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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Latin for Beginners</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Benjamin Leonard D’Ooge</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 25, 2006 [eBook #18251]<br /> +[Most recently updated: June 12, 2022]</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Louise Hope, Dave Maddock and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN FOR BEGINNERS ***</div> + +<h1>LATIN FOR BEGINNERS</h1> + +<h5>BY</h5> + +<h4>BENJAMIN L. D’OOGE, <span class="smallcaps">Ph.D.</span></h4> + +<h5>PROFESSOR IN THE MICHIGAN STATE NORMAL COLLEGE</h5> + +<h5>GINN AND COMPANY</h5> +<h5>BOSTON · NEW YORK · CHICAGO · LONDON</h5> + +<hr /> + +<h5>COPYRIGHT, 1909, 1911 BY BENJAMIN L. D’OOGE</h5> +<h5>ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HALL<br /> +ALL RIGHTS RESERVED<br /> +013.4</h5> + +<h5>The Athenæum Press<br /> +GINN AND COMPANY · PROPRIETORS ·<br /> +BOSTON · U.S.A.</h5> + +<hr /> + +<h4>CONTENTS</h4> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="number smaller">LESSON</td> +<td></td> +<td class="number smaller">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +<div class="plainnote"> +<a href="#pagev">Preface</a> +</div> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><span class="smallcaps"> +To the Student</span>—By way of Introduction</td> +<td class="number"> +<a href="#page1">1-4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3"> +<h5>PART I. THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN</h5> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p class="hanging smallcaps"> +Alphabet, Sounds of the Letters, Syllables, Quantity, Accent, How to +Read Latin</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page5">5-11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3"> +<h5>PART II. WORDS AND FORMS</h5> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">I-VI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">First Principles</span>—<i>Subject and +Predicate, Inflection, Number, Nominative Subject, Possessive Genitive, +Agreement of Verb, Direct Object, Indirect Object, etc.</i>—<span +class="smallcaps">Dialogue</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page12">12-24</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">VII-VIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">First or +<i>Ā</i>-Declension</span>—<i>Gender, Agreement of Adjectives, +Word Order</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page25">25-30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">IX-X.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Second or <i>O</i>-Declension—General +Rules for Declension</span>—<i>Predicate Noun, +Apposition</i>—<span class="smallcaps">Dialogue</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page31">31-35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Adjectives of the First and Second +Declensions</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page36">36-37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Nouns in</span> <b>-ius</b> <span class = +"smallcaps">and</span> <b>-ium</b>—<span class = +"smallcaps">Germānia</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page38">38-39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Second Declension</span> +(<i>Continued</i>)—Nouns in <b>-er</b> and <b>-ir</b>—<span +class="smallcaps">Italia</span>—<span class = +"smallcaps">Dialogue</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page39">39-41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XIV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Possessive Adjective Pronouns</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page42">42-43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Ablative Denoting With</span>—<i>Cause, +Means, Accompaniment, Manner</i>—<span class="smallcaps">The +Romans Prepare for War</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page44">44-46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XVI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Nine Irregular Adjectives</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page46">46-47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XVII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Demonstrative</span> <b>is</b>, <b>ea</b>, +<b>id</b>—<span class="smallcaps">Dialogue</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page48">48-50</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XVIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Conjugation</span>—Present, Imperfect, +and Future of <b>sum</b>—<span class="smallcaps">Dialogue</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page51">51-53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XIX.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Present Active Indicative of</span> <b>amō</b> +<span class="smallcaps">and</span> <b>moneō</b> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page54">54-56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XX.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Imperfect Active Indicative of</span> +<b>amō</b> <span class="smallcaps">and</span> +<b>moneō</b>—<i>Meaning of the Imperfect</i>—<span class = +"smallcaps">Niobe and her Children</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page56">56-57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Future Active Indicative of</span> <b>amō</b> +<span class="smallcaps">and</span> <b>moneō</b>—<span class = +"smallcaps">Niobe and her Children</span> (<i>Concluded</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page58">58-59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Review of Verbs</span>—<i>The Dative +with Adjectives</i>—<span class="smallcaps">Cornelia and her +Jewels</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page59">59-61</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="number">XXIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Present Active Indicative of</span> +<b>regō</b> <span class="smallcaps">and</span> +<b>audiō</b>—<span class="smallcaps">Cornelia and her +Jewels</span> (<i>Concluded</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page61">61-63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXIV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Imperfect Active Indicative of</span> +<b>regō</b> <span class="smallcaps">and</span> +<b>audiō</b>—<i>The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page63">63-65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Future Active Indicative of</span> <b>regō</b> +<span class="smallcaps">and</span> <b>audiō</b> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page65">65-66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXVI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Verbs in</span> <b>-iō</b>—Present, +Imperfect, and Future Active Indicative of <b>capiō</b>—<i>The +Imperative</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page66">66-68</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXVII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Passive Voice</span>—Present, Imperfect, +and Future Indicative of <b>amō</b> and <b>moneō</b>—<span class = +"smallcaps">Perseus and Andromeda</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page68">68-71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXVIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative +Passive of</span> <b>regō</b> <span class="smallcaps">and</span> +<b>audiō</b>—<span class="smallcaps">Perseus and +Andromeda</span> (<i>Continued</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page72">72-73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXIX.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative +Passive of</span> <b>-iō</b> <span class = +"smallcaps">Verbs—Present Passive Infinitive and Imperative</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page73">73-75</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXX.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Synopses in the Four Conjugations—The +Ablative Denoting From</span>—<i>Place from Which, Separation, +Personal Agent</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page75">75-78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXXI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect +of</span> <b>sum</b>—<span class="smallcaps">Dialogue</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page79">79-81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXXII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Perfect Active Indicative of the Four Regular +Conjugations</span>—<i>Meanings of the Perfect</i>—<span +class="smallcaps">Perseus and Andromeda</span> (<i>Continued</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page81">81-83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXXIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pluperfect and Future Perfect Active +Indicative—Perfect Active Infinitive</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page84">84-85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXXIV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Review of the Active Voice—Perseus and +Andromeda</span> (<i>Concluded</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page86">86-87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXXV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Passive Perfects of the +Indicative—Perfect Passive and Future Active Infinitive</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page88">88-90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXXVI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Review of Principal +Parts</span>—<i>Prepositions, Yes-or-No Questions</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page90">90-93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXXVII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Conjugation of</span> +<b>possum</b>—<i>The Infinitive used as in +English</i>—<i>Accusative Subject of an Infinitive</i>—<span +class="smallcaps">The Faithless Tarpeia</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page93">93-96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXXVIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Relative Pronoun and the Interrogative +Pronoun</span>—<i>Agreement of the Relative</i>—<span class += "smallcaps">The Faithless Tarpeia</span> (<i>Concluded</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page97">97-101</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XXXIX-XLI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Third Declension</span>—Consonant +Stems +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page101">101-106</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XLII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Review Lesson—Terror Cimbricus</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XLIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Third Declension</span>—<i>I</i>-Stems +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page108">108-110</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="number">XLIV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Irregular Nouns of the Third +Declension—Gender in the Third Declension—The First Bridge +over the Rhine</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page111">111-112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XLV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Adjectives of the Third Declension—The +Romans Invade the Enemy’s Country</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page113">113-115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XLVI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Fourth or</span> <i>U</i>-<span class = +"smallcaps">Declension</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page116">116-117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XLVII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Expressions of Place</span>—<i>Place to +Which, Place from Which, Place at or in Which, the +Locative</i>—Declension of <b>domus</b>—<span class = +"smallcaps">Dædalus and Icarus</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page117">117-121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XLVIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Fifth or</span> <i>Ē</i>-<span class = +"smallcaps">Declension</span>—<i>Ablative of Time</i>—<span +class="smallcaps">Dædalus and Icarus</span> (<i>Continued</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page121">121-123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">XLIX.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pronouns</span>—Personal and Reflexive +Pronouns—<span class="smallcaps">Dædalus and Icarus</span> +(<i>Concluded</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page123">123-126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">L.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Intensive Pronoun</span> <b>ipse</b> <span +class="smallcaps">and the Demonstrative</span> <b>īdem</b>—<span +class="smallcaps">How Horatius Held the Bridge</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page126">126-127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Demonstratives</span> <b>hic</b>, +<b>iste</b>, <b>ille</b>—<span class="smallcaps">A German +Chieftain Addresses his Followers—How Horatius Held the +Bridge</span> (<i>Continued</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page128">128-130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Indefinite Pronouns—How Horatius +Held the Bridge</span> (<i>Concluded</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page130">130-132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Regular Comparison of Adjectives</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page133">133-135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LIV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Irregular Comparison of +Adjectives</span>—<i>Ablative with Comparatives</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page135">135-136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Irregular Comparison of Adjectives</span> +(<i>Continued</i>)—Declension of <b>plūs</b> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page137">137-138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LVI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Irregular Comparison of Adjectives</span> +(<i>Concluded</i>)—<i>Ablative of the Measure of Difference</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page138">138-139</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LVII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Formation and Comparison of Adverbs</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page140">140-142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LVIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Numerals</span>—<i>Partitive +Genitive</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page142">142-144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LIX.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Numerals</span> +(<i>Continued</i>)—<i>Accusative of Extent</i>—<span class = +"smallcaps">Cæsar in Gaul</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page144">144-146</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LX.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Deponent Verbs</span>—<i>Prepositions +with the Accusative</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page146">146-147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3"> +<h5>PART III. CONSTRUCTIONS</h5> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Subjunctive Mood</span>—Inflection +of the Present—<i>Indicative and Subjunctive Compared</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page148">148-152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Subjunctive of Purpose</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page152">152-153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Inflection of the Imperfect +Subjunctive</span>—<i>Sequence of Tenses</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page153">153-155</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXIV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Inflection of the Perfect and Pluperfect +Subjunctive</span>—<i>Substantive Clauses of Purpose</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page156">156-159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Subjunctive of</span> +<b>possum</b>—<i>Verbs of Fearing</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page160">160-161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXVI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Participles</span>—Tenses and +Declension +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page161">161-164</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXVII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Irregular Verbs</span> <b>volō</b>, +<b>nōlō</b>, <b>mālō</b>—<i>Ablative Absolute</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page164">164-166</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXVIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Irregular Verb</span> +<b>fīō</b>—<i>Subjunctive of Result</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page167">167-168</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXIX.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Subjunctive of +Characteristic</span>—<i>Predicate Accusative</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page169">169-171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXX.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Constructions with</span> +<b>cum</b>—<i>Ablative of Specification</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page171">171-173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXXI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Vocabulary Review</span>—<i>Gerund and +Gerundive</i>—<i>Predicate Genitive</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page173">173-177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXXII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">The Irregular Verb</span> +<b>eō</b>—<i>Indirect Statements</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page177">177-180</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXXIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Vocabulary Review—The Irregular +Verb</span> <b>ferō</b>—<i>Dative with Compounds</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page181">181-183</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXXIV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Vocabulary Review</span>—<i>Subjunctive +in Indirect Questions</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page183">183-185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXXV.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Vocabulary Review</span>—<i>Dative of +Purpose or End for Which</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page185">185-186</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXXVI.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Vocabulary Review</span>—<i>Genitive and +Ablative of Quality or Description</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page186">186-188</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXXVII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Review of Agreement</span>—<i>Review of +the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative</i> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page189">189-190</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXXVIII.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Review of the Ablative</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page191">191-192</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">LXXIX.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<span class="smallcaps">Review of the Syntax of Verbs</span> +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page192">192-193</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3"> +<h5>READING MATTER</h5> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><p class="hanging smallcaps"> +Introductory Suggestions +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page194">194-195</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><p class="hanging smallcaps"> +The Labors of Hercules +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page197">196-203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><p class="hanging smallcaps"> +P. Cornelius Lentulus: The Story of a Roman Boy +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page204">204-215</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3"> +<h5>APPENDIXES AND VOCABULARIES</h5> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><p class="hanging smallcaps"> +Appendix I. Tables of Declensions, Conjugations, Numerals, etc. +</p></td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page226">226-260</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps" colspan = "2"> +Appendix II. Rules of Syntax</td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page261">261-264</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps" colspan = "2"> +Appendix III. Reviews</td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page265">265-282</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps" colspan = "2"> +Special Vocabularies</td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page283">283-298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps" colspan = "2"> +Latin-English Vocabulary</td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page299">299-331</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps" colspan = "2"> +English-Latin Vocabulary</td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page332">332-343</a> +<br /><br /> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +INDEX +</td> +<td class="number"> +<a class="page" href="#page344">344-348</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +<div class="plainnote"> +<a href="#display">Display Problems</a></div> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="pagev"></a>PREFACE</h2> + +<p> +To make the course preparatory to Cæsar at the same time systematic, +thorough, clear, and interesting is the purpose of this series of +lessons.</p> + +<p> +The first pages are devoted to a brief discussion of the Latin language, +its history, and its educational value. The body of the book, consisting +of seventy-nine lessons, is divided into three parts.</p> + +<p> +Part I is devoted to pronunciation, quantity, accent, and kindred +introductory essentials.</p> + +<p> +Part II carries the work through the first sixty lessons, and is devoted +to the study of forms and vocabulary, together with some elementary +constructions, a knowledge of which is necessary for the translation of +the exercises and reading matter. The first few lessons have been made +unusually simple, to meet the wants of pupils not well grounded in +English grammar.</p> + +<p> +Part III contains nineteen lessons, and is concerned primarily with the +study of syntax and of subjunctive and irregular verb forms. The last +three of these lessons constitute a review of all the constructions +presented in the book. There is abundant easy reading matter; and, in +order to secure proper concentration of effort upon syntax and +translation, no new vocabularies are introduced, but the vocabularies in +Part II are reviewed.</p> + +<p> +It is hoped that the following features will commend themselves to +teachers:</p> + +<p> +The forms are presented in their natural sequence, and are given, for +the most part, in the body of the book as well as in a grammatical +appendix. The work on the verb is intensive in character, work in other +directions being reduced to a minimum while this is going on. The forms +of the subjunctive are studied in correlation with the subjunctive +constructions.</p> + +<p> +<a name="pagevi"> </a> +The vocabulary has been selected with the greatest care, using Lodge’s +“Dictionary of Secondary Latin” and Browne’s “Latin Word List” as a +basis. There are about six hundred words, exclusive of proper names, in +the special vocabularies, and these are among the simplest and commonest +words in the language. More than ninety-five per cent of those chosen +are Cæsarian, and of these more than ninety per cent are used in Cæsar +five or more times. The few words not Cæsarian are of such frequent +occurrence in Cicero, Vergil, and other authors as to justify their +appearance here. But teachers desiring to confine word study to Cæsar +can easily do so, as the Cæsarian words are printed in the vocabularies +in distinctive type. Concrete nouns have been preferred to abstract, +root words to compounds and derivatives, even when the latter were of +more frequent occurrence in Cæsar. To assist the memory, related English +words are added in each special vocabulary. To insure more careful +preparation, the special vocabularies have been removed from their +respective lessons and placed by themselves. The general vocabulary +contains about twelve hundred words, and of these above eighty-five per +cent are found in Cæsar.</p> + +<p> +The syntax has been limited to those essentials which recent +investigations, such as those of Dr. Lee Byrne and his collaborators, +have shown to belong properly to the work of the first year. The +constructions are presented, as far as possible, from the standpoint of +English, the English usage being given first and the Latin compared or +contrasted with it. Special attention has been given to the +constructions of participles, the gerund and gerundive, and the +infinitive in indirect statements. Constructions having a logical +connection are not separated but are treated together.</p> + +<p> +Exercises for translation occur throughout, those for translation into +Latin being, as a rule, only half as long as those for translation into +English. In Part III a few of the commoner idioms in Cæsar are +introduced and the sentences are drawn mainly from that author. From +first to last a consistent effort is made to instill a proper regard for +Latin word order, the first principles of which are laid down early in +the course.</p> + +<p> +<a name="pagevii"> </a> +Selections for reading are unusually abundant and are introduced from +the earliest possible moment. These increase in number and length as the +book progresses, and, for the most part, are made an integral part of +the lessons instead of being massed at the end of the book. This +arrangement insures a more constant and thorough drill in forms and +vocabulary, promotes reading power, and affords a breathing spell +between succeeding subjects. The material is drawn from historical and +mythological sources, and the vocabulary employed includes but few words +not already learned. The book closes with a continued story which +recounts the chief incidents in the life of a Roman boy. The last +chapters record his experiences in Cæsar’s army, and contain much +information that will facilitate the interpretation of the Commentaries. +The early emphasis placed on word order and sentence structure, the +simplicity of the syntax, and the familiarity of the vocabulary, make +the reading selections especially useful for work in sight +translation.</p> + +<p> +Reviews are called for at frequent intervals, and to facilitate this +branch of the work an Appendix of Reviews has been prepared, covering +both the vocabulary and the grammar.</p> + +<p> +The illustrations are numerous, and will, it is hoped, do much to +stimulate interest in the ancient world and to create true and lasting +impressions of Roman life and times.</p> + +<p> +A consistent effort has been made to use simple language and clear +explanation throughout.</p> + +<p> +As an aid to teachers using this book a “Teacher’s Manual” has been +prepared, which contains, in addition to general suggestions, notes on +each lesson.</p> + +<p> +The author wishes to express his gratitude to the numerous teachers who +tested the advance pages in their classes, and, as a result of their +experience, have given much valuable aid by criticism and suggestion. +Particular acknowledgments are due to Miss A. Susan Jones of the Central +High School, Grand Rapids, Michigan; to Miss Clara Allison of the High +School at Hastings, Michigan; and to Miss Helen B. Muir and Mr. Orland +O. Norris, teachers of Latin in this institution.</p> + +<p class="right"> +BENJAMIN L. D’OOGE</p> + +<p class="smallcaps"> +Michigan State Normal College</p> + + +<h2><a name="page1"></a>LATIN FOR BEGINNERS</h2> + +<h2>TO THE STUDENT—BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION</h2> + +<p><b>What is Latin?</b> +If you will look at the map of Italy on the opposite page, you will find +near the middle of the peninsula and facing the west coast a district +called Latium,<span class="tag">1</span> and Rome its capital. The +Latin language, meaning the language of Latium, was spoken by the +ancient Romans and other inhabitants of Latium, and Latin was the name +applied to it after the armies of Rome had carried the knowledge of her +language far beyond its original boundaries. As the English of to-day is +not quite the same as that spoken two or three hundred years ago, so +Latin was not always the same at all times, but changed more or less in +the course of centuries. The sort of Latin you are going to learn was in +use about two thousand years ago. And that period has been selected +because the language was then at its best and the greatest works of +Roman literature were being produced. This period, because of its +supreme excellence, is called the Golden Age of Roman letters.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Pronounce <i>Lā´shĭ-ŭm</i>.</div> + +<p><b>The Spread of Latin.</b> +For some centuries after Rome was founded, the Romans were a feeble and +insignificant people, their territory was limited to Latium, and their +existence constantly threatened by warlike neighbors. But after the +third century before Christ, Rome’s power grew rapidly. She conquered +all Italy, then reached out for the lands across the sea and beyond the +Alps, and finally ruled over the whole ancient world. The empire thus +established lasted for more than four +<a name="page2"> </a> +hundred years. The importance of Latin increased with the growth of +Roman power, and what had been a dialect spoken by a single tribe became +the universal language. Gradually the language changed somewhat, +developing differently in different countries. In Italy it has become +Italian, in Spain Spanish, and in France French. All these nations, +therefore, are speaking a modernized form of Latin.</p> + +<p><b>The Romans and the Greeks.</b> +In their career of conquest the Romans came into conflict with the +Greeks. The Greeks were inferior to the Romans in military power, but +far superior to them in culture. They excelled in art, literature, +music, science, and philosophy. Of all these pursuits the Romans were +ignorant until contact with Greece revealed to them the value of +education and filled them with the thirst for knowledge. And so it came +about that while Rome conquered Greece by force of arms, Greece +conquered Rome by force of her intellectual superiority and became her +schoolmaster. It was soon the established custom for young Romans to go +to Athens and to other centers of Greek learning to finish their +training, and the knowledge of the Greek language among the educated +classes became universal. At the same time many cultured +Greeks—poets, artists, orators, and philosophers—flocked to +Rome, opened schools, and taught their arts. Indeed, the preëminence of +Greek culture became so great that Rome almost lost her ambition to be +original, and her writers vied with each other in their efforts to +reproduce in Latin what was choicest in Greek literature. As a +consequence of all this, the civilization and national life of Rome +became largely Grecian, and to Greece she owed her literature and her art.</p> + +<p><b>Rome and the Modern World.</b> +After conquering the world, Rome impressed her language, laws, customs +of living, and modes of thinking upon the subject nations, and they +became Roman; and the world has remained largely Roman ever since. Latin +continued to live, and the knowledge of Latin was the only light of +learning that burned steadily through the dark ages that followed the +downfall of the Roman Empire. Latin was the common language of scholars +and remained so even down to the days of Shakespeare. Even yet it is +<a name="page3"> </a> +more nearly than any other tongue the universal language of the learned. +The life of to-day is much nearer the life of ancient Rome than the +lapse of centuries would lead one to suppose. You and I are Romans still +in many ways, and if Cæsar and Cicero should appear among us, we should +not find them, except for dress and language, much unlike men of +to-day.</p> + +<p><b>Latin and English.</b> +Do you know that more than half of the words in the English dictionary +are Latin, and that you are speaking more or less Latin every day? How +has this come about? In the year 1066 William the Conqueror invaded +England with an army of Normans. The Normans spoke French—which, +you remember, is descended from Latin—and spread their language to +a considerable extent over England, and so Norman-French played an +important part in the formation of English and forms a large proportion +of our vocabulary. Furthermore, great numbers of almost pure Latin words +have been brought into English through the writings of scholars, and +every new scientific discovery is marked by the addition of new terms of +Latin derivation. Hence, while the simpler and commoner words of our +mother tongue are Anglo-Saxon, and Anglo-Saxon forms the staple of our +colloquial language, yet in the realms of literature, and especially in +poetry, words of Latin derivation are very abundant. Also in the learned +professions, as in law, medicine, and engineering, a knowledge of Latin +is necessary for the successful interpretation of technical and +scientific terms.</p> + +<p><b>Why study Latin?</b> +The foregoing paragraphs make it clear why Latin forms so important a +part of modern education. We have seen that our civilization rests upon +that of Greece and Rome, and that we must look to the past if we would +understand the present. It is obvious, too, that the knowledge of Latin +not only leads to a more exact and effective use of our own language, +but that it is of vital importance and of great practical value to any +one preparing for a literary or professional career. To this it may be +added that the study of Latin throws a flood of light upon the structure +of language in general and lays an excellent foundation for all +grammatical study. +<a name="page4"> </a> +Finally, it has been abundantly proved that there is no more effective +means of strengthening the mind than by the earnest pursuit of this +branch of learning.</p> + +<p><b>Review Questions</b>. +Whence does Latin get its name? Where is Latium? Where is Rome? Was +Latin always the same? What sort of Latin are we to study? Describe the +growth of Rome’s power and the spread of Latin. What can you say of the +origin of Italian, French, and Spanish? How did the ancient Greeks and +Romans compare? How did Greece influence Rome? How did Rome influence +the world? In what sense are we Romans still? What did Latin have to do +with the formation of English? What proportion of English words are of +Latin origin, and what kind of words are they? Why should we study +Latin?</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="page5"> </a><a name="latin_text">PART I</a></h3> + +<h4>THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN</h4> + +<h5>THE ALPHABET</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec1"><b>1.</b></a> +The Latin alphabet contains the same letters as the English except that +it has no <i>w</i> and no <i>j</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec2"><b>2.</b></a> +The vowels, as in English, are <i>a, e, i, o, u, y</i>. The other +letters are consonants.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec3"><b>3.</b></a> +<i>I</i> is used both as a vowel and as a consonant. Before a vowel in +the same syllable it has the value of a consonant and is called <i>I +consonant</i>.</p> + +<p>Thus in Iū-li-us the first <i>i</i> is a consonant, the second a +vowel.</p> + + +<h5>SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS<span class="tag">1</span></h5> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. N.B. The sounds of the letters are best learned by hearing them +correctly pronounced. The matter in this section is, therefore, intended +for reference rather than for assignment as a lesson. As a first step it +is suggested that the teacher pronounce the examples in class, the +pupils following.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec4"><b>4.</b></a> +Latin was not pronounced like English. The Romans at the beginning of +the Christian era pronounced their language substantially as described +below.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec5"><b>5.</b></a> +The vowels have the following sounds:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<th>Vowels<span class="tag">2</span></th> +<th>Latin Examples</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +ā as in <i>father</i> +<p class="hanging"> +ă like the first <i>a</i> in <i>aha´</i>, never as in <i>hat</i></p> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +hāc, stās<br /> +ă´-măt, că-nās +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +ē as in <i>they</i><br /> +ĕ as in <i>met</i> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +tē´-lă, mē´-tă<br /> +tĕ´-nĕt, mĕr´-cēs +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +ī as in <i>machine</i><br /> +<a name="page6"> </a> +ĭ as in <i>bit</i> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +sĕr´-tī, prā´-tī<br /> +sĭ´-tĭs, bĭ´-bī +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +ō as in <i>holy</i><br /> +ŏ as in <i>wholly</i>, never as in <i>hot</i> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +Rō´-mă, ō´-rĭs<br /> +mŏ´-dŏ, bŏ´-nōs +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +ū as in <i>rude</i>, or as <i>oo</i> in <i>boot</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +ŭ as in <i>full</i>, or as <i>oo</i> in <i>foot</i></p> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +ū´-mŏr, tū´-bĕr<br /> +ŭt, tū´-tŭs +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Long vowels are marked ¯, short ones ˘.</div> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> It is to be observed that there +is a decided difference in sound, except in the case of <i>a</i>, +between the long and the short vowels. It is not merely a matter of +<i>quantity</i> but also of <i>quality</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec6"><b>6.</b></a> +In <b>diphthongs</b> (two-vowel sounds) both vowels are heard in a +single syllable.</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<th>Diphthongs</th> +<th>Latin Examples</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>ae</b> as <i>ai</i> in <i>aisle</i><br /> +<b>au</b> as <i>ou</i> in <i>out</i> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +tae´-dae<br /> +gau´-dĕt +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>ei</b> as <i>ei</i> in <i>eight</i> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>eu</b> as <i>ĕ´o͝o</i> (a short <i>e</i> followed by a short <i>u</i> +in one syllable)</p> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +dein´-dĕ<br /> +seu +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>oe</b> like <i>oi</i> in <i>toil</i> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ui</b> like <i>o͝o´ĭ</i> (a short <i>u</i> followed by a short +<i>i</i> in one syllable. Cf. English <i>we</i>)</p> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +foe´-dŭs<br /> +cui, huic +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> Give all the vowels and +diphthongs their proper sounds and do not slur over them in unaccented +syllables, as is done in English.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec7"><b>7.</b></a> +<b>Consonants</b> are pronounced as in English, except that</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<th>Consonants</th> +<th>Latin Examples</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>c</b> is always like <i>c</i> in <i>cat</i>, never as in +<i>cent</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>g</b> is always like <i>g</i> in <i>get</i>, never as in +<i>gem</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>i consonant</b> is always like <i>y</i> in <i>yes</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>n</b> before <i>c, qu</i>, or <i>g</i> is like <i>ng</i> in +<i>sing</i> (compare the sound of <i>n</i> in <i>anchor</i>)</p> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +că´-dō, cĭ´-bŭs, cē´-nă<br /> +gĕ´-mō, gĭg´-nō<br /> +iăm, iŏ´-cŭs<br /> +ăn´-cŏ-ră <span class="plain">(ang´-ko-ra)</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>qu</b>, <b>gu</b>, and sometimes <b>su</b> before a vowel have the +sound of <i>qw, gw</i>, and <i>sw</i>. Here <i>u</i> has the value of +consonant <i>v</i> and is not counted a vowel</p> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +<p class="hanging"> +ĭn´-quĭt, quī, lĭn´-guă, săn´-guĭs, suā´-dĕ-ō</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>s</b> is like <i>s</i> in <i>sea</i>, never as in <i>ease</i> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>t</b> is always like <i>t</i> in <i>native</i>, never as in +<i>nation</i></p> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +rŏ´-să, ĭs<br /> +ră´-tĭ-ō, nā´-tĭ-ō +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name="page7"> </a> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>v</b> is like <i>w</i> in <i>wine</i>, never as in <i>vine</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>x</b> has the value of two consonants (<i>cs</i> or <i>gs</i>) and is +like <i>x</i> in <i>extract</i>, not as in <i>exact</i></p> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +vī´-nŭm, vĭr<br /> +ĕx´-trā, ĕx-āc´-tŭs +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>bs</b> is like <i>ps</i> and <b>bt</b> like <i>pt</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ch</b>, <b>ph</b>, and <b>th</b> are like <i>c</i>, <i>p</i>, +<i>t</i></p> +</td> +<td class="examples"> +ŭrbs, ŏb-tĭ´-nĕ-ō<br /> +<p class="hanging"> +pŭl´-chĕr, Phoe´-bē, thĕ-ā´-trŭm</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In combinations of consonants give each its distinct sound. +Doubled consonants should be pronounced with a slight pause between the +two sounds. Thus pronounce <i>tt</i> as in <i>rat-trap</i>, not as in +<i>rattle</i>; <i>pp</i> as in <i>hop-pole</i>, not as in <i>upper</i>. +Examples, <b>mĭt´-tō</b>, <b>Ăp´pĭ-ŭs</b>, <b>bĕl´-lŭm.</b></p> + + +<h5>SYLLABLES</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec8"><b>8.</b></a> +A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs. Thus +<b>aes-tā´-tĕ</b> has three syllables, <b>au-dĭ-ĕn´-dŭs</b> has +four.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Two vowels with a consonant between them never make one +syllable, as is so often the case in English. Compare English +<i>inside</i> with Latin īn-sī´-dĕ.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec9"><b>9.</b></a> +Words are divided into syllables as follows:</p> + +<p>1. A single consonant between two vowels goes with the second. Thus +<b>ă-mā´-bĭ-lĭs</b>, <b>mĕ-mŏ´-rĭ-ă</b>, <b>ĭn-tĕ´-rĕ-ā</b>, +<b>ă´-bĕst</b>, <b>pĕ-rē´-gĭt</b>.<span class="tag">3</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. In writing and printing it is customary to divide the parts of a +compound, as <b>inter-eā</b>, <b>ab-est</b>, <b>sub-āctus</b>, +<b>per-ēgit</b>, contrary to the correct phonetic rule.</div> + +<p>2. Combinations of two or more consonants:</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> A consonant followed by <i>l</i> or <i>r</i> goes with the +<i>l</i> or <i>r</i>. Thus <b>pū´-blĭ-cŭs</b>, <b>ă´-grī</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Exception.</span> Prepositional compounds of +this nature, as also <i>ll</i> and <i>rr</i>, follow rule <i>b</i>. Thus +<b>ăb´-lŭ-ō</b>, <b>ăb-rŭm´-pō</b>, <b>ĭl´-lĕ</b>, <b>fĕr´-rŭm</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> In all other combinations of consonants the first consonant +goes with the preceding vowel.<span class="tag">4</span> Thus +<b>măg´-nŭs</b>, <b>ĕ-gĕs´-tās</b>, <b>vĭc-tō´-rĭ-ă</b>, +<b>hŏs´-pĕs</b>, <b>ăn´-nŭs</b>, <b>sŭ-bāc´-tŭs</b>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. The combination <b>nct</b> is divided <b>nc-t</b>, as <b>fūnc-tŭs, +sānc-tŭs</b>.</div> + +<p>3. The last syllable of a word is called the <i>ul´-ti-ma</i>; the +one next to the last, the <i>pe-nult´</i>; the one before the penult, +the <i>an´-te-pe-nult´</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page8"> </a> +<a name="sec10"><b>10.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISE</span></p> + +<p>Divide the words in the following passage into syllables and +pronounce them, placing the accent as indicated:</p> + +<p>Vā́dĕ ăd fŏrmī́căm, Ō pĭ́gĕr, ĕt cōnsī́dĕrā vĭ́ās ĕ́iŭs ĕt dĭ́scĕ +săpĭĕ́ntĭăm: quae cŭm nōn hắbĕăt dŭ́cĕm nĕc praecĕptṓrĕm nĕc +prī́ncĭpĕm, pắrăt ĭn aestā́tĕ cĭ́bŭm sĭ́bĭ ĕt cŏ́ngrĕgăt ĭn mĕ́ssĕ quŏd +cŏ́mĕdăt.</p> + +<p>[Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: which, +having no guide, overseer, or ruler, provideth her meat in the summer +and gathereth her food in the harvest.]</p> + + +<h5>QUANTITY</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec11"><b>11.</b></a> +The quantity of a vowel or a syllable is the time it takes to pronounce +it. Correct pronunciation and accent depend upon the proper observance +of quantity.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec12"><b>12.</b></a> +<b>Quantity of Vowels.</b> Vowels are either long (¯) or short (˘). In +this book the long vowels are marked. Unmarked vowels are to be +considered short.</p> + +<p>1. A vowel is short before another vowel or <i>h</i>; as +<b>pŏ-ē´-ta</b>, <b>tră´-hō</b>.</p> + +<p>2. A vowel is short before <i>nt</i> and <i>nd</i>, before final +<i>m</i> or <i>t</i>, and, except in words of one syllable, before final +<i>l</i> or <i>r</i>. Thus <b>a´-mănt</b>, <b>a-măn´-dus</b>, +<b>a-mā´-băm</b>, <b>a-mā´-băt</b>, <b>a´-ni-măl</b>, <b>a´-mŏr</b>.</p> + +<p>3. A vowel is long before <i>nf</i>, <i>ns</i>, <i>nx</i>, and +<i>nct</i>. Thus <b>īn´-fe-rō</b>, <b>re´-gēns</b>, <b>sān´-xī</b>, +<b>sānc´-tus</b>.</p> + +<p>4. Diphthongs are always long, and are not marked.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec13"><b>13.</b></a> +<b>Quantity of Syllables.</b> Syllables are either long or short, and +their quantity must be carefully distinguished from that of vowels.</p> + +<p>1. <b>A syllable is short</b>,</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> If it ends in a short vowel; as <b>ă´-mō</b>, +<b>pĭ´-grĭ</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> In final syllables the short +vowel may be followed by a final consonant. Thus the word +<b>mĕ-mŏ´-rĭ-ăm</b> contains four short syllables. In the first three a +short vowel ends the syllable, in the last the short vowel is followed +by a final consonant.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page9"> </a> +2. <b>A syllable is long</b>,</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> If it contains a long vowel or a diphthong, as <b>cū´-rō</b>, +<b>poe´-nae</b>, <b>aes-tā´-te</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> If it ends in a consonant which is followed by another +consonant, as <b>cor´-pus</b>, <b>mag´-nus</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> The vowel in a long syllable may +be either long or short, and should be pronounced accordingly. Thus in +<b>ter´-ra</b>, <b>in´-ter</b>, the first syllable is long, but the +vowel in each case is short and should be given the short sound. In +words like <b>saxum</b> the first syllable is long because <i>x</i> has +the value of two consonants (<i>cs</i> or <i>gs</i>).</p> + +<p>3. In determining quantity <i>h</i> is not counted a consonant.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> Give about twice as much time to +the long syllables as to the short ones. It takes about as long to +pronounce a short vowel plus a consonant as it does to pronounce a long +vowel or a diphthong, and so these quantities are considered equally +long. For example, it takes about as long to say <b>cŭr´-rō</b> as it +does <b>cū´-rō</b>, and so each of these first syllables is long. +Compare <b>mŏl´-lis</b> and <b>mō´-lis</b>, <b>ā-mĭs´-sī</b> and +<b>ā-mi´-sī</b>.</p> + + +<h5>ACCENT</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec14"><b>14.</b></a> +Words of two syllables are accented on the first, as <b>mēn´-sa</b>, +<b>Cae´-sar</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec15"><b>15.</b></a> +Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult if the +penult is long. If the penult is short, accent the antepenult. Thus +<b>mo-nē´-mus</b>, <b>re´-gi-tur</b>, <b>a-gri´-co-la</b>, +<b>a-man´-dus</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> Observe that the position of the +accent is determined by the length of the <i>syllable</i> and not by the +length of the vowel in the syllable. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec13">§ 13. 2</a>, Note.)</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec16"><b>16.</b></a> +Certain little words called <i>enclit´ics</i><span class = +"tag">5</span> which have no separate existence, are added to and +pronounced with a preceding word. The most common are <b>-que</b>, +<i>and</i>; <b>-ve</b>, <i>or</i>; and <b>-ne</b>, the question sign. +The syllable before an enclitic takes the accent, regardless of its +quantity. Thus <b>populus´que</b>, <b>dea´que</b>, <b>rēgna´ve</b>, +<b>audit´ne</b>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. Enclitic means <i>leaning back</i>, and that is, as you see, just +what these little words do. They cannot stand alone and so they lean +back for support upon the preceding word.</div> + +<h5><a name="page10"> </a>HOW TO READ LATIN</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec17"><b>17.</b></a> +To read Latin well is not so difficult, if you begin right. Correct +habits of reading should be formed now. Notice the quantities carefully, +especially the quantity of the penult, to insure your getting the accent +on the right syllable. (Cf. <a href="#sec15">§ 15</a>.) Give +every vowel its proper sound and every syllable its proper length. Then +bear in mind that we should read Latin as we read English, in phrases +rather than in separate words. Group together words that are closely +connected in thought. No good reader halts at the end of each word.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec18"><b>18.</b></a> +Read the stanzas of the following poem by Longfellow, one at a time, +first the English and then the Latin version. The syllables inclosed in +parentheses are to be slurred or omitted to secure smoothness of +meter.</p> + +<h5>EXCELSIOR [HIGHER]! <span class="tag">6</span></h5> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +The shades of night were falling fast,<br /> +As through an Alpine village passed<br /> +A youth, who bore, ’mid snow and ice,<br /> +A banner with the strange device,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +<td> +Cadēbant noctis umbrae, dum<br /> +Ibat per vīcum Alpicum<br /> +Gelū nivequ(e) adolēscēns,<br /> +Vēxillum cum signō ferēns,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +His brow was sad; his eye beneath,<br /> +Flashed like a falchion from its sheath,<br /> +And like a silver clarion rung<br /> +The accents of that unknown tongue,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +<td> +Frōns trīstis, micat oculus<br /> +Velut ē vāgīnā gladius;<br /> +Sonantque similēs tubae<br /> +Accentūs lingu(ae) incognitae,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +In happy homes he saw the light<br /> +Of household fires gleam warm and bright;<br /> +Above, the spectral glaciers shone,<br /> +And from his lips escaped a groan,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +<td> +In domibus videt clārās<br /> +Focōrum lūcēs calidās;<br /> +Relucet glaciēs ācris,<br /> +Et rumpit gemitūs labrīs,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +“Try not the Pass!” the old man said;<br /> +“Dark lowers the tempest overhead,<br /> +<a name="page11"> </a> +The roaring torrent is deep and wide!”<br /> +And loud that clarion voice replied,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +<td> +Dīcit senex, “Nē trānseās!<br /> +Suprā nigrēscit tempestās;<br /> +Lātus et altus est torrēns.”<br /> +Clāra vēnit vōx respondēns,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +At break of day, as heavenward<br /> +The pious monks of Saint Bernard<br /> +Uttered the oft-repeated prayer,<br /> +A voice cried through the startled air,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +<td> +Iam lūcēscēbat, et frātrēs<br /> +Sānctī Bernardī vigilēs<br /> +Ōrābant precēs solitās,<br /> +Cum vōx clāmāvit per aurās,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +A traveler, by the faithful hound,<br /> +Half-buried in the snow was found,<br /> +Still grasping in his hand of ice<br /> +That banner with the strange device,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +<td> +Sēmi-sepultus viātor<br /> +Can(e) ā fīdō reperītur,<br /> +Comprēndēns pugnō gelidō<br /> +Illud vēxillum cum signō,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +There in the twilight cold and gray,<br /> +Lifeless, but beautiful, he lay,<br /> +And from the sky, serene and far,<br /> +A voice fell, like a falling star,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +<td> +Iacet corpus exanimum<br /> +Sed lūce frīgidā pulchrum;<br /> +Et caelō procul exiēns<br /> +Cadit vōx, ut Stella cadēns,<br /> +<span class="inset">Excelsior!</span> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. Translation by C. W. Goodchild in <i>Praeco Latinus</i>, October, +1898.</div> + +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="page12"> </a>PART II</h3> + +<h4>WORDS AND FORMS</h4> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_I"> +LESSON I</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FIRST PRINCIPLES</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec19"><b>19.</b></a> +<b>Subject and Predicate.</b> 1. Latin, like English, expresses thoughts +by means of sentences. A sentence is a combination of words that +expresses a thought, and in its simplest form is the statement of a +single fact. Thus,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad"> +<i>Galba is a farmer</i><br /> +<b>Galba est agricola</b> +</td> +<td> +<i>The sailor fights</i><br /> +<b>Nauta pugnat</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In each of these sentences there are two parts:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead">Subject</td> +<td> +<i>Galba</i><br /> +<b>Galba</b><br /> +<br /> +<i>The sailor</i><br /> +<b>Nauta</b> +</td> +<td class="sidehead">Predicate</td> +<td> +<i>is a farmer</i><br /> +<b>est agricola</b><br /> +<br /> +<i>fights</i><br /> +<b>pugnat</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>2. The subject is that person, place, or thing about which something +is said, and is therefore a <i>noun</i> or some word which can serve the +same purpose.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Pronouns, as their name implies (<i>pro</i>, “instead of,” and +<i>noun</i>), often take the place of nouns, usually to save repeating +the same noun, as, <i>Galba is a farmer; <b>he</b> is a sturdy +fellow</i>.</p> + +<p>3. The predicate is that which is said about the subject, and +consists of a verb with or without modifiers.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> A verb is a word which asserts something (usually an act) +concerning a person, place, or thing.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page13"> </a> +<a name="sec20"><b>20.</b></a> +<b>The Object.</b> In the two sentences, <i>The boy hit the ball</i> and +<i>The ball hit the boy</i>, the same words are used, but the meaning is +different, and depends upon the order of the words. The <b>doer</b> of +the act, that about which something is said, is, as we have seen above, +the <b>subject</b>. <b>That to which something is done</b> is the +<b>direct object</b> of the verb. <i>The boy hit the ball</i> is +therefore analyzed as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Subject</th> +<th>Predicate</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="center"><i>The boy</i></td> +<td align="center"> +<i>hit the ball</i><br /> +<span class="smallhead">(verb) (direct object)</span> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> A verb whose action passes over to the object directly, as in +the sentence above, is called a <b>transitive verb</b>. A verb which +does not admit of a direct object is called <b>intransitive</b>, as, +<i>I walk, he comes</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec21"><b>21.</b></a> +<b>The Copula.</b> The verb <i>to be</i> in its different +forms—<i>are</i>, <i>is</i>, <i>was</i>, etc.—does not tell +us anything about the subject; neither does it govern an object. It +simply connects the subject with the word or words in the predicate that +possess a distinct meaning. Hence it is called the <b>copula</b>, that +is, <i>the joiner</i> or <i>link</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec22"><b>22.</b></a> +In the following sentences pronounce the Latin and name the <i>nouns, +verbs, subjects, objects, predicates, copulas</i>:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td class="number close">1.</td> +<td> +<b>America est patria mea</b><br /> +<i>America is fatherland my</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">2.</td> +<td> +<b>Agricola fīliam amat</b><br /> +<i>(The) farmer (his) daughter loves</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">3.</td> +<td> +<b>Fīlia est Iūlia</b><br /> +<i>(His) daughter is Julia</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">4.</td> +<td> +<b>Iūlia et agricola sunt in īnsulā</b><br /> +<i>Julia and (the) farmer are on (the) island</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">5.</td> +<td> +<b>Iūlia aquam portat</b><br /> +<i>Julia water carries</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">6.</td> +<td> +<b>Rosam in comīs habet</b><br /> +<i>(A) rose in (her) hair (she) has</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">7.</td> +<td> +<b>Iūlia est puella pulchra</b><br /> +<i>Julia is (a) girl pretty</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">8.</td> +<td> +<b>Domina fīliam pulchram habet</b><br /> +<i>(The) lady (a) daughter beautiful has</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The sentences above show that Latin does not express some +words which are necessary in English. First of all, <i>Latin has no +article <b>the</b> or <b>a</b></i>; thus <i><b>agricola</b></i> may mean +<i>the farmer, a farmer</i>, or simply <i>farmer</i>. Then, too, the +personal pronouns, <i>I, you, he, she</i>, etc., and the possessive +pronouns, <i>my, your, his, her</i>, etc., are not expressed if the +meaning of the sentence is clear without them.</p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page14"> </a><a name="lesson_II"> +LESSON II</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FIRST PRINCIPLES (<i>Continued</i>)</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec23"><b>23.</b></a> +<b>Inflection.</b> Words may change their forms to indicate some change +in sense or use, as, <i>is, are; was, were; who, whose, whom; farmer, +farmer’s; woman, women</i>. This is called <b>inflection</b>. The +inflection of a noun, adjective, or pronoun is called its +<b>declension</b>, that of a verb its <b>conjugation</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec24"><b>24.</b></a> +<b>Number.</b> Latin, like English, has two numbers, singular and +plural. In English we usually form the plural by adding <i>-s</i> or +<i>-es</i> to the singular. So Latin changes the singular to the plural +by changing the ending of the word. Compare</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad"> +<b>Naut-a pugnat</b><br /> +<i>The sailor fights</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Naut-ae pugnant</b><br /> +<i>The sailors fight</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec25"><b>25.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <i>Nouns that end in <b>-a</b> in +the singular end in <b>-ae</b> in the plural</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec26"><b>26.</b></a> +Learn the following nouns so that you can give the English for the Latin +or the Latin for the English. Write the plural of each.