxs alts crdbant. Frstr Sabn tla
iacibant, frstr ports drs petbant; castellum occupre nn
poterant. Deinde novum cnsilium cprunt.[4]
Tarpia erat puella Rmna pulchra et superba. Cotdi aquam cpis
Rmns in Capitlium portbat. E[5] nn nocbant Sabn, quod ea sine
arms erat neque Sabn bellum cum fmins lbersque gerbant. Tarpia
autem maxim ambat rnmenta aur. Cotdi Sabnrum rnmenta vidbat
et mox ea dsderre incipibat. E nus ex[6] Sabns dxit, Dc
cpis Sabns intr ports, Tarpia, et maxima erunt praemia tua.
[Footnote 4: cnsilium capere, _to make a plan_. Why is the
_perfect_ tense used here and the imperfect in the preceding
sentences? Explain the use of tenses in the next paragraph.]
[Footnote 5: Dative with nocbant. (Cf. 154.)]
[Footnote 6: ex, _out of_, i.e. _from the nuumber of_; best
translated _of_.]
[Illustration: TARPEIA PUELLA PERFIDA]
LESSON XXXVIII
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
219. Sentences are _simple, compound_, or _complex_.
_a._ A _simple sentence_ is a sentence containing but one statement,
that is, one subject and one predicate: _The Romans approached the
town._
_b._ A _compound sentence_ is a sentence containing two or more
independent statements:
_The Romans approached the town_ | and | _the enemy fled._
NOTE. An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not
depend upon another statement.
_c._ A _complex sentence_ is a sentence containing one independent
statement and one or more dependent statements:
_When the Romans approached the town | the enemy fled._
NOTE. A dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on or
qualifies another statement; thus _the enemy fled_ is independent, and
_when the Romans approached the town_ is dependent or subordinate.
_d._ The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are
called _clauses_. In a complex sentence the independent statement is
called the _main clause_ and the dependent statement the
_subordinate clause._
220. Examine the complex sentence
_The Romans killed the men who were taken_
Here are two clauses:
_a._ The main clause, _The Romans killed the men_
_b._ The subordinate clause, _who were taken_
The word _who_ is a pronoun, for it takes the place of the noun _men_.
It also connects the subordinate clause _who were taken_ with the noun
_men_. Hence the clause is an _adjective clause_. A pronoun that
connects an _adjective clause_ with a substantive is called a _relative
pronoun_, and the substantive for which the relative pronoun stands is
called its _antecedent_. The relative pronouns in English are _who,
whose, whom, which, what, that_.
221. The relative pronoun in Latin is qu, quae, quod, and it is
declined as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ qu quae quod qu quae quae
_Gen._ cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum
_Dat._ cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
_Acc._ quem quam quod qus qus quae
_Abl._ qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus
1. Review the declension of is, 114, and note the similarity in
the endings. The forms qu, quae, and quibus are the only forms
showing new endings.
NOTE. The genitive cuius and the dative cui are pronounced
_c[oo]iy[oo]s_ (two syllables) and _c[oo]i_ (one syllable).
222. The Relative Pronoun is translated as follows:[1]
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ _who, that_ _which, what, that_
_Gen._ _of whom, whose_ _of which, of what, whose_
_Dat._ _to_ or _for whom_ _to_ or _for which_, _to_ or _for what_
_Acc._ _whom, that_ _which, what, that_
_Abl._ _from_, etc., _whom_ _from_, etc., _which_ or _what_
[Footnote 1: This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is
inserted for reference when translating.]
_a._ We see from the table above that qu, when it refers to a
person, is translated by some form of _who_ or by _that_; and that
when it refers to anything else it is translated by _which, what_,
or _that_.
223. Note the following sentences:
_The Romans killed the men who were taken_
_The Romans killed the woman who was taken_
Rmn interfcrunt virs qu capt sunt
Rmn interfcrunt fminam quae capta est
In the first sentence _who_ (qu) refers to the antecedent _men_
(virs), and is _masculine plural_. In the second, _who_ (quae)
refers to _woman_ (fminam), and _feminine singular_. From this we
learn that the relative must agree with its antecedent in _gender_ and
_number_. In neither of the sentences are the antecedents and relatives
in the same case. Virs and fminam are accusatives, and qu and
quae are nominatives, being the subjects of the subordinate clauses.
Hence
224. RULE. Agreement of the Relative. _A relative pronoun must agree
with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by
the way it is used in its own clause._
225. Interrogative Pronouns. An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun
that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are _who?_ _which?_
_what?_ In Latin they are quis? quid? (pronoun) and qu? quae?
quod? (adjective).
226. Examine the sentences
_a._ _Who is the man?_ Quis est vir?
_b._ _What man is leading them?_ Qu vir es dcit?
In _a_, _who_ is an interrogative _pronoun_. In _b_, _what_ is an
interrogative _adjective_. Observe that in Latin quis, quid is the
_pronoun_ and qu, quae, quod is the _adjective_.
227. 1. The interrogative adjective qu, quae, quod is declined
just like the relative pronoun. (See 221.)
2. The interrogative pronoun quis, quid is declined like qu,
quae, quod in the plural. In the singular it is declined as
follows:
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quis, _who?_ quid, _what? which?_
_Gen._ cuius, _whose?_ cuius, _whose?_
_Dat._ cui, _to_ or _for whom?_ cui, _to_ or _for_
_what_ or _which?_
_Acc._ quem, _whom?_ quid, _what? which?_
_Abl._ qu, _from_, etc., _whom?_ qu, _from_, etc.,
_which_ or _what?_
NOTE. Observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the
forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative, excepting quis
and quid.
228. EXERCISES
I. 1. Quis est aeger? Servus quem am est aeger. 2. Cuius sctum habs?
Sctum habe quod lgtus ad castellum msit. 3. Cui lgtus suum sctum
dabit? Fli me sctum dabit. 4. Ubi Germn antqu vvbant? In terr
quae est proxima Rhn Germn vvbant. 5. Quibuscum[1] Germn bellum
gerbant? Cum Rmns, qui es superre studbant, Germn bellum
gerbant. 6. Qu vir castra pnunt? I sunt vir qurum arms Germn
vict sunt. 7. Quibus tls cpiae nostrae egurunt? Gladis et tels
nostrae cpiae egurunt. 8. quibus porta sinistra tenbtur? socis
porta sinistra tenbtur. 9. Quae prvinciae Rmns occuptae sunt?
Multae prvinciae Rmns occuptae sunt. 10. Quibus virs de
favbunt? Bons virs de favbunt.
[Footnote 1: cum is added to the ablative of relative,
interrogative, and personal pronouns instead of being placed
before them.]
[Illustration: GERMANI ANTIQUI]
II. 1. What victory will you announce? 2. I will announce to the people
the victory which the sailors have won. 3. The men who were pitching
camp were eager for battle. 4. Nevertheless they were soon conquered by
the troops which Sextus had sent. 5. They could not resist our forces,
but fled from that place without delay.
229. THE FAITHLESS TARPEIA (_Concluded_)[2]
Tarpia, commta rnaments Sabnrum pulchrs, di resistere nn potuit
et respondit: Date mihi[3] rnmenta quae in sinistrs bracchs
geritis, et celeriter cpis vestrs in Capitlium dcam. Nec Sabn
recsvrunt, sed per drs magnsque castell ports propervrunt
qu[1] Tarpia dxit et mox intr valids et alts mrs stbant. Tum
sine mor in[2] Tarpiam scta graviter icrunt; nam scta quoque in
sinistrs bracchis gerbant. Ita perfida puella Tarpia interfecta est;
ita Sabn Capitlium occupvrunt.
[Footnote 2: Explain the use of the tenses in this selection.]
[Footnote 3: _to me._]
[Footnote 1: qu = _whither_, _to the place where_. Here quo is
the relative adverb. We have had it used before as the interrogative
adverb, _whither?_ _to what place?_]
[Footnote 2: _upon_.]
LESSON XXXIX
THE THIRD DECLENSION CONSONANT STEMS
[Special Vocabulary]
barbarus, -a, -um, _strange, foreign, barbarous_. As a noun,
barbar, -rum, m., plur., _savages, barbarians_
dux, ducis, m., _leader_ (duke). Cf. the verb dc
eques, equitis, m., _horseman, cavalryman_ (equestrian)
idex, idicis, _m., judge_
lapis, lapidis, m., _stone_ (lapidary)
mles, mlitis, m., _soldier_ (militia)
pedes, peditis, m., _foot soldier_ (pedestrian)
ps, pedis,[A] m., _foot_ (pedal)
prnceps, prncipis, m., _chief_ (principal)
rx, rgis, m., _king_ (regal)
summus, -a, -um, _highest, greatest_ (summit)
virts, virttis, f., _manliness, courage_ (virtue)
[Footnote A: Observe that e is _long_ in the nom. sing, and
_short_ in the other cases.]
230. Bases and Stems. In learning the first and second declensions
we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case
terminations to the part of the word that did not change, which we
called the base. If to the base we add - in the first declension,
and -o in the second, we get what is called the stem. Thus porta
has the base port- and the stem port-; servus has the base
serv- and the stem servo-.
These stem vowels, -- and -o-, play so important a part in the
formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from
them respectively the __- and _O_-Declensions.
231. Nouns of the Third Declension. The third declension is called
the Consonant or _I_-Declension, and its nouns are classified according
to the way the _stem_ ends. If the last letter of the stem is a
consonant, the word is said to have a _consonant stem_; if the stem ends
in -i-, the word is said to have an i-_stem_. _In consonant stems
the stem is the same as the base. In_ i-_stems the stem is formed by
adding_ -i- _to the base._ The presence of the i makes a difference
in certain of the cases, so the distinction is a very important one.
232. Consonant stems are divided into two classes:
I. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular.
II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular.
CLASS I
233. Stems that add -s to the base in the nominative singular are
either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows:
prnceps, mles, m., lapis,
m., _chief_ _soldier_ m., _stone_
BASES OR
STEMS prncip- mlit- lapid-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
_Nom._ prnceps mles lapis -s
_Gen._ prncipis mlitis lapidis -is
_Dat._ prncip mlit lapid -
_Acc._ prncipem mlitem lapidem -em
_Abl._ prncipe mlite lapide -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ prncips mlits lapids -s
_Gen._ prncipum mlitum lapidum -um
_Dat._ prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus
_Acc._ prncips mlits lapids -s
_Abl._ prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus
rx, idex, virts, f.,
m., _king_ m.,_judge_ _manliness_
BASES OR
STEMS rg- idic- virtt-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
_Nom._ rx idex virts -s
_Gen._ rgis idicis virttis -is
_Dat._ rg idic virtt -
_Acc._ rgem idicem virttem -em
_Abl._ rge idice virtte -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ rgs idics virtts -s
_Gen._ rgum idicum virttum -um
_Dat._ rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus
_Acc._ rgs idics virtts -s
_Abl._ rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus
1. The base or stem is found by dropping -is in the genitive
singular.
2. Most nouns of two syllables, like prnceps (prncip-), mles
(mlit-), idex (idic-), have i in the base, but e in the
nominative.
_a._ lapis is an exception to this rule.
3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the
nominative:
_a._ A final -t or -d is dropped before -s; thus mles for
mlets, lapis for lapids, virts for virtts.
_b._ A final -c or -g unites with -s and forms -x; thus
idec + s = idex, rg + s = rx.
4. Review 74 and apply the rules to this declension.
In like manner decline dux, ducis, m., _leader_; eques, equitis,
m., _horseman_; pedes, peditis, m., _foot soldier_; ps, pedis,
m.,_foot_.
234. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.
I. 1. Neque pedits neque equits occupre castellum Rmnum poterant.
2. Summ virtte mrs alts cotdi oppugnbant. 3. Pedes mlitum
lapidibus qu d mr iacibantur saepe vulnerbantur. 4. Quod novum
cnsilium dux cpit? 5. Is perfidam puellam pulchrs rnments
temptvit. 6. Quid puella fcit? 7. Puella commta aur mlits per
ports dxit. 8. Tamen praemia quae summ studi petverat nn
reportvit. 9. Apud Rmns antqus Tarpia nn est laudta.
II. 1. What ship is that which I see? That (illud) ship is the
_Victory_. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon
approach Italy. 2. The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to
be killed. 3. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were
quickly captured by the horsemen. 4. The king led the foot soldiers to
the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest
zeal.
[Illustration: NAVIGIUM]
LESSON XL
THE THIRD DECLENSION CONSONANT STEMS (_Continued_)
[Special Vocabulary]
Caesar, -aris, m., _Csar_
captvus, -, m., _captive, prisoner_
cnsul, -is, m., _consul_
frter, frtris, m., _brother_ (fraternity)
hom, hominis, m., _man, human being_
impedmentum, -, n., _hindrance_ (impediment); plur.
impedmenta, -rum, _baggage_
impertor, impertris, m., _commander in chief, general_ (emperor)
legi, leginis, f., _legion_
mter, mtris, f., _mother_ (maternal)
Ǚrd, rdinis, m., _row, rank_ (order)
pater, patris, m., _father_ (paternal)
sals, saltis, f., _safety_ (salutary)
soror, sorris, f., _sister_ (sorority)
CLASS II
235. Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are
declined in the other cases exactly like those that add -s. They may
be masculine, feminine, or neuter.
236. PARADIGMS
MASCULINES AND FEMININES
cnsul, legi, f., Ǚrd, pater, m.,
m., _consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_
BASES OR
STEMS cnsul- legin- Ǚrdin- patr-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
_Nom._ cnsul legi rd pater --
_Gen._ cnsulis leginis rdinis patris -is
_Dat._ cnsul legin rdin patr -
_Acc._ cnsulem leginem rdinem patrem -em
_Abl._ cnsule legine rdine patre -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s
_Gen._ cnsulum leginum rdinum patrum -um
_Dat._ cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus
_Acc._ cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s
_Abl._ cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus
1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly
the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way.
2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -n- drop
-n- and end in - in the nominative, as legi (base or stem legin-),
rd (base or stem rdin-).
3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base
or stem patr-).
4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole
declension. _Always learn this with the nominative._
237. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.
I. 1. Audsne tubs, Mrce? Nn slum tubs audi sed etiam rdins
militum et carrs impedmentrum plns vidre possum. 2. Qus legins
vidmus? Eae legins nper ex Galli vnrunt. 3. Quid ibi fcrunt?
Studbantne pugnre an sine virtte erant? 4. Multa proelia fcrunt[1]
et magns victris et mults captvs reportvrunt. 5. Quis est
impertor erum leginum? Caesar, summus Rmnrum impertor. 6. Quis
est eques qu pulchram cornam gerit? Is eques est frter meus. E
corna cnsule data est quia summ virtte pugnverat et barbars
patriam servverat.
II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now (nper).
He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister. 3. When
men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be
restrained[2] from wrong[3]. 4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to
Csar, the general. 5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of
grain which was held by the consul. 6. The king forbade the baggage of
the captives to be destroyed.
[Footnote 1: proelium facere = _to fight a battle._]
[Footnote 2: contine. Cf. 180.]
[Footnote 3: Abl. iniri.]
LESSON XLI
THE THIRD DECLENSION CONSONANT STEMS (_Concluded_)
[Special Vocabulary]
calamits, calamittis, f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity)
caput, capitis, n., _head_ (capital)
flmen, flminis, n., _river_ (flume)
labor, labris, m., _labor, toil_
opus, operis, n., _work, task_
Ǚrtor, rtris, m., _orator_
rpa, -ae, f., _bank_ (of a stream)
tempus, temporis, n., _time_ (temporal)
terror, terrris, m., _terror, fear_
victor, victris, m., _victor_
accipi, accipere, accp, acceptus, _receive, accept_
cnfirm, cnfrmre, cnfrmv, cnfrmtus, _strengthen,
establish, encourage_ (confirm)
238. Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and
are declined as follows:
flmen, tempus, opus, caput,
n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_
BASES OR
STEMS flmin- tempor- oper- capit-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ flmen tempus opus caput --
_Gen._ flminis temporis operis capitis -is
_Dat._ flmin tempor oper capit -
_Acc._ flmen tempus opus caput --
_Abl._ flmine tempore opere capite -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ flmina tempora opera capita -a
_Gen._ flminum temporum operum capitum -um
_Dat._ flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
_Acc._ flmina tempora opera capita -a
_Abl._ flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
1. Review 74 and apply the rules to this declension.
2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative,
as flmen, base or stem flmin-.
3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as
opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-.
239. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.
I. 1. Barbar ubi Rmam cprunt, maxima rgum opera dlvrunt.
2. Rmn mults calamitts barbars accprunt. 3. Ubi erat summus
terror apud oppidns, anim dubi erum ab rtre clar cnfrmti
sunt. 4. Rma est in rps fiminis magn. 5. Ubi Caesar impertor
mlits sus arma capere iussit, i proeli continr nn poturunt.
6. Ubi proelium factum est, impertor reperr nn potuit. 7. Impertor
sagitt in capite vulnertus erat et stre nn poterat. 8. Eum magn
labre pedes ex proeli portvit. 9. Is bracchis sus impertrem
tenuit et eum ex perculs summs servvit. 10. Virtte su bonus mles
ab impertre cornam accpit.
II. 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. 2. Before
the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A famous orator praised
him and said, By your labors you have saved the fatherland from
disaster. 4. The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor.
5. To save the fatherland was a great task.
[Illustration: Corona]
LESSON XLII
REVIEW LESSON
240. Review the paradigms in 233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of
the third declension in this selection.
TERROR CIMBRICUS[1]
lim Cimbr et Teutons, popul Germniae, cum fmins lbersque
Italiae adpropinquverant et cpis Rmns maxim proeli vcerant. Ubi
fuga leginum nntita est, summus erat terror ttus Rmae, et Rmn,
graviter commt, sacra crbra des facibant et saltem petbant.
Tum Mnlius rtor anims popul ita cnfrmvit:--Magnam calamittem
accpimus. Oppida nostra Cimbrs Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae
interficiuntur, agr vstantur, cpiae barbarrum Rmae adpropinquant.
Itaque, nisi novs anims proelium novum facimus et Germns ex patri
nostr sine mor agmus, erit nlla sals fmins nostrs lbersque.
Servte lbers! Servte patriam! Ante supert sumus quia impertrs
nostr furunt nfrm. Nunc Marius, clrus impertor, qu iam mults
alis victris reportvit, legins dcet et anims nostrs terrre
Cimbric lberre mtrbit.
Marius tum in fric bellum gerbat. Sine mor ex fric in Italiam
voctus est. Cpis novs nn slum tt Italiae sed etiam prvincis
socirum impervit.[2] Discipln autem dr labribusque perpetus
mlits exercuit. Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, qu iam proeli
studbant, ad Germnrum castra celeriter propervit. Di et criter
pugntum est.[3] Dnique barbar fgrunt et mult in fug ab equitibus
sunt interfect. Marius pater patriae voctus est.
[Footnote 1: About the year 100 B.C. the Romans were greatly alarmed
by an invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and
Teutons. They were traveling with wives and children, and had an
army of 300,000 fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and
the city was in a panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their
greatest general, to save the country. First he defeated the Teutons
in Gaul. Next, returning to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible
battle ensued, in which the Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the
_terror Cimbricus_ continued to haunt the Romans for many a year
thereafter.]
[Footnote 2: _He made a levy_ (of troops) _upon_, impervit with
the acc. and the dat.]
[Footnote 3: Cf. 200. II. 2.]
LESSON XLIII
THE THIRD DECLENSION _I_-STEMS
[Special Vocabulary]
animal, animlis (-ium[A]), n., _animal_
avis, avis (-ium), f., _bird_ (aviation)
caeds, caedis (-ium), f., _slaughter_
calcar, calcris (-ium), n., _spur_
cvis, cvis (-ium), m. and f., _citizen_ (civic)
clins, clientis (-ium), m., _retainer, dependent_ (client)
fnis, fnis (-ium), m., _end, limit_ (final);
plur., _country, territory_
hostis, hostis (-ium), m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile).
Distinguish from inimcus, which means a _personal_ enemy
ignis, ignis (-ium), m., _fire_ (ignite)
ǔnsigne, nsignis (-ium), n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign)
mare, maris (-ium[B]), n., _sea_ (marine)
nvis, nvis (-ium), f., _ship_ (naval);
nvis longa, _man-of-war_
turris, turris (-ium), f., _tower_ (turret)
urbs, urbis (-ium), f., _city_ (suburb). An urbs is larger than an
oppidum.
[Footnote A: The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark
the i-stems.]
[Footnote B: The genitive plural of mare is not in use.]
241. To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know
whether or not it is an i-stem. Nouns with i-stems are
1. Masculines and feminines:
_a._ Nouns in -s and -s with the same number of syllables in
the genitive as in the nominative. Thus caeds, caedis, is an
i-stem, but mles, mlitis, is a consonant stem.
_b._ Nouns in -ns and -rs.
_c._ Nouns of one syllable in -s or -x preceded by a consonant.
2. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar.
242. The declension of i-stems is nearly the same as that of
consonant stems. Note the following differences:
_a._ Masculines and feminities have -ium in the genitive plural and
-s or -s in the accusative plural.
_b._ Neuters have - in the ablative singular, and an -i- in every
form of the plural.
243. Masculine and Feminine _I_-Stems. Masculine and feminine
i-stems are declined as follows:
caeds, f., hostis, urbs, f., clins, m.,
_slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_
STEMS caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti-
BASES caed- host- urb- client-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
_Nom._ caeds hostis urbs clins[1] -s, -is,
_or_ -s
_Gen._ caedis hostis urbis clientis -is
_Dat._ caed host urb client -
_Acc._ caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im)
_Abl._ caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-)
PLURAL
_Nom._ caeds hosts urbs clients -s
_Gen._ caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium
_Dat._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
_Acc._ caeds, -s hosts, -s urbs, -s clients, -s -s, -s
_Abl._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
[Footnote 1: Observe that the vowel before -ns is long, but that
it is shortened before -nt. Cf. 12.2, 3.]
1. avis, cvis, fnis, ignis, nvis have the ablative
singular in - or -e.
2. turris has accusative turrim and ablative turr or turre.
244. Neuter _I_-Stems. Neuter i-stems are declined as follows:
ǔnsigne, n., animal, n., calcar,
_decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_
STEMS ǔnsigni- animli- calcri-
BASES ǔnsign- animl- calcr-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Gen._ nsignis animlis calcris -is
_Dat._ nsign animl calcr -
_Acc._ nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Abl._ nsign animl calcr -
PLURAL
_Nom._ nsignia animlia calcria -ia
_Gen._ nsignium animlium calcrium -ium
_Dat._ nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus
_Acc._ nsignia animlia calcria -ia
_Abl._ nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus
1. Review 74 and see how it applies to this declension.
2. The final -i- of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative.
If not dropped, it is changed to -e.
3. A long vowel is shortened before final -l or -r. (Cf. 12.2.)
245. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.
I. 1. Quam urbem vidmus? Urbs quam vidtis est Rma. 2. Cvs Rmn
urbem suam turribus alts et mrs longs mnverant. 3. Vent nvs
longs prohibbant fnibus hostium adpropinqure. 4. Impertor a
clientibus sus calcria aur et alia nsignia accpit. 5. Mlits
Rmn cum hostibus bella saeva gessrunt et es caede magn
supervrunt. 6. Alia animlia terram, alia mare amant. 7. Nvs longae
quae auxilium ad impertrem portbant ign ab hostibus dltae sunt.
8. In e mar avis mults vdimus quae long terr volverant.
9. Nnne vdistis nvs longs hostium et igns quibus urbs nostra
vstbtur? Cert, sed nec caedem cvium nec fugam clientium vdimus.
10. Avs et alia animlia, ubi ignem vdrunt, saltem fug petere
celeriter incprunt. 11. Num. idex in peditum rdinibus stbat?
Minim, idex erat apud equits et equus eius nsigne pulchrum gerbat.
[Illustration: NAVES LONGAE]
II. 1. Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were not
able to live. 2. When the general[2] heard the rumor, he quickly sent a
horseman to the village. 3. The horseman had a beautiful horse and wore
spurs of gold. 4. He said to the citizens, Send your retainers with
horses and wagons to our camp, and you will receive an abundance of
grain. 5. With happy hearts they hastened to obey his words.[3]
[Footnote 2: Place first.]
[Footnote 3: Not the accusative. Why?]
LESSON XLIV
IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION GENDER IN THE THIRD DECLENSION
[Special Vocabulary]
arbor, arboris, f., _tree_ (arbor)
collis, collis (-ium), m., _hill_
dns, dentis (-ium), m., _tooth_ (dentist)
fns, fontis (-ium), m.. _fountain, spring; source_
iter, itineris, n., _march, journey, route_ (itinerary)
mnsis, mnsis (-ium), m., _month_
moenia, -ium, n., plur., _walls, fortifications_. Cf. mrus
mns, montis (-ium), m., _mountain_;
summus mns, _top of the mountain_
numquam, adv., _never_
pns, pontis, m., _bridge_ (pontoon)
sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood (sanguinary)
summus, -a, -um, _highest, greatest_ (summit)
trns, prep, with acc., _across_ (transatlantic)
vs (vs), gen. plur. virium, f. _strength, force, violence_ (vim)
246. PARADIGMS
[Transcribers Note:
The original text gives v- and vr- as the Bases of vs, and
omits the Stems for both words. The forms have been regularized to
agree with the inflectional table in the Appendix.]
vs, f., _force_ iter, n., _march_
STEMS v- and vri- iter- and itiner-
BASES v- and vr- iter- and itiner-
SINGULAR
_Nom._ vs iter
_Gen._ vs (rare) itineris
_Dat._ v (rare) itiner
_Acc._ vim iter
_Abl._ v itinere
PLURAL
_Nom._ vrs itinera
_Gen._ vrium itinerum
_Dat._ vribus itineribus
_Acc._ vrs, or -s itinera
_Abl._ vribus itineribus
247. There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not
present numerous exceptions.[1] The following rules, however, are of
great service, and should be thoroughly mastered:
1. Masculine are nouns in -or, -s, -er, -es (gen. -itis).
_a._ arbor, _tree_, is feminine; and iter, _march_, is neuter.
2. Feminine are nouns in -, -is, -x, and in -s preceded by
a consonant or by any long vowel but Ǚ.
_a._ Masculine are collis (_hill_), lapis, mnsis (_month_),
Ǚrd, ps, and nouns in -nis and -guis--as ignis,
sanguis (_blood_)--and the four monosyllables
dns, _a tooth_; mns, _a mountain_
pns, _a bridge_; fns, _a fountain_
3. Neuters are nouns in -e, -al, -ar, -n, -ur, -us, and
caput.
[Footnote 1: Review 60. Words denoting males are, of course,
masculine, and those denoting females, feminine.]
248. Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it
is determined:
animal calamits flmen lapis nvis
avis caput ignis legi opus
caeds eques ǔnsigne mare sals
calcar fnis labor mles urbs
249. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.
I. _The First Bridge over the Rhine._ Sals socirum erat semper cra
Rmns. lim Gall, amc Rmnrum, mults iniris ab Germns qu
trns flmen Rhnum vivbant accperant. Ubi lgt ab is ad Caesarem
impertrem Rmnum vnrunt et auxilium postulvrunt, Rmn magns
itineribus ad hostium fns propervrunt. Mox ad rps magn flminis
vnrunt. Impertor studbat cpis sus trns fluvium dcere, sed nll
vi[2] poterat. Nlls nvs habbat. Alta erat aqua. Impertor autem,
vir clrus, numquam advers fortn commtus, novum cnsilium cpit.
Iussit sus[3] in[4] lt flmine facere pontem. Numquam ante pns in
Rhn vsus erat. Hosts ubi pontem quem Rmn fcerant vdrunt, summ
terrre commt, sine mor fugam parre incprunt.
II. 1. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain.
2. There were many trees on the opposite hills. 3. We pitched our camp
near (ad) a beautiful spring. 4. A march through the enemies country
is never without danger. 5. The time of the month was suitable for the
march. 6. The teeth of the monster were long. 7. When the foot
soldiers[5] saw the blood of the captives, they began to assail the
fortifications with the greatest violence.[2]
[Footnote 2: Abl. of manner.]
[Footnote 3: sus, used as a noun, _his men_.]
[Footnote 4: We say _build a bridge over_; the Romans, _make a
bridge on_.]
[Footnote 5: Place first.]
* * * * *
Fifth Review, Lessons XXXVII-XLIV, 517-520
* * * * *
LESSON XLV
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION _I_-STEMS
[Special Vocabulary]
ljcer, cris, cre, _sharp, keen, eager_ (acrid)
brevis, breve, _short, brief_
difficilis, difficile, _difficult_
facilis, facile, _facile, easy_
fortis, forte, _brave_ (fortitude)
gravis, grave, _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave)
omnis, omne, _every, all_ (omnibus)
pr, gen. paris, _equal_ (par)
pauc, -ae, -a, _few, only a few_ (paucity)
secundus, -a, -um, _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus
signum, -, n., _signal, sign, standard_
vlx, gen. vlcis, _swift_ (velocity)
conloc, conlocre, conlocv, conloctus, _arrange, station, place_
(collocation)
dmnstr, dmnstrre, dmnstrv, dmnstrtus, _point out,
explain_ (demonstrate)
mand, mandre, mandv, mandtus, _commit, intrust_ (mandate)
250. Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like
bonus, aeger, or lber), or they are of the third declension.
251. Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have i-_stems_,
and they are declined almost like nouns with i-stems.
252. Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the
nominative for each gender, as, bonus, m.; bona, f.; bonum, n.
Such an adjective is called an _adjective of three endings_. Adjectives
of the third declension are of the following classes:
I. Adjectives of three endings--
a different form in the nominative for each gender.
II. Adjectives of two endings--
masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different.
III. Adjectives of one ending--
masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike.
253. Adjectives of the third declension in -er have three endings;
those in -is have two endings; the others have one ending.
CLASS I
254. Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows:
ljcer, cris, cre, _keen, eager_
STEM ljcri-
BASE ljcr-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ cer cris cre crs crs cria
_Gen._ cris cris cris crium crium crium
_Dat._ cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus
_Acc._ crem crem cre crs, -s crs, -s cria
_Abl._ cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus
CLASS II
255. Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows:
omnis, omne, _every, all_[1]
STEM omni-
BASE omn-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ omnis omne omns omnia
_Gen._ omnis omnis omnium omnium
_Dat._ omn omn omnibus omnibus
_Acc._ omnem omne omns, -s omnia
_Abl._ omn omn omnibus omnibus
[Footnote 1: omnis is usually translated _every_ in the singular
and _all_ in the plural.]
CLASS III
256. Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows:
pr, _equal_
STEM pari-
BASE par-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ pr pr pars paria
_Gen._ paris paris parium parium
_Dat._ par par paribus paribus
_Acc._ parem pr pars, -s paria
_Abl._ par par paribus paribus
1. All i-stem adjectives have - in the ablative singular.
2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the
same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in
the nominative and accusative plural.
3. Decline vir cer, legi cris, animal cre, ager omnis,
sctum omne, proelium pr.
257. There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant
stems. They are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems.
258. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.
I. _The Romans invade the Enemys Country._ lim pedits Rmn cum
equitibus vlcibus in hostium urbem iter facibant. Ubi nn long
furunt, rapurunt agricolam, qu es viam brevem et facilem
dmnstrvit. Iam Rmn moenia alta, turrs valids aliaque opera urbis
vidre poterant. In moenibus stbant mult prncips. Prncips ubi
vdrunt Rmns, iussrunt cvs lapids aliaque tla d mrs iacere.
Tum mlits forts continr proeli nn poterant et cer impertor
signum tub dar iussit. Summ v omns mtrvrunt. Impertor Sext
lgt impedmenta omnia mandvit. Sextus impedmenta in summ colle
conlocvit. Grave et cre erat proelium, sed hosts nn pars Rmns
erant. Ali interfect, ali capt sunt. Apud captvs erant mter
sororque rgis. Pauc Rmnrum ab hostibus vulnert sunt. Secundum
proelium Rmns erat grtum. Fortna fortibus semper favet.
II. 1. Some months are short, others are long. 2. To seize the top of
the mountain was difficult. 3. Among the hills of Italy are many
beautiful springs. 4. The soldiers were sitting where the baggage had
been placed because their feet were weary. 5. The city which the
soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high
towers. 6. Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his
money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had never before been
faithless.
[Illustration: AQUILA LEGIONIS]
LESSON XLVI
THE FOURTH OR _U_-DECLENSION
[Special Vocabulary]
adventus, -s, m., _approach, arrival_ (advent)
ante, prep, with acc., _before_ (ante-date)
corn, -s, n., _horn, wing_ of an army (cornucopia);
lj dextr corn, _on the right wing_;
lj sinistr corn, _on the left wing_
equittus, -s, m., _cavalry_
exercitus, -s, m., _army_
impetus, -s, m., _attack_ (impetus);
impetum facere in, with acc., _to make an attack on_
lacus, -s, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., _lake_
manus, -s, f., _hand; band, force_ (manual)
portus, -s, m., _harbor_ (port)
post, prep, with acc., _behind, after_ (post-mortem)
crem, cremre, cremv, cremtus, _burn_ (cremate)
exerce, exercre, exercu, exercitus, _practice, drill, train_
(exercise)
259. Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter.
260. Masculine nouns end in -us, neuters in -. The genitive ends
in -s.
_a._ Feminine by exception are domus, _house_; manus, _hand_;
and a few others.
PARADIGMS
[Transcribers Note:
The Stems are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied
from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]
adventus, corn,
m., _arrival_ n., _horn_
STEMS adventu- cornu-
BASES advent- corn-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
MASC. NEUT.
_Nom._ adventus corn -us -
_Gen._ advents corns -s -s
_Dat._ adventu () corn -u () -
_Acc._ adventum corn -um -
_Abl._ advent corn - -
PLURAL
_Nom._ advents cornua -s -ua
_Gen._ adventuum cornuum -uum -uum
_Dat._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
_Acc._ advents cornua -s -ua
_Abl._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by
dropping the ending of the genitive singular.
2. lacus, _lake_, has the ending -ubus in the dative and ablative
plural; portus, _harbor_, has either -ubus or -ibus.
3. corn is the only neuter that is in common use.
261. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.
I. 1. Ante adventum Caesaris vlcs hostium equits crem impetum in
castra fcrunt. 2. Continre exercitum proeli nn facile erat.
3. Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legins ex castrs dc. 4. Pr
castrs cum hostium equitt pugntum est. 5. Post tempus breve
equittus trns flmen fgit ubi castra hostium posita erant. 6. Tum
victor impertor agrs vstvit et vcs hostium cremvit. 7. Castra
autem nn oppugnvit quia mlits erant dfess et locus difficilis.
8. Hosts nn cessvrunt iacere tla, quae paucs nocurunt. 9. Post
adversum proelium princips Gallrum lgts ad Caesarem mittere
studbant, sed popul persudre nn poterant.
II. 1. Did you see the man-of-war on the lake? 2. I did not see it
(_fem_.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor. 3. Because of the
strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail. 4. Csar didnt make
an attack on the cavalry on the right wing, did he? 5. No, he made an
attack on the left wing. 6. Who taught your swift horse to obey?
7. I trained my horse with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult.
8. He is a beautiful animal and has great strength.
LESSON XLVII
EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE THE DECLENSION OF _DOMUS_
[Special Vocabulary]
Athnae, -rum, f., plur., _Athens_
Corinthus, -, f., _Corinth_
domus, -s, locative dom, f., _house, home_ (dome). Cf.
domicilium
Genva, -ae, f., _Geneva_
Pompii, -rum, m., plur., _Pompeii_, a city in Campania. See map
propter, prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_
rs, rris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. rra, n., _country_
(rustic)
tergum, terg, n., _back_; lj terg, _behind, in the rear_
vulnus, vulneris, n., _wound_ (vulnerable)
committ, committere, comms, commissus, _intrust, commit;_
proelium committere, _join battle_
convoc, convocre, convocv, convoctus, _call together, summon_
(convoke)
time, timre, timu, ----, _fear; be afraid_ (timid)
vert, vertere, vert, versus, _turn, change_ (convert);
terga vertere, _to turn the backs_, hence _to retreat_
262. We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the
following:
Galba ad (or in) oppidum properat
Galba ab (d or ex) oppid properat
Galba in oppid habitat
From these expressions we may deduce the following rules:
263. RULE. Accusative of the Place to. _The place to which is
expressed by ad or in with the accusative. This answers the question
Whither?_
264. RULE. Ablative of the Place from. _The place from which is
expressed by lj or ab, d, ǐ or ex, with the separative
ablative. This answers the question Whence?_ (Cf. Rule, 179.)
265. RULE. Ablative of the Place at or in. _The place at or in
which is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers the question
Where?_
_a._ The ablative denoting the _place where_ is called the _locative
ablative_ (cf. locus, _place_).
266. Exceptions. Names of towns, small islands,[1] domus, _home_,
rs, _country_, and a few other words in common use omit the
prepositions in expressions of place, as,
Galba Athns properat, _Galba hastens to Athens_
Galba Athns properat, _Galba hastens from Athens_
Galba Athns habitat, _Galba lives at_ (or _in_) _Athens_
Galba domum properat, _Galba hastens home_
Galba rs properat, _Galba hastens to the country_
Galba dom properat, _Galba hastens from home_
Galba rre properat, _Galba hastens from the country_
Galba rr (less commonly rre) habitat,
_Galba lives in the country_
_a._ Names of _countries_, like Germnia, Italia, etc., do not
come under these exceptions. _With them prepositions must not be
omitted._
[Footnote 1: Small islands are classed with towns because they
generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as
the name of the island.]
267. The Locative Case. We saw above that the place-relation
expressed by _at_ or _in_ is regularly covered by the locative ablative.
However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form
known as the _locative case_. This case has been everywhere merged in
the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second
declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the
genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small
islands, dom, _at home_, and a few other words.
268. RULE. Locative and Locative Ablative. _To express the place in
which with names of towns and small islands, if they are singular and
of the first or second declension, use the locative; otherwise use the
locative ablative without a preposition; as_,
Galba Rmae habitat, _Galba lives at Rome_
Galba Corinth habitat, _Galba lives at Corinth_
Galba dom habitat, _Galba lives at home_
Here Rmae, Corinth, and dom are _locatives_, being _singular_
and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in
Galba Athns habitat, _Galba lives at Athens_,
Galba Pompis habitat, _Galba lives at Pompeii_
Athns and Pompis are locative ablatives. These words can have no
locative case, as the nominatives Athnae and Pompi are_plural_
and there is no plural locative case form.
269. The word domus, _home, house_, has forms of both the second and
the fourth declension. Learn its declension (468).
270. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.
I. 1. Corinth omnia nsignia aur ducibus victribus rapta erant.
2. Caesar Genvam exercitum magns itineribus dxit. 3. Quem pontem
hosts cremverant? Pontem in Rhn hosts cremverant. 4. Pompis
mults Rmnrum doms vidre poteritis. 5. Rm cnsul equ vlc
rs propervit. 6. Dom cnsulis homins mult sedbant. 7. Impertor
iusserat lgtum Athns cum mults nvibus longs nvigre. 8. Ante
moenia urbis sunt rdins arborum altrum. 9. Propter arbors alts nec
lacum nec portum reperre potuimus. 10. Proelis crbrs Caesar legins
sus quae erant in Galli exercbat. 11. Cotdi in loc idone castra
pnbat et mnibat.
II. 1. Csar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome,
hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2] 2. He had heard a
rumor concerning the allies at Geneva. 3. After his arrival Csar called
the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle. 4. The enemy
hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others because[3]
of wounds. 5. Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the
judges used to sit.[4] 6. Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; the one
lives at Rome, the other in the country.
[Footnote 2: Latin says by a swift horse. What construction?]
[Footnote 3: Distinguish between the English conjunction _because_
(quia or quod) and the preposition _because of_ (propter).]
[Footnote 4: _used to sit_, express by the imperfect.]
[Illustration: DAEDALUS ET ICARUS]
271. DAEDALUS AND ICARUS
Crta est nsula antqua quae aqu alt magn maris pulstur. Ibi lim
Mns erat rx. Ad eum vnit Daedalus qu ex Graeci patri fugibat.
Eum Mns rx benigns verbs accpit et e domicilium in Crt dedit.
[5]Qu in loc Daedalus sine cr vvebat et rg multa et clra opera
facibat. Post tempus longum autem Daedalus patriam cram dsderre
incpit. Domum properre studbat, sed rg persudre nn potuit et
mare saevum fugam vetbat.
[Footnote 5: _And in this place_; qu does not here introduce a
subordinate relative clause, but establishes the connection with the
preceding sentence. Such a relative is called a _connecting
relative_, and is translated by _and_ and a demonstrative or
personal pronoun.]
LESSON XLVIII
THE FIFTH OR -DECLENSION THE ABLATIVE OF TIME
[Special Vocabulary]
acis, -, f., _line of battle_
aests, aesttis, f., _summer_
annus, -, m., _year_ (annual)
dis, di, m., _day_ (diary)
fids, fide, no plur., f., _faith, trust; promise, word;
protection_; in fidem venre, _to come under the protection_
fluctus, -s, m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate)
hiems, hiemis, f., _winter_
hra, -ae, f., _hour_
lx, lcis, f., _light_ (lucid); prma lux, _daybreak_
merdis, acc. -em, abl. -, no plur., m., _midday_ (meridian)
nox, noctis (-ium), f., _night_ (nocturnal)
prmus, -a, -um, _first_ (prime)
rs, re, f., _thing, matter_ (real);
rs gestae, _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_);
rs adversae, _adversity_; rs secundae, _prosperity_
sps, spe, f., _hope_
272. Gender. Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except
dis, _day_, and merdis, _midday_, which are usually masculine.
273. PARADIGMS
[Transcribers Note:
The Stems are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied
from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]
dis, rs, f.,
m., _day_ _thing_
STEMS di- r-
BASES di- r-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ dis rs -s
_Gen._ di re - _or_ -e
_Dat._ di re - _or_ -e
_Acc._ diem rem -em
_Abl._ di r -
PLURAL
_Nom._ dis rs -s
_Gen._ dirum rrum -rum
_Dat._ dibus rbus -bus
_Acc._ dis rs -s
_Abl._ dibus rbus -bus
1. The vowel e which appears in every form is regularly long. It is
shortened in the ending -e after a consonant, as in r-e; and
before -m in the accusative singular, as in di-em. (Cf. 12.2.)
2. Only dis and rs are complete in the plural. Most other nouns
of this declension lack the plural. Acis, _line of battle_, and
sps, _hope_, have the nominative and accusative plural.
274. The ablative relation (50) which is expressed by the
prepositions _at, in_, or _on_ may refer not only to place, but also to
time, as _at noon, in summer, on the first day_. The ablative which is
used to express this relation is called the _ablative of time_.
275. RULE. The Ablative of Time. _The time when or within which
anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition._
_a._ Occasionally the preposition _in_ is found. Compare the
English _Next day we started_ and _On the next day we started_.
276. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.
I. _Galba the Farmer._ Galba agricola rr vvit. Cotdi prm lce
labrre incipit, nec ante noctem in studi su cessat. Merdi Ilia
flia eum ad cnam vocat. Nocte peds dfesss domum vertit. Aestte
fli agricolae auxilium patr dant. Hieme agricola es in ldum mittit.
Ibi magister pueris mults fbuls d rbus gests Caesaris nrrat.
Aestte fli agricolae perpetus labribus exercentur nec grave agr
opus est is molestum. Galba sine ll cr vivit nec rs adverss
timet.
II. 1. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. 2. The cavalry of
the enemy made an attack upon Csars line of battle. 3. In the first
hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows. 4. On the second
day the savages were eager to come under Csars protection. 5. The king
had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory. 6. That year a fire
destroyed many birds and other animals. 7. We saw blood on the wild
beasts teeth.
277. DAEDALUS AND ICARUS (_Continued_)
Tum Daedalus gravibus crs commtus fli su car ita dixit: Animus
meus, care, est plnus trstitiae nec ocul lacrims egent. Discdere
ex Crt, Athns properre, maxim stude; sed rx recsat audre verba
mea et omnem redits spem ripit. Sed numquam rbus adverss vincar.
Terra et mare sunt inimca, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam. Tum in arts
ignts animum dmittit et mrum capit cnsilium. Nam penns in rdine
pnit et vrs ls facit.
LESSON XLIX
PRONOUNS CLASSIFIED PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
[Special Vocabulary]
amcitia, -ae, f., _friendship_ (amicable)
itaque, conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_
littera, -ae, f., _a letter_ of the alphabet;
plur., _a letter, an epistle_
metus, mets, m., _fear_
nihil, indeclinable, n., _nothing_ (nihilist)
nntius, nnt, m., _messenger_. Cf. nnti
px, pcis, f., _peace_ (pacify)
rgnum, -, n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_
supplicum, supplic, n., _punishment_;
supplicum smere d, with abl., _inflict punishment on_;
supplicum dare, _suffer punishment_. Cf. poena
place, placre, placu, placitus, _be pleasing to, please_,
with dative. Cf. 154
sm, smere, smps, smptus, _take up, assume_
sustine, sustinre, sustinu, sustentus, _sustain_
278. We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They
are divided into the following eight classes:
1. Personal pronouns, which show the person speaking, spoken to, or
spoken of; as, ego, _I_; t, _you_; is, _he_. (Cf. 279. etc.)
2. Possessive pronouns, which denote possession; as, meus, tuus,
suus, etc. (Cf. 98.)
3. Reflexive pronouns, used in the predicate to refer back to the
subject; as, _he saw himself_. (Cf. 281.)
4. Intensive pronouns, used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; as, _I
myself saw it_. (Cf. 285.)
5. Demonstrative pronouns, which point out persons or things; as,
is, _this, that_. (Cf. 112.)
6. Relative pronouns, which connect a subordinate adjective clause
with an antecedent; as, qu, _who_. (Cf. 220.)
7. Interrogative pronouns, which ask a question; as, quis, _who?_
(Cf. 225.)
8. Indefinite pronouns, which point out indefinitely; as, _some one,
any one, some, certain ones_, etc. (Cf. 296.)
279. The demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id, as we learned in
115, is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person
(_he_, _she_, _it_, _they_, etc.).
280. The personal pronouns of the first person are ego, _I_; ns,
_we_; of the second person, t, _thou_ or _you_; vs, _ye_ or _you_.
They are declined as follows:
SINGULAR
FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON
_Nom._ ego, _I_ t, _you_
_Gen._ me, _of me_ tu, _of you_
_Dat._ mihi, _to_ or _for me_ tibi, _to_ or _for you_
_Acc._ m, _me_ t, _you_
_Abl._ m, _with, from_, etc., _me_ t, _with, from_, etc., _you_
PLURAL
_Nom._ ns, _we_ vs, _you_
_Gen._ nostrum or nostr, _of us_ vestrum or vestr, _of you_
_Dat._ nbs, _to_ or _for us_ vbs, _to_ or _for you_
_Acc._ ns, _us_ vs, _you_
_Abl._ nbs, _with, from_, vbs, _with, from_, etc., _you_
etc., _us_
1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for
emphasis or contrast.
281. The Reflexive Pronouns. 1. The personal pronouns ego and t
may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as,
vide m, _I see myself_
vidmus ns, _we see ourselves_
vids t, _you see yourself_
vidtis vs, _you see yourselves_
2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (_himself, herself,
itself, themselves_) has a special form, used only in these senses,
and declined alike in the singular and plural.
SINGULAR AND PLURAL
_Gen._ su _Acc._ s
_Dat._ sibi _Abl._ s
EXAMPLES
Puer s videt, _the boy sees himself_
Puella s videt, _the girl sees herself_
Animal s videt, _the animal sees itself_
I s vident, _they see themselves_
_a._ The form s is sometimes doubled, ss, for emphasis.
3. Give the Latin for
_I teach myself_ _We teach ourselves_
_You teach yourself_ _You teach yourselves_
_He teaches himself_ _They teach themselves_
282. The preposition cum, when used with the ablative of ego,
t, or su, is appended to the form, as, mcum, _with me_;
tcum, _with you_; nbscum, _with us_; etc.
283. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.
I. 1. Mea mter est cra mihi et tua mter est cra tibi. 2. Vestrae
litterae erant grtae nbis et nostrae litterae erant grtae vbs.
3. Nntius rgis qu nbscum est nihil respondbit. 4. Nnti pcem
amcitiamque sibi et sus socis postulvrunt. 5. S t arma sms,
ego rgnum occupb. 6. Uter vestrum est cvis Rmnus? Neuter nostrum.
7. E tempore mult supplicium dedrunt quia rgnum petierant. 8. Sme
supplicium, Caesar, d hostibus patriae cribus. 9. Prm lce ali
met commt ss fugae mandvrunt; ali autem magn virtte impetum
exercits nostr sustinurunt. 10. Soror rgis, ubi d advers proeli
audvit, ss Pompis interfcit.
II. 1. Whom do you teach? I teach myself. 2. The soldier wounded himself
with his sword. 3. The master praises us, but you he does not praise.
4. Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we shall not suffer
punishment. 5. Who will march (i.e. make a march) with me to Rome?
6. I will march with you to the gates of the city. 7. Who will show
us[1] the way? The gods will show you[1] the way.
[Footnote 1: Not accusative.]
DAEDALUS AND ICARUS (_Concluded_)
284. Puer carus n[2] stbat et mrum patris opus vidbat. Postquam
manus ultima[3] ls imposita est, Daedalus es temptvit et similis av
in aurs volvit. Tum ls umers fl adligvit et docuit eum volre
et dxit, T vet, m fl, adpropinqure aut sl aut mar. S
fluctibus adpropinquveris,[4] aqua ls tus nocbit, et s sl
adpropinquveris,[4] ignis es crembit. Tum pater et filius iter
difficile incipiunt. ls movent et aurae ss committunt. Sed stultus
puer verbs patris nn pret. Sl adpropinquat. lae cremantur et
carus in mare dcidit et vitam mittit. Daedalus autem sine ll
percul trns flucts ad nsulam Siciliam volvit.
[Footnote 2: Adverb, see vocabulary.]
[Footnote 3: manus ultima, _the finishing touch_. What literally?]
[Footnote 4: Future perfect. Translate by the present.]
LESSON L
THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN _IPSE_ AND THE DEMONSTRATIVE _DEM_
[Special Vocabulary]
corpus, corporis, n., _body_ (corporal)
dnsus, -a, -um, _dense_
ǔdem, eadem, idem, demonstrative pronoun, _the same_ (identity)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, _self; even, very_
mrus, -a, -um, _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle)
Ǚlim, adv., _formerly, once upon a time_
pars, partis (-ium), f., _part, region, direction_
quoque, adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes
sl, slis, m., _sun_ (solar)
vrus, -a, -um, _true, real_ (verity)
dbe, dbre, dbu, dbitus, _owe, ought_ (debt)
ǐripi, ripere, ripu, reptus, _snatch from_
285. Ipse means _-self_ (_him-self, her-self_, etc.) or is
translated by _even_ or _very_. It is used to emphasize a noun or
pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an
adjective.
_a._ Ipse must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive
su. The latter is always used as a pronoun, while ipse is
regularly adjective. Compare
Hom s videt, _the man sees himself_ (reflexive)
Hom ipse perculum videt,
_the man himself_ (intensive) _sees the danger_
Hom ipsum perculum videt,
_the man sees the danger itself_ (intensive)
286. Except for the one form ipse, the intensive pronoun is declined
exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. 108, 109). Learn the
declension (481).
287. The demonstrative ǔdem, meaning _the same_, is a compound of
is. It is declined as follows:
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ dem eadem idem
_Gen._ eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem
_Dat._ edem edem edem
_Acc._ eundem eandem idem
_Abl._ edem edem edem
PLURAL
_Nom._ idem eaedem eadem
edem
_Gen._ erundem erundem erundem
_Dat._ isdem isdem isdem
esdem esdem esdem
_Acc._ esdem esdem eadem
_Abl._ isdem isdem isdem
esdem esdem esdem
_a._ From forms like eundem (eum + -dem), erundem (erum
+ -dem), we learn the rule that m before d is changed to n.
_b._ The forms idem, isdem are often spelled and pronounced
with one ǔ.
288. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.
I. 1. Ego et t[1] in edem urbe vvimus. 2. Iter ipsum nn timmus sed
fers saevs quae in silv dns esse dcuntur. 3. lim ns ips idem
iter fcimus. 4. E tempore mults fers vdimus. 5. Sed nbs nn
nocurunt. 6. Caesar ipse sctum d manibus mlitis ripuit et in ipsam
aciem propervit. 7. Itaque mlits summ virtte tla in hostium
corpora icrunt. 8. Rmn quoque gravia vulnera accprunt. 9. Dnique
hosts terga vertrunt et omms in parts[2] fgrunt. 10. Edem hr
litterae Rmam ab impertre ips missae sunt. 11. Edem mnse captv
quoque in Italiam miss sunt. 12. Sed mult propter vulnera iter
difficile trns monts facere recsbant et Genvae esse dcbantur.
II. 1. At Pompeii there is a wonderful mountain. 2. When I was in that
place, I myself saw that mountain. 3. On the same day many cities were
destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain. 4. You have not
heard the true story of that calamity, have you?[3] 5. On that day the
very sun could not give light to men. 6. You yourself ought to tell (to)
us that story.
[Footnote 1: Observe that in Latin we say _I and you_, not _you
and I_.]
[Footnote 2: Not _parts_, but _directions_.]
[Footnote 3: Cf. 210.]
289. HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE[4]
Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rx Rmnrum, ubi in exsilium
ab rts Rmns iectus est, Porsen, rge Etrscrum, auxilium
petiit. Mox Porsena magns cum cpis Rmam vnit, et ipsa urbs summ in
percul erat. Omnibus in partibus exercitus Rmnus victus erat. Iam
rx montem Iniculum[5] occupverat. Numquam ante Rmn tant met
tenbantur. Ex agrs in urbem properabnt et summ studi urbem ipsam
mnibant.
[Footnote 4: The story of Horatius has been made familiar by
Macaulays well-known poem Horatius in his _Lays of Ancient Rome_.
Read the poem in connection with this selection.]
[Footnote 5: The Janiculum is a high hill across the Tiber from
Rome.]
LESSON LI
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS _HIC_, _ISTE_, _ILLE_
[Special Vocabulary]
hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative pronoun, _this_ (of mine);
_he, she, it_
ille, illa, illud, demonstrative pronoun _that_ (yonder);
_he, she, it_
invsus, -a, -um, _hateful, detested_, with dative Cf. 143
iste, ista, istud, demonstrative pronoun, _that_ (of yours);
_he, she, it_
lberts, -tis, f., _liberty_
modus, -, m., _measure; manner, way, mode_
nmen, nminis, n., _name_ (nominate)
oculus, -, m., _eye_ (oculist)
prstinus, -a, -um, _former, old-time_ (pristine)
pblicus, -a, -um, _public, belonging to the state;_
rs pblica, re pblicae, f., _the commonwealth, the state,
the republic_
vestgium, vestg, n., _footprint, track; trace, vestige_
vx, vcis, f., _voice_
290. We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative
pronoun is and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to
persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to
place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or
time, we must use hic, iste, or ille. These demonstratives, like
is, are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to
the speaker may be represented graphically thus:
hic iste ille
SPEAKER ------------->-------------->--------------->
_this_, _he_; _that_, _he_; _that_, _he_
(near); (remote); (more remote)
_a._ In dialogue hic refers to a person or thing near the speaker;
iste, to a person or thing near the person addressed; ille, to a
person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated
in the model sentences, 293, which should be carefully studied and
imitated.
291. Hic is declined as follows:
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ hic haec hoc
_Gen._ huius huius huius
_Dat._ huic huic huic
_Acc._ hunc hanc hoc
_Abl._ hc hc hc
PLURAL
_Nom._ h hae haec
_Gen._ hrum hrum hrum
_Dat._ hs hs hs
_Acc._ hs hs haec
_Abl._ hs hs hs
_a._ Huius is pronounced _h[oo]y[oo]s_, and huic is pronounced
_h[oo]ic_ (one syllable).
292. The demonstrative pronouns iste, ista, istud, and ille,
illa, illud, except for the nominative and accusative singular
neuter forms istud and illud, are declined exactly like ipse,
ipsa, ipsum. (See 481.)
293. MODEL SENTENCES
_Is this horse_ (of mine) _strong?_
Estne hic equus valdus?
_That horse_ (of yours) _is strong, but that one_ (yonder) _is weak_
Iste equus est validus, sed ille est nfrmus
_Are these_ (men by me) _your friends?_
Suntne h amc tu?
_Those_ (men by you) _are my friends,
but those_ (men yonder) _are enemies_
Ist sunt amc me, sed ill sunt inimc
294. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.
I. _A German Chieftain addresses his Followers._ Ille fortis Germnrum
dux sus convocvit et hc mod anims erum cnfirmvit. Vs, qu in
hs fnibus vvitis, in hunc locum convocv[1] quia mcum dbtis ists
agrs et ists doms ab iniris Rmnrum liberre. Hoc nbs nn
difficile erit, quod ill hosts hs silvs dnss, fers saevs qurum
vestgia vident, monts alts timent. S forts erimus, de ips nbs
viam saltis dmonstrbunt. Ille sl, ist ocul calamtts nostrs
vdrunt.[1] Itaque nmen illus re pblicae Rmnae nn slum nbis,
sed etiam omnibus hominibus qu lberttem amant, est invsum. Ad arma
vs voc. Exercte istam prstinam virttem et vinctis.
[Footnote 1: The perfect definite. (Cf. 190.)]
II. 1. Does that bird (of yours)[2] sing? 2. This bird (of mine)[2]
sings both[3] in summer and in winter and has a beautiful voice.
3. Those birds (yonder)[2] in the country dont sing in winter.
4. Snatch a spear from the hands of that soldier (near you)[2] and come
home with me. 5. With those very eyes (of yours)[2] you will see the
tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and made an attack on
my brother. 6. For (propter) these deeds (rs) we ought to inflict
punishment on him without delay. 7. The enemies of the republic do not
always suffer punishment.
[Footnote 2: English words in parentheses are not to be translated.
They are inserted to show what demonstratives should be used.
(Cf. 290.)]
[Footnote 3: _both ... and_, et ... et.]
[Illustration: HORATIUS PONTEM DEFENDIT]
295. HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Continued_)
Altera urbis pars mrs, altera flmine satis mnr vidbtur. Sed erat
pns in flmine qu hostibus iter paene dedit. Tum Hortius Cocles,
fortis vir, magn vce dxit, Rescindite pontem, Rmn! Brev tempore
Porsena in urbem cpis sus trdcet. Iam hosts in ponte erant, sed
Hortius cum dubus (cf. 479) comitibus ad extrmam pontis partem
propervit, et hi sli aciem hostium sustinurunt. Tum vr cvs Rmn
pontem terg rescindere incipiunt, et hosts frstr Hortium superre
temptant.
LESSON LII
THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
[Special Vocabulary]
incolumis, -e, _unharmed_
n ... quidem, adv., _not even_. The emphatic word stands between
n and quidem
nisi, conj., _unless, if ... not_
paene, adv., _almost_ (pen-insula)
satis, adv., _enough, sufficiently_ (satisfaction)
tantus, -a, -um, _so great_
vr, adv., _truly, indeed, in fact_. As a conj. _but, however_,
usually stands second, never first.
dcid, dcidere, dcid, ----, _fall down_ (deciduous)
dsili, dsilre, dsilu, dsultus, _leap down, dismount_
mane, manre, mns, mnsrus, _remain_
trdc, trdcere, trdx, trductus, _lead across_
296. The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to _some person_ or
_some thing_, without indicating which particular one is meant. The
pronouns quis and qu, which we have learned in their interrogative
and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all the other
indefinite pronouns are compounds of quis or qu and declined almost
like them. Review the declension of these words, 221, 227.
297. Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites:
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
quis quid, _some one, any one_ (substantive)
qu qua or quae quod, _some, any_ (adjective), 483
aliquis aliquid, _some one, any one_
(substantive), 487
aliqu aliqua aliquod, _some, any_ (adjective), 487
qudam quaedam quoddam, quiddam, _a certain,
a certain one_, 485
quisquam quicquam or quidquam (no plural),
_any one_ (at all) (substantive), 486
quisque quidque, _each one, every one_
(substantive), 484
quisque quaeque quodque, _each, every_ (adjective), 484
[Transcribers Note:
In the original text, the combined forms (masculine/feminine) were
printed in the masculine column.]
NOTE. The meanings of the neuters, _something_, etc., are easily
inferred from the masculine and feminine.
_a._ In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites,
quis-forms and quid-forms are mostly used as substantives,
qu-forms and quod-forms as adjectives.
_b._ The indefinites quis and qu never stand first in a clause,
and are rare excepting after s, nisi, n, num (as, s
quis, _if any one_; s quid, _if anything_; nisi quis, _unless
some one_). Generally aliquis and aliqu are used instead.
_c._ The forms qua and aliqua are both feminine nominative
singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives
qu and aliqu respectively. How do these differ from the
corresponding forms of the relative qu?
_d._ Observe that qudam (qu + -dam) is declined like qu,
except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural m of
qu becomes n (cf. 287.a): quendam, quandam,
qurundam, qurundam; also that the neuter has quiddam
(substantive) and quoddam (adjective) in the nominative and
accusative singular. Qudam is the least indefinite of the
indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name the person or
thing referred to if you cared to do so.
_e._ Quisquam and quisque (substantive) are declined like
quis.
_f._ Quisquam, _any one_ (quicquam or quidquam, _anything_),
is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences. The
corresponding adjective _any_ is Ǟllus, -a, -um (108).
298. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 295.
I. 1. Aliquis d ponte in flmen dcidit sed sine ll percul servtus
est. 2. Est vr in vt cuiusque hominis aliqua bona fortna. 3. N
mlitum quidem[1] quisquam in castrs mnsit. 4. S quem meae dom
vids, iub eum discdere. 5. S quis pontem tenet, n tantus quidem
exercitus capere urbem potest. 6. Urbs nn satis mnta erat et merdi
rx qudam paene cpis sus trns pontem trdxerat. 7. Dnique mles
qudam armtus in flucts dsiluit et incolumis ad alteram rpam oculs
vertit. 8. Quisque ill fort mlit aliquid dare dbet. 9. Tanta vr
virts Rmnus semper placuit. 10. lim Corinthus erat urbs satis magna
et paene par Rmae ips; nunc vr moenia dcidrunt et pauca vestgia
urbis illus reperr possunt. 11. Quisque lberttem amat, et aliquibus
vr nmen rgis est invsum.
II. 1. If you see a certain Cornelius at Corinth, send him to me.
2. Almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were unharmed.
3. Not even at Pompeii did I see so great a fire. 4. I myself was eager
to tell something to some one. 5. Each one was praising his own work.
6. Did you see some one in the country? I did not see any one. 7. Unless
some one will remain on the bridge with Horatius, the commonwealth will
be in the greatest danger.
[Footnote 1: Observe that qudam and quidem are different
words.]
299. HOW HORATIUS HELD THE BRIDGE (_Concluded_)
Mox, ubi parva pars pontis mnsit, Hortius iussit comits discdere et
slus mr cnstanti impetum illius ttius exercits sustinbat.
Dnique magn fragre pns in flmen dcdit. Tum vr Hortius tergum
vertit et armtus in aqus dsiluit. In eum hosts multa tla icrunt;
incolumis autem per fiucts ad alteram rpam trnvit. E propter tants
rs gests populus Rmnus nn slum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam
statuam Horti in loc pblic posuit.
* * * * *
Sixth Review, Lessons XLV-LII, 521-523
* * * * *
LESSON LIII
REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
[Special Vocabulary]
aquila, -ae, f., _eagle_ (aquiline)
audx, gen. audcis, adj., _bold, audacious_
celer, celeris, celere, _swift, quick_ (celerity). Cf. vlx
explratr, -ris, m., _scout, spy_ (explorer)
ingns, gen. ingentis, adj., _huge, vast_
medius, -a, -um, _middle, middle part of_ (medium)
mns, mentis (-ium), f., _mind_ (mental). Cf. animus
opportnus, -a, -um, _opportune_
quam, adv., _than_. With the superlative quam gives the force of
_as possible_, as quam audcissim vir, _men as bold as possible_
recens, gen. recentis, adj., _recent_
tam, adv., _so_. Always with an adjective or adverb, while ita is
generally used with a verb
quaer, quaerere, quaesv, quaestus, _ask, inquire, seek_
(question). Cf. pet
300. The quality denoted by an adjective may exist in either a higher
or a lower degree, and this is expressed by a form of inflection called
comparison. The mere presence of the quality is expressed by the
positive degree, its presence in a higher or lower degree by the
comparative, and in the highest or lowest of all by the superlative. In
English the usual way of comparing an adjective is by using the suffix
_-er_ for the comparative and _-est_ for the superlative; as, positive
_high_, comparative _higher_, superlative _highest_. Less frequently we
use the adverbs _more_ and _most_; as, positive _beautiful_, comparative
_more beautiful_, superlative _most beautiful._
In Latin, as in English, adjectives are compared by adding suffixes or
by using adverbs.
301. Adjectives are compared by using suffixes as follows:
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
clrus, -a, -um clrior, clrus clrissimus, -a, -um
(_bright_) (_brighter_) (_brightest_)
(BASE clr-)
brevis, breve brevior, brevius brevissimus, -a, -um
(_short_) (_shorter_) (_shortest_)
(BASE brev-)
vlx vlcior, vlcius vlcissimus, -a, -um
(_swift_) (_swifter_) (_swiftest_)
(BASE veloc-)
_a._ The comparative is formed from the base of the positive by
adding -ior masc. and fem., and -ius neut.; the superlative by
adding -issimus, -issima, -issimum.
302. Less frequently adjectives are compared by using the adverbs
magis, _more_; maxim, _most_; as, idneus, _suitable_; magis
idneus, _more suitable_; maxim idneus, _most suitable._
303. Declension of the Comparative. Adjectives of the comparative
degree are declined as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ clrior clrus clrrs clrira
_Gen._ clriris clriris clrirum clrirum
_Dat._ clrir clrir clriribus clriribus
_Acc._ clrirem clrius clrirs clrira
_Abl._ clrire clrire clriribus clriribus
_a._ Observe that the endings are those of the consonant stems of
the third declension.
_b._ Compare longus, _long_; fortis, _brave_; recns (base,
recent-), _recent_; and decline the comparative of each.
304. Adjectives in -er form the comparative regularly, but the
superlative is formed by adding -rimus, -a, -um to the nominative
masculine of the positive; as,
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
cer, cris, cre crior, crius cerrimus, -a, -um
(BASE acr-)
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus,
(BASE pulchr-) -a, -um
lber, lbera, lberum lberior, lberius lberrimus, -a, -um
(BASE lber-)
_a._ In a similar manner compare miser, aeger, crber.
305. The comparative is often translated by _quite, too_, or
_somewhat_, and the superlative by _very_; as, altior, _quite_ (_too,
somewhat_) _high_; altissimus, _very high._
306. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296.
I. 1. Quid explrtrs quaerbant? Explrtrs tempus opportfissimum
itiner quaerbant. 2. Medi in silv igns quam crberrims fcimus,
quod fers tam audcis numquam ante vdermus. 3. Antqus temporibus
Germn erant fortirs quam Gall. 4. Caesar erat clrior quam
inimc[1] qu eum necvrunt. 5. Quisque sctum ingns et plum longius
gerbat. 6. Apud barbars Germn erant audcissim et fortissim.
7. Mns hominum est celerior quam corpus. 8. Vir aliqurum terrrum
sunt miserrim. 9. Corpora Germnrum erant ingentira quam Rmnrum.
10. cerrim Gallrum prncips sine ll mor trns flmen quoddam
equs vlcissims trdxrunt. 11. Aestte dis sunt longirs quam
hieme. 12. Impertor qudam ab explrtribus d recent advent nvium
longrum quaesvit.
II. 1. Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest. 2. Certain animals are
swifter than the swiftest horse. 3. The Roman name was most hateful to
the enemies of the commonwealth. 4. The Romans always inflicted the
severest[2] punishment on faithless allies. 5. I was quite ill, and so I
hastened from the city to the country. 6. Marcus had some friends dearer
than Csar.[3] 7. Did you not seek a more recent report concerning the
battle? 8. Not even after a victory so opportune did he seek the
generals friendship.
[Footnote 1: Why is this word used instead of hosts?]
[Footnote 2: Use the superlative of gravis.]
[Footnote 3: Accusative. In a comparison the noun after quam is in
the same case as the one before it.]
N.B. Beginning at this point, the selections for reading will be found
near the end of the volume. (See p. 197.)
LESSON LIV
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
THE ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES WITHOUT _QUAM_
[Special Vocabulary]
alacer, alacris, alacre, _eager, spirited, excited_ (alacrity)
celerits, -tis, f., _speed_ (celerity)
clmor, clmris, m., _shout, clamor_
lnis, lne, _mild, gentle_ (lenient)
mulier, mulieris, f., _woman_
multitd, multitdinis, f., _multitude_
nmo, dat. nmin, acc. nminem (gen. nllus, abl. nll,
from nllus), no plur., m. and f., _no one_
nbilis, nbile, _well known, noble_
noct, adv. (an old abl.), _by night_ (nocturnal)
statim, adv., _immediately, at once_
subit, adv., _suddenly_
tardus, -a, -um, _slow_ (tardy)
cupi, cupere, cupv, cuptus, _desire, wish_ (cupidity)
307. The following six adjectives in -lis form the comparative
regularly; but the superlative is formed by adding -limus to the base
of the positive. Learn the meanings and comparison.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
facilis, -e, _easy_ facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um
difficilis, -e, _hard_ difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um
similis, -e, _like_ similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um
dissimilis, -e, _unlike_ dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e, _slender_ gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um
humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um
308. From the knowledge gained in the preceding lesson we should
translate the sentence _Nothing is brighter than the sun_
Nihil est clrius quam sl
But the Romans, especially in negative sentences, often expressed the
comparison in this way,
Nihil est clrius sle
which, literally translated, is _Nothing is brighter away from the sun_;
that is, _starting from the sun as a standard, nothing is brighter_.
This relation is expressed by the separative ablative sle. Hence the
rule
309. RULE. Ablative with Comparatives. _The comparative degree, if
quam is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative._
310. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296.
I. 1. Nm mlits alacrirs Rmns vdit. 2. Statim impertor iussit
nntis quam celerrims litters Rmam portre. 3. Multa flmina sunt
lnira Rhn. 4. Apud Rmans quis erat clrior Caesare? 5. Nihil
pulchrius urbe Rm vd. 6. Subit multitdo audacissima magn clamre
proelium crius commsit. 7. Num est equus tuus tardus? Nn vr tardus,
sed celerior aquil. 8. Ubi Romae fu, nm erat mihi amicior Sext.
9. Quaedam muliers cibum mlitibus dare cupvrunt. 10. Rx vetuit
cvis ex urbe noct discdere. 11. Ille puer est gracilior hc
muliere. 12. Explrtor dus (_two_) vis, alteram facilem, alteram
difficilirem, dmnstrvit.
II. 1. What city have you seen more beautiful than Rome? 2. The Gauls
were not more eager than the Germans. 3. The eagle is not slower than
the horse. 4. The spirited woman did not fear to make the journey by
night. 5. The mind of the multitude was quite gentle and friendly.
6. But the kings mind was very different. 7. The king was not like
(similar to) his noble father. 8. These hills are lower than the huge
mountains of our territory.
[Illustration: ARMA ROMANA]
LESSON LV
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Continued_)
[Special Vocabulary]
aedificium, aedific, n., _building, dwelling_ (edifice)
imperium, imper, n., _command, chief power; empire_
mors, mortis (-ium), f., _death_ (mortal)
reliquus, -a, -um, _remaining, rest of_. As a noun, m. and n. plur.,
_the rest_ (relic)
scelus, sceleris, n., _crime_
servits, -tis, f., _slavery_ (servitude)
valls, vallis (-ium), f., _valley_
abd, abdere, abdid, abditus, _hide_
contend, contendere, contend, contentus, _strain, struggle;
hasten_ (contend)
occd, occdere, occd, occsus, _cut down, kill_. Cf. nec,
interfici
perterre, perterrre, perterru, perterritus, _terrify, frighten_
recipi, recipere, recp, receptus, _receive, recover_;
s recipere, _betake ones self, withdraw, retreat_
trd, trdere, trdid, trditus, _give over, surrender, deliver_
(traitor)
311. Some adjectives in English have irregular comparison, as _good,
better, best_; _many, more, most._ So Latin comparison presents some
irregularities. Among the adjectives that are compared irregularly are
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
bonus, -a, -um, _good_ melior, melius optimus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um, _great_ maior, maius maximus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um, _bad_ peior, peius pessimus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um, _much_ ----, pls plrimus, -a, -um
mult, -ae, -a, _many_ plrs, plra plrim, -ae, -a
parvus, -a, -um, _small_ minor, minus minimus, -a, -um
312. The following four adjectives have two superlatives. Unusual
forms are placed in parentheses.
exterus, -a, -um, (exterior, -ius, { extrmus, -a, -um }
_outward_ _outer_) {(extimus, -a, -um) }
_outermost, last_
ǔnferus, -a, -um, ǔnferior, -ius, { ǔnfimus, -a, -um }
_low_ _lower_ { ǔmus, -a, -um }
_lowest_
posterus, -a, -um, (posterior, -ius, { postrmus, -a, -um }
_next_ _later_) {(postumus, -a, -um) }
_last_
superus, -a, -um, superior, -ius { suprmus, -a, -um }
_above_ _higher_ { summus, -a, -um }
_highest_
313. Pls, _more_ (plural _more, many, several_), is declined as
follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ---- pls plrs plra
_Gen._ ---- plris plrium plrium
_Dat._ ---- ---- plribus plribus
_Acc._ ---- pls plrs, -s plra
_Abl._ ---- plre plribus plribus
_a._ In the singular pls is used only as a neuter substantive.
314. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 296.
I. 1. Reliqu hosts, qu dextr corn proelium commserant, d
superire loc fgrunt et ss in silvam maximam recprunt. 2. In
extrm parte silvae castra hostium posita erant. 3. Plrim captv
ab equitibus ad Caesarem duct sunt. 4. Caesar vr iussit es in
servittem trd. 5. Poster di magna multitd mulierum ab Rmns
in valle m reperta est. 6. Hae muliers maxim perterritae advent
Caesaris ss occdere studbant. 7. Eae quoque plrs fbuls d
exercits Rmn sceleribus audverant. 8. Fma illrum mlitum optima
nn erat. 9. In barbarrum aedificis maior cpia frment reperta est.
10. Nm crbrs proelis contendere sine aliqu percul potest.
II. 1. The remaining women fled from their dwellings and hid themselves.
2. They were terrified and did not wish to be captured and given over
into slavery. 3. Nothing can be worse than slavery. 4. Slavery is worse
than death. 5. In the Roman empire a great many were killed because they
refused to be slaves. 6. To surrender the fatherland is the worst crime.
LESSON LVI
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (_Concluded_)
ABLATIVE OF THE MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE
[Special Vocabulary]
aditus, -s, m., _approach, access; entrance_
cvits, cvittis, f., _citizenship; body of citizens, state_
(city)
inter, prep, with acc., _between, among_ (interstate commerce)
nam, conj., _for_
obses, obsidis, m. and f., _hostage_
paul, adv. (abl. n. of paulus), _by a little, somewhat_
incol, incolere, incolu, ----, transitive, _inhabit_;
intransitive, _dwell_. Cf. habit, vv
relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictus, _leave, abandon_
(relinquish)
statu, statuere, statu, stattus, _fix, decide_ (statute), usually
with infin.
315. The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the
superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in parentheses.
COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
citerior, _hither_ (citimus, _hithermost_)
interior, _inner_ (intimus, _inmost_)
prior, _former_ prmus, _first_
propior, _nearer_ proximus, _next, nearest_
ulterior, _further_ ultimus, _furthest_
316. In the sentence _Galba is a head taller than Sextus_, the phrase
_a head taller_ expresses the measure of difference in height between
Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be _Galba is taller
than Sextus by a head_. This is clearly an ablative relation, and the
construction is called the ablative of the measure of difference.
EXAMPLES
Galba est altior capite quam Sextus
_Galba is a head taller_ (taller by a head) _than Sextus_.
Illud iter ad Italiam est mult brevius
_That route to Italy is much shorter_ (shorter by much)
317. RULE. Ablative of the Measure of Difference. _With comparatives
and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure
of difference._
_a._ Especially common in this construction are the neuter ablatives
e, _by this, by that_ nihil,[1] _by nothing_
hc, _by this_ paul, _by a little_
mult, _by much_
[Footnote 1: nihil was originally nihilum and declined like
plum. There is no plural.]
318. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.
I. 1. Barbar proelium committere staturunt e magis quod Rmn
nfrm esse vidbantur. 2. Meum cnsilium est mult melius quam tuum
quia mult facilius est. 3. Haec via est mult ltior quam illa.
4. Barbar erant nihil tardirs quam Rmn. 5. Tuus equus est paul
celerior quam meus. 6. I qu paul fortirs erant prohiburunt
reliqus aditum relinquere. 7. Inter ills cvitts Germnia mlits
habet optims. 8. Propior via quae per hanc vallem dcit est inter
portum et lacum. 9. Serv, qu agrs citerirs incolbant, prirs
domins relinquere nn cupvrunt, quod es ambant. 10. Ultimae
Germniae parts numquam in fidem Rmnrum vnrunt. 11. Nam trns
Rhnum aditus erat mult difficilior exercitu Rmn.
II. 1. Another way much more difficult (more difficult by much) was left
through hither Gaul. 2. In ancient times no state was stronger than the
Roman empire. 3. The states of further Gaul did not wish to give
hostages to Csar. 4. Slavery is no better (better by nothing) than
death. 5. The best citizens are not loved by the worst. 6. The active
enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest forest, for they were
terrified by Csars recent victories.
LESSON LVII
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
[Special Vocabulary]
aequus, -a, -um, _even, level; equal_
cohors, cohortis (-ium), f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion,
about 360 men
curr, currere, cucurr, cursus, _run_ (course)
difficults, -tis, f., _difficulty_
fossa, -ae, f., _ditch_ (fosse)
gns, gentis (-ium), f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile)
negtium, negt, n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate)
regi, -nis, f., _region, district_
rmor, rmris, m., _rumor, report_. Cf. fma
simul atque, conj., _as soon as_
suscipi, suscipere, suscp, susceptus, _undertake_
trah, trahere, trx, trctus, _drag, draw_ (ex-tract)
vale, valre, valu, valitrus, _be strong_; plrimum valre,
_to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus
319. Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives, as in English
(e.g. adj. _sweet_, adv. _sweetly_). Like adjectives, they can be
compared; but they have no declension.
320. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second
declensions are formed and compared as follows:
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
_Adj._ crus, _dear_ crior crissimus
_Adv._ cr, _dearly_ crius crissim
_Adj._ pulcher, _beautiful_ pulchrior pulcherrimus
_Adv._ pulchr, _beautifully_ pulchrius pulcherrim
_Adj._ lber, _free_ lberior lberrimus
_Adv._ lber, _freely_ lberius lberrim
_a._ The positive of the adverb is formed by adding - to the base
of the positive of the adjective. The superlative of the adverb is
formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way.
_b._ The comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative singular
of the comparative of the adjective.
321. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are
formed like those described above in the comparative and superlative.
The positive is usually formed by adding -iter to the base of
adjectives of three endings or of two endings, and -ter to the base of
those of one ending;[1] as,
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
_Adj._ fortis, _brave_ fortior fortissimus
_Adv._ fortiter, _bravely_ fortius fortissim
_Adj._ audx, _bold_ audcior audcissimus
_Adv._ audcter, _boldly_ audcius audcissim
[Footnote 1: This is a good working rule, though there are some
exceptions to it.]
322. Case Forms as Adverbs. As we learned above, the neuter
accusative of comparatives is used adverbially. So in the positive or
superlative some adjectives, instead of following the usual formation,
use the accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially; as,
_Adj._ facilis, _easy_ prmus, _first_
_Adv._ facile (acc.), _easily_ prmum (acc.), _first_
prm (abl.), _at first_
_Adj._ multus, _many_ plrimus, _most_
_Adv._ multum (acc.), _much_ plrimum (acc.), _most_
mult (abl.), _by much_
323. Learn the following irregular comparisons:
bene, _well_ melius, _better_ optim, _best_
di, _long_ (time) ditius, _longer_ ditissim, _longest_
magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maxim, _most_
parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minim, _least_
prope, _nearly, near_ propius, _nearer_ proxim, _nearest_
saepe, _often_ saepius, _oftener_ saepissim, _oftenest_
324. Form adverbs from the following adjectives, using the regular
rules, and compare them: laetus, superbus, molestus, amcus,
ljcer, brevis, gravis, recns.
325. RULE. Adverbs. _Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs._
326. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.
I. 1. Nlla rs melius gesta est quam proelium illud[2] ubi Marius
mult minre exercit mult mairs cpis Germnrum in fugam dedit.
2. Audcter in Rmnrum cohorts hosts impets fcrunt 3. Marius
autem omns hs fortissim sustinuit. 4. Barbar nihil fortirs erant
quam Rmn. 5. Prm barbar esse superirs vidbantur, tum Rmn
crius contendrunt. 6. Dnique, ubi iam ditissim paene aequ proeli
pugntum est, barbar fugam petirunt. 7. Quaedam Germnrum gents,
simul atque rmrem illus calamittis audvrunt, ss in ultims
reginibus fnium surum abdidrunt. 8. Rmn saepius quam hosts
vcrunt, quod melira arma habbant. 9. Inter omns gents Rmn
plrimum valbant. 10. Hae cohorts simul atque in aequirem reginem
s recprunt, castra sine ll difficultte posurunt.
II. 1. Some nations are easily overcome by their enemies. 2. Germany is
much larger than Gaul. 3. Were not the Romans the most powerful among
the tribes of Italy? 4. On account of (his) wounds the soldier dragged
his body from the ditch with the greatest difficulty. 5. He was able
neither to run nor to fight. 6. Who saved him? A certain horseman boldly
undertook the matter. 7. The rumors concerning the soldiers death were
not true.
[Footnote 2: ille standing after its noun means _that well-known,
that famous_.]
LESSON LVIII
NUMERALS THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE
[Special Vocabulary]
commetus, -s, m.. _provisions_
ltitd, -inis, f., _width_ (latitude)
longitd, -inis, f., _length_ (longitude)
magnitd, -inis, f., _size, magnitude_
merctor, merctris, m., _trader, merchant_
mnti, -nis, f., _fortification_ (munition)
spatium, spat, n., _room, space, distance; time_
cognsc, cognscere, cognv, cognitus, _learn_;
in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize)
cg, cgere, cog, coctus, _collect; compel_ (cogent)
dfend, dfendere, dfend, dfnsus, _defend_
incend, incendere, incend, incnsus, _set fire to, burn_
(incendiary). Cf. crem
obtine, obtinre, obtinu, obtentus, _possess, occupy, hold_
(obtain)
perveni, pervenre, pervn, perventus, _come through, arrive_
327. The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows:
1. Cardinal Numerals, answering the question _how many?_ as, Ǟnus,
_one_; duo, _two_; etc.
2. Ordinal Numerals, derived in most cases from the cardinals and
answering the question _in what order?_ as, prmus, _first_;
secundus, _second_; etc.
3. Distributive Numerals, answering the question _how many at a
time?_ as, singul, _one at a time_.
328. The Cardinal Numerals. The first twenty of the cardinals are as
follows:
1, Ǟnus 6, sex 11, Ǟndecim 16, sdecim
2, duo 7, septem 12, duodecim 17, septendecim
3, trs 8, oct 13, tredecim 18, duodvgint
4, quattuor 9, novem 14, quattuordecim 19, Ǟndvgint
5, qunque 10, decem 15, qundecim 20, vgint
_a._ Learn also centum = 100, ducent = 200, mlle = 1000.
329. Declension of the Cardinals. Of the cardinals only Ǟnus,
duo, trs, the hundreds above one hundred, and mlle used as a
noun, are declinable.
_a._ Ǟnus is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is declined
like nllus (cf. 109, 470). The plural of Ǟnus is used to
agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, Ǟna castra,
_one camp_; and with other nouns in the sense of _only_, as, Gall
n, _only the Gauls_.
_b._ Learn the declension of duo, _two_; trs, _three_; and
mlle, _a thousand_. (479.)
_c._ The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of
bonus; as,
ducent, -ae, -a
ducentrum, -rum, -rum
etc. etc. etc.
330. We have already become familiar with sentences like the
following:
Omnium avium aquila est vlcissima
_Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest_
Hoc rculum erat omnium clrissimum
_This oracle was the most famous of all_
In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it
modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the
whole of which a part is taken, is called a partitive genitive.
331. RULE. Partitive Genitive. _Words denoting a part are often used
with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive genitive._
_a._ Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and
other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting mlle regularly
take the ablative with ex or d instead of the partitive
genitive.
_b._ Mlle, _a thousand_, in the singular is usually an
indeclinable adjective (as, mlle mlits, _a thousand soldiers_),
but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive
genitive (as, decem mlia mlitum, _ten thousand soldiers_).
EXAMPLES:
Fortissim hrum sunt Germn
_The bravest of these are the Germans_
Decem mlia hostium interfecta sunt
_Ten thousand_ (lit. _thousands_) _of the enemy were slain_
na ex captvs erat soror rgis
_One of the captives was the kings sister_
332. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.
I. 1. Caesar maximam partem aedificirum incendit. 2. Magna pars
mntinis aqu flminis dlta est. 3. Gall huius reginis qunque
mlia hominum cogerant. 4. Duo ex mes frtribus eundem rmrem
audvrunt. 5. Quis Rmnrum erat clarior Caesare? 6. Qunque cohorts
ex ill legine castra quam fortissim dfendbant. 7. Hic locus aberat
aequ spati[1] ab castrs Caesaris et castrs Germnrum. 8. Caesar
simul atque pervnit, pls commets ab socis postulvit. 9. Nnne
merctrs magnitdinem nsulae cognverant? Longitdinem sed nn
ltitdinem cognverant. 10. Pauc hostium obtinbant collem quem
explrtrs nostr vdrunt.
II. 1. I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome. 2. Csar
stormed that very town with three legions. 3. In one hour he destroyed a
great part of the fortification. 4. When the enemy could no longer[2]
defend the gates, they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.[3]
5. There three thousand of them bravely resisted the Romans.[4]
[Footnote 1: Ablative of the measure of difference.]
[Footnote 2: Not longius. Why?]
[Footnote 3: Latin, _was distant by a small space._]
[Footnote 4: Not the accusative.]
LESSON LIX
NUMERALS (_Continued_) THE ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT
[Special Vocabulary]
agmen, agminis, n., _line of march, column_;
prmum agmen, _the van_;
novissimum agmen, _the rear_
atque, ac, conj., _and_; atque is used before vowels and
consonants, ac before consonants only. Cf. et and -que
concilium, concil, n., _council, assembly_
Helvti, -rum, m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe
passus, passs, m., _a pace_, five Roman feet;
mlle passuum, _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile
qu d caus, _for this reason, for what reason_
vllum, -, n., _earth-works, rampart_
cad, cadere, cecid, csrus, _fall_ (decadence)
dd, ddere, ddid, dditus, _surrender, give up_;
with a reflexive pronoun, _surrender ones self, submit_, with the
dative of the indirect object
prem, premere, press, pressus, _press hard, harass_
vex, vexre, vexv, vextus, _annoy, ravage_ (vex)
333. Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (478). The
ordinals are all declined like bonus.
334. The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of
bonus. The first three are
singul, -ae, -a, _one each, one by one_
bn, -ae, -a, _two each, two by two_
tern, -ae, -a, _three each, three by three_
335. We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative
is used to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have
had such expressions as per plrims anns, _for a great many years_;
per ttum diem, _for a whole day_. Here the space relation is one of
_extent of time_. We could also say per decem peds, _for ten feet_,
where the space relation is one of _extent of space_. While this is
correct Latin, the usual form is to use the accusative with no
preposition, as,
Vir ttum diem cucurrit, _the man ran for a whole day_
Caesar mrum decem peds mvit, _Csar moved the wall ten feet_
336. RULE. Accusative of Extent. _Duration of time and extent of
space are expressed by the accusative._
_a._ This accusative answers the questions _how long? how far?_
_b._ Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time _how long_
and the ablative of time _when_, or _within which._
Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in
the following:
When did the general arrive? He arrived at two oclock. How long had
he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched
sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the
river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp
is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the
kings death.
337. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.
I. _Csar in Gaul_. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem anns gessit. Prm
ann Helvtis vcit, et edem ann multae Germanrum gents e ss
ddidrunt. Mults iam anns Germn Galls vexabant[1] et ducs Germn
cpis sus trns Rhnum saepe trdcbant.[1] Nn singul venibant,
sed multa milia hominum in Galliam contendbant. Qu d caus prncips
Galliae concilium convocvrunt atque staturunt legates ad Caesarem
mittere. Caesar, simul atque hunc rmrem audvit, cpis sus sine mor
cogit. Prim lce fortiter cum Germans proelium commsit. Ttum diem
criter pugntum est. Caesar ipse dextr corn acicm dxit. Magna pars
exercits Germn cecidit. Post magnam caedem pauc multa milia passuum
ad flmen fgrunt.
II. 1. Csar pitched camp two miles from the river. 2. He fortified the
camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high. 3. The
camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a great space).
4. On the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours. 5. Suddenly the
enemy with all their forces made an attack upon (in _with acc._) the
rear. 6. For two hours the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians.
7. In three hours the barbarians were fleeing.
[Footnote 1: Translate as if pluperfect.]
LESSON LX
DEPONENT VERBS
[Special Vocabulary]
aut, conj., _or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or_
caus, abl. of causa, _for the sake of, because of_. Always stands
_after_ the gen. which modifies it
fer, adv., _nearly, almost_
opni, -nis, f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_
rs frmentria, re frmentriae, f. (lit. _the grain affair_),
_grain supply_
timor, -ris, m., _fear_. Cf. time
undique, adv., _from all sides_
cnor, cnr, cntus sum, _attempt, try_
ǐgredior, gred, gressus sum, _move out, disembark_;
prgredior, _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress)
moror, morr, mortus sum, _delay_
orior, orir, ortus sum, _arise, spring; begin; be born_ (_from_)
(origin)
proficscor, proficsc, profectus sum, _set out_
revertor, revert, reversus sum, _return_ (revert). The forms of
this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect
system. Perf. act., revert
sequor, sequ, sectus sum, _follow_ (sequence). Note the following
compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes:
cnsequor (_follow with_), _overtake_;
ǔnsequor (_follow against_), _pursue_;
subsequor (_follow under_), _follow close after_
338. A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as,
hortor, _I encourage_; vereor, _I fear_. Such verbs are called
deponent because they have laid aside (d-pnere, _to lay aside_)
the active forms.
_a._ Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs
have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms
which will be noted later. (Sec375, 403.b.)
339. The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form,
as,
Conj. I hortor, hortr, horttus sum, _encourage_
Conj. II vereor, verr, veritus sum, _fear_
Conj. III (_a_) sequor, sequ, sectus sum, _follow_
(_b_) patior, pat, passus sum, _suffer, allow_
Conj. IV partior, partr, parttus sum, _share, divide_
Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See 493.) Patior is conjugated
like the passive of capi (492).
340. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE
The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are
ante, _before_
apud, _among_
circum, _around_
contr, _against, contrary to_
extr, _outside of_
in, _into, in, against, upon_
inter, _between, among_
intr, _within_
ob, _on account of_ (quam ob rem, _wherefore, therefore_)
per, _through, by means of_
post, _after, behind_
propter, _on account of, because of_
trns, _across, over_
_a._ Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and
learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the
ablative, 209.
341. EXERCISES
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.
I. 1. Trs ex lgts, contr Caesaris opninem, iter facere per
hostium fns verbantur. 2. Quis es horttus est? Impertor es
horttus est et is persudre cntus est, sed nn potuit. 3. Quid
lgts perterruit? Aut timor hostium, qu undique prembant, aut
longitd viae es perterruit. 4. Tamen omns fer Caesarem mult magis
quam hosts verit sunt. 5. Fortissimae gents Galliae ex Germns
oribantur. 6. Quam ob rem tam forts erant? Quia nec vnum nec
alia quae virttem dlent ad s portr patibantur. 7. Caesar ex
merctribus d nsul Britanni quaesvit, sed nihil cognscere potuit.
8. Itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere, et medi fer aestte cum
mults nvibus longs profectus est. 9. Magn celeritte iter confcit
et in opportnissim loc gressus est. 10. Barbar summs vribus eum
ab nsul prohibre cnt sunt. 11. Ille autem barbars multa mlia
passuum nsectus est; tamen sine equitt es cnsequ nn potuit.
II. 1. Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry
followed close after them. 2. From all parts of the multitude the shouts
arose of those who were being wounded. 3. Csar did not allow the
cavalry to pursue too far.[1] 4. The cavalry set out at the first hour
and was returning[2] to camp at the fourth hour. 5. Around the Roman
camp was a rampart twelve feet high. 6. Csar will delay three days
because of the grain supply. 7. Nearly all the lieutenants feared the
enemy and attempted to delay the march.
[Footnote 1: Comparative of long.]
[Footnote 2: Will this be a deponent or an active form?]
* * * * *
Seventh Review, Lessons LIII-LX, 524-526
* * * * *
[Illustration]
PART III
CONSTRUCTIONS
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms
and vocabulary. There remain still to be learned the forms of the
Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb,
and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs. These will be taken
up in connection with the study of constructions, which will be the
chief subject of our future work. The special vocabularies of the
preceding lessons contain, exclusive of proper names, about six hundred
words. As these are among the commonest words in the language, _they
must be mastered_. They properly form the basis of the study of words,
and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the remaining
lessons.
For practice in reading and to illustrate the constructions presented, a
continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this point (see p.
204). It has been divided into chapters of convenient length to
accompany progress through the lessons, but may be read with equal
profit after the lessons are finished. The story gives an account of the
life and adventures of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman boy, who
fought in Csars campaigns and shared in his triumph. The colored
plates illustrating the story are faithful representations of ancient
life and are deserving of careful study.
LESSON LXI
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
342. In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods,
which you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive.
The tenses of the subjunctive are
PRESENT }
IMPERFECT } ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
PERFECT }
PLUPERFECT }
343. The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the
corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, _each of them
may refer to future time_. No meanings of the tenses will be given in
the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction used.
344. The present subjunctive is inflected as follows:
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE VOICE
SINGULAR
1. amem moneam regam capiam audiam
2. ams mones regs capis audis
3. amet moneat regat capiat audiat
PLURAL
1. ammus monemus regmus capimus audimus
2. amtis monetis regtis capitis auditis
3. ament moneant regant capiant audiant
PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR
1. amer monear regar capiar audiar
2. amris moneris regris capiris audiris
(-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re)
3. amtur monetur regtur capitur auditur
PLURAL
1. ammur monemur regmur capimur audimur
2. ammin monemin regmin capimin audimin
3. amentur moneantur regantur capiantur audiantur
_a._ The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem.
_b._ The mood sign of the present subjunctive is -- in the first
conjugation and -- in the others. It is shortened in the usual
places (cf. 12), and takes the place of the final vowel of the
stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and
fourth.
_c._ The personal endings are the same as in the indicative.
_d._ In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of cr,
iube, sm, iaci, mni.
345. The present subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected
as follows:
{ 1. sim { 1. smus
SING. { 2. ss PLURAL { 2. stis
{ 3. sit { 3. sint
346. The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared.
1. The two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and
the subjunctive. The indicative deals with facts either real or
assumed. If, then, we wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire
after a fact, we use the indicative.
2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a _desire_ or _wish_, a
_purpose_, a _possibility_, an _expectation_, or some such notion, we
must use the subjunctive. The following sentences illustrate the
difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas.
INDICATIVE IDEAS SUBJUNCTIVE IDEAS
1. _He is brave_ 1. _May he be brave_
Fortis est Fortis sit (idea of wishing)
2. _We set out at once_ 2. _Let us set out at once_
Statim proficscimur Statim proficscmur
(idea of willing)
3. _You hear him every day_ 3. _You can hear him every day_
Cotdi eum auds Cotdi eum audis
(idea of possibility)
4. _He remained until the ship_ 4. _He waited until the ship_
_arrived_ _should arrive_
Mnsit dum nvis pervnit Exspectvit dum nvis
pervenret[1]
(idea of expectation)
5. _Csar sends men who find the_ 5. _Csar sends men_
_bridge_ _who are to find_
(or _to find_) _the bridge_
Caesar mittit homins qu Caesar homins mittit qu
pontem reperiunt pontem reperiant
(idea of purpose)
[Footnote 1: pervenret, imperfect subjunctive.]
NOTE. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be
used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more
common in the latter than in the former.
347. EXERCISE
Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and
which in the subjunctive in a Latin translation?
There have been times in the history of our country when you might be
proud of being an American citizen. Do you remember the day when Dewey
sailed into Manila Bay to capture or destroy the enemys fleet? You
might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his
orders. He did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the
harbors mouth, but sailed in at once. Let us not despair of our country
while such valor exists, and may the future add new glories to the past.
LESSON LXII
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE
348. Observe the sentence
Caesar homins mittit qu pontem reperiant,
_Csar sends men to find the bridge_
The verb reperiant in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive
because it tells us what Csar wants the men to do; in other words, it
expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the
subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose.
349. RULE. Subjunctive of Purpose. _The subjunctive is used in a
dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal
clause._
350. A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:
I. If something is wanted, by
qu, the relative pronoun (as above)
ut, conj., _in order that, that_
qu (abl. of qu, _by which_), _in order that, that_, used when
the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative qu
expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. 317.)
II. If something is not wanted, by
n, conj., _in order that not, that not, lest_
351. EXAMPLES
1. Caesar cpis cgit quibus hosts nsequtur
_Csar collects troops with which to pursue the foe_
2. Pcem petunt ut domum revertantur
_They ask for peace in order that they may return home_
3. Pontem faciunt qu facilius oppidum capiant
_They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily_
(lit. _by which the more easily_)
4. Fugiunt n vulnerentur
_They flee that they may not_ (or _lest they_) _be wounded_
352. Expression of Purpose in English. In English, purpose clauses
are sometimes introduced by _that_ or _in order that_, but much more
frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as _We eat
to live_, _She stoops to conquer_. In Latin prose, on the other hand,
purpose is never expressed by the infinitive. Be on your guard and do
not let the English idiom betray you into this error.
353. EXERCISES
I.
1. Veniunt ut { dcant, mittant, videant, audiant,
{ dcantur, mittantur, videantur, audiantur.
2. Fugimus n { capimur, trdmur, videmus,
{ necmur, rapimur, resistmus.
3. Mittit nntis qu { dicant, audiant, veniant,
{ nrrent, audiantur, in concili sedeant.
4. Castra mniunt { ss dfendant, impetum sustineant,
qu facilius { hosts vincant, saltem petant.
II. 1. The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek[1] peace. 2. They are
setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a longer march
before night. 3. They will hide the women in the forest (_acc. with_
in) that they may not be captured. 4. The Gauls wage many wars to
free[1] their fatherland from slavery. 5. They will resist the Romans[2]
bravely lest they be destroyed.
[Footnote 1: Not infinitive.]
[Footnote 2: Not accusative.]
LESSON LXIII
INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
354. The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal
endings to the present active infinitive.
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
1. amrem monrem regerem caperem audrem
2. amrs monrs regers capers audrs
3. amret monret regeret caperet audret
1. amrmus monrmus regermus capermus audrmus
2. amrtis monrtis regertis capertis audrtis
3. amrent monrent regerent caperent audrent
PASSIVE
1. amrer monrer regerer caperer audrer
2. amrris monrris regerris caperris audrris
(-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re)
3. amrtur monrtur regertur capertur audrtur
1. amrmur monrmur regermur capermur audrmur
2. amrmin monrmin regermin capermin audremin
3. amrentur monrentur regerentur caperentur audrentur
_a._ In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and
passive, of cr, iube, sm, iaci, mni.
355. The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is
inflected as follows:
{ 1. essem { 1. essmus
SING. { 2. esss PLURAL { 2. esstis
{ 3. esset { 3. essent
356. The three great distinctions of time are _present_, _past_, and
_future_. All tenses referring to present or future time are called
primary tenses, and those referring to past time are called secondary
tenses. Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex
sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as
the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence _He says that he
is coming_, the principal verb, _says_, is present, that is, is in a
primary tense; and _is coming_, in the dependent clause, is naturally
also primary. If I change _he says_ to _he said_,--in other words, if I
make the principal verb secondary in character,--I feel it natural to
change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, _He said that
he was coming_. This following of a tense by another of the same kind
is called _tense sequence_, from _sequ_, to follow.
In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable
regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is
followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense
of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and
a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of
the subjunctive. Learn the following table:
357. TABLE FOR SEQUENCE OF TENSES
+-----+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| | PRINCIPAL VERB | DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE |
| P | IN THE +---------------------+---------------------+
| R | INDICATIVE | _Incomplete or_ | _Completed Action_ |
| I | | _Continuing Action_ | |
| M +-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| A | Present | | |
| R | Future | Present | Perfect |
| T | Future perfect | | |
+-----+-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| S D | | | |
| E A | Imperfect | | |
| C R | Perfect | Imperfect | Pluperfect |
| O Y | Pluperfect | | |
| N- | | | |
+-----+-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
358. RULE. Sequence of Tenses. _Primary tenses are followed by
primary tenses and secondary by secondary._
359. EXAMPLES
I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:
Mittit }
Mittet } homins ut agrs vstent
Mserit }
{ _sends_ } { _that they may_ }
_He_ { _will send_ } _men_ { _in order to_ }
{ _will have sent_ } { _to lay waste the fields_ }
II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:
Mittbat}
Msit } homins ut agrs vstrent
Mserat }
{ _was sending_ } { _that they might_ }
_He_ { _sent or has sent_ } _men_ { _in order to_ }
{ _had sent_ } { _to lay waste the fields_ }
360. EXERCISES
I.
1. Vnerant ut {dcerent, mitterent, vidrent, audrent,
{dcerentur, mitterentur, vidrentur, audirentur
2. Fugibat n {capertur, trdertur, vidrtur,
{necrtur, rapertur, resisteret.
3. Misit nntis qu {dcerent, audrent, venrent
{nrrrent, audrentur, in concili sedrent.
4. Castra mnvrunt {ss dfenderent, impetum sustinrent,
qu facilius {hosts vincerent, saltem peterent.
II. 1. Csar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more
bravely. 2. The Helvetii left their homes to wage war. 3. The scouts set
out at once lest they should be captured by the Germans. 4. Csar
inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be more
terrified. 5. He sent messengers to Rome to announce the victory.
LESSON LXIV
THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
361. The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected
as follows:
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
SINGULAR
1. amverim monuerim rxerim cperim audverim
2. amveris monueris rxeris cperis audveris
3. amverit monuerit rxerit cperit audverit
PLURAL
1. amverimus monuerimus rxerimus cperimus audverimus
2. amveritis monueritis rxeritis cperitis audveritis
3. amverint monuerint rxerint cperint audverint
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
SINGULAR
1. amvissem monuissem rxissem cpissem audvissem
2. amvisss monuisss rxisss cpisss audvissm
3. amvisset monuisset rxisset cpisset audvisset
PLURAL
1. amvissmus monuissmus rxissmus cpissmus audvissmus
2. amvisstis monuisstis rxisstis cpisstis audvisstis
3. amvissent monuissent rxissent cpissent audvissent
_a._ Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in
the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.
_b._ Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future
perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular
ends in -m and not in -.
_c._ Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by
adding -issem, -isss, etc. to the perfect stem.
_d._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive
active of cr, iube, sm, iaci, mni.
362. The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the
perfect passive participle with sim, the present subjunctive of sum.
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
SINGULAR
1. amtus sim monitus sim rctus sim captus sim audtus sim
2. amtus ss monitus ss rctus ss captus ss audtus ss
3. amtus sit monitus sit rctus sit captus sit audtus sit
PLURAL
1. amt smus monit s. rct s. capt s. audt s.
2. amt stis monit s. rct s. capt s. audt s.
3. amt sint monit sint rct sint capt sint audt sint
363. The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining
the perfect passive participle with essem, the imperfect subjunctive
of sum.
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
SINGULAR
1. amtus essem monitus essem rctus essem captus e. audtus e.
2. amtus esss monitus esss rctus esss captus e. audtus e.
3. amtus esset monitus esset rctus esset captus e. audtus e.
PLURAL
1. amt essmus monit essmus rct essmus capt e. audt e.
2. amt esstis monit esstis rct esstis capt e. audt e.
3. amt essent monit essent rct essent capt e. audt e.
_a._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive
passive of cr, iube, sm, iaci, mni.
364. The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb
sum are inflected as follows:
PERFECT PLUPERFECT
fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissmus
fueris fueritis fuisss fuisstis
fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
365. A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,
_That the men are afraid_ is clear enough (clause as subject)
He ordered _them to call on him_ (clause as object)
We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this
way (cf. 213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English
usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the _subjunctive_ in
substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the
two languages.
366. RULE. Substantive Clauses of Purpose. _A substantive clause of
purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of
commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in
English we should usually have the infinitive._
EXAMPLES
1. _The general ordered the soldiers to run_
Impertor mlitibus impervit ut currerent
2. _He urged them to resist bravely_
Horttus est ut fortiter resisterent
3. _He asked them to give the children food_
Petvit ut lbers cibum darent
4. _He will persuade us not to set out_
Nbs persudbit n proficscmur
5. _He advises us to remain at home_
Monet ut dom manemus
_a._ The object clauses following these verbs all express the
purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or
not done. (Cf. 348.)
367. The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose.
Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones.
hortor, _urge_
imper, _order_ (with the _dative_ of the _person_ ordered and a
_subjunctive clause_ of the _thing_ ordered done)
mone, _advise_
pet, quaer, rog, _ask, seek_
persude, _persuade_ (with the same construction as imper)
postul, _demand, require_
sude, _advise_ (cf. persude)
N.B. Remember that iube, _order_, takes the infinitive as in English.
(Cf. 213.1.) Compare the sentences
Iube eum venre, _I order him to come_
Imper e ut veniat, _I give orders to him that he is to come_
We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the
difference in meaning between iube and imper in the Latin requires the
_infinitive_ in the one case and the _subjunctive_ in the other.
368. EXERCISES
I. 1. Petit atque horttur ut ipse dcat. 2. Caesar Helvtis imperrvit
n per prvinciam iter facerent. 3. Caesar nn iussit Helvtis per
prvinciam iter facere. 4. Ille cvibus persusit ut d fnibus sus
discderent. 5. Caesar prncips monbit n proelium committant.
6. Postulvit n cum Helvtis aut cum erum socis bellum gererent.
7. Ab is quaesv n proficscerentur. 8. Is persudre nn potu ut
dom manrent.
II. 1. Who ordered Csar to make the march? (_Write this sentence both
with_ imper _and with_ iube.) 2. The faithless scouts persuaded
him to set out at daybreak. 3. They will ask him not to inflict
punishment. 4. He demanded that they come to the camp. 5. He advised
them to tell everything (omnia).
NOTE. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must
be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review 352.
[Illustration: LEGIO ITER FACIT]
LESSON LXV
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF _POSSUM_ VERBS OF FEARING
369. Learn the subjunctive of possum (495), and note especially the
position of the accent.
370. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. We have learned that what
we want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause
of purpose. In this class belong also _clauses after verbs of fearing_,
for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not, and
we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a thing to happen
and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is introduced by ut. If
we do not want it to happen and fear that it will, n is used. Owing
to a difference between the English and Latin idiom we translate ut
after a verb of fearing by _that not_, and n by _that_ or _lest_.
371. EXAMPLES
time } { veniat
timb } ut {
timuer } { vnerit
_I fear_, _shall fear_, _shall have feared_, _that he will not come_,
_has not come_
timbam } { venret
timu } ut {
timueram } { vnisset
_I was fearing_, _feared_, _had feared_, _that he would not come_, _had
not come_
The same examples with n instead of ut would be translated _I fear
that_ or _lest he will come_, _has come_, etc.
372. RULE. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing. _Verbs of fearing are
followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut (that
not) or n (that or lest)._
373. EXERCISES
I. 1. Caesar verbtur ut supplicium captvrum Galls placret.
2. Rmn ips magnopere verbantur n Helvti iter per prvinciam
facerent. 3. Timbant ut satis re frmentriae mitt posset. 4. Vereor
ut hostium impetum sustinre possim. 5. Timuit n impedmenta ab
hostibus capta essent. 6. Caesar numquam timuit n legins vincerentur.
7. Legins pugnre nn timurunt.[1]
II. 1. We fear that they are not coming. 2. We fear lest they are
coming. 3. We feared that they had come. 4. We feared that they had
not come. 5. They feared greatly that the camp could not be defended.
6. Almost all feared[1] to leave the camp.
[Footnote 1: Distinguish between what one is afraid _to do_
(complementary infinitive as here) and what one is afraid _will
take place_ or _has taken place_ (substantive clause with the
subjunctive).]
LESSON LXVI
THE PARTICIPLES
374. The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]
[Transcribers Note:
For reasons of space, this table is given in two forms: first a
reduced version without translation, and then the complete text,
including translations, split into two elements.]
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT amns monns regns capins audins
FUTURE amtrus monitrus rctrus captrus audtrus
PASSIVE
PERFECT amtus monitus rctus captus audtus
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus
CONJ. I CONJ. II
ACTIVE
PRESENT amns monns
_loving_ _advising_
FUTURE amtrus monitrus
_about to love_ _about to advise_
PASSIVE
PERFECT amtus monitus
_loved, having_ _advised, having been advised_
_been loved_
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus
_to be loved_ _to be advised_
CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT regns capins audins
_ruling_ _taking_ _hearing_
FUTURE rctrus captrus audtrus
_about to rule_ _about to take_ _about to hear_
PASSIVE
PERFECT rctus captus audtus
_ruled, having_ _taken, having_ _heard, havinh_
_been ruled_ _been taken_ _been heard_
FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus
_to be ruled_ _to be taken_ _to be heard_
[Footnote 1: Review 203.]
[Footnote 2: The future passive participle is often called the
_gerundive_.]
_a._ The present active and future passive participles are formed
from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive
participles are formed from the participial stem.
_b._ The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the
present stem. In -i verbs of the third conjugation, and in the
fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of --,
as capi--ns, audi--ns. It is declined like an adjective of one
ending of the third declension. (Cf. 256.)
amns, _loving_
BASE amant- STEM amanti-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ amns amns amants amantia
_Gen._ amantis amantis amantium amantium
_Dat._ amant amant amantibus amantibus
_Acc._ amantem amns amants amantia
_or_ -s
_Abl._ amant amant amantibus amantibus
_or_ -e _or_ -e
(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -;
when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e.
(2) In a similar way decline monns, regns, capins, audins.
_c._ The future active participle is formed by adding -rus to the
base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined
with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. 206.)
_d._ For the perfect passive participle see 201. The future
passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the
present stem.
_e._ All participles in -us are declined like bonus.
_f._ Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.
_g._ Give all the participles of the following verbs: cr,
iube, sm, iaci, mni.
375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the
participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently
every deponent verb has four participles, as,
_Pres. Act._ hortns, _urging_
_Fut. Act._ horttrus, _about to urge_
_Perf. Pass._ (in form) horttus, _having urged_
_Fut. Pass._ (_Gerundive_) hortandus, _to be urged_
_a._ Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is
passive in form but _active_ in meaning. _No other verbs have a
perfect active participle._ On the other hand, the future passive
participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other
verbs.
_b._ Give the participles of cnor, vereor, sequor, patior,
partior.
376. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses express time as follows:
1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present
active participle in _-ing_, but can be used only of an action
occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as,
mlits nsequents cprunt mults, _the soldiers, while pursuing,
captured many._ Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on
together.
2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly
passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without
the auxiliary _having been_; as, audtus, _heard_ or _having been
heard_.
3. The future active participle, translated _about to_, etc., denotes
time after the action of the main verb.
377. Review 203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:
1. Mlits currents erant dfess, _the soldiers who were running_
(lit. _running_) _were weary_.
2. Caesar profectrus Rmam nn exspectvit, _Csar, when about to
set out_ (lit. _about to set out_) _for Rome, did not wait_.
3. Oppidum captum vdimus, _we saw the town which had been captured_
(lit. _captured town_).
4. Impertor trduum mortus profectus est, _the general, since_
(_when_, or _after_) _he had delayed_ (lit. _the general, having
delayed_) _three days, set out_.
5. Mlits vct terga nn vertrunt, _the soldiers, though they
were conquered_ (lit. _the soldiers conquered_), _did not retreat_.
In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is
given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation
usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (_when, since,
after, though_, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case,
what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule,
translate the participle literally.
378. EXERCISES
I. 1. Puer timns n capitur fugit. 2. Aquila r commta avs reliqus
interficere cnta erat. 3. Mlits ab hostibus press tla iacere nn
poturunt. 4. Caesar decimam leginem laudtrus ad prmum agmen
prgressus est. 5. Impertor horttus equits ut fortiter pugnrent
signum proeli dedit. 6. Mlits hosts oct milia passuum nsect
mults cum captvs ad castra revertrunt. 7. Sl orins mults
interfects vdit. 8. Rmn cnsilium audx suspict barbaris ss
nn commsrunt. 9. Nvis port gressa nll in percul erat.
II.[3] 1. The army was in very great danger while marching through the
enemys country. 2. Frightened by the length of the way, they longed for
home. 3. When the scouts were about to set out, they heard the shouts of
victory. 4. When we had delayed many days, we set fire to the buildings
and departed. 5. While living at Rome I heard orators much better than
these. 6. The soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver
than we.
[Footnote 3: In this exercise use participles for the subordinate
clauses.]
LESSON LXVII
THE IRREGULAR VERBS _VOL_, _NL_, _ML_
THE ABLATIVE WITH A PARTICIPLE, OR ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
379. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of vol, _wish_;
nl (ne + vol), _be unwilling_; ml (magis + vol), _be
more willing, prefer_ (497). Note the irregularities in the present
indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect
subjunctive. (Cf. 354.)
_a._ These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or
without a subject accusative; as, volunt venre, _they wish to
come_; volunt amcs venre, _they wish their friends to come_.
The English usage is the same.[1]
[Footnote 1: Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after
these verbs. (See 366.)]
[ Conjugations given in 497:
PRINCIPAL PARTS:
vol, velle, volu, ----, _be willing, will, wish_
nl, nlle, nlu, ----, _be unwilling, will not_
ml, mlle, mlu, ----, _be more willing, prefer_
INDICATIVE
SINGULAR
_Pres._ vol nl ml
vs nn vis mvs
vult nn vult mvult
PLURAL
volumus nlumus mlumus
vultis nn vultis mvultis
volunt nlunt mlunt
_Impf._ volbam nlbam mlbam
_Fut._ volam, vols, etc. nlam, nls, etc. mlam, mls, etc.
_Perf._ volu nlu mlu
_Plup._ volueram nlueram mlueram
_F. P._ voluer nluer mluer
SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR
_Pres._ velim nlim mlim
vels nls mls
velit nlit mlit
PLURAL
velmus nlmus mlmus
veltis nltis mltis
velint nlint mlint
_Impf._ vellem nllem mllem
_Perf._ voluerim nluerim mluerim
_Plup._ voluissem nluissem mluissem
IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ nl
nlte
_Fut._ nlt, etc.
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ velle nlle mlle
_Perf._ voluisse nluisse mluisse
PARTICIPLE
_Pres._ volns, -entis nlns, -entis ----]
380. Observe the following sentences:
1. Magistr laudante omns puer dligenter labrant, _with the
teacher praising_, or _since the teacher praises_, or _the teacher
praising, all the boys labor diligently._
2. Caesare dcente nm prgred timet, _with Csar leading_, or
_when Csar leads_, or _if Csar leads_, or _Csar leading, no one
fears to advance._
3. His rbus cognits mlits fgrunt, _when this was known_, or
_since this was known_, or _these things having been learned, the
soldiers fled._
4. Proeli commiss mult vulnert sunt, _after the battle had
begun_, or _when the battle had begun_, or _the battle having been
joined, many were wounded._
_a._ One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in
English by the preposition _with_ (cf. 50). In each of the
sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in
the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the
ablative expresses _attendant circumstance_. For example, in the
first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the
diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is
clearly a _with_ relation, and the ablative is the case to use.
_b._ We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are
absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence.
If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we
should use the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the
construction is called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a
Participle. This form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin,
but rather rare in English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the
English absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute. The
attendant circumstance may be one of _time_ (when or after), or one
of _cause_ (since), or one of _concession_ (though), or one of
_condition_ (if). In each case try to discover the precise relation,
and tranlate the ablative and its participle by a clause which will
best express the thought.
381. RULE. Ablative Absolute. _The ablative of a noun or pronoun
with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express
attendant circumstance._
NOTE 1. The verb sum has no present participle. In consequence we
often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute
with no participle expressed; as, t duce, _you_ (being) _leader_,
_with you as leader_; patre nfirm, _my father_ (being) _weak_.
NOTE 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and
participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare
_a._ _The Gauls, having been conquered by Csar, returned home_
_b._ _The Gauls having been conquered by Csar, the army returned
home_
In _a_ the subject is _The Gauls having been conquered by Csar_, and we
translate,
Gall Caesare victi domum revertrunt
In _b_ the subject is _the army_. _The Gauls having been conquered by
Csar_ is nominative absolute in English, which requires the ablative
absolute in Latin, and we translate,
Galls Caesare victs exercitus domum revertit
NOTE 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active
participle (cf. 375.a) often compels a change of voice when
translating from one language to the other. For example, we can
translate _Csar having encouraged the legions_ just as it stands,
because hortor is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say _Csar having
conquered the Gauls_, we have to change the voice of the participle to
the passive because vinc is not deponent, and say, _the Gauls having
been conquered by Csar_ (see translation above).
382. EXERCISES
I. 1. Mvs, nn vs, vultis, nlumus. 2. Ut nlit, ut vellmus, ut
mlit. 3. Nl, velle, nluisse, mlle. 4. Vult, mvultis, ut nllet,
nlte. 5. Sle oriente, avs cantre incprunt. 6. Clmribus audts,
barbar prgred recsbant. 7. Caesare legins hortt, mlits paul
fortius pugnvrunt. 8. Hs rbus cognits, Helvti fnitims
persusrunt ut scum iter facerent. 9. Labribus cnfects, mlits
Caesare quaerbant ut sibi praemia daret. 10. Concili convoct,
prncips ita respondrunt. 11. Dux plrs dis in Helvtirum fnibus
morns mults vcs incendit. 12. Magnitdine Germnrum cognit, qudam
ex Rmnis timbant. 13. Merctribus rogts, Caesar nihil pls
reperre potuit.
II. 1. He was unwilling, lest they prefer, they have wished. 2. You
prefer, that they might be unwilling, they wish. 3. We wish, they had
preferred, that he may prefer. 4. Csar, when he heard the rumor (_the
rumor having been heard_), commanded (imperre) the legions to advance
more quickly. 5. Since Csar was leader, the men were willing to make
the journey. 6. A few, terrified[2] by the reports which they had heard,
preferred to remain at home. 7. After these had been left behind, the
rest hastened as quickly as possible. 8. After Csar had undertaken the
business (_Csar, the business having been undertaken_), he was
unwilling to delay longer.[3]
[Footnote 2: Would the ablative absolute be correct here?]
[Footnote 3: Not longius. Why?]
LESSON LXVIII
THE IRREGULAR VERB _F_ THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT
383. The verb f, _be made, happen_, serves as the passive of
faci, _make_, in the present system. The rest of the verb is formed
regularly from faci. Learn the principal parts and conjugation
(500). Observe that the i is long except before -er and in fit.
_a._ The compounds of facio with prepositions usually form the
passive regularly, as,
_Active_ cnfici, cnficere, cnfc, cnfectus
_Passive_ cnficior, cnfic, cnfectus sum
[ Conjugation given in 500:
PRINCIPAL PARTS f, fier, factus sum
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ f ---- fam _2d Pers._ f fte
fs ----
fit funt
_Impf._ fbam fierem
_Fut._ fam ----
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem
_F. P._ factus, -a, -um er
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ fier _Perf._ factus, -a, -um
_Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um
_Fut._ [[factum r]]]
384. Observe the following sentences:
1. Terror erat tantus ut omns fugerent, _the terror was so great
that all fled._
2. Terror erat tantus ut nn facile mlits ss reciperent, _the
terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover
themselves._
3. Terror fcit ut omns fugerent, _terror caused all to flee_
(lit. _made that all fled_).
_a._ Each of these sentences is complex, containing a principal
clause and a subordinate clause.
_b._ The principal clause names a cause and the subordinate clause
states the _consequence_ or _result_ of this cause.
_c._ The subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive, though
it is translated like an indicative. The construction is called the
_subjunctive of consequence or result_, and the clause is called a
consecutive or result clause.