</p> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> + <td class="half"> + <ul class="hang"> + <li><b>agri´cola</b>, <i>farmer</i> (agriculture)<span class="tag">1</span></li> + <li><b>aqua</b>, <i>water</i> (aquarium)</li> + <li><b>causa</b>, <i>cause, reason</i></li> + <li><b>do´mina</b>, <i>lady of the house, mistress</i> (dominate)</li> + <li><b>filia</b>, <i>daughter</i> (filial)</li> + <li><b>fortū´na</b>, <i>fortune</i></li> + </ul> + </td> + <td> + <ul class="hang"> + <li><b>fuga</b>, <i>flight</i> (fugitive)</li> + <li><b>iniū´ria</b>, <i>wrong, injury</i></li> + <li><b>lūna</b>, <i>moon</i> (lunar)</li> + <li><b>nauta</b>, <i>sailor</i> (nautical)</li> + <li><b>puel´la</b>, <i>girl</i></li> + <li><b>silva</b>, forest (silvan)</li> + <li><b>terra</b>, <i>land</i> (terrace)</li> + </ul> + </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. The words in parentheses are English words related to the Latin. When +the words are practically identical, as <b>causa</b>, <i>cause</i>, no +comparison is needed.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec27"><b>27.</b></a> +Compare again the sentences</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad"> +<b>Nauta pugna-t</b><br /> +<i>The sailor fights</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Nautae pugna-nt</b><br /> +<i>The sailors fight</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the first sentence the verb <b>pugna-t</b> is in the third person +singular, in the second sentence <b>pugna-nt</b> is in the third person +plural.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page15"> </a> +<a name="sec28"><b>28.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Agreement of Verb.</b> <i>A +finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its +subject.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec29"><b>29.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <i>In the conjugation of the +Latin verb the third person singular active ends in <b>-t</b>, the third +person plural in <b>-nt</b>. The endings which show the person and +number of the verb are called <b>personal endings</b>.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec30"><b>30.</b></a> +Learn the following verbs and write the plural of each. The personal +pronouns <i>he</i>, <i>she</i>, <i>it</i>, etc., which are necessary in +the inflection of the English verb, are not needed in the Latin, because +the personal endings take their place. Of course, if the verb’s subject +is expressed we do not translate the personal ending by a pronoun; thus +<b>nauta pugnat</b> is translated <i>the sailor fights</i>, not <i>the +sailor he fights</i>.</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td><b>ama-t</b></td> +<td><i>he (she, it)</i></td> +<td><i>loves, is loving, does love</i> (amity, amiable)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>labō´ra-t</b></td> +<td align="center">“ “ “</td> +<td><i>labors, is laboring, does labor</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>nūntia-t</b><span class="tag">2</span></td> +<td align="center">“ “ “</td> +<td><i>announces, is announcing, does announce</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>porta-t</b></td> +<td align="center">“ “ “</td> +<td><i>carries, is carrying, does carry</i> (porter)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pugna-t</b></td> +<td align="center">“ “ “</td> +<td><i>fights, is fighting, does fight</i> (pugnacious)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. The <i>u</i> in <b>nūntiō</b> is long by exception. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.)</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec31"><b>31.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. The daughter loves, the daughters love. 2. The sailor is +carrying, the sailors carry. 3. The farmer does labor, the farmers +labor. 4. The girl is announcing, the girls do announce. +5. The ladies are carrying, the lady carries.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Nauta pugnat, nautae pugnant. 2. Puella amat, puellae +amant. 3. Agricola portat, agricolae portant. 4. Fīlia +labōrat, fīliae labōrant. 5. Nauta nūntiat, nautae nūntiant. +6. Dominae amant, domina amat.</p> + + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic015.png" width="130" height="122" +alt="seated lady" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +DOMINA</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page16"> </a><a name="lesson_III"> +LESSON III</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FIRST PRINCIPLES (<i>Continued</i>)</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec32"><b>32.</b></a> +<b>Declension of Nouns.</b> We learned above (<a href = +"#sec19">§§ 19</a>, <a href="#sec20">20</a>) the difference +between the subject and object, and that in English they may be +distinguished by the order of the words. Sometimes, however, the order +is such that we are left in doubt. For example, the sentence <i>The lady +her daughter loves</i> might mean either that the lady loves her +daughter, or that the daughter loves the lady.</p> + +<p>1. If the sentence were in Latin, no doubt could arise, because the +subject and the object are distinguished, not by the order of the words, +but by the endings of the words themselves. Compare the following +sentences:</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>Domina fīliam amat</b><br /> +<b>Fīliam domina amat</b><br /> +<b>Amat fīliam domina</b><br /> +<b>Domina amat fīliam</b> +</td> +<td class="middle left ital"> +The lady loves her daughter +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<b>Fīlia dominam amat</b><br /> +<b>Dominam fīlia amat</b><br /> +<b>Amat dominam fīlia</b><br /> +<b>Fīlia amat dominam</b> +</td> +<td class="middle left ital"> +The daughter loves the lady +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in +<b>-a</b> and the object in <b>-am</b>. The <i>form</i> of the noun +shows how it is used in the sentence, and the order of the words has no +effect on the essential meaning.</p> + +<p>2. As stated above (<a href="#sec23">§ 23</a>), this change of +ending is called <b>declension</b>, and each different ending produces +what is called a <b>case</b>. When we decline a noun, we give all its +different cases, or changes of endings. In English we have three +cases,—nominative, possessive, and objective; but, in nouns, the +nominative and objective have the same form, and only the possessive +case shows a change of ending, by adding <i>’s</i> or the apostrophe. +The interrogative pronoun, however, has the fuller declension, +<i>who?</i> <i>whose?</i> <i>whom?</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page17"> </a> +<a name="sec33"><b>33.</b></a> +The following table shows a comparison between English and Latin +declension forms, and should be thoroughly memorized:</p> + +<table class="boxes"> +<tr> +<th class="box all" colspan = "3">English Cases</th> +<th class="box all" colspan = "2">Latin Cases</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center box all" colspan = "2"> +Declension of <i>who?</i></td> +<td class="center box all"> +Name of case and use</td> +<td class="center box all"> +Declension of <b>domina</b> and translation</td> +<td class="center box all"> +Name of case and use</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead box all" rowspan = "3"> +S<br /> +i<br /> +n<br /> +g<br /> +u<br /> +l<br /> +a<br /> +r +</td> +<td class="box upper">Who?</td> +<td class="box upper"> +<p class="hanging">Nominative—<br /> +case of the subject</p></td> +<td class="box upper"> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>do´min-a</b><br /> +<i>the lady</i></p></td> +<td class="box upper"> +<p class="hanging">Nominative—<br /> +case of the subject</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box">Whose?</td> +<td class="box"> +<p class="hanging">Possessive—<br /> +case of the possessor</p></td> +<td class="box"> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>domin-ae</b><br /> +<i>the lady’s</i></p> +</td> +<td class="box"> +<p class="hanging">Genitive—<br /> +case of the possessor +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box lower">Whom?</td> +<td class="box lower"> +<p class="hanging">Objective—<br /> +case of the object +</p></td> +<td class="box lower"> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>domin-am</b><br /> +<i>the lady</i> +</p></td> +<td class="box lower"> +<p class="hanging">Accusative—<br /> +case of the direct object</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="sidehead box all" rowspan = "3"> +P<br /> +l<br /> +u<br /> +r<br /> +a<br /> +l +</td> +<td class="box upper">Who?</td> +<td class="box upper"> +<p class="hanging">Nominative—<br /> +case of the subject +</p></td> +<td class="box upper"> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>domin-ae</b><br /> +<i>the ladies</i></p> +</td> +<td class="box upper"> +<p class="hanging">Nominative—<br /> +case of the subject +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box">Whose?</td> +<td class="box"> +<p class="hanging">Possessive—<br /> +case of the possessor +</p></td> +<td class="box"> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>domin-ā´rum</b><br /> +<i>the ladies’</i><br /> +<i>of the ladies</i></p> +</td> +<td class="box"> +<p class="hanging">Genitive—<br /> +case of the possessor +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box lower">Whom?</td> +<td class="box lower"> +<p class="hanging">Objective—<br /> +case of the object</p> +</td> +<td class="box lower"> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>domin-ās</b><br /> +<i>the ladies</i></p></td> +<td class="box lower"> +<p class="hanging">Accusative—<br /> +case of the direct object</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>When the nominative singular of a noun ends in <b>-a</b>, observe +that</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The nominative plural ends in <b>-ae</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The genitive singular ends in <b>-ae</b> and the genitive +plural in <b>-ārum</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> The accusative singular ends in <b>-am</b> and the accusative +plural in <b>-ās</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> The genitive singular and the nominative plural have the same +ending.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec34"><b>34.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISE</span></p> + +<p>Pronounce the following words and give their general meaning. Then +give the number and case, and the use of each form. Where the same form +stands for more than one case, give all the possible cases and uses.</p> + +<p>1. Silva, silvās, silvam. 2. Fugam, fugae, fuga. 3. Terrārum, +terrae, terrās. 4. Aquās, causam, lūnās. 5. Fīliae, fortūnae, +lūnae. 6. Iniūriās, agricolārum, aquārum. 7. Iniūriārum, +agricolae, puellās. 8. Nautam, agricolās, nautās. +9. Agricolam, puellam, silvārum.</p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page18"> </a><a name="lesson_IV"> +LESSON IV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FIRST PRINCIPLES (<i>Continued</i>)</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec35"><b>35.</b></a> +We learned from the table (<a href="#sec33">§ 33</a>) that the +Latin nominative, genitive, and accusative correspond, in general, to +the nominative, possessive, and objective in English, and that they are +used in the same way. This will be made even clearer by the following +sentence:</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Fīlia agricolae nautam amat</b>,<br /> +<i>the farmer’s daughter</i> (or <i>the daughter of the farmer</i>) +<i>loves the sailor</i> +</p> + +<p>What is the subject? the direct object? What case is used for the +subject? for the direct object? What word denotes the possessor? In what +case is it?</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec36"><b>36.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Nominative Subject.</b> <i>The +subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative and answers the question +Who? or What?</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec37"><b>37.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Accusative Object.</b> <i>The +direct object of a transitive verb is in the Accusative and answers the +question Whom? or What?</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec38"><b>38.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Genitive of the Possessor.</b> +<i>The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the +Genitive and answers the question Whose?</i></p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic018.png" width="347" height="239" +alt="Diana shoots an arrow at a bear" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +DIANA SAGITTAS PORTAT ET FERAS NECAT</span></p> + +<p> +<a name="page19"> </a> +<a name="sec39"><b>39.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec39vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 283.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Diāna est dea. 2. Lātōna est dea. 3. Diāna et Lātōna sunt +deae. 4. Diāna est dea lūnae. 5. Diāna est fīlia Lātōnae. +6. Lātōna Diānam amat. 7. Diāna est dea silvārum. +8. Diāna silvam amat. 9. Diāna sagittās portat. 10. Diāna +ferās silvae necat. 11. Ferae terrārum pugnant.</p> + +<p>For the order of words imitate the Latin above.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The daughter of Latona does love the forests. 2. Latona’s +daughter carries arrows. 3. The farmers’ daughters do labor. +4. The farmer’s daughter loves the waters of the forest. +5. The sailor is announcing the girls’ flight. 6. The girls +announce the sailors’ wrongs. 7. The farmer’s daughter labors. +8. Diana’s arrows are killing the wild beasts of the land.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec40"><b>40.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">CONVERSATION</span></p> + +<p>Translate the questions and answer them in Latin. The answers may be +found in the exercises preceding.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +1. Quis est Diāna?<br /> +2. Cuius fīlia est Diāna?<br /> +3. Quis Diānam amat?<br /> +4. Quis silvam amat?<br /> +5. Quis sagittās portat?<br /> +6. Cuius fīliae labōrant? +</p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_V"> +LESSON V</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FIRST PRINCIPLES (<i>Continued</i>)</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec41"><b>41.</b></a> +<b>The Dative Case.</b> In addition to the relationships between words +expressed by the nominative, genitive (possessive), and accusative +(objective) cases, there are other relationships, to express which in +English we use such words as <i>from</i>, <i>with</i>, <i>by</i>, +<i>to</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>at</i>.<span class = +"tag">1</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Words like <i>to</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>by</i>, <i>from</i>, <i>in</i>, +etc., which define the relationship between words, are called +<b>prepositions</b>.</div> + +<p>Latin, too, makes frequent use of such prepositions; but often it +expresses these relations without them by means of case forms which +<a name="page20"> </a> +English does not possess. One of the cases found in the Latin declension +and lacking in English is called the <i>dative</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec42"><b>42.</b></a> +When the nominative singular ends in <b>-a</b>, the dative singular ends +in <b>-ae</b> and the dative plural in <b>-īs</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> Observe that the <i>genitive +singular</i>, the <i>dative singular</i>, and the <i>nominative +plural</i> all have the same ending, <b>-ae</b>; but the uses of the +three cases are entirely different. The general meaning of the sentence +usually makes clear which case is intended.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Form the dative singular and plural of the following nouns: +<b>fuga</b>, <b>causa</b>, <b>fortūna</b>, <b>terra</b>, <b>aqua</b>, +<b>puella</b>, <b>agricola</b>, <b>nauta</b>, <b>domina</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec43"><b>43.</b></a> +<b>The Dative Relation.</b> The dative case is used to express the +relations conveyed in English by the prepositions <i>to</i>, +<i>towards</i>, <i>for</i>.</p> + +<p>These prepositions are often used in English in expressions of +motion, such as <i>She went to town</i>, <i>He ran towards the +horse</i>, <i>Columbus sailed for America</i>. In such cases the dative +is not used in Latin, as <i>motion through space</i> is foreign to the +dative relation. But the dative is used to denote that <i>to</i> or +<i>towards which</i> a benefit, injury, purpose, feeling, or quality is +directed, or that <i>for which</i> something serves or exists.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> What dative relations do you discover in the following?</p> + +<p>The teacher gave a prize to John because he replied so promptly to +all her questions—a good example for the rest of us. It is a +pleasure to us to hear him recite. Latin is easy for him, but it is very +hard for me. Some are fitted for one thing and others for another.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec44"><b>44.</b></a> +<b>The Indirect Object.</b> Examine the sentence</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Nauta fugam nūntiat</b>, +<i>the sailor announces the flight</i></p> + +<p>Here the verb, <b>nūntiat</b>, governs the direct object, +<b>fugam</b>, in the accusative case. If, however, we wish to mention +the persons <b>to whom</b> the sailor announces the flight, as, <i>The +sailor announces the flight <b>to the farmers</b></i>, the verb will +have two objects:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. Its direct object, <i>flight</i> (<b>fugam</b>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. Its indirect object, <i>farmers</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>According to the preceding section, <i>to the farmers</i> is a +relation covered by the dative case, and we are prepared for the +following rule:</p> + +<p> +<a name="page21"> </a> +<a name="sec45"><b>45.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Dative Indirect Object.</b> +<i>The indirect object of a verb is in the Dative.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The indirect object usually stands before the direct +object.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec46"><b>46.</b></a> +We may now complete the translation of the sentence <i>The sailor +announces the flight to the farmers</i>, and we have</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Nauta agricolīs fugam nūntiat</b></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec47"><b>47.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec47vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 283.</p> + +<p><i>Point out the direct and indirect objects and the genitive of the +possessor.</i></p> + +<p>I. 1. Quis nautīs pecūniam dat? 2. Fīliae agricolae nautīs pecūniam +dant. 3. Quis fortūnam pugnae nūntiat? 4. Galba agricolīs +fortunam pugnae nūntiat. 5. Cui domina fābulam nārrat? +6. Fīliae agricolae domina fābulam nārrat. 7. Quis Diānae +corōnam dat? 8. Puella Diānae corōnam dat quia Diānam amat. +9. Dea lūnae sagittās portat et ferās silvārum necat. +10. Cuius victōriam Galba nūntiat? 11. Nautae victōriam Galba +nūntiat.</p> + +<p>Imitate the word order of the preceding exercise.</p> + +<p>II. 1. To whom do the girls give a wreath? 2. The girls give a +wreath to Julia, because Julia loves wreaths. 3. The sailors tell +the ladies<span class="tag">2</span> a story, because the ladies love +stories. 4. The farmer gives his (<a href = +"#sec22">§ 22. <i>a</i></a>) daughter water. 5. Galba +announces the cause of the battle to the sailor. 6. The goddess of +the moon loves the waters of the forest. 7. Whose wreath is Latona +carrying? Diana’s.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Observe that in English the indirect object often stands without a +preposition <i>to</i> to mark it, especially when it precedes the direct +object.</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page22"> </a><a name="lesson_VI"> +LESSON VI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FIRST PRINCIPLES (<i>Continued</i>)</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec48"><b>48.</b></a> +<b>The Ablative Case.</b> Another case, lacking in English but found in +the fuller Latin declension, is the <i>ab´la-tive.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec49"><b>49.</b></a> +When the nominative singular ends in <b>-a</b>, the ablative singular +ends in <b>-ā</b> and the ablative plural in <b>-īs</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the final -ă of the nominative is short, while +the final -ā of the ablative is long, as,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad"> +<i>Nom.</i> <b>fīliă</b></td> +<td> +<i>Abl.</i> <b>fīliā</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Observe that the ablative plural is like the dative +plural.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> Form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns: +<b>fuga</b>, <b>causa</b>, <b>fortūna</b>, <b>terra</b>, <b>aqua</b>, +<b>puella</b>, <b>agricola</b>, <b>nauta</b>, <b>domina</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec50"><b>50.</b></a> +<b>The Ablative Relation.</b> The ablative case is used to express the +relations conveyed in English by the prepositions <i>from</i>, +<i>with</i>, <i>by</i>, <i>at</i>, <i>in</i>. It denotes</p> + +<p>1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or +of which it is deprived—generally translated by <i>from</i>.</p> + +<p>2. That with which something is associated or by means of which it is +done—translated by <i>with</i> or <i>by</i>.</p> + +<p>3. The place where or the time when something +happens—translated by <i>in</i> or <i>at</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> What ablative relations do you discover in the following?</p> + +<p>In our class there are twenty boys and girls. Daily at eight o’clock +they come from home with their books, and while they are at school they +study Latin with great zeal. In a short time they will be able to read +with ease the books written by the Romans. By patience and perseverance +all things in this world can be overcome.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec51"><b>51.</b></a> +<b>Prepositions.</b> While, as stated above (<a href = +"#sec41">§ 41</a>), many relations expressed in English by +prepositions are in Latin expressed by case forms, still prepositions +are of frequent occurrence, but only with the accusative or +ablative.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page23"> </a> +<a name="sec52"><b>52.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Object of a Preposition.</b> +<i>A noun governed by a preposition must be in the Accusative or +Ablative case.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec53"><b>53.</b></a> +Prepositions denoting the ablative relations <i>from, with, in, on</i>, +are naturally followed by the ablative case. Among these are</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ā</b><span class="tag">1</span> or <b>ab</b>, <i>from, away +from</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>dē</b>, <i>from, down from</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ē</b><span class="tag">1</span> or <b>ex</b>, <i>from, out from, +out of</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>cum</b>, <i>with</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>in</b>, <i>in, on</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>ā</b> and <b>ē</b> are used only before words beginning with a +consonant; <b>ab</b> and <b>ex</b> are used before either vowels or +consonants.</div> + +<p>1. <i>Translate into Latin, using prepositions.</i> In the water, on +the land, down from the forest, with the fortune, out of the forests, +from the victory, out of the waters, with the sailors, down from the +moon.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec54"><b>54.</b></a> +<b>Adjectives.</b> Examine the sentence</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Puella parva bonam deam amat</b>, <i>the little girl loves the good +goddess</i></p> + +<p>In this sentence <b>parva</b> (<i>little</i>) and <b>bonam</b> +(<i>good</i>) are not nouns, but are descriptive words expressing +quality. Such words are called <i>adjectives</i>,<span class = +"tag">2</span> and they are said to belong to the noun which they +describe.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <i>Pick out the adjectives in the following:</i> “When I was a little +boy, I remember that one cold winter’s morning I was accosted by a +smiling man with an ax on his shoulder. ‘My pretty boy,’ said he, ‘has +your father a grindstone?’ ‘Yes, sir,’ said I. ‘You are a fine little +fellow,’ said he. ‘Will you let me grind my ax on it?’”</div> + +<p>You can tell by its ending to which noun an adjective belongs. The +ending of <b>parva</b> shows that it belongs to <b>puella</b>, and the +ending of <b>bonam</b> that it belongs to <b>deam</b>. Words that belong +together are said to agree, and the belonging-together is called +<i>agreement</i>. Observe that <i>the adjective and its noun agree in +number and case</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec55"><b>55.</b></a> +Examine the sentences</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Puella est parva</b>, <i>the girl is little</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Puella parva bonam deam amat</b>, <i>the little girl loves the good +goddess</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the first sentence the adjective <b>parva</b> is separated from +its noun by the verb and stands in the predicate. It is therefore called +a <i>predicate adjective</i>. In the second sentence the adjectives +<b>parva</b> and +<a name="page24"> </a> +<b>bonam</b> are closely attached to the nouns <b>puella</b> and +<b>deam</b> respectively, and are called <i>attributive +adjectives.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Pick out the attributive and the predicate adjectives in the +following:</p> + +<p class="note"> +Do you think Latin is hard? Hard studies make strong brains. Lazy +students dislike hard studies. We are not lazy.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec56"><b>56.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">DIALOGUE</span></p> + +<h5 class="smallcaps">Julia and Galba</h5> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec56vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 283.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +I. Quis, Galba, est Diāna?<br /> +G. Diāna, Iūlia, est pulchra dea lūnae et silvārum.<br /> +I. Cuius fīlia, Galba, est Diāna?<br /> +G. Lātōnae fīlia, Iūlia, est Diāna.<br /> +I. Quid Diāna portat?<br /> +G. Sagittās Diāna portat.<br /> +I. Cūr Diāna sagittās portat?<br /> +G. Diāna sagittās portat, Iūlia, quod malās ferās silvae magnae +necat.<br /> +I. Amatne Lātōna fīliam?<br /> +G. Amat, et fīlia Lātōnam amat.<br /> +I. Quid fīlia tua parva portat?<br /> +G. Corōnās pulchrās fīlia mea parva portat.<br /> +I. Cui fīlia tua corōnās pulchrās dat?<br /> +G. Diānae corōnās dat.<br /> +I. Quis est cum fīliā tuā? Estne sōla?<br /> +G. Sōla nōn est; fīlia mea parva est cum ancillā meā. +</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> When a person is called or addressed, the case used is called +the <i>voc´ative</i> (Latin <i>vocāre</i>, “to call”). <i>In form the +vocative is regularly like the nominative</i>. In English the name of +the person addressed usually stands first in the sentence. <i>The Latin +vocative rarely stands first</i>. Point out five examples of the +vocative in this dialogue.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Observe that questions answered by <i>yes</i> or <i>no</i> in +English are answered in Latin by repeating the verb. Thus, if you wished +to answer in Latin the question <i>Is the sailor fighting?</i> +<b>Pugnatne nauta?</b> you would say <b>Pugnat</b>, <i>he is +fighting</i>, or <b>Nōn pugnat</b>, <i>he is not fighting.</i></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page25"> </a><a name="lesson_VII"> +LESSON VII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE FIRST OR <i>Ā</i>-DECLENSION</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec57"><b>57.</b></a> +In the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases, singular +and plural, of nouns whose nominative singular ends in <b>-a</b>. All +Latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in <b>-a</b> belong to the +First Declension. It is also called the <i>Ā</i>-Declension because of +the prominent part which the vowel <b>a</b> plays in the formation of +the cases. We have also learned what relations are expressed by each +case. These results are summarized in the following table:</p> + +<table class="boxes"> +<tr> +<th class="box all">Case</th> +<th class="box all">Noun</th> +<th class="box all">Translation</th> +<th class="box all">Use and General Meaning of Each Case</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="box"></td> +<td class="box"></td> +<th class="box">Singular</th> +<td class="box"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box upper"><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td class="box upper">do´min<b>-a</b></td> +<td class="box upper"><i>the lady</i></td> +<td class="box upper">The subject</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box"><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td class="box">domin<b>-ae</b></td> +<td class="box"><p class="hanging"> +<i>of the lady</i>, or <i>the lady’s</i></p></td> +<td class="box"><p class="hanging"> +The possessor of something</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box"><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td class="box">domin<b>-ae</b></td> +<td class="box"><p class="hanging"> +<i>to</i> or <i>for the lady</i></p></td> +<td class="box"><p class="hanging"> +Expressing the relation <i>to</i> or <i>for</i>, +especially the indirect object</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box"><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td class="box">domin<b>-am</b></td> +<td class="box"><i>the lady</i></td> +<td class="box">The direct object</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box lower"><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td class="box lower">domin<b>-ā</b></td> +<td class="box lower"><p class="hanging"> +<i>from, with, by, in, the lady</i></p></td> +<td class="box lower"><p class="hanging"> +Separation (<i>from</i>), association or means (<i>with, by</i>), +place where or time when (<i>in, at</i>)</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="box"></td> +<td class="box"></td> +<th class="box">Plural</th> +<td class="box"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box upper"><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td class="box upper">domin<b>-ae</b></td> +<td class="box upper"><i>the ladies</i></td> +<td class="middle box all" rowspan = "5">The same as the singular</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box"><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td class="box">domin<b>-ā´rum</b></td> +<td class="box"><p class="hanging"> +<i>of the ladies</i>, or <i>the ladies’</i></p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box"><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td class="box">domin<b>-īs</b></td> +<td class="box"><p class="hanging"> +<i>to</i> or <i>for the ladies</i></p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box"><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td class="box">domin<b>-ās</b></td> +<td class="box"><i>the ladies</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="box lower"><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td class="box lower">domin<b>-īs</b></td> +<td class="box lower"><p class="hanging"> +<i>from, with, by, in, the ladies</i></p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec58"><b>58.</b></a> +<b>The Base.</b> That part of a word which remains unchanged in +inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the +<b>base</b>.</p> + +<p> +Thus, in the declension above, <b>domin-</b> is the base and <b>-a</b> +is the termination of the nominative singular.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page26"> </a> +<a name="sec59"><b>59.</b></a> +Write the declension of the following nouns, separating the base from +the termination by a hyphen. Also give them orally.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>pugna, terra, lūna, ancil´la, corō´na, īn´sula, silva</b></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec60"><b>60.</b></a> +<b>Gender.</b> In English, names of living beings are either masculine +or feminine, and names of things without life are neuter. This is called +<b>natural gender</b>. Yet in English there are some names of things to +which we refer as if they were feminine; as, “Have you seen my yacht? +<i>She</i> is a beauty.” And there are some names of living beings to +which we refer as if they were neuter; as, “Is the baby here? No, the +nurse has taken <i>it</i> home.” Some words, then, have a gender quite +apart from sex or real gender, and this is called <b>grammatical +gender</b>.</p> + +<p>Latin, like English, has three genders. Names of males are usually +masculine and of females feminine, but <i>names of things have +grammatical gender and may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter</i>. +Thus we have in Latin the three words, <b>lapis</b>, <i>a stone</i>; +<b>rūpēs</b>, <i>a cliff</i>; and <b>saxum</b>, <i>a rock</i>. +<b>Lapis</b> is <i>masculine</i>, <b>rūpēs</b> <i>feminine</i>, and +<b>saxum</b> <i>neuter</i>. The gender can usually be determined by the +ending of the word, and <i>must always be learned</i>, for without +knowing the gender it is impossible to write correct Latin.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec61"><b>61.</b></a> +<b>Gender of First-Declension Nouns.</b> Nouns of the first declension +are feminine unless they denote males. Thus <b>silva</b> is feminine, +but <b>nauta</b>, <i>sailor</i>, and <b>agricola</b>, <i>farmer</i>, are +masculine.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec62"><b>62.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec62vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 284.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Agricola cum fīliā in casā habitat. 2. Bona fīlia +agricolae cēnam parat. 3. Cēna est grāta agricolae<span class = +"tag">1</span> et agricola bonam fīliam laudat. 4. Deinde fīlia +agricolae gallīnās ad cēnam vocat. 5. Gallīnae fīliam agricolae +amant. 6. Malae fīliae bonās cēnās nōn parant. 7. Fīlia +agricolae est grāta dominae. 8. Domina in īnsulā magnā habitat. +9. Domina bonae puellae parvae pecūniam dat.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page27"> </a> +II. 1. Where does the farmer live? 2. The farmer lives in the small +cottage. 3. Who lives with the farmer? 4. (His) little +daughter lives with the farmer. 5. (His) daughter is getting +(<b>parat</b>) a good dinner for the farmer. 6. The farmer praises +the good dinner. 7. The daughter’s good dinner is pleasing to the +farmer.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Note that the relation expressed by the dative case covers that <i>to +which a feeling is directed.</i> (Cf. <a href = +"#sec43">§ 43</a>.)</div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic027.png" width="531" height="337" +alt="In front of a farmhouse: daughter feeding chickens, father +holding a bowl, mother standing" /> +</p> + +<p>What Latin words are suggested by this picture?</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec63"><b>63.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">CONVERSATION</span></p> + +<p>Answer the questions in Latin.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +1. Quis cum agricolā in casā habitat?<br /> +2. Quid bona fīlia agricolae parat?<br /> +3. Quem agricola laudat?<br /> +4. Vocatne fīlia agricolae gallīnās ad cēnam?<br /> +5. Cuius fīlia est grāta dominae?<br /> +6. Cui domina pecūniam dat? +</p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page28"> </a><a name="lesson_VIII"> +LESSON VIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FIRST DECLENSION (<i>Continued</i>)</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec64"><b>64.</b></a> +We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together and +you have noticed an agreement between them in <i>case</i> and in +<i>number</i> (<a href="#sec54">§ 54</a>). They agree also in +<i>gender</i>. In the phrase <b>silva magna</b>, we have a feminine +adjective in <b>-a</b> agreeing with a feminine noun in <b>-a</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec65"><b>65.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Agreement of Adjectives.</b> +<i>Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and +case.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec66"><b>66.</b></a> +Feminine adjectives in <b>-a</b> are declined like feminine nouns in +<b>-a</b>, and you should learn to decline them together as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Noun</th> +<th colspan = "2">Adjective</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<b>domina</b> (base <b>domin-</b>), f., <i>lady</i></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<b>bona</b> (base <b>bon-</b>), <i>good</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>do´min<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>am</b></td> +<td>bon<b>am</b></td> +<td><b>-am</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ā</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ā</b></td> +<td><b>-ā</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ā´rum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ā´rum</b></td> +<td><b>-ārum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ās</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ās</b></td> +<td><b>-ās</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In the same way decline together <b>puella mala</b>, <i>the +bad girl</i>; <b>ancil´la parva</b>, <i>the little maid</i>; <b>fortū´na +magna</b>, <i>great fortune.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec67"><b>67.</b></a> +The words <b>dea</b>, <i>goddess</i>, and <b>fīlia</b>, <i>daughter</i>, +take the ending <b>-ābus</b> instead of <b>-īs</b> in the <i>dative and +ablative plural.</i> Note the <i>dative and ablative plural</i> in the +following declension:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "3"> +<a name="page29"> </a> +<b>dea bona</b> (bases <b>de-</b> <b>bon-</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class="rightpad">Singular</th> +<th>Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>de<b>a</b> bon<b>a</b></td> +<td>de<b>ae</b> bon<b>ae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ae</b> bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>de<b>ā´rum</b> bon<b>ā´rum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ae</b> bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>de<b>ā´bus</b> bon<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>de<b>am</b> bon<b>am</b></td> +<td>de<b>ās</b> bon<b>ās</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ā</b> bon<b>ā</b></td> +<td>de<b>a´bus</b> bon<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In the same way decline together <b>fīlīa parva</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec68"><b>68.</b></a> +<b>Latin Word Order.</b> The order of words in English and in Latin +sentences is not the same.</p> + +<p>In English we arrange words in a fairly fixed order. Thus, in the +sentence <i>My daughter is getting dinner for the farmers</i>, we cannot +alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence. We can, +however, throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more +force. Try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force +on <i>my, daughter, dinner, farmers</i>.</p> + +<p>In Latin, where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by +its <i>ending</i> (cf. <a href="#sec32">§ 32. 1</a>), and +not by its <i>position</i>, the order of words is more free, and +position is used to secure the same effect that in English is secured by +emphasis of voice. To a limited extent we can alter the order of words +in English, too, for the same purpose. Compare the sentences</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>I saw a game of football at Chicago last November</i> (normal +order)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i><b>Last November</b> I saw a game of football at Chicago</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>At Chicago, last November, I saw a game of <b>football</b></i> +</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. In a Latin sentence the most emphatic place is the <i>first</i>; +next in importance is the <i>last</i>; the weakest point is the +<i>middle</i>. Generally the <i>subject</i> is the most important word, +and is placed <i>first</i>; usually the <i>verb</i> is the next in +importance, and is placed <i>last</i>. The other words of the sentence +stand between these two in the order of their importance. Hence the +normal order of words—that is, where no unusual emphasis is +expressed—is as follows:</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b><i>subject</i>—<i>modifiers of the +subject</i>—<i>indirect object</i>—<i>direct +object</i>—<i>adverb</i>—<i>verb</i></b></p> + +<p>Changes from the normal order are frequent, and are due to the desire +for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase. <i>Notice the order of +the</i> +<a name="page30"> </a> +<i>Latin words when you are translating, and imitate it when you are +turning English into Latin.</i></p> + +<p>2. Possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after +their nouns. When placed before their nouns they are emphatic, as +<b>fīlia mea</b>, <i>my daughter</i>; <b>mea fīlia</b>, <i><b>my</b> +daughter</i>; <b>casa Galbae</b>, <i>Galba’s cottage</i>; <b>Galbae +casa</b>, <i><b>Galba’s</b> cottage</i>.</p> + +<p>Notice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following +sentence in different ways:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Fīlia mea agricolīs cēnam parat</b> (normal order)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Mea fīlia agricolīs parat cēnam</b> (<b>mea</b> and <b>cēnam</b> +emphatic)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Agricolīs fīlia mea cēnam parat</b> (<b>agricolīs</b> emphatic)</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>3. An adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it +follows. When great emphasis is desired, the adjective is separated from +its noun by other words.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Fīlia mea casam parvam nōn amat</b> (<b>parvam</b> not emphatic)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Fīlia mea parvam casam nōn amat</b> (<b>parvam</b> more emphatic)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Parvam fīlia mea casam nōn amat</b> (<b>parvam</b> very emphatic)</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>4. Interrogative words usually stand first, the same as in +English.</p> + +<p>5. The copula (as <b>est</b>, <b>sunt</b>) is of so little importance +that it frequently does not stand last, but may be placed wherever it +sounds well.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec69"><b>69.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISE</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec69vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 284.</p> + +<p><i>Note the order of the words in these sentences and pick out those +that are emphatic.</i></p> + +<p>1. Longae nōn sunt tuae viae. 2. Suntne tubae novae in meā casā? +Nōn sunt. 3. Quis lātā in silvā habitat? Diāna, lūnae clārae +pulchra dea, lātā in silvā habitat. 4. Nautae altās et lātās amant +aquās. 5. Quid ancilla tua portat? Ancilla mea tubam novam portat. +6. Ubi sunt Lesbia et Iūlia? In tuā casa est Lesbia et Iūlia est in +meā. 7. Estne Italia lāta terra? Longa est Italia, nōn lāta. +8. Cui Galba agricola fābulam novam nārrat? Fīliābus dominae clārae +fābulam novam nārrat. 9. Clāra est īnsula Sicilia. 10. Quem +laudat Lātōna? Lātōna laudat fīliam.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="boldf"><a name="page31"> </a> +<a class="page" href="#review_I"> +First Review of Vocabulary and Grammar, §§ 502-505</a></h5> + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_IX"> +LESSON IX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE SECOND OR <i>O</i>-DECLENSION</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec70"><b>70.</b></a> +Latin nouns are divided into five declensions.</p> + +<p> +The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the ending of the +genitive singular. This should always be learned along with the +nominative and the gender.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec71"><b>71.</b></a> +The nominative singular of nouns of the Second or <i>O</i>-Declension +ends in <b>-us</b>, <b>-er</b>, <b>-ir</b>, or <b>-um</b>. The genitive +singular ends in <b>-ī</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec72"><b>72.</b></a> +<b>Gender.</b> Nouns in <b>-um</b> are neuter. The others are regularly +masculine.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec73"><b>73.</b></a> +<b>Declension of nouns in -<i>us</i> and -<i>um</i>.</b> Masculines in +<b>-us</b> and neuters in <b>-um</b> are declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>dominus</b> (base <b>domin-</b>), m., <i>master</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>pīlum</b> (base <b>pīl-</b>), n., <i>spear</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +<td></td> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>do´min<b>us</b><span class="tag">1</span></td> +<td><b>-us</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Voc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ō´rum</b></td> +<td><b>-ōrum</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>ō´rum</b></td> +<td><b>-ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ōs</b></td> +<td><b>-ōs</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Compare the declension of <b>domina</b> and of <b>dominus</b>.</div> + +<p class="note"><a name="page32"> </a> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same +terminations excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative and +accusative plural.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The vocative singular of words of the second declension in +<b>-us</b> ends in <b>-ĕ</b>, as <b>domine</b>, <i>O master</i>; +<b>serve</b>, <i>O slave</i>. This is the most important exception to +the rule in <a href="#sec56">§ 56. <i>a</i></a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec74"><b>74.</b></a> +Write side by side the declension of <b>domina</b>, <b>dominus</b>, and +<b>pīlum</b>. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following +rules, which are of great importance because they apply to all five +declensions:</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The vocative, with a single exception (see <a href = +"#sec73">§ 73. <i>b</i></a>), is like the nominative. That is, +the vocative singular is like the nominative singular, and the vocative +plural is like the nominative plural.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are +alike, and in the plural end in <b>-a</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in +<b>-m</b> and the accusative plural in <b>-s</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> The dative and ablative plural are always alike.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>e.</i> Final <b>-i</b> and <b>-o</b> are always <i>long</i>; final +<b>-a</b> is <i>short</i>, except in the ablative singular of the first +declension.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec75"><b>75.</b></a> +Observe the sentences</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Lesbia est bona</b>, <i>Lesbia is good</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Lesbia est ancilla</b>, <i>Lesbia is a maidservant</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>We have learned (<a href="#sec55">§ 55</a>) that <b>bona</b>, +when used, as here, in the predicate to describe the subject, is called +a <i>predicate adjective</i>. Similarly a <i>noun</i>, as +<b>ancilla</b>, used in the <i>predicate</i> to define the subject is +called a <b>predicate noun</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec76"><b>76.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Predicate Noun.</b> <i>A +predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.</i></p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic032.png" width="352" height="37" +alt="spears" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +PILA</span></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page33"> </a> +<a name="sec77"><b>77.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">DIALOGUE</span></p> + +<p> +<img src="images/pic033upper.png" width="354" height="44" +alt="officer with spear and trumpet" /></p> +<p class="floatleft nospace"> +<img src="images/pic033lower.png" width="270" height="422" +alt="officer with spear and trumpet" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +LEGATUS CUM PILO ET TUBA</span></p> + +<h5 class="smallcaps">Galba and Marcus</h5> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec77vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 285.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +G. Quis, Mārce, est lēgātus cum pīlō et tubā?<br /> +M. Lēgātus, Galba, est Sextus.<br /> +G. Ubi Sextus habitat?<span class="tag">2</span><br /> +M. In oppidō Sextus cum fīliābus habitat.<br /> +G. Amantne oppidānī Sextum?<br /> +M. Amant oppidānī Sextum et laudant, quod magnā cum cōnstantiā +pugnat.<br /> +G. Ubi, Mārce, est ancilla tua? Cūr nōn cēnam parat?<br /> +M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equō lēgātī aquam et frūmentum dat.<br /> +G. Cūr nōn servus Sextī equum dominī cūrat?<br /> +M. Sextus et servus ad mūrum oppidī properant. +Oppidānī bellum parant.<span class="tag">3</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note33_1">2.</a> <b>habitat</b> is here translated <i>does +live</i>. Note the <i>three</i> possible translations of the Latin +present tense:</div> + +<table class="nospace"> +<tr> +<td class="smaller"><br /> +<b>habitat</b> +</td> +<td class="middle left ital smaller"> +he lives<br /> +he is living<br /> +he does live</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class = "footnote nospace"> +Always choose the translation which makes the best sense.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Observe that the verb <b>parō</b> means not only <i>to prepare</i> +but also <i>to prepare for</i>, and governs the accusative case.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page34"> </a> +<a name="sec78"><b>78.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">CONVERSATION</span></p> + +<p>Translate the questions and answer them in Latin.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +1. Ubi fīliae Sextī habitant?<br /> +2. Quem oppidānī amant et laudant?<br /> +3. Quid ancilla equō lēgātī dat?<br /> +4. Cuius equum ancilla cūrat?<br /> +5. Quis ad mūrum cum Sextō properat?<br /> +6. Quid oppidānī parant? +</p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_X"> +LESSON X</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">SECOND DECLENSION (<i>Continued</i>)</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec79"><b>79.</b></a> +We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like <b>bona</b>, in +agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like +them. <i>Masculine</i> adjectives of this class are declined like +<b>dominus</b>, and <i>neuters</i> like pīlum. The adjective and noun, +masculine and neuter, are therefore declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3"> +Masculine Noun and Adjective</th> +<th colspan = "2"> +Neuter Noun and Adjective</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "3"> +<b>dominus bonus</b>, <i>the good master</i></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<b>pīlum bonum</b>, <i>the good spear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "3"> +<span class="smallcaps">Bases</span> <b>domin- bon-</b></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Bases</span> <b>pīl- bon-</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +<td></td> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>do´min<b>us</b> bon<b>us</b></td> +<td><b>-us</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>um</b> bon<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ī</b> bon<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>ī</b> bon<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ō</b> bon<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>ō</b> bon<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>um</b> bon<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>um</b> bon<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ō</b> bon<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>ō</b> bon<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Voc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>e</b> bon<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>um</b> bon<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ī</b> bon<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>a</b> bon<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ō´rum</b> bon<b>ō´rum</b></td> +<td><b>-ōrum</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>ō´rum</b> bon<b>ō´rum</b></td> +<td><b>-ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>īs</b> bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>īs</b> bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ōs</b> bon<b>ōs</b></td> +<td><b>-ōs</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>a</b> bon<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>īs</b> bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>īs</b> bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page35"> </a> +Decline together <b>bellum longum, equus parvus, servus malus, mūrus +altus, frūmentum novum</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec80"><b>80.</b></a> +Observe the sentences</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Lesbia ancilla est bona</b>, <i>Lesbia, the maidservant, is +good</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Fīlia Lesbiae ancillae est bona</b>, <i>the daughter of Lesbia, the +maidservant, is good</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Servus Lesbiam ancillam amat</b>, <i>the slave loves Lesbia, the +maidservant</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In these sentences <b>ancilla</b>, <b>ancillae</b>, and +<b>ancillam</b> denote the class of persons to which <i>Lesbia</i> +belongs and explain who she is. Nouns so related that the second is only +another name for the first and explains it are said to be in apposition, +and are always in the same case.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec81"><b>81.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Apposition.</b> <i>An +appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec82"><b>82.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec82vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 285.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Patria servī bonī, vīcus servōrum bonōrum, bone popule. +2. Populus oppidī magnī, in oppidō magnō, in oppidīs magnīs. +3. Cum pīlīs longīs, ad pīla longa, ad mūrōs lātōs. 4. Lēgāte +male, amīcī legātī malī, cēna grāta dominō bonō. 5. Frūmentum +equōrum parvōrum, domine bone, ad lēgātōs clārōs. 6. Rhēnus est in +Germāniā, patriā meā. 7. Sextus lēgātus pīlum longum portat. +8. Oppidānī bonī Sextō lēgātō clārā pecūniam dant. 9. Malī +servī equum bonum Mārcī dominī necant. 10. Galba agricola et Iūlia +fīlia bona labōrant. 11. Mārcus nauta in īnsulā Siciliā +habitat.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise +Galba, your master? 2. My friend is from (<b>ex</b>) a village of +Germany, my fatherland. 3. My friend does not love the people of +Italy. 4. Who is caring for<span class="tag">1</span> the good +horse of Galba, the farmer? 5. Mark, where is Lesbia, the +maidservant? 6. She is hastening<span class="tag">1</span> to the +little cottage<span class="tag">2</span> of Julia, the farmer’s +daughter.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. See <a href="#note33_1">footnote</a> 1, p. 33. Remember that +<b>cūrat</b> is transitive and governs a direct object.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Not the dative. (Cf. <a href="#sec43">§ 43</a>.)</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page36"> </a><a name="lesson_XI"> +LESSON XI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec83"><b>83.</b></a> +Adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the three +genders as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead">MASCULINE</td> +<td class="smallhead">FEMININE</td> +<td class="smallhead">NEUTER</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>us</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ī</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ō</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +<td>bon<b>am</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ō</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ā</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Voc.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>e</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ī</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ārum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ōs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ās</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Write the declension and give it orally <i>across the +page</i>, thus giving the three genders for each case.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Decline <b>grātus, -a, -um</b>; <b>malus, -a, -um</b>; +<b>altus, -a, -um</b>; <b>parvus, -a, -um</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec84"><b>84.</b></a> +Thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the nouns. +However, the agreement between the adjective and its noun does +<i>not</i> mean that they must have the same termination. If the +adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, the terminations +will, in many cases, not be the same. For example, <b>nauta</b>, +<i>sailor</i>, is masculine and belongs to the first declension. The +masculine form of the adjective <b>bonus</b> is of the second +declension. Consequently, <i>a good sailor</i> is <b>nauta bonus</b>. +So, <i>the wicked farmer</i> is <b>agricola malus</b>. Learn the +following declensions:</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page37"> </a> +<a name="sec85"><b>85.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>nauta bonus</b> (bases <b>naut- bon-</b>), +m., <i>the good sailor</i> +</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>a</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">bon<b>us</b></td> +<td>naut<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ī</b></td> +<td>naut<b>ārum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ō</b></td> +<td>naut<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>am</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +<td>naut<b>ās</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ōs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>ā</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ō</b></td> +<td>naut<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Voc.</i></td> +<td>naut<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>e</b></td> +<td>naut<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec86"><b>86.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec86vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 285.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Est<span class="tag">1</span> in vīcō nauta bonus. +2. Sextus est amīcus nautae bonī. 3. Sextus nautae bonō galeam +dat. 4. Populus Rōmānus nautam bonum laudat. 5. Sextus cum +nautā bonō praedam portat. 6. Ubi, nauta bone, sunt arma et tēla +lēgātī Rōmānī? 7. Nautae bonī ad bellum properant. 8. Fāma +nautārum bonōrum est clāra. 9. Pugnae sunt grātae nautīs bonīs. +10. Oppidānī nautās bonōs cūrant. 11. Cūr, nautae bonī, malī +agricolae ad Rhēnum properant? 12. Malī agricolae cum bonīs nautīs +pugnant.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The wicked farmer is hastening to the village with (his) +booty. 2. The reputation of the wicked farmer is not good. +3. Why does Galba’s daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked +farmer? 4. Lesbia invites the good sailor to dinner. 5. Why is +Lesbia with the good sailor hastening from the cottage? 6. Sextus, +where is my helmet? 7. The good sailors are hastening to the +toilsome battle. 8. The horses of the wicked farmers are small. +9. The Roman people give money to the good sailors. +10. Friends care for the good sailors. 11. Whose friends are +fighting with the wicked farmers?</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>Est</b>, beginning a declarative sentence, <i>there is.</i></div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic037.png" width="265" height="130" +alt="helmets" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +GALEAE</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page38"> </a><a name="lesson_XII"> +LESSON XII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">NOUNS IN <i>-IUS</i> AND <i>-IUM</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec87"><b>87.