_d._ In the last example the clause of result is the object of the
verb fcit.
_e._ The conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause is
ut = _so that_; negative, ut nn = _so that not_.
385. RULE. Subjunctive of Result. _Consecutive clauses of result are
introduced by ut or ut nn and have the verb in the subjunctive._
386. RULE. _Object clauses of result with ut or ut nn are found
after verbs of effecting or bringing about._
387. Purpose and Result Clauses Compared. There is great similarity
in the expression of purpose and of result in Latin. If the sentence is
affirmative, both purpose and result clauses may be introduced by ut;
but if the sentence is negative, the purpose clause has n and the
result clause ut nn. Result clauses are often preceded in the main
clause by such words as tam, ita, sic (_so_), and these serve to
point them out. Compare
_a._ Tam graviter vulnertus est ut capertur
_He was so severely wounded that he was captured_
_b._ Graviter vulnertus est ut capertur
_He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured_
Which sentence contains a result clause, and how is it pointed out?
388. EXERCISES
I. 1. Fit, fet, ut fat, fbmus. 2. F, fs, ut fierent, fier,
funt. 3. Ftis, ut fmus, fs, femus. 4. Mlits erant tam tard
ut ante noctem in castra nn pervenrent. 5. Sl facit ut omnia sint
pulchra. 6. Eius mod percula erant ut nm proficsc vellet.
7. Equits hostium cum equitt nostr in itinere contendrunt, ita
tamen[1] ut nostr omnibus in partibus superirs essent. 8. Virts
mlitum nostrrum fcit ut hosts n num quidem[2] impetum sustinrent.
9. Homins erant tam audcs ut nll mod continr possent.
10. Spatium erat tam parvum ut mlits tla iacere nn facile possent.
11. Hc proeli fact barbar ita perterrit sunt ut ab ultims gentibus
lgt ad Caesarem mitterentur. 12. Hoc proelium factum est n lgt ad
Caesarem mitterentur.
[Footnote 1: ita tamen, _with such a result however_.]
[Footnote 2: n ... quidem, _not even_. The emphatic word is
placed between.]
II. 1. It will happen, they were being made, that it may happen. 2. It
happens, he will be made, to happen. 3. They are made, we were being
made, lest it happen. 4. The soldiers are so brave that they conquer.
5. The soldiers are brave in order that they may conquer. 6. The
fortification was made so strong that it could not be taken. 7. The
fortification was made strong in order that it might not be taken.
8. After the town was taken,[3] the townsmen feared that they would be
made slaves. 9. What state is so weak that it is unwilling to defend
itself?
[Footnote 3: Ablative absolute.]
LESSON LXIX
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC OR DESCRIPTION
THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE
389. Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of
the subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description.
This construction is illustrated in the following sentences:
1. Quis est qu suam domum nn amet? _who is there who does not love
his own home?_
2. Erant qu hoc facere nllent, _there were (some) who were
unwilling to do this._
3. T nn is es qu amcs trds, _you are not such a one as to_,
or _you are not the man to, betray your friends._
4. Nihil vide quod timeam, _I see nothing to fear_ (nothing of such
as character as to fear it).
_a._ Each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause
which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is. To
express this thought the subjunctive is used. A relative clause that
merely states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the
indicative. Compare the sentences
_Csar is the man who is leading us_,
Caesar est is qu ns dcit
(mere statement of fact, no description, with the indicative)
_Csar is the man to lead us_,
Caesar est is qu ns dcat
(descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive)
_b._ Observe that in this construction a demonstrative pronoun and a
relative, as is qu, are translated _such a one as to, the man
to_.
_c._ In which of the following sentences would you use the
indicative and in which the subjunctive?
_These are not the men who did this_
_These are not the men to do this_
390. RULE. Subjunctive of Characteristic. _A relative clause with
the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called
the subjunctive of characteristic or description._
391. Observe the sentences
1. Rmn Caesarem cnsulem fcrunt,
_the Romans made Csar consul_.
2. Caesar cnsul Rmns factus est,
_Csar was made consul by the Romans_.
_a._ Observe in 1 that the transitive verb fcrunt, _made_, has
two objects: (1) the direct object, Caesarem; (2) a second object,
cnsulem, referring to the same person as the direct object and
completing the predicate. The second accusative is called a
Predicate Accusative.
_b._ Observe in 2 that when the verb is changed to the passive both
of the accusatives become nominatives, the _direct object_ becoming
the _subject_ and the _predicate accusative_ the _predicate
nominative_.
392. RULE. Two Accusatives. _Verbs of making, choosing,
calling, showing, and the like, may take a predicate accusative
along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives
become nominatives._
393. The verbs commonly found with two accusatives are
creo, crere, crev, cretus, _choose_
appell, appellre, appellv, appelltus }
nmin, nminre, nminv, nmintus } _call_
voc, vocre, vocv, voctus }
faci, facere, fc, factus, _make_
394. EXERCISES
I. 1. In Germniae silvis sunt[1] multa genera ferrum quae reliqus
in locs nn vsa sint. 2. Erant[1] itinera duo quibus Helvti dom
discdere possent. 3. Erat[1] manus nlla, nllum oppidum, nllum
praesidium quod s arms dfenderet. 4. Tt frment rapt, dom nihil
erat qu mortem prohibre possent. 5. Rmn Galbam ducem crevrunt et
summ celeritte profect sunt. 6. Neque erat[1] tantae multitdinis
quisquam qu morr vellet. 7. Germn nn i sunt qu adventum Caesaris
vereantur. 8. Cnsulibus occss erant qu[2] vellent cum rgem crere.
9. Pce fact erat nm qu arma trdere nllet. 10. Inter Helvtis
quis erat qu nbilior ill esset?
II. 1. The Romans called the city Rome. 2. The city was called Rome by
the Romans. 3. The better citizens wished to choose him king. 4. The
brave soldier was not the man to run. 5. There was no one [3]to call me
friend. 6. These are not the men to[4] betray their friends. 7. There
were (some) who called him the bravest of all.
[Footnote 1: Remember that when the verb sum precedes its subject
it is translated _there is_, _there are_, _there were_, etc.]
[Footnote 2: erant qu, _there were_ (some) _who_. A wholly
indefinite antecedent of qu does not need to be expressed.]
[Footnote 3: A relative clause of characteristic or description.]
[Footnote 4: See 389.b.]
* * * * *
Eighth Review, Lessons LXI-LXIX, 527-528
* * * * *
LESSON LXX
THE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE CONJUNCTION _CUM_ THE ABLATIVE OF
SPECIFICATION
395. The conjunction cum has the following meanings and
constructions:
cum TEMPORAL = _when_, followed by the indicative or the subjunctive
cum CAUSAL = _since_, followed by the subjunctive
cum CONCESSIVE = _although_, followed by the subjunctive
As you observe, the mood after cum is sometimes indicative and
sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study
of the following sentences:
1. Caesarem vd tum cum in Galli eram,
_I saw Csar at the time when I was in Gaul_.
2. Caesar in es impetum fcit cum pcem peterent,
_Csar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace_.
3. Hoc erat difficile cum pauc sine vulneribus essent,
_this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds_.
4. Cum prm rdins fgissent, tamen reliqu fortiter cnsistbant,
_though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood
their ground_.
_a._ The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf.
389.a). When the cum clause states a fact and simply _fixes the
time_ at which the main action took place, the indicative mood is
used. So, in the first example, cum in Galli eram fixes the time
when I saw Csar.
_b._ On the other hand, when the cum clause _describes the
circumstances_ under which the main act took place, the subjunctive
mood is used. So, in the second example, the principal clause states
that Csar made an attack, and the cum clause describes the
circumstances under which this act occurred. The idea of _time_ is
also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of _description_.
Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of _cause_ and we translate
cum by _since_; sometimes it denotes _concession_ and cum is
translated _although_.
396. RULE. Constructions with _Cum_. _The conjunction cum means
when, since, or although. It is followed by the subjunctive unless
it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action
took place._
NOTE. Cum in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much more
common than its use with the indicative.
397. Note the following sentences:
1. Oppidum erat parvum magnitdine sed magnum multitdine hominum,
_the town was small in size but great in population_.
2. Hom erat corpore nfrmus sed validus anim,
_the man was weak in body but strong in courage_.
_a._ Observe that magnitdine, multitdine, corpore, and
anim tell _in what respect_ something is true. The relation is
one covered by the ablative case, and the construction is called the
_ablative of specification_.
398. RULE. Ablative of Specification. _The ablative is used to
denote in what respect something is true._
399. IDIOMS
aliquem certirem facere, _to inform some one_ (lit. _to make some
one more certain_)
certior fier, _to be informed_ (lit. _to be made more certain_)
iter dare, _to give a right of way, allow to pass_
obsids inter s dare, _to give hostages to each other_
400. EXERCISES
I. 1. Helvti cum patrum nostrrum tempore dom prefect essent,
cnsulis exercitum in fugam dederant. 2. Cum Caesar in Galliam vnit,
Helvti alis agrs petbant. 3. Caesar cum in citerire Gallia esset,
tamen d Helvtirum cnsilis certior fbat. 4. Cum Helvti bell
clrissim essent, Caesar iter per prvinciam dare recsvit. 5. Lgtus
cum haec audvisset, Caesarem certirem fecit. 6. Cum princips inter s
obsids darent, Rmn bellum parvrunt. 7. Caesar, cum id nntitum
esset, mtrat ab urbe proficsc. 8. N virtte quidem Gall erant
pars Germnis. 9. Caesar neque corpore neque anim nfrmus erat.
10. Illud bellum tum incpit cum Caesar fuit cnsul.
Observe in each case what mood follows cum, and try to give the
reasons for its use. In the third sentence the cum clause is
concessive, in the fourth and sixth causal.
II. 1. That battle was fought at the time when (tum cum) I was at
Rome. 2. Though the horsemen were few in number, nevertheless they did
not retreat. 3. When the camp had been sufficiently fortified, the enemy
returned home. 4. Since the tribes are giving hostages to each other,
we shall inform Csar. 5. The Gauls and the Germans are very unlike in
language and laws.
LESSON LXXI
VOCABULARY REVIEW THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE THE PREDICATE GENITIVE
401. Review the word lists in 510, 511.
402. The Gerund. Suppose we had to translate the sentence
_By overcoming the Gauls Csar won great glory_
We can see that _overcoming_ here is a verbal noun corresponding to
the English infinitive in _-ing_, and that the thought calls for the
ablative of means. To translate this by the Latin infinitive would be
impossible, because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has
no ablative case form. Latin, however, has another verbal noun of
corresponding meaning, called the gerund, declined as a neuter of
the second declension in the _genitive_, _dative_, _accusative_, and
_ablative singular_, and thus supplying the cases that the infinitive
lacks.[1] Hence, to decline in Latin the verbal noun _overcoming_, we
should use the infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the
other cases, as follows:
_Nom._ superre, _overcoming, to overcome_ INFINITIVE
_Gen._ superand, _of overcoming_ }
_Dat._ superand, _for overcoming_ }
_Acc._ superandum, _overcoming_ } GERUND
_Abl._ superand, _by overcoming_ }
Like the infinitive, the gerund governs the same case as the verb from
which it is derived. So the sentence given above becomes in Latin
Superand Galls Caesar magnam glriam reportvit
[Footnote 1: Sometimes, however, the infinitive is used as an
accusative.]
403. The gerund[2] is formed by adding -nd, -nd, -ndum, -nd, to
the present stem, which is shortened or otherwise changed, as shown
below:
PARADIGM OF THE GERUND
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
_Gen._ amand monend regend capiend audiend
_Dat._ amand monend regend capiend audiend
_Acc._ amandum monendum regendum capiendum audiendum
_Abl._ amand monend regend capiend audiend
_a._ Give the gerund of cr, dle, sm, iaci, veni.
_b._ Deponent verbs have the gerund of the active voice (see 493).
Give the gerund of cnor, vereor, sequor, patior, partior.
[Footnote 2: The gerund is the neuter singular of the future
passive participle used as a noun, and has the same formation.
(Cf. 374.d.)]
404. The Gerundive. The gerundive is the name given to the future
passive participle (374.d) when the participle approaches the meaning
of a verbal noun and is translated like a gerund. It is the adjective
corresponding to the gerund. For example, to translate _the plan of
waging war_, we may use the gerund with its direct object and say
cnsilium gerend bellum; or we may use the gerundive and say
cnsilium bell gerend, which means, literally, _the plan of the war
to be waged_, but which came to have the same force as the gerund with
its object, and was even preferred to it.
405. Compare the following parallel uses of the gerund and gerundive:
GERUND GERUNDIVE
_Gen._ Sps faciend pcem Sps faciendae pcis
_Dat._ Locus idneus pugnand Locus idneus castrs pnends
_A place suitable for_ _A place suitable for
fighting_ pitching camp_
_Acc._ Msit equits ad nsequendum Msit equits ad nsequends
hosts
_He sent horsemen to pursue_ _He sent horsemen to pursue
the enemy_
_Abl._ Nrrand fbuls magister Nrrands fbuls magister
puers placuit puers placuit
_The teacher pleased the _The teacher pleased the
boys by telling stories_ boys by telling stories_
_a._ We observe
(1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective.
(2) That the gerund, being a noun, may stand alone or with an
object.
(3) That the gerundive, being an adjective, is used only in
agreement with a noun.
406. RULE. Gerund and Gerundive.
1. _The Gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive,
dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these
cases are in general the same as those of other nouns._
2. _The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of
gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without
a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is
more usual._
407. RULE. Gerund or Gerundive of Purpose. _The accusative of the
gerund or gerundive with_ ad, _or the genitive with caus[3] (= for
the sake of), is used to express purpose._
GERUND GERUNDIVE
Ad audiendum vnrunt or Ad urbem videndam vnrunt or
Audiend caus vnrunt Urbis videndae caus vnrunt
_They came to hear_ _They came to see the city_
[Footnote 3: caus always _follows_ the genitive.]
NOTE. These sentences might, of course, be written with the subjunctive
of purpose,--vnrunt ut audrent; vnrunt ut urbem vidrent. In
short expressions, however, the gerund and gerundive of purpose are
rather more common.
408. We have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of
something is in the genitive, as, equus Galbae, _Galbas horse._ If,
now, we wish to express the idea _the horse is Galbas_, Galba remains
the possessor, and hence in the genitive as before, but now stands in
the predicate, as, equus est Galbae. Hence this is called the
predicate genitive.
409. RULE. Predicate Genitive. _The possessive genitive often stands
in the predicate, especially after the forms of sum, and is then
called the predicate genitive._
410. IDIOMS
alcui negtium dare, _to employ someone_
(lit. _to give business to some one_)
novs rbus studre, _to be eager for a revolution_
(lit. _to be eager for new things_)
re mlitris pertissimus, _very skillful in the art of war_
s suaque omnia, _themselves and all their possessions_
411. EXERCISES
I. 1. Caesar cum in Galli bellum gereret, militibus decimae leginis
maxim fvit quia re mlitris pertissim erant. 2. Socis negtium
dedit re frumentriae crandae. 3. Lgti nn slum audiend caus sed
etiam dicend caus vnrunt. 4. Impertor iussit explrtres locum
idneum mnind reperre. 5. Nuper hae gents novs rbus studbant;
mox is persudb ut Caesar s suaque omnia ddant. 6. Iubre est
regnae[4] et prre est multitdinis.[4] 7. Hc proeli fact qudam ex
hostibus ad pcem petendam venrunt. 8. Erant qu arma trdere nllent.
9. Hosts tam celeriter prgress sunt ut spatium pla in hosts
iaciend non dartur. 10. Spatium neque arma capiend[5] neque auxil
petend[5] datum est.
II. 1. These ornaments [6]belong to Cornelia. 2. Men very skillful in
the art of war were sent [7]to capture the town. 3. The scouts found a
hill suitable for fortifying very near to the river. 4. Soon the cavalry
will come [8]to seek supplies. 5. The mind of the Gauls is eager for
revolution and for undertaking wars. 6. To lead the line of battle
[9]belongs to the general. 7. [10]Whom shall we employ to look after
the grain supply?
[Footnote 4: Predicate genitive.]
[Footnote 5: Which of these expressions is gerund and which
gerundive?]
[Footnote 6: _belong to_ = _are of_.]
[Footnote 7: Use the gerundive with ad.]
[Footnote 8: Use the genitive with caus. Where should caus
stand?]
[Footnote 9: Compare the first sentence.]
[Footnote 10: Compare the second sentence in the Latin above.]
LESSON LXXII
THE IRREGULAR VERB _E_ INDIRECT STATEMENTS
412. Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of e, _go_
(499).
_a._ Notice that ǔ-, the root of e, is changed to e- before
a vowel, excepting in ins, the nominative of the present
participle. In the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped.
[ Conjugation given in 499:
PRINCIPAL PARTS e, re, i (v), itum (n. perf. part.)
PRES. STEM -
PERF. STEM - or v-
PART. STEM it-
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
SING. PLUR.
_Pres._ e mus eam _2d Pers._ te
s tis
it eunt
_Impf._ bam rem
_Fut._ b ---- _2d Pers._ t tte
_3d Pers._ t eunt
_Perf._ i (v) ierim (verim)
_Plup._ ieram (veram) ssem (vissem)
_F. P._ ier (ver)
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ re
_Perf._ sse (visse)
_Fut._ itrus, -a, -um esse
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ ins, _gen._ euntis (472)
_Fut._ itrus, -a, -um
_Ger._ eundum
GERUND
_Gen._ eund
_Dat._ eund
_Acc._ eundum
_Abl._ eund
SUPINE
_Acc._ [[itum]]
_Abl._ [[it]] ]
413. Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds
of e with prepositions:
ade, adre, adi, aditus, _go to, visit_, with the accusative
exe, exre, exi, exitus, _go forth_, with ex or d
and the ablative of the place from which
ine, inre, ini, initus, _begin, enter upon_,
with the accusative
rede, redre, redi, reditus, _return_, with ad or in and
the accusative of the place to which
trnse, trnsre, trnsi, trnsitus, _cross_,
with the accusative
414. Indirect Statements in English. Direct statements are those
which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his
exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different
form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the
following direct and indirect statements:
{ 1. The Gauls are brave
Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave
{ 3. The Gauls will be brave
Indirect statements { 1. _He says_ that the Gauls _are_ brave
after a verb in { 2. _He says_ that the Gauls _were_ brave
the present tense { 3. _He says_ that the Gauls _will be_ brave
Indirect statements { 1. _He said_ that the Gauls _were_ brave
after a verb in { 2. _He said_ that the Gauls _had been_ brave
a past tense { 3. _He said_ that the Gauls _would be_ brave
We see that in English
_a._ The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the
conjunction _that_.
_b._ The verb is finite (cf. 173) and its subject is in the
nominative.
_c._ The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the
past tense, _He said._
415. Indirect Statements in Latin. In Latin the direct and indirect
statements above would be as follows:
DIRECT { 1. Gall sunt forts
STATEMENTS { 2. Gall erant forts
{ 3. Gall erunt forts
{ 1. Dcit or Dxit Galls esse forts
{ (_He says_ or _He said_
{ _the Gauls to be brave_)[1]
INDIRECT { 2. Dcit or Dxit Galls fuisse forts
STATEMENTS { (_He says_ or _He said_
{ _the Gauls to have been brave_)[1]
{ 3. Dcit or Dxit Galls futrs esse forts
{ (_He says_ or _He said_
{ _the Gauls to be about to be brave_)[1]
[Footnote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as
translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.]
Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the
preceding section, we observe three marked differences:
_a._ There is no conjunction corresponding to _that_.
_b._ The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the
accusative.
_c._ The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense
of the principal verb.
416. RULE. Indirect Statements. _When a direct statement becomes
indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its
subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive._
417. Tenses of the Infinitive. When the sentences in 415 were
changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, sunt became
esse, erant became fuisse, and erunt became futrs esse.
418. RULE. Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements. _A present
indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the
indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future
indicative becomes future infinitive._
NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first
decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct
form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the
indirect.
419. RULE. Verbs followed by Indirect Statements. _The
accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found
after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and
perceiving._
420. Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:
_a_. Verbs of saying and telling:
dc, dcere, dx, dictus, _say_
neg, negre, negv, negtus, _deny, say not_
nnti, nntire, nntiv, nntitus, _announce_
responde, respondre, respond, respnsus, _reply_
_b_. Verbs of knowing:
cognsc, cognscere, cognv, cognitus, _learn_,
(in the perf.) _know_
sci, scre, scv, sctus, _know_
_c_. Verbs of thinking:
arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus sum, _think, consider_
exstim, exstimre, exstimv, exstimtus, _think, believe_
idic, idicre, idicvi, idictus, _judge, decide_
put, putre, putv, puttus, _reckon, think_
spr, sprre, sprvi, sprtus, _hope_
_d_. Verbs of perceiving:
audi, audre, audv, audtus, _hear_
senti, sentre, sns, snsus, _feel, perceive_
vide, vidre, vd, vsus, _see_
intelleg, intellegere, intellx, intellctus, _understand,
perceive_
Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.
421. IDIOMS
postrdi eius di, _on the next day_
(lit. _on the next day of that day_)
init aestte, _at the beginning of summer_
memori tenre, _to remember_ (lit. _to hold by memory_)
per explrtrs cognscere, _to learn through scouts_
422. EXERCISES
I. 1. It, mus, te, re. 2. Eunt, iisse _or_ sse, bunt, eunt.
3. Eundi, ut eant, bitis, s. 4. N rent, , bant, ierat. 5. Caesar
per explortores cognvit Galls flmen trnssse. 6. Rmn audvrunt
Helvtis init aestte d fnibus sus exitrs esse. 7. Legt
respondrunt nminem ante Caesarem illam nsulam adsse. 8. Prncips
Gallrum dcunt s nllum cnsilium contr Caesaris imperium initrs
esse. 9. Arbitrmur potentiam rgnae esse mairem quam cvium.
10. Rmn negant se lberttem Galls reptrs esse. 11. Hs rbus
cognits snsimus lgts non vnisse ad pcem petendam. 12. Helvtii
sciunt Rmns prirs victris memori tenre. 13. Soci cum
intellegerent mults vulnerr, staturunt in sus fns redre.
14. Aliquis nntivit Mrcum cnsulem cretum esse.
II. 1. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be
slow. 2. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that
the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong. 3. We think that the
army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer. 4. The next
day we learned through scouts that the enemys town was ten miles
off.[2] 5. The king replied that the ornaments belonged to[3] the queen.
[Footnote 2: _to be off, to be distant_, abesse.]
[Footnote 3: Latin, _were of_ (409).]
[Illustration: TUBA]
LESSON LXXIII
VOCABULARY REVIEW THE IRREGULAR VERB _FER_
THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS
423. Review the word lists in 513, 514.
424. Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb fer,
_bear_ (498).
1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds
of fer, _bear_:
adfer, adferre, attul, adltus, _bring to; report_
cnfer, cnferre, contul, conltus, _bring together, collect_
dfer, dferre, dtul, dltus, _bring to; report;
grant, confer_
ǔnfer, nferre, intul, inltus, _bring in, bring against_
refer, referre, rettul, reltus, _bear back, report_
[ Conjugation given in 498:
PRINCIPAL PARTS fer, ferre, tul, ltus
PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lt-
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ fer ferimus feror ferimur
fers ferts ferris, -re ferimim
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
_Impf._ ferbam ferbar
_Fut._ feram, fers, etc. ferar, ferris, etc.
_Perf._ tul ltus, -a, -um sum
_Plup._ tuleram ltus, -a, -um eram
_F. P._ tuler ltus, -a, -um er
SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ feram, fers, etc. ferar, ferris, etc.
_Impf._ ferrem ferrer
_Perf._ tulerim ltus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ tulissem ltus, -a, -um essem
IMPERATIVE
_Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre ferimin
_Fut. 2d Pers._ fert fertte fertor
_3d Pers._ fert ferunto fertor feruntor
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ ferre ferr
_Perf._ tulisse ltus, -a, -um esse
_Fut._ ltrus, -a, -um esse ----
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ ferns, -entis _Pres._ ----
_Fut._ ltrus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ ltus, -a, -um
GERUND
_Gen._ ferend
_Dat._ ferend
_Acc._ ferendum
_Abl._ ferend
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[ltum]]
_Abl._ [[lt]] ]
425. The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive
verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative
(cf. 153). Transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative; but
sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well. _The whole
question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes the dative, defends
upon its capacity for governing an indirect object._ A number of verbs,
some transitive and some intransitive, which in their simple form would
not take an indirect object, when compounded with certain prepositions,
have a meaning which calls for an indirect object. Observe the following
sentences:
1. Haec rs exercitu magnam calamittem attulit, _this circumstance
brought great disaster to the army._
2. Germn Galls bellum nferunt, _the Germans make war upon the
Gauls._
3. Hae cpiae proeli nn intererant, _these troops did not take
part in the battle._
4. Equits fugientibus hostibus occurrunt, _the horsemen meet the
fleeing enemy._
5. Galba cpis flium praefcit, _Galba put his son in command of
the troops._
In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a
preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative.
426. RULE. Dative with Compounds. _Some verbs compounded with ad,
ante, con, d, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pr, sub,
super, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds
may take both an accusative and a dative._
NOTE 1. Among such verbs are[1]
adfer, adferre, attul, adltus, _bring to; report_
adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, _assist; be present_
dfer, dferre, dtul, dltus, _report; grant, confer_
dsum, deesse, dfu,----, _be wanting, be lacking_
ǔnfer, nferre, intul, inltus, _bring against, bring upon_
intersum, interesse, interfu, interfutrus, _take part in_
occurr, occurrere, occurr, occursus, _run against, meet_
praefici, praeficere, praefc, praefectus, _appoint over,
place in command of_
praesum, praeesse, praefu, ----, _be over, be in command_
[Footnote 1: But the accusative with ad or in is used with some
of these, when the idea of _motion to_ or _against_ is strong.]
427. IDIOMS
graviter or molest ferre, _to be annoyed at, to be indignant at_,
followed by the accusative and infinitive
s cnferre ad or in, with the accusative,
_to betake ones self to_
alicui bellum nferre, _to make war upon some one_
pedem referre, _to retreat_ (lit. _to bear back the foot_)
428. EXERCISES
I. 1. Fer, ferent, ut ferant, ferunt. 2. Ferte, ut ferrent, tulisse,
tulerant. 3. Tulimus, ferns, ltus esse, ferre. 4. Cum nvigia insulae
adpropinqurent, barbar terrre commt pedem referre cnt sunt.
5. Gall molest ferbant Rmns agrs vastre. 6. Caesar socis
impervit n fnitimis sus bellum nferrent. 7. Explortrs, qui
Caesar occurrrunt, dxrunt exercitum hostium vulneribus dfessum ss
in alium locum contulisse. 8. Hostes scibant Rmns frment egre et
hanc rem Caesar summum perculum adltram esse. 9. Impedments in
num locum conltis, aliqu mlitum flmen quod nn long aberat
trnsirunt. 10. Hs rx horttus est ut rculum adrent et rs audts
ad s referrent. 11. Quem impertor ill legin praefcit? Pblius ill
legin pracerat. 12. Cum esset Caesar in citerire Galli, crbr ad
eum[2] rmrs adferbantur littersque quoque certior fbat Galls
obsids inter s dare.
II. 1. The Gauls will make war upon Csars allies. 2. We heard that the
Gauls would make war upon Csars allies. 3. Publius did not take part
in that battle. 4. We have been informed that Publius did not take part
in that battle. 5. The man who was in command of the cavalry was wounded
and began to retreat. 6. Csar did not place you in command of the
cohort to bring[3] disaster upon the army.
[Footnote 2: Observe that when adfer denotes _motion to_, it is
not followed by the dative; cf. footnote, p. 182.]
[Footnote 3: Not the infinitive. (Cf. 352.)]
LESSON LXXIV
VOCABULARY REVIEW THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS
429. Review the word lists in 517, 518.
430. When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have
an indirect statement. (Cf. 414.) So, if we report a question instead
of asking it directly, we have an indirect question.
DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION
_Who conquered the Gauls? He asked who conquered the Gauls_
_a._ An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of
asking (as pet, postul, quaer, rog) or upon some verb or
expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. 420.)
431. Compare the following direct and indirect questions:
DIRECT INDIRECT
Quis Galls vincit? { _a._ Rogat quis Galls vincat
_Who is conquering the_ { _He asks who is conquering the_
_Gauls?_ { _Gauls_
{ _b._ Rogavit quis Galls vinceret
{ _He asked who was conquering_
{ _the Gauls_
{ _a._ Rogat ubi sit Rma
Ub est Rma? { _He asks where Rome is_
_Where is Rome?_ { _b._ Rogvit ubi esset Rma
{ _He asked where Rome was_
{ _a._ Rogat num Caesar Galls vcerit
{ _He asks whether Csar conquered_
Caesarne Galls vcit? { _the Gauls_
_Did Csar conquer the_ { _b._ Rogvit num Caesar Galls
_Gauls?_ { vcisset
{ _He asked whether Csar had_
{ _conquered the Gauls_
_a._ The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but
the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question.
_b._ The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense
sequence.
_c._ Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative
words as introduce direct questions, excepting that_yes_-or-_no_
direct questions (cf. 210) on becoming indirect are usually
introduced by num, _whether_.
432. RULE. Indirect Questions. _In an indirect question the verb is
in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense
sequence._
433. IDIOMS
d terti vigili, _about the third watch_
iniris alicui nferre, _to inflict injuries upon some one_
facere verba pr, with the ablative, _to speak in behalf of_
in reliquum tempus, _for the future_
434. EXERCISES
I. 1. Rx rogvit quid lgt postulrent et cr ad s vnissent.
2. Quaesvit quoque num nec recents iniris nec dubiam Rmnrum
amcitiam memori tenrent. 3. Vidtisne quae oppida hosts
oppugnverint? 4. Nnne sctis cr Gall sub montem sse contulerint?
5. Audvimus qus inirias tibi Germn intulissent. 6. D terti
vigili impertor msit homins qu cognscerent quae esset ntra
montis. 7. Pr hs rtor verba fcit et rogvit cr cnsuls nvs
ad plnem summ percul locum mittere vellent. 8. Lgts convocts
dmnstrvit quid fier vellet. 9. Nntius referbat quid in Gallrum
concili d arms trdends dictum esset. 10. Mone n in reliquum
tempus pedits et equits trns flmen dcs.
II. 1. What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized. 2. Who
has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents? 3. They asked who had
inflicted those injuries upon their dependents. 4. Whither did you go
about the third watch? You know whither I went. 5. At what time did the
boys return home? I will ask at what time the boys returned home.
LESSON LXXV
VOCABULARY REVIEW THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE, OR END FOR WHICH
435. Review the word lists in 521, 522.
436. Observe the following sentences:
1. Explrtrs locum castrs dlgrunt, _the scouts chose a place
for a camp._
2. Hoc erat magn impedment Galls, _this was_ (for) _a great
hindrance to the Gauls._
3. Dus legins praesidi castrs relquit, _he left two legions
as_ (lit. _for_) _a guard to the camp._
In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the _purpose
or end for which_ something is intended or for which it serves. These
datives are castrs, impedment, and praesidi. In the second and
third sentences we find a second dative expressing the _person or thing
affected_ (Galls and castrs). As you notice, these are true
datives, covering the relations of _for which_ and _to which_. (Cf.
43.)
437. RULE. Dative of Purpose or End. _The dative is used to denote
the purpose or end for which, often with another dative denoting the
person or thing affected._
438. IDIOMS
cnsilium omittere, _to give up a plan_
locum castrs dligere, _to choose a place for a camp_
alicui magn su esse, _to be of great advantage to some one_
(lit. _for great advantage to some one_)
439. EXERCISES
I. 1. Rogvit cr illae cpiae relictae essent. Respondrunt ills
cpis esse praesidi castrs. 2. Caesar msit explrtrs ad locum
dligendum castrs. 3. Quisque exstimvit ipsum nmen Caesaris magn
terrr barbars futrum esse. 4. Prm lce dem exercitus proelium
cre commsit, sed gravia surum vulnera magnae crae impertr erant.
5. Rx respondit amcitiam popul Rmn sibi rnment et praesidi
dbre esse. 6. Quis praeerat equittu quem auxili Caesar soci
mserant? 7. Aliquibus rs secundae sunt summae calamitt et rs
adversae sunt mr su. 8. Galls magn ad pugnam erat impedment quod
equittus dextr corn prembat. 9. Memoria prstinae virttis nn
minus quam metus hostium erat nostrs magn su. 10. Tam dnsa erat
silva ut prgred nn possent.
II. 1. I advise you [1]to give up the plan [2]of making war upon the
brave Gauls. 2. Do you know [3]where the cavalry has chosen a place for
a camp? 3. The fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you.
4. Csar left three cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage. 5. In
winter the waves of the lake are so great [4]that they are (for) a great
hindrance to ships. 6. Csar inflicted severe[5] punishment on those who
burned the public buildings.
[Footnote 1: Subjunctive of purpose. (Cf. 366.)]
[Footnote 2: Express by the genitive of the gerundive.]
[Footnote 3: Indirect question.]
[Footnote 4: A clause of result.]
[Footnote 5: gravis, -e.]
LESSON LXXVI
VOCABULARY REVIEW THE GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF QUALITY OR DESCRIPTION
440. Review the word lists in 524, 525.
441. Observe the English sentences
(1) _A man of great courage_, or (2) _A man with great courage_
(3) _A forest of tall trees_, or (4) _A forest with tall trees_
Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description.
In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The
descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions _of_ and _with_.
In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar.
The prepositions _of_ and _with_ suggest the genitive and the ablative
respectively, and we translate the sentences above
(1) Vir magnae virttis, or (2) Vir magn virtte
(3) Silva altrum arborum, or (4) Silva alts arboribus
There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the
English. In English we may say, for example, _a man of courage_, using
the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. _In Latin,
however, an adjective modifier must always be used_, as above.
_a._ Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in
that _numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive_ and
_descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative._
Other descriptive phrases may be in either case.
442. EXAMPLES
1. Fossa duodecim pedum, _a ditch of twelve feet_.
2. Hom magns pedibus et parv capite,
_a man with big feet and a small head_.
3. Rx erat vir summ audci or rx erat vir summae audciae,
_the king was a man of the greatest boldness_.
443. RULE. Genitive of Description. _Numerical descriptions of
measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective._
444. RULE. Ablative of Description. _Descriptions of physical
characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying
adjective._
445. RULE. Genitive or Ablative of Description. _Descriptions
involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may
be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying
adjective._
446. IDIOMS
Helvtis in anim est, _the Helvetii intend_,
(lit. _it is in mind to the Helvetians_)
in mtrimnium dare, _to give in marriage_
nihil posse, _to have no power_
fossam perdcere, _to construct a ditch_
(lit. _to lead a ditch through_)
447. EXERCISES
I. 1. Mlits fossam decem pedum per erum fns perdxrunt.
2. Prnceps Helvtirum, vir summae audciae, prncipibus gentium
fnitimrum sorrs in mtrimnium dedit. 3. Erum amcitiam cnfrmre
voluit qu facilius Rmns bellum nferret. 4. German et Gall nn
erant eiusdem gentis. 5. Omns fer Germn erant magns corporum
vribus.[1] 6. Gall qui oppidum fortiter dfendbant saxa ingentis
magnitdinis d mr iacibant. 7. Cum Caesar ab explrtribus
quaereret qu illud oppidum incolerent, explrtrs respondrunt es
esse homines summ virtte et magn cnsili. 8. Moenia vgint pedum
sinistr parte, et dextr parte flmen magnae altitdinis oppidum
dfendbant. 9. Cum Caesar in Galliam pervnisset, erat rmor Helvtis
in anim esse iter per prvinciam Rmnam facere. 10. Caesar, ut es ab
fnibus Rmnis prohibret, mntinem [2]multa mlia passuum longam
fcit.
II. 1. Csar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness, and very
skillful in the art of war. 2. The Germans were of great size, and
thought that the Romans had no power. 3. Men of the highest courage
were left in the camp as (for) a guard to the baggage. 4. The kings
daughter, who was given in marriage to the chief of a neighboring state,
was a woman of very beautiful appearance. 5. The soldiers will construct
a ditch of nine feet around the camp. 6. A river of great width was
between us and the enemy.
[Footnote 1: From vs. (Cf. 468.)]
[Footnote 2: Genitives and ablatives of description are adjective
phrases. When we use an _adverbial_ phrase to tell _how long_ or
_how high_ or _how deep_ anything is, we must use the accusative of
extent. (Cf. 336.) For example, in the sentence above multa mlia
passuum is an adverbial phrase (accusative of extent) modifying
longam. If we should omit longam and say _a fortification of
many miles_, the genitive of description (an adjective phrase)
modifying mntinem would be used, as mntinem multrum mlium
passuum.]
[Illustration: GLADII]
LESSON LXXVII
REVIEW OF AGREEMENT, AND OF THE GENITIVE, DATIVE, AND ACCUSATIVE
448. There are four agreements:
1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to
which it belongs (76, 81).
2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its
noun (65).
3. That of a verb with its subject (28).
4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (224).
449. The relation expressed by the genitive is, in general, denoted
in English by the preposition _of_. It is used to express
{ _a._ As attributive (38).
1. Possession {
{ _b._ In the predicate (409).
2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (331).
3. Quality or description (443, 445).
450. The relation expressed by the dative is, in general, denoted in
English by the prepositions _to_ or _for_ when they do not imply motion
through space. It is used to express
{ _a._ With intransitive verbs and with
{ transitive verbs in connection with a
{ direct object in the accusative (45).
1. The indirect object { _b_. With special intransitive verbs (154).
{ _c_. With verbs compounded with ad, ante,
{ con, d, in, inter, ob, post,
{ prae, pr, sub, super (426).
2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (143).
3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting
the person or thing affected (437).
451. The accusative case corresponds, in general, to the English
objective. It is used to express
1. The direct object of a transitive verb (37).
2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after
verbs of _making, choosing, falling, showing_, and the like (392).
3. The subject of the infinitive (214).
4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (340).
5. The duration of time and the extent of space (336).
6. The place to which (263, 266).
452. EXERCISES
I. 1. Mlits qus vdimus dxrunt imperium bell esse Caesaris
impertris. 2. Helvti staturunt quam[1] maximum numerum equrum
et carrrum cgere. 3. Ttus Galliae Helvti plrimum valurunt.
4. Mults hrs criter pugntum est neque quisquam poterat vidre
hostem fugientem. 5. Vir summae virttis hosts decem mlia passuum
nsect sunt. 6. Caesar popul Rmn persusit ut s cnsulem creret.
7. Victria exercits erat semper impertr grtissima. 8. Trduum iter
fcrunt et Genvam, in oppidum[2] hostium, pervnrunt. 9. Caesar
audvit Germns bellum Galls intulisse. 10. Magn su mlitibus
Caesaris erat quod priribus proelis ss exercuerant.
II. 1. One[3] of the kings sons and many of his men were captured.
2. There was no one who wished[4] to appoint her queen. 3. The grain
supply was always a care (for a care) to Csar, the general. 4. I think
that the camp is ten miles distant. 5. We marched for three hours
through a very dense forest. 6. The plan [5]of making war upon the
allies was not pleasing to the king. 7. When he came to the hill he
fortified it [6]by a twelve-foot wall.
[Footnote 1: What is the force of quam with superlatives?]
[Footnote 2: urbs or oppidum, appositive to a name of a town,
takes a preposition.]
[Footnote 3: What construction is used with numerals in preference
to the partitive genitive?]
[Footnote 4: What mood? (Cf. 390.)]
[Footnote 5: Use the gerund or gerundive.]
[Footnote 6: Latin, _by a wall of twelve feet._]
LESSON LXXVIII
REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE
453. The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in
English by the prepositions _with_ (or _by_), _from_ (or _by_), and _in_
(or _at_). The constructions growing out of these meanings are
I. Ablative rendered _with_ (or _by_):
1. Cause (102)
2. Means (103)
3. Accompaniment (104)
4. Manner (105)
5. Measure of difference (317)
6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (381)
7. Description or quality (444, 445)
8. Specification (398)
II. Ablative rendered _from_ (or _by_):
1. Place from which (179, 264)
2. Ablative of separation (180)
3. Personal agent with a passive verb (181)
4. Comparison without quam (309)
III. Ablative rendered _in_ (or _at_):
1. Place at or in which (265, 266)
2. Time when or within which (275)
454. EXERCISES
I. 1. Gall locs superiribus occupts itinere exercitum prohibre
cnantur. 2. Omns oppidn ex oppid gress saltem fug petere
incprunt. 3. Caesar docet s mlitum vtam su salte habre mult
crirem. 4. Cum celerius omnium opnine pervnisset, hosts ad eum
obsids msrunt 5. Vcus in valle positus montibus altissims undique
contintur. 6. Plrimum inter Galls haec gns et virtte et hominum
numer valbat. 7. Secund vigili nll cert rdine neque imperi
castrs gress sunt. 8. Dubus leginibus Genvae relicts, proxim di
cum reliqus domum profectus est. 9. Erant itinera duo quibus itineribus
Helvti dom exre possent. 10. Rx erat summ audci et magn apud
populum potenti. 11. Gall timre servittis commt bellum parbant.
12. Caesar monet lgts ut contineant milits, n studi pugnand aut
sp praedae longius[1] prgrediantur. 13. Bellum cerrimum Caesare in
Galls gestum est.
II. 1. The lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his
(men) from battle. 2. All the Gauls differ from each other in laws.
3. This tribe is much braver than the rest. 4. This road is [2]ten miles
shorter than that. 5. In summer Csar carried on war in Gaul, in winter
he returned to Italy. 6. At midnight the general set out from the camp
with three legions. 7. I fear that you cannot protect[3] yourself from
these enemies. 8. [4]After this battle was finished peace was made by
all the Gauls.
[Footnote 1: longius, _too far_. (Cf. 305.)]
[Footnote 2: Latin, _by ten thousands of paces_.]
[Footnote 3: dfendere.]
[Footnote 4: Ablative absolute.]
LESSON LXXIX
REVIEW OF THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE, THE INFINITIVE, AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE
455. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive,
dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these
cases are in general the same as those of other nouns (402, 406.1).
456. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of
gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a
preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more
usual (406.2).
457. The infinitive is used:
I. As in English.
_a._ As subject or predicate nominative (216).
_b._ To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication
(complementary infinitive) (215).
_c._ As object with subject accusative after verbs of _wishing,
commanding, forbidding_, and the like (213).
II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs
of _saying _and _mental action_. The subject is in the accusative
(416, 418, 419).
458. The subjunctive is used:
1. To denote purpose (349, 366, 372).
2. To denote consequence or result (385, 386).
3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (390).
4. In cum clauses of time, cause, and concession (396).
5. In indirect questions (432).
459. EXERCISES
I. 1. Caesar, cum pervnisset, milits hortbtur n cnsilium oppid
capiendi omitterent. 2. Rx, castrs prope oppidum posits, msit
explrtrs qu cognscerent ubi exercitus Rmanus esset. 3. Nmo
relinqubtur qu arma ferre posset. 4. Nnti vdrunt ingentem
armrum multitudinem d mr in fossani iactam esse. 5. Dux sus
trnsre flmen iussit. Trnsre autem hoc flmen erat difficillimum.
6. Rmn cum hanc calamittem molest ferrant, tamen terga vertere
recsvrunt. 7. Hc rmre audt, tantus terror omnium anims
occupvit ut n fortissim quidem proelium committere vellent. 8. Erant
qu putrent tempus ann idneum nn esse itiner faciend. 9. Tam
criter ab utraque parte pugnbtur ut multa mlia hominum occderentur.
10. Quid tims? Time n Rmns in anim sit ttam Galliam superre et
nbs iniris inferre.
II. 1. Do you not see who is standing on the wall? 2. We hear that the
plan of taking the town has been given up. 3. Since the Germans thought
that the Romans could not cross the Rhine, Csar ordered a bridge to be
made. 4. When the bridge was finished, the savages were so terrified
that they hid themselves. 5. They feared that Csar would pursue them.
6. Csar [1]asked the traders what the size of the island was. 7. The
traders advised him not [2]to cross the sea. 8. He sent scouts [3]to
choose a place for a camp.
[Footnote 1: quaerere ab.]
[Footnote 2: Not infinitive.]
[Footnote 3: Use the gerundive with ad.]
READING MATTER
INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS
How to Translate. You have already had considerable practice in
translating simple Latin, and have learned that the guide to the meaning
lies in the endings of the words. If these are neglected, no skill can
make sense of the Latin. If they are carefully noted and accurately
translated, not many difficulties remain. Observe the following
suggestions:
1. Read the Latin sentence through to the end, noting endings of
nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.
2. Read it again and see if any of the words you know are nominatives
or accusatives. This will often give you what may be called the
backbone of the sentence; that is, subject, verb, and object.
3. Look up the words you do not know, and determine their use in the
sentence from their endings.
4. If you cannot yet translate the sentence, put down the English
meanings of all the words _in the same order as the Latin words_. You
will then generally see through the meaning of the sentence.
5. Be careful to
_a._ Translate adjectives with the nouns to which they belong.
_b._ Translate together prepositions and the nouns which they
govern.
_c._ Translate adverbs with the words that they modify.
_d._ _Make sense._ If you do not make sense, you have made a
mistake. One mistake will spoil a whole sentence.
6. When the sentence is correctly translated, read the Latin over
again, and try to understand it as Latin, without thinking of the
English translation.
The Parts of a Sentence. You will now meet somewhat longer sentences
than you have had before. To assist in translating them, remember, first
of all, that every sentence conveys a meaning and either tells us
something, asks a question, or gives a command. Every sentence must have
a subject and a verb, and the verb may always have an adverb, and, if
transitive, will have a direct object.
However long a sentence is, you will usually be able to recognize its
subject, verb, and object or predicate complement without any
difficulty. These will give you the leading thought, and they must never
be lost sight of while making out the rest of the sentence. The chief
difficulty in translating arises from the fact that instead of a single
adjective, adverb, or noun, we often have a phrase or a clause taking
the place of one of these; for Latin, like English, has adjective,
adverbial, and substantive clauses and phrases. For example, in the
sentence _The idle boy does not study_, the word _idle_ is an adjective.
In _The boy wasting his time does not study_, the words _wasting his
time_ form an adjective phrase modifying _boy_. In the sentence _The boy
who wastes his time does not study_, the words _who wastes his time_
form an adjective clause modifying _boy_, and the sentence is complex.
These sentences would show the same structure in Latin.
In translating, it is important to keep the parts of a phrase and the
parts of a clause together and not let them become confused with the
principal sentence. To distinguish between the subordinate clauses and
the principal sentence is of the first importance, and is not difficult
if you remember that a clause regularly contains a word that marks it as
a clause and that this word usually stands first. These words join
clauses to the words they depend on, and are called _subordinate
conjunctions_. They are not very numerous, and you will soon learn to
recognize them. In Latin they are the equivalents for such words as
_when, while, since, because, if, before, after, though, in order that,
that_, etc. Form the habit of memorizing the Latin subordinate
conjunctions as you meet them, and of noting carefully the mood of the
verb in the clauses which they introduce.
[Illustration: HERCULES]
THE LABORS OF HERCULES
Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued
throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant he
strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his
boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength,
and on reaching manhood he succeeded in delivering the Thebans from
the oppression of the Miny. In a fit of madness, sent upon him by
Juno, he slew his own children; and, on consulting the Delphic oracle
as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to
submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to
perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle,
and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve
extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was
caused, unintentionally, by his wife Deianira. Hercules had shot with
his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Deianira.
Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Deianira, and told
her it would act as a charm to secure her husbands love. Some time
after, Deianira, wishing to try the charm, soaked one of her husbands
garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put
on the robe, and, after suffering terrible torments, died, or was
carried off by his father Jupiter.
[Illustration: HERCULES ET SERPENTES]
LIII.[1] THE INFANT HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS
D[2] grave supplicium smmit de mals, sed i qu lgibus[3] derum
prent, etiam post mortem crantur. Illa vta ds[2] erat grtissima
quae hominibus misers tilissima fuerat. Omnium autem praemirum summum
erat immortlits. Illud praemium Hercul datum est.
Herculis pater fuit Iuppiter, mter Alcmna, et omnium hominum
validissimus fuisse dcitur. Sed In, rgna derum, eum, adhc
nfantem, interficere studbat; nam e[1] et[2] Herculs et Alcmna
erant invs. Itaque msit dus serpents, utramque saevissimam, quae
medi nocte domum[3] Alcmnae vnrunt. Ibi Herculs, cum frtre su,
nn in lectul sed in sct ingent dormibat. Iam audcs serpents
adpropinquverant, iam sctum movbant. Tum frter, terrre commtus,
magn vce mtrem vocvit, sed Herculs ipse, fortior quam frter,
statim ingents serpents manibus sus rapuit et interfcit.
[Footnote 1: This number refers to the lesson after which the
selection may be read.]
[Footnote 2: D and ds are from deus. Cf. 468.]
[Footnote 3: lgibus, 501.14.]
[Footnote 1: e, _to her_, referring to Juno.]
[Footnote 2: et ... et, _both ... and_.]
[Footnote 3: domum, 501.20.]
LIV. HERCULES CONQUERS THE MINY
Herculs puer[1] corpus suum gravissims et difficillims labribus
exercbat et hc mod vrs[2] sus cnfirmvit. Iam adulscns
Thbs[3] habitbat. Ibi Cren qudam erat rx. Minyae, gns
validissima, erant fnitim Thbns, et, quia lim Thbns vcerant,
quotanns lgts mittbant et vectgal postulbant. Herculs autem
cnstituit cvs sus hc vectgl lberre et dixit rg, D mihi
exercitum tuum et ego hs superbs hosts superb. Hanc condicinem
rx nn recsvit, et Herculs nntis in omns partis dmsit et cpis
cogit.[4] Tum tempore opportnissim proelium cum Minys commsit. Di
pugntum est, sed dnique ill impetum Thbnrum sustinre nn
poturunt et terga vertrunt fugamque cprunt.
[Footnote 1: lj puer, _from boyhood_.]
[Footnote 2: virs, from vs. Cf. 468.]
[Footnote 3: Thbs, 501.36.1.]
[Footnote 4: cogit, from cg.]
HE COMMITS A CRIME AND GOES TO THE DELPHIAN ORACLE TO SEEK EXPIATION
Post hoc proelium Cren rx, tant victri laetus, fliam suam Hercul
in mtrimnium dedit. Thbs Herculs cum uxre su di vvbat et ab
omnibus magnopere ambtur; sed post mults anns subit [1]in furrem
incidit et ipse su man lbers sus interfcit. Post breve tempus
[2]ad snittem reductus tantum scelus expire cupibat et cnstituit ad
rculum Delphicum iter facere. Hoc autem rculum erat omnium
clrissimum. Ibi sedbat fmina quaedam quae Pythia appellbtur. Ea
cnsilium dabat is qu ad rculum venibant.
[Footnote 1: in furrem incidit, _went mad_.]
[Footnote 2: ad snittem reductus, lit. _led back to sanity_.
What in good English?]
[Illustration: HERCULES LEONEM SUPERAT]
LV. HERCULES BECOMES SUBJECT TO EURYSTHEUS[1]
HE STRANGLES THE NEMEAN LION
Itaque Herculs Pythiae ttam rem dmonstrvit nec scelus suum abdidit.
Ubi iam Herculs fnem fcit, Pythia iussit eum ad urbem Tryntha[2]
discdere et ibi rg Eurysthe ss committere. Quae[3] ubi audvit,
Herculs ad illam urbem statim contendit et Eurysthe s in servittem
trdidit et dxit, Quid prmum, rx, m facere iubs? Eurystheus,
qu perterrbtur v et corpore ingent Herculis et eum occid[4]
studbat, ita respondit: Aud, Herculs! Multa mira[5] nrrantur d
lene saevissim qu hc tempore in valle Nemae omnia vstat. Iube t,
virrum omnium fortissimum, ill mnstr homins lberre. Haec verba
Hercul maxim placurunt. Properbo, inquit, et parb imperi[6]
tu. Tum in silvs in quibus le habitbat statim iter fcit. Mox feram
vdit et plrs impets fcit; frstr tamen, quod neque sagitts neque
ll ali tl mnstrum vulnerre potuit. Dnique Herculs saevum lenem
sus ingentibus bracchis rapuit et faucs eius omnibus vribus
compressit. Hc mod brev tempore eum interfcit. Tum corpus lenis ad
oppidum in umers reportvit et pellem poste pr[7] veste gerbat.
Omns autem qu eam reginem incolbant, ubi fmam d morte lenis
ingentis accprunt, erant laetissim et Herculem laudbant verbs
amplissims.
[Footnote 1: Eu-rystheus (pronounced _U-risths_) was king of
_Tryns_, a Grecian city, whose foundation goes back to prehistoric
times.]
[Footnote 2: Tryntha, the acc. case of Tryns, a Greek noun.]
[Footnote 3: Quae, obj. of audvit. It is placed first to make a
close connection with the preceding sentence. This is called a
connecting relative.]
[Footnote 4: occd, pres. pass. infin.]
[Footnote 5: mra, _marvelous things_, the adj. being used as a
noun. Cf. omnia, in the next line.]
[Footnote 6: imperi, 501.14.]
[Footnote 7: pr, _for, instead of_.]
LVI. SLAYING THE LERNEAN HYDRA
Deinde Herculs ab Eurysthe iussus est Hydram occdere. Itaque cum
amc Iol[1] contendit ad paldem Lernaeam ubi Hydra incolbat. Hoc
autem mnstrum erat serpns ingns quae novem capita habbat. Mox is
mnstrum repperit et summ[2] cum percul collum eius sinistr man
rapuit et tenuit. Tum dextr man capita novem abscdere incpit, sed
frstr labrbat, quod quotins hoc fcerat totins alia nova capita
vidbat. Quod[3] ubi vdit, statuit capita ign cremre. Hc mod oct
capita dlvit, sed extrmum caput vulnerr nn potuit, quod erat
immortle. Itaque illud sub ingent sax Herculs posuit et ita
victriam reportvit.
[Footnote 1: Iol, abl. of _I-o-lus_, the heros best friend.]
[Footnote 2: Note the emphatic position of this adjective.]
[Footnote 3: Quod ubi, _when he saw this_, another instance of the
connecting relative. Cf. p. 199, l. 3.]
LVII. THE ARCADIAN STAG AND THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR
Postquam Eurysthe mors Hydrae nuntiata est, summus terror animum eius
occupavit. Itaque iussit Herculem capere et ad s reportre cervum
quendam; nam minim cupvit tantum virum in rgn su tenre. Hie autem
cervus dcbtur aurea cornua et peds mult[1] celerirs vent[2]
habre. Prmum Herculs vestgia animlis petvit, deinde, ubi cervum
ipsum vdit, omnibus vribus currere incpit. Per plrims dis
contendit nec noct cessvit. Dnique postquam per ttum annum
cucurrerat--ita dcitur--cervum iam dfessum cpit et ad Eurystheum
portvit.
Tum vr iussus est Herculs aprum quendam capere qu ill tempore agrs
Erymanthis vstbat et homins illus loc magnopere perterrbat.
Herculs laet negtium suscpit et in Arcadiam celeriter s recpit.
Ibi mox aprum repperit. Ille autem; simul atque Herculem vdit, statim
quam[3] celerrim fgit et met perterritus in fossam altam ss
abdidit. Herculs tamen summ cum difficultte eum extrxit, nec aper
ll mod ss lberre potuit, et vvus ad Eurystheum porttus est.
[Footnote 1: mult, 501.27.]
[Footnote 2: vent, 501.34.]
[Footnote 3: quam. What is the force of quam with a
superlative?]
LVIII. HERCULES CLEANS THE AUGEAN STABLES AND KILLS THE
STYMPHALIAN BIRDS
Deinde Eurystheus Hercul hunc labrem mult gravirem impervit.
Augs[1] qudam, qu ill tempore rgnum lidis[2] obtinbat, tria
mlia boum[3] habbat. H[4] ingent stabul continbantur. Hoc
stabulum, quod per trgint anns nn prgtum erat, Herculs intr
spatium nus di prgre iussus est. llle negtium alacriter suscpit,
et prmum labre gravissim maximam fossam fdit per quam flminis aquam
d montibus ad mrum stabul dxit. Tum partem parvam mr dlvit et
aquam in stabulum immsit. Hc mod fnm operis fcit n di facillim.
Post paucs dis Herculs ad oppidum Stymphlum iter fcit; nam
Eurystheus iusserat eum avis Stymphlids occdere. Hae avs rstra
ferrea habbant et homins misers dvorbant. Ille, postquam ad locum
pervnit, lacum vdit in qu avs incolbant. Nll tamen mod Herculs
avibus adpropinqure potuit; lacus enim nn ex aqu sed lm
cnstitit.[5] Dnique autem avs [6]d aliqu caus perterritae in aurs
volvrunt et magna pars erum sagitts Herculis occsa est.
[Footnote 1: Augs, pronounced in English _Aw-jas_.]
[Footnote 2: lidis, gen. case of lis, a district of Greece.]
[Footnote 3: boum, gen. plur. of bs. For construction see
501.11.]
[Footnote 4: ingent stabul, abl. of means, but in our idiom we
should say _in a huge stable_.]
[Footnote 5: cnstitit, from consto.]
[Footnote 6: d aliqu caus perterritae, _frightened for some
reason_.]
[Illustration: HERCULES ET TAURUS]
LIX. HERCULES CAPTURES THE CRETAN BULL AND CARRIES HIM LIVING TO
EURYSTHEUS
Tum Eurystheus iussit Herculem portre vvum ex nsul Crt taurum
quendam saevissimum. Ille igitur nvem cnscendit--nam ventus erat
idneus--atque statim solvit. Postquam trduum nvigavit, incolumis
nsulae adpropinquvit. Deinde, postquam omnia parta sunt, contendit ad
eam reginem quam taurus vexbat. Mox taurum vdit ac sine ll met
cornua eius corripuit. Tum ingent labre mnstrum ad nvem trxit atque
cum hc praed ex nsul discessit.
THE FLESH-EATING HORSES OF DIOMEDES
Postquam ex nsul Crt domum pervnit, Hercules ab Eurysthe in
Thrciam missus est. Ibi Diomds qudam, vir saevissimus, rgnum
obtinbat et omns fnibus sus prohibbat. Herculs iussus erat equs
Diomedis rapere et ad Eurystheum dcere. H autem equ homins
miserrims dvorbant d quibus rx supplicium smere cupibat. Herculs
ubi pervnit, prmum equs rge postulvit, sed rx es ddere
recsvit. Deinde ille r commtus rgem occdit et corpus eius equs
trdidit. Itaque is qu ante mults necverat, ipse edem supplici
nectus est. Et equ, nper saevissima animlia, postquam domin su
corpus dvorvrunt, mnsut erant.
LX. THE BELT OF HIPPOLYTE, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS
Gns Amzonum[1] dcitur[2] omnn ex mulieribus fuisse. Hae cum virs
proelium committere nn verbantur. Hippolyt, Amzonum rgna, balteum
habuit pulcherrimum. Hunc balteum possidre flia Eurysthe vehementer
cupibat. Itaque Eurystheus iussit Herculem impetum in Amzons facere.
Ille mults cum cpis nvem cnscendt et paucis dibus in Amzonum
fns pervnit, ac balteum postulvit. Eum trdere ipsa Hipporyt quidem
cupvit; reliqus tamen Amazonibus[3] persudre nn potuit. Postrdi
Herculs proelium commsit. Mults hrs utrimque quam fortissim
pugntum est Dnique tamen mulieres terga vertrunt et fug saltem
petirunt. Multae autem captae sunt, in qu numer erat ipsa Hippolyt.
Herculs postquam balteum accpit, omnibus captvs lberttem dedit.
[Footnote 1: A fabled tribe of warlike women living in Asia Minor.]
[Footnote 2: omnn, etc., _to have consisted entirely of women._]
[Footnote 3: Amzonibus, 501.14.]
[Illustration: HERCULES ET CERBERUS]
THE DESCENT TO HADES AND THE DOG CERBERUS
Iamque nus modo duodecim labribus relinqubtur sed inter omns hic
erat difficillimus. Iussus est enim canem Cerberum[4] ex Orc in lcem
trahere. Ex Orc autem nm ante reverterat. Praetere Cerberus erat
mnstrum maxim horribile et tria capita habbat. Herculs postquam
imperia Eurysthe accpit, statim profectus est et in Orcum dscendit.
Ibi vr nn sine summ pericul Cerberum manibus rapuit et ingent cum
labre ex Orc in lcem et adurbem Eurysthe trxit.
Sic duodecim labors ill[5] intr duodecim anns cnfect sunt. Dmum
post longam vtam Herculs des receptus est et Iuppiter fli su
dedit immortlittem.
[Footnote 4: The dog Cerberus guarded the gate of Orcus, the abode
of the dead.]
[Footnote 5: ill, _those famous._]
[Illustration: PUERI ROMANI]
P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY[1]
LXI. PUBLIUS IS BORN NEAR POMPEII
P. Cornlius Lentulus,[2] adulscns Rmnus, amplissim famili[3]
ntus est; nam pater eius, Mrcus, erat dux pertissimus, cuius
virtte[4] et cnsili multae victriae reporttae erant; atque mater
eius, llia, clrissims mairibus orta est. Nn vr in urbe sed
rr[5] Pblius ntus est, et cum mtre habitbat in vll quae in maris
ltore et sub radcibus magn montis sita erat. Mns autem erat Vesuvius
et parva urbs Pompi oct mlia[6] passuum[7] aberat. In Itali antqu
erant plrimae quidem villae et pulchrae, sed inter hs omns nlla erat
pulchrior quam villa Mrc Iliaeque. Frns vllae mr a maris
fluctibus mnibtur. Hinc mare et ltora et nsulae long ltque
cnspic[8] ac saepe nvs longae et onerriae poterant. terg et ab
utrque latere agr fercissim patbant. Undique erat magna varirum
flrum cpia et multa ingentium arborum genera quae aestte[9] umbram
dfesss agricols grtissimam adferbant. Praetere erant[10] in agrs
stabulsque multa animlium genera, nn slum equ et bovs sed etiam
rrae avs. Etiam erat[10] magna piscna plna piscium; nam Rmn
piscs dligenter colbant.
[Footnote 1: This story is fiction with certain historical facts in
Csars career as a setting. However, the events chronicled might
have happened, and no doubt did happen to many a Roman youth.]
[Footnote 2: A Roman had three names, as, Pblius (given name),
Cornlius (name of the _gns_ or clan), Lentulus (family name).]
[Footnote 3: Abl. of source, which is akin to the abl. of
separation (501.32).]
[Footnote 4: virtte, 501.24.]
[Footnote 5: rr, 501.36.1.]
[Footnote 6: mlia, 501.21.]
[Footnote 7: passuum, 501.11.]
[Footnote 8: cnspic, infin. with poterant, 215. Consult the
map of Italy for the approximate location of the villa.]
[Footnote 9: aestte, 501.35.]
[Footnote 10: How are the forms of sum translated when they
precede the subject?]
[Illustration: CASA ROMANA]
LXII. HIS LIFE ON THE FARM
Huius vllae Dvus, servus Mrc, est vlicus[1] et cum Lesbi uxre
omnia crat. Vlicus et uxor in cas humil, medis in agrs sit,
habitant. prm lce sque ad vesperum s[2] gravibus labribus
exercent ut omn rs bene gerant.[3] Plrima enim sunt officia Dv et
Lesbiae. Vlicus servs regit n tard sint[3]; mittit alis qu agrs
arent,[3] alis qu horts inrigent,[3] et opera in[4] ttum diem
impnit. Lesbia autem omnibus vestmenta parat, cibum coquit, pnem
facit.
Nn long ab hrum cas et in summ colle situm surgbat domicilium
ipsus domin dominaeque amplissimum. Ibi plrs anns[5] Pblius cum
mtre vtam flcem agbat; nam pater eius, Mrcus, in terrs longinqus
gravia re pblicae bella gerbat nec domum[6] revert poterat. Neque
puer quidem molestum est rr[7] vvere. Eum multae rs dlectant.
Magnopere amat silvs, agrs, equs, bovs, gallns, avs, reliquaque
animlia. Saepe plrs hrs[8] ad mare sedet qu[9] melius flucts et
nvs spectet. Nec omnn sine comitibus erat, quod Lydia, Dv flia,
quae erat eiusdem aettis, cum e adhc infante ldbat, inter qus cum
anns amcitia crscbat. Lydia nllum alium ducem dligbat et Pblius
ab puellae latere rr discdbat. Itaque sub clr Italiae sle Pblius
et Lydia, amc fidlissim, per camps collsque cotdi vagbantur.
Modo in silv fnitim ldebant ubi Pblius sagitts[10] celeribus avis
dicibat et Lydia corns varirum flrum coms sus rnbat; modo
aquam et cibum portbant ad Dvum servsque dfesss qu agrs colbant:
modo in cas parv aut hrs lacts in ld cnsmbant aut auxilium
dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum vir et servs parbat vel alis rs
domestics agbat.
[Footnote 1: The vlicus was a slave who acted as overseer of a
farm. He directed the farming operations and the sale of the
produce.]
[Footnote 2: se, reflexive pron., object of exercent.]
[Footnote 3: For the construction, see 501.40.]
[Footnote 4: in, _for_.]
[Footnote 5: anns, 501.21.]
[Footnote 6: domum, 501.20.]
[Footnote 7: rr, 501.36.1.]
[Footnote 8: hrs, cf. anns, line 17.]
[Footnote 9: qu ... spectet, 349, 350.]
[Footnote 10: sagittis, 501.24.]
LXIII. MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED
JULIA RECEIVES A LETTER FROM HIM
Iam Pblius[1] decem anns habbat cum M. Cornlius Lentulus, pater
eius, qu qunque anns[2] grave bellum in Asi gerbat, non sine glri
domum[3] revertbtur. Namque multa secunda proelia fcerat, maxims
hostium cpis dlverat, mults urbs populo[4] Rmn inimcs
cperat. Primum nntius pervnit qu Lentul[5] missus erat[6] ut
profectinem suam nntiret. Deinde plrs dis[7] reditum vir optim
mter fliusque exspectbant et anims[8] sollicitis des immortls
frstr colbant. Tum dmum hs litters summo cum gaudi accprunt:
[9]Mrcus Iliae suac saltem dcit. S vals, bene est; ego vale. Ex
Graeci, qu[10] praeter spem et opninem hodi pervn, hs litters
ad t scrib. Namque nvis nostra frcta est; ns autem--[11]ds est
gratia--incolumes sumus. Ex Asiae[12] port nvem ln vent solvimus.
Postquam[13] altum mare tenuimus [14]nec iam llae terrae apprurunt,
caelum undique et undique flucts, subit magna tempests coorta est et
nvem vehementissim adflxit. Vents fluctibusque adflctt[15] nec
slem discernere nec cursum tenre potermus et omnia praesentem mortem
intentbant. Trs dis[16] et trs nocts[16] sine rms vlsque
agimur. Qurt di[17] prmum terra vsa est et violenter in saxa, quae
nn long ltore aberant, diect sumus. Tum vr maira percula
timbmus; sed nauta qudam, vir fortissimus, ex nve in flucts rts
dsiluit [18]ut fnem ad ltus portret; quam rem summ labre vix
effcit. Ita omns servt sumus. Grtis igitur et honrem Neptn
dbmus, qu deus ns percul ripuit. Nunc Athns[19] sum, qu
cnfg ut mihi paucs hrs ad quitem darem.[20] Quam prmum autem
aliam nvem condcam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum cnficiam et domum[21]
ad mes crs revertar. Salt nostrum Pblium amcissim et valtdinem
tuam cr dligenter. [22]Kalends Mrtis.
[Footnote 1: _was ten years old_.]
[Footnote 2: anns, 501.21.]
[Footnote 3: domum, 501.20.]
[Footnote 4: popul, dat. with inimcs, cf. 501.16.]
[Footnote 5: Lentul, 501.33.]
[Footnote 6: ut ... nntiret, 501.40.]
[Footnote 7: dis, cf. anns, 1. 9.]
[Footnote 8: anims, abl. of manner. Do you see one in line 15?]
[Footnote 9: This is the usual form for the beginning of a Latin
letter. First we have the greeting, and then the expression S
vals, etc. The date of the letter is usually given at the end, and
also the place of writing, if not previously mentioned in the
letter.]
[Footnote 10: qu, _where_.]
[Footnote 11: ds est grtia, _thank God_, in our idiom.]
[Footnote 12: Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in Asia
Minor.]
[Footnote 13: altum mare tenuimus, _we were well out to sea._]
[Footnote 14: nec iam, _and no longer_.]
[Footnote 15: adflctt, perf. passive part. _tossed about_.]
[Footnote 16: What construction?]
[Footnote 17: di, 501.35.]
[Footnote 18: ut ... portret, 501.40.]
[Footnote 19: Athns, 501.36.1.]
[Footnote 20: darem, cf. portret, l. 6.]
[Footnote 21: Why not ad domum?]
[Footnote 22: Kalends Mrtis, _the Calends_ or _first of March_;
abl. of time, giving the date of the letter.]
LXIV. LENTULUS REACHES HOME PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS FATHER
Post paucs dis nvis M. Cornl Lentul portum Msn[1] petiit, qu
portus nn long Pompis situs est; qu in port classis Rmn
pnbtur et ad pugns nvls rnbtur. Ibi nvs omnium generum
cnspic poterant. Iamque incrdibil celeritte nvis longa qu
Lentulus vehbtur ltor adpropinquvit; nam nn slum vent sed etiam
rms impellbtur. In alt puppe stbat guberntor et nn procul aliqu
mlits Rmn cum arms splendids, inter qus clrissimus erat
Lentulus. Deinde serv rms contendere cessvrunt[2]; nautae vlum
contrxrunt et ancors icrunt. Lentulus statim nv gressus est
et[3] ad villam suam propervit. Eum Ilia, Pblius, ttaque familia
excprunt. [4]Qu complexs, quanta gaudia furunt!
Postrdi eius di Lentulus fli su dxit, Ven, m Pbl, mcum.
Pompis iter hodi faciam. Mter tua sudet[5] ut frcts et cibria
emam. Namque plrs amcs ad cnam vocvimus et mults rbus[6] egmus.
Ea horttur ut quam prmum proficscmur. Libenter, m pater, inquit
Pblius. Tcum esse mihi semper est grtum; nec Pompis umquam vd.
Sine mor proficsc partus sum. Tum celeriter currum cnscendrunt et
ad urbis mrs vect sunt. Stabin port[7] urbem ingress sunt.
Pblius strts vis mrtur et saxa altira quae in medi disposita
erant et alts orbits qus rotae inter haec saxa fcerant. Etiam
strepitum mrtur, multitdinem, carrs, fonts, doms, taberns,
forum[8] cum status, templs, reliqusque aedificis pblics.
[Footnote 1: Misenum had an excellent harbor, and under the emperor
Augustus became the chief naval station of the Roman fleet. See map
of Italy.]
[Footnote 2: Why is the infinitive used with cessvrunt?]
[Footnote 3: See Plate I, Frontispiece.]
[Footnote 4: Observe that these words are exclamatory.]
[Footnote 5: What construction follows sude? 501.41.]
[Footnote 6: rbus, 501.32.]
[Footnote 7: This is the abl. of the _way by which_ motion takes
place, sometimes called the abl. of route. The construction comes
under the general head of the abl. of means. For the scene here
described, see Plate II, p. 53, and notice especially the
stepping-stones for crossing the street (saxa quae in medi
disposita erant).]
[Footnote 8: The forum of Pompeii was surrounded by temples, public
halls, and markets of various sorts. Locate Pompeii on the map.]
LXV. A DAY AT POMPEII
Apud forum curr dscendrunt et Lentulus dxit, Hc sunt multa
tabernrum genera, m Pbl. Ecce, trns viam est popna! [1]Hoc genus
tabernrum cibria vndit. Frcts quoque ante inuam stant. Ibi cibria
mea emam. Optim, respondit Pblius. At ubi, m pater, crstula
emere possumus? Namque mter nbs impervit [2]ut haec quoque
parrmus. Time ut[3] ista popna vndat crstula. Bene dcis,
inquit Lentulus. At nnne vids illum fontem dextr ubi aqua per
lenis caput fluit? In ill ips loc est taberna pstris qu sine
dubi vndit crstula.
Brev tempore[4] omnia erant parta, iamque [5]qunta hra erat. Deinde
Lentulus et flius ad caupnam propervrunt, quod fam[6] et sit[7]
urgbantur. Ibi sub arboris umbr sdrunt et puer impervrunt ut
sibi[8] cibum et vnum daret. Huic imperi[9] puer celeriter pruit. Tum
laet s[10] ex labre refcrunt.
Post prandium prefect sunt ut alia urbis spectcula vidrent. Ill
tempore furunt Pompis[11] multa templa, duo thetra, thermae
magnumque amphithetrum, quae omnia post paucs anns flamms atque
incendis Vesuv et terrae mt dlta sunt. Ante hanc calamittem autem
homins [12]nihil d monte verit sunt. In amphithetr quidem Pblius
morr cupvit ut spectcula gladitria vidret, quae in[13] illum
ipsum diem prscrpta erant et iam [14]r vr incperant. Sed Lentulus
dxit, Morr, Pbl, [15]vereor ut possmus. Iam decima hra est et
via est longa. Tempus sudet ut quam prmum domum revertmur. Itaque
serv impervit ut equs iungeret, et slis occs[16] ad vllam
pervnrunt.
[Footnote 1: We say, _this kind of shop_; Latin, _this kind of
shops_.]
[Footnote 2: ut ... parrmus, 501.41.]
[Footnote 3: How is ut translated after a verb of fearing? How
n? Cf. 501.42.]
[Footnote 4: tempore, 501.35.]
[Footnote 5: qunta hra. The Romans numbered the hours of the day
consecutively from sunrise to sunset, dividing the day, whether long
or short, into twelve equal parts.]
[Footnote 6: fam shows a slight irregularity in that the abl.
ending -e is long.]
[Footnote 7: sitis, _thirst_, has -im in the acc. sing., - in
the abl. sing., and no plural.]
[Footnote 8: Observe that the reflexive pronoun sibi does not here
refer to the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands,
but to the subject of the main clause. This so-called _indirect_ use
of the reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose.]
[Footnote 9: What case? Cf. 501.14.]
[Footnote 10: s, cf. p. 205, l. 7, and note.]
[Footnote 11: Pompis, 501.36.1.]
[Footnote 12: nihil ... verit sunt, _had no fears of the
mountain_.]
[Footnote 13: in, _for_.]
[Footnote 14: r vr, _in fact_.]
[Footnote 15: vereor ut, 501.42.]
[Footnote 16: occs, 501.35.]
LXVI. LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON
prms anns quidem Ilia ipsa flium suum docuerat, et Pblius nn
slum [1]pr et Latn loqu poterat sed etiam commod legbat et
scrbbat. Iam Ennium[2] alisque pots lgerat. Nunc vr Pblius
[3]duodecim anns habbat; itaque e pater bonum magistrum, [4]virum
omn doctrn et virtte rntissimum, parvit, [5]qu Graeca, msicam,
alisque arts docret. [6]Namque ills temporibus omns fer gents
Graec loqubantur. Cum Pbli ali puer, Lentul amcrum fli,[7]
discbant. Nam saepe apud Rmns ms erat [8]nn in ldum flis
mittere sed dom per magistrum docre. Cotdi discipul cum magistr in
peristyl[9] Mrc doms sedbant. Omns puer bullam auream, orginis
honestae signum, in coll gerbant, et omns tog praetext amict
erant, [10]quod nndum sdecim anns[11] nt sunt.
[Footnote 1: pr ... poterat, freely, _could speak Latin well_.
What is the literal translation?]
[Footnote 2: Ennium, the father of Latin poetry.]
[Footnote 3: duodecim ... habbat, cf. p. 206, l. 8, and note.]
[Footnote 4: virum, etc., _a very well-educated and worthy man_.
Observe the Latin equivalent.]
[Footnote 5: qu ... docret, a relative clause of purpose. Cf.
349, 350.]
[Footnote 6: In Csars time Greek was spoken more widely in the
Roman world than any other language.]
[Footnote 7: fli, in apposition with puer.]
[Footnote 8: nn ... mittere. This infinitive clause is the
subject of erat. Cf. 216. The same construction is repeated in
the next clause, dom ... docre. The object of docre is
flis understood.]
[Footnote 9: The peristyle was an open court surrounded by a
colonnade.]
[Footnote 10: At the age of sixteen a boy laid aside the _bulla_
and the _toga praetexta_ and assumed _toga virlis_ or manly gown.]
[Footnote 11: anns, 501.21. The expression nndum sdecim
anns nt sunt means literally, _they were born not yet sixteen
years_. This is the usual expression for age. What is the English
equivalent?]
[Illustration: TABULA ET STILUS]
SCENE IN SCHOOL AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION
DISCIPUL. Salv, magister.
MAGISTER. Vs quoque omns, salvte. [1]Tabulsne portvistis et
stils?
D. Portvimus.
M. Iam fbulam Aesp[2] discmus. Ego legam, vs in tabuls scrbite.
Et t, Pbl, d mihi caps[3] Aesp volmen.[4] Iam audte
omns: _Vulps et va_.
Vulps lim fam cocta vam dpendentem vdit. Ad vam salibat,
smere cnns. Frstr di cnta, tandem rta erat et salre
cessns dxit: Illa va est acerba; acerbam vam [5]nihil moror.
Omniane scrpsistis, puer?
D. Omnia, magister.
[Footnote 1: Tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax. The
writing was done with a stylus, a pointed instrument like a pencil,
made of bone or metal, with a knob at the other end. The knob was
used to smooth over the wax in making erasures and corrections.]
[Footnote 2: Aesp, the famous Greek to whom are ascribed most of
the fables current in the ancient world.]
[Footnote 3: A cylindrical box for holding books and papers, shaped
like a hatbox.]
[Footnote 4: Ancient books were written on rolls made of papyrus.]
[Footnote 5: nihil moror, _I care nothing for_.]
LXVII. PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION
Iamque Pblius, [1]qundecim anns ntus, [2]prms litterrum elements
cnfects, Rmam petere voluit ut schols grammaticrum et philosophrum
frequentret. Et facillim patr[3] su, qui ipse philosophiae studi
tenbtur, persusit. Itaque [4]omnibus rbus ad profectinem
comparts, pater fliusque equs animss vect[5] ad magnam urbem
profect sunt. Es proficscents Ilia ttaque familia vts
precibusque prsectae sunt. Tum per loca[6] plna et collis silvs
vestts viam ingress sunt ad Nlam, quod oppidum es hospiti modic
excpit. Nlae[7] dus hrs mort sunt, quod sl merdinus rdbat.
Tum rct vi[8] circiter vgint mlia[9] passuum[9] Capuam,[9] ad
nsignem Campniae urbem, contendrunt. E[10] mult nocte dfess
pervnrunt. [11]Postrdi eius di, somn et cib recret, Capu
discessrunt et [13]viam Appiam ingress, quae Capuam tangit et sque ad
urbem Rmam dcit, ante merdiem Sinuessam pervnrunt, quod oppidum
tangit mare. Inde prm lce proficscents Formis[13] propervrunt,
ubi Cicer, rtor clarissimus, qu forte apud vllam suam erat, es
benign excpit. Hinc [14]itinere vgint qunque mlium passuum fact,
Tarracnam, oppidum in saxs altissims situm, vdrunt. Iamque nn
long aberant palds magnae, quae multa mlia passuum undique patent.
Per es pedestris via est gravis et in nve vitrs vehuntur. Itaque
[15]equs relicts Lentulus et Pblius nvem cnscendrunt, et, n
nocte in trnsit cnsmpt, Forum App vnrunt. Tum brev tempore
Arcia es excpit. Hoc oppidum, in colle situm, ab urbe Rom sdecim
mlia passuum abest. Inde dclivis via sque ad latum campum dcit ubi
Rma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Pblius vnit et Rmam adhc remtam,
maximam ttus orbis terrrum urbem, cnspxit, summ admrtine et
gaudi adfectus est. Sine mor dscendrunt, et, medi intervll quam
celerrim supert, urbem port Capn ingress sunt.
[Footnote 1: qundecim, etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.]
[Footnote 2: prms ... cnfects, abl. abs. Cf. 501.28.]
[Footnote 3: patr, dat. with persusit.]
[Footnote 4: omnibus ... comparts, cf. note 2.]
[Footnote 5: vect, perf. pass. part. of veh.]
[Footnote 6: What is there peculiar about the gender of this word?]
[Footnote 7: Nlae, locative case, 501.36.2.]
[Footnote 8: vi, cf. port, p. 208, l. 7, and note.]
[Footnote 9: What construction?]
[Footnote 10: E, adv. _there_.]
[Footnote 11: Postrdi eius di, _on the next day_.]
[Footnote 12: viam Appiam, the most famous of all Roman roads, the
great highway from Rome to Tarentum and Brundisium, with numerous
branches. Locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in
the lines that follow.]
[Footnote 13: Formis, _Formi_, one of the most beautiful spots
on this coast, and a favorite site for the villas of rich Romans.]
[Footnote 14: itinere ... fact, abl. abs. The gen. mlium
modifies itinere.]
[Footnote 15: equs relicts. What construction? Point out a
similar one in the next line.]
[Illustration: BULLA]
LXVIII. PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS
Pblius iam ttum annum Rmae morbtur[1] multaque urbis spectcula
vderat et mults sibi[2] amcs parverat. E[3] omns favbant; [4]d
e omns bene sprre poterant. Cotdi Pblius scholas philosophrum et
grammaticrum tant studi frequentbat [5]ut alis clrum exemplum
praebret. Saepe erat cum patre in cri[6]; quae rs effcit [7]ut
summs re pblicae virs et audret et vidret. Ubi [8]sdecim anns
natus est, bullam[9] auream et togam praetextam mre Rmn dposuit
atque virlem togam smpsit. Virlis autem toga erat omnn alba, sed
praetexta clvum purpureum in margine habbat. [10]Dpnere togam
praetextam et smere togam virlem erat rs grtissima puer Rmn,
quod poste vir et cvis Rmnus habbtur.
[11]Hs rbus gests Lentulus ad uxrem suam hs litters scrpsit:
[12]Mrcus Iliae suae saltem dcit. S vals, bene est; ego vale.
Accp tus litters. Hs nunc Rm per servum fidlissimum mitt ut d
Pbli nostr quam celerrim scis. Nam hodi e togam virlem ded.
Ante lucem surrx[13] et prmum bullam auream d coll eius remv. Hc
Laribus[14] cnsecrt et sacrs facts, eum tog virl vestv.
Interim plrs amc cum multitdine optimrum cvium et honestrum
clientium pervnerant [15]qu Pblium dom in forum ddcerent. Ibi in
cvittem receptus est et nmen, Pblius Cornlius Lentulus, apud cvs
Rmns ascrptum est. Omns e amcissim furunt et magna[16] de e
praedcunt. Sapientior enim aequlibus[17] est et magnum ingenium habet.
[18]Cr ut vales.
[Footnote 1: morbtur, translate as if pluperfect.]
[Footnote 2: sibi, _for himself_.]
[Footnote 3: E, why dat.?]
[Footnote 4: d ... poterant, in English, _all regarded him as a
very promising youth;_ but what does the Latin say?]
[Footnote 5: ut ... praebret, 501.43.]
[Footnote 6: cri, a famous building near the Roman Forum.]
[Footnote 7: ut ... audret et vidret, 501.44.]
[Footnote 8: sdecim, etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.]
[Footnote 9: bullam, cf. p. 210, l. 3, and note 4.]
[Footnote 10: These infinitive clauses are the subject of erat.
Cf. 216.]
[Footnote 11: Hs rbus gests, i.e. the assumption of the _toga
virilis_ and attendant ceremonies.]
[Footnote 12: Compare the beginning of this letter with the one on
page 206.]
[Footnote 13: surrx, from surg.]
[Footnote 14: The Lares were the spirits of the ancestors, and were
worshiped as household gods. All that the house contained was
confided to their care, and sacrifices were made to them daily.]
[Footnote 15: qu ... ddcerent, 350.]
[Footnote 16: magna, _great things_, a neuter adj. used as a
noun.]
[Footnote 17: aequlibus, 501.34.]
[Footnote 18: Cr ut vales, _take good care of your health_. How
does the Latin express this idea?]
LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CSARS ARMY IN GAUL
Pblius iam adulscns postquam togam virlem smpsit, alis rbus
studre incpit et praesertim s[1] armrum s[2] dligenter exercuit.
Magis magisque amvit ills arts quae mlitrem animum dlectant.
Iamque erant [3]qu e cursum mlitrem praedcerent. Nec sine caus,
quod cert patris signe exemplum [4]ita multum trahbat. [5]Paucs ante
anns C. Ilius Caesar, ducum Rmnrum maximus, cnsul cretus erat et
hc tempore in Galli bellum grave gerbat. Atque in exercit eius
plrs adulscents mlitbant, apud qus erat amcus qudam Pbl. Ille
Pblium crbrs litters vehementer hortbtur [6]ut iter in Galliam
faceret. Neque Pblius recsvit, et, mults amcs ad portam urbis
prsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Qurt di postquam
iter ingressus est, ad Alps, monts altissims, pervnit. Hs summ
difficultte superts, tandem Gallrum in fnibus erat. Prm autem
veritus est ut[7] castrs Rmns adpropinqure posset, quod Gall,
maxims cpis cocts, Rmns obsidbant et vis omns iam clauserant.
Hs rbus commtus Pblius vestem Gallicam induit n Galls capertur,
et ita per hostium cpis incolumis ad castra pervenre potuit. Intr
mntines acceptus, Caesare benign exceptus est. Impertor fortem
adulscentem amplissims verbs laudvit et eum [8]tribnum mltum
crevit.
[Footnote 1: Abl. of means.]
[Footnote 2: s, reflexive object of exercuit.]
[Footnote 3: qu ... praedcerent, 501.45.]
[Footnote 4: ita multum trahbat, _had a great influence in that
direction_.]
[Footnote 5: Paucs ante anns, _a few years before_; in Latin,
_before by a few years_, ante being an adverb and anns abl. of
degree of difference.]
[Footnote 6: ut ... faceret, 501.41.]
[Footnote 7: ut, how translated here? See 501.42.]
[Footnote 8: The _military tribune_ was a commissioned officer
nearly corresponding to our rank of colonel. The tribunes were often
inexperienced men, so Csar did not allow them much responsibility.]
[Illustration: IMPEDIMENTA]
HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED
Exercitus qu in hostium fnibus bellum genit mults percus
circumdatus est. [1]Quae percula ut vtret, Rmni summam cram
adhbre solbant. Adpropinquantes cpis hostium agmen ita dispnbant
[2]ut impertor ipse cum plribus leginibus expedts[3] prmum agmen
dceret. Post es cpis impedmenta[4] ttus exercits conlocbant.
[5]Tum legins quae proxim cnscrptae erant ttum agmen claudbant.
Equits quoque in omns parts dmittbantur qu loca explrrent; et
centurins praemittbantur ut locum castrs idneum dligerent. Locus
habbatur idneus castrs [6]qu facile dfend posset et prope aquam
esset. Qu d caus castra[7] in colle ab utrque parte ardu, fronte
lniter dclv saepe pnbantur; vel locus paldibus cnctus vel in
flminis rps situs dligbtur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervnit,
ali mlitum [8]in arms erant, ali castra mnre incipibant. Nam
[9]qu ttirs ab hostibus mlits essent, nve incaut et impart
opprimerentur, castra foss lt et vll alt mnibant. In castrs
portae quattuor erant ut rupti mlitum omns in parts fier posset.
In anguls castrrum erant turrs d quibus tla in hosts
conicibantur. [10]Tlibus in castrs qulia dscrpsimus Pblius
Caesare exceptus est.
[Footnote 1: Quae percula, object of vtrent. It is placed
first to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence.]
[Footnote 2: ut ... dceret, 501.43.]
[Footnote 3: expedts, i.e. without baggage and ready for
action.]
[Footnote 4: impedmenta. Much of the baggage was carried in carts
and on beasts of burden, as is shown above; but, besides this, each
soldier (unless expedtus) carried a heavy pack. See also picture,
p. 159.]
[Footnote 5: The newest legions were placed in the rear, because
they were the least reliable.]
[Footnote 6: qu ... posset ... esset, 501.45.]
[Footnote 7: castra, subject of pnbantur.]
[Footnote 8: in arms erant, _stood under arms_.]
[Footnote 9: qu ... essent. When is qu used to introduce a
purpose clause? See 350.I.]
[Footnote 10: Tlibus in castrs qulia, _in such a camp as_.
It is important to remember the correlatives tlis ... qulis,
_such ... as_.]
[Illustration: CENTURIO]
LXX. THE RIVAL CENTURIONS
Ills in castrs erant duo centurins,[1] fortissim vir, T. Pull et
L. Vornus, qurum neuter alter virtte[2] cdere volbat. Inter es
iam mults anns nfnsum certmen gerbtur. Tum dmum fnis
contrversiae hc mod[3] factus est. Di terti postquam Pblius
pervnit, hosts, mairibus cpis cocts, cerrimum impetum in castra
fcrunt. Tum Pull, [4]cum Rmn tardirs[5] vidrentur, Cr
dubits, inquit, Vorne? Quam commodirem occsinem exspects? Hic
dis d virtte nostr idicbit. Haec[6] cum dxisset, extr
mntins prcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cfertissima
[7]vidbtur inrpit. Neque Vornus quidem tum vll[8] ss continet,
sed Pullnem subsequitur. Tum Pull plum in hosts immittit atque num
ex multitdine prcurrentem tricit. Hunc percussum et exanimtum hosts
scts prtegunt et in Pullnem omns tla coniciunt. Eius sctum
trnsfgitur et tlum in balte dfgitur. Hic csus vgnam vertit et
dextram manum eius gladium dcere cnantis[9] mortur. Eum ita
impedtum hosts circumsistunt.
Tum vro [10]e labrant Vornus, cum sit inimcus, tamen auxilium dat.
Ad hunc cnfestim [11] Pullne omnis multitd s convertit. Gladi
comminus pugnat Vornus, atque, n interfect, reliqus paulum
prpellit. Sed nstns cupidius[12] nflx, [13]pede s fallente,
concidit.
Huic rrsus circumvent auxilium dat Pull, atque amb incolums,
plribus interfects, summ cum laude intr mntins s recipiunt. Sic
inimcrum alter alter auxilium dedit nec de erum virtte quisquam
idicre potuit.
[Footnote 1: A centurion commanded a company of about sixty men. He
was a common soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his
courage and fighting qualities. The centurions were the real leaders
of the men in battle. There were sixty of them in a legion. The
centurion in the picture (p. 216) has in his hand a staff with a
crook at one end, the symbol of his authority.]
[Footnote 2: virtte, 501.30.]
[Footnote 3: Abl. of manner.]
[Footnote 4: cum ... vidrentur, 501.46.]
[Footnote 5: tardirs, _too slow_, a not infrequent translation
of the comparative degree.]
[Footnote 6: Haec, obj. of dxisset. It is placed before cum
to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. What is the
construction of dxisset?]
[Footnote 7: vidbatur, inrpit. Why is the imperfect used in one
case and the perfect in the other? Cf. 190.]
[Footnote 8: vll, abl. of means, but in English we should say
_within the rampart_. Cf. ingent stabul, p. 201, l. 13, and
note.]
[Footnote 9: cnantis, pres. part. agreeing with eius.]
[Footnote 10: e labrant, indir. obj. of dat.]
[Footnote 11: lj Pullne, _from Pullo_, abl. of separation.]
[Footnote 12: cupidius, _too eagerly_.]
[Footnote 13: pede s fallente, lit. _the foot deceiving itself_;
in our idiom, _his foot slipping_.]
LXXI. THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED
Cum iam sex hrs pugnatum esset[1] ac nn slum vrs sed etiam tla
Rmns dficerent[1], atque hosts crius instrent,[1] et vllum
scindere fossamque complre incpissent,[1] Caesar, vir re mlitris
pertissimus, sus impervit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent,[2]
et, sign dat, ex castrs rumperent.[2] [3]Quod iuss sunt faciunt, et
subit ex omnibus ports rumpunt. Atque tam celeriter mlits
concurrrunt et tam propinqu erant hosts[4] ut spatium pla
coniciend[5] nn dartur. Itaque reiects pls [6]comminus gladis
pugntum est. Di et audcter hosts restitrunt et in extrm sp
saltis tantam virttem praestitrunt ut dextr corn vehementer
[7]multitdine surum aciem Rmanam premerent. [8]Id impertor cum
animadvertisset, Pblium adulscentem cum equitt msit qu
labrantibus[9] auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinre nn poturunt
hosts[10] et omns terga vertrunt. Es in fugam dats Pblius
subsectus est sque ad flmen Rhnum, quod ab e loc qunque mlia
passuum aberat. Ibi pauc saltem sibi repperrunt. Omnibus reliqus
interfects, Pblius et equits in castra ss recprunt. D hc
calamitte fnitimae gents cum certirs factae essent, ad Caesarem
lgts msrunt et s suaque omnia ddidrunt.
[Footnote 1: pugntum esset, dficerent, nstrent, incpissent.
These are all subjunctives with cum. Cf. 501.46.]
[Footnote 2: intermitterent, rumperent. What use of the
subjunctive?]
[Footnote 3: Quod, etc., _they do as ordered_. The antecedent of
quod is id understood, which would be the object of faciunt.]
[Footnote 4: ut ... dartur. Is this a clause of purpose or of
result?]
[Footnote 5: coniciend, 402.]
[Footnote 6: comminus gladis pugntum est, _a hand-to-hand
conflict was waged with swords_.]
[Footnote 7: multitdine surum, _by their numbers_. surum is
used as a noun. What is the literal translation of this expression?]
[Footnote 8: Id impertor. Id is the obj. and impertor the
subj. of animadvertisset.]
[Footnote 9: labrantibus. This participle agrees with is
understood, the indir. obj. of daret; qui ... daret is a purpose
clause, 501.40.]
[Footnote 10: hosts, subj. of poturunt.]
LXXII. PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS
Init aestte Caesar litters certior fbat et per explrtrs
cognscbat plrs cvitts Galliae novs rbus studre,[1] et contr
populum Rmnum conirre[1] obsidsque [2]inter s dare,[1] atque cum
hs Germns qusdam quoque ss coninctrs esse.[1] Hs litters
nntisque commtus Caesar cnstituit quam celerrim in Galls
proficsc,[3] ut es inopnants opprimeret, et Labinum lgtum cum
dubus leginibus peditum et dubus mlibus equitum in Germns
mittere.[3] [4]Itaque r frmentri compart castra mvit. Ab
utrque[5] rs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fns
pervnit ut spatium [6]cpis cgend nn dartur[4]; et Labinus d
Germns tam grave supplicium smpsit ut nm ex e gente in reliquum
tempus Galls auxilium dare audret.[7]
Hoc iter in Germniam Pblius quoque fcit et, [8]cum ibi morrtur,
multa mrbilia vdit. Praesertim vr ingentem silvam mrbtur, quae
tantae magnitdinis esse dcbtur [9]ut nm eam trnsre posset, nec
quisquam scret aut initium aut fnem. Qu d r plra cognverat
mlite qudam qu lim captus Germns mults anns ibi incoluit.
Ille[10] d silv dcns, nfntae magnitdinis est haec silva,
inquit; nee quisquam est [11]huius Germniae [12]qu initium eius sciat
aut ad fnem adierit. Nscuntur illc multa tlia animlium genera
qulia reliqus in locs nn inveniuntur. Sunt bovs qu num[13] corn
habent; sunt etiam animlia quae appellantur alcs. Hae nlls
crrum[14] articuls habent. Itaque, s forte concidrunt, ss rigere
nll mod possunt. Arbors habent pr[15] cublibus; ad es s
applicant atque ita reclntae quitem capiunt. Tertium est genus erum
qu r appellantur. H sunt paul minrs elephants.[16] Magna vis
erum est et magna vlcits. Neque homin neque ferae parcunt.[17]
[Footnote 1: Observe that all these infinitives are in indirect
statements after certior fbat, _he was informed_, and
cognscbat, _he learned_. Cf. 501.48, 49.]
[Footnote 2: inter s, _to each other_.]
[Footnote 3: proficsc, mittere. These infinitives depend upon
cnstituit.]
[Footnote 4: Before beginning a campaign, food had to be provided.
Every fifteen days grain was distributed. Each soldier received
about two pecks. This he carried in his pack, and this constituted
his food, varied occasionally by what he could find by foraging.]
[Footnote 5: Abl. of personal agent, 501.33.]
[Footnote 6: cpis cgend, 501.37.1.]
[Footnote 7: dartur, audret, 501.43. audret is not from
audi.]
[Footnote 8: cum ... morrtur, 501.46.]
[Footnote 9: ut ... posset, ... scret, 501.43.]
[Footnote 10: Ille, subj. of inquit.]
[Footnote 11: huius Germniae, _of this part of Germany_.]
[Footnote 12: qu ... scat ... adierit, 501.45.]
[Footnote 13: Ǟnum, _only one_.]
[Footnote 14: crrum, from crs.]
[Footnote 15: pr, _for, in place of_.]
[Footnote 16: elephants, 501.34.]
[Footnote 17: parcunt. What case is used with this verb?]
[Illustration: VINEA]
LXXIII. THE STORMING OF A CITY
Pblius plrs dis in Germni mortus[1] in Galliam rediit, et ad
Caesaris castra s contulit. Ille quia molest ferbat Galls[2] eius
reginis obsids dare recsvisse et exercitu frmentum praebre
nluisse, cnstituit es[3] bellum nferre. Agrs vstts, vcs
incnss, pervnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et ntr et arte
mntum erat. Cingbtur mr vgint qunque peds[4] alt. lateribus
dusitum, praerupt fastgi ad plnitiem verggat; qurt tantum[5]
latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnre, [6]cum opus esset
difficillimum, tamen cnstituit Caesar. Et castrs mnts Pbli
negtium dedit ut rs [7]ad oppugnandum necessris parret.
Rmnrum autem oppugnti est haec.[8] Prmum turrs aedificantur
quibus mlits in summum mrum vdere possint[9]; vneae[10] funt
quibus tct mlits ad mrum succdant; plute[11] parantur post qus
mlits tormenta[12] administrent; sunt quoque ariets qu mrum et
ports discutiant. Hs omnibus rbus comparts, deinde [13]agger ab e
parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vnes ad ipsum
oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prmovtur; arietibus qu sub
vnes conloct erant mrus et portae discutiuntur; ballists,
catapults, reliqusque torments lapids et tla in oppidum
coniciuntur. Postrm cum iam turris et agger altitdinem mr adaequant
et ariets moenia perfrgrunt,[14] sign dat mlits inruunt et
oppidum expugnant.
[Footnote 1: mortus. Is this part. active or passive in meaning?]
[Footnote 2: Galls, subj. acc. of the infins. recsvisse and
nluisse. The indirect statement depends upon molest ferbat.]
[Footnote 3: es, 501.15.]
[Footnote 4: peds, 501.21.]
[Footnote 5: tantum, adv. _only_.]
[Footnote 6: cum ... esset, a clause of concession, 501.46.]
[Footnote 7: ad oppugnandum, a gerund expressing purpose.]
[Footnote 8: haec, _as follows_.]
[Footnote 9: possint, subjv. of purpose. Three similar
constructions follow.]
[Footnote 10: vneae. These vneae were wooden sheds, open in
front and rear, used to protect men who were working to take a
fortification. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and
double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from
being set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers.]
[Footnote 11: plute, large screens or shields with small wheels
attached to them. These were used to protect besiegers while moving
up to a city or while serving the engines of war.]
[Footnote 12: tormenta. The engines of war were chiefly the
catapult for shooting great arrows, and the ballista, for hurling
large stones. They had a range of about two thousand feet and were
very effective.]
[Footnote 13: The agger, or mound, was of chief importance in a
siege. It was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy,
and then gradually extended towards the point to be attacked. At the
same time its height gradually increased until on a level with the
top of the wall, or even higher. It was made of earth and timber,
and had covered galleries running through it for the use of the
besiegers. Over or beside the _agger_ a tower was moved up to the
wall, often with a battering-ram (_aries_) in the lowest story. (See
picture, p. 221.)]
[Footnote 14: perfrgrunt, from perfring.]
[Illustration: BALLISTA]
[Illustration: TURRES, ARIETES, VINEA]
LXXIV. THE CITY IS TAKEN THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED
Omnibus rbus necessris ad oppugnandum Pbli comparts,
dlbertur in concili quod cnsilium [1]oppid expugnand ineant.[2]
Tum nus[3] ex centurinibus, vir re mlitris pertissimus, Ego
sude, inquit, ut ab e parte, ubi aditus sit[5] facillimus, aggerem
exstrumus[4] et turrim prmovemus[6] atque ariete admt simul mrum
discutere cnmur.[5] [6]Hoc cnsilium cum omnibus placret, Caesar
concilium dmsit. Deinde mlits horttus ut prirs victris
memori[7] tenrent, iussit aggerem exstru, turrim et arietem admovr.
Neque oppidns[8] cnsilium dfuit. Ali ignem et omne genus tlrum d
mr in turrim conicrunt, ali ingentia saxa in vnes et arietem
dvolvrunt. Di utrimque cerrim pugntum est. N vulnert quidem
pedem rettulrunt. Tandem, [9]d terti vigili, Pblius, quem Caesar
ill oper[10] praefcerat, nntivit partem[11] mr ictibus arietis
labefactam concidisse. Qu r audt Caesar signum dat; mlits inruunt
et magn cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt.
Postrdi eius di, hc oppid expugnt, [12]captvrum qu
nbilissim sunt ad impertrem ante praetrium[13] addcuntur. Ipse,
lrc aurt et paludment purpure nsignis, captvs per interpretem
in hunc modum interrogat:[14] Vs qu estis[15]?
INTERPRES. Rogat impertor qu stis.
CAPTV. Fli rgis sumus.
INTERPRES. Dcunt s flis esse rgis.
IMPERTOR. Cr mihi tants iniris intulistis?
INTERPRES. Rogat cr sibi tants iniris intuleritis.
CAPTV. Iniris e nn intulimus sed pr patri bellum gessimus.
Semper voluimus Rmns esse amc, sed Rmn sine caus ns dom
patrique expellere cnt sunt.
INTERPRES. [16]Negant s iniris tibi intulisse, sed pr patri bellum
gessisse. [17]Semper s voluisse amcs Rmns esse, sed Rmns sine
caus s dom patrique expellere cnts esse.
IMPERTOR. [18]Manbitisne in reliquum tempus in fid, hc rebelline
condnt?
Tum vr captv mults cum lacrims irvrunt s in fid mnsrs
esse, et Caesar es incolums domum dmsit.
[Footnote 1: oppid expugnand. Is this a gerund or a gerundive
construction? Cf. 501.37.]
[Footnote 2: ineant. 501.50.]
[Footnote 3: Ǟnus. subj. of inquit.]
[Footnote 4: sit. This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction,
which means that the clause beginning with ubi stands in such
close connection with the subjv. clause beginning with ut, that
its verb is attracted into the same mood.]
[Footnote 5: All these verbs are in the same construction.]
[Footnote 6: Hoc cnsilium, subj. of placret. For the order
cf. Haec cum, etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; Id impertor cum,
p. 217, l. 8.]
[Footnote 7: memori, abl. of means.]
[Footnote 8: oppidns, 501.15.]
[Footnote 9: Between twelve and three oclock in the morning. The
night was divided into four watches.]
[Footnote 10: oper, 501.15.]
[Footnote 11: partem, subj. acc. of concidisse.]
[Footnote 12: captvrum ... sunt, _the noblest of the captives_.]
[Footnote 13: The generals headquarters.]
[Footnote 14: Study carefully these direct questions, indirect
questions, and indirect statements.]
[Footnote 15: See Plate III, p. 148.]
[Footnote 16: Negant, etc., _they say that they have not_, etc.
Negant is equivalent to dcunt nn, and the negative modifies
intulisse, but not the remainder of the indirect statement.]
[Footnote 17: Semper, etc., _that they have always_, etc.]
[Footnote 18: Manbitisne in fid, _will you remain loyal?_]
LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CSAR AND POMPEY
THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA
N cnfect[1] quidem bell Gallic, [2]bellum cvle inter Caesarem et
Pompium exortum est. Nam Pompius, qu summum imperium petbat, sentu
persuserat ut Caesarem re pblicae hostem[3] idicret et exercitum
eius dmitt iubret. Quibus cognits rbus Caesar exercitum suum
dmittere recsvit, atque, horttus mlits ut ducem totins victrem
ab inimcrum iniris dfenderent, impervit ut s Rmam sequerentur.
Summ cum alacritte mlits prurunt, et trnsit Rubicne[4] initium
bell cvlis factum est.
Italiae urbs quidem omns fer [5]rbus Caesaris favbant et eum
benign excprunt. Qu r commtus Pompius ante Caesaris adventum Rm
excessit et Brundisium[6] pervnit, inde [7]paucs post dibus cum
omnibus cpis ad prum mare trnsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem leginibus
et qungents equitibus sectus est, et nsignis inter Caesaris
comittum erat Pblius.
Plribus leviribus proelis facts, tandem cpiae adversae ad
Pharslum[8] in Thessali sitam castra posurunt. Cum Pompe exercitus
esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant mult qu veterns
legins quae Galls et Germns superverant vehementer timbant.
Qus[9] [10]ante proelium commissum Labinus[11] lgtus, qu ab Caesare
nper dfcerat, ita adloctus est: [12]Nlte exstimre hunc esse
exercitum veternrum mlitum. Omnibus interfu proelis[13] neque
temer incognitam rem prnnti. Perexigua pars illus exercits qu
Galls supervit adhc superest. Magna pars occsa est, mult domum
discessrunt, mult sunt relict in Itali. Hae cpiae qus vidtis in
[14]citerire Galli nper cnscrptae sunt. Haec[15] cum dxisset,
irvit s nisi victrem in castra nn reversrum esse. [16]Hoc idem
Pompius et omns reliqu irvrunt, et magn sp et laetiti, scut
certam ad victriam, cpiae castrs exirunt.
Item Caesar, anim[17] ad dmicandum partus, exercitum suum dxit et
septem cohortibus [18]praesidi castrs relicts cpis triplic aci
nstrxit. Tum, mlitibus studi pugnae rdentibus, tub signum dedit.
Mlits prcurrrunt et pls misss gladis strnxrunt. Neque vr
virts hostibus dfuit. Nam et tla missa sustinurunt et impetum
gladirum excprunt et rdins cnservvrunt. Utrimque di et criter
pugntum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equits Pomp aciem
Caesaris circumre cnt sunt. Quod[19] ubi Caesar animadvertit,
tertiam aciem,[20] quae ad id tempus quita fuerat, prcurrere iussit.
Tum vr integrrum impetum[21] dfess hosts sustinre nn poturunt
et omns terga vertrunt. Sed Pompius d fortns sus dsprns s in
castra equ contulit, inde mox cum paucs equitibus effgit.
[Footnote 1: With n ... quidem the emphatic word stands between
the two.]
[Footnote 2: The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry
between Csar and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent
death of Pompey and the elevation of Csar to the lordship of the
Roman world.]
[Footnote 3: hostem, predicate accusative, 501.22.]
[Footnote 4: The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that
marked the boundary of Csars province. By crossing it with an
armed force Csar declared war upon Pompey and the existing
government. Csar crossed the Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C.]
[Footnote 5: rbus Caesaris favbant, _favored Csars side_. In
what case is rbus?]
[Footnote 6: Brundisium, a famous port in southern Italy whence
ships sailed for Greece and the East. See map.]
[Footnote 7: paucs post dibus, _a few days later_; literally,
_afterguards by a few days_. Cf. paucs ante anns, p. 213, l. 12,
and note.]
[Footnote 8: The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C.
In importance it ranks as one of the great battles of the world.]
[Footnote 9: Qus, obj. of adloctus est.]
[Footnote 10: ante proelium commissum, _before the beginning of
the battle_.]
[Footnote 11: Labinus, Csars most faithful and skillful
lieutenant in the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in
49 B.C., he deserted Csar and joined Pompey. His defection caused
the greatest joy among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the
expectations of his new friends, and never accomplished anything of
importance. He fought against his old commander in several battles
and was slain at the battle of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.]
[Footnote 12: Nlte exstimre, _dont think_.]
[Footnote 13: proelis, 501.15.]
[Footnote 14: citerire Galli. This name is applied to Cisalpine
Gaul, or Gaul south of the Alps.]
[Footnote 15: Haec, obj. of dxisset.]
[Footnote 16: Hoc idem, obj. of irvrunt.]
[Footnote 17: anim, 501.30.]
[Footnote 18: praesidi castrs, 501.17.]
[Footnote 19: Quod, obj. of animadvertit.]
[Footnote 20: aciem, subj. of prcurrere.]
[Footnote 21: impetum, obj. of sustinre.]
[Illustration: SIGNIFER]
LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR
Pompi amcsque eius superts atque omnibus hostibus ubque victs,
Caesar impertor Rmam rediit et [1]extr moenia urbis in camp Mrti
castra posuit. Tum vr amplissims honribus adfectus est. Dicttor
cretus est, et e triumphus sent est dcrtus. [2]Qu di de Galls
triumphum git, tanta multitd hominum in urbem undique cnflxit [3]ut
omnia loca essent cnferta. Templa patbant, rae fmbant, columnae
serts rntae erant. [4]Cum vr pompa urbem intrret, quantus hominum
fremitus ortus est! Prmum per portam ingress sunt sentus et
magistrts. Sect sunt tbcins, signifer, pedits laure cornt
canents: Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, qu subgit Galliam, et Mlle,
mlle, mlle, mlle Galls trucdvimus. Mult praedam captrum urbium
portbant, arma, omnia bell nstrmenta. Sect sunt equits, animss
atque splendidissim rnts equs vect, inter qus Pblius adulscns
fortissimus habbtur. Addcbantur taur, ariets, [5]qu ds
immortlibus immolrentur. Ita long agmine prgredins exercitus
[6]sacr vi per forum in Capitlium perrxit.
Impertor ipse cum urbem intrret, undique laet clmre multitdinis
salttus est. Stbat in curr aure quem quattuor alb equ vehbant.
Indtus [7]tog pict, alter man habns et lauream tenbat, alter
eburneum scptrum. Post eum servus in curr stns auream cornam super
caput eius tenbat. Ante currum miserrim captv, rgs prncipsque
supertrum gentium, catns vnct, prgredibantur; et vgint
quattuor lctrs[8] laureats fascs ferents et signifer currum
Caesaris comitbantur. Concldit agmen multitd captvrum, qu, in
servittem redct,[9] dmiss vult, vncts[10] bracchis, sequuntur;
quibuscum veniunt longissim rdine mlits, etiam h praedam vel
insignia mlitria ferents.
[Illustration: LICTORES CUM FASCIBUS]
Caesar cum Capitlium ascendisset, in templ Iov Capitln sacra
fcit. Simul[11] captivrum qu nbilissim erant, abduct in
carcerem,[12] interfect sunt. Sacrs facts Caesar d Capitli
dscendit et in for mitibus sus honrs mlitrs dedit esque
pecniam ex bell praed distribuit.
Hs omnibus rbus cnfects, Pblius Caesarem valre[13] iussit et quam
celerrim ad vllam contendit ut patrem mtremque saltret.
[14]D rbus gests P. Cornl Lentul hctenus.
[Footnote 1: A victorious general with his army was not allowed to
enter the city until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the
greatest of all military honors.]
[Footnote 2: Qu di, _on the day that_, abl. of time.]
[Footnote 3: ut ... essent, 501.43.]
[Footnote 4: Cum ... intrret, 501.46.]
[Footnote 5: qu ... immolrentur, 501.40.]
[Footnote 6: The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one
side of the Forum to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose
summit stood the magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This
route was always followed by triumphal processions.]
[Footnote 7: The toga picta worn by a general in his triumph was a
splendid robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate
IV, p. 213.]
[Footnote 8: The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the
higher magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On
their shoulders they carried the _fasces_, a bundle of rods with an
ax in the middle, symbolizing the power of the law.]
[Footnote 9: dmiss vult, _with downcast countenance_.]
[Footnote 10: vncts, from vinci.]
[Footnote 11: Simul, etc., _At the same time those of the captives
who were the noblest._]
[Footnote 12: The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of
the Capitoline Hill.]
[Footnote 13: valre iussit, _bade farewell to_.]
[Footnote 14: This sentence marks the end of the story.]
APPENDIX I
DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.
NOUNS
460. Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the
final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive
singular.
FIRST DECLENSION---stems, Gen. Sing. -ae
SECOND DECLENSION--O-stems, Gen. Sing. -
THIRD DECLENSION--Consonant stems and I-stems, Gen. Sing. -is
FOURTH DECLENSION--U-stems, Gen. Sing. -s
FIFTH DECLENSION---stems, Gen. Sing. - or -e
461. FIRST DECLENSION. __-STEMS
domina, _lady_ STEM domin- BASE domin-
SINGULAR PLURAL
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ domina -a dominae -ae
_Gen._ dominae -ae dominrum -rum
_Dat._ dominae -ae domins -s
_Acc._ dominam -am domins -s
_Abl._ domin - domins -s
_a._ Dea and flia have the termination -bus in the dative
and ablative plural.
462. SECOND DECLENSION. _O_-STEMS
_a._ MASCULINES IN -us
dominus, _master_ STEM domino- BASE domin-
SINGULAR PLURAL
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ dominus -us domin -
_Gen._ domin - dominrum -rum
_Dat._ domin - domins -s
_Acc._ dominum -um domins -s
_Abl._ domin - domins -s
1. Nouns in -us of the second declension have the termination -e
in the vocative singular, as domine.
2. Proper names in -ius, and filius, end in - in the vocative
singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as Vergil, fl.
_b._ NEUTERS IN -um
plum, _spear_ STEM plo- BASE pl-
SINGULAR PLURAL
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ plum -um pla -a
_Gen._ pl - plrum -rum
_Dat._ pl - pls -s
_Acc._ plum -um pla -a
_Abl._ pl - pls -s
1. Masculines in -ius and neuters in -ium end in - in the
genitive singular, _not_ in -i, and the accent rests on the penult.
_c._ MASCULINES IN -er AND -ir
puer, _boy_ ager, _field_ vir, _man_
STEMS puero- agro- viro-
BASES puer- agr- vir-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ puer ager vir --
_Gen._ puer agr vir -
_Dat._ puer agr vir -
_Acc._ puerum agrum virum -um
_Abl._ puer agr vir -
PLURAL
_Nom._ puer agr vir -
_Gen._ puerrum agrrum virrum -rum
_Dat._ puers agrs virs -s
_Acc._ puers agrs virs -s
_Abl._ puers agrs virs -s
463. THIRD DECLENSION.
CLASSIFICATION
I. Consonant Stems
1. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative
singular: masculines and feminines only.
2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular:
_a._ masculines and feminines; _b._ neuters.
II. _I_-Stems.
Masculines, feminines, and neuters.
464. I. CONSONANT STEMS
1. _Nouns that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular:
masculines and feminines only_
prnceps, mles, m., lapis, m.,
m., _chief_ _soldier_ _stone_
BASES |
OR | prncip- mlit- lapid-
STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ prnceps mles lapis -s
_Gen._ prncipis mlitis lapidis -is
_Dat._ prncip mlit lapid -
_Acc._ prncipem mlitem lapidem -em
_Abl._ prncipe mlite lapide -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ prncips mlits lapids -s
_Gen._ prncipum mlitum lapidum -um
_Dat._ prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus
_Acc._ prncips mlits lapids -s
_Abl._ prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus
rx, m., idex, m., virts, f.,
_king_ _judge_ _virtue_
BASES |
OR | rg- idic- virtt-
STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ rx idex virts -s
_Gen._ rgis idicis virttis -is
_Dat._ rg idic virtt -
_Acc._ rgem idicem virttem -em
_Abl._ rge idice virtte -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ rgs idics virtts -s
_Gen._ rgum idicum virttum -um
_Dat._ rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus
_Acc._ rgs idics virtts -es
_Abl._ rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus
NOTE. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. 233.3.
2. _Nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular_
_a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES
cnsul, m., legi, f., Ǚrd, pater, m.,
_consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_
BASES |
OR | consul- legin- Ǚrdin- patr-
STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ cnsul legi rd pater --
_Gen._ cnsulis leginis rdinis patris -is
_Dat._ cnsul legin rdin patr -
_Acc._ cnsulem leginem rdinem patrem -em
_Abl._ cnsule legine rdine patre -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s
_Gen._ cnsulum leginum rdinum patrum -um
_Dat._ cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus
_Acc._ cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s
_Abl._ cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus
NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf.
236.1-3.
_b._ NEUTERS
flmen, tempus, opus, caput,
n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_
BASES |
OR | flmin- tempor- oper- capit-
STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ flmen tempus opus caput --
_Gen._ flminis temporis operis capitis -is
_Dat._ flmin tempor oper capit -
_Acc._ flmen tempus opus caput --
_Abl._ flmine tempore opere capite -e
PLURAL
_Nom._ flmina tempora opera capita -a
_Gen._ flminum temporum operum capitum -um
_Dat._ flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
_Acc._ flmina tempora opera capita -a
_Abl._ flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf.
238.2, 3.
465. II. _I_-STEMS
_a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES
caeds, f., hostis, urbs, f., clins, m.,
_slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_
STEMS caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti-
BASES caed- host- urb- client-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ caeds hostis urbs clins -s, -is,
_or_ -s
_Gen._ caedis hostis urbis clientis -is
_Dat._ caed host urb client -
_Acc._ caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im)
_Abl._ caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-)
PLURAL
_Nom._ caeds hosts urbs clients -s
_Gen._ caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium
_Dat._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
_Acc._ caeds, -s hosts, -s urbs, -s clients, -s -s, -s
_Abl._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
1. Avis, cvis, fnis, ignis, nvis, have the abl. sing. in
- or -e.
2. Turris has accusative turrim and ablative turr or turre.
_b._ NEUTERS
ǔnsigne, n., animal, n., calcar,
_decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_
STEMS ǔnsigni- animli- calcri-
BASES ǔnsign- animl- calcr-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Gen._ nsignis animlis calcris -is
_Dat._ nsign animl calcr -
_Acc._ nsigne animal calcar -e _or_ --
_Abl._ nsign animl calcr -
PLURAL
_Nom._ nsignia animlia calcria -ia
_Gen._ nsignium animlium calcrium -ium
_Dat._ nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus
_Acc._ nsignia animlia calcria -ia
_Abl._ nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus
466. THE FOURTH DECLENSION. _U_-STEMS
adventus, m., corn, n., _horn_
_arrival_
STEMS adventu- cornu-
BASES advent- corn-
TERMINATIONS
SINGULAR MASC. NEUT.
_Nom._ adventus corn -us -
_Gen._ advents corns -s -s
_Dat._ adventu () corn -u () -
_Acc._ adventum corn -um -
_Abl._ advent corn - -
PLURAL
_Nom._ advents cornua -s -ua
_Gen._ adventuum cornuum -uum -uum
_Dat._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
_Acc._ advents cornua -s -ua
_Abl._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
467. THE FIFTH DECLENSION. __-STEMS
dis, m., _day_ rs, f., _thing_
STEMS di- r-
BASES di- r-
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
_Nom._ dis rs -s
_Gen._ di re - _or_ -e
_Dat._ di re - _or_ -e
_Acc._ diem rem -em
_Abl._ di r -
PLURAL
_Nom._ dis rs -s
_Gen._ dirum rrum -rum
_Dat._ dibus rbus -bus
_Acc._ dis rs -s
_Abl._ dibus rbus -bus
468. SPECIAL PARADIGMS
deus, domus, f., vs, f., iter,
m., _god_ _house_ _strength_ n., _way_
STEMS deo- domu- v- and iter- and
vri- itiner-
BASES de- dom- v- and iter- and
vr- itiner-
SINGULAR
_Nom._ deus domus vs iter
_Gen._ de doms vs (rare) itineris
_Dat._ de domu, - v (rare) itiner
_Acc._ deum domum vim iter
_Abl._ de dom, - v itinere
PLURAL
_Nom._ de, d doms vrs itinera
_Gen._ derum, deum domuum, -rum vrium itinerum
_Dat._ des, ds domibus vribus itineribus
_Acc._ des doms, -s vrs, -s itinera
_Abl._ des, ds domibus vribus itineribus
_a._ The vocative singular of deus is like the nominative.
_b._ The locative of domus is dom.
ADJECTIVES
469. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. _O_- AND __-STEMS
_a._ ADJECTIVES IN -us
bonus, _good_
STEMS bono- m. and n., bona- f.
BASE bon-
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ bonus bona bonum
_Gen._ bon bonae bon
_Dat._ bon bonae bon
_Acc._ bonum bonam bonum
_Abl._ bon bon bon
PLURAL
_Nom._ bon bonae bona
_Gen._ bonrum bonrum bonrum
_Dat._ bons bons bons
_Acc._ bons bons bona
_Abl._ bons bons bons
_b._ ADJECTIVES IN -er
lber, _free_
STEMS lbero- m. and n., lber- f.