</b></a> +Nouns of the second declension in <b>-ius</b> and <b>-ium</b> end in +<b>-ī</b> in the genitive singular, <i>not</i> in <b>-iī</b>, and the +accent rests on the penult; as, <b>fīlī</b> from <b>fīlius</b> +(<i>son</i>), <b>praesi´dī</b> from <b>praesi´dium</b> +(<i>garrison</i>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec88"><b>88.</b></a> +Proper names of persons in <b>-ius</b>, and <b>fīlius</b>, end in +<b>-ī</b> in the vocative singular, <i>not</i> in <b>-ĕ</b>, and the +accent rests on the penult; as, <b>Vergi´lī</b>, <i>O Vergil</i>; +<b>fīlī</b>, <i>O son.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Observe that in these words the vocative and the genitive are +alike.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec89"><b>89.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>praesidium</b> (base <b>praesidi-</b>), n., +<i>garrison</i></span> +<span class="inset"><b>fīlius</b> (base <b>fīli-</b>), m., +<i>son</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td class="rightpad">praesidi<b>um</b></td> +<td>fīli<b>us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>praesi´d<b>ī</b></td> +<td>fīl<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>praesidi<b>ō</b></td> +<td>fīli<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>praesidi<b>um</b></td> +<td>fīli<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>praesidi<b>ō</b></td> +<td>fīli<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Voc</i>.</td> +<td>praesidi<b>um</b></td> +<td>fīl<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The plural is regular. Note that the <b>-i-</b> of the base is lost +only in the genitive singular, and in the vocative of words like +<b>fīlius</b>.</p> + +<p>Decline together <b>praesidium parvum</b>; <b>fīlius bonus</b>; +<b>fluvius longus</b>, <i>the long river</i>; <b>proelium clārum</b>, +<i>the famous battle.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec90"><b>90.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec90vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 285.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Frūmentum bonae terrae, gladī malī, bellī longī. +2. Cōnstantia magna, praesidia magna, clāre Vergi´lī. 3. Male +serve, Ō clārum oppidum, male fīlī, fīliī malī, fīlī malī. 4. Fluvī +longī, fluviī longī, fluviōrum longōrum, fāma praesi´dī magnī. +5. Cum gladiīs parvīs, cum deābus clārīs, ad nautās clārōs. +6. Multōrum proeliōrum, praedae magnae, ad proelia dūra.</p> + +<h5 class="smallcaps"><a name="page39"> </a>Germānia</h5> + +<p>II. Germānia, patria Germānōrum, est clāra terra. In Germāniā sunt +fluviī multī. Rhēnus magnus et lātus fluvius Germāniae est. In silvīs +lātīs Germāniae sunt ferae multae. Multi Germāni in oppidīs magnis et +in vīcīs parvīs habitant et multī sunt agricolae bonī. Bella Germānōrum +sunt magna et clāra. Populus Germāniae bellum et proelia amat et saepe +cum finitimīs pugnat. Fluvius Rhēnus est fīnitimus oppidīs<span class = +"tag">1</span> multīs et clārīs.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Dative with <b>fīnitimus</b>. (See <a href = +"#sec43">§ 43</a>.)</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XIII"> +LESSON XIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">SECOND DECLENSION (<i>Continued</i>)</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec91"><b>91.</b></a> +<b>Declension of Nouns in <i>-er</i> and <i>-ir</i>.</b> In early Latin +all the masculine nouns of the second declension ended in <b>-os</b>. +This <b>-os</b> later became <b>-us</b> in words like <b>servus</b>, and +was dropped entirely in words with bases ending in <b>-r</b>, like +<b>puer</b>, <i>boy</i>; <b>ager</b>, <i>field</i>; and <b>vir</b>, +<i>man</i>. These words are therefore declined as follows:</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec92"><b>92.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>puer</b>, m., <i>boy</i></span> +<span class="inset"><b>ager</b>, m., <i>field</i></span> +<span class="inset"><b>vir</b>, m., <i>man</i></span> +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>puer-</b></td> +<td> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>agr-</b></td> +<td> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>vir-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>puer</td> +<td>ager</td> +<td>vir</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ī</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ō</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ō</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>um</b></td> +<td>agr<b>um</b></td> +<td>vir<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ō</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ō</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ī</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td class="rightpad">puer<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">agr<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">vir<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td><b>-ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>īs</b></td> +<td>agr<b>īs</b></td> +<td>vir<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ōs</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ōs</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ōs</b></td> +<td><b>-ōs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>īs</b></td> +<td>agr<b>īs</b></td> +<td>vir<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page40"> </a> +<i>a.</i> The vocative case of these words is like the nominative, +following the general rule (<a href = +"#sec74">§ 74. <i>a</i></a>).</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The declension differs from that of <b>servus</b> only in the +nominative and vocative singular.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> Note that in <b>puer</b> the <b>e</b> remains all the way +through, while in <b>ager</b> it is present only in the nominative. In +<b>puer</b> the <b>e</b> belongs to the base, but in <b>ager</b> (base +<b>agr-</b>) it does not, and was inserted in the nominative to make it +easier to pronounce. Most words in <b>-er</b> are declined like +<b>ager</b>. <i>The genitive shows whether you are to follow</i> +<b>puer</b> <i>or</i> <b>ager</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec93"><b>93.</b></a> +Masculine adjectives in <b>-er</b> of the second declension are declined +like nouns in <b>-er</b>. A few of them are declined like <b>puer</b>, +but most of them like <b>ager</b>. The feminine and neuter nominatives +show which form to follow, thus,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Masc.</th> +<th>Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>līber</b></td> +<td><b>lībera</b></td> +<td><b>līberum</b></td> +<td>(<i>free</i>)</td> +<td>is like <b>puer</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pulcher</b></td> +<td><b>pulchra</b></td> +<td><b>pulchrum</b></td> +<td>(<i>pretty</i>)</td> +<td>is like <b>ager</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>For the full declension in the three genders, see <a href = +"#sec469">§ 469</a>. <i>b.</i> <i>c.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec94"><b>94.</b></a> +Decline together the words <b>vir līber</b>, <b>terra lībera</b>, +<b>frūmentum līberum</b>, <b>puer pulcher</b>, <b>puella pulchra</b>, +<b>oppidum pulchrum</b></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec95"><b>95.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps inset">Italia<span class = +"tag">1</span></span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec95vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 286.</p> + +<p>Magna est Italiae fāma, patriae Rōmānōrum, et clāra est Rōma, domina +orbis terrārum.<span class="tag">2</span> Tiberim,<span class = +"tag">3</span> fluvium Rōmānum, quis nōn laudat et pulchrōs fluviō +fīnitimōs agrōs? Altōs mūrōs, longa et dūra bella, clārās victōriās quis +nōn laudat? Pulchra est terra Italia. Agrī bonī agricolīs praemia dant +magna, et equī agricolārum cōpiam frūmentī ad oppida et vīcōs portant. +In agrīs populī Rōmānī labōrant multī servī. Viae Italiae sunt longae et +lātae. Fīnitima Italiae est īnsula Sicilia.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. In this selection note especially the emphasis as shown by the order +of the words.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>orbis terrārum</b>, <i>of the world</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>Tiberim</b>, <i>the Tiber</i>, accusative case.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page41"> </a> +<a name="sec96"><b>96.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">DIALOGUE</span></p> + +<h5 class="smallcaps">Marcus and Cornelius</h5> + +<p class="illustration floatleft"> +<img src="images/pic041.png" width="303" height="434" +alt="legionary" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +LEGIONARIUS</span></p> + +<p class="inset"> +C. Ubi est, Mārce, fīlius tuus? Estne in pulchrā terrā Italiā?<br /> +M. Nōn est, Cornēlī, in Italiā. Ad fluvium Rhēnum properat cum cōpiīs +Rōmānīs quia est<span class="tag">4</span> fāma Novī bellī cum +Germānīs. Līber Germāniae populus Rōmānōs Nōn amat.<br /> +C. Estne fīlius tuus copiārum Rōmānārum lēgātus?<br /> +M. Lēgātus nōn est, sed est apud legiōnāriōs.<br /> +C. Quae<span class="tag">5</span> arma portat<span class = +"tag">6</span>?<br /> +M. Scūtum magnum et lōrīcam dūram et galeam pulchram portat.<br /> +C. Quae tēla portat?<br /> +M. Gladium et pīlum longum portat.<br /> +C. Amatne lēgātus fīlium tuum?<br /> +M. Amat, et saepe fīliō meō praemia pulchra et praedam multam dat.<br /> +C. Ubi est terra Germānōrum?<br /> +M. Terra Germānōrum, Cornēlī est fīnitima Rhēnō, fluviō magnō et altō. +</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>est</b>, before its subject, <i>there is</i>; so <b>sunt</b>, +<i>there are.</i></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>Quae</b>, <i>what kind of</i>, an interrogative adjective +pronoun.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. What are the three possible translations of the present tense?</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page42"> </a><a name="lesson_XIV"> +LESSON XIV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec97"><b>97.</b></a> +Observe the sentences</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>This is my shield</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>This shield is mine</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the first sentence <i>my</i> is a possessive adjective; in the +second <i>mine</i> is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a +noun, <i>this shield is mine</i> being equivalent to <i>this shield is +my shield</i>. Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes +<i>adjectives</i> and sometimes <i>pronouns</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec98"><b>98.</b></a> +The possessives <i>my, mine, your, yours</i>, etc. are declined like +adjectives of the first and second declensions.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>meus, mea, meum</b></td> +<td><i>my, mine</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>tuus, tua, tuum</b></td> +<td><i>your, yours</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>suus, sua, suum</b></td> +<td><i>his (own), her (own), its (own)</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>noster, nostra, nostrum</b></td> +<td><i>our, ours</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>vester, vestra, vestrum</b></td> +<td><i>your, yours</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td><b>suus, sua, suum</b></td> +<td><i>their (own), theirs</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> <b>Meus</b> has the irregular +vocative singular masculine <b>mī</b>, as <b>mī fīlī</b>, <i>O my +son</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The possessives agree with the name of the <i>thing +possessed</i> in gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin +in</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Sextus is calling <b>his</b> boy</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Julia is calling <b>her</b> boy</i></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Sextus</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Iūlia</b></p> +</td> +<td class="middle left boldf">suum puerum vocat</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +Observe that <b>suum</b> agrees with <b>puerum</b>, and is unaffected by +the gender of Sextus or Julia.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> When <i>your, yours</i>, refers to <i>one</i> person, use +<b>tuus</b>; when to <i>more than one</i>, <b>vester</b>; as,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Lesbia, your wreaths are pretty<br /> +Girls, your wreaths are pretty</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>Corōnae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae<br /> +Corōnae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page43"> </a> +<i>c.</i> <b>Suus</b> is a <i>reflexive</i> possessive, that is, it +usually stands in the predicate and regularly refers back to the +<i>subject</i>. Thus, <b>Vir suōs servōs vocat</b> means <i>The man +calls his (own) slaves.</i> Here <i>his</i> (<b>suōs</b>) refers to +<i>man</i> (<b>vir</b>), and could not refer to any one else.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, +being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec22">§ 22</a>. a.) This is especially true of <b>suus, -a, +-um</b>, which, when inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our <i>his +own, her own</i>, etc.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec99"><b>99.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec99vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 286.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Mārcus amīcō Sextō cōnsilium suum nūntiat 2. Est cōpia frūmentī +in agrīs nostrīs. 3. Amīcī meī bonam cēnam ancillae vestrae laudant +4. Tua lōrīca, mī fīlī, est dūra. 5. Scūta nostra et tēla, mī +amīce, in castrls Rōmānīs sunt. 6. Suntne virī patriae tuae līberī? +Sunt. 7. Ubi, Cornēlī, est tua galea pulchra? 8. Mea galea, +Sexte, est in casā meā. 9. Pīlum longum est tuum, sed gladius est +meus. 10. Iūlia gallīnās suās pulchrās amat et gallīnae dominam +suam amant. 11. Nostra castra sunt vestra. 12. Est cōpia +praedae in castrīs vestrīs. 13. Amīcī tuī miserīs et aegrīs cibum +et pecūniam saepe dant.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Our teacher praises Mark’s industry. 2. My son Sextus is +carrying his booty to the Roman camp.<span class="tag">1</span> +3. Your good girls are giving aid to the sick and wretched.<span +class="tag">2</span> 4. There are <span class="tag">3</span> +frequent battles in our villages. 5. My son, where is the +lieutenant’s food? 6. The camp is mine, but the weapons are +yours.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Not the dative. Why?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Here the adjectives <i>sick</i> and <i>wretched</i> are used like +nouns.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Where should <b>sunt</b> stand? Cf. I. 2 above.</div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic043.png" width="230" height="151" +alt="a farmer plowing with oxen" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +AGRICOLA ARAT</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page44"> </a><a name="lesson_XV"> +LESSON XV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE ABLATIVE DENOTING <i>WITH</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec100"><b>100.</b></a> +Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (<a href = +"#sec50">§ 50</a>) there is none more important than that expressed +in English by the preposition <i>with</i>. This little word is not so +simple as it looks. It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is +it always to be translated by <b>cum</b>. This will become clear from +the following sentences:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>a.</i> Mark is feeble <i>with</i> (<i>for</i> or <i>because of</i>) +want of food</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>b.</i> Diana kills the beasts <i>with</i> (or <i>by</i>) her +arrows</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>c.</i> Julia is <i>with</i> Sextus</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>d.</i> The men fight <i>with</i> great steadiness</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In sentence <i>a</i>, <i>with want</i> (<i>of food</i>) gives +the cause of Mark’s feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the +ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the +<b>ablative of cause</b>:</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Mārcus est īnfīrmus inopiā cibī</b></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> In sentence <i>b</i>, <i>with</i> (or <i>by</i>) <i>her +arrows</i> tells <b>by means of what</b> Diana kills the beasts. This +idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and +the construction is called the <b>ablative of means</b>:</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Diāna sagittīs suīs ferās necat</b></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> In sentence <i>c</i> we are told that Julia is not alone, but +<b>in company with</b> Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the +ablative with the preposition <b>cum</b>, and the construction is called +the <b>ablative of accompaniment</b>:</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Iūlia est cum Sextō</b></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> In sentence <i>d</i> we are told how the men fight. The idea +is one of <b>manner</b>. This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with +<b>cum</b>, unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case +<b>cum</b> may be omitted. This construction is called the <b>ablative +of manner</b>:</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Virī (cum) cōnstantiā magnā pugnant</b></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec101"><b>101.</b></a> +You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting +<i>with</i>:</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page45"> </a> +<a name="sec102"><b>102.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of Cause.</b> +<i>Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers +the question Because of what?</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec103"><b>103.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of Means.</b> +<i>Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers +the question By means of what? With what?</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +N.B. <b>Cum</b> must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or +means.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec104"><b>104.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of Accompaniment.</b> +<i>Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with <b>cum</b>. This +answers the question With whom?</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec105"><b>105.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of Manner.</b> <i>The +ablative with <b>cum</b> is used to denote the manner of an action. +<b>Cum</b> may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. +This answers the question How? In what manner?</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec106"><b>106.</b></a> +What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage, and +what question does each answer?</p> + +<p>The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the +gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, +attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the +stream was swollen with (<i>or</i> by) the rain. Because of this many +were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with +fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther +shore.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec107"><b>107.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec107vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 286.</p> + +<p>I. <i>The Romans prepare for War.</i> Rōmānī, clārus Italiae populus, +bellum parant. Ex agrīs suīs, vicīs, oppidīsque magnō studiō virī validī +ad arma properant. Iam lēgatī cum legiōnariīs ex Italiā ad Rhēnum, +fluvium Germāniae altum et lātum, properant, et servī equīs et carrīs +cibum frūmentumque ad castra Rōmāna portant. Inopiā bonōrum tēlōrum +īnfirmī sunt Germānī, sed Rōmānī armāti galeīs, lōrīcīs, scūtīs, +gladiīs, pīlīsque sunt validī.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page46"> </a> +II. 1. The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great +diligence. 2. Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are +fighting with the Germans. 3. The Roman legionaries are armed with +long spears. 4. Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with +my friends in Galba’s cottage. 5. Many are sick because of bad +water and for lack of food. 6. The Germans, with (their) sons and +daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons.</p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XVI"> +LESSON XVI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec108"><b>108.</b></a> +There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions +which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of +all genders:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Masc.</th> +<th>Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>-īus</b></td> +<td><b>-īus</b></td> +<td><b>-īus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Otherwise they are declined like <b>bonus, -a, -um</b>. Learn the +list +and the meaning of each:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>alius, alia, aliud</b>, <i>other, another</i> (of several)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>alter, altera, alterum</b>, <i>the one, the other</i> (of two)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ūnus, -a, -um</b>, <i>one, alone</i>; (in the plural) <i>only</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ūllus, -a, -um</b>, <i>any</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>nūllus, -a, -um</b>, <i>none, no</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>sōlus, -a, -um</b>, <i>alone</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>tōtus, -a, -um</b>, <i>all, whole, entire</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>uter, utra, utrum</b>, <i>which?</i> (of two)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>neuter, neutra, neutrum</b>, <i>neither</i> (of two) +</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec109"><b>109.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">PARADIGMS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "6">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>nūll<b>us</b></td> +<td>nūll<b>a</b></td> +<td>nūll<b>um</b></td> +<td>ali<b>us</b></td> +<td>ali<b>a</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ud</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>nūll<b>ī´us</b></td> +<td>nūll<b>ī´us</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">nūll<b>ī´us</b></td> +<td>alī´<b>us</b></td> +<td>alī´<b>us</b></td> +<td>alī´<b>us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>nūll<b>ī</b></td> +<td>nūll<b>ī</b></td> +<td>nūll<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>nūll<b>um</b></td> +<td>nūll<b>am</b></td> +<td>nūll<b>um</b></td> +<td>ali<b>um</b></td> +<td>ali<b>am</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ud</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>nūll<b>ō</b></td> +<td>nūll<b>ā</b></td> +<td>nūll<b>ō</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ō</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ā</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "6">The Plural is Regular</th> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page47"> </a> +<i>a.</i> Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in <b>-d</b> of +<b>alius</b>. The genitive <b>alīus</b> is rare. Instead of it use +<b>alterīus</b>, the genitive of <b>alter</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension +of pronouns (see <a href="#sec114">§ 114</a>). For this reason +these adjectives are sometimes called the <b>pronominal +adjectives</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec110"><b>110.</b></a> +Learn the following idioms:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>alter, -era, -erum</b> ... <b>alter, -era, -erum</b>, <i>the one ... +the other</i> (of two)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>alius, -a, -ud</b> ... <b>alius, -a, -ud</b>, <i>one ... another </i> +(of any number)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>aliī, -ae, -a</b> ... <b>aliī, -ae, -a</b>, <i>some ... +others</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h6 class="boldf">EXAMPLES</h6> + +<p>1. <b>Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum</b>, <i>the one town +is large, the other small</i> (of two towns).</p> + +<p>2. <b>Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud īnfīrmum</b>, <i>one town is +strong, another weak</i> (of towns in general).</p> + +<p>3. <b>Aliī gladiōs, aliī scūta portant</b>, <i>some carry swords, +others shields.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec111"><b>111.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. In utrā casā est Iūlia? Iūlia est in neutrā casā. 2. Nūllī malō +puerō praemium dat magister. 3. Alter puer est nauta, alter +agricola. 4. Aliī virī aquam, aliī terram amant. 5. Galba ūnus +(<i>or</i> sōlus) cum studiō labōrat. 6. Estne ūllus carrus in agrō +meō? 7. Lesbia est ancilla alterīus dominī, Tullia alterīus. +8. Lesbia sōla cēnam parat. 9. Cēna nūllīus alterīus ancillae +est bona. 10. Lesbia nūllī aliī virō cēnam dat.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> The pronominal adjectives, as you +observe, regularly stand before and not after their nouns.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. 2. Some +towns are great and others are small. 3. One boy likes chickens, +another horses. 4. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. +5. Our whole village is suffering for (i.e. <i>weak because of</i>) +lack of food. 6. The people are already hastening to the other +town. 7. Among the Romans (there) is no lack of grain.</p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page48"> </a><a name="lesson_XVII"> +LESSON XVII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE DEMONSTRATIVE <i>IS, EA, ID</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec112"><b>112.</b></a> +A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as +<i>this, that, these, those</i>. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, +<i>Do you hear these?</i> and sometimes adjectives, as, <i>Do you hear +these men?</i> In the former case they are called <b>demonstrative +pronouns</b>, in the latter <b>demonstrative adjectives</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec113"><b>113.</b></a> +Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as <i>pronouns</i> and +as <i>adjectives</i>. The one used most is</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>is</b>, masculine; <b>ea</b>, feminine; <b>id</b>, neuter +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead">Singular</td> +<td> +<i>this<br /> +that</i></td> +<td class="sidehead">Plural</td> +<td> +<i>these<br /> +those</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec114"><b>114.</b></a> +<b>Is</b> is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of +<b>alius</b>, <a href="#sec109">§ 109</a>.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "7"><span class="smallcaps">Base</span> +<b>e-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th class="rightpad" colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>is</td> +<td>ea</td> +<td>id</td> +<td>eī (<i>or</i> iī)</td> +<td>eae</td> +<td>ea</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eōrum</td> +<td>eārum</td> +<td>eōrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>eī</td> +<td>eī</td> +<td>eī</td> +<td>eīs (<i>or</i> iīs)</td> +<td>eīs (<i>or</i> iīs)</td> +<td>eīs (<i>or</i> iīs)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>eum</td> +<td>eam</td> +<td>id</td> +<td>eōs</td> +<td>eās</td> +<td>ea</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>eō</td> +<td>eā</td> +<td>eō</td> +<td>eīs (<i>or</i> iīs)</td> +<td>eīs (<i>or</i> iīs)</td> +<td>eīs (<i>or</i> iīs)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +Note that the base <b>e-</b> changes to <b>i-</b> in a few cases. The +genitive singular <b>eius</b> is pronounced <i>eh´yus</i>. In the plural +the forms with two <b>i</b>’s are preferred and the two <b>i</b>’s are +pronounced as one. Hence, pronounce <b>iī</b> as <b>ī</b> and <b>iīs</b> +as <b>īs</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec115"><b>115.</b></a> +Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the Latin +demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun <i>he, she, +it</i>. As a personal pronoun, then, <b>is</b> would have the following +meanings:</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "5"> +Sing. +</td> +<td> +<a name="page49"> </a> +<i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>is</b>, <i>he</i>; <b>ea</b>, <i>she</i>; <b>id</b>, <i>it</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>eius</b>, <i>of him</i> or <i>his</i>; <b>eius</b>, <i>of her, +her</i>, or <i>hers</i>; <b>eius</b>, <i>of it</i> or <i>its</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>eī</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for him</i>; <b>eī</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for +her</i>; <b>eī</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for it</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>eum</b>, <i>him</i>; <b>eam</b>, <i>her</i>; <b>id</b>, <i>it</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>eō</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., <i>him</i>; <b>eā</b>, <i>with, +from</i>, etc., <i>her</i>; <b>eō</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., +<i>it</i> +</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "5"> +Plur. +</td> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>eī</b> or <b>iī</b>, <b>eae</b>, <b>ea</b>, <i>they</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>eōrum, eārum, eōrum</b>, <i>of them, their</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>eīs</b> or <b>iīs</b>, <b>eīs</b> or <b>iīs</b>, <b>eīs</b> or +<b>iīs</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for them</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>eōs, eās, ea</b>, <i>them</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>eīs</b> or <b>iīs</b>, <b>eīs</b> or <b>iīs</b>, <b>eīs</b> or +<b>iīs</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., <i>them</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec116"><b>116.</b></a> +<b>Comparison between <i>suus</i> and <i>is</i>.</b> We learned above +(<a href="#sec98">§ 98. <i>c</i></a>) that <b>suus</b> is a +<i>reflexive</i> possessive. When <i>his, her</i> (poss.), <i>its, +their</i>, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express +<i>his, her, its</i> by <b>eius</b>, the genitive singular of <b>is</b>, +<b>ea</b>, <b>id</b>; and <i>their</i> by the genitive plural, using +<b>eōrum</b> to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and +<b>eārum</b> to refer to a feminine one.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">EXAMPLES</h6> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Galba calls his</i> (own) <i>son</i>, <b>Galba suum fīlium +vocat</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Galba calls his son</i> (not his own, but another’s), <b>Galba eius +fīlium vocat</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Julia calls her</i> (own) <i>children</i>, <b>Iūlia suōs līberōs +vocat</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Julia calls her children</i> (not her own, but another’s), <b>Iūlia +eius līberōs vocat</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>The men praise their</i> (own) <i>boys</i>, <b>virī suōs puerōs +laudant</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>The men praise their boys</i> (not their own, but others’), <b>virī +eōrum puerōs laudant</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec117"><b>117.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec117vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 287.</p> + +<p>1. He praises her, him, it, them. 2. This cart, that report, +these teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes. 3. That +strong garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, +those frequent plans.</p> + +<p> +4. The other woman is calling her chickens (<i>her own</i>). +5. Another woman is calling her chickens (<i>not her own</i>). +6. The Gaul praises +<a name="page50"> </a> +his arms (<i>his own</i>). 7. The Gaul praises his arms (<i>not his +own</i>). 8. This farmer often plows their fields. 9. Those +wretched slaves long for their master (<i>their own</i>). 10. Those +wretched slaves long for their master (<i>not their own</i>). +11. Free men love their own fatherland. 12. They love its +villages and towns.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec118"><b>118.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">DIALOGUE</span><span class="tag">1</span></p> + +<h5 class="smallcaps">Cornelius and Marcus</h5> + +<p class="inset"> +M. Quis est vir, Cornēlī, cum puerō parvō? Estne Rōmānus et līber?<br /> +C. Rōmānus nōn est, Mārce. Is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in +silvīs Galliae.<br /> +M. Estne puer fīlius eius servī an alterīus?<br /> +C. Neutrīus fīlius est puer. Is est fīlius lēgātī Sextī.<br /> +M. Quō puer cum eō servō properat?<br /> +C. Is cum servō properat ad lātōs Sextī agrōs.<span class = +"tag">2</span> Tōtum frūmentum est iam mātūrum et magnus servōrum +numerus in Italiae<span class="tag">3</span> agrīs labōrat.<br /> +M. Agricolaene sunt Gallī et patriae suae agrōs arant?<br /> +C. Nōn agricolae sunt. Bellum amant Gallī, nōn agrī cultūram. Apud eōs +virī pugnant et fēminae auxiliō līberōrum agrōs arant parantque +cibum.<br /> +M. Magister noster puerīs puellīsque grātās Gallōrum fābulās saepe +nārrat et laudat eōs saepe.<br /> +C. Mala est fortūna eōrum et saepe miserī servī multīs cum lacrimīs +patriam suam dēsīderant. +</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. There are a number of departures from the normal order in this +dialogue. Find them, and give the reason.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. When a noun is modified by both a genitive and an adjective, a +favorite order of words is <i>adjective, genitive, noun</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. A modifying genitive often stands between a preposition and its +object.</div> + + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="boldf"> +<a class="page" href="#review_II"> +Second Review, Lessons IX-XVII, §§ 506-509</a></h5> + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page51"> </a><a name="lesson_XVIII"> +LESSON XVIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">CONJUGATION</h6> +<h6>THE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE TENSES OF <b>SUM</b></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec119"><b>119.</b></a> +The inflection of a verb is called its <i>conjugation</i> (cf. <a href = +"#sec23">§ 23</a>). In English the verb has but few changes in +form, the different meanings being expressed by the use of personal +pronouns and auxiliaries, as, <i>I am carried, we have carried, they +shall have carried</i>, etc. In Latin, on the other hand, instead of +using personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs, the form changes with the +meaning. In this way the Romans expressed differences in <i>tense, mood, +voice, person</i>, and <i>number</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec120"><b>120.</b></a> +<b>The Tenses.</b> The different forms of a verb referring to different +times are called its <i>tenses</i>. The chief distinctions of time are +present, past, and future:</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +1. <b>The present</b>, that is, <i>what is happening now</i>, or <i>what +usually happens</i>, is expressed by +</p></td> +<td class="middle left smallcaps"> +the Present Tense +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +2. <b>The past</b>, that is, <i>what was happening, used to happen, +happened, has happened</i>, or <i>had happened</i>, is expressed by +</p></td> +<td class="middle left smallcaps"> +the Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect Tenses +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +3. <b>The future</b>, that is, <i>what is going to happen</i>, is +expressed by +</p></td> +<td class="middle left smallcaps"> +the Future and Future Perfect Tenses +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec121"><b>121.</b></a> +<b>The Moods.</b> Verbs have inflection of <i>mood</i> to indicate the +manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the +<i>indicative, subjunctive, imperative</i>, and <i>infinitive</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> A verb is in the <i>indicative</i> mood when it makes a +statement or asks a question about something assumed as a fact. All the +verbs we have used thus far are in the present indicative.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec122"><b>122.</b></a> +<b>The Persons.</b> There are three persons, as in English. The first +person is the person speaking (<i>I sing</i>); the second person the +person spoken to (<i>you sing</i>); the third person the person spoken +of +<a name="page52"> </a> +(<i>he sings</i>). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different +persons in the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the +personal endings (cf. <a href="#sec22">§ 22 <i>a</i></a>; <a +href="#sec29">29</a>). We have already learned that <b>-t</b> is the +ending of the third person singular in the active voice and <b>-nt</b> +of the third person plural. The complete list of personal endings of the +active voice is as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td><i>I</i></td> +<td><b>-m</b> or <b>-ō</b></td> +<td><i>we</i></td> +<td><b>-mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td><i>thou</i> or <i>you</i></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +<td><i>you</i></td> +<td><b>-tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td><i>he, she, it</i></td> +<td><b>-t</b></td> +<td><i>they</i></td> +<td><b>-nt</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec123"><b>123.</b></a> +Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and are +called <i>regular</i> verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called +<i>irregular</i>. The verb <i>to be</i> is irregular in Latin as in +English. The present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are +inflected as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Present Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead">SINGULAR</td> +<td class="smallhead">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td>su-<b>m</b>, <i>I am</i></td> +<td>su-<b>mus</b>, <i>we are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td>e-<b>s</b>, <i>you<span class="tag">1</span> are</i></td> +<td>es-<b>tis</b>, <i>you<span class="tag">1</span> are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td>es-<b>t</b>, <i>he, she</i>, or <i>it is</i></td> +<td>su-<b>nt</b>, <i>they are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Imperfect Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td>er-a-<b>m</b>, <i>I was</i></td> +<td>er-ā´-<b>mus</b>, <i>we were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td>er-ā-<b>s</b>, <i>you were</i></td> +<td>er-ā´-<b>tis</b>, <i>you were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td class="rightpad"> +er-a-<b>t</b>, <i>he, she</i>, or <i>it was</i></td> +<td>er-a-<b>nt</b>, <i>they were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Future Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>1st Pers.</i></td> +<td>er-<b>ō</b>, <i>I shall be</i></td> +<td>er´-i-<b>mus</b>, <i>we shall be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i></td> +<td>er-i-<b>s</b>, <i>you will be</i></td> +<td>er´-i-<b>tis</b>, <i>you will be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>3d Pers.</i></td> +<td>er-i-<b>t</b>, <i>he will be</i></td> +<td>er-u-<b>nt</b>, <i>they will be</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and +consult <a href="#sec12">§§ 12.2</a>; <a href="#sec14">14</a>; +<a href="#sec15">15</a>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Observe that in English <i>you are</i>, <i>you were</i>, etc. may be +either singular or plural. In Latin the singular and plural forms are +never the same.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page53"> </a> +<a name="sec124"><b>124.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">DIALOGUE</span></p> + +<h5 class="smallcaps">The Boys Sextus and Marcus</h5> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec124vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 287.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +S. Ubi es, Mārce? Ubi est Quīntus? Ubi estis, amīcī?<br /> +M. Cum Quīntō, Sexte, in silvā sum. Nōn sōlī sumus; sunt in silvā multī +aliī puerī.<br /> +S. Nunc laetus es, sed nūper nōn laetus erās. Cūr miser erās?<br /> +M. Miser eram quia amīcī meī erant in aliō vicō et eram sōlus. Nunc sum +apud sociōs meōs. Nunc laetī sumus et erimus.<br /> +S. Erātisne in lūdo hodiē?<br /> +M. Hodiē nōn erāmus in lūdō, quod magister erat aeger.<br /> +S. Eritisne mox in lūdō?<br /> +M. Amīcī meī ibi erunt, sed ego (<i>I</i>) nōn erō.<br /> +S. Cūr nōn ibi eris? Magister, saepe irātus, inopiam tuam studī +dīligentiaeque nōn laudat.<br /> +M. Nūper aeger eram et nunc īnfīrmus sum. +</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec125"><b>125.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISE</span></p> + +<p>1. You are, you were, you will be<ins class="correction" title = +"punctuation as in original">, (</ins><i>sing. and plur.</i>). 2. I +am, I was, I shall be. 3. He is, he was, he will be. 4. We +are, we were, we shall be. 5. They are, they were, they will be.</p> + +<p>6. Why were you not in school to-day? I was sick. 7. Lately he +was a sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher. +8. To-day I am happy, but lately I was wretched. 9. The +teachers were happy because of the boys’ industry.</p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic053.png" width="206" height="155" +alt="Roman boys in school" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +PUERI ROMANI IN LUDO</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page54"> </a><a name="lesson_XIX"> +LESSON XIX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS · PRESENT ACTIVE +INDICATIVE OF <i>AMŌ</i> AND <i>MONEŌ</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec126"><b>126.</b></a> +There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These conjugations are +distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present +conjugation-stem.<span class="tag">1</span> This vowel is called the +<i>distinguishing vowel</i>, and is best seen in the present +infinitive.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. The <i>stem</i> is the body of a word to which the terminations are +attached. It is often identical with the base (cf. <a href = +"#sec58">§ 58</a>). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the +latter does not appear in the base, but is variously combined with the +inflectional terminations. This point is further explained in <a href = +"#sec230">§ 230</a>.</div> + +<p>Below is given the <i>present infinitive</i> of a verb of each +conjugation, the <i>present stem</i>, and the <i>distinguishing +vowel.</i></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation</th> +<th>Pres. Infin.</th> +<th>Pres. Stem</th> +<td class="smallest"> +DISTINGUISHING<br /> +VOWEL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">I.</td> +<td><b>amā´re</b>, <i>to love</i></td> +<td><b>amā-</b></td> +<td><b>ā</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">II.</td> +<td class="rightpad"><b>monē´re</b>, <i>to advise</i></td> +<td><b>monē-</b></td> +<td><b>ē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">III.</td> +<td><b>re´gĕre</b>, <i>to rule</i></td> +<td><b>regĕ-</b></td> +<td><b>ĕ</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">IV.</td> +<td><b>audī´re</b>, <i>to hear</i></td> +<td><b>audi-</b></td> +<td><b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by +dropping <b>-re</b>, the ending of the present infinitive.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> The present infinitive of +<b>sum</b> is <b>esse</b>, and <b>es-</b> is the present stem.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec127"><b>127.</b></a> +From the present stem are formed the <i>present</i>, <i>imperfect</i>, +and <i>future</i> tenses.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec128"><b>128.</b></a> +The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the +second conjugation is as follows:</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center"> +<b>a´mō, amā´re</b> (<i>love</i>)</td> +<td class="center"> +<b>mo´neō, monē´re</b> (<i>advise</i>)</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>amā-</b></td> +<td class="center"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>monē-</b></td> +<td class="smallest"> +PERSONAL<br /> +ENDINGS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3"> +Sing. +</td> +<td>1. a´m<b>ō</b>, <i>I love</i></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>ō</b>, <i>I advise</i></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. a´mā<b>s</b>, <i>you love</i></td> +<td>mo´nē<b>s</b>, <i>you advise</i></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad">3. a´ma<b>t</b>, <i>he (she, it) loves</i></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>t</b>, <i>he (she, it) advises</i></td> +<td><b>-t</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3"> +Plur. +</td> +<td>1. amā´<b>mus</b>, <i>we love</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>mus</b>, <i>we advise</i></td> +<td><b>-mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā´<b>tis</b>, <i>you love</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>tis</b>, <i>you advise</i></td> +<td><b>-tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. a´ma<b>nt</b>, <i>they love</i></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>nt</b>, <i>they advise</i></td> +<td><b>-nt</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page55"> </a> +1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the +present stem, and its first person uses <b>-o</b> and not <b>-m</b>. The +form <b>amō</b> is for <b>amā-ō</b>, the two vowels <b>ā-ō</b> +contracting to <b>ō</b>. In <b>moneō</b> there is no contraction. +<i>Nearly all regular verbs ending in <b>-eo</b> belong to the second +conjugation.</i></p> + +<p>2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before +another vowel (<b>monē-ō</b> = <b>mo´nĕō</b>), and before final +<b>-t</b> (<b>amăt</b>, <b>monĕt</b>) and <b>-nt</b> (<b>amănt</b>, +<b>monĕnt</b>). Compare <a href="#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec129"><b>129.</b></a> +Like <b>amō</b> and <b>moneō</b> inflect the present active indicative +of the following verbs<span class="tag">2</span>:</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. The only new verbs in this list are the five of the second +conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings.</div> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<th>Indicative Present</th> +<th>Infinitive Present</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"><b>a´rō</b>, <i>I plow</i></td> +<td><b>arā´re</b>, <i>to plow</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>cū´rō</b>, <i>I care for</i></td> +<td><b>cūrā´re</b>, <i>to care for</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="backspace">*<b>dē´leō</b>, <i>I destroy</i></td> +<td><b>dēlē´re</b>, <i>to destroy</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dēsī´derō</b>, <i>I long for</i></td> +<td><b>dēsīderā´re</b>, <i>to long for</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dō</b>,<span class="tag">3</span> <i>I give</i></td> +<td><b>da´re</b>, <i>to give</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="backspace">*<b>ha´beō</b>, <i>I have</i></td> +<td><b>habē´re</b>, <i>to have</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ha´bitō</b>, <i>I live, I dwell</i></td> +<td><b>habitā´re</b>, <i>to live, to dwell</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="backspace">*<b>iu´beō</b>, <i>I order</i></td> +<td><b>iubē´re</b>, <i>to order</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>labō´rō</b>, <i>I labor</i></td> +<td><b>labōrā´re</b>, <i>to labor</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>lau´dō</b>, <i>I praise</i></td> +<td><b>laudā´re</b>, <i>to praise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>mātū´rō</b>, <i>I hasten</i></td> +<td><b>mātūrā´re</b>, <i>to hasten</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="backspace">*<b>mo´veō</b>, <i>I move</i></td> +<td><b>movē´re</b>, <i>to move</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>nār´rō</b>, <i>I tell</i></td> +<td><b>nārrā´re</b>, <i>to tell</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>ne´cō</b>, <i>I kill</i></td> +<td><b>necā´re</b>, <i>to kill</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>nūn´tiō</b>, <i>I announce</i></td> +<td><b>nūntiā´re</b>, <i>to announce</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pa´rō</b>, <i>I prepare</i></td> +<td><b>parā´re</b>, <i>to prepare</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>por´tō</b>, <i>I carry</i></td> +<td><b>portā´re</b>, <i>to carry</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pro´perō</b>, <i>I hasten</i></td> +<td><b>properā´re</b>, <i>to hasten</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pug´nō</b>, <i>I fight</i></td> +<td><b>pugnā´re</b>, <i>to fight</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="backspace">*<b>vi´deō</b>, <i>I see</i></td> +<td><b>vidē´re</b>, <i>to see</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>vo´cō</b>, <i>I call</i></td> +<td><b>vocā´re</b>, <i>to call</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Observe that in <b>dō, dăre</b>, the <b>a</b> is <i>short</i>, and +that the present stem is <b>dă-</b> and not <b>dā-</b>. The only forms +of <b>dō</b> that have a long are <b>dās</b> (pres. indic.), <b>dā</b> +(pres. imv.), and <b>dāns</b> (pres. part.).</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec130"><b>130.</b></a> +<b>The Translation of the Present.</b> In English there are three ways +of expressing present action. We may say, for example, <i>I live, I am +living</i>, or <i>I do live</i>. In Latin the one expression +<b>habitō</b> covers all three of these expressions.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page56"> </a> +<a name="sec131"><b>131.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>Give the <i>voice</i>, <i>mood</i>, <i>tense</i>, <i>person</i>, and +<i>number</i> of each form.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Vocāmus, properātis, iubent. 2. Movētis, laudās, vidēs. +3. Dēlētis, habētis, dant. 4. Mātūrās, dēsīderat, vidēmus. +5. Iubet, movent, necat. 6. Nārrāmus, movēs, vident. +7. Labōrātis, properant, portās, parant. 8. Dēlet, habētis, +iubēmus, dās.</p> + +<p class="note"> +N.B. Observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in +translating a Latin verb form. Give that your first attention.</p> + +<p>II. 1. We plow, we are plowing, we do plow. 2. They care for, +they are caring for, they do care for. 3. You give, you are having, +you do have (<i>sing</i>.). 4. We destroy, I do long for, they are +living. 5. He calls, they see, we are telling. 6. We do fight, +we order, he is moving, he prepares. 7. They are laboring, we kill, +you announce.</p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XX"> +LESSON XX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>AMŌ</i> AND +<i>MONEŌ</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec132"><b>132.</b></a> +<b>Tense Signs.</b> Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express +differences in tense, like <i>was</i>, <i>shall</i>, <i>will</i>, etc., +Latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of +auxiliary verbs. These are called <i>tense signs</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec133"><b>133.</b></a> +<b>Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect.</b> The tense sign of the +imperfect is <b>-bā-</b>, which is added to the present stem. The +imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Present Stem</th> +<th>Tense Sign</th> +<td class="smallest">PERSONAL<br /> +ENDING</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>amā-</b></td> +<td><b>ba-</b></td> +<td><b>m</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>loving</i></td> +<td><i>was</i></td> +<td><i>I</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The inflection is as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation I</th> +<th>Conjugation II</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +SINGULAR +</td> +<td class="smallest"> +PERSONAL<br /> +ENDINGS +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´<b>bam</b>, <i>I was loving</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>bam</b>, <i>I was advising</i></td> +<td><b>-m</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā´<b>bās</b>, <i>you were loving</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>bās</b>, <i>you were advising</i></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´<b>bat</b>, <i>he was loving</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>bat</b>, <i>he was advising</i></td> +<td><b>-t</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +PLURAL +</td> +<td> +<a name="page57"> </a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā<b>bā´mus</b>, <i>we were loving</i></td> +<td>monē<b>bā´mus</b>, <i>we were advising</i></td> +<td><b>-mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā<b>bā´tis</b>, <i>you were loving</i></td> +<td>monē<b>bā´tis</b>, <i>you were advising</i></td> +<td><b>-tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´<b>bant</b>, <i>they were loving</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>bant</b>, <i>they were advising</i></td> +<td><b>-nt</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Note that the <b>ā</b> of the tense sign <b>-bā-</b> is +shortened before <b>-nt</b>, and before <b>m</b> and <b>t</b> when +final. (Cf. <a href="#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.)</p> + +<p>In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in <a href = +"#sec129">§ 129</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec134"><b>134.</b></a> +<b>Meaning of the Imperfect.</b> The Latin imperfect describes an act as +<i>going on</i> or <i>progressing in past time</i>, like the English +past-progressive tense (as, <i>I was walking</i>). It is the regular +tense used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec135"><b>135.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Vidēbāmus, dēsīderābat, mātūrābās. 2. Dabant, vocābātis, +dēlēbāmus. 3. Pugnant, laudābās, movēbātis. 4. Iubēbant, +properābātis, portābāmus. 5. Dabās, nārrābant, labōrābātis. +6. Vidēbant, movēbās, nūntiābāmus. 7. Necābat, movēbam, +habēbat, parābātis.</p> + +<p>II. 1. You were having (<i>sing. and plur.</i>), we were killing, +they were laboring. 2. He was moving, we were ordering, we were +fighting. 3. We were telling, they were seeing, he was calling. +4. They were living, I was longing for, we were destroying. +5. You were giving, you were moving, you were announcing, (<i>sing. +and plur.</i>). 6. They were caring for, he was plowing, we were +praising.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec136"><b>136.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Ni´obe and her Children</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec136vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 287.</p> + +<p>Niobē, rēgina Thēbānōrum, erat pulchra fēmina sed superba. Erat +superba nōn sōlum fōrmā<span class="tag">1</span> suā marītīque +potentiā<span class="tag">1</span> sed etiam magnō līberōrum +numerō.<span class="tag">1</span> Nam habēbat<span class = +"tag">2</span> septem fīliōs et septem fīliās. Sed ea superbia erat +rēgīnae<span class="tag">3</span> causa magnae trīstitiae et +līberīs<span class="tag">3</span> causa dūrae poenae.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> The words <b>Niobē</b>, +<b>Thēbānōrum</b>, and <b>marītī</b> will be found in the general +vocabulary. Translate the selection without looking up any other +words.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Ablative of cause.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Translate <i>had</i>; it denotes a past situation. (See <a href = +"#sec134">§ 134</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Dative, cf. <a href="#sec43">§ 43</a>.</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page58"> </a><a name="lesson_XXI"> +LESSON XXI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>AMŌ</i> AND +<i>MONEŌ</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec137"><b>137.</b></a> +The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second +conjugations is <b>-bi-</b>. This is joined to the present stem of the +verb and followed by the personal ending, as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Present Stem</th> +<th>Tense Sign</th> +<td class="smallest"> +PERSONAL<br /> +ENDING</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>amā-</b></td> +<td><b>bi-</b></td> +<td><b>s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>love</i></td> +<td><i>will</i></td> +<td><i>you</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec138"><b>138.</b></a> +The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation I</th> +<th>Conjugation II</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´<b>bō</b>, <i>I shall love</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>bō</b>, <i>I shall advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā´<b>bis</b>, <i>you will love</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>bis</b>, <i>you will advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´<b>bit</b>, <i>he will love</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>bit</b>, <i>he will advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´<b>bimus</b>, <i>we shall love</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>bimus</b>, <i>we shall advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā´<b>bitis</b> <i>will love</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>bitis</b>, <i>you will advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´<b>bunt</b>, <i>they will love</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>bunt</b>, <i>they will advise</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The personal endings are as in the present. The ending +<b>-bō</b> in the first person singular is contracted from <b>-bi-ō</b>. +The <b>-bi-</b> appears as <b>-bu-</b> in the third person plural. Note +that the inflection is like that of <b>erō</b>, the future of +<b>sum</b>. <i>Pay especial attention to the accent.</i></p> + +<p>In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in <a href = +"#sec129">§ 129</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec139"><b>139.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Movēbitis, laudābis, arābō. 2. Dēlēbitis, vocābitis, dabunt. +3. Mātūrābis, dēsīderābit, vidēbimus. 4. Habēbit, movēbunt, +necābit. 5. Nārrābimus, monēbis, vidēbunt. 6. Labōrābitis, +cūrābunt, dabis. 7. Habitābimus, properābitis, iubēbunt, parābit. +8. Nūntiābō, portābimus, iubēbō.</p> + +<p>II. 1. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. 2. I +shall carry, he will plow, they will care for. 3. You will +announce, you will +<a name="page59"> </a> +move, you will give, (<i>sing. and plur.</i>). 4. We shall fight, +we shall destroy, I shall long for. 5. He will call, they will see, +you will tell (<i>plur.</i>). 6. They will dwell, we shall order, +he will praise. 7. They will labor, we shall kill, you will have +(<i>sing. and plur.</i>), he will destroy.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec140"><b>140.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Niobe and her Children</span> +(<i>Concluded</i>)</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec140vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 288.</p> + +<p>Apollō et Diāna erant līberī Lātōnae. Iīs Thēbānī sacra crēbra +parābant.<span class="tag">1</span> Oppidānī amābant Lātōnam et +līberōs eius. Id superbae rēgīnae erat molestum. “Cūr,” inquit, “Lātōnae +et līberīs sacra parātis? Duōs līberōs habet Lātōna; quattuordecim habeō +ego. Ubi sunt mea sacra?” Lātōna iīs verbīs<span class="tag">2</span> +īrāta līberōs suōs vocat. Ad eam volant Apollō Diānaque et sagittīs<span +class="tag">3</span> suīs miserōs līberōs rēgīnae superbae dēlent. +Niobē, nūper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud līberōs interfectōs et cum +perpetuīs lacrimīs<span class="tag">4</span> eōs dēsīderat.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> Consult the general vocabulary +for <b>Apollō</b>, <b>inquit</b>, <b>duōs</b>, and <b>quattuordecim</b>. +Try to remember the meaning of all the other words.