BASE lber-
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ lber lbera lberum
_Gen._ lber lberae lber
_Dat._ lber lberae lber
_Acc._ lberum lberam lberum
_Abl._ lber lber lber
PLURAL
_Nom._ lber lberae lbera
_Gen._ lberrum lberrum lberrum
_Dat._ lbers lbers lbers
_Acc._ lbers lbers lbera
_Abl._ lbers lbers lbers
pulcher, _pretty_
STEMS pulchro- m. and n., pulchr- f.
BASE pulchr-
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ pulcher pulchra pulchrum
_Gen._ pulchr pulchrae pulchr
_Dat._ pulchr pulchrae pulchr
_Acc._ pulchrum pulchram pulchrum
_Abl._ pulchr pulchr pulchr
PLURAL
_Nom._ pulchr pulchrae pulchra
_Gen._ pulchrrum pulchrrum pulchrrum
_Dat._ pulchrs pulchrs pulchrs
_Acc._ pulchrs pulchrs pulchra
_Abl._ pulchrs pulchrs pulchrs
470. THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
alius, _another_
STEMS alio- m. and n., ali- f.
BASE ali-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ alius alia aliud ali aliae alia
_Gen._ alus alus alus alirum alirum alirum
_Dat._ ali ali ali alis alis alis
_Acc._ alium aliam aliud alis alis alia
_Abl._ ali ali ali alis alis alis
Ǟnus, _one, only_
STEMS Ǟno- m. and n., Ǟn- f.
BASE Ǟn-
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ nus na num n nae na
_Gen._ nus nus nus nrum nrum nrum
_Dat._ n n n ns ns ns
_Acc._ num nam num ns ns na
_Abl._ n n n ns ns ns
_a._ For the complete list see 108.
471. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. _I_-STEMS
I. THREE ENDINGS
ljcer, cris, cre, _keen, eager_
STEM ljcri- BASE ljcr-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ cer cris cre crs crs cria
_Gen._ cris cris cris crium crium crium
_Dat._ cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus
_Acc._ crem crem cre crs, -s crs, -s cria
_Abl._ cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus
II. TWO ENDINGS
omnis, omne, _every, all_
STEM omni- BASE omn-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ omnis omne omns omnia
_Gen._ omnis omnis omnium omnium
_Dat._ omn omn omnibus omnibus
_Acc._ omnem omne omns, -s omnia
_Abl._ omn omn omnibus omnibus
III. ONE ENDING
pr, _equal_
STEM pari- BASE par-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ pr pr pars paria
_Gen._ paris paris parium parium
_Dat._ par par paribus paribus
_Acc._ parem pr pars, -s paria
_Abl._ par par paribus paribus
1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have - in the ablative
singular.
[Transcribers Note:
This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag
on the page.]
472. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
amns, _loving_
STEM amanti- BASE amant-
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ amns amns amants amantia
_Gen._ amantis amantis amantium amantium
_Dat._ amant amant amantibus amantibus
_Acc._ amantem amns amants, -s amantia
_Abl._ amante, - amante, - amantibus amantibus
ins, _going_
STEM ienti-, eunti- BASE ient-, eunt-
_Nom._ ins ins eunts euntia
_Gen._ euntis euntis euntium euntium
_Dat._ eunt eunt euntibus euntibus
_Acc._ euntem ins eunts, -s euntia
_Abl._ eunte, - eunte, - euntibus euntibus
473. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
MASC. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
altus (alto-) altior altius altissimus -a -um
lber (lbero-) lberior lberius lberrimus -a -um
pulcher (pulchro-) pulchrior pulchrius pulcherrimus -a -um
audx (audci-) audcior audcius audcissimus -a -um
brevis (brevi-) brevior brevius brevissimus -a -um
cer (cri-) crior crius cerrimus -a -um
474. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES
altior, _higher_
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ altior altius altirs altira
_Gen._ altiris altiris altirum altirum
_Dat._ altir altir altiribus altiribus
_Acc._ altirem altius altirs altira
_Abl._ altire altire altiribus altiribus
pls, _more_
_Nom._ ---- pls plrs plra
_Gen._ ---- plris plrium plrium
_Dat._ ---- ---- plribus plribus
_Acc._ ---- pls plrs (-s) plra
_Abl._ ---- plre plribus plribus
475. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
bonus, -a, -um, melior, melius, optimus, -a, -um,
_good_ _better_ _best_
malus, -a, -um, peior, peius, pessimus, -a, -um,
_bad_ _worse_ _worst_
magnus, -a, -um, maior, maius, maximus, -a, -um,
_great_ _greater_ _greatest_
multus, -a, -um, ----, pls, _more_ plrimus, -a, -um,
_much_ _most_
parvus, -a, -um, minor, minus, minimus, -a, -um,_
_small_ _smaller_ _smallest
senex, senis, senior maximus nt
_old_
iuvenis, -e, inior minimus nt
_young_
vetus, veteris, vetustior, -ius veterrimus, -a, -um
_old_
facilis, -e, facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um
_easy_
difficilis, -e, difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um
_difficult_
similis, -e, similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um
_similar_
dissimilis, -e, dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um
_dissimilar_
humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e, gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um
_slender_
exterus, _outward_ exterior, extrmus, extimus,
_outer, exterior_ _outermost, last_
nferus, _below_ nferior, _lower_ nfimus, mus, _lowest_
posterus, posterior, _later_ postrmus, postumus,
_following_ _last_
superus, _above_ superior, suprmus, summus,
_higher_ _highest_
[[cis, citr,]] citerior, _hither_ citimus, _hithermost_
[[_on this side_]]
[[in, intr,]] interior, _inner_ intimus, _inmost_
[[_in, within_]]
[[prae, pr,]] prior, _former_ prmus, _first_
[[_before_]]
[[prope, _near_]] propior, _nearer_ proximus, _next_
[[ultr, _beyond_]] ulterior, _further_ ultimus, _furthest_
476. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
cr (crus), _dearly_ crius crissim
miser (miser), _wretchedly_ miserius miserrim
criter (cer), _sharply_ crius cerrim
facile (facilis), _easily_ facilius facillim
477. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
di, _long, a long time_ ditius ditissim
bene (bonus), _well_ melius, _better_ optim, _best_
male (malus), _ill_ peius, _worse_ pessim, _worst_
magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maxim, _most_
multum (multus), _much_ pls, _more_ plrimum, _most_
parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minim, _least_
saepe, _often_ saepus saepissim
478. NUMERALS
The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting Ǟnus, duo, trs,
the hundreds above one hundred, and mlle used as a noun. The ordinals
are declined like bonus, -a, -um.
CARDINALS ORDINALS
(_How many_) (_In what order_)
1, nus, -a, -um, _one_ prmus, -a, -um _first_
2, duo, duae, duo _two_ secundus (_or_ alter) _second_
3, trs, tria _three_, tertius _third_,
4, quattuor etc. qurtus etc.
5, qunque quntus
6, sex sextus
7, septem septimus
8, oct octvus
9, novem nnus
10, decem decimus
11, ndecim ndecimus
12, duodecim duodecimus
13, tredecim (decem (et) trs) tertius decimus
14, quattuordecim qurtus decimus
15, qundecim quntus decimus
16, sdecim sextus decimus
17, septendecim septimus decimus
18, duodvgint (octdecim) duodvcnsimus
19, ndvgint (novendecim) ndvcnsimus
20, vgint vcnsimus
21, {vgint nus _or_ {vcnsimus prmus _or_
{nus et vgint, etc. {nus et vcnsimus, etc.
30, trgint trcnsimus
40, quadrgint quadrgnsimus
50, qunqugint qunqugnsimus
60, sexgint sexgnsimus
70, septugint septugnsimus
80, octgint octgnsimus
90, nngint nngnsimus
100, centum centnsimus
101, centum (et) nus, etc. centnsimus (et) prmus, etc.
120, centum (et) vgint centnsimus vcnsimus
121, centum (et) vgint nus, centnsimus (et) vcnsimus prmus,
etc. etc.
200, ducent, -ae, -a ducentnsimus
300, trecent trecentnsimus
400, quadringent quadringentnsimus
500, qungent qungentnsimus
600, sescent sescentnsimus
700, septingent septingentnsimus
800, octingent octingentnsimus
900, nngent nngentnsimus
1000, mlle mllnsimus
479. Declension of duo, _two_, trs, _three_, and mlle,
_a thousand_.
MASC. FEM. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. SING. PLUR.
_N._ duo duae duo trs tra mlle mlia
_G._ durum durum durum trium trium mlle mlium
_D._ dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus mlle mlibus
_A._ dus dus duo trs tria mlle mlia
_or_ duo dus duo _or_ trs tria
_A._ dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus mlle mlibus
NOTE. Mlle is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive,
and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular.
For the declension of Ǟnus cf. 470.
PRONOUNS
480. PERSONAL
ego, _I_ t, _you_ su, _of himself,_
_etc._
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR.
_Nom._ ego ns t vs ---- ----
_Gen._ me nostrum, -tr tu vestrum, -tr su su
_Dat._ mihi nbs tibi vbs sibi sibi
_Acc._ m ns t vs s, ss s, ss
_Abl._ m nbs t vbs s, ss s, ss
Note that su is always reflexive.
481. DEMONSTRATIVE
Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have the
pronominal endings -us or -ius and - in the gen. and dat. sing.
ipse, _self_
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsa
_Gen._ ipsus ipsus ipsus ipsrum ipsrum ipsrum
_Dat._ ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss
_Acc._ ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsa
_Abl._ ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss
hic, _this_ (here), _he_
_Nom._ hic haec hoc h hae haec
_Gen._ huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum
_Dat._ huic huic huic hs hs hs
_Acc._ hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec
_Abl._ hc hc hc hs hs hs
iste, _this, that_ (of yours), _he_
_Nom._ iste ista istud ist istae ista
_Gen._ istus istus istus istrum istrum istrum
_Dat._ ist ist ist ists ists ists
_Acc._ istum istam istud ists ists ista
_Abl._ ist ist ist ists ists ists
ille, _that_ (yonder), _he_
_Nom._ ille illa illud ill illae illa
_Gen._ illus illus illus illrum illrum illrum
_Dat._ ill ill ill ills ills ills
_Acc._ illum illam illud ills ills illa
_Abl._ ill ill ill ills ills ills
is, _this, that, he_
_Nom._ is ea id i, e eae ea
_Gen._ eius eius eius erum erum erum
_Dat._ e e e is, es is, es is, es
_Acc._ eum eam id es es ea
_Abl._ e e e is, es is, es is, es
ǔdem, _the same_
_Nom._ dem eadem idem idem eaedem eadem
edem
_Gen._ eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundem
_Dat._ edem edem edem isdem isdem isdem
esdem esdem esdem
_Acc._ eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eadem
_Abl._ edem edem edem isdem isdem isdem
esdem esdem esdem
NOTE. In the plural of is and ǔdem the forms with two is are
preferred, the two is being pronounced as one.
482. RELATIVE
qu, _who, which, that_
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ qu quae quod qu quae quae
_Gen._ cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum
_Dat._ cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
_Acc._ quem quam quod qus qus quae
_Abl._ qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus
483. INTERROGATIVE
quis, substantive, _who, what_
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quis quid qui quae quae
_Gen._ cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum
_Dat._ cui cui quibus quibus quibus
_Acc._ quem quid qus qus quae
_Abl._ qu qu quibus quibus quibus
The interrogative adjective qu, quae, quod, is declined like the
relative.
484. INDEFINITES
quis and qu, as declined above,[1] are used also as indefinites
(_some, any_). The other indefinites are compounds of quis and qu.
quisque, _each_
SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE
MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque
_Gen._ cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque
_Dat._ cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique
_Acc._ quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque
_Abl._ quque quque quque quque quque
[Footnote 1: qua is generally used instead of quae in the
feminine nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and
accusative plural.]
485. qudam, _a certain one, a certain_
Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has quoddam and the
substantive quiddam.
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ qudam quaedam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._)
_Gen._ cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam
_Dat._ cuidam cuidam cuidam
_Acc._ quendam quandam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._)
_Abl._ qudam qudam qudam
PLURAL
_Nom._ qudam quaedam quaedam
_Gen._ qurundam qurundam qurundam
_Dat._ quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
_Acc._ qusdam qusdam quaedam
_Abl._ quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
486. quisquam, substantive, _any one_ (at all)
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ quisquam quicquam (quidquam)
_Gen._ cuiusquam cuiusquam
_Dat._ cuiquam cuiquam
_Acc._ quemquam quicquam (quidquam)
_Abl._ ququam ququam
487. aliquis, substantive, _some one_. aliqu, adjective, _some_
SINGULAR
SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ aliquis aliquid aliqu aliqua aliquod
_Gen._ alicuius alicuius alicuius alicuius alicuius
_Dat._ alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui
_Acc._ aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod
_Abl._ aliqu aliqu aliqu aliqu aliqu
PLURAL FOR BOTH SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
_Nom._ aliqu aliquae aliqua
_Gen._ aliqurum aliqurum aliqurum
_Dat._ aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
_Acc._ aliqus aliqus aliqua
_Abl._ aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
_a._ quis (qu), _any one, any_, is the least definite (297.b).
aliquis (aliqu), _some one, some_, is more definite than quis.
quisquam, _any one_ (at all), and its adjective Ǟllus, _any_,
occur mostly with a negative, expressed or implied, and in clauses
of comparison.
REGULAR VERBS
488. FIRST CONJUGATION. __-VERBS. _AM_
PRINCIPAL PARTS am, amre, amv, amtus
PRES. STEM am- PERF. STEM amv- PART. STEM amt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I love, am loving,_ _I am loved_, etc.
_do love_, etc.
am ammus amor ammur
ams amtis amris, -re ammin
amat amant amtur amantur
IMPERFECT
_I loved, was loving_, _I was loved_, etc.
_did love_, etc.
ambam ambmus ambar ambmur
ambs ambtis ambris, -re ambmin
ambat ambant ambtur ambantur
FUTURE
_I shall love_, etc. _I shall be loved_, etc.
amb ambimus ambor ambimur
ambis ambitis amberis, -re ambimin
ambit ambunt ambitur ambuntur
PERFECT
_I have loved, loved,_ _I have been (was) loved_, etc.
_did love_, etc.
amvi amvimus amtus, {sum amt, {sumus
amvist amvistis -a, -um {es -ae, -a {estis
amvit amvrunt, -re {est {sunt
PLUPERFECT
_I had loved_, etc. _I had been loved_, etc.
amveram amvermus amtus, {eram amt, {ermus
amvers amvertis -a, -um {ers -ae, -a {ertis
amverat amverant {erat {erant
FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have loved_, etc. _I shall have been loved_, etc.
amver amverimus amtus, {er amt, {erimus
amveris amveritis -a, -um {eris -ae, -a {eritis
amverit amverint {erit {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
amem ammus amer ammur
ams amtis amris, -re ammin
amet ament amtur amentur
IMPERFECT
amrem amremus amrer amrmur
amrs amrtis amrris, -re amrmin
amret amrent amrtur amrentur
PERFECT
amverim amverimus amtus, {sim amt, {smus
amveris amveritis -a, -um {ss -ae, -a {stis
amverit amverint {sit {sint
PLUPERFECT
amvissem amvissmus amtus, {essem amt, {essmus
amvisss amvisstis -a, -um {esss -ae, -a {esstis
amvisset amvissent {esset {essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
am, _love thou_ amre, _be thou loved_
amte, _love ye_ ammin, _be ye loved_
FUTURE
amt, _thou shalt love_ amtor, _thou shalt be loved_
amt, _he shall love_ amtor, _he shall be loved_
amtte, _you shall love_ ----
amant, _they shall love_ amantor, _they shall be loved_
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ amre, _to love_ amr, _to be loved_
_Perf._ amvisse, amtus, -a, -um esse,
_to have loved_ _to have been loved_
_Fut._ amtrus, -a, -um [[amtum r]], _to be about to be loved_
esse, _to be_
_about to love_
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ amns, -antis, _Pres._ ----
_loving_
_Fut._ amtrus, -a, -um, _Gerundive[1]_ amandus, -a, -um, _to be
_about to love_ loved_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ amtus, -a, -um,
_having been loved, loved_
GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ amand, _of loving_
_Dat._ amand, _for loving_
_Acc._ amandum, _loving_
_Abl._ amand, _by loving_
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[amtum]], _to love_
_Abl._ [[amt]], _to love, in the loving_
[Footnote 1: Sometimes called the future passive participle.]
489. SECOND CONJUGATION. __-VERBS. _MONE_
PRINCIPAL PARTS mone, monre, monu, monitus
PRES. STEM mon- PERF. STEM monu- PART. STEM monit-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I advise_, etc., _I am advised,_ etc.
mone monmus moneor monmur
mons montis monris, -re monmin
monet monent montur monentur
IMPERFECT
_I was advising_, etc., _I was advised_, etc.
monbam monbmus monbar monbmur
monbs monbtis monbris, -re monbmin
monbat monbant monbtur monbntur
FUTURE
_I shall advise_, etc., _I shall be advised_, etc.
monb monbimus monbor monbimur
monbis monbitis monberis, -re monbimin
monbit monbunt monbitur monbuntur
PERFECT
_I have advised,_ _I have been (was) advised_, etc.
_I advised_, etc.
monu monuimus {sum {sumus
monuist monuistis monitus, {es monit, {estis
monuit monurunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt
PLUPERFECT
_I had advised_, etc., _I had been advised_, etc.
monueram monuermus {eram {ermus
monuers monuertis monitus, {eras monit, {eratis
monuerat monuerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant
FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have advised_, _I shall have been advised_, etc.
etc.
monuer monuerimus {er {erimus
monueris monuertis monitus, {eris monit, {eritis
monuerit monuernt -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
moneam monemus monear monemur
mones monetis moneris, -re monemin
moneat moneant monetur moneantur
IMPERFECT
monrem monrmus monrer monrmur
monrs monrtis monrris, -re monrmin
monret monrent monrtur monrentur
PERFECT
monuerim monuerimus {sim {smus
monueris monueritis monitus, {ss monit, {stis
monuerit monuerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint
PLUPERFECT
monuissem monuissmus {essem {essmus
monuisss monuisstis monitus, {esss monit, {esstis
monuisset monuissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
mon, _advise thou_ monre, _be thou advised_
monte, _advise ye_ monmin, _be ye advised_
FUTURE
mont, _thou shall_ montor, _thou shalt be advised_
_advise_
mont, _he shall advise_ montor, _he shall be advised_
montte, _you shall advise_ ----
monent, _they shall_ monentor, _they shall be advised_
_advise_
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ monre, _to advise_ monr, _to be advised_
_Perf._ monuisse, _to have_ monitus, -a, -um esse,
_advised_ _to have been advised_
_Fut._ monitrus, -a, -um [[monitum r]],
esse, _to be_ _to be about to be advised_
_about to advise_
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ monns, -entis, _Pres._ ----
_advising_
_Fut._ monitrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ monendus, -a, -um,
_about to advise_ _to be advised_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ monitus, -a, -um,
_having been advised, advised_
GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ monend, _of advising_
_Dat._ monend, _for advising_
_Acc._ monendum, _advising_
_Abl._ monend, _by advising_
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[monitum]], _to advise_
_Abl._ [[monit]], _to advise, in the advising_
490. THIRD CONJUGATION. _E_-VERBS. _REG_
PRINCIPAL PARTS reg, regere, rex, rctus
PRES. STEM rege- PERF. STEM rx- PART. STEM rct-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I rule_, etc. _I am ruled_, etc.
reg regimus regor regimur
regis regitis regeris, -re regimin
regit regunt regitur reguntur
IMPERFECT
_I was ruling_, etc. _I was ruled_, etc.
regbam regbmus regbar regbmur
regbs regbtis regbris, -re regbmin
regbat regbant regbtur regbantur
FUTURE
_I shall rule_, etc. _I shall be ruled_, etc.
regam regmus regar regmur
regs regtis regris, -re regmin
reget regent regtur regentur
PERFECT
_I have ruled_, etc. _I have been ruled_, etc.
rx rximus {sum {sumus
rxist rxistis rctus, {es rct, {estis
rxit rxrunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt
PLUPERFECT
_I had ruled_, etc. _I had been ruled_, etc.
rxeram rxermus {eram {ermus
rxers rxertis rctus, {eras rct, {ertis
rxerat rxerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant
FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have ruled_, etc. _I shall have been ruled_, etc.
rxer rxerimus {er {erimus
rxeris rxeritis rctus, {eris rct, {eritis
rxerit rxerint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
regam regmus regar regmur
regs regtis regris, -re regmin
regat regant regtur regantur
IMPERFECT
regerem regermus regerer regermur
regers regertis regerris, -re regermin
regeret regerent regertur regerentur
PERFECT
rxerim rxerimus {sim {smus
rxeris rxeritis rctus, {ss rcti, {stis
rxerit rxerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint
PLUPERFECT
rxissem rxissmus {essem {essmus
rxisss rxisstis rctus, {esss rcti, {esstis
rxisset rxissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
rege, _rule thou_ regere, _be thou ruled_
regite, _rule ye_ regimin, _be ye ruled_
FUTURE
regit, _thou shalt rule_ regitor, _thou shalt be ruled_
regit _he shall rule_ regitor, _he shall be ruled_
regitte, _ye shall rule_ ----
regunt, _they shall rule_ reguntor, _they shall be ruled_
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ regere, _to rule_ reg, _to be ruled_
_Perf._ rxisse, _to have_ rctus, -a, -um esse,
_ruled_ _to have been ruled_
_Fut._ rctrus, -a, -um [[rctum r]],
esse, _to be_ _to be about to be ruled_
_about to rule_
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ regns, -entis, _Pres._ ----
_ruling_
_Fut._ rctrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ regendus, -a, -um, _to be ruled_
_about to rule_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ rctus, -a, -um,
_having been ruled, ruled_
GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ regend, _of ruling_
_Dat._ regend, _for ruling_
_Acc._ regendum, _ruling_
_Abl._ regend, _by ruling_
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[rctum]], _to rule_
_Abl._ [[rct]], _to rule, in the ruling_
491. FOURTH CONJUGATION. __-VERBS. _AUDI_
PRINCIPAL PARTS audi, audre, audv, audtus
PRES. STEM aud- PERF. STEM audv- PART. STEM audt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_I hear_, etc. _I am heard_, etc.
audi audmus audior audmur
auds audtis audris, -re audmin
audit audiunt audtur audiuntur
IMPERFECT
_I was hearing_, etc. _I was heard_, etc.
audibam audibmus audibar audibmur
audibs audibtis audibris, -re audibmin
audibat audibant audibtur audibantur
FUTURE
_I shall hear_, etc. _I shall be heard_, etc.
audiam audimus audiar audimur
audis auditis audiris, -re audimin
audiet audient auditur audientur
PERFECT
_I have heard_, etc. _I have been heard_, etc.
audv audvimus {sum {sumus
audvist audvistis audtus, {es audt, {estis
audvit audvrunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt
PLUPERFECT
_I had heard_, etc. _I had been heard_, etc.
audveram audvermus {eram {ermus
audvers audvertis audtus, {eras audt, {ertis
audverat audverant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant
FUTURE PERFECT
_I shall have heard_, etc. _I shall have been heard_, etc.
audver audverimus {er {erimus
audveris audveritis audtus, {eris audt, {eritis
audverit audverint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
audiam audimus audiar audimur
audis auditis audiris, -re audimin
audiat audiant auditur audiantur
IMPERFECT
audrem audrmus audrer audrmur
audrs audrtis audrris, -re audrmin
audret audrent audrtur audrentur
PERFECT
audverim audverimus {sim {smus
audveris audveritis audtus, {ss audti, {stis
audverit audverint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint
PLUPERFECT
audvissem audvissmus {essem {essmus
audvisss audvisstis audtus, {esss audti, {esstis
audvisset audvissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
PRESENT
aud, _hear thou_ audre, _be thou heard_
audte, _hear ye_ audmin, _be ye heard_
FUTURE
audt, _thou shalt hear_ audtor, _thou shalt be heard_
audt _he shall hear_ audtor, _he shall be heard_
audtte, _ye shall hear_ ----
audunt, _they shall hear_ audiuntor, _they shall be heard_
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ audre, _to hear_ audr, _to be heard_
_Perf._ audvisse, audtus, -a, -um esse,
_to have heard_ _to have been heard_
_Fut._ audtrus, -a, -um [[audtum r]],
esse, _to be_ _to be about to be heard_
_about to hear_
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ audins, -entis, _Pres._ ----
_hearing_
_Fut._ audtrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ audiendus, -a, -um, _to be heard_
_about to hear_
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ audtus, -a, -um,
_having been heard, heard_
GERUND
_Nom._ ----
_Gen._ audiend, _of hearing_
_Dat._ audiend, _for hearing_
_Acc._ audiendum, _hearing_
_Abl._ audiend, _by hearing_
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[audtum]], _to hear_
_Abl._ [[audtu]], _to hear, in the hearing_
492. THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN _-I_. _CAPI_
PRINCIPAL PARTS capi, capere, cp, captus
PRES. STEM cape- PERF. STEM cp- PART. STEM capt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
capi capimus capior capimur
capis capitis caperis, -re capimin
capit capiunt capitur capiuntur
IMPERFECT
capibam capiebamus capibar capibmur
capibas capibtis capibaris, -re capibmin
capibat capibant capibtur capiebantur
FUTURE
capiam capimus capiar capimur
capis capitis capiris, -re capimin
capiet capient capitur capientur
PERFECT
cp, cpist, cpit, etc. captus, -a, -um sum, es, est, etc.
PLUPERFECT
cperam, cpers, cperat, captus, -a, -um eram, ers, erat, etc.
etc.
FUTURE PERFECT
cper, cperis, cperit, captus, -a, -um er, eris, erit, etc.
etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
capiam, capis, capiat, capiar, -iris, -re, -itur, etc.
etc.
IMPERFECT
caperem, capers, caperet, caperer, -erris, -re, -ertur, etc.
etc.
PERFECT
cperim, cperis, cperit, captus, -a, -um sim, ss, sit, etc.
etc.
PLUPERFECT
cpissem, cpisss, captus, -a, -um essem, esss, esset,
cpisset, etc. etc.
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
_2d Pers._ cape capite capere capimin
FUTURE
_2d Pers._ capit capitte capitor ----
_3rd Pers._ capit capiunt capitor capiuntor
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ capere cap
_Perf._ cpisse captus, -a, -um esse
_Fut._ captrus, -a, -um [[captum r]]
esse
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ capins, -ientis _Pres._ ----
_Fut._ captrus, -a, -um _Ger._ capiendus, -a, -um
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ captus, -a, -um
GERUND
_Gen._ capiend etc.
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[captum]]
_Abl._ [[capt]]
493. DEPONENT VERBS
[Transcribers Note:
Asterisks in this section are from the original text (marked with a
star).]
PRINCIPAL PARTS
I. hortor, hortr, horttus sum, _urge_
II. vereor, verr, veritus sum, _fear_
III. sequor, sequ, sectus sum, _follow_
IV. partior, partr, parttus sum, _share, divide_
NOTE. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain
forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -i verbs
of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capi.
INDICATIVE
_Pres._ hortor vereor sequor partior
hortris, -re verris, -re sequeris, -re partris, -re
horttur vertur sequitur parttur
hortmur vermur sequimur partmur
hortmin vermin sequimin partmin
hortantur verentur sequuntur partiuntur
_Impf._ hortbar verbar sequbar partibar
_Fut._ hortbor verbor sequar partiar
_Perf._ horttus sum veritus sum sectus sum parttus sum
_Plup._ horttus eram veritus eram sectus eram parttus eram
_F. P._ horttus er veritus er sectus er parttus er
SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ horter verear sequar partiar
_Impf._ hortrer verrer sequerer partrer
_Perf._ horttus sim veritus sim sectus sim parttus sim
_Plup._ horttus essem veritus essem sectus essem parttus essem
IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ hortre verre sequere partre
_Fut._ horttor vertor sequitor parttor
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ hortr verr sequ partr
_Perf._ horttus esse veritus esse sectus esse parttus esse
_Fut._ *horttrus *veritrus *sectrus *parttrus
esse esse esse esse
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ *hortns *verns *sequns *partins
_Fut._ *hortturus *veritrus *sectrus *parttrus
_Perf._ horttus veritus sectus parttus
_Ger._ hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus
GERUND
*hortand, etc. *verend, etc.
*sequend, etc. *partiend, etc.
SUPINE
*[[horttus, -t]] *[[veritum, -t]]
*[[sectum, -t]] *[[parttum, -t]]
IRREGULAR VERBS
494. sum, _am, be_
PRINCIPAL PARTS sum, esse, fu, futrus
PRES. STEM es- PERF. STEM fu- PART. STEM fut-
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
SINGULAR PLURAL
sum, _I am_ sumus, _we are_
es, _thou art_ estis, _you are_
est, _he (she, it) is_ sunt, _they are_
IMPERFECT
eram, _I was_ ermus, _we were_
ers, _thou wast_ ertis, _you were_
erat, _he was_ erant, _they were_
FUTURE
er, _I shall be_ erimus, _we shall be_
eris, _thou wilt be_ eritis, _you will be_
erit, _he will be_ erunt, _they will be_
PERFECT
fu, _I have been, was_ fuimus, _we have been, were_
fuist, _thou hast been, wast_ fuistis, _you have been, were_
fuit, _he has been, was_ furunt, fure, _they have been, were_
PLUPERFECT
fueram, _I had been_ fuermus, _we had been_
fuers, _thou hadst been_ fuertis, _you had been_
fuerat, _he had been_ fuerant, _they had been_
FUTURE PERFECT
fuer, _I shall have been_ fuerimus, _we shall have been_
fueris, _thou wilt have been_ fueritis, _you will have been_
fuerit, _he will have been_ fuerint, _they will have been_
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT IMPERFECT
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
sim smus essem essmus
ss stis esss esstis
sit sint esset essent
PERFECT PLUPERFECT
fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissmus
fueris fueritis fuisss fuisstis
fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
_2d Pers. Sing._ es, _be thou_
_2d Pers. Plur._ este, _be ye_
FUTURE
_2d Pers. Sing._ est, _thou shalt be_
_3d Pers. Sing._ est, _he shall be_
_2d Pers. Plur._ estte, _ye shall be_
_3d Pers. Plur._ sunt, _they shall be_
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ esse, _to be_
_Perf._ fuisse, _to have been_
_Fut._ futrus, -a, -um esse or fore, _to be about to be_
PARTICIPLE
futrus, -a, -um, _about to be_
495. possum, _be able, can_
PRINCIPAL PARTS possum, posse, potu, ----
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
_Pres._ possum possumus possim possmus
potes potestis posss posstis
potest possunt possit possint
_Impf._ poteram potermus possem possmus
_Fut._ poter poterimus ---- ----
_Perf._ potu potuimus potuerim potuerimus
_Plup._ potueram potuermus potuissem potuissmus
_F. P._ potuer potuerimus ---- ----
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ posse
_Perf._ potuisse
PARTICIPLE
_Pres._ potens, _gen._ -entis, (adjective) _powerful_
496. prsum, _benefit_
PRINCIPAL PARTS prsum, prdesse, prfu, prfutrus
PRES. STEM prdes- PERF. STEM prfu- PART. STEM prfut-
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
_Pres._ prsum prsumus prsim prsmus
prdes prdestis prss prstis
prdest prsunt prsit prsint
_Impf._ prderam prdermus prdessem prodessmus
_Fut._ prder prderimus ---- ----
_Perf._ prfu prfuimus prfuerim prfuerimus
_Plup._ prfueram prfuermus prfuissem prfuissmus
_F. P._ prfuer prfuerimus ---- ----
IMPERATIVE
_Pres. 2d Pers._ prdes, prdeste
_Fut. 2d Pers._ prdest, prdestte
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ prdesse
_Perf._ prfuisse
_Fut._ prfutrus, -a, -um esse
FUTURE PARTICIPLE prfutrus, -a, -um
497. [ vol, nl, ml]
PRINCIPAL PARTS:
vol, velle, volu, ----, _be willing, will, wish_
nl, nlle, nlu, ----, _be unwilling, will not_
ml, mlle, mlu, ----, _be more willing, prefer_
Nl and ml are compounds of vol. Nl is for ne (_not_) +
vol, and ml for m (from magis, _more_) + vol. The second
person vs is from a different root.
INDICATIVE
SINGULAR
_Pres._ vol nl ml
vs nn vis mvs
vult nn vult mvult
PLURAL
volumus nlumus mlumus
vultis nn vultis mvultis
volunt nlunt mlunt
_Impf._ volbam nlbam mlbam
_Fut._ volam, vols, etc. nlam, nls, etc. mlam, mls, etc.
_Perf._ volu nlu mlu
_Plup._ volueram nlueram mlueram
_F. P._ voluer nluer mluer
SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR
_Pres._ velim nlim mlim
vels nls mls
velit nlit mlit
PLURAL
velmus nlmus mlmus
veltis nltis mltis
velint nlint mlint
_Impf._ vellem nllem mllem
_Perf._ voluerim nluerim mluerim
_Plup._ voluissem nluissem mluissem
IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ nl
nlte
_Fut._ nlt, etc.
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ velle nlle mlle
_Perf._ voluisse nluisse mluisse
PARTICIPLE
_Pres._ volns, -entis nlns, -entis ----
498. fer, _bear, carry, endure_
PRINCIPAL PARTS fer, ferre, tul, ltus
PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lt-
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
_Pres._ fer ferimus feror ferimur
fers ferts ferris, -re ferimim
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
_Impf._ ferbam ferbar
_Fut._ feram, fers, etc. ferar, ferris, etc.
_Perf._ tul ltus, -a, -um sum
_Plup._ tuleram ltus, -a, -um eram
_F. P._ tuler ltus, -a, -um er
SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ feram, fers, etc. ferar, ferris, etc.
_Impf._ ferrem ferrer
_Perf._ tulerim ltus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ tulissem ltus, -a, -um essem
IMPERATIVE
_Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre ferimin
_Fut. 2d Pers._ fert fertte fertor
_3d Pers._ fert ferunto fertor feruntor
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ ferre ferr
_Perf._ tulisse ltus, -a, -um esse
_Fut._ ltrus, -a, -um esse ----
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ ferns, -entis _Pres._ ----
_Fut._ ltrus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um
_Perf._ ---- _Perf._ ltus, -a, -um
GERUND
_Gen._ ferend
_Dat._ ferend
_Acc._ ferendum
_Abl._ ferend
SUPINE (Active Voice)
_Acc._ [[ltum]]
_Abl._ [[lt]]
499. e, _go_
PRINCIPAL PARTS e, re, i (v), itum (n. perf. part.)
PRES. STEM -
PERF. STEM - or v-
PART. STEM it-
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
SING. PLUR.
_Pres._ e mus eam _2d Pers._ te
s tis
it eunt
_Impf._ bam rem
_Fut._ b ---- _2d Pers._ t tte
_3d Pers._ t eunt
_Perf._ i (v) ierim (verim)
_Plup._ ieram (veram) ssem (vissem)
_F. P._ ier (ver)
INFINITIVE
_Pres._ re
_Perf._ sse (visse)
_Fut._ itrus, -a, -um esse
PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ ins, _gen._ euntis (472)
_Fut._ itrus, -a, -um
_Ger._ eundum
GERUND
_Gen._ eund
_Dat._ eund
_Acc._ eundum
_Abl._ eund
SUPINE
_Acc._ [[itum]]
_Abl._ [[it]]
_a._ The verb e is used impersonally in the third person singular
of the passive, as ǔtur, itum est, _etc._
_b._ In the perfect system the forms with v are very rare.
500. f, passive of faci; _be made, become, happen_
PRINCIPAL PARTS f, fier, factus sum
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ f ---- fam _2d Pers._ f fte
fs ----
fit funt
_Impf._ fbam fierem
_Fut._ fam ----
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim
_Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem
_F. P._ factus, -a, -um er
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES
_Pres._ fier _Perf._ factus, -a, -um
_Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um
_Fut._ [[factum r]]
[Illustration: CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR]
APPENDIX II
501. RULES OF SYNTAX
NOTE. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered
consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears
is given at the end of each.
_Nominative Case_
1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the
question Who? or What? 36.
_Agreement_
2. A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its
subject. 28.
3. A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.
76.
4. An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.
81.
5. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.
65.
6. A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive
agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb.
215.a.
7. A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and
number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own
clause. 224.
_Prepositions_
8. A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or
ablative case. 52.
_Genitive Case_
9. The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the
genitive and answers the question Whose? 38.
10. The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate,
especially after the forms of sum, and is then called the _predicate
genitive_. 409.
11. Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the
whole, known as _the partitive genitive_. 331.
12. Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive
with a modifying adjective. 443.
_Dative Case_
13. The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. 45.
14. The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive
verbs crd, fave, noce, pre, persude, resist,
stude, and others of like meaning. 154.
15. Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, d, in,
inter, ob, post, prae, pr, sub, super, admit the dative
of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an
accusative and a dative. 426.
16. The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward
which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those
meaning _near_, also _fit, friendly, pleasing, like_, and their
opposites. 143.
17. The dative is used to denote the _purpose_ or _end for which_;
often with another dative denoting _the person or thing affected_.
437.
_Accusative Case_
18. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and
answers the question Whom? or What? 37.
19. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. 214.
20. The _place to which_ is expressed by ad or in with the
accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rs
the preposition is omitted. 263, 266.
21. _Duration of time_ and _extent of space_ are expressed by the
accusative. 336.
22. Verbs of _making, choosing, calling, showing_, and the like, may
take a _predicate accusative_ along with the direct object. With the
passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. 392.
_Ablative Case_
23. _Cause_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This
answers the question Because of what? 102.
24. _Means_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This
answers the question By means of what? or With what? 103.
25. _Accompaniment_ is denoted by the ablative with cum. This
answers the question With whom? 104.
26. The ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an
action. Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the
ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? 105.
27. With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is
used to denote the _measure of difference_. 317.
28. The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect
participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance.
This is called the _ablative absolute_. 381.
29. 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the
ablative with a modifying adjective. 444.
2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical
characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the
ablative with a modifying adjective. 445.
30. The ablative is used to denote _in what respect_ something is
true. 398.
31. The _place from which_ is expressed by lj or ab, d, ǐ or
ex with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence?
Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rs the
preposition is omitted. 264, 266.
32. Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative
to complete their meaning. This is called the _ablative of
separation_. 180.
33. The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when
not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition lj or
ab. This is called the _ablative of the personal agent_. 181.
34. The comparative degree, if quam is omitted, is followed by the
separative ablative. 309.
35. The _time when or within which_ anything happens is expressed by
the ablative without a preposition. 275.
36. 1. The _place at or in which_ is expressed by the ablative with
in. This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small
islands, and rs the preposition is omitted. 265, 266.
2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or
second declension, and the word domus express the _place in which_
by the locative. 268.
_Gerund and Gerundive_
37. 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive,
dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of
these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. 406.1.
2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of
gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative
without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive
construction is more usual. 406.2.
38. The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with ad, or the
genitive with caus, is used to express purpose. 407.
_Moods and Tenses of Verbs_
39. Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by
secondary. 358.
40. The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the
_purpose_ of the action in the principal clause. 349.
41. _A substantive clause of purpose_ with the subjunctive is used
as object with verbs of _commanding, urging, asking, persuading_, or
_advising_, where in English we should usually have the infinitive.
366.
42. Verbs of _fearing_ are followed by a substantive clause of
purpose introduced by ut (_that not_) or n (_that_ or _lest_).
372.
43. _Consecutive clauses of result_ are introduced by ut or ut
nn, and have the verb in the subjunctive. 385.
44. _Object clauses of result_ with ut or ut nn are found after
verbs of effecting or bringing about. 386.
45. A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe
an antecedent. This is called the _subjunctive of characteristic or
description_. 390.
46. The conjunction cum means _when, since_, or _although_. It is
followed by the subjunctive unless it means _when_ and its clause
fixes the time at which the main action took place. 396.
47. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is
changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject
accusative of the infinitive. 416.
48. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect
statements is found after verbs of _saying, telling, knowing,
thinking_, and _perceiving_. 419.
49. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present
infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect
infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. 418.
50. In an _indirect question_ the verb is in the subjunctive and its
tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. 432.
[Illustration: DOMINA]
APPENDIX III
REVIEWS[1]
[Footnote 1: It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned
for a written test.]
[Transcribers Note:
In this Review section, the lists of English words for translation may
not be in the same order as in the original.]
I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII
502. Give the English of the following words:[1]
NOUNS
agricola gallna
ancilla iniria
aqua ǔnsula
casa lna
causa nauta
cna pecnia
corna puella
dea pugna
domina sagitta
fbula silva
fera terra
flia tuba
fortna via
fuga victria
ADJECTIVES
alta magna
bona mala
clra nova
grta parva
lta pulchra
longa sla
VERBS
amat necat
dat nntiat
est parat
habitat portat
labrat pugnat
laudat sunt
nrrat vocat
PREPOSITIONS
lj or ab
ad
cum
d
ǐ or ex
in
PRONOUNS
mea
tua
quis
cuius
cui
quem
quid
ADVERBS
cr
deinde
nn
ubi
CONJUNCTIONS
et
quia
quod
INTERROGATIVE
PARTICLE
-ne
[Footnote 1: Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in
the reviews. Words used in Cassars Gallic War are in heavy type.]
503. Give the Latin of the following words:[1]
Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word
till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you
have underlined.
_flight_ _wide_
story tells
_new_ _money_
lives (verb) _calls_
_away from_ _with_
_who_ _your_
_why_ _then, in the next place_
_forest_ _daughter_
_wreath_ _to whom_
_deep, high_ _fortune_
dinner _famous_
_out from_ _labors_ (verb)
_my_ _kills_
_where_ _not_
_trumpet_ _in_
lady, mistress _and_
_whom_ _sailor_
_island_ farmer
_goddess_ _what_
_wild beast_ _way_
_praises_ (verb) _bad_
_alone_ loves
_pleasing_ _pretty_
_prepares_ _water_
_are_ _great_
_to_ _is_
_because_ _announces_
_arrow_ _injury, wrong_
_cottage_ _battle_ (noun)
_gives_ _small_
girl _fights_ (verb)
_good_ maid
_carries_ _down from_
_chicken_ _long_
_victory_ _cause_
_land_ _whose_
[Footnote 1: The translations of words used in Csar are in
italics.]
504. Review Questions. How many syllables has a Latin word? How are
words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the
antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is
the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the
predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension?
conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person
singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show?
Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct
object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case?
Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in
Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is
meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective.
What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say
of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the
adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the
rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles
of Latin word order?
505. Fill out the following summary of the first declension:
THE FIRST OR -DECLENSION
1. Ending in the nominative singular
2. Rule for gender
3. Case terminations
a. Singular
b. Plural
4. Irregular nouns
II. REVIEW OF LESSONS IX-XVII
506. Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
agr cultra galea
cnstantia inopia
cpia lacrima
dligentia lrca
fma patria
fmina praeda
NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
ager lber
amcus magister
arma (plural) mrus
auxilium numerus
bellum oppidnus
carrus oppidum
castrum plum
cibus populus
cnsilium praemium
domicilium proelium
dominus puer
equus sctum
flius servus
fluvius studium
frmentum tlum
gladius vcus
lgtus vir
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
aeger, aegra, aegrum
alius, alia, aliud
alter, altera, alterum
armtus, -a, -um
crber, crbra, crbrum
drus, -a, -um
fnitimus, -a, -um
ǔnfrmus, -a, -um
leginrius, -a, -um
lber, lbera, lberum
mtrus, -a, -um
meus, -a, -um
miser, misera, miserum
multus, -a, -um
neuter, neutra, neutrum
noster, nostra, nostrum
nllus, -a, -um
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
slus, -a, -um
suus, -a, -um
ttus, -a, -um
tuus, -a, -um
Ǟllus, -a, -um
Ǟnus, -a, -um
uter, utra, utrum
validus, -a, -um
vester, vestra, vestrum
VERBS
arat
crat
dsderat
mtrat
properat
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
is, ea, id
CONJUNCTIONS
an
-que
sed
ADVERBS
iam
qu
saepe
PREPOSITION
apud
507. Give the Latin of the following words:
_sword_ _shield_ (noun)
_corselet_ _whole_
_man_ _it_
_your_ (plural) _aid_ (noun)
_hasten_ _legionary_
_but_ _weak_
_among_ _arms_
_tear_ (noun) master (of school)
_village_ _friend_
strong _neighboring_
_long for_ _sick_
_and_ (enclitic) _lieutenant_
_often_ _field_
_want_ (noun) _report, rumor_
_which_ (of two) _abode_
_care for_ _boy_
_or_ (in a question) _his own_
whither _alone_
_wagon_ _prize_ (noun)
_townsman_ master (owner)
_wretched_ _carefulness_
_ripe_ _plenty_
_war_ _troops_
_number_ _plan_ (noun)
_my_ _people_
_free_ (adj.) _beautiful_
_children_ _no_ (adj.)
_wall_ _our_
_grain_ _battle_
_weapon_ _spear_
_one_ _food_
plow (verb) _steadiness_
_this_ or _that_ _fatherland_
_already_ _town_
_helmet_ _fort_
river _camp_
_zeal_ _neither_ (of two)
_any_ _much_
_he_ _agriculture_
_son_ _other_
_slave_ _the other_ (of two)
_your_ (singular) _hard_
_she_ _booty_
_woman_ _frequent_
_horse_ _armed_
508. Review Questions. How many declensions are there? What three
things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three
cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the
plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative
singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what
does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of
an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in -er is declined like
puer or like ager? Decline bonus, lber, pulcher. How can we
tell whether an adjective in -er is declined like lber or like
pulcher? Why must we say nauta bonus and not nauta bona? Name the
Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the
possessive pronoun agree? When do we use tuus and when vester? Why
is suus called a _reflexive_ possessive? What is the non-reflexive
possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four
uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in
English by _with_? Give an illustration in Latin of the _ablative of
manner_; of the _ablative of cause_; of the _ablative of means_; of the
_ablative of accompaniment_. What ablative regularly has cum? What
ablative sometimes has cum? What uses of the ablative never have
cum? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline
alius, nllus. Decline is. What does is mean as a demonstrative
adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it?
509. Fill out the following summary of the second declension:
THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION
1. Endings in the nominative
2. Rule for gender
3. Case terminations of nouns in -us
a. Singular
b. Plural
a. The vocative singular of nouns in -us
4. Case terminations of nouns in -um
a. Singular
b. Plural
5. Peculiarities of nouns in -er and -ir
6. Peculiarities of nouns in -ius and -ium
III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVIII-XXVI
510. Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
disciplna rgna
frma superbia
poena trstitia
potentia
NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
ldus
Ǚrnmentum
sacrum
socius
verbum
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
amcus rtus
antquus laetus
fnitimus molestus
grtus perpetuus
idneus proximus
inimcus septem
interfectus superbus
ADVERBS
hodi
ibi
maxim
mox
nunc
nper
CONJUNCTIONS
etiam
nn slum ... sed etiam
PERSONAL PRONOUN
ego
VERBS
CONJ. I
vol, -re
CONJ. II
dle, -re noce, -re
doce, -re pre, -re
fave, -re persude, -re
habe, -re sede, -re
iube, -re stude, -re
mone, -re vide, -re
move, -re
CONJ. III
ag, -ere fugi, -ere
capi, -ere iaci, -ere
crd, -ere mitt, -ere
dc, -ere rapi, -ere
dc, -ere reg, -ere
faci, -ere resist, -ere
CONJ. IV
audi, -re
mni, -re
reperi, -re
veni, -re
IRREGULAR VERB
sum, esse
511. Give the Latin of the following words. In the case of verbs
always give the first form and the present infinitive.
_ancient_ _power_
_come_ _make, do_
_resist_ _injure_
_see_ _now_
_be_ _annoying_
fly _lead_
_I_ _move_
_proud_ soon
_word_ _glad_
_sadness_ _punishment_
_find_ _believe_
_rule_ (verb) _advise_
_be eager for_ _especially, most of all_
_not only ... but also_ angry
_seven_ _beauty_
_ally, companion_ _say_
pride _command_ (verb)
_fortify_ _there_
_send_ _slain_
sit _training_
_also_ _take_
school _have_
_hear_ to-day
_hurl_ _unfriendly_
_persuade_ _drive_
_only_ _favor_ (verb)
_nearest_ _suitable_
sacred rite _pleasing_
queen _teach_
_flee_ _neighboring_
_obey_ _destroy_
_lately_ _friendly_
_constant_ seize
_ornament_
512. Review Questions. What is conjugation? Name two important
differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense?
What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative
mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings?
Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the three tenses you have
learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they
distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed
from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is
the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in
the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a
final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible
translations of a present, as of pugn? Inflect ar, sede, mitt,
faci, and veni, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What
forms of -i verbs of the third conjugation are like audi? what like
reg? Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special
intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood
express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in
the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative?
Give the present active imperative of port, dle, ag, faci, mni.
IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVII-XXXVI
513. Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
ljla
cra
mora
porta
prvincia
vta
NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
animus nvigium
aurum rculum
bracchium perculum
deus ventus
locus vnum
mnstrum
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
adversus dubius
attentus maximus
crus perfidus
commtus plnus
dfessus saevus
dexter sinister
ADVERBS
ante ita
celeriter long
dnique semper
di subit
frstr tamen
graviter tum
CONJUNCTIONS
autem
s
ubi
PREPOSITIONS
d
per
pr
sine
VERBS
CONJ. I
adpropinqu serv
nvig st
occup super
postul tempt
recs vst
report vulner
CONJ. II
contine
ege
prohibe
responde
tene
CONJ. III
discd
ger
interfici
IRREGULAR VERB
absum
514. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender
of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.
_be away_ _heavily_
_wind_ monster
_through_ _approach_
_if_ _nevertheless_
savage _place_
_wound_ (verb) _be without, lack_
_wine_ _moved_
_delay_ gold
faithless _restrain, keep from_
_right_ _without_
_seize_ _hold_
_quickly_ _suddenly_
_before, in behalf of_ _dear_
_battle_ _always_
_down from_ or _concerning_ _god_
_moreover_ _hold in, keep_
_greatest_ _afar_
oracle _thus, so, as follows_
_danger_ _arm_ (noun)
_lay waste_ _when_
_gate_ _in vain_
_doubtful_ _stand_
_opposite, adverse_ _bring back, win_
_demand_ _before, previously_
_finally_ _depart, go away_
attentive _province_
_then, at that time_ _care, trouble_
_weary_ _kill_
_overcome, conquer_ _reply_ (verb)
_conquer_ _wing_
_boat, ship_ _mind, heart_
_sail_ (verb) _left_ (adj.)
_life_ _bear, carry on_
_save_ _try_
_full_ _for a long time_
_refuse_
515. Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs:
sum fave
d noce
tene dc
iube pre
ag dc
mitt faci
mni persude
move sede
crd stude
rapi fugi
reperi veni
dle iaci
resist vide
audi absum
mone ege
capi ger
doce st
reg
516. Review Questions. What are the personal endings in the passive
voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the
distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute
the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How
may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the
infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms
are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial
stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the
tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How
is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive?
How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive
imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect
passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is
a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule for the
agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb sum in all moods
and tenses as far as you have learned it (494). What is meant by the
separative ablative? How is the place _from which_ expressed in Latin?
Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the
personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and
the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the
perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the
perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be
governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the
ablative. What does the preposition in mean when it governs the
ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to
introduce _yes_-and-_no_ questions? Explain the force of each. What
words are sometimes used for _yes_ and _no?_ What are the different
meanings and uses of ubi?
V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXVII-XLIV
517. Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS
FIRST DECLENSION SECOND DECLENSION
rpa barbar
captvus
castellum
impedmentum
THIRD DECLENSION
animal hom Ǚrd
arbor hosts pater
avis ignis pedes
caeds impertor ps
calamits ǔnsigne pns
calcar iter prnceps
caput idex rx
cvis labor sals
clins lapis sanguis
collis legi soror
cnsul mare tempus
dns mter terror
dux mnsis turris
eques mles urbs
fnis mns victor
flmen nvis virts
fns opus vs
frter Ǚrtor
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
barbarus
dexter
sinister
summus
PREPOSITIONS
in with the abl.
in with the acc.
trns
ADVERBS
cotdi
numquam
CONJUNCTIONS
nec, neque
nec ... nec, or neque ... neque
VERBS
CONJ. I CONJ. III
cess accipi
oppugn pet
confirm vinc
vet incipi
pon
viv
518. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender
of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:
_forbid_ _in_
_rank, row_ _judge_
_brother_ _defeat, disaster_
_force_ _fire_
_across_ _tree_
_savages_ _foot soldier_
_horseman_ _receive_
_never_ _general_
_mountain_ _highest_
_manliness, courage_ _fountain_
_leader_ _orator_
_put, place_ _neither ... nor_
_time_ _and not_
_savage, barbarous_ _left_
_sister_ _tooth_
_seek_ _soldier_
_captive_ _month_
_hindrance, baggage_ _city_
_captive_ _victor_
_hindrance, baggage_ _daily_
_man-of-war_ _live_ (verb)
_conquer_ _redoubt, fort_
_consul_ _sea_
_mother_ _tower_
_retainer_ _drill_ (verb)
_citizen_ _legion_
_head_ _terror_
_safety_ _into, to_
_assail, storm_ _right_ (adj.)
_begin_ _stone_
_march_ _blood_
_decoration_ _labor_ (noun)
_bridge_ _king_
_bird_ _spur_
_cease_ _chief_
_man_ _slaughter_
_river_ _strengthen_
_work_ (noun) _foot_
_and_ _enemy_
_ship_ _animal_
_bank_ _father_
519. Review Questions. Give the conjugation of possum. What is an
infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like the
English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is
meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence _The bad boy cannot
be happy_, what is the case of _happy_? Give the rule. Decline qu.
Give the rule for the agreement of the relative. What are the two uses
of the interrogative? Decline quis. What is the base of a noun? How is
the stem formed from the base? Are the stem and the base ever the same?
How many declensions of nouns are there? Name them. What are the two
chief divisions of the third declension? How are the consonant stems
classified? Explain the formation of lapis from the stem lapid-,
mles from mlit-, rx from rg-. What nouns have i-stems?
What peculiarities of form do i-stems have,--masc., fem., and neut.?
Name the five nouns that have - and -e in the abl. Decline
turris. Give the rules for gender in the third declension. Decline
mles, lapis, rx, virts, cnsul, legi, hom, pater,
flmen, opus, tempus, caput, caeds, urbs, hostis, mare,
animal, vs, iter.
520. Fill out the following scheme:
{ { Masculine
{ GENDER { Feminine
{ ENDINGS { Neuter
{
THE THIRD { { I. CONSONANT { _a_. Masc. and fem.
DECLENSION { { STEMS { _b_. Neuters
{ CASE {
{ TERMINATIONS {
{ {
{ { II. _I_-STEMS { _a_. Masc. and fem.
{ { { _b_. Neuters
{
{ IRREGULAR NOUNS
VI. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLV-LII
521. Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS
FIRST DECLENSION
amcitia
hra
littera
SECOND DECLENSION
annus supplicium,
modus supplicium dare
nntius supplicium smere d
oculus tergum,
rgnum tergum vertere
signum vestgium
THIRD DECLENSION
aests nox
corpus pars
hiems px
lberts rs
lx, sl
prma lx vx
nmen vulnus
FOURTH DECLENSION
adventus impetus
corn lacus
domus manus
equittus metus
exercitus portus
fluctus
FIFTH DECLENSION
acis rs,
dis rs gestae
fids, rs adversae
in fidem venre rs secundae
rs pblica
sps
INDECLINABLE NOUN
nihil
ADJECTIVES
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
dnsus prstinus
invsus pblicus
mrus secundus
pauc tantus
prmus vrus
THIRD DECLENSION
ljcer, cris, cre gravis, grave
brevis, breve incolumis, incolume
difficilis, difficile omnis, omne
faclis, facile pr, pr
fortis, forte vlx, vlx
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL
ego
ns
su
t
vs
DEMONSTRATIVE
hic
ǔdem
ille
iste
INTENSIVE
ipse
INDEFINITE
aliquis, aliqu
qudam
quis, qu
quisquam
quisque
ADVERBS
n ... quidem quoque
lim satis
paene vr
CONJUNCTIONS
itaque
nisi
PREPOSITIONS
ante
post
propter
VERBS
CONJ. I CONJ. II
conloc dbe
convoc exerce
crem mane
dmnstr place
mand sustine
CONJ. III CONJ. IV
committ, dsili
committere proelium
dcid
ǐripi
sm,
smere supplicium d
trdc
vert
522. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender
of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.
_if not, unless_ _adversity_
_on account of_ _former, old-time_
_public_ _all, every_
_commonwealth_ _any one_ (at all)
_leap down, dismount_ _this_ (of mine)
_unharmed_ _heavy, serious_
_lead across_ _hateful, detested_
_remain_ _true_
_call together_ _burn_
_friendship_ _snatch from_
_footprint, trace_ _letter_
_each_ _punishment_
_fear_ (noun) _inflict punishment on_
_hope_ _behind, after_
_therefore_ _suffer punishment_
_so great_ _liberty_
_equal_ _sun_
_in truth, indeed_ _sustain_
_that_ (yonder) _take up, assume_
_a certain_ _hour_
_fall down_ _reign, realm_
_owe, ought_ _messenger_
_measure, mode_ _part, direction_
_eye_ _body_
_name_ _harbor_
_wave, billow_ _faith, protection_
_thing, matter_ _of himself_
_exploits_ _also, too_
_republic_ _sufficiently_
_prosperity_ _you_ (plur.)
_burn_ _peace_
_that_ (of yours) _back_
_before_ _turn the back, retreat_
_light_ _night_
_daybreak_ _hand, force_
_winter_ _lake_
_attack_ _day_
_line of battle_ _commit, intrust_
_army_ _a few only_
_drill, train_ _sharp, eager_
_join battle_ _we_
_house, home_ _turn_
_midday_ _you_ (sing.)
_wonderful_ _I_
_brave_ _signal_
_almost_ _summer_
_the same_ _cavalry_
_some, any_ _wound_
_if any one_ _horn, wing_
_self, very_ _country_
_not even_ _second, favorable_
_easy_ _formerly, once_
_dense_ _short_
_point out, explain_ _voice_
_difficult_ _arrival_
_first_ _come under the protection of_
_arrange, station_ _nothing_
_please_ _swift_
_year_
523. Review Questions. By what declensions are Latin adjectives
declined? What can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third
declension? Into what classes are these adjectives divided? How can you
tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs? Decline ljcer, omnis,
pr. What are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of the fourth
or u-declension? What nouns are feminine by exception? Decline
adventus, lacus, corn, domus. Give the rules for the ordinary
expression of the _place to which_, the _place from which_, the _place
in which_. What special rules apply to names of towns, small islands,
and rs? What is the locative case? What words have a locative case?
What is the form of the locative case? Translate _Galba lives at home,
Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives at Pompeii_. What is the rule for
gender in the fifth or ǐ-declension? Decline dis, rs. When is
the long ǐ shortened? What can you say about the plural of the fifth
declension? Decline tuba, servus, plum, ager, puer, mles,
cnsul, flmen, caeds, animal. How is the _time when_
expressed? Name the classes of pronouns and define each class. Decline
ego, t, is. What are the reflexives of the first and second persons?
What is the reflexive of the third person? Decline it. Translate _I see
myself, he sees himself, he sees him_. Decline ipse. How is ipse
used? Decline ǔdem. Decline hic, iste, ille. Explain the use of
these words. Name and translate the commoner indefinite pronouns.
Decline aliquis, quisquam, qudam, quisque.