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Observe the force of the imperfect here, <i>used to prepare</i>, +<i>were in the habit of preparing</i>; so <b>amābant</b> denotes a past +situation of affairs. (See <a href="#sec134">§ 134</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Ablative of cause.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Ablative of means.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. This may be either manner or accompaniment. It is often impossible to +draw a sharp line between means, manner, and accompaniment. The Romans +themselves drew no sharp distinction. It was enough for them if the +general idea demanded the ablative case.</div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXII"> +LESSON XXII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">REVIEW OF VERBS · THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec141"><b>141.</b></a> +Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both orally +and in writing, of <b>sum</b> and the verbs in <a href = +"#sec129">§ 129</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec142"><b>142.</b></a> +We learned in <a href="#sec43">§ 43</a> for what sort of +expressions we may expect the dative, and in <a href = +"#sec44">§ 44</a> that one of its commonest uses is with +<i>verbs</i> to express the indirect object. It is also very common with +<i>adjectives</i> to express the object toward which the quality denoted +by the adjective is directed. We have already had a number of cases +<a name="page60"> </a> +where <b>grātus</b>, <i>agreeable to</i>, was so followed by a dative; +and in the last lesson we had <b>molestus</b>, <i>annoying to</i>, +followed by that case. The usage may be more explicitly stated by the +following rule:</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec143"><b>143.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Dative with Adjectives.</b> +<i>The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which +the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning +<b>near</b>, also <b>fit</b>, <b>friendly</b>, <b>pleasing</b>, +<b>like</b>, and their opposites.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec144"><b>144.</b></a> +Among such adjectives memorize the following:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>idōneus, -a, -um</b>, <i>fit, suitable</i> (for)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>amīcus, -a, -um</b>, <i>friendly</i> (to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>inimīcus, -a, -um</b>, <i>hostile</i> (to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>grātus, -a, -um</b>, <i>pleasing</i> (to), <i>agreeable</i> (to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>molestus, -a, -um</b>, <i>annoying</i> (to), +<i>troublesome</i> (to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>fīnitimus, -a, -um</b>, <i>neighboring</i> (to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>proximus, -a, -um</b>, <i>nearest, next</i> (to)</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec145"><b>145.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Rōmānī terram idōneam agrī cultūrae habent. 2. Gallī cōpiīs +Rōmānīs inimīcī erant. 3. Cui dea Lātōna amīca non erat? +4. Dea Lātōna superbae rēgīnae amīca nōn erat. 5. Cibus +noster, Mārce, erit armātīs virīs grātus. 6. Quid erat molestum +populīs Italiae? 7. Bella longa cum Gallīs erant molesta populīs +Italiae. 8. Agrī Germānōrum fluviō Rhēnō fīnitimī erant. +9. Rōmānī ad silvam oppidō proximam castra movēbant. 10. Nōn +sōlum fōrma sed etiam superbia rēgīnae erat magna. 11. Mox rēgīna +pulchra erit aegra trīstitiā. 12. Cūr erat Niobē, rēgīna +Thēbānōrum, laeta? Laeta erat Niobē multīs fīliīs et fīliābus.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty +queen. 2. The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also +to Diana. 3. Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona. +4. The punishment of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess +Diana. 5. The Romans will move their forces to a large field<span +class="tag">1</span> suitable for a camp. 6. Some of the allies +were friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Why not the dative?</div> + +<p class="section"><a name="page61"> </a> +<a name="sec146"><b>146.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Cornelia and her Jewels</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec146vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 288.</p> + +<p>Apud antīquās dominās, Cornēlia, Āfricānī fīlia, erat<span class = +"tag">2</span> maximē clāra. Fīliī eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius +Gracchus. Iī puerī cum Cornēliā in oppidō Rōmā, clārō Italiae oppidō, +habitābant. Ibi eōs cūrābat Cornēlia et ibi magnō cum studiō eōs +docēbat. Bona fēmina erat Cornēlia et bonam disciplīnam maximē +amābat.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> Can you translate the paragraph +above? There are no new words.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Observe that all the imperfects denote continued or progressive +action, or describe a state of affairs. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec134">§ 134</a>.)</div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXIII"> +LESSON XXIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>REGŌ</i> AND +<i>AUDIŌ</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec147"><b>147.</b></a> +As we learned in <a href="#sec126">§ 126</a>, the present stem of +the third conjugation ends in <b>-ĕ</b>, and of the fourth in <b>-ī</b>. +The inflection of the Present Indicative is as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation III</th> +<th>Conjugation IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center"> +<b>re´gō, re´gere</b> (<i>rule</i>)</td> +<td class="center"> +<b>au´diō, audī´re</b> (<i>hear</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>regĕ-</b></td> +<td class="center"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>audī-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. re´g<b>ō</b>, <i>I rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>ō</b>, <i>I hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. re´gi<b>s</b>, <i>you rule</i></td> +<td>au´dī<b>s</b>, <i>you hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad">3. re´gi<b>t</b>, <i>he (she, it) rules</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>t</b>, <i>he (she, it) hears</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. re´gi<b>mus</b>, <i>we rule</i></td> +<td>audī´<b>mus</b>, <i>we hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. re´gi<b>tis</b>, <i>you rule</i></td> +<td>audī´<b>tis</b>, <i>you hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. re´g<b>unt</b>, <i>they rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>unt</b>, <i>they hear</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. The personal endings are the same as before.</p> + +<p>2. The final short <b>-e-</b> of the stem <b>regĕ-</b> combines with +the <b>-ō</b> in the first person, becomes <b>-u-</b> in the third +person plural, and becomes <b>-ĭ-</b> elsewhere. The inflection is like +that of <b>erō</b>, the future of <b>sum</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page62"> </a> +3. In <b>audiō</b> the personal endings are added regularly to the stem +<b>audī-</b>. In the third person plural <b>-u-</b> is inserted between +the stem and the personal ending, as <b>audi-u-nt</b>. Note that the +long vowel of the stem is shortened before final <b>-t</b> just as in +<b>amō</b> and <b>moneō</b>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.)</p> + +<p>Note that <b>-i-</b> is always short in the third conjugation and +long in the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. +(Cf. <a href="#sec12">§ 12. 1, 2</a>.)</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec148"><b>148.</b></a> +Like <b>regō</b> and <b>audiō</b> inflect the present active indicative +of the following verbs:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<th>Indicative Present</th> +<th>Infinitive Present</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>agō</b>, <i>I drive</i></td> +<td><b>agere</b>, <i>to drive</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dīcō</b>, <i>I say</i></td> +<td><b>dīcere</b>, <i>to say</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dūcō</b>, <i>I lead</i></td> +<td><b>dūcere</b>, <i>to lead</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>mittō</b>, <i>I send</i></td> +<td><b>mittere</b>, <i>to send</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>mūniō</b>, <i>I fortify</i></td> +<td><b>mūnīre</b>, <i>to fortify</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>reperiō</b>, <i>I find</i></td> +<td><b>reperīre</b>, <i>to find</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>veniō</b>, <i>I come</i></td> +<td><b>venīre</b>, <i>to come</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec149"><b>149.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Quis agit? Cūr venit? Quem mittit? Quem dūcis? 2. Quid +mittunt? Ad quem veniunt? Cuius castra mūniunt? 3. Quem agunt? +Venīmus. Quid puer reperit? 4. Quem mittimus? Cuius equum dūcitis? +Quid dīcunt? 5. Mūnīmus, venītis, dīcit. 6. Agimus, reperītis, +mūnīs. 7. Reperis, ducitis, dīcis. 8. Agitis, audimus, +regimus.</p> + +<p>II. 1. What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come? +2. Whose camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we +saying? 3. I am driving, you are leading, they are hearing. +4. You send, he says, you fortify (<i>sing. and plur.</i>). +5. I am coming, we find, they send. 6. They lead, you drive, +he does fortify. 7. You lead, you find, you rule, (<i>all +plur.</i>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec150"><b>150.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Cornelia and her Jewels</span> +(<i>Concluded</i>)</p> + +<p>Proximum domicīliō Cornēliae erat pulchrae Campānae domicilium. +Campāna erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā suā sed maximē ōrnāmentīs suīs. +Ea<span class="tag">1</span> laudābat semper. “Habēsne tū ūlla +ornāmenta, Cornēlia?” +<a name="page63"> </a> +inquit. “Ubi sunt tua ōrnāmenta?” Deinde Cornēlia fīliōs suōs Tiberium +et Gāium vocat. “Puerī meī,” inquit, “sunt mea ōrnāmenta. Nam bonī +līberī sunt semper bonae fēminae ōrnāmenta maximē clāra.”</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> The only new words here are +<b>Campāna</b>, <b>semper</b>, and <b>tū</b>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>Ea</b>, accusative plural neuter.</div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic063.png" width="437" height="310" +alt="Cornelia with her sons" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +“PUERI MEI SUNT MEA ORNAMENTA”</span></p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXIV"> +LESSON XXIV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>REGŌ</i> AND +<i>AUDIŌ</i> · THE DATIVE WITH SPECIAL INTRANSITIVE VERBS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec151"><b>151.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">PARADIGMS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation III</th> +<th>Conjugation IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. regē´<b>bam</b>, <i>I was ruling</i></td> +<td>audiē´<b>bam</b>, <i>I was hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. regē´<b>bās</b>, <i>you were riding</i></td> +<td>audiē´<b>bās</b>, <i>you were hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. regē´<b>bat</b>, <i>he was ruling</i></td> +<td>audiē´<b>bat</b>, <i>he was hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad">1. regē<b>bā´mus</b>, <i>we were ruling</i></td> +<td>audiē<b>bā´mus</b>, <i>we were hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. regē<b>bā´tis</b>, <i>you were ruling</i></td> +<td>audiē<b>bā´tis</b>, <i>you were hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. regē´<b>bant</b>, <i>they were ruling</i></td> +<td>audiē´<b>bant</b>, <i>they were hearing</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page64"> </a> +1. The tense sign is <b>-bā-</b>, as in the first two conjugations.</p> + +<p>2. Observe that the final <b>-ĕ-</b> of the stem is lengthened before +the tense sign <b>-bā-</b>. This makes the imperfect of the third +conjugation just like the imperfect of the second (cf. <b>monēbam</b> +and <b>regēbam</b>).</p> + +<p>3. In the fourth conjugation <b>-ē-</b> is inserted between the stem +and the tense sign <b>-bā-</b> (<b>audi-ē-ba-m</b>).</p> + +<p>4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in <a href = +"#sec148">§ 148</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec152"><b>152.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Agēbat, veniēbat, mittēbat, dūcēbant. 2. Agēbant, +mittēbant, dūcēbas, mūniēbant. 3. Mittēbāmus, dūcēbātis, dīcēbant. +4. Mūniēbāmus, veniēbātis, dīcēbās. 5. Mittēbās, veniēbāmus, +reperiēbat. 6. Reperiēbās, veniēbās, audiēbātis. 7. Agēbāmus, +reperiēbātis, mūniēbat. 8. Agēbātis, dīcēbam, mūniēbam.</p> + +<p>II. 1. They were leading, you were driving (<i>sing. and plur.</i>), +he was fortifying. 2. They were sending, we were finding, I was +coming. 3. You were sending, you were fortifying, (<i>sing. and +plur.</i>), he was saying. 4. They were hearing, you were leading +(<i>sing. and plur.</i>), I was driving. 5. We were saying, he was +sending, I was fortifying. 6. They were coming, he was hearing, I +was finding. 7. You were ruling (<i>sing. and plur.</i>), we were +coming, they were ruling.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec153"><b>153.</b></a> +<b>The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs.</b> We learned above (<a +href="#sec20">§ 20. <i>a</i></a>) that a verb which does not +admit of a direct object is called an <i>intransitive</i> verb. Many +such verbs, however, are of such meaning that they can govern an +indirect object, which will, of course, be in the dative case (<a href = +"#sec45">§ 45</a>). Learn the following list of intransitive verbs +with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is the +person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed. (Cf. +<a href="#sec43">§ 43</a>.)</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>crēdō, crēdere</b>, <i>believe</i> (give belief to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>faveō, favēre</b>, <i>favor</i> (show favor to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>noceō, nocēre</b>, <i>injure</i> (do harm to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>pāreō, pārēre</b>, <i>obey</i> (give obedience to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>persuādeō, persuādēre</b>, <i>persuade</i> (offer persuasion to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>resistō, resistere</b>, <i>resist</i> (offer resistance to)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>studeō, studēre</b>, <i>be eager for</i> (give attention to)</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page65"> </a> +<a name="sec154"><b>154.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Dative with Intransitive +Verbs.</b> <i>The dative of the indirect object is used with the +intransitive verbs <b>crēdō</b>, <b>faveō</b>, <b>noceō</b>, +<b>pāreō</b>, <b>persuādeō</b>, <b>resistō</b>, <b>studeō</b>, and +others of like meaning.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec155"><b>155.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISE</span></p> + +<p> +1. Crēdisne verbīs sociōrum? Multī verbīs eōrum nōn crēdunt. 2. Meī +fīnitimī cōnsiliō tuō nōn favēbunt, quod bellō student. 3. Tiberius +et Gāius disciplīnae dūrae nōn resistēbant et Cornēliae pārēbant. +4. Dea erat inimīca septem fīliābus rēgīnae. 5. Dūra poena et +perpetua trīstitia rēgīnae nōn persuādēbunt. 6. Nūper ea resistēbat +et nunc resistit potentiae Lātōnae. 7. Mox sagittae volābunt et +līberīs miserīs nocēbunt.</p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXV"> +LESSON XXV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF <i>REGŌ</i> AND +<i>AUDIŌ</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec156"><b>156.</b></a> +In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet with a +new tense sign. Instead of using <b>-bi-</b>, as in the first and second +conjugations, we use <b>-ā-</b><span class="tag">1</span> in the first +person singular and <b>-ē-</b> in the rest of the tense. In the third +conjugation the final <b>-ĕ-</b> of the stem is dropped before this +tense sign; in the fourth conjugation the final <b>-ī-</b> of the stem +is retained.<span class="tag">2</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. The <b>-ā-</b> is shortened before <b>-m</b> final, and <b>-ē-</b> +before <b>-t</b> final and before <b>-nt</b>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. The <b>-ī-</b> is, of course, shortened, being before another vowel. +(Cf. <a href="#sec12">§ 12. 1</a>.)</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec157"><b>157.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">PARADIGMS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conjugation III</th> +<th>Conjugation IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. re´g<b>am</b>, <i>I shall rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>am</b>, <i>I shall hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. re´g<b>ēs</b>, <i>you will rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>ēs</b>, <i>you will hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. re´g<b>et</b>, <i>he will rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>et</b>, <i>he will hear</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad">1. reg<b>ē´mus</b>, <i>we shall rule</i></td> +<td>audi<b>ē´mus</b>, <i>we shall hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. reg<b>ē´tis</b>, <i>you will rule</i></td> +<td>audi<b>ē´tis</b>, <i>you will hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. re´g<b>ent</b>, <i>they will rule</i></td> +<td>au´di<b>ent</b>, <i>they will hear</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page66"> </a> +1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the +present of the second, excepting in the first person singular.</p> + +<p>2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in <a href = +"#sec148">§ 148</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec158"><b>158.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Dīcet, dūcētis, mūniēmus. 2. Dīcent, dīcētis, mittēmus. +3. Mūnient, venient, mittent, agent. 4. Dūcet, mittēs, veniet, +aget. 5. Mūniet, reperiētis, agēmus. 6. Mittam, veniēmus, +regent. 7. Audiētis, veniēs, reperiēs. 8. Reperiet, agam, +dūcēmus, mittet. 9. Vidēbitis, sedēbō, vocābimus.</p> + +<p>II. 1. I shall find, he will hear, they will come. 2. I shall +fortify, he will send, we shall say. 3. I shall drive, you will +lead, they will hear. 4. You will send, you will fortify, (<i>sing. +and plur.</i>), he will say. 5. I shall come, we shall find, they +will send.</p> + +<p> +6. Who<span class="tag">3</span> will believe the story? I<span class += "tag">4</span> shall believe the story. 7. Whose friends do you +favor? We favor our friends. 8. Who will resist our weapons? Sextus +will resist your weapons. 9. Who will persuade him? They will +persuade him. 10. Why were you injuring my horse? I was not +injuring your horse. 11. Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave +obeys his master. 12. Our men were eager for another battle.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Remember that <b>quis</b>, <i>who</i>, is singular in number.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. Express by <b>ego</b>, because it is emphatic.</div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXVI"> +LESSON XXVI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">VERBS IN <i>-IŌ</i> OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION · THE +IMPERATIVE MOOD</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec159"><b>159.</b></a> +There are a few common verbs ending in <b>-iō</b> which do not belong to +the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The fact +that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of the +infinitive. (Cf. <a href="#sec126">§ 126</a>.) Compare</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>audiō, audī´re</b> (<i>hear</i>), fourth conjugation</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>capiō, ca´pere</b> (<i>take</i>), third conjugation</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page67"> </a> +<a name="sec160"><b>160.</b></a> +The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of <b>capiō</b> are +inflected as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "3"> +<b>capiō, capere</b>, <i>take</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "3"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>cape-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Present</th> +<th>Imperfect</th> +<th>Future</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "3">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. ca´pi<b>ō</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´bam</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>am</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. ca´pi<b>s</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´bās</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. ca´pi<b>t</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´bat</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>et</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "3">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. ca´pi<b>mus</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ēbā´mus</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. ca´pi<b>tis</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ēbā´tis</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. ca´pi<b>unt</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´bant</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ent</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that <b>capiō</b> and the other <b>-iō</b> verbs follow +the fourth conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation <i>two vowels +occur in succession.</i> (Cf. capiō, audiō; capiunt, audiunt; and all +the imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third +conjugation. (Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.)</p> + +<p>2. Like <b>capiō</b>, inflect</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>faciō, facere</b>, <i>make, do</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>fugiō, fugere</b>, <i>flee</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>iaciō, iacere</b>, <i>hurl</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>rapiō, rapere</b>, <i>seize</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec161"><b>161.</b></a> +<b>The Imperative Mood.</b> The imperative mood expresses a command; as, +<i>come!</i> <i>send!</i> The present tense of the imperative is used +only in the second person, singular and plural. <i>The singular in the +active voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The +plural is formed by adding <b>-te</b> to the singular.</i></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Conjugation</th> +<th>Singular</th> +<th>Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">I.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>amā</b>, <i>love thou</i></td> +<td><b>amā´te</b>, <i>love ye</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">II.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>monē</b>, <i>advise thou</i></td> +<td><b>monē´te</b>, <i>advise ye</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">III.</td> +<td>(<i>a</i>)</td> +<td><b>rege</b>, <i>rule thou</i></td> +<td><b>re´gite</b>, <i>rule ye</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>(<i>b</i>)</td> +<td><b>cape</b>, <i>take thou</i></td> +<td><b>ca´pite</b>, <i>take ye</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">IV.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>audī</b>, <i>hear thou</i></td> +<td><b>audī´te</b>, <i>hear ye</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"><b>sum</b> (irregular)</td> +<td><b>es</b>, <i>be thou</i></td> +<td><b>este</b>, <i>be ye</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. In the third conjugation the final -ĕ- of the stem becomes -ĭ- in +the plural.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page68"> </a> +2. The verbs <b>dīcō</b>, <i>say</i>; <b>dūcō</b>, <i>lead</i>; and +<b>faciō</b>, <i>make</i>, have the irregular forms <b>dīc</b>, +<b>dūc</b>, and <b>fac</b> in the singular.</p> + +<p>3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of +<b>veniō</b>, <b>dūcō</b>, <b>vocō</b>, <b>doceō</b>, <b>laudō</b>, +<b>dīcō</b>, <b>sedeō</b>, <b>agō</b>, <b>faciō</b>, <b>mūniō</b>, +<b>mittō</b>, <b>rapiō</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec162"><b>162.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Fugient, faciunt, iaciēbat. 2. Dēlē, nūntiāte, fugiunt. +3. Venīte, dīc, faciētis. 4. Dūcite, iaciam, fugiēbant. +5. Fac, iaciēbāmus, fugimus, rapite. 6. Sedēte, reperī, +docēte. 7. Fugiēmus, iacient, rapiēs. 8. Reperient, +rapiēbātis, nocent. 9. Favēte, resistē, pārēbitis.</p> + +<p> +10. Volā ad multās terrās et dā auxilium. 11. Ego tēla mea capiam +et multās ferās dēlēbō. 12. Quis fābulae tuae crēdet? 13. Este +bonī, puerī, et audīte verba grāta magistrī.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons. +2. With her weapons she will destroy many beasts. 3. She will +give aid to the weak.<span class="tag">1</span> 4. She will fly +to many lands and the beasts will flee. 5. Romans, tell<span class += "tag">2</span> the famous story to your children.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Plural. An adjective used as a noun. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec99">§ 99</a>. II. 3.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Imperative. The imperative generally stands first, as in +English.</div> + + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="boldf"> +<a class="page" href="#review_III"> +Third Review, Lessons XVIII-XXVI, §§ 510-512</a></h5> + +<hr /> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXVII"> +LESSON XXVII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE PASSIVE VOICE · PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE +INDICATIVE OF <i>AMŌ</i> AND <i>MONEŌ</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec163"><b>163.</b></a> +<b>The Voices.</b> Thus far the verb forms have been in the <i>active +voice</i>; that is, they have represented the subject as +<i>performing</i> an action; as,</p> + +<p class="center"> +The lion——> <i>killed</i>——> the hunter +</p> + +<p>A verb is said to be in the <i>passive voice</i> when it represents +its subject as <i>receiving</i> an action; as,</p> + +<p class="center"> +The lion <—— <i>was killed</i> <—— by the +hunter +</p> + +<p>Note the direction of the arrows.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page69"> </a> +<a name="sec164"><b>164.</b></a> +<b>Passive Personal Endings.</b> In the passive voice we use a different +set of personal endings. They are as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3"> +Sing.</td> +<td>1. <b>-r</b>, <i>I</i></td> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3"> +Plur.</td> +<td>1. <b>-mur</b>, <i>we</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. <b>-ris</b>, <b>-re</b>, <i>you</i></td> +<td>2. <b>-minī</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad">3. <b>-tur</b>, <i>he, she, it</i></td> +<td>3. <b>-ntur</b>, <i>they</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the letter <b>-r</b> appears somewhere in all but +one of the endings. This is sometimes called the <i>passive +sign</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec165"><b>165.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">PARADIGMS</span> +</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center"><b>amō, amāre</b></td> +<td class="center"><b>monēo, monēre</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>amā-</b></td> +<td class="center"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>monē-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Present Indicative</th> +<td class="smallest"> +PERSONAL<br /> +ENDINGS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +a´m<b>or</b>, <i>I am loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +mo´ne<b>or</b>, <i>I am advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-or</b><span class="tag">1</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā´<b>ris</b> or amā´<b>re</b>, <i>you are loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē´<b>ris</b> or monē´<b>re</b>, <i>you are advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-ris</b> or <b>-re</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā´<b>tur</b>, <i>he is loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē´<b>tur</b>, <i>he is advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā´<b>mur</b>, <i>we are loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē´<b>mur</b>, <i>we are advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā´<b>minī</b>, <i>you are loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē´<b>minī</b>, <i>you are advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-mini</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +ama<b>n´tur</b>, <i>they are loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +mone<b>n´tur</b>, <i>they are advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-ntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Imperfect Indicative +(Tense Sign</span> <b>-bā-</b>)</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā´<b>bar</b>, <i>I was being loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē´<b>bar</b>, <i>I was being advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-r</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā<b>bā´ris</b> or amā<b>bā´re</b>, <i>you were being loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē<b>bā´ris</b> or monē<b>bā´re</b>, <i>you were being advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-ris</b> or <b>-re</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā<b>bā´tur</b>, <i>he was being loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē<b>bā´tur</b>, <i>he was being advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā<b>bā´mur</b>, <i>we were being loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē<b>bā´mur</b>, <i>we were being advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā<b>bā´minī</b>, <i>you were being loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē<b>bā´minī</b>, <i>you were being advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā<b>ban´tur</b>, <i>they were being loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē<b>ban´tur</b>, <i>they were being advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-ntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name="page70"> </a> +</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Future +(Tense Sign</span> <b>-bi-</b>)</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā´<b>bor</b>, <i>I shall be loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē´<b>bor</b>, <i>I shall be advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-r</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā´<b>beris</b> <i>or</i> amā´<b>bere</b>, <i>you will be loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē´<b>beris</b> <i>or</i> monē´<b>bere</b>, <i>you will be advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>-ris</b> or <b>-re</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā´<b>bitur</b>, <i>he will be loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē´<b>bitur</b>, <i>he will be advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā´<b>bimur</b>, <i>we shall be loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē´<b>bimur</b>, <i>we shall be advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā<b>bi´minī</b>, <i>you will be loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē<b>bi´minī</b>, <i>you will be advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +amā<b>bun´tur</b>, <i>they will be loved</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monē<b>bun´tur</b>, <i>they will be advised</i> +</p></td> +<td><b>-ntur</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. In the present the personal ending of the first person singular is +<b>-or</b>.</div> + +<p>1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the +active.</p> + +<p>2. In the future the tense sign <b>-bi-</b> appears as <b>-bo-</b> in +the first person, <b>-be-</b> in the second, singular number, and as +<b>-bu-</b> in the third person plural.</p> + +<p>3. Inflect <b>laudō</b>, <b>necō</b>, <b>portō</b>, <b>moveō</b>, +<b>dēleō</b>, <b>iubeō</b>, in the present, imperfect, and future +indicative, active and passive.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec166"><b>166.</b></a> +Intransitive verbs, such as <b>mātūrō</b>, <i>I hasten</i>; +<b>habitō</b>, <i>I dwell</i>, do not have a passive voice with a +personal subject.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec167"><b>167.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Laudāris <i>or</i> laudāre, laudās, datur, dat. +2. Dabitur, dabit, vidēminī, vidētis. 3. Vocābat, vocābātur, +dēlēbitis, dēlēbiminī. 4. Parābātur, parābat, cūrās, cūrāris +<i>or</i> cūrāre. 5. Portābantur, portābant, vidēbimur, vidēbimus. +6. Iubēris <i>or</i> iubēre, iubēs, laudābāris <i>or</i> laudābāre, +laudābās. 7. Movēberis or movēbere, movēbis, dabantur, dabant. +8. Dēlentur, dēlent, parābāmur, parābāmus.</p> + +<p>II. 1. We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, +you were carrying, you were being carried. 2. I see, I am seen, it +was being announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be +ordered. 3. You will be killed, you will kill, you move, you are +moved, we are praising, we are being praised. 4. I am called, I +call, +<a name="page71"> </a> +you will have, you are cared for. 5. They are seen, they see, we were +teaching, we were being taught, they will move, they will be moved.</p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic071.png" width="436" height="443" +alt="Perseus saves Andromeda" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +PERSEUS ANDROMEDAM SERVAT</span></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec168"><b>168.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Per´seus and Androm´eda</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec168vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 288.</p> + +<p>Perseus fīlius erat Iovis,<span class="tag">2</span> maximī<span +class="tag">3</span> deōrum. Dē eō multās fabulās nārrant poētae. Eī +favent deī, eī magica arma et ālās dant. Eīs tēlīs armātus et ālīs +frētus ad multās terrās volābat et mōnstra saeva dēlēbat et miserīs +īnfīrmīsque auxilium dabat. +<a name="page72"> </a> +Aethiopia est terra Āfricae. Eam terram Cēpheus<span class = +"tag">5</span> regēbat. Eī<span class="tag">6</span> +Neptūnus, maximus aquārum deus, erat īrātus et mittit<span class = +"tag">7</span> mōnstrum saevum ad Aethiopiam. Ibi mōnstrum nōn sōlum +lātīs pulchrīsque Aethiopiae agrīs nocēbat sed etiam domicilia +agricolārum dēlēbat, et multōs virōs, fēminās, līberōsque necābat. +Populus ex agrīs fugiēbat et oppida mūrīs validīs mūniēbat. Tum Cēpheus +magnā trīstitiā commōtus ad Iovis ōrāculum properat et ita dīcit: “Amīcī +meī necantur; agrī meī vāstantur. Audī verba mea, Iuppiter. Dā miserīs +auxilium. Age mōnstrum saevum ex patriā.”</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>Iovis</b>, the genitive of <b>Iuppiter</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Used substantively, <i>the greatest</i>. So below, l. 4, +<b>miserīs</b> and <b>īnfīrmīs</b> are used substantively.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. Pronounce in two syllables, <i>Ce´pheus</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>Eī</b>, <i>at him</i>, dative with <b>īrātus</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. The present is often used, as in English, in speaking of a past +action, in order to make the story more vivid and exciting.</div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXVIII"> +LESSON XXVIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF +<i>REGŌ</i> AND <i>AUDIŌ</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec169"><b>169.</b></a> +Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of +<b>regō</b> and <b>audiō</b>, and learn the passive of the same tenses +(<a href="#sec490">§§ 490</a>, <a href = +"#sec491">491</a>).</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are +the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal endings +(<a href="#sec164">§ 164</a>) are added instead of the active +ones.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular +present of the third conjugation. There the final <b>-e-</b> of the stem +is not changed to <b>-i-</b>, as it is in the active. We therefore have +<b>re´geris</b> or <b>re´gere</b>, <i>not</i> <b>re´giris</b>, +<b>re´gire</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> Inflect <b>agō</b>, <b>dīcō</b>, <b>dūcō</b>, <b>mūniō</b>, +<b>reperiō</b>, in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active +and passive.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec170"><b>170.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Agēbat, agēbātur, mittēbat, mittēbātur, dūcēbat. 2. Agunt, +aguntur, mittuntur, mittunt, mūniunt. 3. Mittor, mittar, mittam, +dūcēre, dūcere. 4. Dīcēmur, dīcimus, dīcēmus, dīcimur, mūniēbaminī. +5. Dūcitur, dūciminī, reperīmur, reperiar, agitur. +6. Agēbāmus, agēbāmur, reperīris, reperiēminī. 7. Mūnīminī, +veniēbam, dūcēbar, +<a name="page73"> </a> +dīcētur. 8. Mittiminī, mittitis, mittēris, mitteris, agēbāminī. +9. Dīcitur, dīcit, mūniuntur, reperient, audientur.</p> + +<p>II. 1. I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were +being led, he says, it is said. 2. I shall send, I shall be sent, +you will find, you will be found, they lead, they are led. 3. I am +found, we are led, they are driven, you were being led (<i>sing. and +plur.</i>). 4. We shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is +being led, they will come, they will be fortified. 5. They were +ruling, they were being ruled, you will send, you will be sent, you are +sent, (<i>sing. and plur.</i>). 6. He was being led, he will come, +you are said (<i>sing. and plur.</i>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec171"><b>171.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Perseus and Andromeda</span> +(<i>Continued</i>)</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec171vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 288.</p> + +<p>Tum ōrāculum ita respondet: “Mala est fortūna tua. Neptūnus, magnus +aquārum deus, terrae Aethiopiae inimīcus, eās poenās mittit. Sed parā +īrātō deō sacrum idōneum et mōnstrum saevum ex patriā tuā agētur. +Andromeda fīlia tua est mōnstrō grāta. Dā eam mōnstrō. Servā cāram +patriam et vītam populī tuī.” Andromeda autem erat puella pulchra. Eam +amābat Cēpheus maximē.</p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXIX"> +LESSON XXIX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF +<i>-IŌ</i> VERBS · PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND IMPERATIVE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec172"><b>172.</b></a> +Review the active voice of <b>capiō</b>, present, imperfect, and future, +and learn the passive of the same tenses (<a href = +"#sec492">§ 492</a>).</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The present forms <b>capior</b> and <b>capiuntur</b> are like +<b>audior, audiuntur</b>, and the rest of the tense is like +<b>regor</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> In like manner inflect the passive of <b>iaciō</b> and +<b>rapiō</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec173"><b>173.</b></a> +<b>The Infinitive.</b> The infinitive mood gives the general meaning of +the verb without person or number; as, <b>amāre</b>, <i>to love</i>. +Infinitive means <i>unlimited</i>. The forms of the other moods, being +limited by person and number, are called the <i>finite</i>, or limited, +verb forms.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page74"> </a> +<a name="sec174"><b>174.</b></a> +The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as +follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conj.</th> +<th>Pres. Stem</th> +<th>Pres. Infinitive Active</th> +<th>Pres. Infinitive Passive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">I.</td> +<td><b>amā-</b></td> +<td>amā´<b>re</b>, <i>to love</i></td> +<td>amā´<b>rī</b>, <i>to be loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">II.</td> +<td><b>monē-</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>re</b>, <i>to advise</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>rī</b>, <i>to be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">III.</td> +<td><b>rege-</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>re</b>, <i>to rule</i></td> +<td>re´g<b>ī</b>, <i>to be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>cape-</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>re</b>, <i>to take</i></td> +<td>ca´p<b>ī</b>, <i>to be taken</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">IV.</td> +<td><b>audī-</b></td> +<td>audī´<b>re</b>, <i>to hear</i></td> +<td>audī<b>rī</b>, <i>to be heard</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add +<b>-re</b> to the present stem.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The present infinitive of <b>sum</b> is <b>esse</b>. There is +no passive.</p> + +<p>2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the +active by changing final <b>-e</b> to <b>-ī</b>, except in the third +conjugation, which changes final <b>-ere</b> to <b>-ī</b>.</p> + +<p>3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of <b>doceō</b>, +<b>sedeō</b>, <b>volō</b>, <b>cūrō</b>, <b>mittō</b>, <b>dūcō</b>, +<b>mūniō</b>, <b>reperiō</b>, <b>iaciō</b>, <b>rapiō.</b></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec175"><b>175.</b></a> +The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as +follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Active<span class="tag">1</span></th> +<th colspan = "2">Passive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead">CONJ.</td> +<td class="smallhead">SING.</td> +<td class="smallhead">PLUR.</td> +<td class="smallhead">SING.</td> +<td class="smallhead">PLUR.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">I.</td> +<td>a´mā</td> +<td>amā´<b>te</b></td> +<td>amā´<b>re</b>, <i>be thou loved</i></td> +<td>amā´<b>minī</b>, <i>be ye loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">II.</td> +<td>mo´nē</td> +<td>monē´<b>te</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>re</b>, <i>be thou advised</i></td> +<td>monē´<b>minī</b>, <i>be ye advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">III.</td> +<td>re´ge</td> +<td>re´gi<b>te</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>re</b>, <i>be thou ruled </i></td> +<td>regi´<b>minī</b>, <i>be ye ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>ca´pe</td> +<td>ca´pi<b>te</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>re</b>, <i>be thou taken</i></td> +<td>capi´<b>minī</b>, <i>be ye taken</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">IV.</td> +<td>au´dī</td> +<td>audī´<b>te</b></td> +<td>audī´<b>re</b>, <i>be thou heard</i></td> +<td>audī´<b>minī</b>, <i>be ye heard</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive +imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both singular +and plural are like the second person singular<span class = +"tag">2</span> and plural, respectively, of the present passive +indicative.</p> + +<p>2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs +in <a href="#sec174">§ 174. 3</a>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from <a href = +"#sec161">§ 161</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. That is, using the personal ending <b>-re</b>. A form like +<b>amāre</b> may be either <i>indicative</i>, <i>infinitive</i>, or +<i>imperative</i>.</div> + +<p> +<a name="page75"> </a> +<a name="sec176"><b>176.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec176vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 289.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Tum Perseus ālīs ad terrās multās volabit. 2. Mōnstrum saevum +per aquās properat et mox agrōs nostrōs vāstābit. 3. Sī autem +Cēpheus ad ōrāculum properābit, ōrāculum ita respondēbit. 4. Quis +tēlīs Perseī superābitur? Multa mōnstra tēlīs eius superābuntur. +5. Cum cūrīs magnīs et lacrimīs multīs agricolae ex domiciliīs +cārīs aguntur. 6. Multa loca vāstābantur et multa oppida +dēlēbantur. 7. Mōnstrum est validum, tamen superābitur. +8. Crēdēsne semper verbīs ōrāculī? Ego iīs non semper crēdam. +9. Pārēbitne Cēpheus ōrāculō? Verba ōrāculī eī persuādēbunt. +10. Si nōn fugiēmus, oppidum capiētur et oppidānī necābuntur. +11. Vocāte puerōs et nārrāte fābulam clāram dē mōnstrō saevō.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou. 2. To +lead, to be led, be ye seized, fortify thou. 3. To be hurled, to +fly, send thou, to be found. 4. To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to +be taken. 5. Find thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified.</p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXX"> +LESSON XXX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">SYNOPSES IN THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS · THE ABLATIVE +DENOTING <i>FROM</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec177"><b>177.</b></a> +You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as +follows:<span class="tag">1</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Conjugation I</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conjugation II</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="smallhead">PASSIVE</td> +<td class="smallhead">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="smallhead">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>a´m<b>ō</b></td> +<td>a´m<b>or</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>ō</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>or</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Imperf.</i></td> +<td>amā´<b>bam</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">amā´<b>bar</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>bam</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>bar</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>amā´<b>bo</b></td> +<td>amā´<b>bor</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>bo</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>bor</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<a name="page76"> </a> +</td> +<th colspan = "4">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>a´m<b>ā</b></td> +<td>amā´<b>re</b></td> +<td>mo´n<b>ē</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>re</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>amā´<b>re</b></td> +<td>amā´<b>rī</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>re</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>rī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Conjugation III</th> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Conjugation III</span><br /> +(<b>-iō</b> verbs) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="smallhead">PASSIVE</td> +<td class="smallhead">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="smallhead">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>re´g<b>ō</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>or</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ō</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>or</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Imperf.</i></td> +<td>regē´<b>bam</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">regē´<b>bar</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´bam</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´bar</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>re´g<b>am</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>ar</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>am</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ar</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>re´g<b>e</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>re</b></td> +<td>ca´p<b>e</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>re</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>re´ge<b>re</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>re</b></td> +<td>ca´p<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "4"> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Conjugation IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="smallhead">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>au´d<b>iō</b></td> +<td>au´d<b>ior</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Imperf.</i></td> +<td class="rightpad">aud<b>iē´bam</b></td> +<td>aud<b>iē´bar</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>au´d<b>iam</b></td> +<td>au´d<b>iar</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>au´d<b>ī</b></td> +<td>aud<b>ī´re</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>aud<b>ī´re</b></td> +<td>aud<b>ī´rī</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Synopses should be given not only in the first person, but in other +persons as well, particularly in the third singular and plural.</div> + +<p>1. Give the synopsis of <b>rapiō</b>, <b>mūniō</b>, <b>reperiō</b>, +<b>doceō</b>, <b>videō</b>, <b>dīcō</b>, <b>agō</b>, <b>laudō</b>, +<b>portō</b>, and vary the person and number.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec178"><b>178.</b></a> +We learned in <a href="#sec50">§ 50</a> that one of the three +relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by the +preposition <i>from.</i> This is sometimes called the <i>separative +ablative</i>, and it has a number of special uses. You have already +grown familiar with the first mentioned below.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page77"> </a> +<a name="sec179"><b>179.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of the Place +From.</b> <i>The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the +prepositions <b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b>, <b>dē</b>, <b>ē</b> or +<b>ex</b>.</i></p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt</b>, <i>the farmers come from the +fields</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> <b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b> denotes <i>from near</i> a place; +<b>ē</b> or <b>ex</b>, <i>out from</i> it; and <b>dē</b>, <i>down +from</i> it. This may be represented graphically as follows:</p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/chart077.png" width="227" height="104" +alt="(see end of file for text diagram)" /> +</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec180"><b>180.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of Separation.</b> +<i>Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to +complete their meaning.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> If the separation is <i>actual</i> and <i>literal</i> of one +material thing from another, the preposition <b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b>, +<b>ē</b> or <b>ex</b>, or <b>dē</b> is generally used. If no actual +motion takes place of one thing from another, no preposition is +necessary.</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td>(<i>a</i>)</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat</b> +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Perseus frees the land from monsters</i> +(literal separation— actual motion is expressed) +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(<i>b</i>)</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat</b> +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Perseus frees the land from sorrow</i> +(figurative separation— no actual motion is expressed) +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec181"><b>181.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of the Personal +Agent.</b> <i>The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, +when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition +<b>ā</b> or <b>ab.</b></i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In this construction the English translation of <b>ā</b>, +<b>ab</b> is <i>by</i> rather than <i>from</i>. This ablative is +regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the <i>person by whom</i> +the act was performed.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur</b>, <i>the monster is being slain by</i> +(lit. <i>from</i>) <i>Perseus</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page78"> </a> +<i>b.</i> Note that the active form of the above sentence would be +<b>Perseus monstrum necat</b>, <i>Perseus is slaying the monster</i>. In +the passive the <i>object</i> of the active verb becomes the +<i>subject</i>, and the <i>subject</i> of the active verb becomes the +<i>ablative of the personal agent</i>, with <b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the +ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English +by the preposition <i>by</i>. (Cf. <a href="#sec100">§ 100</a>. +<i>b.</i>) <i>Means is a <b>thing</b>; the agent or actor is a +<b>person</b></i>. The ablative of means has no preposition. The +ablative of the personal agent has <b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b>. Compare</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Fera sagittā necātur</b>, <i>the wild beast is killed by an +arrow</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Fera ā Diānā necātur</b>, <i>the wild beast is killed by +Diana</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<b>Sagittā</b>, in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; <b>ā +Diānā</b>, in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec182"><b>182.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec182vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 289.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Viri inopiā cibī dēfessī ab eō locō discēdent. 2. Germānī +castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquābant, tamen lēgātus cōpiās ā proeliō +continēbat. 3. Multa Gallōrum oppida ab Rōmanīs capientur. +4. Tum Rōmānī tōtum populum eōrum oppidōrum gladiīs pīlīsque +interficient. 5. Oppidānī Rōmānīs resistent, sed defessī longō +proelīo fugient. 6. Multī ex Galliā fugiēbant et in Germānōrum +vicīs habitābant. 7. Miserī nautae vulnerantur ab inimīcīs<span +class="tag">2</span> saevīs et cibō egent. 8. Discēdite et date +virīs frūmentum et cōpiam vīnī. 9. Cōpiae nostrae ā proeliō +continēbantur ab Sextō lēgatō. 10. Id oppidum ab prōvinciā Rōmānā +longē aberat.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess +Diana. 2. They were without food and without wine. 3. Then +Galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus. +4. Already they are not far away from the land, and they see armed +men on a high place. 5. They are kept from the land by the men with +spears and arrows. 6. The men kept hurling their weapons down from +the high place with great eagerness.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>inimīcīs</b>, here used as a noun. See vocabulary.</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page79"> </a><a name="lesson_XXXI"> +LESSON XXXI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF +<i>SUM</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec183"><b>183.</b></a> +<b>Principal Parts.</b> There are certain parts of the verb that are of +so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the +<i>principal parts.</i></p> + +<p>The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and +the past participle; as <i>go, went, gone; see, saw, seen</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>The principal parts of the Latin verb are the <i>first person +singular of the present indicative</i>, the <i>present infinitive</i>, +the <i>first person singular of the perfect indicative</i>, and <i>the +perfect passive participle.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec184"><b>184.</b></a> +<b>Conjugation Stems.</b> From the principal parts we get three +conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We have +already learned about the <b>present stem</b>, which is found from the +present infinitive (cf. <a href = +"#sec126">§ 126. <i>a</i></a>). The other two stems are the +<b>perfect stem</b> and the <b>participial stem</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec185"><b>185.</b></a> +<b>The Perfect Stem.</b> The perfect stem of the verb is formed in +various ways, but may always be <i>found by dropping <b>-ī</b> from the +first person singular of the perfect</i>, the third of the principal +parts. From the perfect stem are formed the following tenses:</p> + +<p class="inset"> +<span class="smallcaps"> +The Perfect Active Indicative<br /> +The Pluperfect Active Indicative (English Past Perfect)<br /> +The Future Perfect Active Indicative</span> +</p> + +<p>All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future +time respectively.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec186"><b>186.</b></a> +<b>The Endings of the Perfect.</b> The perfect active indicative is +inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. +These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are +as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td>1. <b>-ī</b>, <i>I</i></td> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td>1. <b>-imus</b>, <i>we</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. <b>-istī</b>, <i>you</i></td> +<td>2. <b>-istis</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad">3. <b>-it</b>, <i>he, she, it</i></td> +<td>3. <b>-ērunt</b> or <b>-ēre</b>, <i>they</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page80"> </a> +<a name="sec187"><b>187.</b></a> +Inflection of <b>sum</b> in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect +indicative:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th class="rightpad">Pres. Indic.</th> +<th class="rightpad">Pres. Infin.</th> +<th>Perf. Indic.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad"><span class="smallcaps">Prin. Parts</span> +<b>sum</b></td> +<td class="center rightpad"><b>esse</b></td> +<td class="center"><b>fuī</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Perfect Stem</span> <b>fu-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Perfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead">SINGULAR</td> +<td class="smallhead">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>ī</b>, <i>I have been, I was</i></td> +<td>fu´<b>imus</b>, <i>we have been, we were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fuis´<b>tī</b>, <i>you have been, you were</i></td> +<td>fuis´<b>tis</b>, <i>you have been, you were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>it</b>, <i>he has been, he was</i></td> +<td>fuē´<b>runt</b> <i>or</i> fuē´<b>re</b>, <i>they have been, they +were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pluperfect (Tense Sign</span> +<b>-erā-</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>eram</b>, <i>I had been</i></td> +<td>fuerā´<b>mus</b>, <i>we had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>erās</b>, <i>you had been</i></td> +<td>fuerā´<b>tis</b>, <i>you had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>erat</b>, <i>he had been</i></td> +<td>fu´<b>erant</b>, <i>they had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Future Perfect (Tense Sign</span> +<b>-erā-</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>erō</b>, <i>I shall have been</i></td> +<td>fue´<b>rimus</b>, <i>we shall have been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>eris</b>, <i>you will have been</i></td> +<td>fue´<b>ritis</b>, <i>you will have been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu´<b>erit</b>, <i>he will have been</i></td> +<td>fu´<b>erint</b>, <i>they will have been</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.</p> + +<p>2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding <b>eram</b>, +the imperfect of <b>sum</b>, to the perfect stem. The tense sign is +<b>-erā-</b>.</p> + +<p>3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding +<b>erō</b>, the future of <b>sum</b>, to the perfect stem. But the third +person plural ends in <b>-erint</b>, not in <b>-erunt</b>. The tense +sign is <b>-eri-</b>.</p> + +<p>4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed +on the perfect stem and inflected in the same way.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec188"><b>188.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">DIALOGUE</span></p> + +<h5 class="smallcaps">The Boys Titus, Marcus, and Quintus</h5> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec188vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 289.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +M. Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quīnte?<br /> +T. Ego in meō lūdō fuī et Quīntus in suō lūdō fuit. Bonī puerī fuimus. +Fuitne Sextus in vīcō hodiē?<br /> +M. Fuit. Nūper per agrōs proximōs fluviō properābat. Ibi is et Cornēlius +habent nāvigium.<br /> +<a name="page81"> </a> +T. <i>Nāvigium</i> dīcis? Aliī<span class="tag">1</span> nārrā eam +fābulam!<br /> +M. Vērō (<i>Yes, truly</i>), pulchrum et novum nāvigium!<br /> +Q. Cuius pecūniā<span class="tag">2</span> Sextus et Cornēlius id +nāvigium parant? Quis iīs pecūniam dat?<br /> +M. Amīcī Cornēlī multum habent aurum et puer pecūniā nōn eget.<br /> +T. Quō puerī nāvigābunt? Nāvigābuntne longē ā terrā?<br /> +M. Dubia sunt cōnsilia eōrum. Sed hodiē, crēdō, sī ventus erit idōneus, +ad maximam īnsulam nāvigābunt. Iam anteā ibi fuērunt. Tum autem ventus +erat perfidus et puerī magnō in perīculō erant.<br /> +Q. Aqua ventō commōta est inimīca nautīs semper, et saepe perfidus +ventus nāvigia rapit, agit, dēletque. Iī puerī, sī nōn fuerint maximē +attentī, īrātā aquā et validō ventō superābuntur et ita interficientur. +</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Dative case. (Cf. <a href="#sec109">§ 109</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Ablative of means.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec189"><b>189.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISE</span></p> + +<p>1. Where had the boys been before? They had been in school. +2. Where had Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river. +3. Who has been with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him. +4. Who says so? Marcus. 5. If the wind has been suitable, the +boys have been in the boat. 6. Soon we shall sail with the boys. +7. There<span class="tag">3</span> will be no danger, if we are +(shall have been) careful.<span class="tag">4</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. The expletive <i>there</i> is not expressed, but the verb will +precede the subject, as in English.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. This predicate adjective must be nominative plural to agree with +<i>we</i>.</div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXXII"> +LESSON XXXII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR +CONJUGATIONS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec190"><b>190.</b></a> +<b>Meanings of the Perfect.</b> The perfect tense has two distinct +meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present +perfect, or perfect with <i>have</i>, and denotes that the action of the +verb is complete at the time of speaking; as, <i>I have finished my +work</i>. As this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is +called the <b>perfect definite</b>.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page82"> </a> +The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened <i>sometime +in the past</i>; as, <i>I finished my work.</i> As no definite time is +specified, this is called the <b>perfect indefinite</b>. It corresponds +to the ordinary use of the English past tense.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Note carefully the difference between the following +tenses:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>I</i></td> +<td class="middle left ital">was finishing<br /> +used to finish</td> +<td class="middle leftline"><i>my work</i> +(imperfect, <a href="#sec134">§ 134</a>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3"> +<i>I finished my work</i> (perfect indefinite) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "3"> +<i>I have finished my work</i> (perfect definite) +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>When telling a story the Latin uses the <i>perfect indefinite</i> to +mark the different <i>forward steps</i> of the narrative, and the +<i>imperfect</i> to <i>describe situations and circumstances</i> that +attend these steps. If the following sentences were Latin, what tenses +would be used?</p> + +<p>“Last week I went to Boston. I was trying to find an old friend of +mine, but he was out of the city. Yesterday I returned home.”</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec191"><b>191.</b></a> +<b>Inflection of the Perfect.</b> We learned in <a href = +"#sec186">§ 186</a> that any perfect is inflected by adding the +endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. The inflection in the four +regular conjugations is then as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>amāvī</b></td> +<td><b>monuī</b></td> +<td><b>rēxī</b></td> +<td><b>cēpī</b></td> +<td><b>audīvī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>I have loved<br /> +I loved</i> or <i>did love</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>I have advised<br /> +I advised</i> or <i>did advise</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>I have ruled<br /> +I ruled</i> or <i>did rule</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>I have taken<br /> +I took</i> or <i>did take</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>I have heard<br /> +I heard</i> or <i>did hear</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Perfect Stems</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>amāv-</b></td> +<td><b>monu-</b></td> +<td><b>rēx-</b></td> +<td><b>cēp-</b></td> +<td><b>audīv-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´v<b>ī</b></td> +<td>mo´nu<b>ī</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>ī</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>ī</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amāvis´<b>tī</b></td> +<td>monuis´<b>tī</b></td> +<td>rēxis´<b>tī</b></td> +<td>cēpis´<b>tī</b></td> +<td>audīvis´<b>tī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´v<b>it</b></td> +<td>mo´nu<b>it</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>it</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>it</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>it</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´v<b>imus</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>imus</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>imus</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>imus</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>imus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amāv<b>is´tis</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´tis</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>is´tis</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>is´tis</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>is´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +3. amāv<b>ē´runt</b> <i>or</i> amāv<b>ē´re</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +monu<b>ē´runt</b> <i>or</i> monu<b>ē´re</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +rēx<b>ē´runt</b> <i>or</i> rēx<b>ē´re</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +cēp<b>ē´runt</b> <i>or</i> cēp<b>ē´re</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +audīv<b>ē´runt</b> <i>or</i> audīv<b>ē´re</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page83"> </a> +1. The first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the +principal parts. From this we get the perfect stem. <i>This shows the +absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly.</i></p> + +<p>2. Nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding +<b>-vī</b> to the present stem. Like <b>amāvī</b> inflect <b>parāvī</b>, +<b>vocāvī</b>, <b>cūrāvī</b>, <b>laudāvī</b>.</p> + +<p>3. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect. Drill on +it.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec192"><b>192.</b></a> +Learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<th>Pres. Indic.</th> +<th>Pres. Infin.</th> +<th>Perf. Indic.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dō</b></td> +<td><b>dăre</b></td> +<td><b>dedī</b></td> +<td><i>give</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dēleō</b></td> +<td><b>dēlēre</b></td> +<td><b>dēlēvī</b></td> +<td><i>destroy</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>habeō</b></td> +<td><b>habēre</b></td> +<td><b>habuī</b></td> +<td><i>have</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>moveō</b></td> +<td><b>movēre</b></td> +<td><b>mōvī</b></td> +<td><i>move</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>pāreō</b></td> +<td><b>pārēre</b></td> +<td><b>pāruī</b></td> +<td><i>obey</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>prohibeō</b></td> +<td><b>prohibēre</b></td> +<td><b>prohibuī</b></td> +<td><i>restrain, keep from</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>videō</b></td> +<td><b>vidēre</b></td> +<td><b>vīdī</b></td> +<td><i>see</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dīcō</b></td> +<td><b>dīcere</b></td> +<td><b>dīxī</b></td> +<td><i>say</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>discēdō</b></td> +<td><b>discēdere</b></td> +<td><b>discessī</b></td> +<td><i>depart</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dūcō</b></td> +<td><b>dūcere</b></td> +<td><b>dūxī</b></td> +<td><i>lead</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>faciō</b></td> +<td><b>facere</b></td> +<td><b>fēcī</b></td> +<td><i>make, do</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>mittō</b></td> +<td><b>mittere</b></td> +<td><b>mīsī</b></td> +<td><i>send</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>mūniō</b></td> +<td><b>mūnīre</b></td> +<td><b>mūnīvī</b></td> +<td><i>fortify</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>veniō</b></td> +<td><b>venīre</b></td> +<td><b>vēnī</b></td> +<td><i>come</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec193"><b>193.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Perseus and Andromeda</span> +(<i>Continued</i>)</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec193vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 290.</p> + +<p>Cēpheus, adversā fortūnā maximē commōtus, discessit et multīs cum +lacrimīs populō Aethiopiae verba ōrāculī nārrāvit. Fāta Andromedae, +puellae pulchrae, ā tōtō populō dēplōrābantur, tamen nūllum erat +auxilium. Deinde Cēpheus cum plēnō trīstitiae animō cāram suam fīliam ex +oppidī portā ad aquam dūxit et bracchia eius ad saxa dūra revīnxit. Tum +amīcī puellae miserae longē discessērunt et diū mōnstrum saevum +exspectāvērunt.</p> + +<p>Tum forte Perseus, ālīs frētus, super Aethiopiam volābat. Vīdit +populum, Andromedam, lacrimās, et, magnopere attonitus, ad terram +dēscendit. Tum Cēpheus eī tōtās cūrās nārrāvit et ita dīxit: “Pārēbō +verbīs ōrāculī, et prō patriā fīliam meam dabō; sed sī id mōnstrum +interficiēs et Andromedam servābis, tibi (<i>to you</i>) eam dabō.”</p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page84"> </a><a name="lesson_XXXIII"> +LESSON XXXIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE · +PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec194"><b>194.</b></a> +</p> + +<table class="nospace"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>amō</b></td> +<td><b>moneō</b></td> +<td><b>regō</b></td> +<td><b>capiō</b></td> +<td><b>audiō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps">Perfect Stems</td> +<td><b>amāv-</b></td> +<td><b>monu-</b></td> +<td><b>rēx-</b></td> +<td><b>cēp-</b></td> +<td><b>audīv-</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Pluperfect Indicative Active +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "5"> +<span class="smallcaps">Tense Sign</span> <b>-erā-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>I had loved</i></td> +<td><i>I had advised</i></td> +<td><i>I had ruled</i></td> +<td><i>I had taken</i></td> +<td><i>I had heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´v<b>eram</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>eram</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>eram</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>eram</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>eram</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā´v<b>erās</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erās</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>erās</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>erās</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>erās</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´v<b>erat</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erat</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>erat</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>erat</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>erat</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amāv<b>erā´mus</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erā´mus</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>erā´mus</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>erā´mus</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>erā´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amāv<b>erā´tis</b></td> +<td>monuer<b>ā´tis</b></td> +<td>rēxer<b>ā´tis</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>erā´tis</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>erā´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´v<b>erant</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erant</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>erant</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>erant</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>erant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Future Perfect Indicative Active +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "5"> +<span class="smallcaps">Tense Sign</span> <b>-eri-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging ital"> +I shall have loved +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging ital"> +I shall have advised +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging ital"> +I shall have ruled +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging ital"> +I shall have taken +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging ital"> +I shall have heard +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´v<b>erō</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erō</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>erō</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>erō</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>erō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā´v<b>eris</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>eris</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>eris</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>eris</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>eris</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´v<b>erit</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erit</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>erit</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>erit</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>erit</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amāv<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>monu<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>e´rimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amāv<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>monu<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>e´ritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´v<b>erint</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erint</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>erint</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>erint</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>erint</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for +formation given in <a href="#sec187">§ 187. 2-4</a> hold +good here.</p> + +<p>2. In like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect +indicative active of <b>dō</b>, <b>portō</b>, <b>dēleō</b>, +<b>moveō</b>, <b>habeō</b>, <b>dīcō</b>, <b>discēdō</b>, <b>faciō</b>, +<b>veniō</b>, <b>mūniō.</b></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page85"> </a> +<a name="sec195"><b>195.</b></a> +<b>The Perfect Active Infinitive.</b> The perfect active infinitive is +formed by adding <b>-isse</b> to the perfect stem.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Conj.</th> +<th>Perfect Stem</th> +<th>Perfect Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">I.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>amāv-</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">II.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>monu-</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">III.</td> +<td>(<i>a</i>)</td> +<td><b>rēx-</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have ruled</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>(<i>b</i>)</td> +<td><b>cēp-</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have taken</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">IV.</td> +<td></td> +<td><b>audīv-</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sum</b></td> +<td><b>fu-</b></td> +<td>fu<b>is´se</b>, <i>to have been</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. In like manner give the perfect infinitive active of <b>dō</b>, +<b>portō</b>, <b>dēleō</b>, <b>moveō</b>, <b>habeō</b>, <b>dīcō</b>, +<b>discēdō</b>, <b>faciō</b>, <b>veniō</b>, <b>mūniō</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec196"><b>196.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Habuistī, mōvērunt, miserant. 2. Vīdit, dīxeris, dūxisse. +3. Mīsistis, pāruērunt, discesserāmus. 4. Mūnīvit, dederam, +mīserō. 5. Habuerimus, dēlēvī, pāruit, fuisse. 6. Dederās, +mūnīveritis, vēnerātis, mīsisse. 7. Vēnerās, fēcisse, dederātis, +portāveris.</p> + +<p>8. Quem verba ōrāculī mōverant? Populum verba ōrāculī mōverant. +9. Cui Cēpheus verba ōrāculī nārrāverit? Perseō Cēpheus verba +ōrāculī nārrāverit. 10. Amīcī ab Andromedā discesserint. +11. Mōnstrum saevum domicilia multa dēlēverat. 12. Ubi +mōnstrum vīdistis? Id in aquā vīdimus. 13. Quid mōnstrum faciet? +Mōnstrum Andromedam interficiet.</p> + +<p>II. 1. They have obeyed, we have destroyed, I shall have had. +2. We shall have sent, I had come, they have fortified. 3. I +had departed, he has obeyed, you have sent (<i>sing. and plur.</i>). +4. To have destroyed, to have seen, he will have given, they have +carried. 5. He had destroyed, he has moved, you have had (<i>sing. +and plur.</i>). 6. I have given, you had moved (<i>sing. and +plur.</i>), we had said. 7. You will have made (<i>sing. and +plur.</i>), they will have led, to have given.</p> + +<p>8. Who had seen the monster? Andromeda had seen it. 9. Why had +the men departed from<span class="tag">1</span> the towns? They had +departed because the monster had come. 10. Did Cepheus obey<span +class="tag">2</span> the oracle<span class="tag">3</span>? He did.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>ex</b>. What would <b>ab</b> mean?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <i>Did ... obey</i>, perfect tense.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. What case?</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page86"> </a><a name="lesson_XXXIV"> +LESSON XXXIV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">REVIEW OF THE ACTIVE VOICE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec197"><b>197.</b></a> +A review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following +formation:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller" rowspan = "6"> +TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE +</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Present</span> += First of the principal parts +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Imperfect</span> += Present stem + <b>-ba-m</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"> +<span class="smallcaps">Future</span> += Present stem + +</td> +<td class="middle leftline"> +<b>-bō</b>, Conj. I and II<br /> +<b>-a-m</b>, Conj. III and IV +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Perfect</span> += Third of the principal parts +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pluperfect</span> += Perfect stem + <b>-era-m</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Future Perfect</span> += Perfect stem + <b>-erō</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec198"><b>198.</b></a> +The synopsis of the active voice of <b>amō</b>, as far as we have +learned the conjugation, is as follows:</p> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>amō, amāre, amāvī</b> +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> +<b>amā-</b> +</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Stem</span> +<b>amāv-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3"> +Indic. +</td> +<td><i>Pres.</i> am<b>ō</b></td> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3"> +Indic. +</td> +<td><i>Perf.</i> amāv<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad"><i>Imperf.</i> am<b>ābam</b></td> +<td><i>Pluperf.</i> amāv<b>eram</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i> amā<b>bō</b></td> +<td><i>Fut. perf.</i> amāv<b>erō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Imv.</span> am<b>ā</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Infin.</span> amā<b>re</b> +</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Infin.</span> amāv<b>isse</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal +parts and synopsis of <b>parō</b>, <b>dō</b>, <b>laudō</b>, +<b>dēleō</b>, <b>habeō</b>, <b>moveō</b>, <b>pāreō</b>, <b>videō</b>, +<b>dīcō</b>, <b>discēdō</b>, <b>dūcō</b>, <b>mittō</b>, <b>capiō</b>, +<b>muniō</b>, <b>veniō</b>.<span class="tag">1</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Learn to give synopses rapidly, and not only in the first person +singular but in any person of either number.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec199"><b>199.</b></a> +Learn the following principal parts:<span class="tag">2</span></p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Pres. Indic.</th> +<th>Pres. Infin.</th> +<th>Perf. Indic.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="sidehead"> +Irregular<br /> +Verbs +</td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>sum</b><br /> +<b>ab´sum</b><br /> +<b>dō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>esse</b><br /> +<b>abes´se</b><br /> +<b>dare</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>fuī</b><br /> +<b>ā´fuī</b><br /> +<b>dedī</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>be</i><br /> +<i>be away</i><br /> +<i>give</i> +</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="sidehead"> +<a name="page87"> </a> +Conjugation<br /> +II</td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>contineō</b><br /> +<b>doceō</b><br /> +<b>egeō</b><br /> +<b>faveō</b><br /> +<b>iubeō</b><br /> +<b>noceō</b><br /> +<b>persuādeō</b><br /> +<b>respondeō</b><br /> +<b>sedeō</b><br /> +<b>studeō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>continēre</b><br /> +<b>docēre</b><br /> +<b>egēre</b><br /> +<b>favēre</b><br /> +<b>iubēre</b><br /> +<b>nocēre</b><br /> +<b>persuādēre</b><br /> +<b>respondēre</b><br /> +<b>sedēre</b><br /> +<b>studēre</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>continuī</b><br /> +<b>docuī</b><br /> +<b>eguī</b><br /> +<b>fāvī</b><br /> +<b>iussī</b><br /> +<b>nocuī</b><br /> +<b>persuāsī</b><br /> +<b>respondī</b><br /> +<b>sēdī</b><br /> +<b>studuī</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>hold in, keep</i><br /> +<i>teach</i><br /> +<i>need</i><br /> +<i>favor</i><br /> +<i>order</i><br /> +<i>injure</i><br /> +<i>persuade</i><br /> +<i>reply</i><br /> +<i>sit</i><br /> +<i>be eager</i> +</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="sidehead">Conjugation<br /> +III</td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>agō</b><br /> +<b>crēdō</b><br /> +<b>fugiō</b><br /> +<b>iaciō</b><br /> +<b>interficiō</b><br /> +<b>rapiō</b><br /> +<b>resis´tō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>agere</b><br /> +<b>crēdere</b><br /> +<b>fugere</b><br /> +<b>iacere</b><br /> +<b>interficere</b><br /> +<b>rapere</b><br /> +<b>resis´tere</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>ēgī</b><br /> +<b>crēdidī</b><br /> +<b>fūgī</b><br /> +<b>iēcī</b><br /> +<b>interfēcī</b><br /> +<b>rapuī</b><br /> +<b>re´stitī</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>drive</i><br /> +<i>believe</i><br /> +<i>flee</i><br /> +<i>hurl</i><br /> +<i>kill</i><br /> +<i>seize</i><br /> +<i>resist</i></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="sidehead">Conjugation<br /> +IV</td> +<td><b>repe´riō</b></td> +<td><b>reperī´re</b></td> +<td><b>rep´perī</b></td> +<td><i>find</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. These are all verbs that you have had before, and the perfect is the +only new form to be learned.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec200"><b>200.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Perseus and Andromeda</span> +(<i>Concluded</i>)</p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec200vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 290. Read the whole story.</p> + +<p>Perseus semper proeliō studēbat<span class="tag">3</span> et +respondit,<span class="tag">3</span> “Verba tua sunt maximē grāta,” et +laetus arma sua magica parāvit.<span class="tag">3</span> Subitō +mōnstrum vidētur; celeriter per aquam properat et Andromedae +adpropinquat. Eius amīcī longē absunt et misera puella est sōla. Perseus +autem sine morā super aquam volāvit.<span class="tag">3</span> Subitō +dēscendit<span class="tag">3</span> et dūrō gladiō saevum mōnstrum +graviter vulnerāvit.<span class="tag">3</span> Diū pugnātur,<span +class="tag">4</span> diū proelium est dubium. Dēnique autem Perseus +mōnstrum interfēcit<span class="tag">3</span> et victōriam +reportāvit.<span class="tag">3</span> Tum ad saxum vēnit<span class = +"tag">3</span> et Andromedam līberāvit<span class="tag">3</span> et +eam ad Cēpheum dūxit.<span class="tag">3</span> Is, nūper miser, nunc +laetus, ita dīxit<span class="tag">3</span>: “Tuō auxiliō, mī amīce, +cāra fīlia mea est lībera; tua est Andromeda.” Diū Perseus cum Andromedā +ibi habitābat<span class="tag">3</span> et magnopere ā tōtō populō +amābātur.<span class="tag">3</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. See if you can explain the use of the perfects and imperfects in this +passage.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. The verb pugnātur means, literally, <i>it is fought</i>; translate +freely, <i>the battle is fought</i>, or <i>the contest rages</i>. The +verb pugnō in Latin is intransitive, and so does not have a personal +subject in the passive. A verb with an indeterminate subject, designated +in English by <i>it</i>, is called impersonal.</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page88"> </a><a name="lesson_XXXV"> +LESSON XXXV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE PASSIVE PERFECTS OF THE INDICATIVE · THE PERFECT +PASSIVE AND FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec201"><b>201.</b></a> +The fourth and last of the principal parts (<a href = +"#sec183">§ 183</a>) is the <b>perfect passive participle</b>. +<i>From it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future +active infinitive and all the passive perfects.</i></p> + +<p>1. Learn the following principal parts, which are for the first time +given in full:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conj.</th> +<th>Pres. Indic.</th> +<th>Pres. Infin.</th> +<th>Perf. Indic.</th> +<th>Perf. Pass. Part</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">I.</td> +<td><b>amō</b></td> +<td><b>amā´-re</b></td> +<td><b>amā´v-ī</b></td> +<td><b>amā´t-us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> +This is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">II.</td> +<td><b>mo´neō</b></td> +<td><b>monē´-re</b></td> +<td><b>mo´nu-ī</b></td> +<td><b>mo´nit-us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">III.</td> +<td><b>regō</b></td> +<td><b>re´ge-re</b></td> +<td><b>rēx-ī</b></td> +<td><b>rēct-us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>ca´piō</b></td> +<td><b>ca´pe-re</b></td> +<td><b>cēp-ī</b></td> +<td><b>capt-us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number rightpad">IV.</td> +<td><b>au´diō</b></td> +<td><b>audī´-re</b></td> +<td><b>audī´v-ī</b></td> +<td><b>audī´t-us</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>2. The base of the participial stem is found by dropping <b>-us</b> +from the perfect passive participle.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec202"><b>202.</b></a> +In English the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses of the +indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb <i>to +be</i> and the past participle; as, <i>I have been loved</i>, <i>I had +been loved</i>, <i>I shall have been loved.</i></p> + +<p>Very similarly, in Latin, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect +passive tenses use respectively the present, imperfect, and future of +<b>sum</b> as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle, +as</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +Perfect passive, <b>amā´tus sum</b>, <i>I have been</i> or <i>was +loved</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +Pluperfect passive, <b>amā´tus eram</b>, <i>I had been loved</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +Future perfect passive, <b>amā´tus erō</b>, <i>I shall have been +loved</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. In the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of +<b>moneō</b>, <b>regō</b>, <b>capiō</b>, and <b>audiō</b>, and give the +English meanings.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec203"><b>203.</b></a> +<b>Nature of the Participle.</b> A participle is partly verb and partly +adjective. As a verb it possesses tense and voice. As an adjective it +<a name="page89"> </a> +is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender, number, and +case.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec204"><b>204.</b></a> +The perfect passive participle is declined like <b>bonus, bona, +bonum</b>, and in the compound tenses (<a href = +"#sec202">§ 202</a>) it agrees as a predicate adjective with the +subject of the verb.</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead"> +Examples in<br /> +Singular +</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Vir laudātus est</b>, <i>the man was praised</i>, or <i>has been +praised</i> +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Puella laudāta est</b>, <i>the girl was praised</i>, or <i>has been +praised</i> +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Cōnsilium laudātum est</b>, <i>the plan was praised</i>, or <i>has +been praised</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead"> +Examples in<br /> +Plural +</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Virī laudātī sunt</b>, <i>the men were praised</i>, or <i>have been +praised</i> +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Puellae laudātae sunt</b>, <i>the girls were praised</i>, or <i>have +been praised</i> +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Cōnsilia laudāta sunt</b>, <i>the plans were praised</i>, or <i>have +been praised</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Inflect the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative +passive of <b>amō</b>, <b>moneō</b>, <b>regō</b>, <b>capiō</b>, and +<b>audiō</b> (<a href = +"#sec488">§§ 488-492</a>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec205"><b>205.</b></a> +<b>The perfect passive infinitive</b> is formed by adding <b>esse</b>, +the present infinitive of <b>sum</b>, to the perfect passive participle; +as, amā´t<b>-us</b> (<b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>) <b>esse</b>, <i>to have been +loved</i>; mo´nit<b>-us</b> (<b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>) <b>esse</b>, <i>to +have been advised</i>.</p> + +<p>1. Form the perfect passive infinitive of <b>regō</b>, <b>capiō</b>, +<b>audiō</b>, and give the English meanings.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec206"><b>206.</b></a> +The future active infinitive is formed by adding <b>esse</b>, the +present infinitive of <b>sum</b>, to the future active participle. This +participle is made by adding <b>-ūrus, -a, -um</b> to the base of the +participial stem. Thus the future active infinitive of <b>amō</b> is +amat<b>-ū´rus</b> (<b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>) <b>esse</b>, <i>to be about to +love</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive +we use all three conjugation stems:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +Present, amā<b>re</b> (present stem), <i>to love</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +Perfect, amāv<b>isse</b> (perfect stem), <i>to have loved</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +Future, amāt<b>ūrus esse</b> (participial stem), <i>to be about to +love</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Give the three tenses of the active infinitive of <b>laudō</b>, +<b>moneō</b>, <b>regō</b>, <b>capiō</b>, <b>audiō</b>, with the English +meanings.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page90"> </a> +<a name="sec207"><b>207.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Fābula Andromedae nārrāta est. 2. Multae fābulae ā +magistrō nārrātae sunt. 3. Ager ab agricolā validō arātus erat. +4. Agrī ab agricolīs validīs arātī erant. 5. Aurum ā servō +perfidō ad domicilium suum portātum erit. 6. Nostra arma ā lēgātō +laudāta sunt. Quis vestra arma laudāvit? 7. Ab ancillā tuā ad cēnam +vocātae sumus. 8. Andromeda mōnstrō nōn data est, quia mōnstrum ā +Perseō necātum erat.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The provinces were laid waste, the field had been laid waste, +the towns will have been laid waste. 2. The oracles were heard, the +oracle was heard, the oracles had been heard. 3. The oracle will +have been heard, the province had been captured, the boats have been +captured. 4. The fields were laid waste, the man was advised, the +girls will have been advised. 5. The towns had been ruled, we shall +have been captured, you will have been heard.</p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXXVI"> +LESSON XXXVI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL PARTS · PREPOSITIONS +<i>YES</i>-OR-<i>NO</i> QUESTIONS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec208"><b>208.</b></a> +The following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have +had excepting those used in the paradigms. The parts you have had before +are given for review, and the perfect participle is the only new form +for you to learn. Sometimes one or more of the principal parts are +lacking, which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem. A +few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active +participle in <b>-ūrus</b>, which appears in the principal parts +instead.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Irregular Verbs +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> +<b>sum</b><br /> +<b>absum</b><br /> +<b>dō</b><span class="tag">1</span> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<b>esse</b><br /> +<b>abesse</b><br /> +<b>dare</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<b>fuī</b><br /> +<b>āfuī</b><br /> +<b>dedī</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<b>futūrus</b><br /> +<b>āfutūrus</b><br /> +<b>datus</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<i>be</i><br /> +<i>be away</i><br /> +<i>give</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>dō</b> is best classed with the irregular verbs because of the +short <b>a</b> in the present and participial stems.</div> + +<p> +<a name="page91"> </a> +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Conjugation I</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>portō</b></td> +<td><b>portāre</b></td> +<td><b>portāvī</b></td> +<td><b>portātus</b></td> +<td><i>carry</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> +So for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Conjugation II</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> +<b>contineō</b><br /> +<b>dēleō</b><br /> +<b>doceō</b><br /> +<b>egeō</b><br /> +<b>faveō</b><br /> +<b>iubeō</b><br /> +<b>moveō</b><br /> +<b>noceō</b><br /> +<b>pāreō</b><br /> +<b>persuādeō</b><br /> +<b>prohibeō</b><br /> +<b>respondeō</b><br /> +<b>sedeō</b><br /> +<b>studeō</b><br /> +<b>videō</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<b>continēre</b><br /> +<b>dēlēre</b><br /> +<b>docēre</b><br /> +<b>egēre</b><br /> +<b>favēre</b><br /> +<b>iubēre</b><br /> +<b>movēre</b><br /> +<b>nocēre</b><br /> +<b>pārēre</b><br /> +<b>persuādēre</b><br /> +<b>prohibēre</b><br /> +<b>respondēre</b><br /> +<b>sedēre</b><br /> +<b>studēre</b><br /> +<b>vidēre</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<b>continuī</b><br /> +<b>dēlēvī</b><br /> +<b>docuī</b><br /> +<b>eguī</b><br /> +<b>fāvī</b><br /> +<b>iussī</b><br /> +<b>mōvī</b><br /> +<b>nocuī</b><br /> +<b>pāruī</b><br /> +<b>persuāsī</b><br /> +<b>prohibuī</b><br /> +<b>respondī</b><br /> +<b>sēdī</b><br /> +<b>studuī</b><br /> +<b>vīdī</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<b>contentus</b><br /> +<b>dēlētus</b><br /> +<b>doctus</b><br /> +——<br /> +<b>fautūrus</b><br /> +<b>iussus</b><br /> +<b>mōtus</b><br /> +<b>nocitūrus</b><br /> +——<br /> +<b>persuāsus</b><br /> +<b>prohibitus</b><br /> +<b>respōnsus</b><br /> +<b>-sessus</b><br /> +——<br /> +<b>vīsus</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<i>hold in, keep</i><br /> +<i>destroy</i><br /> +<i>teach</i><br /> +<i>lack</i><br /> +<i>favor</i><br /> +<i>order</i><br /> +<i>move</i><br /> +<i>injure</i><br /> +<i>obey</i><br /> +<i>persuade (from)</i><br /> +<i>restrain, keep</i><br /> +<i>reply</i><br /> +<i>sit</i><br /> +<i>be eager</i><br /> +<i>see</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Conjugation III</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> +<b>agō</b><br /> +<b>crēdō</b><br /> +<b>dīcō</b><br /> +<b>discēdō</b><br /> +<b>dūcō</b><br /> +<b>faciō</b><span class="tag">2</span><br /> +<b>fugiō</b><br /> +<b>iaciō</b><br /> +<b>interficiō</b><br /> +<b>mittō</b><br /> +<b>rapiō</b><br /> +<b>resistō</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<b>agere</b><br /> +<b>crēdere</b><br /> +<b>dīcere</b><br /> +<b>discēdere</b><br /> +<b>dūcere</b><br /> +<b>facere</b><br /> +<b>fugere</b><br /> +<b>iacere</b><br /> +<b>interficere</b><br /> +<b>mittere</b><br /> +<b>rapere</b><br /> +<b>resistere</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<b>ēgī</b><br /> +<b>crēdidī</b><br /> +<b>dīxī</b><br /> +<b>discessī</b><br /> +<b>dūxī</b><br /> +<b>fēcī</b><br /> +<b>fūgī</b><br /> +<b>iēcī</b><br /> +<b>interfēcī</b><br /> +<b>mīsī</b><br /> +<b>rapuī</b><br /> +<b>restitī</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<b>āctus</b><br /> +<b>crēditus</b><br /> +<b>dictus</b><br /> +<b>discessus</b><br /> +<b>ductus</b><br /> +<b>factus</b><br /> +<b>fugitūrus</b><br /> +<b>iactus</b><br /> +<b>interfectus</b><br /> +<b>missus</b><br /> +<b>raptus</b><br /> +—— +</p></td> + +<td><p> +<i>drive</i><br /> +<i>believe</i><br /> +<i>say</i><br /> +<i>depart</i><br /> +<i>lead</i><br /> +<i>make</i><br /> +<i>flee</i><br /> +<i>hurl</i><br /> +<i>kill</i><br /> +<i>send</i><br /> +<i>seize</i><br /> +<i>resist</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Conjugation IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> +<b>mūniō</b><br /> +<b>reperiō</b><br /> +<b>veniō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p> +<b>mūnīre</b><br /> +<b>reperīre</b><br /> +<b>venīre</b> +</p></td> +<td><p> +<b>mūnīvī</b><br /> +<b>rep´perī</b><br /> +<b>vēnī</b> +</p></td> +<td><p> +<b>mūnītus</b><br /> +<b>repertus</b><br /> +<b>ventus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p> +<i>fortify</i><br /> +<i>find</i><br /> +<i>come</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>faciō</b> has an irregular passive which will be presented +later.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page92"> </a> +<a name="sec209"><b>209.</b></a> +<b>Prepositions.</b> 1. We learned in <a href="#sec52">§§ 52</a>, +<a href="#sec53">53</a> that only the <i>accusative</i> and the +<i>ablative</i> are used with prepositions, and that prepositions +expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case. Those we have +had are here summarized. The table following should be learned.</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"><b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b>, <i>from, by</i></p> +<p class="hanging"><b>cum</b>, <i>with</i></p> +<p class="hanging"><b>dē</b>, <i>down from, concerning</i></p> +<p class="hanging"><b>ē</b> or <b>ex</b>, <i>out from, out of</i></p> +<p class="hanging"><b>prō</b>, <i>before, in front of; for, in behalf +of</i></p> +<p class="hanging"><b>sine</b>, <i>without</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the +<i>accusative</i> (<a href="#sec52">§ 52</a>). Of these we have +had the following:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"><b>ad</b>, <i>to</i></p> +<p class="hanging"><b>apud</b>, <i>among</i></p> +<p class="hanging"><b>per</b>, <i>through</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>There are many others which you will meet as we proceed.</p> + +<p>3. The preposition <b>in</b> when meaning <i>in</i> or <i>on</i> +governs the <i>ablative</i>; when meaning <i>to, into, against</i> +(relations foreign to the ablative) <b>in</b> governs the +<i>accusative</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec210"><b>210.</b></a> +<b><i>Yes</i>-or-<i>No</i> Questions.</b> Questions not introduced by +some interrogative word like <i>who, why, when</i>, etc., but expecting +the answer <i>yes</i> or <i>no</i>, may take one of three forms:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging">1. <i>Is he coming?</i> (Asking for information. +Implying nothing as to the answer expected.)</p> +<p class="hanging">2. <i>Is he not coming?</i> (Expecting the answer +<i>yes</i>.)</p> +<p class="hanging">3. <i>He isn´t coming, is he?</i> (Expecting the +answer <i>no</i>.)</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging">1. <b>Venitne?</b> <i>is he coming?</i></p> +<p class="hanging">2. <b>Nōnne venit?</b> <i>is he not coming?</i></p> +<p class="hanging">3. <b>Num venit?</b> <i>he isn´t coming, is +he?</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> <b>-ne</b>, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, +which then stands first.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> We learned in <a href="#sec56">§ 56. <i>b</i></a> +that <i>yes</i>-or-<i>no</i> questions are usually answered by repeating +the verb, with or without a negative. Instead of this, <b>ita</b>, +<b>vērō</b>, <b>certē</b>, etc. (<i>so, truly, certainly</i>, etc.) may +be used for <i>yes</i>, and <b>nōn</b>, <b>minimē</b>, etc. for +<i>no</i> if the denial is emphatic, as, <i>by no means</i>, <i>not at +all</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page93"> </a> +<a name="sec211"><b>211.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec211vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 290.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Nōnne habēbat Cornēlia ōrnāmenta aurī? Habēbat. 2. Num Sextus +lēgātus scūtum in dextrō bracchiō gerēbat? Nōn in dextrō, sed sinistrō +in bracchiō Sextus scūtum gerēbat. 3. Frūstrā bella multa ab Gallīs +gesta erant. 4. Ubi oppidum ā perfidō Sextō occupātum est, oppidānī +miserī gladiō interfectī sunt. 5. Id oppidum erat plēnum frūmentī. +6. Nōnne Sextus ab oppidānīs frūmentum postulāvit? Vērō, sed iī +recūsāvērunt frūmentum dare. 7. Cūr oppidum ab Sextō dēlētum est? +Quia frūmentum recūsātum est. 8. Ea victōria nōn dubia erat. +9. Oppidānī erant dēfessī et armīs egēbant. 10. Num fugam +temptāvērunt? Minimē.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had +ordered. 2. Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments +of gold. 3. Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She +did. 4. Who captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held +her by the left arm. 5. She didn´t have the lady’s gold, did she? +No, the gold had been taken by a faithless maid and has been brought +back.</p> + + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="boldf"> +<a class="page" href="#review_IV"> +Fourth Review, Lessons XXVII-XXXVI, §§ 513-516</a></h5> + +<hr /> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXXVII"> +LESSON XXXVII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">CONJUGATION OF <i>POSSUM</i> · THE INFINITIVE USED +AS IN ENGLISH</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec212"><b>212.</b></a> +Learn the principal parts of <b>possum</b>, <i>I am able</i>, <i>I +can</i>, and its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. <a +href="#sec495">§ 495</a>.)</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> <b>Possum</b>, <i>I can</i>, is a compound of <b>potis</b>, +<i>able</i>, and <b>sum</b>, <i>I am</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec213"><b>213.</b></a> +<b>The Infinitive with Subject Accusative.</b> The <i>infinitive</i> +(cf. <a href="#sec173">§ 173</a>) is a <i>verbal noun</i>. Used +as a noun, it has the constructions of a noun. As a verb it can govern a +case and be modified by an adverb. The uses of the infinitive are much +the same in Latin as in English.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page94"> </a> +1. In English certain verbs of <i>wishing, commanding, forbidding</i>, +and the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive +in the objective case and an infinitive, as, <i>he commanded the men to +flee</i>. Such object clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the +substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive.</p> + +<p>Similarly in Latin, some verbs of <i>wishing, commanding, +forbidding</i>, and the like are used with an object clause consisting +of an infinitive with a subject in the accusative case, as, <b>Is virōs +fugere iussit</b>, <i>he commanded the men to flee</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec214"><b>214.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Subject of the Infinitive.</b> +<i>The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec215"><b>215.</b></a> +<b>The Complementary Infinitive.</b> In English a verb is often followed +by an infinitive to complete its meaning, as, <i>the Romans are able to +conquer the Gauls</i>. This is called the <i>complementary</i> +infinitive, as the predicate is not <i>complete</i> without the added +infinitive.</p> + +<p>Similarly in Latin, <i>verbs of incomplete predication</i> are +completed by the infinitive. Among such verbs are <b>possum</b>, <i>I am +able, I can</i>; <b>properō</b>, <b>mātūrō</b>, <i>I hasten</i>; +<b>temptō</b>, <i>I attempt</i>; as</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Rōmānī Gallōs superāre possunt</b>, <i>the Romans are able to</i> (or +<i>can</i>) <i>conquer the Gauls</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Bellum gerere mātūrant</b>, <i>they hasten to wage war</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive +agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main +verb.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Malī puerī esse bonī nōn possunt</b>, <i>bad boys are not able to</i> +(or <i>cannot</i>) <i>be good.</i></p> + +<p>Observe that <b>bonī</b> agrees with <b>puerī</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec216"><b>216.</b></a> +<b>The Infinitive used as a Noun.</b> In English the infinitive is often +used as a pure noun, as the subject of a sentence, or as a predicate +nominative. For example, <i>To conquer</i> (= conquering) <i>is +pleasing; To see</i> (= seeing) <i>is to believe</i> (= believing). The +same use of the infinitive is found in Latin, especially with +<b>est</b>, as</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Superāre est grātum</b>, <i>to conquer is pleasing</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Vidēre est crēdere</b>, <i>to see is to believe</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page95"> </a> +<i>a.</i> In the construction above, the infinitive often has a subject, +which must then be in the accusative case, as</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Galbam superāre inimīcōs est grātum multīs</b>,<br /> +<i>for Galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> An infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular. Thus, in the +sentence <b>superāre est grātum</b>, the predicate adjective +<b>grātum</b> is in the neuter nominative singular to agree with +<b>superāre</b> the subject.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec217"><b>217.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec217vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 291.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Magister lūdī līberōs cum dīligentiā labōrāre iussit. +2. Egēre cibō et vinō est virīs molestum. 3. Virī armātī +vetuērunt Gallōs castra ibi pōnere. 4. Estne lēgātus in castellō an +in mūrō? Is est prō portā. 5. Ubi nostrī<span class = +"tag">1</span> fugere incēpērunt, lēgātus ab vestrīs<span class = +"tag">1</span> captus est. 6. Gallī castellum ibi oppugnāverant ubi +praesidium erat īnfīrmum. 7. Aliī pugnāre temptābant, aliī portās +petēbant. 8. Fēminae prō domiciliīs sedēbant neque resistere +validīs Gallīs poterant. 9. Bellum est saevum, nec īnfīrmīs nec +miserīs favet. 10. Sed virī arma postulābant et studēbant Gallōs dē +mūrīs agere. 11. Id castellum ab Gallīs occupārī Rōmānīs nōn grātum +erit. 12. Gallī ubi ā Rōmānīs victī sunt, esse līberī<span class = +"tag">2</span> cessāvērunt. 13. Diū sine aquā vīvere nōn +potestis.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Supply <i>men</i>. <b>nostri</b>, <b>vestrī</b>, and <b>suī</b> are +often used as nouns in this way.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Not <i>children</i>. The Romans used <b>līberī</b> either as an +adjective, meaning <i>free</i>, or as a noun, meaning <i>the free</i>, +thereby signifying their <i>free-born children</i>. The word was never +applied to children of slaves.</div> + +<p>II. 1. The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the +gates. 2. The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for +a battle. 3. For a long time they tried in vain to seize the +redoubt. 4. Neither did they cease to hurl weapons against<span +class="tag">3</span> the walls. 5. But they were not able to +(could not) take the town.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>in</b> with the accusative.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec218"><b>218.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">The Faithless Tarpe´ia</span></p> + +<p>Sabīnī ōlim cum Rōmānīs bellum gerēbant et multās victōriās +reportāverant. Iam agrōs proximōs mūrīs vāstābant, iam oppidō +adpropinquābant. Rōmānī autem in Capitōlium fūgerant et longē perīculō +<a name="page96"> </a> +aberant. Mūrīs validīs et saxīs altīs crēdēbant. Frūstrā Sabīnī tēla +iaciēbant, frūstrā portās dūrās petēbant; castellum occupāre nōn +poterant. Deinde novum cōnsilium cēpērunt.<span class = +"tag">4</span></p> + +<p>Tarpēia erat puella Rōmāna pulchra et superba. Cotīdiē aquam cōpiīs +Rōmānīs in Capitōlium portābat. Eī<span class="tag">5</span> nōn +nocēbant Sabīnī, quod ea sine armīs erat neque Sabīnī bellum cum fēminīs +līberīsque gerēbant. Tarpēia autem maximē amābat ōrnāmenta aurī. Cotīdiē +Sabīnōrum ōrnāmenta vidēbat et mox ea dēsīderāre incipiēbat. Eī ūnus +ex<span class="tag">6</span> Sabīnīs dīxit, “Dūc cōpiās Sabīnās intrā +portās, Tarpēia, et maxima erunt praemia tua.”</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>cōnsilium capere</b>, <i>to make a plan</i>. Why is the +<i>perfect</i> tense used here and the imperfect in the preceding +sentences? Explain the use of tenses in the next paragraph.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. Dative with <b>nocēbant</b>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec154">§ 154</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>ex</b>, <i>out of</i>, i.e. <i>from the nuumber of</i>; best +translated <i>of</i>.</div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic096.png" width="434" height="279" +alt="Tarpeia opens the gate for the soldiers" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +TARPEIA PUELLA PERFIDA</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page97"> </a><a name="lesson_XXXVIII"> +LESSON XXXVIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE +PRONOUN</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec219"><b>219.</b></a> +Sentences are <i>simple, compound</i>, or <i>complex</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> A <i>simple sentence</i> is a sentence containing but one +statement, that is, one subject and one predicate: <i>The Romans +approached the town.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> A <i>compound sentence</i> is a sentence containing two or +more independent statements: <i>The Romans approached the town</i> | and +| <i>the enemy fled.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> An independent statement is one +that can stand alone; it does not depend upon another statement.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> A <i>complex sentence</i> is a sentence containing one +independent statement and one or more dependent statements: <i>When the +Romans approached the town | the enemy fled.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> A dependent or subordinate +statement is one that depends on or qualifies another statement; thus +<i>the enemy fled</i> is independent, and <i>when the Romans approached +the town</i> is dependent or subordinate.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are +called <i>clauses</i>. In a complex sentence the independent statement +is called the <i>main clause</i> and the dependent statement the +<i>subordinate clause.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec220"><b>220.</b></a> +Examine the complex sentence</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>The Romans killed the men who were taken</i></p> + +<p>Here are two clauses:</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The main clause, <i>The Romans killed the men</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The subordinate clause, <i>who were taken</i></p> + +<p>The word <i>who</i> is a pronoun, for it takes the place of the noun +<i>men</i>. It also connects the subordinate clause <i>who were +taken</i> with the noun <i>men</i>. Hence the clause is an <i>adjective +clause</i>. A pronoun that connects an <i>adjective clause</i> with a +substantive is called a <i>relative pronoun</i>, and the substantive for +which the relative pronoun stands is called its <i>antecedent</i>. The +relative pronouns in English are <i>who, whose, whom, which, what, +that</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page98"> </a> +<a name="sec221"><b>221.</b></a> +The relative pronoun in Latin is <b>quī</b>, <b>quae</b>, <b>quod</b>, +and it is declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>quī</b></td> +<td><b>quae</b></td> +<td><b>quod</b></td> +<td><b>quī</b></td> +<td><b>quae</b></td> +<td><b>quae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>cuius</b></td> +<td><b>cuius</b></td> +<td><b>cuius</b></td> +<td><b>quōrum</b></td> +<td><b>quārum</b></td> +<td><b>quōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>cui</b></td> +<td><b>cui</b></td> +<td><b>cui</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>quem</b></td> +<td><b>quam</b></td> +<td><b>quod</b></td> +<td><b>quōs</b></td> +<td><b>quās</b></td> +<td><b>quae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>quō</b></td> +<td><b>quā</b></td> +<td><b>quō</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +<td><b>quibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Review the declension of <b>is</b>, <a href = +"#sec114">§ 114</a>, and note the similarity in the endings. The +forms <b>quī</b>, <b>quae</b>, and <b>quibus</b> are the only forms +showing new endings.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> The genitive <b>cuius</b> and the +dative <b>cui</b> are pronounced <i>co͝oi´yo͝os</i> (two syllables) and +<i>co͝oi</i> (one syllable).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec222"><b>222.</b></a> +<b>The Relative Pronoun is translated as follows:</b><span class = +"tag">1</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Masc. and Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><i>who, that</i></td> +<td><i>which, what, that</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><i>of whom, whose</i></td> +<td><i>of which, of what, whose</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><i>to</i> or <i>for whom</i></td> +<td><i>to</i> or <i>for which, to</i> or <i>for what</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><i>whom, that</i></td> +<td><i>which, what, that</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td class="rightpad"><i>from</i>, etc., <i>whom</i></td> +<td><i>from</i>, etc., <i>which</i> or <i>what</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is inserted for +reference when translating.</div> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> We see from the table above that <b>quī</b>, when it refers to +a person, is translated by some form of <i>who</i> or by <i>that</i>; +and that when it refers to anything else it is translated by <i>which, +what</i>, or <i>that</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec223"><b>223.</b></a> +Note the following sentences:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>The Romans killed the men who were taken</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>The Romans killed the woman who was taken</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Rōmānī interfēcērunt virōs quī captī sunt</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Rōmānī interfēcērunt fēminam quae capta est</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the first sentence <i>who</i> (<b>quī</b>) refers to the +antecedent <i>men</i> (<b>virōs</b>), and is <i>masculine plural</i>. In +the second, <i>who</i> (<b>quae</b>) refers to <i>woman</i> +(<b>fēminam</b>), and <i>feminine singular</i>. From this we learn that +the relative must agree +<a name="page99"> </a> +with its antecedent in <i>gender</i> and <i>number</i>. In neither of +the sentences are the antecedents and relatives in the same case. +<b>Virōs</b> and <b>fēminam</b> are accusatives, and <b>quī</b> and +<b>quae</b> are nominatives, being the subjects of the subordinate +clauses. Hence</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec224"><b>224.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Agreement of the Relative.</b> +<i>A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and +number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own +clause.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec225"><b>225.</b></a> +<b>Interrogative Pronouns.</b> An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun +that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are <i>who?</i> +<i>which?</i> <i>what?</i> In Latin they are <b>quis?</b> <b>quid?</b> +(pronoun) and <b>quī?</b> <b>quae?</b> <b>quod?</b> (adjective).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec226"><b>226.</b></a> +Examine the sentences</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>a.</i> <i>Who is the man?</i> <b>Quis est vir?</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>b.</i> <i>What man is leading them?</i> <b>Quī vir eōs dūcit?</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In <i>a</i>, <i>who</i> is an interrogative <i>pronoun</i>. In +<i>b</i>, <i>what</i> is an interrogative <i>adjective</i>. Observe that +in Latin <b>quis</b>, <b>quid</b> is the <i>pronoun</i> and <b>quī</b>, +<b>quae</b>, <b>quod</b> is the <i>adjective</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec227"><b>227.</b></a> +1. The interrogative adjective <b>quī</b>, <b>quae</b>, <b>quod</b> is +declined just like the relative pronoun. (See <a href = +"#sec221">§ 221</a>.)</p> + +<p>2. The interrogative pronoun <b>quis</b>, <b>quid</b> is declined +like <b>quī</b>, <b>quae</b>, <b>quod</b> in the plural. In the singular +it is declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Masc. and Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>quis</b>, <i>who?</i></td> +<td><b>quid</b>, <i>what? which?</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>cuius</b>, <i>whose?</i></td> +<td><b>cuius</b>, <i>whose?</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>cui</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for whom?</i></td> +<td><b>cui</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for what</i> or <i>which?</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>quem</b>, <i>whom?</i></td> +<td><b>quid</b>, <i>what? which?</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td class="rightpad"><b>quō</b>, <i>from</i>, etc., <i>whom?</i></td> +<td><b>quō</b>, <i>from</i>, etc., <i>which</i> or <i>what?</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> Observe that the masculine and +feminine are alike and that all the forms are like the corresponding +forms of the relative, excepting quis and quid.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec228"><b>228.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Quis est aeger? Servus quem amō est aeger. 2. Cuius scūtum +habēs? Scūtum habeō quod lēgātus ad castellum mīsit. 3. Cui lēgātus +suum scūtum dabit? Fīliō meō scūtum dabit. 4. Ubi Germānī +<a name="page100"> </a> +antīquī vīvēbant? In terrā quae est proxima Rhēnō Germānī vīvēbant. +5. Quibuscum<span class="tag">2</span> Germānī bellum gerēbant? +Cum Rōmānīs, qui eōs superāre studēbant, Germānī bellum gerēbant. +6. Quī virī castra pōnunt? Iī sunt virī quōrum armīs Germānī victī +sunt. 7. Quibus tēlīs cōpiae nostrae eguērunt? Gladiīs et telīs +nostrae cōpiae eguērunt. 