VII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LIII-LX
524. Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS
FIRST DECLENSION
aquila fossa
SECOND DECLENSION
aedificium negtium
captvus spatium
concilium vllum
imperium
THIRD DECLENSION
agmen mors
celerits mulier
cvits multitd
clmor mnti
cohors nm
difficults obses
explrtor opni
gns regi
ltitd rmor
longitd scelus
magnitd servits
mns timor
merctor valls
mlle
FOURTH DECLENSIONS
aditus passus
commetus
FIFTH DECLENSION
rs frmentria
ADJECTIVES
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
aequus pessimus
bn plrimus
ducent posterus
duo prmus
exterus reliquus
ǔnferus secundus
maximus singul
medius superus
minimus tardus
opportnus tern
optimus Ǟnus
THIRD DECLENSION
alacer, alacris, alacre
audx, audx
celer, celeris, celere
citerior, citerius
difficilis, difficile
dissimilis, dissimile
facilis, facile
gracilis, gracile
humilis, humile
ingns, ingns
interior, interius
lnis, lne
maior, maius
melior, melius
minor, minus
nbilis, nbile
peior, peius
----, pls
prior, prius
recns, recns
similis, simile
trs, tria
ulterior, ulterius
ADVERBS
ljcriter optim
audcter parum
bene paul
facile plrimum
fer prope
fortiter propius
magis proxim
magnopere quam
maxim statim
melius tam
minim undique
multum
CONJUNCTIONS
atque, ac qu d caus
aut quam ob rem
aut ... aut simul atque or
et ... et simul ac
nam
PREPOSITIONS
circum
contr
inter
ob
trns
VERBS
CONJ. I CONJ. II
cnor obtine
hortor perterre
moror vale
vex vereor
CONJ. III
abd patior
cad prem
cognsc proficscor
cnsequor prgredior
contend quaer
cupi recipi
curr relinqu
dd revertor
dfend sequor
gredior statu
incend subsequor
incol suscipi
ǔnsequor trd
occd trah
CONJ. IV
orior perveni
525. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the
gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:
_on account of_ _width_
_nearly_ _scout_
_keenly, sharply_ _cohort_
_thousand_ _tribe, nation_
_two_ _business_
_opportune_ _by a little_
_remaining_ _somewhat_
_above_ (adj.) _crime_
_next_ _difficult_
_grain supply_ _equal_
_pace_ _move forward, advance_
_shout_ (noun) _further_
_from all sides_ _multitude_
_against_ _woman_
_around_ _desire_ (verb)
_three_ _give over, surrender_
_line of march_ _kill_
_manor_ _overtake_
_region_ _hasten, strive_
_fortification_ _hide_
_eagle_ _one_
_almost_ _first_
_boldly_ _second, favorable_
_bravely_ _two hundred_
_across_ _former_
_between, among_ _inner_
_hither_ (adj.) _middle_
_so_ _low_
_less_ _outward_
_more_ _three by three_
_most_ _provisions_
_worst_ _speed_
_difficulty_ _ditch_
_hostage_ _wherefore_ or _therefore_
_death_ _length_
_command, power_ _for this reason_
_captive_ _fear_ (noun)
_or_ _return_
_and_ _inquire_
_arrive_ _set out_
_attempt, try_ _move out, disembark_
_fear_ (verb) _leave_
_worse_ _abandon_
_greater, larger_ _be strong_
_two by two_ _receive, recover_
_least_ (adv.) _terrify, frighten_
_opinion, expectation_ _dwell_
_defend_ _state, citizenship_
_approach, entrance_ _valley_
_trader_ _slavery_
_magnitude, size_ _greatly_
_council, assembly_ _best of all_ (adv.)
_space, room_ _better_ (adv.)
_either ... or_ _well_ (adv.)
_rise, arise_ _very much_
_suffer, allow_ _much_
_press hard_ _unlike_
_fall_ _like_ (adj.)
_surrender_ _slow_
_set fire to_ _very greatly, exceedingly_
_possess, hold_ _building_
_delay_ (verb) _mind_ (noun)
_nearest_ (adv.) _easily_
_nearer_ (adv.) _easy_
_better_ (adj.) _recent_
_well known, noble_ _huge, great_
_rampart_ _bold_
_mild, gentle_ _immediately_
_swift_ _as soon as_
_eager_ _for_
_low_ (adj.) _than_
_slender_ _best_ (adj.)
_one by one_ _greatest_
_no one_ _follow close_
_least_ (adv.) _encourage_
_little_ (adv.) _annoy, ravage_
_learn, know_ _hide_
_drag_ _follow_
_undertake_ _pursue_
_run_ _both ... and_
_fix, decide_
526. Review Questions. What is meant by comparison? In what two ways
may adjectives be compared? Compare clrus, brevis, vlx, and explain
the formation of the comparative and the superlative. What are the
adverbs used in comparison? Compare brevis by adverbs. Decline the
comparative of vlx. How are adjectives in -er compared? Compare
ljcer, pulcher, liber. What are possible translations for the
comparative and superlative? Name the six adjectives that form the
superlative in -limus. Translate in two ways _Nothing is brighter than
the sun_. Give the rule for the ablative with comparatives. Compare
bonus, magnus, malus, multus, parvus, exterus, nferus, posterus,
superus. Decline pls. Compare citerior, interior, propior,
ulterior. Translate _That route to Italy is much shorter_. Give the
rule for the expression of measure of difference. Name five words that
are especially common in this construction. How are adverbs usually
formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions? from
adjectives of the third declension? Compare the adverbs cr,
lber, fortiter, audcter. What cases of adjectives are sometimes
used as adverbs? What are the adverbs from facilis? multus? prmus?
plrimus? bonus? magnus? parvus? Compare prope, saepe,
magnopere. How are numerals classified? Give the first twenty
cardinals. Decline Ǟnus, duo, trs, mlle. How are the hundreds
declined? What is meant by the partitive genitive? Give the rule for the
partitive genitive. What sort of words are commonly used with this
construction? What construction is used with qudam and cardinal
numbers excepting mlle? Give the first twenty ordinals. How are they
declined? How are the distributives declined? Give the rule for the
expression of duration of time and extent of space. What is the
difference between the ablative of time and the accusative of time? What
is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of one. What form always has a
passive meaning? Conjugate am, mone, reg, capi, audi, in
the active and passive.
VIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXI-LXIX
527. Review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See
502, 503, 506, 507.
528. Review Questions. Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time
is denoted by these tenses? What are the mood signs of the present
subjunctive? How may the imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the
perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in
form? How is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed? Inflect the
subjunctive active and passive of cr, dle, vinc, rapi,
mni. Inflect the subjunctive tenses of sum; of possum. What are
the tenses of the participles in the active? What in the passive? Give
the active and passive participles of am, mone, reg, capi,
audi. Decline regns. What participles do deponent verbs have? What
is the difference in meaning between the perfect participle of a
deponent verb and of one not deponent? Give the participles of vereor.
How should participles usually be translated? Conjugate vol, nol,
ml, f.
What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in their
fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English? How is
it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause
introduced? When should qu be used? What is meant by sequence of
tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the
subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly
followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows
iube? What construction follows verbs of _fearing_? How is
consequence or result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause
introduced? What words are often found in the principal clause
foreshadowing the coming of a result clause? How may negative purpose be
distinguished from negative result? What is meant by the subjunctive of
characteristic or description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain
the ablative absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent
occurrence in Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs
are two accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become
when the verb is passive?
[Illustration: IMPERATOR MILITES HORTATUR]
SPECIAL VOCABULARIES
The words in heavy type are used in Csars Gallic War.
[Transcribers Note:
Each chapters Special Vocabulary was included with its chapter text
in addition to its original location here. Details are given in the
Transcribers Note at the beginning of the text. In the printed book,
the vocabularies for Lesson IV and Lesson V appeared on the same page;
the Footnote about _conjunctions_ was shared by the two lists.]
LESSON IV, 39
NOUNS
dea, _goddess_ (deity)
Dina, _Diana_
fera, _a wild beast_ (fierce)
Ltna, _Latona_
sagitta, _arrow_
VERBS
est, _he (she, it) is_; sunt, _they are_
necat, _he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill_
CONJUNCTION[A]
et, _and_
PRONOUNS
quis, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., _who?_
cuius (pronounced _c[oo]iy[oo]s_, two syllables), interrog.
pronoun, gen. sing., _whose?_
[Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts
of sentences, or sentences.]
LESSON V, 47
NOUNS
corna, _wreath, garland, crown_
fbula, _story_ (fable)
pecnia, _money_ (pecuniary)
pugna, _battle_ (pugnacious)
victria, _victory_
VERBS
dat, _he (she, it) gives_
nrrat, _he (she, it) tells_ (narrate)
CONJUNCTION[A]
quia or quod, _because_
cui (pronounced _c[oo]i_, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat.
sing., _to whom?_ _for whom?_
[Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts
of sentences, or sentences.]
LESSON VI, 56
ADJECTIVES
bona, _good_
grta, _pleasing_
magna, _large, great_
mala, _bad, wicked_
parva, _small, little_
pulchra, _beautiful, pretty_
sla, _alone_
NOUNS
ancilla, _maidservant_
Ilia, _Julia_
ADVERBS[A]
cr, _why_
nn, _not_
PRONOUNS
mea, _my_; tua, _thy, your_ (possesives)
quid, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., _what?_
-ne, the question sign, an enclitic (16) added to the first word,
which, in a question, is usually the verb, as amat, _he loves_, but
amatne? _does he love?_ est, _he is_; estne? _is he?_ Of course
-ne is not used when the sentence contains quis, cr, or some
other interrogative word.
[Footnote A: An _adverb_ is a word used to modify a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings _sweetly_; she is
_very_ talented; she began to sing _very early_.]
LESSON VII, 62
NOUNS
casa, -ae, f., _cottage_
cna, -ae, f., _dinner_
gallna, -ae, f., _hen, chicken_
ǔnsula, ae, f., _island_ (pen-insula)
ADVERBS
de-inde, _then, in the next place_
ubi, _where_
PREPOSITION
ad, _to_, with acc. to express motion toward
PRONOUN
quem, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., _whom?_
VERBS
habitat, _he (she, it) lives, is living, does live_ (inhabit)
laudat, _he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise_ (laud)
parat, _he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare_
vocat, _he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites,
is inviting, does invite_ (vocation)
LESSON VIII, 69
NOUNS
Italia, -ae, f., _Italy_
Sicilia, -ae, f., _Sicily_
tuba, -ae, f., _trumpet_ (tube)
via, -ae, f., _way, road, street_ (viaduct)
ADJECTIVES
alta, _high, deep_ (altitude)
clra, _clear, bright; famous_
lta, _wide_ (latitude)
longa, _long_ (longitude)
nova, _new_ (novelty)
LESSON IX, 77
NOUNS
bellum, -, n., _war_ (re-bel)
cnstantia, -ae, f., _firmness, constancy, steadiness_
dominus, -, m., _master, lord_ (dominate)
equus, -, m., _horse_ (equine)
frmentum, -, n., _grain_
lgtus, -, m., _lieutenant, ambassador_ (legate)
Mrcus, -, m., _Marcus, Mark_
mrus, -, m., _wall_ (mural)
oppidnus, -, m., _townsman_
oppidum, -, n., _town_
plum, -, n., _spear_ (pile driver)
servus, -, m., _slave, servant_
Sextus, -, m., _Sextus_
VERBS
crat, _he (she, it) cares for_, with acc.
properat, _he (she, it) hastens_
LESSON X, 82
NOUNS
amcus, -, m., _friend_ (amicable)
Germnia, -ae, f., _Germany_
patria, -ae, f., _fatherland_
populus, -, m., _people_
Rhnus, -, m., _the Rhine_
vcus, -, m., _village_
LESSON XI, 86
NOUNS
arma, armrum, n., plur., _arms_, especially defensive weapons
fma, -ae, f., _rumor; reputation, fame_
galea, -ae, f., _helmet_
praeda, -ae, f., _booty, spoils_ (predatory)
tlum, -, n., _weapon of offense, spear_
ADJECTIVES
drus, -a, -um, _hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome_
(durable)
Rmnus, -a, -um, _Roman_. As a noun, Rmnus, -, m., _a Roman_
LESSON XII, 90
NOUNS
flius, fl, m., _son_ (filial)
fluvius, fluv, m., _river_ (fluent)
gladius, glad, m., _sword_ (gladiator)
praesidium, praesid, n., _garrison, guard, protection_
proelium, proel, n., _battle_
ADJECTIVES
fnitimus, -a, -um, _bordering upon, neighboring, near to_.
As a noun, fnitim, -rum, m., plur., _neighbors_
Germnus, -a, -um, _German_. As a noun, Germnus, -, m.,
_a German_
multus, -a, -um, _much_; plur., _many_
ADVERB
saepe, _often_
LESSON XIII, 95
NOUNS
ager, agr, m., _field_ (acre)
cpia, -ae, f., _plenty, abundance_ (copious); plur., _troops,
forces_
Cornlius, Cornl, m., _Cornelius_
lrca, -ae, f., _coat of mail, corselet_
praemium, praem, n., _reward, prize_ (premium)
puer, puer, m., _boy_ (puerile)
Rma, -ae, f., _Rome_
sctum, -, n., _shield_ (escutcheon)
vir, vir, m., _man, hero_ (virile)
ADJECTIVES
leginrius, -a, -um,[A] _legionary, belonging to the legion_.
As a noun, leginri, -rum, m., plur., _legionary soldiers_
lber, lbera, lberum, _free_ (liberty) As a noun. lber, -rum,
m., plur., _children_ (lit. _the freeborn_)
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, _pretty, beautiful_
PREPOSITION
apud, _among_, with acc.
CONJUNCTION
sed, _but_
[Footnote A: The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius
ends in -i and the vocative in -ie; not in -, as in nouns.]
LESSON XIV, 99
NOUNS
auxilium, auxil, n., _help, aid_ (auxiliary)
castrum, -, n., _fort_ (castle); plur., _camp_ (lit. _forts_)
cibus, -, m., _food_
cnsilium, cnsil, n., _plan_ (counsel)
dligentia, -ae, f., _diligence, industry_
magister, magistr, m., _master, teacher_[A]
ADJECTIVES
aeger, aegra, aegrum, _sick_
crber, crbra, crbrum, _frequent_
miser, misera, miserum, _wretched, unfortunate_ (miser)
[Footnote A: Observe that dominus, as distinguished from
magister, means _master_ in the sense of _owner_.]
LESSON XV, 107
NOUNS
carrus, -, m., _cart, wagon_
inopia, -ae, f., _want, lack;_ the opposite of cpia
studium, stud, n., _zeal, eagerness_ (study)
ADJECTIVES
armtus, -a, -um, _armed_
ǔnfrmus, -a, -um, _week, feeble_ (infirm)
validus, -a, -um, _strong, sturdy_
VERB
mtrat, _he (she, it) hastens._ Cf. properat
ADVERB
iam, _already, now_
-que, conjunction, _and_; an enclitic (cf. 16) and always added
to the _second_ of two words to be connected, as arma tlaque,
_arms and weapons_.
LESSON XVII, 117
NOUNS
agr cultra, -ae, f., _agriculture_
Gallia, -ae, f., _Gaul_
domicilum, domcil, n., _dwelling place_ (domicile), _abode_
Gallus, -i, m., _a Gaul_
lacrima, -ae, f., _tear_
fmina, -ae, f., _woman_ (female)
numerus, -, m., _number_ (numeral)
ADJECTIVE
mtrus, -a, -um, _ripe, mature_
ADVERB
qu, _whither_
VERBS
arat, _he (she, it) plows_ (arable)
dsderat, _he (she, it) misses, longs for_ (desire), with acc.
CONJUNCTION
an, _or_, introducing the second half of a double question, as
_Is he a Roman or a Gaul_, Estne Romanus an Gallus?
LESSON XVIII, 124
NOUNS
ldus, -, m., _school_
socius, soc, m., _companion, ally_ (social)
ADJECTIVES
ǔrtus, -a, -um, _angry, furious_ (irate)
laetus, -a, -um, _happy, glad_ (social)
ADVERBS
hodi, _to-day_
ibi, _there, in that place_
mox, _presently, soon_, of the immediate future
nunc, _now, the present moment_
nper, _lately, recently_, of the immediate past
LESSON XX, 136
NOUNS
frma, -ae, f., _form, beauty_
regna, -ae, f., _queen_ (regal)
poena, -ae, f., _punishment, penalty_
superbia, -ae, f., _pride, haughtiness_
potentia, -ae, f., _power_ (potent)
trstta, -ae, f., _sadness, sorrow_
ADJECTIVES
septem, indeclinable, _seven_
superbus, -a, -um, _proud, haughty_ (superb)
CONJUNCTIONS
nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_
LESSON XXI, 140
NOUNS
sacrum, -, n., _sacrifice, offering, rite_
verbum, -, n., _word_ (verb)
VERBS
sede, -re, _sit_ (sediment)
vol, -re, _fly_ (volatile)
ADJECTIVES
interfectus, -a, -um, _slain_
molestus, -a, -um, _troublesome, annoying_ (molest)
perpetuus, -a, -um, _perpetual, continuous_
ego, personal pronoun, _I_ (egotism). Always emphatic in the
nominative.
LESSON XXII, 146
NOUNS
disciplna, -ae, f., _training, culture, discipline_
Gius, G, m., _Caius_, a Roman first name
Ǚrnmentum, -, n., _ornament, jewel_
Tiberius, Tiber, m., _Tiberius_, a Roman first name
VERB
doce, -re, _teach_ (doctrine)
ADVERB
maxim, _most of all, especially_
ADJECTIVE
antquus, -qua, -quum, _old, ancient_ (antique)
LESSON XXVII, 168
NOUNS
ljla, -ae, f., _wing_
deus, -, m., _god_ (deity)[A]
monstrum, -, n., _omen, prodigy; monster_
rculum, -, n., _oracle_
VERB
vst, -re, _lay waste, devastate_
ADJECTIVES
commtus, -a, -um, _moved, excited_
maximus, -a, -um, _greatest_ (maximum)
saevus, -a, -um, _fierce, savage_
ADVERBS
ita, _thus, in this way, as follows_
tum, _then, at that time_
[Footnote A: For the declension of deus, see 468]
LESSON XXVIII, 171
VERBS
responde, -re, _respond, reply_
serv, -re, _save, preserve_
ADJECTIVE
crus, -a, -um, _dear_ (cherish)
CONJUNCTION
autem, _but, moreover, now_. Usually stands second, never first
NOUN
vta, -ae, f., _life_ (vital)
LESSON XXIX, 176
VERB
super, -re, _conquer, overcome_ (insuperable)
NOUNS
cra, -ae, f., _care, trouble_
locus, -, m., _place, spot_ (location). Locus is neuter in the
plural and is declined loca, -rum, etc.
perculum, -, n., _danger, peril_
ADVERBS
semper, _always_
tamen, _yet, nevertheless_
PREPOSITIONS
d, with abl., _down from.; concerning_
per, with acc., _through_
CONJUNCTION
si, _if_
LESSON XXX, 182
VERBS
absum, abesse, irreg., _be away, be absent, be distant_, with
separative abl.
adpropinqu, -re, _draw near, approach_ (propinquity), with
dative[A]
contine, -re, _hold together, hem in, keep_ (contain)
discd, -ere, _depart, go away, leave_, with separative abl.
ege, -re, _lack, need, be without_, with separative abl.
interfici, -ere, _kill_
prohibe, -re, _restrain, keep from_ (prohibit)
vulner, -re, _wound_ (vulnerable)
NOUNS
prvincia, -ae, f., _province_
vnum, -, n., _wine_
ADJECTIVE
dfessus, -a, -um, _weary, worn out_
ADVERB
long, _far, by far, far away_
[Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of
_nearness to_ is stronger than that of _motion to_. If the latter
idea were the stronger, the word would be used with ad and the
accusative.]
LESSON XXXI, 188
NOUNS
aurum, -, n., _gold_ (oriole)
mora, -ae, f., _delay_
nvigium, nvig, n., _boat, ship_
ventus, -, m., _wind_ (ventilate)
VERB
nvig, -re, _sail_ (navigate)
ADJECTIVES
attentus, -a, -um, _attentive, careful_
dubius, -a, -um, _doubtful_ (dubious)
perfidus, -a, -um, _faithless, treacherous_ (perfidy)
ADVERB
ante, _before, previously_
PREPOSITION
sine, with abl., _without_
LESSON XXXII, 193
NOUNS
animus, -, m., _mind, heart; spirit, feeling_ (animate)
bracchium, bracch, n., _forearm, arm_
porta, -ae, f., _gate_ (portal)
ADJECTIVES
adversus, -a, -um, _opposite; adverse, contrary_
plnus, -a, -um, _full_ (plenty)
PREPOSITION
pr, with abl., _before; in behalf of; instead of_
ADVERB
di, _for a long time, long_
LESSON XXXIV, 200
ADVERBS
celeriter, _quickly_ (celerity)
dnique, _finally_
graviter, _heavily, severely_ (gravity)
subit, _suddenly_
VERB
report, -re, -v, _bring back, restore; win, gain_ (report)
LESSON XXXVI, 211
dexter, dextra, dextrum, _right_ (dextrous)
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, _left_
frstr, adv., _in vain_ (frustrate)
ger, gerere, gess, gestus, _bear, carry on; wear_;
bellum gerere, _to wage war_
occup, occupre, occupv, occuptus, _seize, take possession of_
(occupy)
postul, postulre, postulv, postultus, _demand_ (ex-postulate)
recs, recsre, recsv, recstus, _refuse_
st, stre, stet, status, _stand_
tempt, temptre, temptv, tempttus, _try, tempt, test; attempt_
tene, tenre, tenu, ----, _keep, hold_ (tenacious)
The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense of _where_ in
asking a question, has two other uses equally important:
1. ubi = _when_, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as,
Ubi mnstrum audvrunt, fgrunt, _when they heard the monster,
they fled_
2. ubi = _where_, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as,
Vide oppidum ubi Galba habitat, _I see the town where Galba
lives_
ubi is called a _relative conjunction_ because it is equivalent to
a relative pronoun. _When_ in the first sentence is equivalent to
_at the time at which;_ and in the second, _where_ is equivalent
to _the place in which._
LESSON XXXVII, 217
neque or nec, conj., _neither_, _nor_, _and ... not_;
neque ... neque, _neither ... nor_
castellum, -, n., _redoubt, fort_ (castle)
cotdi, adv., _daily_
cess, cessre, cessv, cesstus, _cease_, with the infin.
incipi, incipere, incp, inceptus, _begin_ (incipient),
with the infin.
oppugn, oppugnre, oppugnv, oppugntus, _storm, assail_
pet, petere, petivi or peti, pettus, _aim at, assail, storm,
attack; seek, ask_ (petition)
pn, pnere, posu, positus, _place, put_ (position);
castra pnere, _to pitch camp_
possum, posse, potu, ----, _be able, can_ (potent), with the infin.
vet, vetre, vetu, vetitus, _forbid_ (veto), vith the infin.;
opposite of iube, _command_
vinc, vincere, vc, victus, _conquer_ (in-vincible)
vv, vvere, vx, ----, _live, be alive_ (re-vive)
LESSON XXXIX, 234
barbarus, -a, -um, _strange, foreign, barbarous_. As a noun,
barbar, -rum, m., plur., _savages, barbarians_
dux, ducis, m., _leader_ (duke). Cf. the verb dc
eques, equitis, m., _horseman, cavalryman_ (equestrian)
idex, idicis, _m., judge_
lapis, lapidis, m., _stone_ (lapidary)
mles, mlitis, m., _soldier_ (militia)
pedes, peditis, m., _foot soldier_ (pedestrian)
ps, pedis,[A] m., _foot_ (pedal)
prnceps, prncipis, m., _chief_ (principal)
rx, rgis, m., _king_ (regal)
summus, -a, -um, _highest, greatest_ (summit)
virts, virttis, f., _manliness, courage_ (virtue)
[Footnote A: Observe that e is _long_ in the nom. sing, and
_short_ in the other cases.]
LESSON XL, 237
Caesar, -aris, m., _Csar_
captvus, -, m., _captive, prisoner_
cnsul, -is, m., _consul_
frter, frtris, m., _brother_ (fraternity)
hom, hominis, m., _man, human being_
impedmentum, -, n., _hindrance_ (impediment); plur.
impedmenta, -rum, _baggage_
impertor, impertris, m., _commander in chief, general_ (emperor)
legi, leginis, f., _legion_
mter, mtris, f., _mother_ (maternal)
Ǚrd, rdinis, m., _row, rank_ (order)
pater, patris, m., _father_ (paternal)
sals, saltis, f., _safety_ (salutary)
soror, sorris, f., _sister_ (sorority)
LESSON XLI, 239
calamits, calamittis, f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity)
caput, capitis, n., _head_ (capital)
flmen, flminis, n., _river_ (flume)
labor, labris, m., _labor, toil_
opus, operis, n., _work, task_
Ǚrtor, rtris, m., _orator_
rpa, -ae, f., _bank_ (of a stream)
tempus, temporis, n., _time_ (temporal)
terror, terrris, m., _terror, fear_
victor, victris, m., _victor_
accipi, accipere, accp, acceptus, _receive, accept_
cnfirm, cnfrmre, cnfrmv, cnfrmtus, _strengthen,
establish, encourage_ (confirm)
LESSON XLIII, 245
animal, animlis (-ium[A]), n., _animal_
avis, avis (-ium), f., _bird_ (aviation)
caeds, caedis (-ium), f., _slaughter_
calcar, calcris (-ium), n., _spur_
cvis, cvis (-ium), m. and f., _citizen_ (civic)
clins, clientis (-ium), m., _retainer, dependent_ (client)
fnis, fnis (-ium), m., _end, limit_ (final);
plur., _country, territory_
hostis, hostis (-ium), m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile).
Distinguish from inimcus, which means a _personal_ enemy
ignis, ignis (-ium), m., _fire_ (ignite)
ǔnsigne, nsignis (-ium), n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign)
mare, maris (-ium[B]), n., _sea_ (marine)
nvis, nvis (-ium), f., _ship_ (naval);
nvis longa, _man-of-war_
turris, turris (-ium), f., _tower_ (turret)
urbs, urbis (-ium), f., _city_ (suburb). An urbs is larger than an
oppidum.
[Footnote A: The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the
i-stems.]
[Footnote B: The genitive plural of mare is not in use.]
LESSON XLIV, 249
arbor, arboris, f., _tree_ (arbor)
collis, collis (-ium), m., _hill_
dns, dentis (-ium), m., _tooth_ (dentist)
fns, fontis (-ium), m.. _fountain, spring; source_
iter, itineris, n., _march, journey, route_ (itinerary)
mnsis, mnsis (-ium), m., _month_
moenia, -ium, n., plur., _walls, fortifications_. Cf. mrus
mns, montis (-ium), m., _mountain_;
summus mns, _top of the mountain_
numquam, adv., _never_
pns, pontis, m., _bridge_ (pontoon)
sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood (sanguinary)
summus, -a, -um, _highest, greatest_ (summit)
trns, prep, with acc., _across_ (transatlantic)
vs (vs), gen. plur. virium, f. _strength, force, violence_ (vim)
LESSON XLV, 258
ljcer, cris, cre, _sharp, keen, eager_ (acrid)
brevis, breve, _short, brief_
difficilis, difficile, _difficult_
facilis, facile, _facile, easy_
fortis, forte, _brave_ (fortitude)
gravis, grave, _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave)
omnis, omne, _every, all_ (omnibus)
pr, gen. paris, _equal_ (par)
pauc, -ae, -a, _few, only a few_ (paucity)
secundus, -a, -um, _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus
signum, -, n., _signal, sign, standard_
vlx, gen. vlcis, _swift_ (velocity)
conloc, conlocre, conlocv, conloctus, _arrange, station, place_
(collocation)
dmnstr, dmnstrre, dmnstrv, dmnstrtus, _point out,
explain_ (demonstrate)
mand, mandre, mandv, mandtus, _commit, intrust_ (mandate)
LESSON XLVI, 261
adventus, -s, m., _approach, arrival_ (advent)
ante, prep, with acc., _before_ (ante-date)
corn, -s, n., _horn, wing_ of an army (cornucopia);
lj dextr corn, _on the right wing_;
lj sinistr corn, _on the left wing_
equittus, -s, m., _cavalry_
exercitus, -s, m., _army_
impetus, -s, m., _attack_ (impetus);
impetum facere in, with acc., _to make an attack on_
lacus, -s, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., _lake_
manus, -s, f., _hand; band, force_ (manual)
portus, -s, m., _harbor_ (port)
post, prep, with acc., _behind, after_ (post-mortem)
crem, cremre, cremv, cremtus, _burn_ (cremate)
exerce, exercre, exercu, exercitus, _practice, drill, train_
(exercise)
LESSON XLVII, 270
Athnae, -rum, f., plur., _Athens_
Corinthus, -, f., _Corinth_
domus, -s, locative dom, f., _house, home_ (dome).
Cf. domicilium
Genva, -ae, f., _Geneva_
Pompii, -rum, m., plur., _Pompeii_, a city in Campania. See map
propter, prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_
rs, rris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. rra, n., _country_
(rustic)
tergum, terg, n., _back_; lj terg, _behind, in the rear_
vulnus, vulneris, n., _wound_ (vulnerable)
committ, committere, comms, commissus, _intrust, commit;_
proelium committere, _join battle_
convoc, convocre, convocv, convoctus, _call together, summon_
(convoke)
time, timre, timu, ----, _fear; be afraid_ (timid)
vert, vertere, vert, versus, _turn, change_ (convert);
terga vertere, _to turn the backs_, hence _to retreat_
LESSON XLVIII, 276
acis, -, f., _line of battle_
aests, aesttis, f., _summer_
annus, -, m., _year_ (annual)
dis, di, m., _day_ (diary)
fids, fide, no plur., f., _faith, trust; promise, word;
protection_; in fidem venre, _to come under the protection_
fluctus, -s, m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate)
hiems, hiemis, f., _winter_
hra, -ae, f., _hour_
lx, lcis, f., _light_ (lucid); prma lux, _daybreak_
merdis, acc. -em, abl. -, no plur., m., _midday_ (meridian)
nox, noctis (-ium), f., _night_ (nocturnal)
prmus, -a, -um, _first_ (prime)
rs, re, f., _thing, matter_ (real);
rs gestae, _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_);
rs adversae, _adversity_;
rs secundae, _prosperity_
sps, spe, f., _hope_
LESSON XLIX, 283
amcitia, -ae, f., _friendship_ (amicable)
itaque, conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_
littera, -ae, f., _a letter_ of the alphabet;
plur., _a letter, an epistle_
metus, mets, m., _fear_
nihil, indeclinable, n., _nothing_ (nihilist)
nntius, nnt, m., _messenger_. Cf. nnti
px, pcis, f., _peace_ (pacify)
rgnum, -, n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_
supplicum, supplic, n., _punishment_;
supplicum smere d, with abl., _inflict punishment on_;
supplicum dare, _suffer punishment_. Cf. poena
place, placre, placu, placitus, _be pleasing to, please_,
with dative. Cf. 154
sm, smere, smps, smptus, _take up, assume_
sustine, sustinre, sustinu, sustentus, _sustain_
LESSON L, 288
corpus, corporis, n., _body_ (corporal)
dnsus, -a, -um, _dense_
ǔdem, eadem, idem, demonstrative pronoun, _the same_ (identity)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, _self; even, very_
mrus, -a, -um, _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle)
Ǚlim, adv., _formerly, once upon a time_
pars, partis (-ium), f., _part, region, direction_
quoque, adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes
sl, slis, m., _sun_ (solar)
vrus, -a, -um, _true, real_ (verity)
dbe, dbre, dbu, dbitus, _owe, ought_ (debt)
ǐripi, ripere, ripu, reptus, _snatch from_
LESSON LI, 294
hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative pronoun, _this_ (of mine);
_he, she, it_
ille, illa, illud, demonstrative pronoun _that_ (yonder);
_he, she, it_
invsus, -a, -um, _hateful, detested_, with dative Cf. 143
iste, ista, istud, demonstrative pronoun, _that_ (of yours);
_he, she, it_
lberts, -tis, f., _liberty_
modus, -, m., _measure; manner, way, mode_
nmen, nminis, n., _name_ (nominate)
oculus, -, m., _eye_ (oculist)
prstinus, -a, -um, _former, old-time_ (pristine)
pblicus, -a, -um, _public, belonging to the state;_
rs pblica, re pblicae, f., _the commonwealth, the state,
the republic_
vestgium, vestg, n., _footprint, track; trace, vestige_
vx, vcis, f., _voice_
LESSON LII, 298
incolumis, -e, _unharmed_
n ... quidem, adv., _not even_. The emphatic word stands between
n and quidem
nisi, conj., _unless, if ... not_
paene, adv., _almost_ (pen-insula)
satis, adv., _enough, sufficiently_ (satisfaction)
tantus, -a, -um, _so great_
vr, adv., _truly, indeed, in fact_. As a conj. _but, however_,
usually stands second, never first.
dcid, dcidere, dcid, ----, _fall down_ (deciduous)
dsili, dsilre, dsilu, dsultus, _leap down, dismount_
mane, manre, mns, mnsrus, _remain_
trdc, trdcere, trdx, trductus, _lead across_
LESSON LIII, 306
aquila, -ae, f., _eagle_ (aquiline)
audx, gen. audcis, adj., _bold, audacious_
celer, celeris, celere, _swift, quick_ (celerity). Cf. vlx
explratr, -ris, m., _scout, spy_ (explorer)
ingns, gen. ingentis, adj., _huge, vast_
medius, -a, -um, _middle, middle part of_ (medium)
mns, mentis (-ium), f., _mind_ (mental). Cf. animus
opportnus, -a, -um, _opportune_
quam, adv., _than_. With the superlative quam gives the force of
_as possible_, as quam audcissim vir, _men as bold as possible_
recens, gen. recentis, adj., _recent_
tam, adv., _so_. Always with an adjective or adverb, while ita is
generally used with a verb
quaer, quaerere, quaesv, quaestus, _ask, inquire, seek_
(question). Cf. pet
LESSON LIV, 310
alacer, alacris, alacre, _eager, spirited, excited_ (alacrity)
celerits, -tis, f., _speed_ (celerity)
clmor, clmris, m., _shout, clamor_
lnis, lne, _mild, gentle_ (lenient)
mulier, mulieris, f., _woman_
multitd, multitdinis, f., _multitude_
nm, dat. nmin, acc. nminem (gen. nllus, abl. nll,
from nllus), no plur., m. and f., _no one_
nbilis, nbile, _well known, noble_
noct, adv. (an old abl.), _by night_ (nocturnal)
statim, adv., _immediately, at once_
subit, adv., _suddenly_
tardus, -a, -um, _slow_ (tardy)
cupi, cupere, cupv, cuptus, _desire, wish_ (cupidity)
LESSON LV, 314
aedificium, aedific, n., _building, dwelling_ (edifice)
imperium, imper, n., _command, chief power; empire_
mors, mortis (-ium), f., _death_ (mortal)
reliquus, -a, -um, _remaining, rest of_. As a noun, m. and n. plur.,
_the rest_ (relic)
scelus, sceleris, n., _crime_
servits, -tis, f., _slavery_ (servitude)
valls, vallis (-ium), f., _valley_
abd, abdere, abdid, abditus, _hide_
contend, contendere, contend, contentus, _strain, struggle;
hasten_ (contend)
occd, occdere, occd, occsus, _cut down, kill_. Cf. nec,
interfici
perterre, perterrre, perterru, perterritus, _terrify, frighten_
recipi, recipere, recp, receptus, _receive, recover_;
s recipere, _betake ones self, withdraw, retreat_
trd, trdere, trdid, trditus, _give over, surrender, deliver_
(traitor)
LESSON LVI, 318
aditus, -s, m., _approach, access; entrance_
cvits, cvittis, f., _citizenship; body of citizens, state_
(city)
inter, prep, with acc., _between, among_ (interstate commerce)
nam, conj., _for_
obses, obsidis, m. and f., _hostage_
paul, adv. (abl. n. of paulus), _by a little, somewhat_
incol, incolere, incolu, ----, transitive, _inhabit_;
intransitive, _dwell_. Cf. habit, vv
relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictus, _leave, abandon_
(relinquish)
statu, statuere, statu, stattus, _fix, decide_ (statute), usually
with infin.
LESSON LVII, 326
aequus, -a, -um, _even, level; equal_
cohors, cohortis (-ium), f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion,
about 360 men
curr, currere, cucurr, cursus, _run_ (course)
difficults, -tis, f., _difficulty_
fossa, -ae, f., _ditch_ (fosse)
gns, gentis (-ium), f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile)
negtium, negt, n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate)
regi, -nis, f., _region, district_
rmor, rmris, m., _rumor, report_. Cf. fma
simul atque, conj., _as soon as_
suscipi, suscipere, suscp, susceptus, _undertake_
trah, trahere, trx, trctus, _drag, draw_ (ex-tract)
vale, valre, valu, valitrus, _be strong_; plrimum valre,
_to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus
LESSON LVIII, 332
commetus, -s, m.. _provisions_
ltitd, -inis, f., _width_ (latitude)
longitd, -inis, f., _length_ (longitude)
magnitd, -inis, f., _size, magnitude_
merctor, merctris, m., _trader, merchant_
mnti, -nis, f., _fortification_ (munition)
spatium, spat, n., _room, space, distance; time_
cognsc, cognscere, cognv, cognitus, _learn_;
in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize)
cg, cgere, cog, coctus, _collect; compel_ (cogent)
dfend, dfendere, dfend, dfnsus, _defend_
incend, incendere, incend, incnsus, _set fire to, burn_
(incendiary). Cf. crem
obtine, obtinre, obtinu, obtentus, _possess, occupy, hold_
(obtain)
perveni, pervenre, pervn, perventus, _come through, arrive_
LESSON LIX, 337
agmen, agminis, n., _line of march, column_;
prmum agmen, _the van_;
novissimum agmen, _the rear_
atque, ac, conj., _and_; atque is used before vowels and
consonants, ac before consonants only. Cf. et and -que
concilium, concil, n., _council, assembly_
Helvti, -rum, m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe
passus, passs, m., _a pace_, five Roman feet;
mlle passuum, _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile
qu d caus, _for this reason, for what reason_
vllum, -, n., _earth-works, rampart_
cad, cadere, cecid, csrus, _fall_ (decadence)
dd, ddere, ddid, dditus, _surrender, give up_;
with a reflexive pronoun, _surrender ones self, submit_, with the
dative of the indirect object
prem, premere, press, pressus, _press hard, harass_
vex, vexre, vexv, vextus, _annoy, ravage_ (vex)
LESSON LX, 341
aut, conj., _or_; aut ... aut, _either ... or_
caus, abl. of causa, _for the sake of, because of_. Always stands
_after_ the gen. which modifies it
fer, adv., _nearly, almost_
opni, -nis, f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_
rs frmentria, re frmentriae, f. (lit. _the grain affair_),
_grain supply_
timor, -ris, m., _fear_. Cf. time
undique, adv., _from all sides_
cnor, cnr, cntus sum, _attempt, try_
ǐgredior, gred, gressus sum, _move out, disembark_;
prgredior, _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress)
moror, morr, mortus sum, _delay_
orior, orir, ortus sum, _arise, spring; begin; be born_
(_from_) (origin)
proficscor, proficsc, profectus sum, _set out_
revertor, revert, reversus sum, _return_ (revert). The forms of
this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect
system. Perf. act., revert
sequor, sequ, sectus sum, _follow_ (sequence). Note the following
compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes:
cnsequor (_follow with_), _overtake_;
ǔnsequor (_follow against_), _pursue_;
subsequor (_follow under_), _follow close after_
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such;
they are inserted to show etymological meanings.
[Transcribers Note:
The parentheses were originally printed as [square brackets]. They
are rendered here as [[double brackets]].]
A
lj or ab, prep. with abl. _from, by, off_.
Translated _on_ in lj dextr corn, _on the right wing_;
lj fronte, _on the front_ or _in front_;
lj dextr, _on the right_;
lj latere, _on the side_; etc.
ab-d, -ere, -did, -ditus, _hide, conceal_
ab-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus, _lead off, lead away_
abs-cd, -ere, -cd,-csus [[ab(s), _off_, + caed, _cut_]],
_cut off_
ab-sum, -esse, fu, futrus, _be away, be absent, be distant,
be off_; with lj or ab and abl., 501.32
ac, conj., see atque
ac-cipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptus [[ad, _to_, + capi, _take_]],
_receive, accept_
ljcer, cris, cre, adj. _sharp_; figuratively, _keen, active, eager_
(471)
acerbus, -a, -um, adj. _bitter, sour_
acis, -, f. [[ljcer, _sharp_]], _edge; line of battle_
ljcriter, adv. [[ljcer, _sharp_]], compared ljcrius, cerrim,
_sharply, fiercely_
ad, prep. with acc. _to, towards, near_.
With the gerund or gerundive, _to, for_
ad-aequ, -re, -v, -tus, _make equal, make level with_
ad-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus, _lead to; move, induce_
ad-e, -re, -i, -itus, _go to, approach, draw near, visit_, with
acc. (413)
ad-fer, ad-ferre, at-tul, ad-ltus, _bring, convey; report,
announce; render, give_ (426)
ad-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[ad, _to_, + faci, _do_]],
_affect, visit_
adflcttus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of adflct, _shatter_]],
_shattered_
ad-flg, -ere, -flx, -flctus, _dash upon, strike upon; harass,
distress_
ad-hibe, -re, -u, -itus [[ad, _to_, + habe, _hold_]], _apply,
employ, use_
ad-hc, adv. _hitherto, as yet, thus far_
aditus, -s, m. [[ade, _approach_]], _approach, access; entrance_.
Cf. adventus
ad-lig, -re, -v, -tus, _bind to, fasten_
ad-loquor, -loqu, -loctus sum, dep. verb [[ad, _to_, + loquor,
_speak_]], _speak to, address_, with acc.
ad-ministr, -re, -v, -tus, _manage, direct_
admrti, -nis, f. [[admror, _wonder at_]], _admiration,
astonishment_
ad-move, -re, -mv, -mtus, _move to; apply, employ_
ad-propinqu, -re, -v, -tus, _come near, approach_, with dat.
ad-sum, -esse, -fu, -futres, _be present; assist_; with dat., 426
adulscns, -entis, m. and f. [[part. of adolsc, _grow_]], _a
youth, young man, young person_
adventus, -s, m. [[ad, _to_, + veni, _come_]], _approach,
arrival_ (466)
adversus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of advert, _turn to_]], _turned
towards, facing; contrary, adverse_.
rs adversae, _adversity_
aedificium, aedific, n. [[aedific, _build_]], _building, edifice_
aedific, -re, -vi, -tus [[aeds, _house_, + faci, _make_]],
_build_
aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj. _sick, feeble_
aequlis, -e, adj. _equal, like_. As a noun, aequlis, -is, m. or f.
_one of the same age_
aequus, -a, -um, adj. _even, level; equal_
Aespus, -, m. _sop_, a writer of fables
aests, -tis, f. _summer_,
init aestte, _at the beginning of summer_
aets, -tis, f. _age_
Aethiopia, -ae, f. _Ethiopia_, a country in Africa
frica, -ae, f. _Africa_
fricnus, -a, -um, adj. _of Africa_. A name given to Scipio for his
victories in Africa
ager, agr, m. _field, farm, land_ (462.c)
agger, -eris, m. _mound_
agmen, -inis, n. [[ag, _drive_]], _an army_ on the march, _column_.
prmum agmen, _the van_
ag, -ere, g, ctus, _drive, lead; do, perform_.
vtam agere, _pass life_
agricola, -ae, m. [[ager, _field_, + col, _cultivate_]], _farmer_
agr cultra, -ae, f. _agriculture_
ljla, -ae, f. _wing_
alacer, -cris, -cre, adj. _active, eager_. Cf. ljcer
alacrits, -tis, f. [[alacer, _active_]], _eagerness, alacrity_
alacriter, adv. [[alacer, _active_]], comp alacrius, alacerrim,
_actively, eagerly_
albus, -a, -um, adj., _white_
alcs, -is, f. _elk_
Alcmna, -ae, f. _Alcmena_, the mother of Hercules
aliquis (-qu), -qua, -quid (-quod), indef. pron. _some one, some_
(487)
alius, -a, -ud (gen. -us, dat. -), adj. _another, other_.
alius ... alius, _one ... another_.
ali ... ali, _some ... others_ (110)
Alps, -ium, f. plur. _the Alps_
alter, -era, -erum (gen. -us, dat. -), adj. _the one, the other_
(of two).
alter ... alter, _the one ... the other_ (110)
altitd, -inis, f. [[altus, _high_]], _height_
altus, -a, -um, adj. _high, tall, deep_
Amzons, -um, f. plur. _Amazons_, a fabled tribe of warlike women
amb, -ae, -, adj. (decl. like duo), _both_
amc, adv. [[amcus, _friendly_]], superl. amcissim, _in a
friendly manner_
amici, -re, ----, -ictus [[am-, _about_, + iaci, _throw_]],
_throw around, wrap about, clothe_
amcitia, -ae, f. [[amcus, _friend_]], _friendship_
amcus, -a, -um, adj. [[am, _love_]], _friendly_. As a noun,
amcus, -, m. _friend_
lj-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus, _send away; lose_
am, -re, -v, -tus, _love, like, be fond of_ (488)
amphithetrum, -, n. _amphitheater_
amplus, -a, -um, adj. _large, ample; honorable, noble_
an, conj. _or_, introducing the second part of a double question
ancilla, -ae, f. _maidservant_
ancora, -ae, f. _anchor_
Andromeda, -ae, f. _Andromeda_, daughter of Cepheus and wife of
Perseus
angulus, -, m. _angle, corner_
anim-advert, -ere, -t, -sus [[animus, _mind_, + advert, _turn
to_]], _turn the mind to, notice_
animal, -lis, n. [[anima, _breath_]], _animal_ (465.b)
animsus, -a, -um, adj. _spirited_
animus, -, m. [[anima, _breath_]], _mind, heart; spirit, courage,
feeling;_ in this sense often plural
annus, -i, m. _year_
ante, prep, with acc. _before_
ante, adv. [[ante]], _before, formerly_
antquus, -a, -um, adj. [[ante, _before_]], _former, ancient, old_
aper, apr, m. _wild boar_
Apoll, -inis, m. _Apollo_, son of Jupiter and Latona, brother of
Diana
ap-pre, -re, -u, ---- [[ad + pre, _appear_]], _appear_
ap-pell, -re, -v, -tus, _call by name, name_. Cf. nmin, voc
Appius, -a, -um, adj. _Appian_
ap-plic, -re, -v, -tus, _apply, direct, turn_
apud, prep, with acc. _among; at, at the house of_
aqua, -ae, f. _water_
aquila, -ae, f. _eagle_
ljra, -ae, f. _altar_
arbitror, -r, -tus sum, _think, suppose_ (420.c). Cf.
exstim, put
arbor, -oris, f. _tree_ (247.1.a)
Arcadia, -ae, f. _Arcadia_, a district in southern Greece
ljrde, -re, rs, rsrus, _be on fire, blaze, burn_
arduus, -a, -um, adj. _steep_
Arcia, -ae, f. _Aricia_, a town on the Appian Way, near Rome
aris, -etis, m. _battering-ram_ (p. 221)
arma, -rum, n. plur. _arms, weapons_. Cf. tlum
armtus, -a, -um, adj. [[arm, _arm_]], _armed, equipped_
ar, -re, -v, -tus, _plow, till_
ars, artis, f. _art, skill_
articulus, -, m. _joint_
ascrb, -ere, -scrps, -scrptus [[ad, _in addition_, + scrb,
_write_]], _enroll, enlist_
sia, -ae, f. _Asia_, i.e. Asia Minor
at, conj. _but_. Cf. autem, sed
Athnae, -rum, f. plur. _Athens_
Atls, -antis, m. _Atlas_, a Titan who was said to hold up the sky
at-que, ac, conj. _and, and also, and what is more_. atque may be
used before either vowels or consonants, ac before consonants only
attentus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of attend, _direct_ (the mind)
_toward_]], _attentive, intent on, careful_
at-tonitus, -a, -um, adj. _thunderstruck, astounded_
audcia, -ae, f. [[audx, _bold_]], _boldness, audacity_
audcter, adv. [[audx, _bold_]], compared audcius, audcissim,
_boldly_
audx, -cis, adj. _bold, daring_
aude, -re, ausus sum, _dare_
audi, -re, -v or -, -tus, _hear, listen to_ (420.d, 491)
Augs, -ae, m. _Augeas_, a king whose stables Hercules cleaned
aura, -ae, f. _air, breeze_
aurtus, -a, -um, adj. [[aurum, _gold_]], _adorned with gold_
aureus, -a, -um, adj.[[aurum, _gold_]], _golden_
aurum, -, n. _gold_
aut, conj. _or_.
aut ... aut, _either ... or_
autem, conj., usually second, never first, in the clause, _but,
moreover, however, now_. Cf. at, sed
auxilium, auxil, n. _help, aid, assistance;_ plur. _auxiliaries_
lj-vert, -ere, -t, -sus, _turn away, turn aside_
avis, -is, f. _bird_ (243.1)
B
ballista, -ae, f. _ballista_, an engine for hurling missiles (p. 220)
balteus, -, m. _belt, sword belt_
barbarus, -, m. _barbarian, savage_
bellum, -, n. _war_.
bellum nferre, with dat. _make war upon_
bene, adv. [[for bon, from bonus]], compared melius, optim,
_well_
benign, adv. [[benignus, _kind_]], compared benignius,
benignissim, _kindly_
benignus, -a, -um, adj. _good-natured, kind_, often used with dat.
bn, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. _two each, two at a time_
(334)
bis, adv. _twice_
bonus, -a, -um, adj. compared melior, optimus, _good, kind_
(469.a)
bs, bovis (gen. plur. boum or bovum, dat. and abl. plur. bbus
or bbus), m. and f. _ox, cow_
bracchium, bracch, n. _arm_
brevis, -e, adj. _short_
Brundisium, -, n. _Brundisium_, a seaport in southern Italy. See map
bulla, -ae, f. _bulla_, a locket made of small concave plates of gold
fastened by a spring (p. 212)
C
C. abbreviation for Gius, Eng. _Caius_
cad, -ere, cecid, csrus, _fall_
caeds, -is, f. [[caed, _cut_]], (_a cutting down_), _slaughter,
carnage_ (465.a)
caelum, -, n. _sky, heavens_
Caesar, -aris, m. _Csar_, the famous general, statesman, and writer
calamits, -tis, f. _loss, calamity, defeat, disaster_
calcar, -ris, n. _spur_ (465.b)
Campnia, -ae, f. _Campania_., a district of central Italy. See map
Campnus, -a, -um, adj. _of Campania_
campus, -, m. _plain, field_, esp. the _Campus Martius_, along the
Tiber just outside the walls of Rome
canis, -is, m. and f. _dog_
can, -ere, cecin, ----, _sing_
cant, -re, -vi, -tus [[can, _sing_]], _sing_
Capnus, -a, -um, adj. _of Capena_, esp. the _Porta Capena_, the gate
at Rome leading to the Appian Way
capi, -ere, cp, captus, _take, seize, capture_ (492)
Capitlnus, -a, -um, adj. _belonging to the Capitol, Capitoline_
Capitlium, Capitl, n. [[caput, _head_]], _the Capitol_, the hill
at Rome on which stood the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the
citadel
capsa, -ae, f. _box_ for books
captvus, -, m. [[capi, _take_]], _captive_
Capua, -ae, f. _Capua_, a large city of Campania. See map
caput, -itis, n. _head_ (464.2.b)
carcer, -eris, m. _prison, jail_
carrus, -, m. _cart, wagon_
crus, -a, -um, adj. _dear; precious_
casa, -ae, f. _hut, cottage_
castellum, -, n. [[dim. of castrum, _fort_]], _redoubt, fort_
castrum, -, n. _fort_. Usually in the plural, castra, -rum,
a military _camp_.
castra pnere, _to pitch camp_
csus, -us, m. [[cad, _fall_]], _chance; misfortune, loss_
catapulta, -ae, f. _catapult_, an engine for hurling stones
catna, -ae, f. _chain_
caupna, -ae, f. _inn_
causa, -ae, f. _cause, reason_, qu d caus, _for this reason_
cd, -ere, cess, cessrus, _give way, retire_
celer, -eris, -ere, adj. _swift, fleet_
celerits, -tis, f. [[celer, _swift_]], _swiftness, speed_
celeriter, adv. [[celer, _swift_]], compared celerius, celerrim,
_swiftly_
cna, -ae, f. _dinner_
centum, indecl. numeral adj. _hundred_
centuri, -nis, m. _centurion, captain_
Cpheus (dissyl.), -e (acc. Cphea), m. _Cepheus_, a king of
Ethiopia and father of Andromeda
Cerberus, -, m. _Cerberus_, the fabled three-headed dog that guarded
the entrance to Hades
certmen, -inis, n. [[cert, _struggle_]], _struggle, contest,
rivalry_
cert, adv. [[certus, _sure_]], compared certius, certissim,
_surely, certainly_
certus, -a, -um, adj. _fixed, certain, sure_.
aliquem certirem facere (_to make some one more certain_),
_to inform some one_
cervus, -, m. _stag, deer_
cess, -re, -v, -tus, _delay, cease_
cibria, -rum, n. plur. _food, provisions_
cibus, -, m. _food, victuals_
Cimbr, -rum, m. plur. _the Cimbri_
Cimbricus, -a, -um, adj. _Cimbrian_
cnctus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of cing, _surround_]], _girt,
surrounded_
cing, -ere, cnx, cnctus, _gird, surround_
circiter, adv. _about_
circum, prep, with acc. _around_
circum-d, -dare, -ded, -datus, _place around, surround, inclose_
circum-e, -re, -i, -itus, _go around_
circum-sist, -ere, circumstet, ----, _stand around, surround_
circum-veni, -re, -vn, -ventus (_come around_), _surround_
citerior, -ius, adj. in comp., superl. citimus, _hither, nearer_
(475)
cvlis, -e, adj. [[cvis]], _civil_
cvis, -is, m. and f. _citizen_ (243.1)
cvits, -tis, f. [[cvis, _citizen_]], (_body of citizens_),
_state; citizenship_
clmor, -ris, m. _shout, cry_
clrus, -a, -um, adj. _clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining_
classis, -is, f. _fleet_
claud, -ere, -s, -sus, _shut, close_
clavus, -, m. _stripe_
clins, -entis, m. _dependent, retainer, client_ (465.a)
Cocles, -itis, m. (_blind in one eye_), _Cocles_, the surname of
Horatius
co-gnsc, -ere, -gnv, -gntus, _learn, know, understand_. Cf.
sci (420.b)
cg, -ere, cog, coctus [[co(m)-, _together_, + ag, _drive_]],
(_drive together_), _collect; compel, drive_
cohors, cohortis, f. _cohort_, the tenth part of a legion, about 360
men
collis, -is, m. _hill_, in summ colle, _on top of the hill_
(247.2.a)
collum, -, n. _neck_
col, -ere, colu, cultus, _cultivate, till; honor, worship; devote
ones self to_
columna, -ae, f. _column, pillar_
com- (col-, con-, cor-, co-), a prefix, _together, with_, or
intensifying the meaning of the root word
coma, -ae, f. _hair_
comes, -itis, m. and f. [[com-, _together_, + e, _go_]],
_companion, comrade_
comittus, -s, m. [[comitor, _accompany_]], _escort, company_
comitor, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb [[comes, _companion_]],
_accompany_
com-metus, -s, m. _supplies_
com-minus, adv. [[com-, _together_, + manus, _hand_]], _hand to
hand_
com-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus, _join together; commit, intrust_.
proelium committere, _join battle_.
s committere with dat, _trust ones self to_
commod, adv. [[commodus, _fit_]], compared commodius,
commodissim, _conveniently, fitly_
commodus, -a, -um, adj. _suitable, fit_
com-mtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of commove, _move_]], _aroused,
moved_
com-par, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, intensive, + par,
_prepare_]], _prepare; provide, get_
com-ple, -re, -plv, -pltus [[com-, intensive, + ple,
_fill_]], _fill up_
complexus, -s, m. _embrace_
com-prim, -ere, -press, -pressus [[com-, _together_, + prem,
_press_]], _press together, grasp, seize_
con-cid, -ere, -cid, ---- [[com-, intensive, + cad, _fall_]],
_fall down_
concilium, concil, n. _meeting, council_
con-cld, -ere, -cls, -clsus [[com-, intensive, + claud,
_close_]], _shut up, close; end, finish_
con-curr, -ere, -curr, -cursus [[com-, _together_, + curr,
_run_]], _run together; rally, gather_
condici, -nis, f. [[com-, _together_, + dic, _talk_]],
_agreement, condition, terms_
con-dn, -re, -v, -tus, _pardon_
con-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus, _hire_
cn-fer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus, _bring together_.
s cnferre, _betake ones self_
cn-fertus, -a, -um, adj. _crowded, thick_
cnfestim, adv. _immediately_
cn-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[com-, _completely_, + faci,
_do_]], _make, complete, accomplish, finish_
cn-frm, -re, -v, -tus, _make firm, establish, strengthen,
affirm, assert_
cn-flu, -ere, -flx, ----, _flow together_
cn-fugi, -ere, -fg, -fugitrus, _flee for refuge, flee_
con-ici, -ere, -ic, -iectus [[com-, intensive, + iaci,
_throw_]], _hurl_
con-iung, -ere, -inx, -inctus [[com-, _together_, + iung,
_join_]], _join together, unite_
con-ir, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, _together_, + ir, _swear_]],
_unite by oath, conspire_
con-loc, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, _together_, + loc, _place_]],
_arrange, place, station_
conloquium, conloqu, n. [[com-, _together_, + loquor, _speak_]],
_conversation, conference_
cnor, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb, _endeavor, attempt, try_
cn-scend, -ere, -scend, -scnsus [[com-, intensive, + scand,
_climb_]], _climb up, ascend_.
nvem cnscendere, _embark, go on board_
cn-scrb, -ere, -scrps, -scrptus [[com-, _together_, +
scrb, _write_]], (_write together_), _enroll, enlist_
cn-secr, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, intensive, + sacr,
_consecrate_]], _consecrate, devote_
cn-sequor, -sequ, -sectus sum, dep. verb [[com-, intensive, +
sequor, _follow_]], _pursue; overtake; win_
cn-serv, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, intensive, + serv, _save_]],
_preserve, save_
cnsilium, cnsil, n. _plan, purpose, design; wisdom_
cn-sist, -ere, -stit, -stitus [[com-, intensive, + sist,
_cause to stand_]], _stand firmly, halt, take ones stand_
cn-spici, -ere, -spx, -spectus [[com-, intensive, + spici,
_spy_]], _look at attentively, perceive, see_
cnstantia, -ae, f. _firmness, steadiness, perseverance_
cn-stitu, -ere, -u, -tus [[com-, intensive, + statu,
_set_]], _establish, determine, resolve_
cn-st, -re, -stit, -sttrus [[com-, _together_, + st,
_stand_]], _agree; be certain; consist of_
cnsul, -ulis, m. _consul_ (464.2.a)
cn-sm, -ere, -smps, -smptus [[com-, intensive, + sum,
_take_]], _consume, use up_
con-tend, -ere, -d, -tus, _strain; hasten; fight, contend,
struggle_
con-tine, -re, -u, -tentus [[com-, _together_, + tene,
_hold_]], _hold together, hem in, contain; restrain_
contr, prep, with acc. _against, contrary to_
con-trah, -ere, -trx, -trctus [[com-, _together_, + trah,
_draw_]], _draw together;_ of sails, _shorten, furl_
contrversia, -ae, f. _dispute, quarrel_
con-veni, -re, -vn, -ventus [[com-, _together_, + veni,
_come_]], _come together, meet, assemble_
con-vert, -ere, -vert, -versus [[com-, intensive, + vert,
_turn_]], _turn_
con-voc, -re, -v, -tus [[com-, _together_, + voc, _call_]],
_call together_
co-orior, -r, -ortus sum, dep. verb [[com-, intensive, + orior,
_rise_]], _rise, break forth_
cpia, -ae, f. [[com-, intensive, + ops, _wealth_]], _abundance,
wealth, plenty_. Plur. cpiae, -rum, _troops_
coqu, -ere, cox, coctus, _cook_
Corinthus, -, f. _Corinth_, the famous city on the Isthmus of Corinth
Cornlia, -ae, f. _Cornelia_, daughter of Scipio and mother of the
Gracchi
Cornlius, Cornl, m. _Cornelius_, a Roman name
corn, -s, n. _horn; wing_ of an army, lj dextr corn, _on the
right wing_ (466)
corna, -ae, f. _garland, wreath; crown_
corntus, -a, -um, adj. _crowned_
corpus, -oris, n. _body_
cor-ripi, -ere, -u, -reptus [[com-, intensive, + rapi,
_seize_]], _seize, grasp_
cotdinus, -a, -um, adj. _daily_
cotdi, adv. _daily_
crber, -bra, -brum, adj. _thick, crowded, numerous, frequent_
crd, -ere, -dd, -ditus, _trust, believe_, with dat. (501.14)
crem, -re, -v, -tus, _burn_
cre, -re, -v, -tus, _make; elect, appoint_
Cren, -ontis, m. _Creon_, a king of Corinth
crsc, -ere, crv, crtus, _rise, grow, increase_
Crta, -ae, f. _Crete_, a large island in the Mediterranean
Crtaeus, -a, -um, adj. _Cretan_
crs, crris, n. _leg_
crstulum, -, n. _pastry, cake_
cuble, -is, n. _bed_
cultra, -ae, f. _culture, cultivation_
cum, conj. with the indic. or subjv. _when; since; although_
(501.46)
cum, prep, with abl. _with_ (209)
cupid, adv. [[cupidus, _desirous_]], compared cupidius,
cupidissim, _eagerly_
cupidits, -tis, f. [[cupidus, _desirous_]], _desire, longing_
cupi, -ere, -v or -i, -tus, _desire, wish_. Cf. vol
cr, adv. _why, wherefore_
cra, -ae, f. _care, pains; anxiety_
cria, -ae, f. _senate house_
cr, -re, -v, -tus [[cra, _care_]], _care for, attend to, look
after_
curr, -ere, cucurr, cursus, _run_
currus, -s, m. _chariot_
cursus, -s, m. _course_
custdi, -re, -v, -tus [[custs, _guard_]], _guard, watch_
D
Daedalus, -, m. _Ddalus_, the supposed inventor of the first flying
machine
Dvus, -, m. _Davus_, name of a slave
d, prep, with abl. _down from, from; concerning, about, for_
(209).
qu d caus, _for this reason, wherefore_
dea, -ae, f. _goddess_ (461.a)
dbe, -re, -u, -itus [[d, _from_, + habe, _hold_]], _owe,
ought, should_
decem, indecl. numeral adj. _ten_
d-cern, -ere, -crv, -crtus [[d, _from_, + cern,
_separate_]], _decide, decree_
d-cid, -ere, -cid, ---- [[d, _down_, + cad, _fall_]], _fall
down_
decimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. _tenth_
dclvis, -e, adj. _sloping downward_
d-d, -ere, -did, -ditus, _give up, surrender_, s ddere,
_surrender ones self_
d-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus [[d, _down_, + dc, _lead_]],
_lead down, escort_
d-fend, -ere, -d, -fnsus, _ward off, repel, defend_
d-fer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus [[d, _down_, + fer, _bring_]],
_bring down; report, announce_ (426)
d-fessus, -a, -um, adj. _tired out, weary_
d-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[d, _from_, + faci, _make_]],
_fail, be wanting; revolt from_
d-fg, -ere, -fx, -fxus [[d, _down_, + fg, _fasten_]],
_fasten, fix_
d-ici, -ere, -ic, -iectus [[d, _down_, + iaci, _hurl_]],
_hurl down; bring down, kill_
de-inde, adv. _(from thence), then, in the next place_
dlect, -re, -v, -tus, _delight_
dle, -re, -v, -tus, _blot out, destroy_
dlber, -re, -v, -tus, _weigh, deliberate, ponder_
d-lig, -ere, -lg, -lctus [[d, _from_, + leg, _gather_]],
_choose, select_
Delphicus, -a, -um, adj. _Delphic_
dmissus, -a, -um [[part. of dmitt, _send down_]], _downcast,
humble_
d-mnstr, -re, -v, -tus [[d, _out_, + mnstr, _point_]],
_point out, show_
dmum, adv. _at last, not till then_.
tum dmum, _then at last_
dnique, adv. _at last, finally_. Cf. postrm
dns, dentis, m. _tooth_ (247.2.a)
dnsus, -a, -um, adj. _dense, thick_
d-pende, -re, ----, ---- [[d, _down_, + pende, _hang_]],
_hang from, hang down_
d-plr, -re, -v, -tus [[d, intensive, + plr, _wail_]],
_bewail, deplore_
d-pn, -ere, -posu, -positus [[d, _down_, + pn, _put_]],
_put down_
d-scend, -ere, -d, -scnsus [[d, _down_, + scand, _climb_]],
_climb down, descend_
d-scrb, -ere, -scrps, -scrptus [[d, _down_, + scrb,
_write_]], _write down_
dsder, -re, -v, -tus, _long for_
d-sili, -re, -u, -sultus [[d, _down_, + sali, _leap_]],
_leap down_
d-spr, -re, -v, -tus [[d, _away from_, + spr,
_hope_]], _despair_
d-spici, -ere, -spxi, -spectus [[d, _down_]], _look down upon,
despise_
d-sum, -esse, -fu, -futrus [[d, _away from_, + sum, _be_]],
_be wanting, lack_, with dat. (426)
deus, -, m. _god_ (468)
d-volv, -ere, -volv, -voltus [[d, _down_, + volv, _roll_]],
_roll down_
d-vor, -re, -v, -tus [[d, _down_, + vor, _swallow_]],
_devour_
dexter, -tra, -trum (-tera, -terum), adj. _to the right, right_.
lj dextr corn, _on the right wing_
Dina, -ae, f. _Diana_, goddess of the moon and twin sister of Apollo
dc, -ere, dx, dictus (imv. dc), _say, speak, tell_. Usually
introduces indirect discourse (420.a)
dicttor, -ris, m. [[dict, _dictate_]], _dictator_, a chief
magistrate with unlimited power
dis, -i or di, m., sometimes f. in sing., _day_ (467)
dif-fer, -ferre, distul, dltus [[dis-, _apart_, + fer,
_carry_]], _carry apart; differ_.
differre inter s, _differ from each other_
dif-ficilis, -e, adj. [[dis-, _not_, + facilis, _easy_]], _hard,
difficult_ (307)
difficults, -tis, f. [[difficilis, _hard_]], _difficulty_
dligenter, adv. [[dligns, _careful_]], compared dligentius,
dligentissim, _industriously, diligently_
dligentia, -ae, f. [[dligns, _careful_]], _industry, diligence_
d-mic, -re, -v, -tus, _fight, struggle_
d-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus [[d-, _off_, + mitt, _send_]],
_send away, dismiss, disband_.
dmittere animum in, _direct ones mind to, apply ones self to_
Diomds, -is, m. _D-o-mds_, a name
dis-, d-, a prefix expressing separation, _off, apart, in different
directions_. Often negatives the meaning
dis-cd, -ere, -cess, -cessus [[dis-, _apart_, + cd, _go_]],
_depart from, leave, withdraw, go away_
dis-cern, -ere, -crv, -crtus [[dis-, _apart_, + cern,
_sift_]], _separate; distinguish_
disciplna, -ae, f. _instruction, training, discipline_
discipulus, -, m. [[disc, _learn_]], _pupil, disciple_
disc, -ere, didic, ----, _learn_
dis-cuti, -ere, -cuss, -cussus [[dis-, _apart_, + quati,
_shake_]], _shatter, dash to pieces_
dis-pn, -ere, -posu, -positus [[dis-, _apart_, + pn, _put_]],
_put here and there, arrange, station_
dis-similis, -e, adj. [[dis-, _apart_, + similis, _like_]],
_unlike, dissimilar_ (307)
dis-tribu, -ere, -u, -tus, _divide, distribute_
di, adv., compared ditius, ditissim, _for a long time, long_
(477)
d, dare, ded, datus, _give_.
in fugam dare, _put to flight_.
alicui negtium dare, _employ some one_
doce, -re, -u, -tus, _teach, show_
doctrna, -ae, f. [[doctor, _teacher_]], _teaching, learning,
wisdom_
dolor, -ris, m. _pain, sorrow_
domesticus, -a, -um, adj. [[domus, _house_]], _of the house,
domestic_
domicilium, domicil, n. _dwelling; house, abode_. Cf. domus
domina, -ae, f. _mistress_ (of the house), _lady_ (461)
dominus, -, m. _master_ (of the house), _owner, ruler_ (462)
domus, -s, f. _house, home_.
dom, locative, _at home_ (468)
dormi, -re, -v, -tus, _sleep_
drac, -nis, m. _serpent, dragon_
dubit, -re, -v, -tus, _hesitate_
dubius, -a, -um, adj. [[duo, _two_]], (_moving two ways_),
_doubtful, dubious_
du-cent, -ae, -a, numeral adj. _two hundred_
dc, -ere, dx, ductus (imv. dc), _lead, conduct_
dum, conj. _while, as long as_
duo, duae, duo, numeral adj. _two_ (479)
duo-decim, indecl. numeral adj. _twelve_
drus, -a, -um, adj. _hard, tough; harsh, pitiless, bitter_
dux, ducis, m. and f. [[cf. dc, _lead_]], _leader, commander_
E
ǐ or ex, prep, with abl. _out of, from, off, of_ (209)
eburneus, -a, -um, adj. _of ivory_
ecce, adv. _see! behold! there! here!_
ǐ-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus [[ǐ, _out_, + dc, _lead_]], _lead
out, draw out_
ef-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[ex, _thoroughly_, + faci,
_do_]], _work out; make, cause_
ef-fugi, -ere, -fg, -fugitrus [[ex, _from_, + fugi, _flee_]],
_escape_
ege, -re, -u, ----, _be in need of, lack_, with abl. (501.32)
ego, pers. pron. _I_; plur. ns, _we_ (480)
ǐ-gredior, -, gressus sum, dep. verb [[ǐ, _out of_, + gradior,
_go_]], _go out, go forth_.