8. Ā quibus porta sinistra tenēbātur? Ā +sociīs porta sinistra tenēbātur. 9. Quae prōvinciae ā Rōmānīs +occupātae sunt? Multae prōvinciae ā Rōmānīs occupātae sunt. +10. Quibus virīs deī favēbunt? Bonīs virīs deī favēbunt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>cum</b> is added to the ablative of relative, interrogative, and +personal pronouns instead of being placed before them.</div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic100.png" width="322" height="429" +alt="warriors coming home to Gaul" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +GERMANI ANTIQUI</span></p> + +<p>II. 1. What victory will you announce? 2. I will announce to the +people the victory which the sailors have won. 3. The men who were +pitching camp were eager for battle. 4. Nevertheless they were soon +conquered by the troops which Sextus had sent. 5. They could not +resist our forces, but fled from that place without delay.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec229"><b>229.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">The Faithless Tarpeia</span> +(<i>Concluded</i>)<span class="tag">3</span></p> + +<p>Tarpēia, commōta ōrnamentīs Sabīnōrum pulchrīs, diū resistere nōn +potuit et respondit: “Date mihi<span class="tag">4</span> ōrnāmenta +quae in sinistrīs bracchīs geritis, et celeriter cōpiās vestrās in +Capitōlium dūcam.” Nec +<a name="page101"> </a> +Sabīnī recūsāvērunt, sed per dūrās magnāsque castellī portās +properāvērunt quō<span class="tag">5</span> Tarpēia dūxit et mox intrā +validōs et altōs mūrōs stābant. Tum sine morā in<span class = +"tag">6</span> Tarpēiam scūta graviter iēcērunt; nam scūta quoque in +sinistrīs bracchiīs gerēbant. Ita perfida puella Tarpēia interfecta est; +ita Sabīnī Capitōlium occupāvērunt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Explain the use of the tenses in this selection.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <i>to me.</i></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. quō = <i>whither</i>, <i>to the place where</i>. Here <b>quo</b> is +the relative adverb. We have had it used before as the interrogative +adverb, <i>whither?</i> <i>to what place?</i></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <i>upon</i>.</div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XXXIX"> +LESSON XXXIX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec230"><b>230.</b></a> +<b>Bases and Stems.</b> In learning the first and second declensions we +saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case terminations +to the part of the word that did not change, which we called the +<b>base</b>. If to the base we add <b>-ā</b> in the first declension, +and <b>-o</b> in the second, we get what is called the <b>stem</b>. Thus +<b>porta</b> has the base <b>port-</b> and the stem <b>portā-</b>; +<b>servus</b> has the base <b>serv-</b> and the stem <b>servo-</b>.</p> + +<p>These stem vowels, <b>-ā-</b> and <b>-o-</b>, play so important a +part in the formation of the case terminations that these declensions +are named from them respectively the <i>Ā</i>- and +<i>O</i>-Declensions.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec231"><b>231.</b></a> +<b>Nouns of the Third Declension.</b> The third declension is called the +Consonant or <i>I</i>-Declension, and its nouns are classified according +to the way the <i>stem</i> ends. If the last letter of the stem is a +consonant, the word is said to have a <i>consonant stem</i>; if the stem +ends in <b>-i-</b>, the word is said to have an <b>i-</b><i>stem</i>. +<i>In consonant stems the stem is the same as the base. In</i> +<b>i-</b><i>stems the stem is formed by adding</i> <b>-i-</b> <i>to the +base.</i> The presence of the <b>i</b> makes a difference in certain of +the cases, so the distinction is a very important one.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec232"><b>232.</b></a> +Consonant stems are divided into two classes:</p> + +<p class="inset"> +I. Stems that add <b>-s</b> to the base to form the nominative +singular.</p> +<p class="inset"> +II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular.</p> + +<h5><a name="page102"> </a>CLASS I</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec233"><b>233.</b></a> +Stems that add <b>-s</b> to the base in the nominative singular are +either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>prīnceps</b>, m., <i>chief</i></td> +<td><b>mīles</b>, m., <i>soldier</i></td> +<td><b>lapis</b>, m., <i>stone</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Bases or<br /> +Stems</td> +<td class="middle"><b>prīncip-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>mīlit-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>lapid-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS<br /> +M. AND F.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>prīncep<b>s</b></td> +<td>mīle<b>s</b></td> +<td>lapi<b>s</b></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>is</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>is</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>ī</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>ī</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>em</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>em</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>e</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>e</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>um</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>um</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>prīnci´p<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>prīnci´p<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> <br /></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>rēx</b>, m., <i>king</i></td> +<td><b>iūdex</b>, m., <i>judge</i></td> +<td><b>virtūs</b>, f., <i>manliness</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Bases or<br /> +Stems</td> +<td class="middle"><b>rēg-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>iūdic-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>virtūt-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>rēx</td> +<td>iūdex</td> +<td>virtū<b>s</b></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>is</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>is</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>ī</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>ī</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>em</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>em</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>e</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>e</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>um</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>um</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. The base or stem is found by dropping <b>-is</b> in the genitive +singular.</p> + +<p>2. Most nouns of two syllables, like <b>prīnceps</b> +(<b>prīncip-</b>), <b>mīles</b> (<b>mīlit-</b>), <b>iūdex</b> +(<b>iūdic-</b>), have <b>i</b> in the base, but <b>e</b> in the +nominative.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page103"> </a> +<i>a.</i> <b>lapis</b> is an exception to this rule.</p> + +<p>3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the +nominative:</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> A final <b>-t</b> or <b>-d</b> is dropped before <b>-s</b>; +thus <b>mīles</b> for <b>mīlets</b>, <b>lapis</b> for <b>lapids</b>, +<b>virtūs</b> for <b>virtūts</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> A final <b>-c</b> or <b>-g</b> unites with <b>-s</b> and forms +<b>-x</b>; thus <b>iūdec</b> + <b>s</b> = <b>iūdex</b>, <b>rēg</b> + +<b>s</b> = <b>rēx</b>.</p> + +<p>4. Review <a href="#sec74">§ 74</a> and apply the rules to +this declension.</p> + +<p>In like manner decline <b>dux, ducis</b>, m., <i>leader</i>; +<b>eques, equitis</b>, m., <i>horseman</i>; <b>pedes, peditis</b>, m., +<i>foot soldier</i>; <b>pēs, pedis</b>, m.,<i>foot</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec234"><b>234.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec234vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 291.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Neque peditēs neque equitēs occupāre castellum Rōmānum +poterant. 2. Summā virtūte mūrōs altōs cotīdiē oppugnābant. +3. Pedes mīlitum lapidibus quī dē mūrō iaciēbantur saepe +vulnerābantur. 4. Quod novum cōnsilium dux cēpit? 5. Is +perfidam puellam pulchrīs ōrnāmentīs temptāvit. 6. Quid puella +fēcit? 7. Puella commōta aurō mīlitēs per portās dūxit. +8. Tamen praemia quae summō studiō petīverat nōn reportāvit. +9. Apud Rōmānōs antīquōs Tarpēia nōn est laudāta.</p> + +<p>II. 1. What ship is that which I see? That (<b>illud</b>) ship is the +<i>Victory</i>. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon +approach Italy. 2. The judges commanded the savages to be seized +and to be killed. 3. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to +flee, but were quickly captured by the horsemen. 4. The king led +the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling +stones with the greatest zeal.</p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic103.png" width="189" height="95" +alt="ship with oars" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +NAVIGIUM</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page104"> </a><a name="lesson_XL"> +LESSON XL</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS +(<i>Continued</i>)</h6> + +<h5>CLASS II</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec235"><b>235.</b></a> +Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined +in the other cases exactly like those that add <b>-s.</b> They may be +masculine, feminine, or neuter.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec236"><b>236.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">PARADIGMS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Masculines and Feminines</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>cōnsul</b>, m., <i>consul</i></td> +<td><b>legiō</b>, f., <i>legion</i></td> +<td><b>ōrdō</b>, m., <i>row</i></td> +<td><b>pater</b>, m., <i>father</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Bases or<br /> +Stems</td> +<td class="middle"><b>cōnsul-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>legiōn-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>ōrdin-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>patr-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS<br /> +M. AND F.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul</td> +<td>legiō</td> +<td>ōrdō</td> +<td>pater</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>is</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>is</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>is</b></td> +<td>patr<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>ī</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>ī</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>em</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>em</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>em</b></td> +<td>patr<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>e</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>e</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>e</b></td> +<td>patr<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>um</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>um</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>um</b></td> +<td>patr<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly +the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way.</p> + +<p>2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in <b>-in-</b> and +<b>-ōn-</b> drop <b>-n-</b> and end in <b>-ō</b> in the nominative, as +<b>legiō</b> (base or stem <b>legiōn-</b>), <b>ōrdō</b> (base or stem +<b>ōrdin-</b>).</p> + +<p>3. Bases or stems in <b>-tr-</b> have <b>-ter</b> in the nominative, +as <b>pater</b> (base or stem <b>patr-</b>).</p> + +<p>4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole +declension. <i>Always learn this with the nominative.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page105"> </a> +<a name="sec237"><b>237.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec237vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 291.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Audīsne tubās, Mārce? Nōn sōlum tubās audiō sed etiam ōrdinēs +militum et carrōs impedīmentōrum plēnōs vidēre possum. 2. Quās +legiōnēs vidēmus? Eae legiōnēs nūper ex Galliā vēnērunt. 3. Quid +ibi fēcērunt? Studēbantne pugnāre an sine virtūte erant? 4. Multa +proelia fēcērunt<span class="tag">1</span> et magnās victōriās et +multōs captīvōs reportāvērunt. 5. Quis est imperātor eārum +legiōnum? Caesar, summus Rōmānōrum imperātor. 6. Quis est eques quī +pulchram corōnam gerit? Is eques est frāter meus. Eī corōna ā cōnsule +data est quia summā virtūte pugnāverat et ā barbarīs patriam +servāverat.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now +(<b>nūper</b>). He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and +sister. 3. When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they +cannot be restrained<span class="tag">2</span> from wrong<span class = +"tag">3</span>. 4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, the +general. 5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain +which was held by the consul. 6. The king forbade the baggage of +the captives to be destroyed.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>proelium facere</b> = <i>to fight a battle.</i></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>contineō</b>. Cf. <a href="#sec180">§ 180</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Abl. iniūriā.</div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XLI"> +LESSON XLI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS +(<i>Concluded</i>)</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec238"><b>238.</b></a> +Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are +declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>flūmen</b>, n., <i>river</i></td> +<td><b>tempus</b>, n., <i>time</i></td> +<td><b>opus</b>, n., <i>work</i></td> +<td><b>caput</b>, n., <i>head</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Bases or<br /> +Stems</td> +<td class="middle"><b>flūmin-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>tempor-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>oper-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>capit-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>flūmen</td> +<td>tempus</td> +<td>opus</td> +<td>caput</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>is</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>is</b></td> +<td>oper<b>is</b></td> +<td>capit<b>is</b> -is</td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>ī</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>ī</b></td> +<td>oper<b>ī</b></td> +<td>capit<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>flūmen</td> +<td>tempus</td> +<td>opus</td> +<td>caput</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>e</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>e</b></td> +<td>oper<b>e</b></td> +<td>capit<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name="page106"> </a> +</td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>a</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>a</b></td> +<td>oper<b>a</b></td> +<td>capit<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>um</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>um</b></td> +<td>oper<b>um</b></td> +<td>capit<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>oper<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>capit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>a</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>a</b></td> +<td>oper<b>a</b></td> +<td>capit<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>oper<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>capit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Review <a href="#sec74">§ 74</a> and apply the rules to +this declension.</p> + +<p>2. Bases or stems in <b>-in-</b> have <b>-e-</b> instead of +<b>-i-</b> in the nominative, as flūmen, base or stem +<b>flūmin-</b>.</p> + +<p>3. Most bases or stems in <b>-er-</b> and <b>-or-</b> have <b>-us</b> +in the nominative, as <b>opus</b>, base or stem <b>oper-</b>; +<b>tempus</b>, base or stem <b>tempor-</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec239"><b>239.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec239vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 292.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Barbarī ubi Rōmam cēpērunt, maxima rēgum opera dēlēvērunt. +2. Rōmānī multās calamitātēs ā barbarīs accēpērunt. 3. Ubi +erat summus terror apud oppidānōs, animī dubiī eōrum ab ōrātōre clarō +cōnfīrmāti sunt. 4. Rōma est in rīpīs fiūminis magnī. 5. Ubi +Caesar imperātor mīlitēs suōs arma capere iussit, iī ā proeliō continērī +nōn potuērunt. 6. Ubi proelium factum est, imperātor reperīrī nōn +potuit. 7. Imperātor sagittā in capite vulnerātus erat et stāre nōn +poterat. 8. Eum magnō labōre pedes ex proeliō portāvit. 9. Is +bracchiīs suīs imperātōrem tenuit et eum ex perīculīs summīs servāvit. +10. Virtūte suā bonus mīles ab imperātōre corōnam accēpit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. +2. Before the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A +famous orator praised him and said, “By your labors you have saved the +fatherland from disaster.” 4. The words of the orator were pleasing +to the victor. 5. To save the fatherland was a great task.</p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic106.png" width="125" height="125" +alt="garland with text “civis observatos”" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +CORONA</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page107"> </a><a name="lesson_XLII"> +LESSON XLII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">REVIEW LESSON</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec240"><b>240.</b></a> +Review the paradigms in <a href="#sec233">§§ 233</a>, <a href = +"#sec236">236</a>, <a href="#sec238">238</a>; and decline all nouns of +the third declension in this selection.</p> + +<h5 class="smallcaps">Terror Cimbricus<span class = +"tag">1</span></h5> + +<p>Ōlim Cimbrī et Teutonēs, populī Germāniae, cum fēminīs līberīsque +Italiae adpropinquāverant et cōpiās Rōmānās maximō proeliō vīcerant. Ubi +fuga legiōnum nūntiāta est, summus erat terror tōtīus Rōmae, et Rōmānī, +graviter commōtī, sacra crēbra deīs faciēbant et salūtem petēbant.</p> + +<p>Tum Mānlius ōrātor animōs populī ita cōnfīrmāvit:—“Magnam +calamitātem accēpimus. Oppida nostra ā Cimbrīs Teutonibusque capiuntur, +agricolae interficiuntur, agrī vāstantur, cōpiae barbarōrum Rōmae +adpropinquant. Itaque, nisi novīs animīs proelium novum faciēmus et +Germānōs ex patriā nostrā sine morā agēmus, erit nūlla salūs fēminīs +nostrīs līberīsque. Servāte līberōs! Servāte patriam! Anteā superātī +sumus quia imperātōrēs nostrī fuērunt īnfīrmī. Nunc Marius, clārus +imperātor, quī iam multās aliās victōriās reportāvit, legiōnēs dūcet et +animōs nostrōs terrōre Cimbricō līberāre mātūrābit.”</p> + +<p>Marius tum in Āfricā bellum gerēbat. Sine morā ex Āfricā in Italiam +vocātus est. Cōpiās novās nōn sōlum tōtī Italiae sed etiam prōvinciīs +sociōrum imperāvit.<span class="tag">2</span> Disciplīnā autem dūrā +labōribusque perpetuīs mīlitēs exercuit. Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, +quī iam proeliō studēbant, ad Germānōrum castra celeriter properāvit. +Diū et ācriter pugnātum est.<span class="tag">3</span> Dēnique barbarī +fūgērunt et multī in fugā ab equitibus sunt interfectī. Marius pater +patriae vocātus est.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. About the year 100 B.C. the Romans were greatly alarmed by an +invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and Teutons. They +were traveling with wives and children, and had an army of 300,000 +fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and the city was in a +panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their greatest general, to +save the country. First he defeated the Teutons in Gaul. Next, returning +to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible battle ensued, in which the +Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the <i>terror Cimbricus</i> continued +to haunt the Romans for many a year thereafter.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <i>He made a levy</i> (of troops) <i>upon</i>, <b>imperāvit</b> with +the acc. and the dat.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Cf. <a href="#sec200">§ 200</a>. II. 2.</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page108"> </a><a name="lesson_XLIII"> +LESSON XLIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE THIRD DECLENSION · <i>I</i>-STEMS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec241"><b>241.</b></a> +To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know whether +or not it is an <b>i</b>-stem. Nouns with <b>i</b>-stems are</p> + +<p>1. Masculines and feminines:</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Nouns in <b>-ēs</b> and <b>-īs</b> with the same number of +syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. Thus <b>caedēs, +caedis</b>, is an <b>i</b>-stem, but <b>mīles, mīlitis</b>, is a +consonant stem.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Nouns in <b>-ns</b> and <b>-rs</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> Nouns of one syllable in <b>-s</b> or <b>-x</b> preceded by a +consonant.</p> + +<p><i>2.</i> Neuters in <b>-e</b>, <b>-al</b>, and <b>-ar</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec242"><b>242.</b></a> +The declension of <b>i</b>-stems is nearly the same as that of consonant +stems. Note the following differences:</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Masculines and feminities have <b>-ium</b> in the genitive +plural and <b>-īs</b> or <b>-ēs</b> in the accusative plural.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Neuters have <b>-ī</b> in the ablative singular, and an +<b>-i-</b> in every form of the plural.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec243"><b>243.</b></a> +<b>Masculine and Feminine <i>I</i>-Stems.</b> Masculine and feminine +<b>i</b>-stems are declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>caedēs</b>, f., <i>slaughter</i></td> +<td><b>hostis</b>, m., <i>enemy</i></td> +<td><b>urbs</b>, f., <i>city</i></td> +<td><b>cliēns</b>, m., <i>retainer</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Stems</th> +<td><b>caedi-</b></td> +<td><b>hosti-</b></td> +<td><b>urbi-</b></td> +<td><b>clienti-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Bases</th> +<td><b>caed-</b></td> +<td><b>host-</b></td> +<td><b>urb-</b></td> +<td><b>client-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS<br /> +M. AND F.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>host<b>is</b></td> +<td>urb<b>s</b></td> +<td>cliēn<b>s</b><span class="tag">1</span></td> +<td><b>-s</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>or</i> <b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>is</b></td> +<td>host<b>is</b></td> +<td>urb<b>is</b></td> +<td>client<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ī</b></td> +<td>host<b>ī</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ī</b></td> +<td>client<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>em</b></td> +<td>host<b>em</b></td> +<td>urb<b>em</b></td> +<td>client<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b> (<b>-im</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>e</b></td> +<td>host<b>e</b></td> +<td>urb<b>e</b></td> +<td>client<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b> (<b>-ī</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name="page109"> </a> +</td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>host<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>client<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ium</b></td> +<td>host<b>ium</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ium</b></td> +<td>client<b>ium</b></td> +<td><b>-ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>host<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>client<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>host<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>urb<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>client<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs, -ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>host<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>client<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Observe that the vowel before <b>-ns</b> is long, but that it is +shortened before <b>-nt</b>. Cf. <a href="#sec12">§ 12. +2, 3</a>.</div> + +<p>1. <b>avis</b>, <b>cīvis</b>, <b>fīnis</b>, <b>ignis</b>, +<b>nāvis</b> have the ablative singular in <b>-ī</b> or <b>-e</b>.</p> + +<p>2. <b>turris</b> has accusative <b>turrim</b> and ablative +<b>turrī</b> or <b>turre</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec244"><b>244.</b></a> +<b>Neuter <i>I</i>-Stems.</b> Neuter <b>i</b>-stems are declined as +follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>īnsigne</b>, n., <i>decoration</i></td> +<td><b>animal</b>, n., <i>animal</i></td> +<td><b>calcar</b>, n., <i>spur</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Stems</th> +<td><b>īnsigni-</b></td> +<td><b>animāli-</b></td> +<td><b>calcāri-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Bases</th> +<td><b>īnsign-</b></td> +<td><b>animāl-</b></td> +<td><b>calcār-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>e</b></td> +<td>animal</td> +<td>calcar</td> +<td><b>-e</b> <i>or</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>is</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>is</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ī</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ī</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>e</b></td> +<td>animal</td> +<td>calcar</td> +<td><b>-e</b> <i>or</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ī</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ī</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ia</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ia</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ia</b></td> +<td><b>-ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ium</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ium</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ium</b></td> +<td><b>-ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ia</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ia</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ia</b></td> +<td><b>-ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Review <a href="#sec74">§ 74</a> and see how it applies to +this declension.</p> + +<p>2. The final <b>-i-</b> of the stem is usually dropped in the +nominative. If not dropped, it is changed to <b>-e</b>.</p> + +<p>3. A long vowel is shortened before final <b>-l</b> or <b>-r</b>. +(Cf. <a href="#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.)</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec245"><b>245.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec245vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 292.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Quam urbem vidēmus? Urbs quam vidētis est Rōma. 2. Cīvēs +Rōmānī urbem suam turribus altīs et mūrīs longīs mūnīverant. +3. Ventī nāvīs longās prohibēbant fīnibus hostium adpropinquāre. +4. Imperātor a clientibus suīs calcāria aurī et alia īnsignia +accēpit. 5. Mīlitēs Rōmānī cum hostibus bella saeva gessērunt et +eōs caede +<a name="page110"> </a> +magnā superāvērunt. 6. Alia animālia terram, alia mare amant. +7. Nāvēs longae quae auxilium ad imperātōrem portābant ignī ab +hostibus dēlētae sunt. 8. In eō marī avis multās vīdimus quae longē +ā terrā volāverant. 9. Nōnne vīdistis nāvīs longās hostium et ignīs +quibus urbs nostra vāstābātur? Certē, sed nec caedem cīvium nec fugam +clientium vīdimus. 10. Avēs et alia animālia, ubi ignem vīdērunt, +salūtem fugā petere celeriter incēpērunt. 11. Num. iūdex in peditum +ōrdinibus stābat? Minimē, iūdex erat apud equitēs et equus eius īnsigne +pulchrum gerēbat.</p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic110.png" width="452" height="407" +alt="longboats with oars and sails" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +NAVES LONGAE</span></p> + +<p>II. 1. Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were +not able to live. 2. When the general<span class="tag">2</span> +heard the rumor, he quickly sent a horseman to the village. 3. The +horseman had a beautiful horse and wore spurs of gold. 4. He said +to the citizens, “Send your retainers with horses and wagons to our +camp, and you will receive an abundance of grain.” 5. With happy +hearts they hastened to obey his words.<span class="tag">3</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Place first.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Not the accusative. Why?</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page111"> </a><a name="lesson_XLIV"> +LESSON XLIV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">IRREGULAR NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION · GENDER IN +THE THIRD DECLENSION</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec246"><b>246.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">PARADIGMS</span></p> + +<div class="mynote"> +The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied +from the inflectional table in the Appendix. +</div> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>vīs</b>, f., <i>force</i></td> +<td><b>iter</b>, n., <i>march</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Stems</th> +<td><ins class="correction" title = +"given in original as first of two ‘Bases’"><b>vī-</b></ins> and +<b>vīri-</b></td> +<td><b>iter-</b> and <b>itiner-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Bases</th> +<td><b>v-</b> and <ins class="correction" title = +"given in original as second of two ‘Bases’"><b>vīr-</b></ins></td> +<td><b>iter-</b> and <b>itiner-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>vī<b>s</b></td> +<td>iter</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>vīs (rare)</td> +<td>itiner<b>is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>vī (rare)</td> +<td>itiner<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>vi<b>m</b></td> +<td>iter</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>vī</td> +<td>itiner<b>e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>vīr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>vīr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>vīr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td class="rightpad">vīr<b>īs</b>, or <b>-ēs</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>vīr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec247"><b>247.</b></a> +There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not +present numerous exceptions.<span class="tag">1</span> The following +rules, however, are of great service, and should be thoroughly +mastered:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Masculine</b> are nouns in <b>-or</b>, <b>-ōs</b>, <b>-er</b>, +<b>-ĕs</b> (gen. <b>-itis</b>).</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> <b>arbor</b>, <i>tree</i>, is feminine; and <b>iter</b>, +<i>march</i>, is neuter.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Feminine</b> are nouns in <b>-ō</b>, <b>-is</b>, <b>-x</b>, and +in <b>-s</b> preceded by a consonant or by any long vowel but +<b>ō</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Masculine are <b>collis</b> (<i>hill</i>), <b>lapis</b>, +<b>mēnsis</b> (<i>month</i>), <b>ōrdō</b>, <b>pēs</b>, and nouns in +<b>-nis</b> and <b>-guis</b>—as <b>ignis</b>, <b>sanguis</b> +(<i>blood</i>)—and the four monosyllables</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p> +<b>dēns</b>, <i>a tooth</i><br /> +<b>mōns</b>, <i>a mountain</i><br /> +<b>pōns</b>, <i>a bridge</i><br /> +<b>fōns</b>, <i>a fountain</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>3. <b>Neuters</b> are nouns in <b>-e</b>, <b>-al</b>, <b>-ar</b>, +<b>-n</b>, <b>-ur</b>, <b>-ŭs</b>, and <b>caput</b>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Review <a href="#sec60">§ 60</a>. Words denoting males are, of +course, masculine, and those denoting females, feminine.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page112"> </a> +<a name="sec248"><b>248.</b></a> +Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it is +determined:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td><b>animal</b></td> +<td><b>calamitās</b></td> +<td><b>flūmen</b></td> +<td><b>lapis</b></td> +<td><b>nāvis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>avis</b></td> +<td><b>caput</b></td> +<td><b>ignis</b></td> +<td><b>legiō</b></td> +<td><b>opus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>caedēs</b></td> +<td><b>eques</b></td> +<td><b>īnsigne</b></td> +<td><b>mare</b></td> +<td><b>salūs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>calcar</b></td> +<td><b>fīnis</b></td> +<td><b>labor</b></td> +<td><b>mīles</b></td> +<td><b>urbs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec249"><b>249.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec249vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 292.</p> + +<p>I. <i>The First Bridge over the Rhine.</i> Salūs sociōrum erat semper +cāra Rōmānīs. Ōlim Gallī, amīcī Rōmānōrum, multās iniūriās ab Germānīs +quī trāns flūmen Rhēnum vivēbant accēperant. Ubi lēgātī ab iīs ad +Caesarem imperātōrem Rōmānum vēnērunt et auxilium postulāvērunt, Rōmānī +magnīs itineribus ad hostium fīnīs properāvērunt. Mox ad rīpās magnī +flūminis vēnērunt. Imperātor studēbat cōpiās suās trāns fluvium dūcere, +sed nūllā viā<span class="tag">2</span> poterat. Nūllās nāvīs habēbat. +Alta erat aqua. Imperātor autem, vir clārus, numquam adversā fortūnā +commōtus, novum cōnsilium cēpit. Iussit suōs<span class="tag">3</span> +in<span class="tag">4</span> lātō flūmine facere pontem. Numquam anteā +pōns in Rhēnō vīsus erat. Hostēs ubi pontem quem Rōmānī fēcerant +vīdērunt, summō terrōre commōtī, sine morā fugam parāre incēpērunt.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain. +2. There were many trees on the opposite hills. 3. We pitched +our camp near (<b>ad</b>) a beautiful spring. 4. A march through +the enemies’ country is never without danger. 5. The time of the +month was suitable for the march. 6. The teeth of the monster were +long. 7. When the foot soldiers<span class="tag">4</span> saw the +blood of the captives, they began to assail the fortifications with the +greatest violence.<span class="tag">5</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Abl. of manner.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>suōs</b>, used as a noun, <i>his men</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. We say <i>build a bridge over</i>; the Romans, <i>make a bridge +on</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. Place first.</div> + + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="boldf"> +<a class="page" href="#review_V"> +Fifth Review, Lessons XXXVII-XLIV, §§ 517-520</a></h5> + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page113"> </a><a name="lesson_XLV"> +LESSON XLV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION · +<i>I</i>-STEMS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec250"><b>250.</b></a> +Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like +<b>bonus</b>, <b>aeger</b>, or <b>līber</b>), or they are of the third +declension.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec251"><b>251.</b></a> +Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have +<b>i</b>-<i>stems</i>, and they are declined almost like nouns with +<b>i</b>-stems.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec252"><b>252.</b></a> +Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative +for each gender, as, <b>bonus</b>, m.; <b>bona</b>, f.; <b>bonum</b>, n. +Such an adjective is called an <i>adjective of three endings</i>. +Adjectives of the third declension are of the following classes:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td class="number">I.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +Adjectives of three endings—<br /> +a different form in the nominative for each gender. +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">II.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +Adjectives of two endings—<br /> +masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different. +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number">III.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +Adjectives of one ending—<br /> +masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike. +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec253"><b>253.</b></a> +Adjectives of the third declension in <b>-er</b> have three endings; +those in <b>-is</b> have two endings; the others have one ending.</p> + +<h5>CLASS I</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec254"><b>254.</b></a> +Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<b>ācer, ācris, ācre</b>, <i>keen, eager</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> <b>ācri-</b></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>ācr-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>āce<b>r</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>is</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>e</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>ācr<b>is</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>is</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">ācr<b>is</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ācr<b>em</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>em</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>e</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5><a name="page114"> </a>CLASS II</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec255"><b>255.</b></a> +Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<b>omnis, omne</b>, <i>every, all</i><span class="tag">1</span> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> <b>omni-</b></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>omn-</b></td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>e</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ium</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>em</b></td> +<td>omn<b>e</b></td> +<td>omn<b>īs, ēs</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>omnis</b> is usually translated <i>every</i> in the singular and +<i>all</i> in the plural.</div> + +<h5>CLASS III</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec256"><b>256.</b></a> +Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<b>pār</b>, <i>equal</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> <b>pari-</b></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>par-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>pār</td> +<td>pār</td> +<td>par<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>par<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>par<b>is</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">par<b>is</b></td> +<td>par<b>ium</b></td> +<td>par<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>par<b>ī</b></td> +<td>par<b>ī</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>par<b>em</b></td> +<td>pār</td> +<td>par<b>īs, ēs</b></td> +<td>par<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>par<b>ī</b></td> +<td>par<b>ī</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. All <b>i</b>-stem adjectives have <b>-ī</b> in the ablative +singular.</p> + +<p>2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have +the same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and +in the nominative and accusative plural.</p> + +<p>3. Decline <b>vir ācer</b>, <b>legiō ācris</b>, <b>animal ācre</b>, +<b>ager omnis</b>, <b>scūtum omne</b>, <b>proelium pār</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec257"><b>257.</b></a> +There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant stems. They +are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page115"> </a> +<a name="sec258"><b>258.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec258vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 293.</p> + +<p>I. <i>The Romans invade the Enemy’s Country.</i> Ōlim peditēs Rōmānī +cum equitibus vēlōcibus in hostium urbem iter faciēbant. Ubi nōn longē +āfuērunt, rapuērunt agricolam, quī eīs viam brevem et facilem +dēmōnstrāvit. Iam Rōmānī moenia alta, turrīs validās aliaque opera urbis +vidēre poterant. In moenibus stābant multī prīncipēs. Prīncipēs ubi +vīdērunt Rōmānōs, iussērunt cīvīs lapidēs aliaque tēla dē mūrīs iacere. +Tum mīlitēs fortēs continērī ā proeliō nōn poterant et ācer imperātor +signum tubā darī iussit. Summā vī omnēs mātūrāvērunt. Imperātor Sextō +lēgātō impedīmenta omnia mandāvit. Sextus impedīmenta in summō colle +conlocāvit. Grave et ācre erat proelium, sed hostēs nōn parēs Rōmānīs +erant. Aliī interfectī, aliī captī sunt. Apud captīvōs erant māter +sororque rēgis. Paucī Rōmānōrum ab hostibus vulnerātī sunt. Secundum +proelium Rōmānīs erat grātum. Fortūna fortibus semper favet.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Some months are short, others are long. 2. To seize the +top of the mountain was difficult. 3. Among the hills of Italy are +many beautiful springs. 4. The soldiers were sitting where the +baggage had been placed because their feet were weary. 5. The city +which the soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong +walls and high towers. 6. Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of +gold and all his money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had +never before been faithless.</p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic115.png" width="188" height="186" +alt="legionary eagle, SPQR" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +AQUILA LEGIONIS</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page116"> </a><a name="lesson_XLVI"> +LESSON XLVI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE FOURTH OR <i>U</i>-DECLENSION</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec259"><b>259.</b></a> +Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec260"><b>260.</b></a> +Masculine nouns end in <b>-us</b>, neuters in <b>-ū</b>. The genitive +ends in <b>-ūs</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Feminine by exception are <b>domus</b>, <i>house</i>; +<b>manus</b>, <i>hand</i>; and a few others.</p> + +<h6 class="boldf">PARADIGMS</h6> + +<div class="mynote"> +The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied +from the inflectional table in the Appendix. +</div> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>adventus</b>, m., <i>arrival</i></td> +<td><b>cornū</b>, n., <i>horn</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps">Stems</td> +<td><b>adventu-</b></td> +<td><b>cornu-</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps">Bases</td> +<td><b>advent-</b></td> +<td><b>corn-</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2" rowspan = "2">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest" colspan = "2">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallest">MASC.</td> +<td class="smallest">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>us</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ū</b></td> +<td><b>-us</b></td> +<td><b>-ū</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ūs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ūs</b></td> +<td><b>-ūs</b></td> +<td><b>-ūs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>uī</b> (<b>ū</b>)</td> +<td>corn<b>ū</b></td> +<td><b>-uī</b> (<b>ū</b>)</td> +<td><b>-ū</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>um</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ū</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td><b>-ū</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ū</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ū</b></td> +<td><b>-ū</b></td> +<td><b>-ū</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ūs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ua</b></td> +<td><b>-ūs</b></td> +<td><b>-ua</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>uum</b></td> +<td>corn<b>uum</b></td> +<td><b>-uum</b></td> +<td><b>-uum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ūs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ua</b></td> +<td><b>-ūs</b></td> +<td><b>-ua</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by +dropping the ending of the genitive singular.</p> + +<p>2. <b>lacus</b>, <i>lake</i>, has the ending <b>-ubus</b> in the +dative and ablative plural; <b>portus</b>, <i>harbor</i>, has either +<b>-ubus</b> or <b>-ibus</b>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>cornū</b> is the only neuter that is in common use.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec261"><b>261.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec261vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 293.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Ante adventum Caesaris vēlōcēs hostium equitēs ācrem impetum in +castra fēcērunt. 2. Continēre exercitum ā proeliō nōn facile erat. +3. Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legiōnēs ex castrīs +<a name="page117"> </a> +dūcī. 4. Prō castrīs cum hostium equitātū pugnātum est. 5. Post +tempus breve equitātus trāns flūmen fūgit ubi castra hostium posita +erant. 6. Tum victor imperātor agrōs vāstāvit et vīcōs hostium +cremāvit. 7. Castra autem nōn oppugnāvit quia mīlitēs erant dēfessī +et locus difficilis. 8. Hostēs nōn cessāvērunt iacere tēla, quae +paucīs nocuērunt. 9. Post adversum proelium principēs Gallōrum +lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittere studēbant, sed populō persuādēre nōn +poterant.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Did you see the man-of-war on the lake? 2. I did not see +it (<i>fem</i>.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor. +3. Because of the strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to +sail. 4. Cæsar didn´t make an attack on the cavalry on the right +wing, did he? 5. No, he made an attack on the left wing. +6. Who taught your swift horse to obey? 7. I trained my horse +with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult. 8. He is a +beautiful animal and has great strength.</p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XLVII"> +LESSON XLVII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE · THE DECLENSION OF +<i>DOMUS</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec262"><b>262.</b></a> +We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the +following:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba ad</b> (or <b>in</b>) <b>oppidum properat</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba ab</b> (<b>dē</b> or <b>ex</b>) <b>oppidō properat</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba in oppidō habitat</b></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>From these expressions we may deduce the following rules:</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec263"><b>263.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Accusative of the Place +to.</b> <i>The <b>place to which</b> is expressed by <b>ad</b> or +<b>in</b> with the accusative. This answers the question +Whither?</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec264"><b>264.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of the Place +from.</b> <i>The <b>place from which</b> is expressed by <b>ā</b> or +<b>ab</b>, <b>dē</b>, <b>ē</b> or <b>ex</b>, with the separative +ablative. This answers the question Whence?</i> (Cf. Rule, <a href = +"#sec179">§ 179</a>.)</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec265"><b>265.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of the Place at or +in.</b> <i>The <b>place at or in which</b> is expressed by the ablative +with <b>in</b>. This answers the question Where?</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page118"> </a> +<i>a.</i> The ablative denoting the <i>place where</i> is called the +<i>locative ablative</i> (cf. <b>locus</b>, <i>place</i>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec266"><b>266.</b></a> +<b>Exceptions.</b> Names of towns, small islands,<span class = +"tag">1</span> <b>domus</b>, <i>home</i>, <b>rūs</b>, <i>country</i>, +and a few other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions +of place, as,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba Athēnās properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens to Athens</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba Athēnīs properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens from Athens</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba Athēnīs habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at</i> (or <i>in</i>) +<i>Athens</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba domum properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens home</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba rūs properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens to the country</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba domō properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens from home</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba rūre properat</b>, <i>Galba hastens from the country</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba rūrī</b> (less commonly <b>rūre</b>) <b>habitat</b>, <i>Galba +lives in the country</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Names of <i>countries</i>, like <b>Germānia</b>, +<b>Italia</b>, etc., do not come under these exceptions. <i>With them +prepositions must not be omitted.</i></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Small islands are classed with towns because they generally have but +one town, and the name of the town is the same as the name of the +island.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec267"><b>267.</b></a> +<b>The Locative Case.</b> We saw above that the place-relation expressed +by <i>at</i> or <i>in</i> is regularly covered by the locative ablative. +However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form +known as the <i>locative case</i>. This case has been everywhere merged +in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second +declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the +genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small +islands, <b>domī</b>, <i>at home</i>, and a few other words.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec268"><b>268.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Locative and Locative +Ablative.</b> <i>To express the <b>place in which</b> with names of +towns and small islands, <b>if they are singular and of the first or +second declension</b>, use the locative; otherwise use the locative +ablative without a preposition; as</i>,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba Rōmae habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at Rome</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba Corinthī habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at Corinth</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba domī habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at home</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page119"> </a> +Here <b>Rōmae</b>, <b>Corinthī</b>, and <b>domī</b> are +<i>locatives</i>, being <i>singular</i> and of the first and second +declensions respectively. But in</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba Athēnīs habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at Athens</i>,</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba Pompēiīs habitat</b>, <i>Galba lives at Pompeii</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><b>Athēnīs</b> and <b>Pompēiīs</b> are locative ablatives. These +words can have no locative case, as the nominatives <b>Athēnae</b> and +<b>Pompēiī</b> are <i>plural</i> and there is no plural locative case +form.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec269"><b>269.</b></a> +The word <b>domus</b>, <i>home, house</i>, has forms of both the second +and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec270"><b>270.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec270vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 293.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Corinthī omnia īnsignia aurī ā ducibus victōribus rapta erant. +2. Caesar Genāvam exercitum magnīs itineribus dūxit. 3. Quem +pontem hostēs cremāverant? Pontem in Rhēnō hostēs cremāverant. +4. Pompēiīs multās Rōmānōrum domōs vidēre poteritis. 5. Rōmā +cōnsul equō vēlōcī rūs properāvit. 6. Domī cōnsulis hominēs multī +sedēbant. 7. Imperātor iusserat lēgātum Athēnās cum multīs nāvibus +longīs nāvigāre. 8. Ante moenia urbis sunt ōrdinēs arborum altārum. +9. Propter arborēs altās nec lacum nec portum reperīre potuimus. +10. Proeliīs crēbrīs Caesar legiōnēs suās quae erant in Galliā +exercēbat. 11. Cotīdiē in locō idoneō castra pōnēbat et +mūniēbat.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Cæsar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome, +hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.<span class = +"tag">2</span> 2. He had heard a rumor concerning the allies at +Geneva. 3. After his arrival Cæsar called the soldiers together and +commanded them to join battle. 4. The enemy hastened to retreat, +some because<span class="tag">3</span> they were afraid, others +because<span class="tag">3</span> of wounds. 5. Recently I was at +Athens and saw the place where the judges used to sit.<span class = +"tag">4</span> 6. Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; the one lives +at Rome, the other in the country.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Latin says “by a swift horse.” What construction?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Distinguish between the English conjunction <i>because</i> +(<b>quia</b> or <b>quod</b>) and the preposition <i>because of</i> +(<b>propter</b>).</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <i>used to sit</i>, express by the imperfect.</div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<a name="page120"> </a> +<img src="images/pic120.png" width="348" height="544" +alt="Daedalus and Icarus" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +DAEDALUS ET ICARUS</span></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page121"> </a> +<a name="sec271"><b>271.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Daed´alus and Ic´arus</span></p> + +<p>Crēta est īnsula antīqua quae aquā altā magnī maris pulsātur. Ibi +ōlim Mīnōs erat rēx. Ad eum vēnit Daedalus quī ex Graeciā patriā +fugiēbat. Eum Mīnōs rēx benignīs verbīs accēpit et eī domicilium in +Crētā dedit. <span class="tag">5</span>Quō in locō Daedalus sine cūrā +vīvebat et rēgī multa et clāra opera faciēbat. Post tempus longum autem +Daedalus patriam cāram dēsīderāre incēpit. Domum properāre studēbat, sed +rēgī persuādēre nōn potuit et mare saevum fugam vetābat.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <i>And in this place</i>; <b>quō</b> does not here introduce a +subordinate relative clause, but establishes the connection with the +preceding sentence. Such a relative is called a <i>connecting +relative</i>, and is translated by <i>and</i> and a demonstrative or +personal pronoun.</div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XLVIII"> +LESSON XLVIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE FIFTH OR Ē-DECLENSION · THE ABLATIVE OF +TIME</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec272"><b>272.</b></a> +<b>Gender.</b> Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except +<b>diēs</b>, <i>day</i>, and <b>merīdiēs</b>, <i>midday</i>, which are +usually masculine.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec273"><b>273.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">PARADIGMS</span></p> + +<div class="mynote"> +The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied +from the inflectional table in the Appendix. +</div> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>diēs</b>, m., <i>day</i></td> +<td><b>rēs</b>, f. <i>thing</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Stems</th> +<td><b>diē-</b></td> +<td><b>rē-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Bases</th> +<td><b>di-</b></td> +<td><b>r-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>r<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēī</b></td> +<td>re<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ē̆ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēī</b></td> +<td>re<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ē̆ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>di<b>em</b></td> +<td>r<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ē</b></td> +<td>r<b>ē</b></td> +<td><b>-ē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>r<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ērum</b></td> +<td>r<b>ērum</b></td> +<td><b>-ērum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēbus</b></td> +<td>r<b>ēbus</b></td> +<td><b>-ēbus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>r<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēbus</b></td> +<td>r<b>ēbus</b></td> +<td><b>-ēbus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page122"> </a> +1. The vowel <b>e</b> which appears in every form is regularly long. It +is shortened in the ending <b>-eī</b> after a consonant, as in +<b>r-ĕī</b>; and before <b>-m</b> in the accusative singular, as in +<b>di-em</b>. (Cf. <a href="#sec12">§ 12. 2</a>.)</p> + +<p>2. Only <b>diēs</b> and <b>rēs</b> are complete in the plural. Most +other nouns of this declension lack the plural. <b>Aciēs</b>, <i>line of +battle</i>, and <b>spēs</b>, <i>hope</i>, have the nominative and +accusative plural.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec274"><b>274.</b></a> +The ablative relation (<a href="#sec50">§ 50</a>) which is +expressed by the prepositions <i>at, in</i>, or <i>on</i> may refer not +only to place, but also to time, as <i>at noon, in summer, on the first +day</i>. The ablative which is used to express this relation is called +the <i>ablative of time</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec275"><b>275.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>The Ablative of Time.</b> +<i>The time <b>when</b> or <b>within which</b> anything happens is +expressed by the ablative without a preposition.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Occasionally the preposition <b><i>in</i></b> is found. +Compare the English <i>Next day we started</i> and <i><b>On</b> the next +day we started</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec276"><b>276.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec276vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 294.</p> + +<p>I. <i>Galba the Farmer.</i> Galba agricola rūrī vīvit. Cotīdiē prīmā +lūce labōrāre incipit, nec ante noctem in studiō suō cessat. Merīdiē +Iūlia fīlia eum ad cēnam vocat. Nocte pedēs dēfessōs domum vertit. +Aestāte fīliī agricolae auxilium patrī dant. Hieme agricola eōs in lūdum +mittit. Ibi magister pueris multās fābulās dē rēbus gestīs Caesaris +nārrat. Aestāte fīliī agricolae perpetuīs labōribus exercentur nec grave +agrī opus est iīs molestum. Galba sine ūllā cūrā vivit nec rēs adversās +timet.</p> + +<p>II. 1. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. 2. The +cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon Cæsar’s line of battle. +3. In the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the +billows. 4. On the second day the savages were eager to come under +Cæsar’s protection. 5. The king had joined battle, moved by the +hope of victory. 6. That year a fire destroyed many birds and other +animals. 7. We saw blood on the wild beast’s teeth.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page123"> </a> +<a name="sec277"><b>277.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Daed´alus and Ic´arus</span> +(<i>Continued</i>)</p> + +<p>Tum Daedalus gravibus cūrīs commōtus fīliō suō Īcarō ita dixit: +“Animus meus, Īcare, est plēnus trīstitiae nec oculī lacrimīs egent. +Discēdere ex Crētā, Athēnās properāre, maximē studeō; sed rēx recūsat +audīre verba mea et omnem reditūs spem ēripit. Sed numquam rēbus +adversīs vincar. Terra et mare sunt inimīca, sed aliam fugae viam +reperiam.” Tum in artīs ignōtās animum dīmittit et mīrum capit +cōnsilium. Nam pennās in ōrdine pōnit et vērās ālās facit.</p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_XLIX"> +LESSON XLIX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">PRONOUNS CLASSIFIED · PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE +PRONOUNS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec278"><b>278.</b></a> +We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They are +divided into the following eight classes:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Personal pronouns</b>, which show the person speaking, spoken +to, or spoken of; as, <b>ego</b>, <i>I</i>; <b>tū</b>, <i>you</i>; +<b>is</b>, <i>he</i>. (Cf. <a href="#sec279">§ 279</a>. etc.)</p> + +<p>2. <b>Possessive pronouns</b>, which denote possession; as, +<b>meus</b>, <b>tuus</b>, <b>suus</b>, etc. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec98">§ 98</a>.)</p> + +<p>3. <b>Reflexive pronouns</b>, used in the predicate to refer back to +the subject; as, <i>he saw himself</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec281">§ 281</a>.)</p> + +<p>4. <b>Intensive pronouns</b>, used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; +as, <i>I myself saw it</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec285">§ 285</a>.)</p> + +<p>5. <b>Demonstrative pronouns</b>, which point out persons or things; +as, <b>is</b>, <i>this, that</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec112">§ 112</a>.)</p> + +<p>6. <b>Relative pronouns</b>, which connect a subordinate adjective +clause with an antecedent; as, <b>quī</b>, <i>who</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec220">§ 220</a>.)</p> + +<p>7. <b>Interrogative pronouns</b>, which ask a question; as, +<b>quis</b>, <i>who?</i> (Cf. <a href="#sec225">§ 225</a>.)</p> + +<p>8. <b>Indefinite pronouns</b>, which point out indefinitely; as, +<i>some one, any one, some, certain ones</i>, etc. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec296">§ 296</a>.)</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec279"><b>279.</b></a> +The demonstrative pronoun <b>is</b>, <b>ea</b>, <b>id</b>, as we learned +in <a href="#sec115">§ 115</a>, is regularly used as the personal +pronoun of the third person (<i>he</i>, <i>she</i>, <i>it</i>, +<i>they</i>, etc.).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page124"> </a> +<a name="sec280"><b>280.</b></a> +The personal pronouns of the first person are <b>ego</b>, <i>I</i>; +<b>nōs</b>, <i>we</i>; of the second person, <b>tū</b>, <i>thou</i> or +<i>you</i>; <b>vōs</b>, <i>ye</i> or <i>you</i>. They are declined as +follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead">FIRST PERSON</td> +<td class="smallhead">SECOND PERSON</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>ego</b>, <i>I</i></td> +<td><b>tū</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>meī</b>, <i>of me</i></td> +<td><b>tuī</b>, <i>of you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>mihi</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for me</i></td> +<td><b>tibi</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>mē</b>, <i>me</i></td> +<td><b>tē</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>mē</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., <i>me</i></td> +<td><b>tē</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., +<i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>nōs</b>, <i>we</i></td> +<td><b>vōs</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>nostrum</b> or <b>nostrī</b>, <i>of us</i></td> +<td><b>vestrum</b> or <b>vestrī</b>, <i>of you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>nōbīs</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for us</i></td> +<td><b>vōbīs</b>, <i>to</i> or <i>for you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>nōs</b>, <i>us</i></td> +<td><b>vōs</b>, <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td class="rightpad"><b>nōbīs</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., +<i>us</i></td> +<td><b>vōbīs</b>, <i>with, from</i>, etc., <i>you</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. The personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for +emphasis or contrast.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec281"><b>281.</b></a> +<b>The Reflexive Pronouns.</b> 1. The personal pronouns <b>ego</b> and +<b>tū</b> may be used in the predicate as reflexives; as,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td><b>videō mē</b>, <i>I see myself</i></td> +<td><b>vidēmus nōs</b>, <i>we see ourselves</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>vidēs tē</b>, <i>you see yourself</i></td> +<td><b>vidētis vōs</b>, <i>you see yourselves</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>2. The reflexive pronoun of the third person (<i>himself, herself, +itself, themselves</i>) has a special form, used only in these senses, +and declined alike in the singular and plural.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular and Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>suī</b></td> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>sē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td class="rightpad"><b>sibi</b></td> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>sē</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead">Examples</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Puer sē videt</b>, <i>the boy sees himself</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Puella sē videt</b>, <i>the girl sees herself</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Animal sē videt</b>, <i>the animal sees itself</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Iī sē vident</b>, <i>they see themselves</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The form <b>sē</b> is sometimes doubled, <b>sēsē</b>, for +emphasis.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page125"> </a> +3. Give the Latin for</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td><i>I teach myself</i></td> +<td><i>We teach ourselves</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>You teach yourself</i></td> +<td><i>You teach yourselves</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>He teaches himself</i></td> +<td><i>They teach themselves</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec282"><b>282.</b></a> +The preposition <b>cum</b>, when used with the ablative of <b>ego</b>, +<b>tū</b>, or <b>suī</b>, is appended to the form, as, <b>mēcum</b>, +<i>with me</i>; <b>tēcum</b>, <i>with you</i>; <b>nōbīscum</b>, <i>with +us</i>; etc.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec283"><b>283.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec283vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 294.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Mea māter est cāra mihi et tua māter est cāra tibi. +2. Vestrae litterae erant grātae nōbis et nostrae litterae erant +grātae vōbīs. 3. Nūntius rēgis quī nōbīscum est nihil respondēbit. +4. Nūntiī pācem amīcitiamque sibi et suīs sociīs postulāvērunt. +5. Sī tū arma sūmēs, ego rēgnum occupābō. 6. Uter vestrum est +cīvis Rōmānus? Neuter nostrum. 7. Eō tempore multī supplicium +dedērunt quia rēgnum petierant. 8. Sūme supplicium, Caesar, dē +hostibus patriae ācribus. 9. Prīmā lūce aliī metū commōtī sēsē +fugae mandāvērunt; aliī autem magnā virtūte impetum exercitūs nostrī +sustinuērunt. 10. Soror rēgis, ubi dē adversō proeliō audīvit, sēsē +Pompēiīs interfēcit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Whom do you teach? I teach myself. 2. The soldier wounded +himself with his sword. 3. The master praises us, but you he does +not praise. 4. Therefore he will inflict punishment on you, but we +shall not suffer punishment. 5. Who will march (i.e. make a march) +with me to Rome? 6. I will march with you to the gates of the city. +7. Who will show us<span class="tag">1</span> the way? The gods +will show you<span class="tag">1</span> the way.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Not accusative.</div> + +<h5><span class="smallcaps">Daed´alus and Ic´arus</span> +(<i>Concluded</i>)</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec284"><b>284.</b></a> +Puer Īcarus ūnā<span class="tag">2</span> stābat et mīrum patris opus +vidēbat. Postquam manus ultima<span class="tag">3</span> ālīs imposita +est, Daedalus eās temptāvit et similis avī in aurās volāvit. Tum ālās +umerīs fīlī adligāvit et docuit eum volāre et dīxit, “Tē vetō, mī fīlī, +adpropinquāre aut sōlī aut marī. Sī fluctibus adpropinquāveris,<span +class="tag">4</span> aqua ālīs tuīs nocēbit, et sī sōlī +adpropinquāveris,<span class="tag">4</span> +<a name="page126"> </a> +ignis eās cremābit.” Tum pater et filius iter difficile incipiunt. Ālās +movent et aurae sēsē committunt. Sed stultus puer verbīs patris nōn +pāret. Sōlī adpropinquat. Ālae cremantur et Īcarus in mare dēcidit et +vitam āmittit. Daedalus autem sine ūllō perīculō trāns fluctūs ad +īnsulam Siciliam volāvit.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Adverb, see vocabulary.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>manus ultima</b>, <i>the finishing touch</i>. What +literally?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. Future perfect. Translate by the present.</div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_L"> +LESSON L</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN <i>IPSE</i> AND THE +DEMONSTRATIVE <i>ĪDEM</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec285"><b>285.</b></a> +<b>Ipse</b> means <i>-self</i> (<i>him-self, her-self</i>, etc.) or is +translated by <i>even</i> or <i>very</i>. It is used to emphasize a noun +or pronoun, expressed or understood, with which it agrees like an +adjective.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> <b>Ipse</b> must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive +<b>suī</b>. The latter is always used as a pronoun, while <b>ipse</b> is +regularly adjective. Compare</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Homō sē videt</b>, <i>the man sees himself</i> (reflexive)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Homō ipse perīculum videt</b>, <i>the man himself</i> (intensive) +<i>sees the danger</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Homō ipsum perīculum videt</b>, <i>the man sees the danger itself</i> +(intensive)</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec286"><b>286.</b></a> +Except for the one form <b>ipse</b>, the intensive pronoun is declined +exactly like the nine irregular adjectives (cf. <a href = +"#sec108">§§ 108</a>, <a href="#sec109">109</a>). Learn the +declension (<a href="#sec481">§ 481</a>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec287"><b>287.</b></a> +The demonstrative <b>īdem</b>, meaning <i>the same</i>, is a compound of +<b>is</b>. It is declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td class="middle"><b>īdem</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>e´adem</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>idem</b></td> +<td class="middle group"><b>iī´dem</b><br /> +<b>eī´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>eae´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>e´adem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>eius´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eius´dem</b></td> +<td class="rightpad"><b>eius´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eōrun´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eārun´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eōrun´dem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td class="middle"><b>eī´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>eī´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>eī´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle group"><b>iīs´dem</b><br /> +<b>eīs´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle group"><b>iīs´dem</b><br /> +<b>eīs´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle group"><b>iīs´dem</b><br /> +<b>eīs´dem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>eun´dem</b></td> +<td><b>ean´dem</b></td> +<td><b>idem</b></td> +<td><b>eōs´dem</b></td> +<td><b>eās´dem</b></td> +<td><b>e´adem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td class="middle"><b>eī´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>eī´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>eī´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle group"><b>iīs´dem</b><br /> +<b>eīs´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle group"><b>iīs´dem</b><br /> +<b>eīs´dem</b></td> +<td class="middle group"><b>iīs´dem</b><br /> +<b>eīs´dem</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> From forms like <b>eundem</b> (<b>eum</b> + <b>-dem</b>), +<b>eōrundem</b> (<b>eōrum</b> + <b>-dem</b>), we learn the rule that +<b>m</b> before <b>d</b> is changed to <b>n</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The forms <b>iīdem</b>, <b>iīsdem</b> are often spelled and +pronounced with one <b>ī</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page127"> </a> +<a name="sec288"><b>288.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec288vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 295.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Ego et tū<span class="tag">1</span> in eādem urbe vīvimus. +2. Iter ipsum nōn timēmus sed ferās saevās quae in silvā dēnsā esse +dīcuntur. 3. Ōlim nōs ipsī idem iter fēcimus. 4. Eō tempore +multās ferās vīdimus. 5. Sed nōbīs nōn nocuērunt. 6. Caesar +ipse scūtum dē manibus mīlitis ēripuit et in ipsam aciem properāvit. +7. Itaque mīlitēs summā virtūte tēla in hostium corpora iēcērunt. +8. Rōmānī quoque gravia vulnera accēpērunt. 9. Dēnique hostēs +terga vertērunt et ommīs in partīs<span class="tag">2</span> fūgērunt. +10. Eādem hōrā litterae Rōmam ab imperātōre ipsō missae sunt. +11. Eōdem mēnse captīvī quoque in Italiam missī sunt. 12. Sed +multī propter vulnera iter difficile trāns montīs facere recūsābant et +Genāvae esse dīcēbantur.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Observe that in Latin we say <i>I and you</i>, not <i>you and +I</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Not <i>parts</i>, but <i>directions</i>.</div> + +<p>II. 1. At Pompeii there is a wonderful mountain. 2. When I was +in that place, I myself saw that mountain. 3. On the same day many +cities were destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain. +4. You have not heard the true story of that calamity, have +you?<span class="tag">3</span> 5. On that day the very sun could +not give light to men. 6. You yourself ought to tell (to) us that +story.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Cf. <a href="#sec210">§ 210</a>.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec289"><b>289.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">How Horatius held the Bridge<span class = +"tag">4</span></span></p> + +<p>Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rēx Rōmānōrum, ubi in +exsilium ab īrātīs Rōmānīs ēiectus est, ā Porsenā, rēge Etrūscōrum, +auxilium petiit. Mox Porsena magnīs cum cōpiīs Rōmam vēnit, et ipsa urbs +summō in perīculō erat. Omnibus in partibus exercitus Rōmānus victus +erat. Iam rēx montem Iāniculum<span class="tag">5</span> occupāverat. +Numquam anteā Rōmānī tantō metū tenēbantur. Ex agrīs in urbem +properābant et summō studiō urbem ipsam mūniēbant.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. The story of Horatius has been made familiar by Macaulay’s well-known +poem “Horatius” in his <i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i>. Read the poem in +connection with this selection.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. The Janiculum is a high hill across the Tiber from Rome.</div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page128"> </a><a name="lesson_LI"> +LESSON LI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS <i>HIC, ISTE, +ILLE</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec290"><b>290.</b></a> +We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun +<b>is</b> and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to persons +or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to place +or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time, +we must use <b>hic</b>, <b>iste</b>, or <b>ille.</b> These +demonstratives, like <b>is</b>, are used both as pronouns and as +adjectives, and their relation to the speaker may be represented +graphically thus:</p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/chart128.png" width="458" height="57" +alt="(see end of file for text diagram)" /></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In dialogue <b>hic</b> refers to a person or thing near the +speaker; <b>iste</b>, to a person or thing near the person addressed; +<b>ille</b>, to a person or thing remote from both. These distinctions +are illustrated in the model sentences, <a href = +"#sec293">§ 293</a>, which should be carefully studied and +imitated.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec291"><b>291.</b></a> +<b>Hic</b> is declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>hic</b></td> +<td><b>haec</b></td> +<td><b>hoc</b></td> +<td><b>hī</b></td> +<td><b>hae</b></td> +<td><b>haec</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>huius</b></td> +<td><b>huius</b></td> +<td class="rightpad"><b>huius</b></td> +<td><b>hōrum</b></td> +<td><b>hārum</b></td> +<td><b>hōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>huic</b></td> +<td><b>huic</b></td> +<td><b>huic</b></td> +<td><b>hīs</b></td> +<td><b>hīs</b></td> +<td><b>hīs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>hunc</b></td> +<td><b>hanc</b></td> +<td><b>hoc</b></td> +<td><b>hōs</b></td> +<td><b>hās</b></td> +<td><b>haec</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>hōc</b></td> +<td><b>hāc</b></td> +<td><b>hōc</b></td> +<td><b>hīs</b></td> +<td><b>hīs</b></td> +<td><b>hīs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> <b>Huius</b> is pronounced <i>ho͝o´yo͝os</i>, and <b>huic</b> +is pronounced <i>ho͝oic</i> (one syllable).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec292"><b>292.</b></a> +The demonstrative pronouns <b>iste</b>, <b>ista</b>, <b>istud</b>, and +<b>ille</b>, <b>illa</b>, <b>illud</b>, except for the nominative and +accusative singular neuter forms <b>istud</b> and <b>illud</b>, are +declined exactly like <b>ipse</b>, <b>ipsa</b>, <b>ipsum.</b> (See <a +href="#sec481">§ 481</a>.)</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page129"> </a> +<a name="sec293"><b>293.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">MODEL SENTENCES</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>Is this horse</i> (of mine) <i>strong?</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Estne hic equus validus?</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>That horse</i> (of yours) <i>is strong, but that one</i> (yonder) +<i>is weak</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Iste equus est validus, sed ille est īnfīrmus</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>Are these</i> (men by me) <i>your friends?</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Suntne hī amīcī tuī?</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>Those</i> (men by you) <i>are my friends, but those</i> (men yonder) +<i>are enemies</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Istī sunt amīcī meī, sed illī sunt inimīcī</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec294"><b>294.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec294vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 295.</p> + +<p>I. <i>A German Chieftain addresses his Followers.</i> Ille fortis +Germānōrum dux suōs convocāvit et hōc modō animōs eōrum cōnfirmāvit. +“Vōs, quī in hīs fīnibus vīvitis, in hunc locum convocāvī<span class = +"tag">1</span> quia mēcum dēbētis istōs agrōs et istās domōs ab iniūriīs +Rōmānōrum liberāre. Hoc nōbīs nōn difficile erit, quod illī hostēs hās +silvās dēnsās, ferās saevās quārum vestīgia vident, montēs altōs timent. +Sī fortēs erimus, deī ipsī nōbīs viam salūtis dēmonstrābunt. Ille sōl, +istī oculī calamītātēs nostrās vīdērunt.<span class="tag">1</span> +Itaque nōmen illīus reī pūblicae Rōmānae nōn sōlum nōbis, sed etiam +omnibus hominibus quī lībertātem amant, est invīsum. Ad arma vōs vocō. +Exercēte istam prīstinam virtūtem et vincētis.”</p> + +<p>II. 1. Does that bird (of yours)<span class="tag">2</span> sing? +2. This bird (of mine)<span class="tag">2</span> sings both<span +class="tag">3</span> in summer and in winter and has a beautiful +voice. 3. Those birds (yonder)<span class="tag">2</span> in the +country don´t sing in winter. 4. Snatch a spear from the hands of +that soldier (near you)<span class="tag">2</span> and come home with +me. 5. With those very eyes (of yours)<span class="tag">2</span> +you will see the tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and +made an attack on my brother. 6. For (<b>propter</b>) these deeds +(<b>rēs</b>) we ought to inflict punishment on him without delay. +7. The enemies of the republic do not always suffer punishment.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. The perfect definite. (Cf. <a href="#sec190">§ 190</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. English words in parentheses are not to be translated. They are +inserted to show what demonstratives should be used. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec290">§ 290</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <i>both ... and</i>, <b>et ... et</b>.</div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<a name="page130"> </a> +<img src="images/pic130.png" width="439" height="299" +alt="Horatius at the bridge" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +HORATIUS PONTEM DEFENDIT</span></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec295"><b>295.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">How Horatius held the Bridge</span> +(<i>Continued</i>)</p> + +<p>Altera urbis pars mūrīs, altera flūmine satis mūnīrī vidēbātur. Sed +erat pōns in flūmine quī hostibus iter paene dedit. Tum Horātius Cocles, +fortis vir, magnā vōce dīxit, “Rescindite pontem, Rōmānī! Brevī tempore +Porsena in urbem cōpiās suās trādūcet.” Iam hostēs in ponte erant, sed +Horātius cum duōbus (cf. <a href = +"#sec479">§ 479</a>) comitibus ad extrēmam pontis +partem properāvit, et hi sōli aciem hostium sustinuērunt. Tum vērō cīvēs +Rōmānī pontem ā tergō rescindere incipiunt, et hostēs frūstrā Horātium +superāre temptant.</p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LII"> +LESSON LII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec296"><b>296.</b></a> +The indefinite pronouns are used to refer to <i>some person</i> or +<i>some thing</i>, without indicating which particular one is meant. The +pronouns <b>quis</b> and <b>quī</b>, which we have learned in their +interrogative and relative uses, may also be indefinite; and nearly all +the other indefinite pronouns are compounds of <b>quis</b> or <b>quī</b> +and declined almost like them. Review the declension of these words, <a +href="#sec221">§§ 221</a>, <a href="#sec227">227</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page131"> </a> +<a name="sec297"><b>297.</b></a> +Learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Masc.</th> +<th>Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"><b>quis</b></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>quid</b>, <i>some one, any one</i> (substantive) +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>quī</b></td> +<td><b>qua</b> or <b>quae</b></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>quod</b>, <i>some, any</i> (adjective), <a href = +"#sec483">§ 483</a> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<b>aliquis</b> +</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>aliquid</b>, <i>some one, any one</i> (substantive), <a href = +"#sec487">§ 487</a> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>aliquī</b></td> +<td><b>aliqua</b></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>aliquod</b>, <i>some, any</i> (adjective), <a href = +"#sec487">§ 487</a> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>quīdam</b></td> +<td><b>quaedam</b></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>quoddam, quiddam</b>, <i>a certain, a certain one</i>, <a href = +"#sec485">§ 485</a> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<b>quisquam</b> +</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>quicquam</b> or <b>quidquam</b> (no plural), <i>any one</i> (at all) +(substantive), <a href="#sec486">§ 486</a> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<b>quisque</b> +</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>quidque</b>, <i>each one, every one</i> (substantive), <a href = +"#sec484">§ 484</a> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>quisque</b></td> +<td><b>quaeque</b></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>quodque</b>, <i>each, every</i> (adjective), <a href = +"#sec484">§ 484</a> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="mynote"> +Transcriber’s Note:<br /> +In the original text, the combined forms (masculine/feminine) were +printed in the “masculine” column.</div> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> The meanings of the neuters, +<i>something</i>, etc., are easily inferred from the masculine and +feminine.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites, +<b>quis-</b>forms and <b>quid-</b>forms are mostly used as substantives, +<b>quī-</b>forms and <b>quod-</b>forms as adjectives.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The indefinites <b>quis</b> and <b>quī</b> never stand first +in a clause, and are rare excepting after <b>sī</b>, <b>nisi</b>, +<b>nē</b>, <b>num</b> (as, <b>sī quis</b>, <i>if any one</i>; <b>sī +quid</b>, <i>if anything</i>; <b>nisi quis</b>, <i>unless some one</i>). +Generally <b>aliquis</b> and <b>aliquī</b> are used instead.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> The forms <b>qua</b> and <b>aliqua</b> are both feminine +nominative singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite +adjectives <b>quī</b> and <b>aliquī</b> respectively. How do these +differ from the corresponding forms of the relative <b>quī?</b></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> Observe that <b>quīdam</b> (<b>quī</b> + <b>-dam</b>) is +declined like <b>quī</b>, except that in the accusative singular and +genitive plural <b>m</b> of <b>quī</b> becomes <b>n</b> (cf. <a href = +"#sec287">§ 287. <i>a</i></a>): <b>quendam</b>, +<b>quandam</b>, <b>quōrundam</b>, <b>quārundam;</b> also that the neuter +has <b>quiddam</b> (substantive) and <b>quoddam</b> (adjective) in the +nominative and accusative singular. <b>Quīdam</b> is the least +indefinite of the indefinite pronouns, and implies that you could name +the person or thing referred to if you cared to do so.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>e.</i> <b>Quisquam</b> and <b>quisque</b> (substantive) are declined +like <b>quis.</b></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>f.</i> <b>Quisquam</b>, <i>any one</i> (<b>quicquam</b> or +<b>quidquam</b>, <i>anything</i>), is always used substantively and +chiefly in negative sentences. The corresponding adjective <i>any</i> is +<b>ūllus, -a, -um</b> (<a href="#sec108">§ 108</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name="page132"> </a> +<a name="sec298"><b>298.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec298vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 295.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Aliquis dē ponte in flūmen dēcidit sed sine ūllō perīculō +servātus est. 2. Est vērō in vītā cuiusque hominis aliqua bona +fortūna. 3. Nē mīlitum quidem<span class="tag">1</span> quisquam +in castrīs mānsit. 4. Sī quem meae domī vidēs, iubē eum discēdere. +5. Sī quis pontem tenet, nē tantus quidem exercitus capere urbem +potest. 6. Urbs nōn satis mūnīta erat et merīdiē rēx quīdam paene +cōpiās suās trāns pontem trādūxerat. 7. Dēnique mīles quīdam +armātus in fluctūs dēsiluit et incolumis ad alteram rīpam oculōs vertit. +8. Quisque illī fortī mīlitī aliquid dare dēbet. 9. Tanta vērō +virtūs Rōmānīs semper placuit. 10. Ōlim Corinthus erat urbs satis +magna et paene par Rōmae ipsī; nunc vērō moenia dēcidērunt et pauca +vestīgia urbis illīus reperīrī possunt. 11. Quisque lībertātem +amat, et aliquibus vērō nōmen rēgis est invīsum.</p> + +<p>II. 1. If you see a certain Cornelius at Corinth, send him to me. +2. Almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were +unharmed. 3. Not even at Pompeii did I see so great a fire. +4. I myself was eager to tell something to some one. 5. Each +one was praising his own work. 6. Did you see some one in the +country? I did not see any one. 7. Unless some one will remain on +the bridge with Horatius, the commonwealth will be in the greatest +danger.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Observe that <b>quīdam</b> and <b>quidem</b> are different +words.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec299"><b>299.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">How Horatius held the Bridge</span> +(<i>Concluded</i>)</p> + +<p>Mox, ubi parva pars pontis mānsit, Horātius iussit comitēs discēdere +et sōlus mīrā cōnstantiā impetum illius tōtius exercitūs sustinēbat. +Dēnique magnō fragōre pōns in flūmen dēcīdit. Tum vērō Horātius tergum +vertit et armātus in aquās dēsiluit. In eum hostēs multa tēla iēcērunt; +incolumis autem per fluctūs ad alteram rīpam trānāvit. Eī propter tantās +rēs gestās populus Rōmānus nōn sōlum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam +statuam Horāti in locō pūblicō posuit.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="boldf"> +<a class="page" href="#review_VI"> +Sixth Review, Lessons XLV-LII, §§ 521-523</a></h5> + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page133"> </a><a name="lesson_LIII"> +LESSON LIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec300"><b>300.</b></a> +The quality denoted by an adjective may exist in either a higher or a +lower degree, and this is expressed by a form of inflection called +comparison. The mere presence of the quality is expressed by the +positive degree, its presence in a higher or lower degree by the +comparative, and in the highest or lowest of all by the superlative. In +English the usual way of comparing an adjective is by using the suffix +<i>-er</i> for the comparative and <i>-est</i> for the superlative; as, +positive <i>high</i>, comparative <i>higher</i>, superlative +<i>highest</i>. Less frequently we use the adverbs <i>more</i> and +<i>most</i>; as, positive <i>beautiful</i>, comparative <i>more +beautiful</i>, superlative <i>most beautiful.</i></p> + +<p>In Latin, as in English, adjectives are compared by adding suffixes +or by using adverbs.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec301"><b>301.</b></a> +Adjectives are compared by using suffixes as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>clārus, -a, -um</b> (<i>bright</i>)<br /> +(<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>clār-</b>) +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>clārior, clārīus</b> (<i>brighter</i>) +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>clārissimus, -a, -um</b> (<i>brightest</i>) +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>brevis, breve</b> (<i>short</i>)<br /> +(<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>brev-</b>) +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>brevior, brevius</b> (<i>shorter</i>) +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>brevissimus, -a, -um</b> (<i>shortest</i>) +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>vēlōx</b> (<i>swift</i>)<br /> +(<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>veloc-</b>) +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>vēlōcior, vēlōcius</b> (<i>swifter</i>) +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>vēlōcissimus, -a, -um</b> (<i>swiftest</i>) +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The comparative is formed from the base of the positive by +adding <b>-ior</b> masc. and fem., and <b>-ius</b> neut.; the +superlative by adding <b>-issimus, -issima, -issimum</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec302"><b>302.</b></a> +Less frequently adjectives are compared by using the adverbs +<b>magis</b>, <i>more</i>; <b>maximē</b>, <i>most</i>; as, +<b>idōneus</b>, <i>suitable</i>; <b>magis idōneus</b>, <i>more +suitable</i>; <b>maximē idōneus</b>, <i>most suitable.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec303"><b>303.</b></a> +<b>Declension of the Comparative.</b> Adjectives of the comparative +degree are declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td><b>clārior</b></td> +<td><b>clārīus</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōrēs</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōra</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><b>clāriōris</b></td> +<td class="rightpad"><b>clāriōris</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōrum</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><b>clāriōrī</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōrī</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōribus</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōribus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><b>clāriōrem</b></td> +<td><b>clārius</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōrēs</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōra</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><b>clāriōre</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōre</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōribus</b></td> +<td><b>clāriōribus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page134"> </a> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the endings are those of the consonant stems of +the third declension.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Compare <b>longus</b>, <i>long</i>; <b>fortis</b>, +<i>brave</i>; <b>recēns</b> (base, <b>recent-</b>), <i>recent</i>; and +decline the comparative of each.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec304"><b>304.</b></a> +Adjectives in <b>-er</b> form the comparative regularly, but the +superlative is formed by adding <b>-rimus, -a, -um</b> to the nominative +masculine of the positive; as,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>ācer, ācris, ācre</b><br /> +(Base <b>acr-</b>) +</p></td> +<td><b>ācrior, ācrius</b></td> +<td><b>ācerrimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum</b><br /> +(Base <b>pulchr-</b>) +</p></td> +<td><b>pulchrior, pulchrius</b></td> +<td><b>pulcherrimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>līber, lībera, līberum</b><br /> +(Base <b>līber-</b>) +</p></td> +<td><b>līberior, līberius</b></td> +<td><b>līberrimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In a similar manner compare <b>miser</b>, <b>aeger</b>, +<b>crēber</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec305"><b>305.</b></a> +The comparative is often translated by <i>quite, too</i>, or +<i>somewhat</i>, and the superlative by <i>very</i>; as, <b>altior</b>, +<i>quite</i> (<i>too, somewhat</i>) <i>high</i>; <b>altissimus</b>, +<i>very high.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec306"><b>306.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec306vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 296.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Quid explōrātōrēs quaerēbant? Explōrātōrēs tempus +opportūnissimum itinerī quaerēbant. 2. Mediā in silvā ignīs quam +crēberrimōs fēcimus, quod ferās tam audācis numquam anteā vīderāmus. +3. Antīquīs temporibus Germānī erant fortiōrēs quam Gallī. +4. Caesar erat clārior quam inimīcī<span class="tag">1</span> quī +eum necāvērunt. 5. Quisque scūtum ingēns et pīlum longius gerēbat. +6. Apud barbarōs Germānī erant audācissimī et fortissimī. +7. Mēns hominum est celerior quam corpus. 8. Virī aliquārum +terrārum sunt miserrimī. 9. Corpora Germānōrum erant ingentiōra +quam Rōmānōrum. 10. Ācerrimī Gallōrum prīncipēs sine ūllā morā +trāns flūmen quoddam equōs vēlōcissimōs trādūxērunt. 11. Aestāte +diēs sunt longiōrēs quam hieme. 12. Imperātor quīdam ab +explōrātōribus dē recentī adventū nāvium longārum quaesīvit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest. 2. Certain +animals are swifter than the swiftest horse. 3. The Roman name was +most +<a name="page135"> </a> +hateful to the enemies of the commonwealth. 4. The Romans always +inflicted the severest<span class="tag">2</span> punishment on +faithless allies. 5. I was quite ill, and so I hastened from the +city to the country. 6. Marcus had some friends dearer than +Cæsar.<span class="tag">3</span> 7. Did you not seek a more +recent report concerning the battle? 8. Not even after a victory so +opportune did he seek the general’s friendship.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Why is this word used instead of <b>hostēs</b>?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Use the superlative of <b>gravis</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Accusative. In a comparison the noun after <b>quam</b> is in the same +case as the one before it.</div> + +<p class="note"> +N.B. Beginning at this point, the +<a href="#reading_LIII">selections for reading</a> +will be found near the end of the volume. (See <a href = +"#page197">p. 197</a>.)</p> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LIV"> +LESSON LIV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES · THE ABLATIVE +WITH COMPARATIVES WITHOUT <i>QUAM</i></h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec307"><b>307.</b></a> +The following six adjectives in <b>-lis</b> form the comparative +regularly; but the superlative is formed by adding <b>-limus</b> to the +base of the positive. Learn the meanings and comparison.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>facilis, -e</b>, <i>easy</i></td> +<td><b>facilior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>facillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>difficilis, -e</b>, <i>hard</i></td> +<td><b>difficilior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>difficillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>similis, -e</b>, <i>like</i></td> +<td><b>similior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>simillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dissimilis, -e</b>, <i>unlike</i></td> +<td><b>dissimilior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>dissimillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>gracilis, -e</b>, <i>slender</i></td> +<td><b>gracilior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>gracillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>humilis, -e</b>, <i>low</i></td> +<td><b>humilior, -ius</b></td> +<td><b>humillimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec308"><b>308.</b></a> +From the knowledge gained in the preceding lesson we should translate +the sentence <i>Nothing is brighter than the sun</i></p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Nihil est clārius quam sōl</b> +</p> + +<p>But the Romans, especially in negative sentences, often expressed the +comparison in this way,</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Nihil est clārius sōle</b> +</p> + +<p>which, literally translated, is <i>Nothing is brighter away from the +sun</i>; that is, <i>starting from the sun as a standard, nothing is +brighter</i>. This relation is expressed by the separative ablative +<b>sōle</b>. Hence the rule</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page136"> </a> +<a name="sec309"><b>309.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative with +Comparatives.</b> <i>The comparative degree, if <b>quam</b> is omitted, +is followed by the separative ablative.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec310"><b>310.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec310vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 296.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Nēmō mīlitēs alacriōrēs Rōmānīs vīdit. 2. Statim imperātor +iussit nūntiōs quam celerrimōs litterās Rōmam portāre. 3. Multa +flūmina sunt lēniōra Rhēnō. 4. Apud Rōmanōs quis erat clārior +Caesare? 5. Nihil pulchrius urbe Rōmā vīdī. 6. Subitō +multitūdo audacissima magnō clamōre proelium ācrius commīsit. +7. Num est equus tuus tardus? Nōn vērō tardus, sed celerior aquilā. +8. Ubi Romae fuī, nēmō erat mihi amicior Sextō. 9. Quaedam +mulierēs cibum mīlitibus dare cupīvērunt. 10. Rēx vetuit cīvis ex +urbe noctū discēdere. 11. Ille puer est gracilior hāc muliere. +12. Explōrātor duās (<i>two</i>) viās, alteram facilem, alteram +difficiliōrem, dēmōnstrāvit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. What city have you seen more beautiful than Rome? 2. The +Gauls were not more eager than the Germans. 3. The eagle is not +slower than the horse. 4. The spirited woman did not fear to make +the journey by night. 5. The mind of the multitude was quite gentle +and friendly. 6. But the king’s mind was very different. +7. The king was not like (similar to) his noble father. +8. These hills are lower than the huge mountains of our +territory.</p> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LIV"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic136.png" width="334" height="265" +alt="Roman weapons and armor" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +ARMA ROMANA</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page137"> </a><a name="lesson_LV"> +LESSON LV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES +(<i>Continued</i>)</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec311"><b>311.</b></a> +Some adjectives in English have irregular comparison, as <i>good, +better, best</i>; <i>many, more, most.</i> So Latin comparison presents +some irregularities. Among the adjectives that are compared irregularly +are</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><b>bonus, -a, -um</b>, <i>good</i></td> +<td><b>melior, melius</b></td> +<td><b>optimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>magnus, -a, -um</b>, <i>great</i></td> +<td><b>maior, maius</b></td> +<td><b>maximus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>malus, -a, -um</b>, <i>bad</i></td> +<td><b>peior, peius</b></td> +<td><b>pessimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>multus, -a, -um</b>, <i>much</i></td> +<td>——, <b>plūs</b></td> +<td><b>plūrimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>multī, -ae, -a</b>, <i>many</i></td> +<td><b>plūrēs, plūra</b></td> +<td><b>plūrimī, -ae, -a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>parvus, -a, -um</b>, <i>small</i></td> +<td><b>minor, minus</b></td> +<td><b>minimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec312"><b>312.</b></a> +The following four adjectives have two superlatives. Unusual forms are +placed in parentheses.</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><p class="hanging"> +<b>exterus, -a, -um</b>, <i>outward</i> +</p></td> +<td class="middle"><p class="hanging"> +(<b>exterior, -ius</b>, <i>outer</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="middle left rightline"> +<b>extrēmus, -a, -um</b><br /> +(<b>extimus, -a, -um</b>) +</td> +<td class="middle"><p class="hanging"> +<i>outermost, last</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><p class="hanging"> +<b>īnferus, -a, -um</b>, <i>low</i> +</p></td> +<td class="middle"><p class="hanging"> +<b>īnferior, -ius</b>, <i>lower</i> +</p></td> +<td class="middle left rightline"> +<b>īnfimus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>īmus, -a, -um</b> +</td> +<td class="middle"> +<i>lowest</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><p class="hanging"> +<b>posterus, -a, -um</b>, <i>next</i> +</p></td> +<td class="middle"><p class="hanging"> +(<b>posterior, -ius</b>, <i>later</i>) +</p></td> +<td class="middle left rightline"> +<b>postrēmus, -a, -um</b><br /> +(<b>postumus, -a, -um</b>) +</td> +<td class="middle"> +<i>last</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><p class="hanging"> +<b>superus, -a, -um</b>, <i>above</i> +</p></td> +<td class="middle"><p class="hanging"> +<b>superior, -ius</b>, <i>higher</i> +</p></td> +<td class="middle left rightline"> +<b>suprēmus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>summus, -a, -um</b> +</td> +<td class="middle"> +<i>highest</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec313"><b>313.</b></a> +<b>Plūs</b>, <i>more</i> (plural <i>more, many, several</i>), is +declined as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plūs</td> +<td>plūr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td class="rightpad">plūr<b>is</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plūr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plūs</td> +<td>plūr<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plūr<b>e</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In the singular <b>plūs</b> is used only as a neuter +substantive.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page138"> </a> +<a name="sec314"><b>314.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec314vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 296.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Reliquī hostēs, quī ā dextrō cornū proelium commīserant, dē +superiōre locō fūgērunt et sēsē in silvam maximam recēpērunt. 2. In +extrēmā parte silvae castra hostium posita erant. 3. Plūrimī +captīvī ab equitibus ad Caesarem ductī sunt. 4. Caesar vērō iussit +eōs in servitūtem trādī. 5. Posterō diē magna multitūdō mulierum ab +Rōmānīs in valle īmā reperta est. 6. Hae mulierēs maximē +perterritae adventū Caesaris sēsē occīdere studēbant. 7. Eae quoque +plūrīs fābulās dē exercitūs Rōmānī sceleribus audīverant. 8. Fāma +illōrum mīlitum optima nōn erat. 9. In barbarōrum aedificiīs maior +cōpia frūmentī reperta est. 10. Nēmō crēbrīs proeliīs contendere +sine aliquō perīculō potest.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The remaining women fled from their dwellings and hid +themselves. 2. They were terrified and did not wish to be captured +and given over into slavery. 3. Nothing can be worse than slavery. +4. Slavery is worse than death. 5. In the Roman empire a great +many were killed because they refused to be slaves. 6. To surrender +the fatherland is the worst crime.</p> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LV"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LVI"> +LESSON LVI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES +(<i>Concluded</i>) · ABLATIVE OF THE MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec315"><b>315.</b></a> +The following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the +superlative and have no positive. Forms rarely used are in +parentheses.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>citerior</b>, <i>hither</i></td> +<td>(<b>citimus</b>, <i>hithermost</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>interior</b>, <i>inner</i></td> +<td>(<b>intimus</b>, <i>inmost</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>prior</b>, <i>former</i></td> +<td><b>prīmus</b>, <i>first</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>propior</b>, <i>nearer</i></td> +<td><b>proximus</b>, <i>next, nearest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad"><b>ulterior</b>, <i>further</i></td> +<td><b>ultimus</b>, <i>furthest</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec316"><b>316.</b></a> +In the sentence <i>Galba is a head taller than Sextus</i>, the phrase +<i>a head taller</i> expresses the <b>measure of difference</b> in +height between +<a name="page139"> </a> +Galba and Sextus. The Latin form of expression would be <i>Galba is +taller than Sextus <b>by a head</b></i>. This is clearly an ablative +relation, and the construction is called the <b>ablative of the measure +of difference</b>.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead"> +Examples +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Galba est altior capite quam Sextus</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Galba is a head taller</i> (taller by a head) <i>than Sextus</i>.</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Illud iter ad Italiam est multō brevius</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>That route to Italy is much shorter</i> (shorter by much)</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec317"><b>317.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of the Measure of +Difference.</b> <i>With comparatives and words implying comparison the +ablative is used to denote the measure of difference.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Especially common in this construction are the neuter +ablatives</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<b>eō</b>, <i>by this, by that</i><br /> +<b>hōc</b>, <i>by this</i><br /> +<b>multō</b>, <i>by much</i><br /> +<b>nihilō</b>,<span class="tag">1</span> <i>by nothing</i><br /> +<b>paulō</b>, <i>by a little</i> +</td> +</tr></table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>nihil</b> was originally <b>nihilum</b> and declined like +<b>pīlum</b>. There is no plural.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec318"><b>318.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec318vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 297.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Barbarī proelium committere statuērunt eō magis quod Rōmānī +īnfīrmī esse vidēbantur. 2. Meum cōnsilium est multō melius quam +tuum quia multō facilius est. 3. Haec via est multō lātior quam +illa. 4. Barbarī erant nihilō tardiōrēs quam Rōmānī. 5. Tuus +equus est paulō celerior quam meus. 6. Iī quī paulō fortiōrēs erant +prohibuērunt reliquōs aditum relinquere. 7. Inter illās cīvitātēs +Germānia mīlitēs habet optimōs. 8. Propior via quae per hanc vallem +dūcit est inter portum et lacum. 9. Servī, quī agrōs citeriōrēs +incolēbant, priōrēs dominōs relinquere nōn cupīvērunt, quod eōs amābant. +10. Ultimae Germāniae partēs numquam in fidem Rōmānōrum vēnērunt. +11. Nam trāns Rhēnum aditus erat multō difficilior exercituī +Rōmānō.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Another way much more difficult (more difficult by much) was +left through hither Gaul. 2. In ancient times no state was stronger +than the Roman empire. 3. The states of further Gaul did not wish +to give hostages to Cæsar. 4. Slavery is no better (better by +nothing) than death. 5. The best citizens are not loved by the +worst. 6. The active enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest +forest, for they were terrified by Cæsar’s recent victories.</p> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LVI"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page140"> </a><a name="lesson_LVII"> +LESSON LVII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec319"><b>319.</b></a> +Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives, as in English (e.g. adj. +<i>sweet</i>, adv. <i>sweetly</i>). Like adjectives, they can be +compared; but they have no declension.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec320"><b>320.</b></a> +Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second declensions are +formed and compared as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Adj.</i><br /> +<i>Adv.</i></td> +<td><b>cārus</b>, <i>dear</i><br /> +<b>cārē</b>, <i>dearly</i></td> +<td><b>cārior</b><br /> +<b>cārius</b></td> +<td><b>cārissimus</b><br /> +<b>cārissimē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Adj.</i><br /> +<i>Adv.</i></td> +<td><b>pulcher</b>, <i>beautiful</i><br /> +<b>pulchrē</b>, <i>beautifully</i></td> +<td><b>pulchrior</b><br /> +<b>pulchrius</b></td> +<td><b>pulcherrimus</b><br /> +<b>pulcherrimē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Adj.</i><br /> +<i>Adv.</i></td> +<td><b>līber</b>, <i>free</i><br /> +<b>līberē</b>, <i>freely</i></td> +<td><b>līberior</b><br /> +<b>līberius</b></td> +<td><b>līberrimus</b><br /> +<b>līberrimē</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The positive of the adverb is formed by adding <b>-ē</b> to +the base of the positive of the adjective. The superlative of the adverb +is formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative +singular of the comparative of the adjective.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec321"><b>321.</b></a> +Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are formed like +those described above in the comparative and superlative. The positive +is usually formed by adding <b>-iter</b> to the base of adjectives of +three endings or of two endings, and <b>-ter</b> to the base of those of +one ending;<span class="tag">1</span> as,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Adj.</i><br /> +<i>Adv.</i></td> +<td><b>fortis</b>, <i>brave</i><br /> +<b>fortiter</b>, <i>bravely</i></td> +<td><b>fortior</b><br /> +<b>fortius</b></td> +<td><b>fortissimus</b><br /> +<b>fortissimē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Adj.</i><br /> +<i>Adv.</i></td> +<td><b>audāx</b>, <i>bold</i><br /> +<b>audācter</b>, <i>boldly</i></td> +<td><b>audācior</b><br /> +<b>audācius</b></td> +<td><b>audācissimus</b><br /> +<b>audācissimē</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. This is a good working rule, though there are some exceptions to +it.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page141"> </a> +<a name="sec322"><b>322.</b></a> +<b>Case Forms as Adverbs.</b> As we learned above, the neuter accusative +of comparatives is used adverbially. So in the positive or superlative +some adjectives, instead of following the usual formation, use the +accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially; as,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Adj.</i><br /> +<i>Adv.</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>facilis</b>, <i>easy</i><br /> +<b>facile</b> (acc.), <i>easily</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>prīmus</b>, <i>first</i><br /> +<b>prīmum</b> (acc.), <i>first</i><br /> +<b>prīmō</b> (abl.), <i>at first</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Adj.</i><br /> +<i>Adv.</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>multus</b>, <i>many</i><br /> +<b>multum</b> (acc.), <i>much</i><br /> +<b>multō</b> (abl.), <i>by much</i> +</td> +<td> +<b>plūrimus</b>, <i>most</i><br /> +<b>plūrimum</b> (acc.), <i>most</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec323"><b>323.</b></a> +Learn the following irregular comparisons:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td><b>bene</b>, <i>well</i></td> +<td><b>melius</b>, <i>better</i></td> +<td><b>optimē</b>, <i>best</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>diū</b>, <i>long</i> (time)</td> +<td><b>diūtius</b>, <i>longer</i></td> +<td><b>diūtissimē</b>, <i>longest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>magnopere</b>, <i>greatly</i></td> +<td><b>magis</b>, <i>more</i></td> +<td><b>maximē</b>, <i>most</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>parum</b>, <i>little</i></td> +<td><b>minus</b>, <i>less</i></td> +<td><b>minimē</b>, <i>least</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>prope</b>, <i>nearly, near</i></td> +<td><b>propius</b>, <i>nearer</i></td> +<td><b>proximē</b>, <i>nearest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>saepe</b>, <i>often</i></td> +<td><b>saepius</b>, <i>oftener</i></td> +<td><b>saepissimē</b>, <i>oftenest</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec324"><b>324.</b></a> +Form adverbs from the following adjectives, using the regular rules, and +compare them: <b>laetus</b>, <b>superbus</b>, <b>molestus</b>, +<b>amīcus</b>, <b>ācer</b>, <b>brevis</b>, <b>gravis</b>, +<b>recēns.</b></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec325"><b>325.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Adverbs.</b> <i>Adverbs modify +verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec326"><b>326.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec326vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 297.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Nūlla rēs melius gesta est quam proelium illud<span class = +"tag">2</span> ubi Marius multō minōre exercitū multō maiōrēs cōpiās +Germānōrum in fugam dedit. 2. Audācter in Rōmānōrum cohortīs hostēs +impetūs fēcērunt 3. Marius autem omnēs hōs fortissimē sustinuit. +4. Barbarī nihilō fortiōrēs erant quam Rōmānī. 5. Prīmō +barbarī esse superiōrēs vidēbantur, tum Rōmānī ācrius contendērunt. +6. Dēnique, ubi iam diūtissimē paene aequō proeliō pugnātum est, +barbarī fugam petiērunt. 7. Quaedam Germānōrum gentēs, simul atque +rūmōrem illīus calamitātis audīvērunt, sēsē in ultimīs regiōnibus fīnium +suōrum abdidērunt. +<a name="page142"> </a> +8. Rōmānī saepius quam hostēs vīcērunt, quod meliōra arma habēbant. +9. Inter omnīs gentīs Rōmānī plūrimum valēbant. 10. Hae +cohortēs simul atque in aequiōrem regiōnem sē recēpērunt, castra sine +ūllā difficultāte posuērunt.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Some nations are easily overcome by their enemies. +2. Germany is much larger than Gaul. 3. Were not the Romans +the most powerful among the tribes of Italy? 4. On account of (his) +wounds the soldier dragged his body from the ditch with the greatest +difficulty. 5. He was able neither to run nor to fight. 6. Who +saved him? A certain horseman boldly undertook the matter. 7. The +rumors concerning the soldier’s death were not true.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>ille</b> standing after its noun means <i>that well-known, that +famous</i>.</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LVII"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LVIII"> +LESSON LVIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">NUMERALS · THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec327"><b>327.</b></a> +The Latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Cardinal Numerals</b>, answering the question <i>how many?</i> +as, <b>ūnus</b>, <i>one</i>; <b>duo</b>, <i>two</i>; etc.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Ordinal Numerals</b>, derived in most cases from the cardinals +and answering the question <i>in what order?</i> as, <b>prīmus</b>, +<i>first</i>; <b>secundus</b>, <i>second</i>; etc.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Distributive Numerals</b>, answering the question <i>how many +at a time?</i> as, <b>singulī</b>, <i>one at a time</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec328"><b>328.</b></a> +<b>The Cardinal Numerals.</b> The first twenty of the cardinals are as +follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td>1, <b>ūnus</b></td> +<td class="number close">6,</td> +<td><b>sex</b></td> +<td>11, <b>ūndecim</b></td> +<td>16, <b>sēdecim</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2, <b>duo</b></td> +<td class="number close">7,</td> +<td><b>septem</b></td> +<td>12, <b>duodecim</b></td> +<td>17, <b>septendecim</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3, <b>trēs</b></td> +<td class="number close">8,</td> +<td><b>octō</b></td> +<td>13, <b>tredecim</b></td> +<td>18, <b>duodēvīgintī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rightpad">4, <b>quattuor</b></td> +<td class="number close">9,</td> +<td class="rightpad"><b>novem</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">14, <b>quattuordecim</b></td> +<td>19, <b>ūndēvīgintī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5, <b>quīnque</b></td> +<td class="number close">10,</td> +<td><b>decem</b></td> +<td>15, <b>quīndecim</b></td> +<td>20, <b>vīgintī</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Learn also <b>centum</b> = 100, <b>ducentī</b> = 200, +<b>mīlle</b> = 1000.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec329"><b>329.</b></a> +<b>Declension of the Cardinals.</b> Of the cardinals only <b>ūnus</b>, +<b>duo</b>, <b>trēs</b>, the hundreds above one hundred, and +<b>mīlle</b> used as a noun, are declinable.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page143"> </a> +<i>a.</i> <b>ūnus</b> is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is +declined like <b>nūllus</b> (cf. <a href="#sec109">§§ 109</a>, <a +href="#sec470">470</a>). The plural of <b>ūnus</b> is +used to agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, <b>ūna +castra</b>, <i>one camp</i>; and with other nouns in the sense of +<i>only</i>, as, <b>Gallī ūnī</b>, <i>only the Gauls</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Learn the declension of <b>duo</b>, <i>two</i>; <b>trēs</b>, +<i>three</i>; and <b>mīlle</b>, <i>a thousand</i>. (<a href = +"#sec479">§ 479</a>.)</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of +<b>bonus</b>; as,</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +ducent<b>ī, -ae, -a</b><br /> +ducent<b>ōrum, -ārum, -ōrum</b><br /> +etc. etc. etc. +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec330"><b>330.</b></a> +We have already become familiar with sentences like the following:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Omnium avium aquila est vēlōcissima</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Hoc ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>This oracle was the most famous of all</i> +</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it +modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the +whole of which a part is taken, is called a <b>partitive +genitive</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec331"><b>331.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Partitive Genitive.</b> +<i>Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, +known as the <b>partitive genitive</b>.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Words denoting a part are especially pronouns, numerals, and +other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting <b>mīlle</b> regularly +take the ablative with <b>ex</b> or <b>dē</b> instead of the partitive +genitive.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> <b>Mīlle</b>, <i>a thousand</i>, in the singular is usually an +indeclinable adjective (as, <b>mīlle mīlitēs</b>, <i>a thousand +soldiers</i>), but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the +partitive genitive (as, <b>decem mīlia mīlitum</b>, <i>ten thousand +soldiers</i>).