ǐ nv gred, _disembark_
ǐ-ici, -ere, -ic, -iectus [[ǐ, _forth_, + iaci, _hurl_]],
_hurl forth, expel_
elementum, -, n., in plur. _first principles, rudiments_
elephantus, -, m. _elephant_
lis, lidis, f. _Elis_, a district of southern Greece
em, -ere, m, mptus, _buy, purchase_
enim, conj., never standing first, _for, in fact, indeed._ Cf. nam
Ennius, Enn, m. _Ennius_, the father of Roman poetry, born 239 B.C.
e, re, i (ǔv), itrus, _go_ (499)
e, adv. _to that place, thither_
prus, -, f. _Epirus_, a district in the north of Greece
eques, -itis, m. [[equus, _horse_]], _horseman, cavalryman_
equittus, -s, m. [[equit, _ride_]], _cavalry_
equus, -, m. _horse_
ǐ-rig, -ere, -rx, -rctus [[ǐ, _out_, + reg, _make
straight_]], _raise up_
ǐ-ripi, -ere, -u, -reptus [[ǐ, _out of_, + rapi, _seize_]],
_seize, rescue_
ǐ-rump, -ere, -rp, -ruptus [[ǐ, _forth_, + rump, _break_]],
_burst forth_
ǐrupti, -nis, f. _sally_
Erymanthius, -a, -um, adj. _Erymanthian, of Erymanthus_, a district in
southern Greece
et, conj. _and, also_. et ... et, _both ... and_. Cf. atque, ac,
-que
etiam, adv. (rarely conj.) [[et, _also_, + iam, _now_]], _yet,
still; also, besides_. Cf. quoque.
nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_
Etrsc, -rum, m. _the Etruscans_, the people of Etruria. See map of
Italy
Eurpa, -ae, f. _Europe_
Eurystheus, -, m. _Eurystheus_, a king of Tiryns, a city in southern
Greece
ǐ-vd, -ere, -vs, -vsus [[ǐ, _out_, + vd, _go_]], _go forth,
escape_
ex, see ǐ
exanimtus, -a, -um [[part. of exanim, _put out of breath_
(anima)]], adj. _out of breath, tired; lifeless_
ex-cipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptus [[ex, _out_, + capi, _take_]],
_welcome, receive_
exemplum, -, n. _example, model_
ex-e,-re,-i,-itrus [[ex, _out_, + e, _go_]], _go out, go
forth_ (413)
ex-erce, -re, -u, -itus [[ex, _out_, + arce, _shut_]], _(shut
out), employ, train, exercise, use_
exercitus, -us, m. [[exerce, _train_]], _army_
ex-stim, -re, -v, -tus [[ex, _out_, + aestim, _reckon_]],
_estimate; think, judge_ (420.c). Cf. arbitror, put
ex-orior, -r, -ortus sum, dep. verb [[ex, _forth_, + orior,
_rise_]], _come forth, rise_
expedtus, -a, -um, adj. _without baggage_
ex-pell, -ere, -pul, -pulsus [[ex, _out_, + pell, _drive_]],
_drive out_
ex-pi, -re, -v, -tus [[ex, intensive, + po, _atone for_]],
_make amends for, atone for_
explrtor, -ris, m. [[explr, _investigate_]], _spy, scout_
explr, -re, -v, -tus, _examine, explore_
ex-pugn, -re, -v, -tus [[ex, _out_, + pugn, _fight_]], _take
by storm, capture_
exsilium, exsil, n. [[exsul, _exile_]], _banishment, exile_
ex-spect, -re, -v, -tus [[ex, _out_, + spect, _look_]],
_expect, wait_
ex-stru, -ere, -strx, -strctus [[ex, _out_, + stru,
_build_]], _build up, erect_
exterus, -a, -um, adj., compared exterior, extrmus or extimus,
_outside, outer_ (312)
extr, prep, with acc. _beyond, outside of_
ex-trah, -ere, -trx, -trctus [[ex, _out_, + trah, _drag_]],
_drag out, pull forth_
extrmus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of exterus, _utmost, farthest_
(312)
F
fbula, -ae, f. _story, tale, fable_
facile, adv. [[facilis, _easy_]], compared facilius, facillim,
_easily_ (322)
facilis, -e, adj. [[cf. faci, _make_]], _easy, without difficulty_
(307)
faci, -ere, fc, factus (imv. fac), _make, do; cause, bring
about_.
impetum facere in, _make an attack upon_.
proelium facere, _fight a battle_.
iter facere, _make a march_ or _journey_.
aliquem certirem facere, _inform some one_.
facere verba pr, _speak in behalf of_.
Passive f, fier, factus sum, _be done, happen_.
certior fier, _be informed_
fall, -ere, fefell, falsus, _trip, betray, deceive_
fma, -ae, f. _report, rumor; renown, fame, reputation_
fams, -is (abl. fam), f. _hunger_
familia, -ae, f. _servants, slaves; household, family_
fascs, -ium (plur. of fascis), f. _fasces_ (p. 225)
fastgium, fastg, n. _top; slope, descent_
ftum, -, n. _fate, destiny_
faucs, -ium, f. plur. _jaws, throat_
fave, -re, fv, fautrus, _be favorable to, favor_, with dat.
(501.14)
flx, -cis, adj. _happy, lucky_
fmina, -ae, f. woman. Cf. mulier
fera, -ae, f. [[ferus, _wild_]], _wild beast_
ferx, -cis, adj. _fertile_
fer, adv. _about, nearly, almost_
fer, ferre, tul, ltus, _bear_.
graviter or molest ferre, _be annoyed_ (498)
ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [[ferrum, _iron_]], _made of iron_
fidlis, -e, adj. [[fids, _trust_]], _faithful, true_
fids, fide _or_ fid, _trust, faith; promise, word; protection_.
in fidem venre, _come under the protection_.
in fid manre, _remain loyal_
flia, -ae (dat. and abl. plur. flibus), f. _daughter_ (461.a)
flius, fl (voc. sing, fl), m. _son_
fnis, -is, m. _boundary, limit, end;_ in plur. _territory, country_
(243.1)
fnitimus, -a, -um, adj. [[fnis, _boundary_]], _adjoining,
neighboring_.
Plur. fnitim, -rum, m. _neighbors_
f, fier, factus sum, used as passive of faci. See faci (500)
flamma, -ae, f. _fire, flame_
fls, flris, m. _flower_
fluctus, -s, m. [[of. flu, _flow_]], _flood, wave, billow_
flmen, -inis, n. [[cf. flu, _flow_]], _river_ (464.2.b)
flu, -ere, flx, fluxus, _flow_
fluvius, fluv, m. [[cf. flu, _flow_]], _river_
fodi, -ere, fd, fossus, _dig_
fns, fontis, m. _fountain_ (247.2.a)
frma, -ae, f. _form, shape, appearance; beauty_
Formiae, -rum, f. _Formiae_, a town of Latium on the Appian Way.
See map
forte, adv. [[abl. of fors, _chance_]], _by chance_
fortis, -e, adj. _strong; fearless, brave_
fortiter, adv. [[fortis, _strong_]], compared fortius, fortissim,
_strongly; bravely_
fortna, -ae, f. [[fors, _chance_]], _chance, fate, fortune_
forum, -, n. _market place_, esp. the Forum Rmnum, where the life
of Rome centered
Forum App, _Forum of Appius_, a town in Latium on the Appian Way
fossa, -ae, f. [[cf. fodi, _dig_]], _ditch_
fragor, -ris, m. [[cf. frang, _break_]], _crash, noise_
frang, -ere, frg, frctus, _break_
frter, -tris, m. _brother_
fremitus, -s, m. _loud noise_
frequent, -re, -v, -tus, _attend_
frtus, -a, -um, adj. _supported, trusting_. Usually with abl. of
means
frns, frontis, f. _front_, lj fronte, _in front_
frctus, -s, m. _fruit_
frmentrius, -a, -um, adj. _pertaining to grain_.
rs frmentria, _grain supplies_
frmentum, -, n. _grain_
frstr, adv. _in vain, vainly_
fuga, -ae, f. [[cf. fugi, _flee_]], _flight_.
in fugam dare, _put to flight_
fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, _flee, run; avoid, shun_
fm, -are, ------, ------, _smoke_
fnis, -is, m. _rope_
furor, -ris, m. [[fur, _rage_]], _madness_.
in furrem incdere, _go mad_
G
Gius, G, m. _Gaius_, a Roman name, abbreviated C., English form
_Caius_
Galba, -ae, m. _Galba_, a Roman name
galea, -ae, f. _helmet_
Gallia, -ae, f. _Gaul_, the country comprising what is now Holland,
Belgium, Switzerland, and France
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. _Gallic_
gallna, -ae, f. _hen, chicken_
Gallus, -, m. _a Gaul_
gaudium, gaud, n. _joy_
Genva, -ae, f. _Geneva_, a city in Switzerland
gns, gentis, f. [[cf. gign, _beget_]], _race, family; people,
nation, tribe_
genus, -eris, n. _kind, variety_
Germnia, -ae, f. _Germany_
Germnus, -, m. _a German_
ger, -ere, gess, gestus, _carry, wear; wage_.
bellum gerere, _wage war_.
rs gestae, _exploits_.
bene gerere, _carry on successfully_
gladitrius, -a, -um, adj. _gladiatorial_
gladius, glad, m. _sword_
glria, -ae, f. _glory, fame_
Gracchus, -, m. _Gracchus_, name of a famous Roman family
gracilis, -e, adj. _slender_ (307)
Graeca, -rum, n. plur. _Greek writings, Greek literature_
Graec, adv. _in Greek_
Graecia, -ae, f. _Greece_
grammaticus, -, m. _grammarian_
grtia, -ae, f. _thanks, gratitude_
grtus, -a, -um, adj. _acceptable, pleasing_. Often with dat.
(501.16)
gravis, -, adj. _heavy; disagreeable; serious, dangerous; earnest,
weighty_
graviter, adv. [[gravis, _heavy_]], compared gravius, gravissim,
_heavily; greatly, seriously_.
graviter ferre, _bear ill, take to heart_
guberntor, -ris, m. [[gubern, _pilot_]], _pilot_
H
habna, -ae, f. _halter, rein_.
habe, -re, -u, -itus, _have, hold; regard, consider, deem_
habit, -re, -v, -tus [[cf. habe, _have_]], _dwell, abide,
inhabit_. Cf. incol, vv
hc-tenus, adv. _thus far_
Helvti, -rum, m. _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe
Herculs, -is, m. _Hercules_, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and god of
strength
Hesperids, -um, f. _the Hesperides_, daughters of Hesperus, who kept
the garden of the golden apples
hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative adj. and pron. _this_ (of mine); as
pers. pron. _he, she, it_ (481)
hc, adv. _here_
hiems, -emis, f. _winter_
hnc, adv. [[hc, _here_]], _from here, hence_
Hippolyt, -s, f. _Hippolyte_, queen of the Amazons
ho-di, adv. [[modified form of hc di, _on this day_]], _to-day_
hom, -inis, m. and f. _(human being), man, person_
honestus, -a, -um, adv. [[honor, _honor_]], _respected, honorable_
honor, -ris, m. _honor_
hra, -ae, f. _hour_
Hortius, Hort, m. _Horatius_, a Roman name
horribilis, -e, adj. _terrible, horrible_
hortor, -ri, -tus sum, dep. verb, _urge, incite, exhort, encourage_
(493)
hortus, -, m. _garden_
hospitium, hospit, n. [[hospes, _host_]], _hospitality_
hostis, -is, m. and f. _enemy, foe_ (465.a)
humilis, -e, adj. _low, humble_ (307)
Hydra, -ae, f. _the Hydra_, a mythical water snake slain by
Hercules
I
iaci, -ere, ic, iactus, _throw, hurl_
iam, adv. _now, already_.
nec iam, _and no longer_
Iniculum, -, n. _the Janiculum_, one of the hills of Rome
inua, -ae, f. _door_
ibi, adv. _there, in that place_
carus, -, m. _Icarus_, the son of Ddalus
ictus, -s, m. [[cf. ǔc, _strike_]], _blow_
ǔdem, eadem, idem, demonstrative pron. [[is + dem]], _same_
(481)
idneus, -a, -um, adj. _suitable, fit_
igitur, conj., seldom the first word, _therefore, then_. Cf. itaque
ignis, -is, m. _fire_ (243.1; 247. 2.a; 465, 1)
igntus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + (g)notus, _known_]],
_unknown, strange_
ille, illa, illud, demonstrative adj. and pron. _that_ (yonder); as
pers. pron. _he, she, it_ (481)
illc, adv. [[cf. ille]], _yonder, there_
im-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus [[in, _against_, + mitt, _send_]],
_send against; let in_
immol, -re, -v, -tus [[in, _upon_, + mola, _meal_]],
_sprinkle with sacrificial meal; offer, sacrifice_
im-mortlis, -e, adj. [[in-, _not_, + mortalis, _mortal_]],
_immortal_
im-mortlits, -tis, f. [[immortlis, _immortal_]], _immortality_
im-partus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + partus, _prepared_]],
_unprepared_
impedmentum, -, n. [[impedi, _hinder_]], _hindrance;_ in plur.
_baggage_
impedtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of impedi, _hinder_]], _hindered,
burdened_
im-pell, -ere, -pul, -pulsus [[in, _against_, + pell,
_strike_]], _strike against; impel, drive, propel_
impertor, -ris, m. [[imper, _command_]], _general_
imperium, imper, n. [[imper, _command_]], _command, order; realm,
empire; power, authority_
imper, -re, -v, -tus, _command, order_. Usually with dat. and an
object clause of purpose (501.41).
With acc. object, _levy, impose_
impetus, -s, m. _attack_, impetum facere in, _make an attack upon_
im-pn, -ere, -posui, -positus [[in, _upon_, + pn, _place_]],
_place upon; impose, assign_
in, prep, with acc. _into, to, against, at, upon, towards;_ with abl.
_in, on_.
in reliquum tempus, _for the future_
in-, inseparable prefix. With nouns and adjectives often with a
negative force, like English _un-, in-_
in-cautus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + cautus, _careful_]], _off
ones guard_
incendium, incend, n. _flame, fire_. Cf. ignis, flamma
in-cend, -ere, -d, -cnsus, _set fire to, burn_
in-cid, -ere, -cid, ----, [[in, _in, on_, + cad, _fall_]],
_fall in, fall on; happen_.
in furrem incidere, _go mad_
in-cipi, -ere, -cpi, -ceptus [[in, _on_, + capi, _take_]],
_begin_
in-cognitus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + cognitus, _known_]],
_unknown_
in-col, -ere, -u, ----, [[in, _in_, + col, _dwell_]], _inhabit;
live_
incolumis, -e, adj. _sound, safe, uninjured, imharmed_
in-crdibilis, -e, adj. [[in-, _not_, + crdibilis, _to be
believed_]], _incredible_
inde, _from that place, thence_
indu, -ere, -u, -tus, _put on_
indtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of indu, _put on_]], _clothed_
in-e, -re, -i, -itus [[in, _into_, + e, _go_]], _go into;
enter upon, begin_, with acc. (413)
ǔn-fns, -fantis, adj. [[in-, _not_, + *fns, _speaking_]], _not
speaking_. As a noun, m. and f. _infant_
ǔn-flx, -cis, adj. [[in-, _not_, + flx, _happy_]], _unhappy,
unlucky_
ǔnfnsus, -a, -um, adj. _hostile_
ǔn-fer, nferre, intul, inltus [[in, _against_, + fer,
_bear_]], _bring against or upon, inflict_, with acc. and dat.
(501.15).
bellum nferre, with dat., _make war upon_
ǔnferus, -a, -um, adj. _low, below_ (312).
ǔn-fntus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + fntus, _bounded_]],
_boundless, endless_
ǔn-frmus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + frmus, _strong_]],
_weak, infirm_
ingenium, ingeni, n. _talent, ability_
ingns, -entis, adj. _vast, huge, enormous, large_. Cf. magnus
in-gredior, -gred, -gressus sum [[in, _in_, + gradior, _walk_]],
_advance, enter_
inimcus, -a, -um, adj. [[in-, _not_, + amcus, _friendly_]],
_hostile_.
As a noun, inimcus, -, m. _enemy, foe_. Cf. hostis
initium, init, _entrance, beginning_
initus, -a, -um, part. of ine.
init aestte, _at the beginning of summer_
iniria, -ae, f. [[in, _against_, + is, _law_]], _injustice,
wrong, injury_.
alicui iniris nferre, _inflict wrongs upon some one_
inopia, -ae, f. [[inops, _needy_]], _want, need, lack_
in-opnns, -antis, adj. [[in-, _not_, + opnns, _thinking_]],
_not expecting, taken by surprise_
inquit, _said he, said she_. Regularly inserted in a direct quotation
in-rig, -re, -v, -tus, _irrigate, water_
in-rump, -ere, -rp, -ruptus [[in, _into_, + rump, _break_]],
_burst in, break in_
in-ru, -ere, -ru,---- [[in, _in_, + ru, _rush_]], _rush in_
ǔn-sequor, -sequ, -sectus sum, dep. verb [[in, _on_, + sequor,
_follow_]], _follow on, pursue_
ǔn-signe, -is, n. _badge, decoration_ (465.b)
ǔnsignis, -e, adj. _remarkable, noted_
ǔnstns, -antis, adj. [[part. of ǔnsto, _be at hand_]], _present,
immediate_
ǔn-st, -re, -stit, -statrus [[in, _upon_, + st, _stand_]],
_stand upon; be at hand; pursue, press on_
ǔnstrmentum, -, n. _instrument_
ǔn-stru, -ere, -strx, -strctus [[in, _on_, + stru, _build_]],
_draw up_
ǔnsula, -ae, f. _island_
integer, -gra, -grum, _untouched, whole; fresh, new_
intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctus [[inter, _between_, +leg,
_choose_]], _perceive, understand_ (420.d)
intent, -re, -v, -tus, _aim; threaten_
inter, prep. with acc. _between, among; during, while_ (340)
interfectus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of inter-fici, _kill_]], _slain,
dead_
inter-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[inter, _between_, + faci,
_make_]], _put out of the way, kill_. Cf. nec, occd, trucd
interim, adv. _meanwhile_
interior, -ius, adj. _interior, inner_ (315)
inter-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus, _leave off, suspend_
interpres, -etis, m. and f. _interpreter_
inter-rog, -re, -v, -tus, _question_
inter-sum, -esse, -fu, -futrus [[inter, _between_, +sum, _be_]],
_be present, take part in_, with dat. (501.15)
inter-vllum, -, n. _interval, distance_
intr, adv. and prep. with acc. _within, in_
intr, -re, -vi, -tus, _go into, enter_
in-veni, -re, -vn, -ventus [[in, _upon_, +veni, _come_]],
_find_
invsus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of invide, _envy_]], _hated,
detested_
Iolus, -, m. _I-o-lus_, a friend of Hercules
ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron. _that very, this very; self, himself,
herself, itself_, (481)
ǔra, -ae, f. _wrath, anger_
ǔrtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of ǔrscor, _be angry_]], _angered,
enraged_
is, ea, id, demonstrative adj. and pron. _this, that; he, she, it_
(481)
iste, -a, -ud, demonstrative adj. and pron. _that_ (of yours), _he,
she, it_ (481)
ita, adv. _so, thus_. Cf. sc and tam
Italia, -ae, f. _Italy_
ita-que, conj. _and so, therefore_
item, adv. _also_
iter, itineris, n. _journey, march, route; way, passage_
(247.1.a; 468).
iter dare, _give a right of way, allow to pass_.
iter facere, _march_ (see p. 159)
iube, -re, iuss, iussus, _order, command_. Usually with the infin.
and subj. acc. (213)
idex, -icis, m. and f. _judge_ (464.1)
idic, -re, -v, -tus [[idex, _judge_]], _judge, decide_
(420.c)
Ilia, -ae, _Julia_, a Roman name
Ilius, Il, m. _Julius_, a Roman name
iung, -re, inx, inctus, _join; yoke, harness_
In, -nis, f. _Juno_, the queen of the gods and wife of Jupiter
Iuppiter, Iovis, m. _Jupiter_, the supreme god
ir, -re, -v, -tus, _swear, take an oath_
iussus, -a, -um, part. of iube, _ordered_
L
L., abbreviation for Lcius
labefactus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of labefaci, _cause to shake_]],
_shaken, weakened, ready to fall_
Labinus, -, m. _La-bi-enus_, one of Csars lieutenants
labor, -ris, m. _labor, toil_
labr, -re, -v, -tus [[labor, _labor_]], _labor; suffer, be
hard pressed_
lacrima, -ae, f. _tear_
lacus, -s (dat. and abl. plur. lacubus), m. _lake_
laet, adv. [[laetus, _glad_]], compared laetius, laetissim,
_gladly_
laetitia, -ae, f. [[laetus, _glad_]], _joy_
laetus, -a, -um, adj. _glad, joyful_
lapis, -idis, m. _stone_ (247.2.a; 464.1)
Lr, Laris, m.; plur. Lars, -um (rarely -ium), _the Lares_ or
_household, gods_
lt, adv. [[ltus, _wide_]], compared ltius, ltissim, _widely_
Latin, adv. _in Latin_.
Latn loqu, _to speak Latin_
ltitd, -inis, f. [[ltus, _wide_]], _width_
Ltna, -ae, f. _Latona_, mother of Apollo and Diana
latus, -a, -um, adj. _wide_
ltus, -eris, n. _side, flank_.
ab utrque latere, _on each side_
laud, -re, -v, -tus [[laus, _praise_]], _praise_
laurea, -ae, f. _laurel_
lauretus, -a, -um, adj. _crowned with laurel_
laus, laudis, f. _praise_
lectulus, -, m. _couch, bed_
lgtus, -, m. _ambassador; lieutenant_
legi, -nis, f. [[cf. leg, _gather_]], (_body of soldiers_),
_legion_, about 3600 men (464.2.a)
leginrius, -a, -um, adj. _legionary_. Plur. leginari, -rum, m.
_the soldiers of the legion_
leg, -ere, lg, lctus, _read_
lnis, -e, adj. _gentle, smooth, mild_
lniter, adv. [[lnis, _gentle_]], compared lnius, lnissim,
_gently_
Lentulus, -i, m. _Lentulus_, a Roman family name
le, -nis, m. _lion_
Lernaeus, -a, -um, adj. _Lernean_, of Lerna, in southern Greece
Lesbia, -ae, f. _Lesbia_, a girls name
levis, -e, adj. _light_
lx, lgis, f. _measure, law_
libenter, adv. [[libns, _willing_]], compared libentius,
libentissim, _willingly, gladly_
lber, -era, -erum, adj. _free_ (469.b)
lber, -rum, m. [[lber, _free_]], _children_
lber, -re, -v, -tus [[lber, _free_]], _set free, release,
liberate_
lberts, -tis, f. [[lber, _free_]], _freedom, liberty_
lctor, -ris, m. _lictor_ (p. 225)
lmus, -, m. _mud_
littera, -ae, f. _a letter_ of the alphabet; in plur. _a letter,
epistle_
ltus, -oris, n. _seashore, beach_
locus, -, m. (plur. loc and loca, m. and n.), _place, spot_
long, adv. [[longus, _long_]], comp. longius, longissim, _a long
way off; by far_
longinquus, -a, -um, adj. [[longus, _long_]], _distant, remote_
longitd, -inis, f. [[longus, _long_]], _length_
longus, -a, -um, adj. _long_
loquor, loqui, loctus sum, dep. verb, _talk, speak_
lrca, -ae, f. [[lrum, _thong_]], _coat of mail, corselet_
ld, -ere, ls, lsus, _play_
ldus, -, m. _play; school_, the elementary grades. Cf. schola
lna, -ae, f. _moon_
lx, lcis, f. (no gen. plur.), _light_.
prma lx, _daybreak_
Ly:dia, -ae, f. _Lydia_, a girls name
M
M., abbreviation for Mrcus
magicus, -a, -um, adj. _magic_
magis, adv. in comp. degree [[magnus, _great_]], _more, in a higher
degree_ (323)
magister, -tr, m. _master, commander; teacher_
magistrtus, -s, m. [[magister, _master_]], _magistracy;
magistrate_
magnitd, -inis, f. [[magnus, _great_]], _greatness, size_
magnopere, adv. [[abl. of magnum opus]], compared magis, maxim,
_greatly, exceedingly_ (323)
magnus, -a, -um, adj., compared maior, maximus, _great, large;
strong, loud_ (311)
maior, maius, -ris, adj., comp. of magnus, _greater, larger_ (311)
mairs, -um, m. plur. of maior, _ancestors_
ml, mlle, mlu, ---- [[magis, _more_, + vol, _wish_]], _wish
more, prefer_ (497)
malus, -a, -um, adj., compared peior, pessimus, _bad, evil_ (311)
mand, -re, -v, -tus [[manus, _hand_, + d, _put_]], _(put in
hand), intrust; order, command_
mane, -re, mns, mnsrus, _stay, remain, abide_
Mnlius, Mnl, m. _Manlius_, a Roman name
mnsutus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of mnsusc, _tame_]], _tamed_
manus, -s, f. _hand; force, band_
Mrcus, -, m. _Marcus, Mark_, a Roman first name
mare, -is, n. (no gen. plur.), _sea_.
mare tenre, _be out to sea_
marg, -inis, m. _edge, border_
martus, -, m. _husband_
Marius, Mar, m. _Marius_, a Roman name, esp. _C. Marius_, the general
Mrtius, -a, -um, adj. _of Mars_, esp. the _Campus Martius_
mter, -tris, f. _mother_
mtrimnium, mtrimn, n. _marriage_.
in mtrimnium dcere, _marry_
mtr, -re, -v, -tus, _hasten_. Cf. contend, proper
mtrus, -a, -um, adj. _ripe, mature_
maxim, adv. in superl. degree [[maximus, _greatest_]], compared
magnopere, magis, maxim, _especially, very much_ (323)
maximus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of magnus, _greatest, extreme_
(311)
medius, -a, -um, adj. _middle part; middle, intervening_
melior, -ius, -ris, adj., comp. of bonus, _better_ (311)
melius, adv. in comp. degree, compared bene, melius, optim,
_better_ (323)
memoria, -ae, f. [[memor, _mindful_]], _memory_.
memori tenre, _remember_
mns, mentis, f. _mind_. Cf. animus
mnsis, -is, m. _month_ (247.2. a)
merctor, -ris, m. [[mercor, _trade_]], _trader, merchant_
merdinus, -a, -um, adj. [[merdis, _noon_]], _of midday_
merdis, ---- (acc. -em, abl. -), m. [[medius, _mid_, +
dis, _day_]], _noon_
metus, -s, m. _fear, dread_
meus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. _my, mine_ (98)
mles, -itis, m. _soldier_ (464.1)
mlitris, -e, adj. [[mles, _soldier_]], _military_.
rs mlitris, _science of war_
mlit, -re, -v, -tus [[mles, _soldier_]], _serve as a soldier_
mlle, plur. mlia, -ium, numeral adj. and subst. _thousand_ (479)
minim, adv. in superl. degree, compared parum, minus, minim,
_least, very little; by no means_ (323)
minimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared parvus, minor,
minimus, _least, smallest_ (311)
minor, minus, -ris, adj. in comp. degree, compared parvus, minor,
minimus, _smaller, less_ (311)
Mns, -is, m. _Minos_, a king of Crete
minus, adv. in comp. degree, compared parum, minus, minim, _less_
(323)
Minyae, -rum, m. _the Minyae_, a people of Greece
mrbilis, -e, adj. [[mror, _wonder at_]], _wonderful, marvelous_
mror, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb [[mrus, _wonderful_]], _wonder,
marvel, admire_
mrus, -a, -um, adj. _wonderful_
Msnum, -, _Misenum_, a promontory and harbor on the coast of
Campania. See map
miser, -era, -erum, adj. _wretched, unhappy, miserable_
missus, -a, -um, part. of mitt, _sent_
mitt, -ere, ms, missus, _send_
modicus, -a, -um [[modus, _measure_]], _modest, ordinary_
modo, adv. [[abl. of modus, _measure_, with shortened o]], _only,
merely, just now_.
modo ... modo, _now ... now, sometimes ... sometimes_
modus, -, m. _measure; manner, way; kind_
moenia, -ium, n. plur. [[cf. mni, _fortify_]], _walls, ramparts_
molest, adv. [[molestus, _troublesome_]], compared molestius,
molestissim, _annoyingly_.
molest ferre, _to be annoyed_
molestus, -a, -um, _troublesome, annoying, unpleasant_ (501.16)
mone, -re, -u, -itus, _remind, advise, warn_ (489)
mns, montis, m. _mountain_ (247.2. a)
mnstrum, -, n. _monster_
mora, -ae, f. _delay_
moror, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb [[mora, _delay_]], _delay, linger;
impede_
mors, mortis, f. [[cf. morior, _die_]], _death_
ms, mris, m. _custom, habit_
mtus, -s, m. [[cf. move, _move_]], _motion, movement_.
terrae mtus, _earthquake_
move, -re, mv, mtus, _move_
mox, adv. _soon, presently_
mulier, -eris, f. _woman_
multitd, -inis, f. [[multus, _much_]], _multitude_
multum (mult), adv. [[multus, _much_]], compared pls, plrimum,
_much_ (477)
multus, -a, -um, adj., compared pls, plrimus, _much_; plur. _many_
(311)
mni, -re, -v or -i, -tus, _fortify, defend_
mnti, -nis, f. [[mni, _fortify_]], _defense, fortification_
mrus, -, m. _wall_. Cf. moenia
msica, -ae, f. _music_
N
nam, conj. _for_. Cf. enim
nam-que, conj., a strengthened nam, introducing a reason or
explanation, _for, and in fact; seeing that_
nrr, -re, -v, -tus, _tell, relate_
nscor, nsc, ntus sum, dep. verb, _be born, spring from_
ntra, -ae, f. _nature_
ntus, part. of nscor
nauta, -ae, m. [[for nvita, from nvis, _ship_]], _sailor_
nvlis, -e, adj. [[nvis, _ship_]], _naval_
nvigium, nvig, n. _ship, boat_
nvig, -re, -v, -tus [[nvis, _ship_, + ag, _drive_]],
_sail, cruise_
nvis, -is (abl. - or -e), f. _ship_ (243.1).
nvem cnscendere, _embark, go on board_.
nvem solvere, _set sail_.
nvis longa, _man-of-war_
n, conj. and adv. _in order that not, that_ (with verbs of fearing),
_lest; not_.
n ... quidem, _not even_
-ne, interrog. adv., enclitic (see 16, 210). Cf. nnne and num
nec or neque, conj. [[n, _not_, + que, _and_]], _and not, nor_.
nec ... nec or neque ... neque, _neither ... nor_
necessrius, -a, -um, adj. _needful, necessary_
nec, -re, -v, -tus [[cf. nex, _death_]], _kill_. Cf. interfici,
occd, trucd
neg, -re, -v, -tus, _deny, say not_ (420.a)
negtium, negt, n. [[nec, _not_, + Ǚtium, _ease_]], _business,
affair, matter_.
alicui negtium dare, _to employ some one_
Nemaeus, -a, -um, adj. _Nemean, of Nemea_, in southern Greece
nmo, dat. nmin (gen. nllus, abl. nll, supplied from
nllus), m. and f. [[n, _not_, + hom, _man_]], _(not a man),
no one, nobody_
Neptnus, -, m. _Neptune_, god of the sea, brother of Jupiter
neque, see nec
neuter, -tra, -trum (gen. -trus, dat. -tr), adj. _neither_ (of
two) (108)
n-ve, conj. adv. _and not, and that not, and lest_
nihil, n. indecl. [[n, _not_, + hlum, _a whit_]], _nothing_.
nihil posse, _to have no power_
nihilum, -, n., see nihil
Niob, -s, f. _Niobe_, the queen of Thebes whose children were
destroyed by Apollo and Diana
nisi, conj. [[n, _not_, + s, _if_]], _if not, unless, except_
nbilis, -e, adj. _well known; noble_
noce, -re, -u, -itrus [[cf. nec, _kill_]], _hurt, injure_, with
dat. (501.14)
noct, abl. used as adv. [[cf. nox, _night_]], _at night, by night_
Nla, -ae, f. _Nola_, a town in central Campania. See map
nl, nlle, nlu, ---- [[ne, _not_, + vol, _wish_]], _not to
wish, be unwilling_ (497)
nmen, -inis, n. [[cf. nsc, _know_]], _(means of knowing), name_
nmin, -re, -v, -tus [[nmen, _name_]], _name, call_. Cf.
appell, voc
nn, adv. [[n, _not_, + Ǟnum, _one_]], _not_.
nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_
nn-dum, adv. _not yet_
nn-ne, interrog. adv. suggesting an affirmative answer, _not?_
(210). Cf. -ne and num
ns, pers. pron. _we_ (see ego) (480)
noster, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. _our, ours_. Plur.
nostr, -rum, m. _our men_ (98)
novem, indecl. numeral adj. _nine_
novus, -a, -um, adj. _new_.
novae rs, _a revolution_
nox, noctis, f. _night_, mult nocte, _late at night_
nllus, -a, -um (gen. -us, dat. -) adj. [[n, _not_, +
Ǟllus, _any_]], _not any, none, no_ (108)
num, interrog. adv. suggesting a negative answer (210). Cf. -ne and
nnne. In indir. questions, _whether_
numerus, -, m. _number_
numquam, adv. [[n, _not_, + umquam, _ever_]], _never_
nunc, adv. _now_. Cf. iam
nnti, -re, -v, -tus [[nntius, _messenger_]], _report,
announce_ (420.a)
nntius, nnt, m. _messenger_
nper, adv. _recently, lately, just now_
nympha, -ae, f. _nymph_
O
ob, prep. with acc. _on account of_. In compounds it often means _in
front of, against_, or it is intensive.
quam ob rem, _for this reason_ (340)
obses, -idis, m. and f. _hostage_
ob-side,-re,-sd, -sessus [[ob, _against_, + sede, _sit_]],
_besiege_
obtine, -re, -u, -tentus [[ob, _against_, + tene, _hold_]],
_possess, occupy, hold_
occsi, -nis, f. _favorable opportunity, favorable moment_
occsus, -s, m. _going down, setting_
occd, -ere, -cd, -csus [[ob, _down_, + caed, _strike_]],
_strike down; cut down, kill_. Cf. interfici, nec
occup, -re, -v, -tus [[ob, _completely_, + capi, _take_]],
_seize, take possession of, occupy_. Cf. rapio
oc-curr, -ere, -curr, -cursus [[ob, _against_ + curr, _run_]],
_run towards; meet_, with dat. (426)
Ǚceanus, -, m. _the ocean_
oct, indecl. numeral adj. _eight_
oculus, -, m. _eye_
officium, offic, n. _duty_
Ǚlim, adv. _formerly, once upon a time_
Ǚmen, -inis, n. _sign, token, omen_
Ǚ-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus [[ob, _over, past_, + mitt,
_send_]], _let go, omit_.
consilium omittere, _give up a plan_
omnn, adv. [[omnis, _all_]], _altogether, wholly, entirely_
omnis, -e, adj. _all, every._ Cf. ttus
onerria, -ae, f. [[onus, _load_]], with nvis expressed or
understood, _merchant vessel, transport_
onus, -eris, n. _load, burden_
opni, -nis, f. [[opnor, _suppose_]], _opinion, supposition,
expectation_
oppidnus, -, m. [[oppidum, _town_]], _townsman_
oppidum, -, n. _town, stronghold_
opportnus, -a, -um, adj. _suitable, opportune, favorable_
op-prim, -ere, -press, -pressus [[ob, _against_, + prem,
_press_]], (_press against_), _crush; surprise_
oppugnti, -nis, f. _storming, assault_
oppugn, -re, -v, -tus [[ob, _against_, + pugn _fight_]],
_fight against, assault, storm, assail_
optim, adv. in superl. degree, compared bene, melius, optim, _very
well, best of all_ (323)
optimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared bonus, melior,
optimus, _best, most excellent_ (311)
opus, -eris, n. _work, labor, task_ (464.2.b)
Ǚrculum, -, n. [[Ǚr, _speak_]], _oracle_
Ǚrtor, -ris, m. [[Ǚr, _speak_]], _orator_
orbis, -is, m. _ring, circle_.
orbis terrrum, _the earth, world_
orbita, -ae, f. [[orbis, _wheel_]], _rut_
Orcus, -, m. _Orcus, the lower world_
Ǚrd, -inis, m. _row, order, rank_ (247.2.a)
orgo, -inis, f. [[orior, _rise_]], _source, origin_
orior, -r, ortus sum, dep. verb, _arise, rise, begin; spring, be
born_
Ǚrnmentum, -, n. [[Ǚrn, _fit out_]], _ornament, jewel_
Ǚrntus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of Ǚrn, _fit out_]] _fitted out;
adorned_
Ǚrn, -re, -v, -tus, _fit out, adorn_
P
P., abbreviation for Pblius
paene, adv. _nearly, almost_
paldmentum, -, n. _military cloak_
pals, -dis, f. _swamp, marsh_
pnis, -is, m. _bread_
pr, paris, adj. _equal_ (471. III)
partus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of par, _prepare_]], _prepared,
ready_
parc, -ere, peperc (pars), parsrus, _spare_, with dat.
(501.14)
pre, -re, -u, ----, _obey_, with dat. (501.14)
par, -re, -v, -tus, _prepare for, prepare; provide, procure_
pars, partis, f. _part, share; side, direction_
parum, adv., compared minus, minim, _too little, not enough_ (323)
parvus, -a, -um, adj., compared minor, minimus, _small, little_
(311)
passus, -s, m. _step, pace_.
mlle passuum, _thousand paces, mile_ (331.b)
pate, -re, patu, ----, _lie open, be open; stretch, extend_
pater, -tris, m. _father_ (464.2.a)
patior, -, passus sum, dep. verb, _bear, suffer, allow, permit_
patria, -ae, f. [[cf. pater, _father_]], _fatherland_, (_ones_)
_country_
paucus, -a, -um, adj. (generally plur.), _few, only a few_
paulisper, adv. _for a little while_
paul, adv. _by a little, little_
paulum adv. _a little, somewhat_
px, pcis, f. (no gen. plur.), _peace_
pecnia, -ae, f. [[pecus, _cattle_]], _money_
pedes, -itis, m. [[ps, _foot_]], _foot soldier_
pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. [[ps, _foot_]], _on foot; by land_
peior, peius, -ris, adj. in comp. degree, compared malus, peior,
pessimus, _worse_ (311)
pellis, -is, f. _skin, hide_
penna, -ae, f. _feather_
per, prep. with acc. _through, by means of, on account of_. In
composition it often has the force of _thoroughly, completely, very_
(340)
percussus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of percuti, _strike through_]],
_pierced_
per-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus [[per, _through_, + dc, _lead_]],
_lead through_.
fossam perdcere, _to construct a ditch_
per-exiguus, -a, -um, adj. [[per, _very_, + exiguus, _small_]],
_very small, very short_
perfidus, -a, -um, adj. _faithless, treacherous, false_
per-fring, -ere, -frg, -frctus [[per, _through_, frang,
_break_]], _shatter_
perg, -ere, perrx, perrctus [[per, _through_, + reg,
_conduct_]], _go on, proceed, hasten_
perculum, -, n. _trial, test; danger_
peristy:lum, -, n. _peristyle_, an open court with columns around it
pertus, -a, -um, adj. _skillful_
perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. _perpetual_
Perseus, -e, _Perseus_, a Greek hero, son of Jupiter and Dana
persna, -ae, f. _part, character, person_
per-sude, -re, -sus, -susus [[per, _thoroughly_, + sude,
_persuade_]], _persuade, advise_, with dat. (501.14), often with an
object clause of purpose (501.41)
per-terre, -re, -u, -itus [[per, _thoroughly_, + terre,
_frighten_]], _thoroughly terrify, alarm_
per-veni, -re, -vn, -ventus [[per, _through_, + veni,
_come_]], _arrive, reach, come to_
ps, pedis, m. _foot_.
pedem referre, _retreat_ (247.2.a)
pessimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared malus, peior,
pessimus, _worst_ (311)
pet, -ere, -v or -i, -tus, _strive for, seek, beg, ask; make
for, travel to_. Cf. postul, quaer, rog
Pharslus, -, f. _Pharsalus_ or _Pharsalia_, a town in Thessaly,
near which Cassar defeated Pompey, 48 B.C.
philosophia, -ae, f. _philosophy_
philosophus, -, m. _philosopher_
pictus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of ping, _paint_]], _colored,
variegated_
plum, -, n. _spear, javelin_ (462.b)
piscna, -ae, f. [[piscis, _fish_]], _fish pond_
piscis, -is, m. _fish_
pstor, -ris, m. _baker_
place. -re, -u, -itus, _please, be pleasing_, with dat. (501.14)
plnitis, -, f. [[plnus, _level_]], _plain_
plnus, -a, -um, adj. _level, flat_
plnus, -a, -um, _full_
plrimum, adv. in superl. degree, compared multum, pls, plrimum,
_very much_.
plrimum valre, _be most influential_ (322)
plrimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared multus, pls,
plrimus, _most, very many_ (311)
pls, plris, adj. in comp. degree, compared multus, pls, plrimus;
sing. n. as substantive, _more_; plur. _more, several_ (311)
pluteus, -, m. _shield, parapet_
poena, -ae, f. _punishment, penalty_
pota, -ae, m. _poet_
pompa, -ae, f. _procession_
Pompi, -rum, m. _Pompeii_, a city of Campania. See map
Pompius, Pomp, m. _Pompey_, a Roman name
pmum, -, n. _apple_
pn, -ere, posu, positus, _put, place_.
castra pnere, _pitch camp_
pns, pontis, m. _bridge_ (247.2.a)
popna, -ae, f. _restaurant_
populus, -, m. _people_
Porsena, -ae, m. _Porsena_, king of Etruria, a district of Italy.
See map
porta, -ae, f. _gate, door_
port, -re, -v, -tus, _bear, carry_
portus, -s, m. [[cf. porta, _gate_]], _harbor_
posside, -re, -sd, -sessus, _have, own, possess_
possum, posse, potu, ----, irreg. verb [[potis, _able_, + sum,
_I am_]], _be able, can_ (495).
nihil posse, _have no power_
post, prep, with acc. _after, behind_ (340)
poste, adv. [[post, _after_, + e, _this_]], _afterwards_
(posterus), -a, -um, adj., compared posterior, postrmus or
postumus, _following, next_ (312)
postquam, conj. _after, as soon as_
postrm, adv. [[abl. of postrmus, _last_]], _at last, finally_.
Cf. dmum, dnique (322)
postrdi, adv. [[poster, _next_, + di, _day_]], _on the next
day_
postul, -re, -v, -tus, _ask, demand, require_. Cf. pet,
quaer, rog
potentia, -ae, f. [[potns, _able_]], _might, power, force_
prae-be, -re, -u, -itus [[prae, _forth_, + habe, _hold_]],
_offer, give_
praeda, -ae, f. _booty, spoil, plunder_
prae-dc, -ere, -dx, -dictus [[prae, _before_, + dc,
_tell_]], _foretell, predict_
prae-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[prae, _before_, + faci,
_make_]], _place in command_, with acc. and dat. (501.15)
prae-mitt, -ere, -ms, -missus [[prae, _forward_, + mitt,
_send_]], _send forward_
praemium, praem, n. _reward, prize_
praeruptus, -a, -um [[part. of prae-rump, _break off_]], _broken
off, steep_
praesns, -entis, adj. _present, immediate_
praesertim, adv. _especially, chiefly_
praesidium, praesidi, n. _guard, garrison, protection_
prae-st, -re, -stit, -stitus [[prae, _before_, + sto,
_stand_]], (_stand before_), _excel, surpass_, with dat. (501.15);
_show, exhibit_
prae-sum, -esse, -fu, -futrus [[prae, _before_, + sum, _be_]],
_be over, be in command of_, with dat. (501.15)
praeter, prep, with acc. _beyond, contrary to_ (340)
praetere, adv. [[praeter, _besides_, + e, _this_]], _in
addition, besides, moreover_
praetextus, -a, -um, adj. _bordered, edged_
praetrium, praetr, n. _prtorium_
prandium, prand, n. _luncheon_
prem, -ere, press, pressus, _press hard, compress; crowd, drive,
harass_
(prex, precis), f. _prayer_
prm, adv. [[prmus, _first_]], _at first, in the beginning_ (322)
prmum, adv. [[prmus, _first_]], _first_.
quam primum, _as soon as possible_
prmus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared prior, prmus,
_first_ (315)
prnceps, -cipis, m. [[prmus, _first_, + capi, _take_]],
(_taking the first place_), _chief, leader_ (464.1)
prior, prius, -ris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., prmus, _former_
(315)
prstinus, -a, -um, adj. _former, previous_
pr, prep, with abl. _before; for, for the sake of, in behalf of;
instead of, as_ (209). In composition, _forth, forward_
pr-cd, -ere, -cuss, -cessrus [[pr, _forward_, + cd,
_go_]], _go forward, proceed_
procul, adv. _far, afar off_
pr-curr, -ere, -curr (-cucurr), -cur-sus [[pr, _forward_, +
curr, _run_]], _run forward_
proelium, proeli, n. _battle, combat_.
proelium committere, _join battle_.
proelium facere, _fight a battle_
profecti, -nis, f. _departure_
proficscor, -, -fectus sum, dep. verb, _set out, march_. Cf.
ǐgredior, exe
pr-gredior, -, -gressus sum, dep. verb [[pr, _forth_, +
gradior, _go_]], _go forth, proceed, advance_. Cf. perg,
prcd
prgressus, see prgredior
prohibe, -re, -u, -itus [[pr, _forth, away from_, + habe,
_hold_]], _keep away from, hinder, prevent_
pr-move, -re, -mv, -mtus [[pr, _forward_, + move,
_move_]], _move forward, advance_
pr-nnti, -re, -v, -tus [[pr, _forth_, + nnti,
_announce_]], _proclaim, declare_
prope, adv., compared propius, proxi-m, _nearly_. Prep, with acc.
_near_
pr-pell, -ere, -pul, -pulsus [[pr, _forth_, + pell,
_drive_]], _drive forth; move, impel_
proper, -re, -v, -tus [[properus, _quick]], go quickly,
hasten_. Cf. contend, matur
propinquus, -a, -um, adj. [[prope, _near]], near, neighboring_
propior, -ius, -ris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., proximus,
_nearer_ (315)
propius, adv. in comp. degree, compared prope, propius, proxim,
_nearer_ (323)
propter, prep. with acc. _on account of, because of_ (340)
pr-scrb, -ere, -scrps, -scriptus [[pr, _forth_, + scrib,
_write_]], _proclaim, publish_. Cf. prnnti
pr-sequor, -sequ, -sectus sum, dep. verb [[pr, _forth_, +
sequor, _follow]], escort, attend_
pr-sum, prdesse, prfu, prfutrus [[pr, _for_, + sum, _be_]],
_be useful, benefit_, with dat. (496; 501.15)
pr-teg, -ere, -tx=i], -tctus [[pr, _in front_, + teg,
_cover]], cover in front, protect_
prvincia, -ae, f. _territory, province_
proxim, adv. in superl. degree, compared prope, propius, proxim,
_nearest, next; last, most recently_ (323)
proximus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared propior,
proximus, _nearest, next_ (315)
pblicus, -a, -um, adj. [[populus,_people_]], _of the people,
public_, res pblica, _the commonwealth_
puella, -ae, f. [[diminutive of puer, _boy_]], _girl, maiden_
puer, -eri, m. _boy; slave_ (462.c)
pugna, -ae, f _-fight, battle._ Cf. proelium
pugn, -re, -v, -tus [[pugna, _battle]], fight_. Cf. contend,
dmic
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. _beautiful, pretty_ (469.b; 304)
Pull, -nis, m. _Pullo_, a centurion
puls, -re, -v, -tus, _strike, beat_
puppis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -), f. _stern_ of a ship, _deck_
pr, adv. [[prus, _pure_]], comp. prius, _purely_
prg, -re, -v, -tus, _cleanse, clean_
purpureus, -a, -um, adj. _purple, dark red_
put, -re, -v, -tus, _reckon, think_ (420,_c_). Cf. arbitror,
exstim
Py:thia, -ae, f. _Pythia_, the inspired priestess of Apollo at Delphi
Q
qu d caus, _for this reason, wherefore_
qu r, _therefore, for this reason_
quaer, -ere, -sv, -stus, _seek, ask, inquire_. Cf. pet, postul,
rog
qulis, -e, interrog. pronom. adj. _of what sort, what kind of_.
talis ... qualis, _such ... as_
quam, adv. _how_; after a comparative, _than_; with a superlative,
translated _as ... as possible_, quam prmum, _as soon as
possible_
quantus, -a, -um, adj. [[quam, _how]], how great, how much_,
tantus ... quantus, _as great as_
qurtus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [[quattuor, _four_]], _fourth_
quattuor, indecl. numeral adj. _four_
quattuor-decim, indecl. numeral adj. _fourteen_
-que, conj., enclitic, _and_ (16). Cf. ac, atque, et
qu, quae, quod, rel. pron. and adj. _who, which, what, that_ (482)
quia, conj. _because_. Cf. quod
qudam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), indef. pron. and adj. _a certain
one, a certain, a_ (485).
quidem, adv. _to be sure, certainly, indeed_, n ... quidem, _not
even_
quis, -tis, f. _rest, repose_
quitus, -a, -um, adj. _quiet, restful_
qundecim, indecl. numeral adj. _fifteen_
qungent, -ae, -a, numeral adj. _five hundred_
qunque, indecl. numeral adj. _five_
quntus, -a, -um, numeral adj. _fifth_
quis (qu), quae, quid (quod), interrog. pron. and adj. _who? what?
which?_ (483).
quis (qu), qua (quae), quid (quod), indef. pron. and adj., used after
s, nisi, n, num, _any one, anything, some one, something, any,
some_ (484).
quisquam, quicquam or quidquam (no fem. or plur.), indef. pron. _any
one_ (at all), _anything_ (at all) (486).
quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), indef. pron. and adj. _each, each
one, every_ (484).
qu, interrog. and rel. adv. _whither, where_
qu, conj. _in order to, that_, with comp. degree (350).
quod, conj. _because, in that_. Cf. quia
quoque, conj., following an emphatic word, _also, too_. Cf. etiam
quot-anns, adv. [[quot, _how many_ + annus, _year_]], _every
year, yearly_
quotins, interrog. and rel. adv. _how often? as often as_
R
rdx, -cis, f. _root; foot_
rapi, -ere, -u, -tus, _seize, snatch_
rr, adv. [[rrus, _rare_]], _rarely_
rrus, -a, -um, adj. _rare_
re- or red-, an inseparable prefix, _again, back, anew, in return_
rebelli, -nis, f. _renewal of war, rebellion_
recns, -entis, adj. _recent_
re-cipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptus [[re-, _back_, + capi, _take_]],
_take back, receive_.
s recipere, _withdraw, retreat_
re-clntus, -a, -um, part. of recln, _leaning back_
re-cretus, -a, -um, part. of recre, _refreshed_
rctus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of reg, _keep straight_]], _straight,
direct_
re-cs, -re, -v, -tus, _refuse_
red-ctus, -a, -um, part. of redig, _reduced, subdued_
red-e, -re, -i, -itus [[red-, _back_, + e, _go_]], _go back,
return_ (413). Cf. revert
reditus, -s, m. [[cf. rede, _return_]], _return, going back_
re-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus [[re-, _back_, + dc, _lead_]],
_lead back_
re-fer, -ferre, rettul, -ltus [[re-, _back_, + fer, _bear_]],
_bear back; report_.
pedem referre, _withdraw, retreat_
re-fici, -ere, -fc, -fectus [[re-, _again_, + faci, _make_]],
_make again, repair_.
s reficere, _refresh ones self_
rgna, -ae, f. [[rx, _king_]], _queen_
regi, -nis, f. _region, district_
rgnum, -, n. _sovereignty; kingdom_
reg, -ere, rx, rctus [[cf. rx, _king_]], _govern, rule_ (490)
re-ici, -ere, -ic, -iectus [[re-, _back_, + iaci, _hurl_]],
_hurl back; throw away_
re-linqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictus [[re-, _behind_, + linqu,
_leave_]], _leave behind, leave, abandon_
reliquus, -a, -um, adj. [[cf. relinqu, _leave_]], _left over,
remaining_. As a noun, plur. _the rest_
remtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of re-move, _remove_]], _remote,
distant_
re-move, -re, -mv, -motus [[re-, _back_, + move, _move_]],
_remove_
rmus, -, m. _oar_
re-peri, -re, repper, repertus, _find_
re-port, -re, -v, -tus [[re-, _back_, + port, _carry_]],
_carry back, bring back, win, gain_
rs, re, f. _thing, business, matter, deed, event, circumstance_
(467).
quam ob rem, _for this reason_.
rs adversae, _adversity_.
rs frmentria, _grain supplies_.
rs gestae, _exploits_.
rs militris, _science of war_.
rs pblica, _the commonwealth_.
rs secundae, _prosperity_
re-scind, -ere, -scid, -scissus [[re-, _back_, + scind,
_cut_]], _cut off, cut down_
re-sist, -ere, -stit, ---- [[re-, _back_, + sist, _cause to
stand_]], _oppose, resist_, with dat. (501.14)
re-sponde, -re, -spond, -spnsus [[re-, _in return_, + sponde,
_promise_]], answer, reply (420.a)
re-vert, -ere, -, ----, or dep. verb re-vertor, -, -sus sum
[[re-, _back_, + vert, _turn_]], _turn back, return_. Usually
active in the perf. system
re-vinci, -re, -vnx, -vnctus [[re-, _back_, + vinci,
_bind_]], _fasten_
rx, rgis, m. [[cf. reg, _rule_]], _king_
Rhnus, -, m. _the Rhine_, a river of Germany
rpa, -ae, f. _bank_
rog, -re, -v, -tus, _ask_. Cf. pet, postul, quaer
Rma, -ae, f. _Rome_. See map
Rmnus, -a, -um, adj. [[Rma, _Rome_]], _Roman_, follows its noun.
As a noun, m. and f. _a Roman_
rosa, -ae, f. _rose_
rstrum, -, n. _beak_ of a ship. In plur., _the rostra_, the
speakers stand in the Roman Forum
rota, -ae, f. _wheel_
Rubic, -nis, m. _the Rubicon_, a river in northern Italy. See map
rmor, -ris, m. _report, rumor_
rrsus, adv. [[for reversus, _turned back_]], _again, in turn_
rs, rris (locative abl. rr, no gen., dat., or abl. plur.), n.
_the country_ (501.36.1). Cf. ager, patria, terra
S
Sabnus, -a, -um, adj. _Sabine_. As a noun, m. and f. _a Sabine_. The
Sabines were an ancient people of central Italy. See map
sacrum, -, n. [[sacer, _consecrated_]], _something consecrated,
sacrifice;_ usually in plur., _religious rites_
saepe, adv., compared saepius, saepissim, _often, frequently_
saevus, -a, -um, adj. _cruel, savage_
sagitta, -ae, f. _arrow_
sali, -re, -u, saltus, _jump_
sals, -tis, f. _safety; health_.
saltem dcere, _send greetings_
salt, -re, -v, -tus [[sals, _health_]], _greet, salute_
salv, imv. of salve, _hail, greetings_
sanguis, -inis, m. _blood_ (247.2.a]
snits, -tis, f. [[snus, _sound_]], _health, sanity_
sapins, -entis, adj. [[part. of sapi, _be wise_]], _wise,
sensible_
satis, adv. and indecl. noun, _enough, sufficient, sufficiently_
saxum, -, n. _rock, stone_
scelus, -eris, n. _crime, sin_
scptrum, -, n. _scepter_
schola, -ae, f. _school_, the higher grades. Cf. ldus
scientia, -ae, f. [[scins, _knowing_]], _skill, knowledge, science_
scind, -ere, scid, scissus, _cut, tear_
sci, -re, -v, -tus, _know_ (420.b). Cf. cognsc
scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptus, _write_
sctum, -, n. _shield, buckler_
s, see su
scum = s + cum
secundus, -a, -um, adj. [[sequor, _follow_]], _following, next,
second; favorable, successful_.
rs secundae, _prosperity_
sed, conj. _but, on the contrary_.
nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_
sdecim, indecl. numeral adj. _sixteen_
sede, -re, sd, sessus, _sit_
semper, adv. _always, forever_
sentus, -s, m. [[cf. senex, _old_]], _council of elders, senate_
senti, -re, sns, snsus, _feel, know, perceive_ (420.d). Cf.
intelleg, vide
septem, indecl. numeral adj. _seven_
septimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. _seventh_
sequor, -, sectus sum, dep. verb, _follow_ (493)
serpns, -entis, f. [[serp, _crawl_]], _serpent, snake_
sertae, -rum, f. plur. _wreaths, garlands_
servits, -tis, f. [[servus, _slave_]], _slavery, servitude_
serv, -re, -v, -tus, _save, rescue, keep_
servus, -, m. _slave_
ss, emphatic for s
sex, indecl. numeral adj. _six_
Sextus, -, m. _Sextus_, a Roman first name
s, conj. _if_
sc, adv. _thus, in this way_. Cf. ita, tam
Sicilia, -ae, f. _Sicily_. See map
sc-ut, _just as, as if_
signifer, -er, m. [[signum, _standard_, + fer, _bear_]],
_standard bearer_ (p. 224)
signum, -, n. _ensign, standard; signal_
silva, -ae, f. _wood, forest_
similis, -e, adj., compared similior, simillimus, _like, similar_
(307)
simul, adv. _at the same time_
simul ac or simul atque, conj. _as soon as_
sine, prep. with abl. _without_ (209)
singul, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. _one at a time, single_
(334)
sinister, -tra, -trum, adj. _left_
Sinuessa, -ae, f. _Sinuessa_, a town in Campania. See map
sitis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -, no plur.), f. _thirst_
situs, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of sin, _set_]], _situated, placed,
lying_
socius, soc, m. _comrade, ally_
sl, slis (no gen. plur.), m. _sun_
sole, -re, solitus sum, semi-dep. verb, _be wont, be accustomed_
sollicitus, -a, -um, adj. _disturbed, anxious_
slum, adv. [[slus, _alone_]], _alone, only_.
nn slum ... sed etiam, _not only ... but also_
slus, -a, -um (gen. -us, dat. -), adj. _alone, only_ (108)
solv, -ere, solv, soltus, _loosen, unbind_.
nvem solvere, _set sail_
somnus, -, m. _sleep_
soror, -ris, f. _sister_
spatium, spat, n. _space, distance; time; opportunity_
spectculum, -, n. [[spect, _look at_]], _show, spectacle_
spect, -re, -v, -tus, _look at, witness_
spr, -re, -v, -tus [[sps, _hope_]], _hope, expect_ (420.c)
sps, spe, f. _hope_ (273.2)
splendid, adv. [[splendidus]], compared splendidius,
splendidissim, _splendidly, handsomely_
splendidus, -a, -um, adj. _brilliant, gorgeous, splendid_
Stabinus, -a, -um, _Stabian_
stabulum, -, n. [[cf. st, _stand_]], _standing place, stable,
stall_
statim, adv. [[cf. st, _stand_]], _on the spot, at once, instantly_
statua, -ae, f. [[sist, _place, set_]], _statue_
statu, -ere, -u, -tus [[status, _station_]], _decide, determine_
stilus, -, m. _iron pencil, style_ (p. 210)
st, -re, stet, status, _stand_
strtus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of stern, _spread_]], _paved_ (of
streets)
strepitus, -s, m. [[strep, _make a noise_]], _noise, din_
string, -ere, strnx, strictus, _bind tight; draw, unsheathe_
stude, -re, -u, ----, _give attention to, be eager_, with dat.
(501.14)
studium, stud, n. [[cf. stude, _be eager for_]], _eagerness,
desire, zeal, devotion_
stultus, -a, -um, adj. _foolish, stupid_
Stymphlis, -idis, adj. f. _Stymphalian, of Stymphalus_, a lake in
southern Greece
Stymphlus, -, m. _Stymphalus_, a district of southern Greece with a
town, mountain, and lake, all of the same name
sude, -re, -s, -sus, _advise, recommend_, with subjv. of purpose
(501.41)
sub, prep, with acc. and abl. _under, below, up to; at_ or _to the
foot of_
sub-ig, -ere, -g, -ctus [[sub, _under_, + ag, _drive_]],
_subdue, reduce_
subit, adv. [[subitus, _sudden_]], _suddenly_
sub-sequor, -, -sectus sum, dep. verb [[sub, _below_, + sequor,
_follow_]], _follow close after, follow up_
suc-cd, -ere, -cess, -cessus [[sub, _below_, + cd, _go_]],
_follow, succeed_
su, reflexive pron. _of himself (herself, itself, themselves)_
(480).
scum = s + cum.
ss, emphatic form of s
sum, esse, fu, futrus, irreg. verb, _be; exist_ (494)
summus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared superus, superior,
suprmus or summus (312), _supreme, highest; best, greatest_.
in summ colle, _on the top of the hill_
sm, -ere, smps, smptus, _take up; assume, put on_.
smere supplicium d, _inflict punishment on_
super, prep. with acc. and abl. _over, above_
superbia, -ae, f. [[superbus, _proud_]], _pride, arrogance_
superbus, -a, -um, adj. _proud, haughty_
superior, comp. of superus
super, -re, -v, -tus [[superus, _above_]], _go over; subdue,
overcome; surpass, excel_
super-sum, -esse, -fu, ----, _be over, survive_, with dat. (501.15)
superus, -a, -um, adj., compared superior, suprmus or summus,
_above, upper_ (312)
supplicium, supplic, n. [[supplex, _kneeling in entreaty_]],
_punishment, torture_.
supplicium smere d, _inflict punishment on_.
supplicium dare, _suffer punishment_
surg, -ere, surrx, ---- [[sub, _from below_, + reg,
_straighten_]], _rise_
sus-cipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptus [[sub, _under_, + capi, _take_]],
_undertake, assume, begin_
suspicor, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb, _suspect, surmise, suppose_
sus-tine, -re, -tinu, -tentus [[sub, _under_, + tene,
_hold_]], _hold up, bear, sustain, withstand_
suus, -a, -um, reflexive possessive adj. and pron., _his, her, hers,
its, their, theirs_ (98)
T
T., abbreviation of Titus
taberna, -ae, f. _shop, stall_
tabula, -ae, f. _tablet_ for writing
tlis, -e, adj. _such_.
tlis ... qulis, _such ... as_
tam, adv. _so, such_. Cf. ita, sc
tamen, adv. _yet, however, nevertheless_
tandem, adv. _at length, finally_
tang, -ere, tetig, tctus, _touch_
tantum, adv. [[tantus]], _only_
tantus, -a, -um, adj. _so great, such_.
tantus ... quantus, _as large as_
tardus, -a, -um, adj. _slow, late; lazy_
Tarpia, -ae, f. _Tarpeia_ (pronounced _Tar-pya_), the maiden who
opened the citadel to the Sabines
Tarquinius, Tarquin, _Tarquin_, a Roman king. With the surname
Superbus, _Tarquin the Proud_
Tarracna, -ae, f. _Tarracina_, a town in Latium. See map
taurus, -, m. _bull_
tctus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of teg, _cover_]], _covered,
protected_
tlum, -, n. _weapon_
temer, adv. _rashly, heedlessly_
tempests, -tis, f. [[tempus, _time_]] _storm, tempest_
templum, -, n. _temple, shrine_
tempto, -re, -v, -tus, _try, test; make trial of, attempt_
tempus, -oris, n. _time_ (464.2.b).
in reliquum tempus, _for the future_
tene, -re, tenu, ----, _hold, keep_
tergum, -, n. _back_, lj terg, _on the rear_, tergum vertere,
_retreat, flee_
tern, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. _three each, by threes_
(334)
terra, -ae, f. _earth, ground, land_.
orbis terrrum, _the whole world_
terror, -ris, m. [[cf. terre, _frighten_]], _dread, alarm, terror_
tertius, -a, -um, numeral adj. _third_
Teutons, -um, m. _the Teutons_
thetrum, -, n. _theater_
Thbae, -rum, f. _Thebes_, a city of Greece
Thbn, -rum, m. _Thebans_, the people of Thebes
thermae, -rum, f. plur. _baths_
Thessalia, -ae, f. _Thessaly_, a district of northern Greece
Thrcia, -ae, f. _Thrace_, a district north of Greece
Tiberius, Tiber, m. _Tiberius_, a Roman first name
tbcen, -nis, m. [[cf. tbia, _pipe_]], _piper, flute player_
time, -re, -u, ----, _fear, be afraid of_. Cf. vereor
timor, -ris, m. [[cf. time, _fear_]], _fear, dread, alarm_.
Cf. metus
Tryns, Trynthis, f. _Tiryns_, an ancient town in southern Greece,
where Hercules served Eurystheus
toga, -ae, f. [[cf. teg, _cover_]], _toga_
tormentum, -, n. _engine of war_
totins, adv. _so often, so many times_
ttus, -a, -um, (gen. -us, dat. -), adj. _all, the whole,
entire_ (108)
tr-d, -ere, -did, -ditus [[trns, _across_, + d, _deliver_]],
_give up, hand over, surrender, betray_
tr-dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus [[trns, _across_, + dc,
_lead_]], _lead across_
trah, -ere, trx, trctus, _draw, pull, drag_.
multum trahere, _protract, prolong much_
tr-ici, -ere, -ic, -iectus [[trns, _across_, + iaci,
_hurl_]], _throw across; transfix_
tr-n, -re, -v, -tus [[trns, _across_, + n, _swim_]], _swim
across_
trns, prep. with acc. _across, over_ (340)
trns-e, -re, -i, -itus [[trns, _across_, + e, _go_]], _go
across, cross_ (413)
trns-fg, -ere, -fx, -fxus [[trns, _through_, + fg,
_drive_]], _transfix_
trnsitus, ---- (acc. -um, abl. -), m. [[cf. trnse, _cross
over_]], _passage across_
trs, tria, numeral adj. _three_ (479)
trduum, trdu, n. [[trs, _three_, + dis, _days_]], _three
days time, three days_
trgint, indecl. numeral adj. _thirty_
triplex, -icis, adj. _threefold, triple_
trstis, -e, adj. _sad; severe, terrible_
trstitia, -ae, f. [[trstis, _sad_]], _sadness, sorrow_
triumph, -re, -v, -tus [[triumphus, _triumph_]], _celebrate a
triumph_
triumphus, -, m. _triumphal procession, triumph_.
triumphum agere, _celebrate a triumph_
trucd, -re, -v, -tus, _cut to pieces, slaughter._ Cf.
interfici, nec, occd
t, tu (plur. vs), pers. pron. _thou, you_ (480)
tuba, -ae, f. _trumpet_
Tullia, -ae, f. _Tullia_, a Roman name
tum, adv. _then, at that time_
turris, -is, f. _tower_ (465.2)
ttus, -a, -um, adj. _safe_
tuus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. _your, yours_ (98)
U
ubi, rel. and interrog. adv. _where, when_
Ǟllus, -a, -um (gen. -us, dat. -), adj. _any_ (108)
ulterior, -ius, -ris, adj. in comp. degree, superl. ultimus,
_farther, more remote_ (315)
ultimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree (see ulterior), _farthest_
(315)
umbra, -ae, f. _shade_
umerus, -, m. _shoulder_
umquam, adv. _ever, at any time_
Ǟn, adv. [[Ǟnus, _one_]], _in the same place, at the same time_
Ǟndecimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [[Ǟnus, _one_, + decimus,
_tenth_]], _eleventh_
undique, adv. _from every quarter, on all sides, everywhere_
Ǟnus, -a, -um (gen. -us, dat. -), numeral adj. _one; alone_
(108)
urbs, -is, f. _city_ (465.a)
urge, -re, urs, ----, _press upon, crowd, hem in_
Ǟrus, -, m. _wild ox, urus_
Ǟsque, adv. _all the way, even_
Ǟsus, -s, m. _use, advantage_
ut, conj. with the subjv. _that, in order that, that not_ (with verbs
of fearing), _so that, to_ (350.1)
uter, -tra, -trum (gen. -us, dat. -), interrog. pron. _which of
two? which?_ (108)
uterque, utraque, utrumque, indef. pron. _each of two, each, both_.
ab utrque parte, _on both sides_
Ǟtilis, -e, adj. [[Ǟtor, _use_]], _useful_
utrimque, adv. [[uterque, _each of two_]], _on each side, on either
hand_
Ǟva, -ae, f. _grape, bunch of grapes_
uxor, -ris, f. _wife_
V
vgna, -ae, _sheath, scabbard_
vagor, -r, -tus sum, dep. verb, _wander_
vale, -re, -u, -itrus, _be powerful, be well_; in the imperative
as a greeting, _farewell_.
plrimum valre, _have the most power_
valtd, -inis, f. [[vale, _be well_]], _health_
validus, -a, -um, adj. [[cf. vale, _be strong_]], _strong, able,
well_
valls, -is, f. _valley_
vllum, -, n. _rampart, earthworks_
varius, -a, -um, adj. _bright-colored_
vst, -re, -v, -tus [[vstus, _empty_]], _(make empty),
devastate, lay waste_
vectgal, -lis, n. _tax, tribute_
vehementer, adv. [[vehemns, _eager_]], compared vehementius,
vehementissim, _eagerly, vehemently_
veh, -ere, vex, vectus, _convey, carry_. In the passive often in the
sense of _ride, sail_
vel, conj. _or_.
vel ... vel, _either ... or_. Cf. aut
vlcits, -tis, f. [[vlx, _swift_]], _swiftness_
vlx, -cis, adj. _swift, fleet_
vlum, -, n. _sail_
vnd, -ere, vndid, vnditus, _sell_
veni, -re, vn, ventus, _come, go_
ventus, -, m. _wind_
verbum, -, n. _word_.
verba facere pr, _speak in behalf of_
vereor, -r, -itus sum, dep. verb, _fear; reverence, respect_
(493). Cf. time
Vergilius, Vergil, m. _Vergil_, the poet
verg, -ere, ----, ----, _turn, lie_
vr, adv. [[vrus, _true_]], _in truth, surely;_ conj. _but,
however_.
tum vr, _then you may be sure_, introducing the climax of a story
vert, -ere, -t, -sus, _turn, change_.
tergum vertere, _retreat, flee_
vrus, -a, -um, _true, actual_
vesper, -er, m. _evening_
vester, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. _your, yours_ (98)
vestgium, vestg, n. [[cf. vestg, _track_]], _footstep, track,
trace_
vestmentum, -, n. [[vestis, _clothing_]], _garment_
vesti, -re, -v, -tus [[vestis, _clothing_]], _clothe, dress_
vestis, -is, f. _clothing, attire, garment, robe_
vesttus, -a, -um, adj. [[part. of vesti, _clothe_]], _clothed_
Vesuvius, Vesuvi, m. _Vesuvius_, the volcano near Pompeii. See map
veternus, -a, -um, adj. _old, veteran_
vet, -re, -u, -itus, _forbid, prohibit_
vex, -re, -v, -tus, _trouble, annoy_
via, -ae, f. _way, road, street; way, manner_. Cf. iter
vitor, -ris, m. [[via]], _traveler_
victor, -ris, m. [[vinc, _conquer_]], _conqueror, victor_. In
apposition, with adj. force _ victorious_
victria, -ae, f. [victor, _victor_], _victory_
vcus, -, m. _village_
vide, -re, vd, vsus, _see, perceive_. Pass. _be seen; seem_
(420.d)
vigilia,-ae, f. [[vigil _awake_]], watch.
d tertia vigilia, _about the third watch_
vgint, indecl. numeral adj. _twenty_
vlicus, -, m. [[vlla, _farm_]], _steward, overseer of a farm_
vlla, -ae, f. _farm, villa_
vinci, -re, vnx, vnctus, _bind, tie, fetter_
vinc, -ere, vc, victus, _conquer, defeat, overcome_. Cf. subig,
super
vnea, -ae, f. _shed_ (p. 219)
vnum, -, n. _wine_
violenter, adv. [[violentus, _violent_]], compared violentius,
violentissim, _violently, furiously_
vir, vir, m. _man, husband; hero_ (462.c)
virlis, -e, adj. [[vir, _man_]], _manly_
virts, -tis, f. [[vir, _man_]], _manliness; courage, valor;
virtue_ (464.1)
vs, (vs), f. _strength, power, might, violence_ (468)
vta, -ae, f. [[cf. vv, _live_]], _life_, vtam agere, _spend or
pass life_
vto, -re, -v, -tus, _shun, avoid_
vv, -ere, vx, ----, _live_. Cf. habit, incol
vvus, -a, -um, adj. [[cf. vv, _live_]], _alive, living_
vix, adv. _scarcely, hardly_
voc, -re, -v, -tus, _call, summon, invite_. Cf. appell,
nmin
vol, -re, -v, -trus, _fly_
vol, velle, volu, ----, irreg. verb, _will, be willing; wish_
(497). Cf. cupio
volmen, -inis, n. _roll, book_
Vornus, -, m. _Vorenus_, a centurion
vs, pers. pron.; _you_ (see t) (480)
vtum, -, n. [[neut. part. of vove, _vow_]], _vow, pledge, prayer_
vx, vcis, f. [[cf. voc, _call_]], _voice, cry; word_
vulner, -re, -v, -tus [[vulnus, _wound_]], _wound, hurt_
vulnus, -eris, n. _wound, injury_
vulps, -s, f. _fox_
[Illustration: EQUES ROMANUS]
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
This vocabulary contains only the words used in the English-Latin
exercises. For details not given here, reference may be made to the
Latin-English vocabulary. The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, after verbs indicate
the conjugation.
A
a, an, _commonly not translated_
able (be), possum, posse, potu, ----(495)
abode, domicilium, domicil, _n._
about (_adv._), circiter
about (_prep._), d, _with abl._
about to, _expressed by fut. act. part._
abundance, cpia, -ae, _f._
across, trns, _with acc._
active, cer, cris, cre
advance, prgredior, 3
advantage, sus, -s, _m._
advise, mone, 2
after (_conj_.), postquam; _often expressed by the perf. part._
after (_prep._), post, _with acc._
against, in, contr, _with acc._
aid, auxilium, auxil, _n._
all, omnis, -e; ttus, -a, -um (108)
allow, patior, 3
ally, socius, soc, _m._
almost, paene; fer
alone, nus, -a, -um; slus, -a, -um (108)
already, iam
also, quoque
always, semper
ambassador, lgtus, -, _m._
among, apud, _with acc._
ancient, antquus, -a, -um
and, et; atque (ac); -que
and so, itaque
Andromeda, Andromeda, -ae, _f._
angry, rtus, -a, um
animal, animal, -lis, _n._
announce, nnti, 1
annoying, molestus, -a ,-um
another, alius, -a, -ud (109)
any, llus, -a, -um (108)
any one, anything, quisquam, quicquam _or_ quidquam (486)
appearance, frma, -ae, _f._
appoint, cre, 1
approach, adpropinqu, 1, _with dat._
are, _used as auxiliary, not translated_; _as a copula_, sum (494)
arise, orior, 4
arm, bracchium, bracch, _n._
armed, armtus, -a, -um
arms, arma, -rum, _n. plur._
army, exercitus, -s, _m._
around, circum, _with acc._
arrival, adventus, -us, _m._
arrow, sagitta, -ae, _f._
art of war, rs mlitris
as possible, _expressed by_ quam _and superl._.
ask, pet, 3; quaer, 3; rog, 1
assail, oppugn, 1
at, in, _with acc. or abl.;
with names of towns, locative case or abl. without a preposition_
(268);
_time when, abl._
at once, statim
at the beginning of summer, init aestte
Athens, Athnae, -rum, _f._
attack, impetus, -us, _m._
attempt, cnor, 1; tempt, 1
away from, _or_ ab, _with abl._
B
bad, malus, -a, -um
baggage, impedmenta, -rum, _n. plur._
bank, rpa, -ae, _f._
barbarians, barbar, -rum, _m. plur._
battle, proelium, proel, _n._; pugna, -ae. _f._
be, sum (494)
be absent, be far, absum (494)
be afraid, time, 2; vereor, 2
be away, absum (494)
be in command of, praesum, _with dat._ (494, 426)
be informed, certior f
be off, be distant, absum (494)
be without, ege, _with abl._ (180)
beast (wild), fera, -ae, _f._
beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum
because, quia; quod
because of, propter, _with acc._; _or abl. of cause_
before, heretofore (_adv._), ante
before (_prep._), ante, _with acc._; pr, _with abl._
begin, incipi, 3
believe, crd, 3, _with dat._ (153)
belong to, _predicate genitive_ (409)
best, optimus, _superl. of_ bonus
betray, trd, 3
better, melior, _comp. of_ bonus
between, inter, _with acc._
billow, fluctus, -us, _m._
bird, avis, -is, _f._ (243.1)
blood, sanguis, -inis, _m._
body, corpus, -oris. _n._
bold, audx, -cis; fortis, -e
boldly, audcter; fortiter
boldness, audcia, -ae, _f._
booty, praeda, -ae, _f._
both, each (_of two_), uterque, utraque, utrumque
both ... and, et ... et
boy, puer, -er, _m._
brave, fortis, -e
bravely, fortiter
bridge, pns, pontis, _m._
bright, clrus, -a, -um
bring back, report, 1
bring upon, nfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus, _with acc. and dat._ (426)
brother, frter, -tris, _m._
building, aedificium, aedific. _n._
burn, crem, 1; incend, 3
business, negtium, negt, _n._
but, however, autem, sed
by, , ab, _with abl._;
_denoting means, abl. alone_;
_sometimes implied in a participle_
by night, noct
C
Csar, Caesar, -aris, _m._
calamity, calamits, -tis, _f._
call, voc, 1; appell, 1; nmin, 1
call together, convoc, 1
camp, castra, -rum, _n. plur._
can, could, possum, posse, potu, ---- (495)
capture, capi, 3; occup, 1
care, cra, -ae, _f._
care for, cr, 1
careful, attentus, -a, -um
carefulness, dligentia, -ae, _f._
carry, fer, ferre, tul, ltus (498); port, 1
carry on, ger, 3
cart, carrus, -, _m._
cause, causa, -ae, _f._
cavalry, equittus, -s, _m._
cease, cess, 1
Cepheus, Cpheus, -, _m._
certain (a), qudam, quaedam, quoddam (quiddam) (485)
chicken, gallna, -ae, _f._
chief, prnceps, -cipis, _m._
children, lber, -rum, _m. plur._
choose, dlig, 3
choose, elect, cre, 1
citizen, cvis, -is, _m. and f._ (243.1)
city, urbs, urbis, _f._
clear, clrus, -a, -um
cohort, cohors, -rtis, _f._
come, veni, 4
command, imper, 1, _with dat._ (45);
iube, 2;
praesum, _with dat._ (426)
commit, committ, 3
commonwealth, rs pblica, re pblicae
concerning, d, _with abl._
conquer, super, 1; vinc, 3
construct (_a ditch_), perdc, 3
consul, cnsul, -ulis, _m._
contrary to, contr, _with acc._
Corinth, Corinthus, -, _f._
Cornelia, Cornlia, -ae, _f._
Cornelius, Cornlius, Cornli, _m._
corselet, lrca, -ae, _f._
cottage, casa, -ae, _f._
country, _as distinguished from the city_, rs, rris, _n.;
as territory_, fns, -ium, _m., plur. of_ fnis
courage, virts, -tis, _f._
crime, scelus, -eris, _n._
cross, trnse, 4 (499)
crown, corna, -ae, _f._
D
daily, cotdi
danger, perculum, -, _n._
daughter, flia, -ae, _f._ (67)
day, dis, -, _m._
daybreak, prma lx
dear, crus, -a, -um
death, mors, mortis, _f._
deed, rs, re, _f._
deep, altus, -a, -um
defeat, calamits, -tis, _f._
defend, dfend, 3
delay (_noun_), mora, -ae, _f._
delay (_verb_), moror, 1
demand, postul, 1
dense, dnsus, -a, -um
depart, discd, 3; exe, 4; proficscor, 3
dependent, clins, -entis, _m._
design, cnsilium, consil _n._
desire, cupi, 3
destroy, dle, 2
Diana, Dina, -ae, _f._
differ, differ, differre, distul, dltus (498)
different, dissimilis, -e
difficult, difficilis, -e
difficulty, difficults, -tis, _f._
diligence, dligentia, -ae, _f._
dinner, cna, -ae, _f._
disaster, calamits, -tis, _f._
distant (be), absum, -esse, fu, futrus (494)
ditch, fossa, -ae, _f._
do, ag, 3; faci, 3;
_when used as auxiliary, not translated_
down from, d, _with abl._
drag, trah, 3
drive, ag, 3
dwell, habit, 1; incol, 3; vv, 3
dwelling, aedificium, aedific, _n._
E
each, quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) (484)
each of two, uterque, utraque, utrumque
each other, inter _with acc. of a reflexive_
eager, cer, cris, cre; alacer, alacris, alacre
eager (be), stude, 2
eagerness, studium, stud, _n._
eagle, aquila, -ae, _f._
easily, facile
easy, facilis, -e
either ... or, aut ... aut
empire, imperium, imper, _n._
employ, negtium d
encourage, hortor, 1
enemy, hostis, -is, _m. and f._; inimcus, -, _m._
enough, satis
entire, ttus, -a, -um (108)
expectation, opni, -nis, _f._
eye, oculus, -, _m._
F
faithless, perfidus, -a, -um
famous, clrus, -a, -um
far, long
farmer, agricola, -ae, _m._
farther, ulterior, -ius
father, pater, patris, _m._
fatherland, patria, -ae, _f._
favor, fave, 2
favorable, idneus, -a,-um; secundus, -a, -um
fear, metus, -s, _m._; timor, -ris, _m._
fear, be afraid, time, 2
few, pauc, -ae, -a
field, ager, agr, _m._
fifteen, qundecim
fight, contend, 3; pugn, 1
find, reperi, 4
finish, cnfici, 3
fire, ignis, -is, _m._ (243.1)
firmness, cnstantia, -ae, _f._
first, prmus, -a, -um
flee, fugi, 3
flight, fuga, -ae, _f._
fly, vol, 1
foe, see enemy
follow close after, subsequor, 3
food, cibus, -, _m._
foot, ps, pedis, _m._
foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, _m._
for (_conj._), enim, nam
for (_prep._), _sign of dat._;
d, pr, _with abl.;
to express purpose_, ad, _with gerundive;
implied in acc. of time and of extent of space_
for a long time, di
forbid, vet, 1
forces, cpiae, -rum, _f., plur. of_ cpia
forest, silva, -ae, _f._
fort, castellum, -, _n._; castrum, -, _n._
fortification, mniti, -nis, _f._
fortify, mni, 4
fortune, fortna, -ae, _f._
fourth, qurtus, -a, -um
free, lber, -era, -erum
free, liberate, lber, 1
frequent, crber, -bra, -brum
friend, amcus, -, _m._
friendly (_adj._), amcus, -a, -um
friendly (_adv._), amc
friendship, amcitia, -ae, _f._
frighten, perterre, 2
from, _or_ ab, d, , ex, _with abl._
_Often expressed by the separative ablative without a prep._
from each other, inter, _with acc. of a reflexive pron._
full, plnus, -a, -um
G
Galba, Galba, -ae, _m._
_garland_, corna, -ae, _f._
garrison, praesidium, praesid, _n._
gate, porta, -ae, _f._
Gaul, Gallia, -ae, _f._
Gaul (a), Gallus, -, _m._
general, impertor, -ris, _m._
Geneva, Genva, -ae, _f._
gentle, lnis, -e
German, Germnus, -a, -um
Germans (the), Germn, -rum, _m. plur_.
Germany, Germnia, -ae, _f._
get (_dinner_), par, 1
girl, puella, -ae, _f._
give, d, dare, ded, datus
give over, surrender, dd, 3; trd, 3
give up, omitt, 3
go, e, 4 (499)
go forth, prgredior, 3
god, deus, -, _m._ (468)
goddess, dea, -ae, _f._ (67)
gold, aurum, -, _n._
good, bonus, -a, -um
grain, frmentum, -, _n._
grain supply, rs frmentria
great, ingns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um
greatest, maximus, -a, -um; summus, -a, -um
guard, praesidium, praesid, _n._
H
hand, manus, -s, _f._
happy, laetus, -a, -um
harbor, portus, -s, _m._
hasten, contend, 3; mtr, 1; proper, 1
hateful, invsus, -a, -um
haughty, superbus, -a, -um
have, habe, 2
have no power, nihil possum
he, is; hic; iste; ille; _or not expressed_
head, caput, -itis, _n._
hear, audi
heart, animus, -, _m._
heavy, gravis, -e
Helvetii (the), Helvti, -rum, _m. plur._
hem in, contine, 2
hen, gallna, -ae, _f._
her, eius; huius; istus; illus;
_reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (116)
hide, abd, 3
high, altus, -a, -um
highest, summus, -a, -um
hill, collis, -is, _m._
himself, su. See self
hindrance, impedmentum, -, _n._
his, eius; huius; istus; illus;
_reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (116)
hither, citerior, -ius (315)
hold, tene, 2
home, domus, -s, _f._ (468).
at home, dom (267)
hope (_noun_), sps, spe, _f._
hope (_verb_), spr, 1
horse, equus, -, _m._
horseman, eques, -itis, _m._
hostage, obses, -idis, _m. and f._
hostile, inimcus, -a, -um
hour, hra, -ae, _f._
house, domicilium, domicil, _n._; domus, -s, _f._ (468)
hurl, iaci, 3
I
I, ego (280); _or not expressed_
if, s.
if not, nisi
ill, aeger, -gra, -grum
immediately, statim
in (_of place_), in, _with abl._;
(of time or of specification) _abl. without prep._
in order that, ut, _with subjv._;
in order that not, lest, n, _with subjv._
in vain, frstr
industry, dligentia, -ae, _f._
inflict injuries upon, iniris nfer _with dat._ (426)
inflict punishment on, supplicium sm de
inform some one, aliquem certirem faci
injure, noce, 2, _with dat._ (153)
injury, iniria, -ae, _f._
into, in, _with acc._
intrust, committ, 3; mand, 1
invite, voc, 1
is, _used as auxiliary, not translated_;
_as a copula_, sum (494)
island, nsula, -ae, _f._
it, is; hie; iste; ille; _or not expressed_
Italy, Italia, -ae, _f._
its, eius; huius; istus; illus;
_reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (116)
itself, su. See self
J
join battle, proelium committ
journey, iter, itineris, _n._ (468)
judge (_noun_), idex, -icis, _m._
judge (_verb_), idic, 1
Julia, Ilia, -ae, _f._
just now, nper
K
keep, contine, 2; prohibeo, 2; tene, 2
keep on doing something, _expressed by the impf. indic._
kill, interfici, 3; nec, 1; occd, 3
king, rx, rgis, _m._
kingdom, rgnum, -, _n._
know, cognsc, 3, _in perf_.; sci, 4
L
labor (_noun_), labor, -ris, _m._
labor (_verb_), labr, 1
lack (_noun_), inopia, -ae, _f._
lack (_verb_), ege, 2, _with abl._ (180)
lady, domina, -ae, _f._
lake, lacus, -s, _m._ (260.2)
land, terra, -ae, _f._
language, lingua, -ae, _f._
large, ingns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um
larger, maior, maius
lately, nper
Latona, Ltna, -ae, _f._
law, lx, lgis, _f._
lay waste, vst, 1
lead, dco, 3
leader, dux, ducis, _m. and f._
learn, know, cognsc, 3
leave, depart from, discd, 3
leave behind, abandon, relinqu, 3
left, sinister, -tra, -trum
legion, legi, -nis, _f._
legionaries, leginri, -rum, _m. plur._
length, longitd, -inis, _f._
lest, n, _with subjv._
letter (_of the alphabet_), littera, -ae, _f_;
(_an epistle_) litterae, -rum, _f. plur_.
lieutenant, lgtus, -, _m._
light, lx, lcis, _f._
like (_adj._), similis, -e
like, love, am, 1
line of battle, acis, aci, _f._
little, parvus, -a, -um
live, habit, 1; incol, 3; vv, 3
long, longus, -a, -um
long, for a long time, di
long for, dsder, 1
look after, cr, 1
love, am, 1
M
maid, maid servant, ancilla, -ae,_f._
make, faci, 3
make war upon, bellum nfer _with dat._ (426)
man, hom, -inis, _m. and f._; vir, vir, _m._
man-of-war, nvis longa
many, mult, -ae, -a, _plur. of_ multus
march, iter, itineris, _n._ (468)
Mark, Mrcus, -, _m._
marriage, mtrimnium, mtrimn, _n._
master, dominus, -, _m._; magster, -tr, _m._
matter, negtium, negt, _n._; rs, re, _f._
means, by means of, _the abl._
messenger, nntius, nnt, _m._
midnight, media nox
mile, mlle passuum (331.b)
miles, mlia passuum
mind, animus, -, _m._; mns, mentis, _f._
mine, meus, -a, -um
mistress, domina, -ae, _f._
money, pecnia, -ae, _f._
monster, mnstrum, -, _n._
month, mnsis, -is, _m._
moon, lna, -ae, _f._
more (_adj._), pls, plris (313); _or a comparative. Adverb_, magis
most (_adj._), plrimus, -a, -um;
_superl. degree. Adverb_, maxim; plrimum
mother, mter, mtris, _f._
mountain, mns, montis, _m._
move, move, 2
moved, commtus, -a, -um
much (by), mult
multitude, multitd, -inis. _f._
my, meus, -a, -um
myself, m, _reflexive_. See self
N
name, nmen, -inis, _n._
nation, gns, gentis, _f._
near, propinquus, -a, -um
nearest, proximus, -a, -um
nearly, fer
neighbor, fnitimus, -, _in._
neighboring, finitimus, -a, -um
neither, neque _or_ nec;
neither ... nor, neque (nec) ... neque (nec)
never, numquam
nevertheless, tamen
new, novus, -a, -um
next day, postrdi eius di
next to, proximus, -a, -um
night, nox, noctis, _f._
nine, novem
no, minim; _or repeat verb with a negative_ (210)
no, none, nllus, -a, -um (109)
no one, nm, nllus
nor, neque _or_ nec
not, nn
not even, n ... quidem
not only ... but also, nn slum ... sed etiam
nothing, nihil _or_ nihilum, -, _n._
now, nunc
number, numerus, -, _m._
O
obey, pre, 2, _with dat._ (153)
of, _sign of gen._;
d, _with abl._;
out of, _or_ ex, _with abl._
often, saepe
on (_of place_), in, _with abl._;
(_of time_) _abl. without prep._
on account of, propter, _with acc._; _or abl. of cause._
on all sides, undique
once (_upon a time_), lim
one, nus, -a, -um (108)
one ... another, alius ... alius (110)
only (_adv._), slum; tantum
opportune, opportunus, -a, -um
opposite, adversus, -a, -um
oracle, rculum, -, _n._
orator, rtor, -ris, _m._
order, imper, 1; iube, 2
ornament, rnmentum, -, _n._
other, alius, -a, -ud (109)
others (the), reliqu, -rum, _m. plur._
ought, dbe, 2
our, noster, -tra, -trum
ourselves, ns, _as reflexive object._ See self
overcome, super, 1; vinc, 3
own (his, her, its, their), suus, -a, -um
P
part, pars, partis, _f._
peace, px, pcis, _f._
people, populus, -, _m._
Perseus, Perseus, -, _m._
persuade, persude, 2, _with dat._ (153)
pitch camp, castra pn
place (_noun_), locus, -, _m._
place, arrange, conloc, 1
place, put, pn, 3
place in command, praefici, 3, _with acc. and dat._ (426)
plan (a), cnsilium, cnsil, _n._
please, place, 2, _with dat._ (154)
pleasing, grtus, -a, -um
plow, ar, 1
Pompeii, Pompi, -rum, _m. plur._
possible (as), _expressed by_ quam _and superl_.
powerful (be), vale, 2
praise, laud, 1
prefer, ml, mlle, mlu, ---- (497)
prepare for, par, 1, _with acc._
press hard, prem, 3
protection, fids, fide, _f._
province, prvincia, -ae, _f._
public, pblicus, -a, -um
Publius, Pblius, Pbl, _m._
punishment, poena, -ae, _f._; supplicium, supplic, _n._
purpose, for the purpose of, ut, qu, _or_ qu, _with subjv._;
ad, _with gerund or gerundive_;
caus, _following the genitive of a gerund or gerundive_
pursue, nsequor, 3
Q
queen, rgna, -ae, _f._
quickly, celeriter
quite, _expressed by the comp. degree_
R
rampart, vllum, -, _n._
rear, novissimum agmen
reason, causa, -ae, _f._
receive, accipi, 3; excipi, 3
recent, recns, -entis
recently, nper
redoubt, castellum, -, _n._
refuse, recs, 1
remain, mane, 2
remaining, reliquus, -a, -um
reply, responde, 2
report (_noun_), fama, -ae, _f._; rmor, -ris, _m._
report (_verb_), adfer; dfer; refer (498)
republic, rs pblica
require, postul, 1
resist, resist, 3, _with dat._ (154)
rest (the), reliqu, -rum, _m. plur._
restrain, contine, 2
retainer, clins, -entis, _m._
retreat, pedem refer; terga vert
return, rede, 4; revertor, 3
revolution, rs novae
Rhine, Rhnus, -, _m._
right, dexter, -tra, -trum
river, flmen, -inis, _n._; fluvius, fluv, _m._
road, via, -ae, _f._
Roman, Rmnus, -a, -um
Rome, Rma, -ae, _f._
row, rd, -inis, _m._
rule, reg, 3
rumor, fma, -ae, _f._; rmor, -ris, _m._
run, curr, 3
S
sacrifice, sacrum, -, _n._
safety, sals, -tis, _f._
sail, nvig, 1
sailor, nauta, -ae, _m._
sake, for the sake of, caus, _following a gen._
same, dem, eadem, idem (287)
savages, barbar, -rum, _m. plur._
save, serv, 1
say, dc, 3
school, ldus, -, _m._; schola, -ae, _f._
scout, explrtor, -ris, _m._
sea, mare, -is, _n._
second, secundus, -a, -um
see, vide, 2
seek, pet, 3
seem, videor, 2, _passive of_ vide
seize, occup, 1; rapi, 3
self, ipse, -a, -um (286); su (281)
send, mitt, 3
set fire to, incend, 3
set out, proficscor, 3
seven, septem
Sextus, Sextus, -, _m._
she, ea; haec; ista; illa (115);
_or not expressed_
ship, nvis, -is, _f._ (243.1)
short, brevis, -e
shout, clmor, -ris, _m._
show, dmnstr, 1
Sicily, Sicilia, -ae, _f._
sick, aeger, -gra, -grum
side, latus, -eris, _n._
siege, obsidi, -nis, _f._
since, cum, _with subjv._ (396);
_the abl. abs._ (381)
sing, can, 3; cant, 1
sister, soror, -ris, _f._
sit, sede, 2
size, magnitd, -inis, _f._
skillful, pertus, -a, -um
slave, servus, -, _m._
slavery, servitis, -tis, _f._
slow, tardus, -a, -um
small, parvus, -a, -um
snatch, rapi, 3
so, ita; sc; tam
so great, tantus, -a, -um
so that, ut;
so that not, ut nn
soldier, mles, -itis, _m._
some, _often not expressed_;
quis (qu), qua (quae), quid (quod); aliqu, aliqua, aliquod
some one, quis; aliquis (487)
some ... others, ali ... ali (110)
something, quid; aliquid (487)
son, flius, fl, _m._
soon, mox
space, spatium, spat, _n._
spear, plum, -, _n._
spirited, cer, cris, cre; alacer, alacris, alacre
spring, fns, fontis, _m._
spur, calcar, -ris, _n._
stand, st, 1
state, cvits, -tis, _f._
station, conloc, 1
steadiness, cnstantia, -ae, _f._
stone, lapis, -idis, _m._
storm, oppugn, 1
story, fbula, -ae, _f._
street, via, -ae, _f._
strength, vs, (vs), _f._
strong, fortis, -e; validus, -a, -um
sturdy, validus, -a, -um
such, tlis, -e
suddenly, subit
suffer punishment, supplicium d
sufficiently, satis
suitable, idneus, -a, -um
summer, aests, -tis, _f._
sun, sl, slis, _m._
supplies, commetus, -s, _m._
surrender, trd, 3
suspect, suspicor, 1
swift, celer, -eris, -ere; vlx, -cis
sword, gladius, glad, _m._
T
take, capture, capi, 3
take part in, intersum, -esse, -fu, -futrus, _with dat._ (426)
take possession of, occup, 1
tall, altus, -a, -um
task, opus, operis, _n._
teach, doce, 2
teacher, magister, -tr, _m._
tear (_noun_), lacrima, -ae, _f._
tell, dc, 3; nrr, 1
ten, decem
terrified, perterritus, -a, -um
terrify, perterre, 2
than, quam
that (_conj. after verbs of saying and the like_), _not expressed_
that (_pron._), is; iste; ille
that, in order that, _in purpose clauses_, ut; _after verbs of
fearing_, n (349, 366, 372)
that not, lest, _in purpose clauses_, n;
_after verbs of fearing_, ut (349, 366, 372)
the, _not expressed_
their, _gen. plur. of_ is; _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (116)
their own, suus, -a, -um (116)
then, at that time, tum
then, in the next place, deinde, tum
there, _as expletive, not expressed_
there, in that place, ibi
therefore, itaque
they, i; h; ist; ill;
_or not expressed_
think, arbitror, 1; exstim, 1; put, 1
third, tertius, -a, -um
this, hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id
though, cum. _with subjv._ (396)
thousand, mlle (479)
three, trs, tria (479)
through, per, _with acc._
thy, tuus, -a, -um
time, tempus, -oris, _n._
to, _sign of dat._;
ad, in, _with acc._;
_expressing purpose_, ut, qu, _with subjv._;
ad, _with gerund or gerundive_
to each other, inter, _with acc. of a reflexive pron._
to-day, hodi
tooth, dns, dentis, _m._
top of, summus, -a, -um
tower, turris, -is, _f._ (243.2)
town, oppidum, -, _n._
townsman, oppidnus, -, _m._
trace, vestgium, vestg, _n._
trader, merctor, -ris, _m._
train, exerce, 2
tree, arbor, -oris, _f._
tribe, gns, gentis, _f._
troops, cpiae, -rum, _f. plur._
true, vrus, -a, -um
trumpet, tuba, -ae, _f._
try, cnor, 1; tempt, 1
twelve, duodecim
two, duo, duae, duo (479)
U
under, sub, _with acc. or abl._
undertake, suscipi, 3
unharmed, incolumis, -e
unless, nisi
unlike, dissimilis, -e
unwilling (be), nl, nlle, nlu, ---- (497)
up to, sub, _with acc._
us, ns, _acc. plur. of_ ego
V
very, _superl. degree_; maxim; ipse, -a, -um (285)
victor, victor, -ris, _m._
victory, victria, -ae, _f._
village, vcus, -, _m._
violence, vs, (vs), _f._
violently, vehementer
voice, vx, vcis, _f._
W
wage, ger, 3
wagon, carrus. -, _m._
wall, mrus, -, _m._
want, inopia, -ae, _f._
war, bellum, -, _n._
watch, vigilia, -ae, _f._
water, aqua, -ae, _f._
wave, fluctus, -s, _m._
way, iter, itineris, _n._ (468); via, -ae, _f._
way, manner, modus, -, _m._
we, ns, _plur. of_ ego; _or not expressed_
weak, nfrmus, -a, -um
weapons, arma, -rum, _n. plur._; tla, -rum, _n. plur._
wear, ger, 3
weary, dfessus, -a, -um
what, quis (qu), quae, quid (quod) (483)
when, ubi; cum (396); _often expressed by a participle_
where, ubi
which, qu, quae, quod (482);
which of two, uter, utra, utrum (108)
while, _expressed by a participle_
whither, qu
who (_rel._), qu, quae (482); (_interrog._) quis (483)
whole, ttus, -a, -um (108)
whose, cuius;
qurum, qurum, qurum, _gen. of_ qu, quae, quod, _rel._;
_or of_ quis, quid, _interrog_.
why, cr
wicked, malus, -a, -um
wide, ltus, -a, -um
width, ltitd, -inis, _f._
wild beast, fera, -ae, _f._
willing (be), vol, velle, volu, ---- (497)
win (_a victory_), report, 1
wind, ventus, -, _m._
wine, vnum, -, _n._
wing, corn, -s, _n._
winter, hiems, -emis, _f._
wisdom, cnsilium, consil, _n._
wish, cupi, 3; vol, velle, volu, ---- (497);
wish not, nl, nlle, nlu, ---- (497)
with, cum, _with abl.; sometimes abl. alone_
withdraw, s recipere
without, sine, _with abl._
woman, fmina, -ae, _f._; mulier, -eris, _f._
wonderful, mrus, -a, -um
word, verbum, -, _n._
work, labor, -ris, _m._; opus, -eris, _n._
worse, peior, peius, _comp. of_ malus
worst, pessimus, -a, -um, _superl. of_ malus
wound (_noun_), vulnus, -eris, _n._
wound (_verb_), vulner, 1
wreath, corna, -ae, _f._
wretched, miser, -era, -erum
wrong, iniria, -ae, _f._
Y
year, annus, -, _m._
yes, cert; ita; vr; _or, more usually, repeat the verb_ (210)
yonder (that), ille, -a, -ud
you, _sing_. t; _plur_. vs (480); _or not expressed_
your, _sing_. tuus, -a, -um; _plur._ vester, -tra, -trum (98.b)
Z
zeal, studium, stud, _n._
INDEX
The numbers in all cases refer to sections.
lj-declension of nouns, 57, 461
lj-verbs, conjugation of, 488
ablative case, 48, 50
absolute, 381
after a comparative, 309
of accompaniment, 104
of agent, 181
of cause, 102
of description, 444, 445
of manner, 105
of means or instrument, 103
of measure of difference, 317
of place from which, 179
of place where, 265
of separation, 180
of specification, 398
of time, 275
accent, 14-16
accompaniment
abl. of, 104
accusative case, 33
as subject of the infinitive, 214
object, 37
of duration and extent, 336
of place to which, 263, 266
predicate, 392
with prepositions, 340
adjectives, 54, 55
agreement, 65
comparison
regular, 301
by adverbs, 302
irregular, 307, 311, 312, 315
declension of comparatives, 303
of first and second declensions, 83, 93, 469
of third declension, 250-257, 471
with the dative, 143
adverbs, 319
comparison, 320, 323
formation
regular, 320, 321
irregular, 322, 323
agent
expressed by the abl. with __ or _ab_, 181
agreement
of adjectives, 65, 215.a
of appositives, 81
of predicate nouns, 76
of relative pronouns, 224
of verbs, 28
aliquis, 487
alius, 108, 110, 470
alphabet, 1-3
alter, 108, 110
antepenult, 9.3; accent of, 15
apposition, 80, 81
article
not used in Latin, 22.a
base, 58
cardinal numerals, 327-329, 478
case, 32.2
causal clauses with _cum_, 395, 396
cause,
expressed by the abl., 102
characteristic
subjv. of, 389, 390
comparative
declension of, 303
comparison
abl. of, 309
degrees of, 300
of adjectives, 300-315
irregular, 311-315, 473, 475
of adverbs
regular, 320-476
irregular, 323, 477
positive wanting, 315
six adjectives in _-lis_, 307
complementary infinitive, 215
compound verbs
with the dative, 425, 426
concessive clauses with _cum_, 395, 396
conjugation stems, 184
conjugations
the four regular, 126, 488-491
irregular, 494-500
consonants, 2
copula, 21
cum
conjunction, 395
cum
preposition, 209
dative case, 43
of indirect object, 44, 45
of purpose, or end for which, 437
with adjectives, 143
with compound verbs, 426
with special verbs, 153
dea
declension of, 67
declension, 23, 32
degree of difference
expressed by the abl., 317
demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, 112-115, 290-292, 481
deponent verbs, 338, 339, 493
descriptive ablative and genitive, 441-445
descriptive relative clause
with the subjv., 389, 390
deus
declension of, 468
difference, measure of, 316, 317
diphthongs, 6
direct statements, 414
distributive numerals, 327.3, 334
dom
locative, 267
domus
declension of, 468
duo
declension of, 479
duration of time, expressed by the acc., 336
ǐ-declension of nouns, 272, 273, 467
ǐ-verbs, conjugation of, 489
e-verbs, conjugation of, 490
ego
declension of, 280, 480
enclitics, 16
e
conjugation of, 499
extent of space
expressed by the acc., 336
fearing
subjv. after verbs of, 370-372
fer
conjugation of, 498
fifth or -declension, 272, 273, 467
flia
declension of, 67
flius
declension of, 87-89
finite verb
defined, 173
f
conjugation of, 500
first conjugation, 488
first or -declension, 57, 461
fourth conjugation, 491
fourth or u-declension, 259, 260, 466
from
how expressed, 178-181
future participle
formation of, 374.c
future perfect
formation of
active, 187.3
passive, 202
future tense
formation of, 137, 156
gender
in English and in Latin, 60
in the first declension, 61
in the second declension, 72
in the third declension, 247
in the fourth declension, 260
in the fifth declension, 272
general observations on declension, 74
genitive case
English equivalents of, 33
of description, 443, 445
of nouns in _-ius_ and _-ium_, 87
partitive, 331
possessive, 38, 409
gerund
a verbal noun, 402, 403
gerundive
a verbal adjective, 404
with _ad_ to express purpose, 407
hic
declension and use of, 290, 291
how to read Latin, 17
i
consonant, 3
i-stems of nouns, 231, 241-244
ǔ-verbs
conjugation of, 491
ǔdem
declension of, 287, 481
ins
declension of, 472
ille
declension and use of, 290-293, 481
imperative
formation of, 161, 175
irregular, 161.2
in commands, 161
imperfect indicative, formation and use of, 133, 134, 165.1
imperfect subjunctive, 354
indefinite pronouns and adjectives, 296, 297, 484-487
independent clauses, 219
indirect object, 44, 45
indirect questions, 430-432
indirect statements, 414-419
infinitive
as object, 213
as subject, 216
complementary, 215
definition of, 173
does not express purpose, 352
formation of, 126, 174, 205, 206
in indirect statements, 415-410
used as in English, 213-216
inflection
defined, 23
instrument
abl. of, 100.b, 103
intensive pronoun
_ipse_, declension and use of, 285, 286, 481
interrogative pronouns and adjectives, 225-227, 483
intransitive verbs,
defined, 20.a
with the dative, 153
i-verbs of the third conj., 492
ipse
declension and use of, 285, 481
irregular adjectives, 108
irregular comparison
of adjectives, 307 311, 312
of adverbs, 323
irregular nouns, 67, 246, 468
irregular verbs, 494-500
is
declension and use of, 113-116
iste
declension and use of, 290, 292, 481
iter
declension of, 468
Latin word order, 68
locative case, 267
magis and maxim
comparison by, 302
ml
conjugation of, 4.97
manner
abl. of, 105
means
abl. of, 103
measure of difference
abl. of, 316, 317
mlle,
declension of, 479
construction with, 331.a,b
moods, defined, 121
-ne, enclitic
in questions, 210
n, conj., _that not, lest_
with negative clauses of purpose, 350.II
with verbs of fearing, 370
nine irregular adjectives, 108-110
nl
conjugation of, 497
nominative case, 35, 36
nnne
in questions, 210
ns
declension of, 280, 480
nouns, 19. 2
first declension, 57, 461
second declension, 71-74,87-92,462
third declension, 230-247, 463-465
fourth declension, 259, 260, 466
fifth declension, 272, 273, 467
num, in questions, 210
number, 24
numerals, 327-334, 478, 479
o-declension of nouns, 71-74, 87-92, 462
object, 20
direct, 37
indirect, 44, 45
order of words, 68
ordinal numerals, 327. 2, 478
participial stem, 201.2
participles, defined, 203
agreement of, 204
formation,
of present, 374.b
of perfect, 201
of future, 374.c,d
of deponent verbs, 375
tenses of, 376
translated by a clause, 377
partitive genitive, 330, 331
passive voice
defined, 163
formation of, 164, 202
penult, 9.3
accent of, 15
perfect indicative
formation,
in the active, 185, 186
in the passive, 202
meaning of, 190
definite, 190
indefinite, 190
distinguished from the imperfect, 190
perfect infinitive
active, 195
passive, 205
perfect passive participle, 201
perfect stem, 185
perfect subjunctive
active, 361
passive, 362
person, 122
personal endings
active, 122
passive, 164
personal pronouns, 280, 480
place
where, whither, whence, 263-265
names of towns and _domus_ and _rs_, 266-268
pluperfect indicative
active, 187.2
passive, 202
pluperfect subjunctive
active, 361
passive, 363
pls
declension of, 313
possessive pronouns, 97, 98
possum
conjugation of, 495
predicate
defined, 19
predicate adjective
defined, 55
predicate noun, 75, 76
prepositions
with the abl., 209
with the acc., 340
present indicative, 128, 130, 147
present stem, 126.a
present subjunctive, 344
primary tenses, 356
principal parts, 183
pronouns
classification of, 278
defined, 19.2.a
demonstrative, 481
indefinite, 297, 484-487
intensive, 285, 286, 481
interrogative, 483
personal, 480
possessive, 97, 98
reflexive, 281
relative, 220, 221
pronunciation, 4-7
prsum
conjugation of, 496
purpose
dative of, 436, 437
expressed by the gerund or gerundive with _ad_, 407
not expressed by the infinitive, 352
subjunctive of, 348-350, 365-367
quality
gen. or abl. of, 441-445
quam
with a comparative, 308
quantity, 11-13
questions
direct, 210
indirect, 430-432
qu
declension and use of, 220,221, 482
qudam
declension of, 485
quis
declension and use of, 225-227, 483
quisquam
declension of, 486
quisque
declension of, 484
reflexive pronouns, 281
relative clauses of characteristic or description, 389, 390
relative clauses of purpose, 348, 349
relative pronouns, 220, 221
result clauses, 384-387
reviews, 502-528
rs
constructions of, 266
s
distinguished from _ipse_, 285.a
second conjugation, 489
second or o-declension, 71-93, 462
sentences
simple, complex, compound, 219
separation
abl. of, 180
separative ablative, 178-181
sequence of tenses, 356-358
space
extent of, expressed by the acc., 336
specification
abl. of, 398
stems
of nouns, 230
of verbs, 184
subject
defined, 19.2
of the infinitive, 213, 214
subjunctive
formation of the present, 344
of the imperfect, 354
of the perfect, 361, 362
of the pluperfect, 361.c, 363
subjunctive constructions
characteristic or description, 389, 390
indirect questions, 430-432
purpose, 349, 366, 372
result, 385, 386
time, cause, or concession, with _cum_, 395, 396
subjunctive ideas, 346
subjunctive tenses, 342, 343
subordinate clauses, 219
su
declension of, 281, 480
sum
conjugation of, 494
suus
use of, 98.c, 116
syllables, 8
division of, 9
quantity of, 13
syntax
rules of, 501
temporal clauses with _cum_, 395, 396
tense
defined, 120
tense signs
imperfect, 133
future, 137, 156
pluperfect active, 187.2
future perfect active, 187.3
tenses
primary and secondary, 356
sequence of, 357, 358
third conjugation, 490, 492
third declension of nouns
classes, 231, 463
consonant stems, 232-238, 464
gender, 247
i-stems, 241-244, 465
irregular nouns, 246
time
abl. of, 275
time
acc. of, 336
towns
rules for names of, 266, 267, 268
transitive verb, 20.a
trs
declension of, 479
t
declension of, 280, 480
tuus
compared with _vester_, 98. b
u-declension of nouns, 259, 260, 466
ultima, 9. 3
verbs
agreement of, 28
conjugation of, 126, 488-491
deponent, 338, 339, 493
irregular, 494-500
personal endings of, 122, 164
principal parts of, 183
vester
compared with _tuus_, 98.b
vs
declension of, 468
vocabularies
English-Latin, pp. 332-343
Latin-English, pp. 299-331
special, pp. 283-298
vocative case, 56.a
of nouns in _-us_ of the second declension, 73.b
of proper nouns in _-ius_ and of _flius_, 88
voice
defined, 163
vol
conjugation of, 497
vs
declension of, 280, 480
vowels
sounds of, 5, 6
quantity of, 12
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