</p> + +<p><span class="smallcaps">Examples:</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Fortissimī hōrum sunt Germānī</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>The bravest of these are the Germans</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Decem mīlia hostium interfecta sunt</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Ten thousand</i> (lit. <i>thousands</i>) <i>of the enemy were +slain</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Ūna ex captīvīs erat soror rēgis</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>One of the captives was the king’s sister</i> +</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page144"> </a> +<a name="sec332"><b>332.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec332vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 297.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Caesar maximam partem aedificiōrum incendit. 2. Magna pars +mūnītiōnis aquā flūminis dēlēta est. 3. Gallī huius regiōnis +quīnque mīlia hominum coēgerant. 4. Duo ex meīs frātribus eundem +rūmōrem audīvērunt. 5. Quis Rōmānōrum erat clarior Caesare? +6. Quīnque cohortēs ex illā legiōne castra quam fortissimē +dēfendēbant. 7. Hic locus aberat aequō spatiō<span class = +"tag">1</span> ab castrīs Caesaris et castrīs Germānōrum. 8. Caesar +simul atque pervēnit, plūs commeātūs ab sociīs postulāvit. 9. Nōnne +mercātōrēs magnitūdinem īnsulae cognōverant? Longitūdinem sed nōn +lātitūdinem cognōverant. 10. Paucī hostium obtinēbant collem quem +explōrātōrēs nostrī vīdērunt.</p> + +<p>II. 1. I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome. +2. Cæsar stormed that very town with three legions. 3. In one +hour he destroyed a great part of the fortification. 4. When the +enemy could no longer<span class="tag">2</span> defend the gates, they +retreated to a hill which was not far distant.<span class = +"tag">3</span> 5. There three thousand of them bravely resisted the +Romans.<span class="tag">4</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Ablative of the measure of difference.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Not <b>longius</b>. Why?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Latin, <i>was distant by a small space.</i></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. Not the accusative.</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LVIII"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LIX"> +LESSON LIX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">NUMERALS (<i>Continued</i>) · THE ACCUSATIVE OF +EXTENT</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec333"><b>333.</b></a> +Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (<a href = +"#sec478">§ 478</a>). The ordinals are all declined +like <b>bonus</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec334"><b>334.</b></a> +The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of <b>bonus</b>. +The first three are</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>singulī, -ae, -a</b>, <i>one each, one by one</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>bīnī, -ae, -a</b>, <i>two each, two by two</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ternī, -ae, -a</b>, <i>three each, three by three</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec335"><b>335.</b></a> +We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative is used +to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have had such +expressions as <b>per plūrimōs annōs</b>, <i>for a great many</i> +<a name="page145"> </a> +<i>years</i>; <b>per tōtum diem</b>, <i>for a whole day</i>. Here the +space relation is one of <i>extent of time</i>. We could also say <b>per +decem pedēs</b>, <i>for ten feet</i>, where the space relation is one of +<i>extent of space</i>. While this is correct Latin, the usual form is +to use the accusative with no preposition, as,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Vir tōtum diem cucurrit</b>, <i>the man ran for a whole day</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Caesar mūrum decem pedēs mōvit</b>, +<i>Cæsar moved the wall ten feet</i> +</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec336"><b>336.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Accusative of Extent.</b> +<i>Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the +accusative.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> This accusative answers the questions <i>how long? how +far?</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time <i>how +long</i> and the ablative of time <i>when</i>, or <i>within +which.</i></p> + +<p>Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in +the following:</p> + +<p>When did the general arrive? He arrived at two o’clock. How long had +he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched +sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the +river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp +is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the +king’s death.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec337"><b>337.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec337vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 298.</p> + +<p>I. <i>Cæsar in Gaul</i>. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem annōs gessit. +Prīmō annō Helvētiōs vīcit, et eōdem annō multae Germanōrum gentēs eī +sēsē dēdidērunt. Multōs iam annōs Germānī Gallōs vexabant<span class = +"tag">1</span> et ducēs Germānī cōpiās suās trāns Rhēnum saepe +trādūcēbant.<span class="tag">1</span> Nōn singulī veniēbant, sed +multa milia hominum in Galliam contendēbant. Quā dē causā prīncipēs +Galliae concilium convocāvērunt atque statuērunt legates ad Caesarem +mittere. Caesar, simul atque hunc rūmōrem audīvit, cōpiās suās sine morā +coēgit. Primā lūce fortiter cum Germanīs proelium commīsit. Tōtum diem +ācriter pugnātum est. Caesar ipse ā dextrō cornū acicm dūxit. Magna pars +exercitūs Germānī cecidit. Post magnam caedem paucī multa milia passuum +ad flūmen fūgērunt.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page146"> </a> +II. 1. Cæsar pitched camp two miles from the river. 2. He fortified +the camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high. +3. The camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a +great space). 4. On the next day he hastened ten miles in three +hours. 5. Suddenly the enemy with all their forces made an attack +upon (<b>in</b> <i>with acc.</i>) the rear. 6. For two hours the +Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians. 7. In three hours the +barbarians were fleeing.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Translate as if pluperfect.</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LIX"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LX"> +LESSON LX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">DEPONENT VERBS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec338"><b>338.</b></a> +A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, +<b>hortor</b>, <i>I encourage</i>; <b>vereor</b>, <i>I fear</i>. Such +verbs are called <b>deponent</b> because they have laid aside +(<b>dē-pōnere</b>, <i>to lay aside</i>) the active forms.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs +have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms +which will be noted later. (Sec<a href="#sec375">§§ 375</a>, <a +href="#sec403">403.<i>b</i></a>.)</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec339"><b>339.</b></a> +The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td><i>Conj. I</i></td> +<td></td> +<td> +<b>hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum</b>, <i>encourage</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Conj. II</i></td> +<td></td> +<td> +<b>vereor, verērī, veritus sum</b>, <i>fear</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Conj. III</i></td> +<td>(<i>a</i>)</td> +<td> +<b>sequor, sequī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>follow</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>(<i>b</i>)</td> +<td> +<b>patior, patī, passus sum</b>, <i>suffer, allow</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Conj. IV</i></td> +<td></td> +<td> +<b>partior, partīrī, partītus sum</b>, <i>share, divide</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See <a href = +"#sec493">§ 493</a>.) <b>Patior</b> is conjugated +like the passive of <b>capiō</b> (<a href = +"#sec492">§ 492</a>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec340"><b>340.</b></a> +PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE</p> + +<p>The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently +are</p> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ante</b>, <i>before</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>apud</b>, <i>among</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>circum</b>, <i>around</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>contrā</b>, <i>against, contrary to</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>extrā</b>, <i>outside of</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>in</b>, <i>into, in, against, upon</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>inter</b>, <i>between, among</i></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>intrā</b>, <i>within</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ob</b>, <i>on account of</i> (<b>quam ob rem</b>, <i>wherefore, +therefore</i>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>per</b>, <i>through, by means of</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>post</b>, <i>after, behind</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>propter</b>, <i>on account of, because of</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>trāns</b>, <i>across, over</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and +learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the +ablative, <a href="#sec209">§ 209</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page147"> </a> +<a name="sec341"><b>341.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>First learn the <a href="#sec341vocab">special +vocabulary</a>, p. 298.</p> + +<p>I. 1. Trēs ex lēgātīs, contrā Caesaris opīniōnem, iter facere per +hostium fīnīs verēbantur. 2. Quis eōs hortātus est? Imperātor eōs +hortātus est et iīs persuādēre cōnātus est, sed nōn potuit. 3. Quid +lēgātōs perterruit? Aut timor hostium, quī undique premēbant, aut +longitūdō viae eōs perterruit. 4. Tamen omnēs ferē Caesarem multō +magis quam hostīs veritī sunt. 5. Fortissimae gentēs Galliae ex +Germānīs oriēbantur. 6. Quam ob rem tam fortēs erant? Quia nec +vīnum nec alia quae virtūtem dēlent ad sē portārī patiēbantur. +7. Caesar ex mercātōribus dē īnsulā Britanniā quaesīvit, sed nihil +cognōscere potuit. 8. Itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere, et +mediā ferē aestāte cum multīs nāvibus longīs profectus est. +9. Magnā celeritāte iter confēcit et in opportūnissimō locō +ēgressus est. 10. Barbarī summīs vīribus eum ab īnsulā prohibēre +cōnātī sunt. 11. Ille autem barbarōs multa mīlia passuum īnsecūtus +est; tamen sine equitātū eōs cōnsequī nōn potuit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry +followed close after them. 2. From all parts of the multitude the +shouts arose of those who were being wounded. 3. Cæsar did not +allow the cavalry to pursue too far.<span class="tag">1</span> +4. The cavalry set out at the first hour and was returning<span +class="tag">2</span> to camp at the fourth hour. 5. Around the +Roman camp was a rampart twelve feet high. 6. Cæsar will delay +three days because of the grain supply. 7. Nearly all the +lieutenants feared the enemy and attempted to delay the march.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Comparative of <b>longē</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Will this be a deponent or an active form?</div> + + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="boldf"> +<a class="page" href="#review_VII"> +Seventh Review, Lessons LIII-LX, §§ 524-526</a></h5> + +<hr /> + + +<p class="illustration"> +<a name="page148"> </a> +<img src="images/pic148.png" width="250" height="303" +alt="man reading scrolls" /></p> + +<h3>PART III</h3> + +<h4>CONSTRUCTIONS</h4> + +<h5>INTRODUCTORY NOTE</h5> + +<p>The preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms +and vocabulary. There remain still to be learned the forms of the +Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb, +and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs. These will be taken +up in connection with the study of constructions, which will be the +chief subject of our future work. The special vocabularies of the +preceding lessons contain, exclusive of proper names, about six hundred +words. As these are among the commonest words in the language, <i>they +must be mastered</i>. They properly form the basis of the study of +words, and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the +remaining lessons.</p> + +<p>For practice in reading and to illustrate the constructions +presented, a continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this +point (see p. 204). It has been divided into chapters of convenient +length to accompany progress through the lessons, but may be read with +equal profit after the lessons are finished. The story gives an account +of the life and adventures of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman boy, +who fought in Cæsar’s campaigns and shared in his triumph. The colored +plates illustrating the story are faithful representations of ancient +life and are deserving of careful study.</p> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LX"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page149"> </a><a name="lesson_LXI"> +LESSON LXI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec342"><b>342.</b></a> +In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods, which +you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive. The +tenses of the subjunctive are</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="middle smallcaps rightline"> +Present<br /> +Imperfect<br /> +Perfect<br /> +Pluperfect +</td> +<td class="middle smallcaps"> +Active and Passive +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec343"><b>343.</b></a> +The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the +corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, <i>each of +them may refer to future time</i>. No meanings of the tenses will be +given in the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction +used.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec344"><b>344.</b></a> +The present subjunctive is inflected as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Active Voice</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. a´m<b>em</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>am</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>am</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>am</b></td> +<td>au´di<b>am</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. a´m<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>ās</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>ās</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ās</b></td> +<td>au´di<b>ās</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. a´m<b>et</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>at</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>at</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>at</b></td> +<td>au´di<b>at</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. am<b>ē´mus</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ā´mus</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ā´mus</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ā´mus</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ā´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. am<b>ē´tis</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ā´tis</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ā´tis</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ā´tis</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ā´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. a´m<b>ent</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>ant</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>ant</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ant</b></td> +<td>au´di<b>ant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Passive Voice</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. a´m<b>er</b></td> +<td>mo´ne<b>ar</b></td> +<td>re´g<b>ar</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ar</b></td> +<td>au´di<b>ar</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. am<b>ē´ris</b> (<b>-re</b>)</td> +<td>mone<b>ā´ris</b> (<b>-re</b>)</td> +<td>reg<b>ā´ris</b> (<b>-re</b>)</td> +<td>capi<b>ā´ris</b> (<b>-re</b>)</td> +<td>audi<b>ā´ris</b> (<b>-re</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. am<b>ē´tur</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ā´tur</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ā´tur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ā´tur</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ā´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5"> +<a name="page150"> </a> +PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. am<b>ē´mur</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ā´mur</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ā´mur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ā´mur</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ā´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. am<b>ē´minī</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ā´minī</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ā´minī</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ā´minī</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ā´minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. am<b>en´tur</b></td> +<td>mone<b>an´tur</b></td> +<td>reg<b>an´tur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>an´tur</b></td> +<td>audi<b>an´tur</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The mood sign of the present subjunctive is <b>-ē-</b> in the +first conjugation and <b>-ā-</b> in the others. It is shortened in the +usual places (cf. <a href="#sec12">§ 12</a>), and takes the place +of the final vowel of the stem in the first and third conjugations, but +not in the second and fourth.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> The personal endings are the same as in the indicative.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of +<b>cūrō</b>, <b>iubeō</b>, <b>sūmō</b>, <b>iaciō</b>, <b>mūniō</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec345"><b>345.</b></a> +The present subjunctive of the irregular verb <b>sum</b> is inflected as +follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead"> +Sing. +</td> +<td> +1. <b>sim</b><br /> +2. <b>sīs</b><br /> +3. <b>sit</b> +</td> +<td class="sidehead"> +Plur. +</td> +<td> +1. <b>sīmus</b><br /> +2. <b>sītis</b><br /> +3. <b>sint</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec346"><b>346.</b></a> +<b>The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared.</b> 1. The two most +important of the finite moods are the indicative and the subjunctive. +The indicative deals with facts either real or assumed. If, then, we +wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire after a fact, we use +the indicative.</p> + +<p> +2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a <i>desire</i> or +<i>wish</i>, a <i>purpose</i>, a <i>possibility</i>, an +<i>expectation</i>, or some such notion, we must use the subjunctive. +The following sentences illustrate the difference between the indicative +and the subjunctive ideas.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Indicative Ideas</th> +<td></td> +<th>Subjunctive Ideas</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He is brave</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Fortis est</b></p> +</td> +<td>1.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>May he be brave</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Fortis sit</b> (idea of wishing)</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>We set out at once</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Statim proficīscimur</b></p> +</td> +<td>2.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Let us set out at once</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Statim proficīscāmur</b> (idea of willing)</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>You hear him every day</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Cotīdiē eum audīs</b></p> +</td> +<td>3.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>You can hear him every day</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Cotīdiē eum audiās</b> (idea of possibility)</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name="page151"> </a> +4.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He remained until the ship arrived</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Mānsit dum nāvis pervēnit</b></p> +</td> +<td>4.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He waited until the ship should arrive</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Exspectāvit dum nāvis pervenīret</b><span class="tag">1</span> +(idea of expectation)</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Cæsar sends men who find the bridge</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Caesar mittit hominēs quī pontem reperiunt</b></p> +</td> +<td>5.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Cæsar sends men who are to find</i> (or <i>to find</i>) <i>the +bridge</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant</b> (idea of purpose)</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>pervenīret</b>, imperfect subjunctive.</div> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> From the sentences above we +observe that the subjunctive may be used in either independent or +dependent clauses; but it is far more common in the latter than in the +former.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec347"><b>347.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISE</span></p> + +<p>Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and +which in the subjunctive in a Latin translation?</p> + +<p>There have been times in the history of our country when you might be +proud of being an American citizen. Do you remember the day when Dewey +sailed into Manila Bay to capture or destroy the enemy’s fleet? You +might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his +orders. He did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the +harbor’s mouth, but sailed in at once. Let us not despair of our country +while such valor exists, and may the future add new glories to the +past.</p> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXI"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXII"> +LESSON LXII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec348"><b>348.</b></a> +Observe the sentence</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant</b>,<br /> +<i>Cæsar sends men to find the bridge</i> +</p> + +<p>The verb <b>reperiant</b> in the dependent clause is in the +subjunctive because it tells us what Cæsar wants the men to do; in other +words, it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of +the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page152"> </a> +<a name="sec349"><b>349.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Subjunctive of Purpose.</b> +<i>The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose +of the action in the principal clause.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec350"><b>350.</b></a> +A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:</p> + +<p>I. If something is wanted, by</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>quī</b>, the relative pronoun (as above)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ut</b>, conj., <i>in order that, that</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>quō</b> (abl. of <b>quī</b>, <i>by which</i>), <i>in order that, +that</i>, used when the purpose clause contains a comparative. The +ablative <b>quō</b> expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec317">§ 317</a>.)</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>II. If something is not wanted, by</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<b>nē</b>, conj., <i>in order that not, that not, lest</i> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec351"><b>351.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXAMPLES</span></p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Caesar cōpiās cōgit quibus hostīs īnsequātur</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Pācem petunt ut domum revertantur</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>They ask for peace in order that they may return home</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Pontem faciunt quō facilius oppidum capiant</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily</i> (lit. +<i>by which the more easily</i>) +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Fugiunt nē vulnerentur</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>They flee that they may not</i> (or <i>lest they</i>) <i>be +wounded</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec352"><b>352.</b></a> +<b>Expression of Purpose in English.</b> In English, purpose clauses are +sometimes introduced by <i>that</i> or <i>in order that</i>, but much +more frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as +<i>We eat to live</i>, <i>She stoops to conquer</i>. In Latin prose, on +the other hand, <b>purpose is never expressed by the infinitive</b>. Be +on your guard and do not let the English idiom betray you into this +error.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec353"><b>353.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I.</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline"><p class="hanging"> +1. Veniunt ut</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +dūcant, mittant, videant, audiant, dūcantur, mittantur, videantur, +audiantur. +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline"><p class="hanging"> +2. Fugimus nē</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +capiāmur, trādāmur, videāmus, necēmur, rapiāmur, resistāmus. +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline"><p class="hanging"> +<a name="page153"> </a> +3. Mittit nūntiōs quī</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +dicant, audiant, veniant, nārrent, audiantur, in conciliō sedeant. +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline"><p class="hanging"> +4. Castra mūniunt quō facilius</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +sēsē dēfendant, impetum sustineant, hostīs vincant, salūtem petant. +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>II. 1. The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek<span class = +"tag">1</span> peace. 2. They are setting out at daybreak in order +that they may make a longer march before night. 3. They will hide +the women in the forest (<i>acc. with</i> <b>in</b>) that they may not +be captured. 4. The Gauls wage many wars to free<span class = +"tag">1</span> their fatherland from slavery. 5. They will resist +the Romans<span class="tag">2</span> bravely lest they be +destroyed.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Not infinitive.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Not accusative.</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXII"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXIII"> +LESSON LXIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE THE SEQUENCE +OF TENSES</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec354"><b>354.</b></a> +The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings +to the present active infinitive.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">ACTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´<b>rem</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>rem</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>rem</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>rem</b></td> +<td>audī´<b>rem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā´<b>rēs</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>rēs</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>rēs</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>rēs</b></td> +<td>audī´<b>rēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´<b>ret</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>ret</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>ret</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>ret</b></td> +<td>audī´<b>ret</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>1. amā<b>rē´mus</b></td> +<td>monē<b>rē´mus</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rē´mus</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rē´mus</b></td> +<td>audī<b>rē´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā<b>rē´tis</b></td> +<td>monē<b>rē´tis</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rē´tis</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rē´tis</b></td> +<td>audī<b>rē´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´<b>rent</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>rent</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>rent</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>rent</b></td> +<td>audī´<b>rent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´<b>rer</b></td> +<td>monē´<b>rer</b></td> +<td>re´ge<b>rer</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>rer</b></td> +<td>audī´<b>rer</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā<b>rē´ris(-re)</b></td> +<td>monē<b>rē´ris(-re)</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rē´ris(-re)</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rē´ris(-re)</b></td> +<td>audī<b>rē´ris(-re)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā<b>rē´tur</b></td> +<td>monē<b>rē´tur</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rē´tur</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rē´tur</b></td> +<td>audī<b>rē´tur</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>1. amā<b>rē´mur</b></td> +<td>monē<b>rē´mur</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rē´mur</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rē´mur</b></td> +<td>audī<b>rē´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā<b>rē´minī</b></td> +<td>monē<b>rē´minī</b></td> +<td>rege<b>rē´minī</b></td> +<td>cape<b>rē´minī</b></td> +<td>audī<b>rē´minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā<b>ren´tur</b></td> +<td>monē<b>ren´tur</b></td> +<td>rege<b>ren´tur</b></td> +<td>cape<b>ren´tur</b></td> +<td>audī<b>ren´tur</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and +passive, of <b>cūrō</b>, <b>iubeō</b>, <b>sūmō</b>, <b>iaciō</b>, +<b>mūniō</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page154"> </a> +<a name="sec355"><b>355.</b></a> +The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb <b>sum</b> is inflected +as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3">Sing.</td> +<td>1. es´<b>sem</b></td> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "3">Plur.</td> +<td>1. es<b>sē´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. es´<b>sēs</b></td> +<td>2. es<b>sē´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. es´<b>set</b></td> +<td>3. es´<b>sent</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec356"><b>356.</b></a> +The three great distinctions of time are <i>present</i>, <i>past</i>, +and <i>future</i>. All tenses referring to present or future time are +called <b>primary tenses</b>, and those referring to past time are +called <b>secondary tenses</b>. Now it is a very common law of language +that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be +of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence +<i>He <b>says</b> that he <b>is</b> coming</i>, the principal verb, +<i>says</i>, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and <i>is +coming</i>, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. If I +change <i>he says</i> to <i>he said</i>,—in other words, if I make +the principal verb secondary in character,—I feel it natural to +change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, <i>He +<b>said</b> that he <b>was</b> coming</i>. This following of a tense by +another of the same kind is called <i>tense sequence</i>, from +<i>sequī</i>, “to follow.”</p> + +<p>In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable +regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is +followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense +of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and +a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of +the subjunctive. Learn the following table:</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec357"><b>357.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">Table for Sequence of Tenses</span></p> + +<table class="boxes"> +<tr> +<td class="box upper" rowspan = "2"></td> +<td class="middle center box all smallcaps" rowspan = "2"> +Principal Verb in the<br /> +Indicative</td> +<td class="center box all smallcaps" colspan = "2"> +Dependent Verbs in the Subjunctive</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle center box all"><i>Incomplete or<br /> +Continuing Action</i></td> +<td class="middle center box all"><i>Completed Action</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead box smaller"> +P<br /> +r<br /> +i<br /> +m<br /> +a<br /> +r<br /> +y</td> +<td class="middle center box all"> +Present<br /> +Future<br /> +Future perfect +</td> +<td class="middle center box all">Present</td> +<td class="middle center box all">Perfect</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead box lower smaller"> +S<br /> +e<br /> +c<br /> +o<br /> +n<br /> +d<br /> +a<br /> +r<br /> +y</td> +<td class="middle center box all"> +Imperfect<br /> +Perfect<br /> +Pluperfect +</td> +<td class="middle center box all">Imperfect</td> +<td class="middle center box all">Pluperfect</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page155"> </a> +<a name="sec358"><b>358.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Sequence of Tenses.</b> +<i>Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses and secondary by +secondary.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec359"><b>359.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXAMPLES</span></p> + +<p>I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td class = "rightline"> +<b>Mittit</b><br /> +<b>Mittet</b><br /> +<b>Mīserit</b> +</td> +<td class="middle" colspan = "3"> +<b>hominēs ut agrōs vāstent</b> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>He</i></td> +<td class = "leftline" colspan = "2"> +<i>sends</i><br /> +<i>will send</i><br /> +<i>will have sent</i> +</td> +<td class="middle"> +<i>men</i> +</td> +<td class = "leftline rightline"> +<i>that they may</i><br /> +<i>in order to</i><br /> +<i>to</i> +</td> +<td class="middle"> +<i>lay waste the fields</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td class = "rightline"> +<b>Mittēbat</b><br /> +<b>Mīsit</b><br /> +<b>Mīserat</b> +</td> +<td class="middle" colspan = "3"> +<b>hominēs ut agrōs vāstārent</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>He</i></td> +<td class = "leftline" colspan = "2"> +<i>was sending</i><br /> +<i>sent or has sent</i><br /> +<i>had sent</i> +</td> +<td class="middle"> +<i>men</i> +</td> +<td class = "rightline leftline"> +<i>that they might</i><br /> +<i>in order to</i><br /> +<i>to</i> +</td> +<td class="middle"> +<i>lay waste the fields</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec360"><b>360.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I.</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="middle"> +<p class="hanging"> +1. Vēnerant ut</p></td> +<td class = "leftline"> +dūcerent, mitterent, vidērent, audīrent, dūcerentur, mitterentur, +vidērentur, audirentur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"> +<p class="hanging"> +2. Fugiēbat nē</p></td> +<td class = "leftline"> +caperētur, trāderētur, vidērētur, necārētur, raperētur, +resiteret.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"> +<p class="hanging"> +3. Misit nūntiōs quī</p></td> +<td class = "leftline"> +dīcerent, audīrent, venīrent, nārrārent, audīrentur, in conciliō +sedērent.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"> +<p class="hanging"> +4. Castra mūnīvērunt quō facilius</p></td> +<td class = "leftline"> +sēsē dēfenderent, impetum sustinērent, hostīs vincerent, +salūtem peterent.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>II. 1. Cæsar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight +more bravely. 2. The Helvetii left their homes to wage war. +3. The scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the +Germans. 4. Cæsar inflicted punishment on them in order that the +others might be more terrified. 5. He sent messengers to Rome to +announce the victory.</p> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXIII"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page156"> </a><a name="lesson_LXIV"> +LESSON LXIV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE SUBSTANTIVE +CLAUSES OF PURPOSE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec361"><b>361.</b></a> +The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as +follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Perfect Subjunctive Active</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´v<b>erim</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erim</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>erim</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>erim</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>erim</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā´v<b>eris</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>eris</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>eris</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>eris</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>eris</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´v<b>erit</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erit</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>erit</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>erit</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>erit</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amāv<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>monu<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>e´rimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amāv<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>monu<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>e´ritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´v<b>erint</b></td> +<td>monu´<b>erint</b></td> +<td>rē´x<b>erint</b></td> +<td>cē´p<b>erint</b></td> +<td>audī´v<b>erint</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Pluperfect Subjunctive Active</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amāv<b>is´sem</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´sem</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>is´sem</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>is´sem</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>is´sem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amāv<b>is´sēs</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´sēs</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>is´sēs</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>is´sēs</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>is´sēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amāv<b>is´set</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´set</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>is´set</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>is´set</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>is´set</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amāv<b>issē´mus</b></td> +<td>monu<b>issē´mus</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>issē´mus</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>issē´mus</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>issē´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amāv<b>issē´tis</b></td> +<td>monu<b>issē´tis</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>issē´tis</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>issē´tis</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>issē´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amāv<b>is´sent</b></td> +<td>monu<b>is´sent</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>is´sent</b></td> +<td>cēp<b>is´sent</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>is´sent</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in +the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future +perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends +in <b>-m</b> and not in <b>-ō</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed +by adding <b>-issem, -issēs</b>, etc. to the perfect stem.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect +subjunctive active of <b>cūrō</b>, <b>iubeō</b>, <b>sūmō</b>, +<b>iaciō</b>, <b>mūniō</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page157"> </a> +<a name="sec362"><b>362.</b></a> +The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the +perfect passive participle with <b>sim</b>, the present subjunctive of +<b>sum.</b></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Perfect Subjunctive Passive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´t<b>us sim</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>us sim</b></td> +<td>rēc´t<b>us sim</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>us sim</b></td> +<td>audī´t<b>us sim</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā´t<b>us sīs</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>us sīs</b></td> +<td>rēc´t<b>us sīs</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>us sīs</b></td> +<td>audī´t<b>us sīs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´t<b>us sit</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>us sit</b></td> +<td>rēc´t<b>us sit</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>us sit</b></td> +<td>audī´t<b>us sit</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amā´t<b>ī sīmus</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>ī sīmus</b></td> +<td>rēc´t<b>ī sīmus</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>ī sīmus</b></td> +<td>audī´t<b>ī sīmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amā´t<b>ī sītis</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>ī sītis</b></td> +<td>rēc´t<b>ī sītis</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>ī sītis</b></td> +<td>audī´t<b>ī sītis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amā´t<b>ī sint</b></td> +<td>mo´nit<b>ī sint</b></td> +<td>rēc´t<b>ī sint</b></td> +<td>cap´t<b>ī sint</b></td> +<td>audī´t<b>ī sint</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec363"><b>363.</b></a> +The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the +perfect passive participle with <b>essem</b>, the imperfect subjunctive +of <b>sum</b>.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amāt<b>us essem</b></td> +<td>monit<b>us essem</b></td> +<td>rēct<b>us essem</b></td> +<td>capt<b>us essem</b></td> +<td>audīt<b>us essem</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amāt<b>us essēs</b></td> +<td>monit<b>us essēs</b></td> +<td>rēct<b>us essēs</b></td> +<td>capt<b>us essēs</b></td> +<td>audīt<b>us essēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amāt<b>us esset</b></td> +<td>monit<b>us esset</b></td> +<td>rēct<b>us esset</b></td> +<td>capt<b>us esset</b></td> +<td>audīt<b>us esset</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1. amāt<b>ī essēmus</b></td> +<td>monit<b>ī essēmus</b></td> +<td>rēct<b>ī essēmus</b></td> +<td>capt<b>ī essēmus</b></td> +<td>audīt<b>ī essēmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2. amāt<b>ī essētis</b></td> +<td>monit<b>ī essētis</b></td> +<td>rēct<b>ī essētis</b></td> +<td>capt<b>ī essētis</b></td> +<td>audīt<b>ī essētis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3. amāt<b>ī essent</b></td> +<td>monit<b>ī essent</b></td> +<td>rēct<b>ī essent</b></td> +<td>capt<b>ī essent</b></td> +<td>audīt<b>ī essent</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect +subjunctive passive of <b>cūrō</b>, <b>iubeō</b>, <b>sūmō</b>, +<b>iaciō</b>, <b>mūniō.</b></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec364"><b>364.</b></a> +The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb <b>sum</b> +are inflected as follows:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Perfect</th> +<th colspan = "2">Pluperfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>´erim</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">fu<b>e´rimus</b></td> +<td>fu<b>is´sem</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issē´mus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>´eris</b></td> +<td>fu<b>e´ritis</b></td> +<td>fu<b>is´sēs</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issē´tis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>´erit</b></td> +<td>fu<b>´erint</b></td> +<td>fu<b>is´set</b></td> +<td>fu<b>is´sent</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page158"> </a> +<a name="sec365"><b>365.</b></a> +A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,</p> + +<table> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>That the men are afraid</i> is clear enough (clause as subject)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +He ordered <i>them to call on him</i> (clause as object)</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this +way (cf. <a href="#sec213">§ 213</a>), and have noted the +similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the +Latin often uses the <i>subjunctive</i> in substantive clauses, and this +marks an important difference between the two languages.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec366"><b>366.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Substantive Clauses of +Purpose.</b> <i>A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is +used as the object of verbs of <b>commanding</b>, <b>urging</b>, +<b>asking</b>, <b>persuading</b>, or <b>advising</b>, where in English +we should usually have the infinitive.</i></p> + +<h6 class="boldf">EXAMPLES</h6> + +<table> +<tr> +<td>1.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>The general ordered the soldiers to run</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>He urged them to resist bravely</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>He asked them to give the children food</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>He will persuade us not to set out</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5.</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>He advises us to remain at home</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Monet ut domī maneāmus</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The object clauses following these verbs all express the +purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not +done. (Cf. <a href="#sec348">§ 348</a>.)</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec367"><b>367.</b></a> +The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the +list and the principal parts of the new ones.</p> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>hortor</b>, <i>urge</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>imperō</b>, <i>order</i> (with the <i>dative</i> of the <i>person</i> +ordered and a <i>subjunctive clause</i> of the <i>thing</i> ordered +done)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>moneō</b>, <i>advise</i></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>petō</b>, <b>quaerō</b>, <b>rogō</b>, <i>ask, seek</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>persuādeō</b>, <i>persuade</i> (with the same construction as +imperō)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>postulō</b>, <i>demand, require</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>suādeō</b>, <i>advise</i> (cf. <b>persuādeō</b>) +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +N.B. Remember that <b>iubeō</b>, <i>order</i>, takes the infinitive as +in English. (Cf. <a href="#sec213">§ 213. 1</a>.) Compare +the sentences</p> + +<table> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Iubeō eum venīre</b>, <i>I order him to come</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Imperō eī ut veniat</b>, <i>I give orders to him that he is to +come</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page159"> </a> +We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the +difference in meaning between iubeō and imperō in the Latin requires the +<i>infinitive</i> in the one case and the <i>subjunctive</i> in the +other.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec368"><b>368.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Petit atque hortātur ut ipse dīcat. 2. Caesar Helvētiīs +imperāvit nē per prōvinciam iter facerent. 3. Caesar nōn iussit +Helvētiōs per prōvinciam iter facere. 4. Ille cīvibus persuāsit ut +dē fīnibus suīs discēderent. 5. Caesar prīncipēs monēbit nē +proelium committant. 6. Postulāvit nē cum Helvētiīs aut cum eōrum +sociīs bellum gererent. 7. Ab iīs quaesīvī nē proficīscerentur. +8. Iīs persuādēre nōn potuī ut domī manērent.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Who ordered Cæsar to make the march? (<i>Write this sentence +both with</i> <b>imperō</b> <i>and with</i> <b>iubeō</b>.) 2. The +faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak. 3. They will +ask him not to inflict punishment. 4. He demanded that they come to +the camp. 5. He advised them to tell everything (<b>omnia</b>).</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> Do not forget that the English +infinitive expressing purpose must be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. +Review <a href="#sec352">§ 352</a>.</p> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXIV"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic159.png" width="435" height="304" +alt="legion on the march" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +LEGIO ITER FACIT</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page160"> </a><a name="lesson_LXV"> +LESSON LXV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF <i>POSSUM</i> · VERBS OF +FEARING</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec369"><b>369.</b></a> +Learn the subjunctive of <b>possum</b> (<a href = +"#sec495">§ 495</a>), and note especially the +position of the accent.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec370"><b>370.</b></a> +<b>Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.</b> We have learned that what we +want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause of +purpose. In this class belong also <i>clauses after verbs of +fearing</i>, for we fear either that something will happen or that it +will not, and we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a +thing to happen and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is +introduced by <b>ut</b>. If we do not want it to happen and fear that it +will, <b>nē</b> is used. Owing to a difference between the English and +Latin idiom we translate <b>ut</b> after a verb of fearing by <i>that +not</i>, and <b>nē</b> by <i>that</i> or <i>lest</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec371"><b>371.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXAMPLES</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<b>timeō</b><br /> +<b>timēbō</b><br /> +<b>timuerō</b><br /> +</td> +<td class="middle"> +<b>ut</b> +</td> +<td class = "leftline"> +<b>veniat</b><br /> + <br /> +<b>vēnerit</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"> +<i>I fear, shall fear, shall have feared, that he will not come, has not +come</i></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<b>timēbam</b><br /> +<b>timuī</b><br /> +<b>timueram</b><br /> +</td> +<td class="middle"> +<b>ut</b> +</td> +<td class = "leftline"> +<b>venīret</b><br /> + <br /> +<b>vēnisset</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"> +<i>I was fearing</i>, <i>feared</i>, <i>had feared</i>, <i>that he would +not come</i>, <i>had not come</i></p> + +<p>The same examples with <b>nē</b> instead of <b>ut</b> would be +translated <i>I fear that</i> or <i>lest he will come</i>, <i>has +come</i>, etc.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec372"><b>372.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Subjunctive after Verbs of +Fearing.</b> <i>Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of +purpose introduced by <b>ut</b> (<b>that not</b>) or <b>nē</b> +(<b>that</b> or <b>lest</b>).</i></p> + +<p> +<a name="page161"> </a> +<a name="sec373"><b>373.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Caesar verēbātur ut supplicium captīvōrum Gallīs placēret. +2. Rōmānī ipsī magnopere verēbantur nē Helvētiī iter per prōvinciam +facerent. 3. Timēbant ut satis reī frūmentāriae mittī posset. +4. Vereor ut hostium impetum sustinēre possim. 5. Timuit nē +impedīmenta ab hostibus capta essent. 6. Caesar numquam timuit nē +legiōnēs vincerentur. 7. Legiōnēs pugnāre nōn timuērunt.<span class += "tag">1</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Distinguish between what one is afraid <i>to do</i> (complementary +infinitive as here) and what one is afraid <i>will take place</i> or +<i>has taken place</i> (substantive clause with the subjunctive).</div> + +<p>II. 1. We fear that they are not coming. 2. We fear lest they +are coming. 3. We feared that they had come. 4. We feared that +they had not come. 5. They feared greatly that the camp could not +be defended. 6. Almost all feared<span class="tag">1</span> to +leave the camp.</p> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXV"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXVI"> +LESSON LXVI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE PARTICIPLES</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec374"><b>374.</b></a> +The Latin verb has the following Participles:<span class = +"tag">1</span></p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Conj. I</th> +<th>Conj. II</th> +<th colspan = "2">Conj. III</th> +<th>Conj. IV</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">ACTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Present</td> +<td>amā<b>ns</b><br /> +<i>loving</i></td> +<td>monē<b>ns</b><br /> +<i>advising</i></td> +<td>regē<b>ns</b><br /> +<i>ruling</i></td> +<td>capiē<b>ns</b><br /> +<i>taking</i></td> +<td>audiē<b>ns</b><br /> +<i>hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Future</td> +<td>amāt<b>ūrus</b><br /> +<i>about to love</i></td> +<td>monit<b>ūrus</b><br /> +<i>about to advise</i></td> +<td>rēct<b>ūrus</b><br /> +<i>about to rule</i></td> +<td>capt<b>ūrus</b><br /> +<i>about to take</i></td> +<td>audīt<b>ūrus</b><br /> +<i>about to hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "5">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Perfect</td> +<td>amāt<b>us</b><br /> +<i>loved, having been loved</i></td> +<td>monit<b>us</b><br /> +<i>advised, having been advised</i></td> +<td>rēct<b>us</b><br /> +<i>ruled, having been ruled</i></td> +<td>capt<b>us</b><br /> +<i>taken, having been taken</i></td> +<td>audīt<b>us</b><br /> +<i>heard, having been heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Future<span class="tag">2</span></td> +<td>ama<b>ndus</b><br /> +<i>to be loved</i></td> +<td>mone<b>ndus</b><br /> +<i>to be advised</i></td> +<td>rege<b>ndus</b><br /> +<i>to be ruled</i></td> +<td>capie<b>ndus</b><br /> +<i>to be taken</i></td> +<td>audie<b>ndus</b><br /> +<i>to be heard</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Review <a href="#sec203">§ 203</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. The future passive participle is often called the +<i>gerundive</i>.</div> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page162"> </a> +<i>a.</i> The present active and future passive participles are formed +from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive +participles are formed from the participial stem.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The present active participle is formed by adding <b>-ns</b> +to the present stem. In <b>-iō</b> verbs of the third conjugation, and +in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of +<b>-ē-</b>, as <b>capi-ē-ns</b>, <b>audi-ē-ns</b>. It is declined like +an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec256">§ 256</a>.)</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"><b>amāns</b>, <i>loving</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"><span class="smallcaps">Base</span> +<b>amant-</b> +</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"><span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> +<b>amanti-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>amā<b>ns</b></td> +<td>amā<b>ns</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntēs</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ntis</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">ama<b>ntis</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntium</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ntī</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntī</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntibus</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ntem</b></td> +<td>amā<b>ns</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntīs</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ēs</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ntī</b> <i>or</i> <b>-e</b></td> +<td class="rightpad">ama<b>ntī</b> <i>or</i> <b>-e</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntibus</b></td> +<td>ama<b>ntibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in +<b>-ī</b>; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in +<b>-e</b>.</p> + +<p>(2) In a similar way decline <b>monēns</b>, <b>regēns</b>, +<b>capiēns</b>, <b>audiēns</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> The future active participle is formed by adding <b>-ūrus</b> +to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form +combined with <b>esse</b> to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. +<a href="#sec206">§ 206</a>.)</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> For the perfect passive participle see <a href = +"#sec201">§ 201</a>. The future passive participle or gerundive is +formed by adding <b>-ndus</b> to the present stem.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>e.</i> All participles in <b>-us</b> are declined like +<b>bonus</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>f.</i> Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>g.</i> Give all the participles of the following verbs: <b>cūrō</b>, +<b>iubeō</b>, <b>sūmō</b>, <b>iaciō</b>, <b>mūniō</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec375"><b>375.</b></a> +<b>Participles of Deponent Verbs.</b> Deponent verbs have the +participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently +every deponent verb has four participles, as,</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="number"><i>Pres. Act.</i></td> +<td><b>hortāns</b>, <i>urging</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><i>Fut. Act.</i></td> +<td><b>hortātūrus</b>, <i>about to urge</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><i>Perf. Pass.</i> (in form)</td> +<td><b>hortātus</b>, <i>having urged</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"><i>Fut. Pass.</i> (<i>Gerundive</i>)</td> +<td><b>hortandus</b>, <i>to be urged</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page163"> </a> +<i>a.</i> Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is +passive in form but <i>active</i> in meaning. <i>No other verbs have a +perfect active participle.</i> On the other hand, the future passive +participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other +verbs.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Give the participles of <b>cōnor</b>, <b>vereor</b>, +<b>sequor</b>, <b>patior</b>, <b>partior</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec376"><b>376.</b></a> +<b>Tenses of the Participle.</b> The tenses express time as follows:</p> + +<p>1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present +active participle in <i>-ing</i>, but can be used only of an action +occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, +<b>mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs</b>, <i>the soldiers, while +pursuing, captured many.</i> Here the pursuing and the capturing are +going on together.</p> + +<p>2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly +passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without +the auxiliary <i>having been</i>; as, <b>audītus</b>, <i>heard</i> or +<i>having been heard</i>.</p> + +<p>3. The future active participle, translated <i>about to</i>, etc., +denotes time after the action of the main verb.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec377"><b>377.</b></a> +Review <a href="#sec203">§§ 203</a>, <a href="#sec204">204</a>, +and, note the following model sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī</b>, <i>the soldiers who were +running</i> (lit. <i>running</i>) <i>were weary</i>.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit</b>, <i>Cæsar, when +about to set out</i> (lit. <i>about to set out</i>) <i>for Rome, did not +wait</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Oppidum captum vīdimus</b>, <i>we saw the town which had been +captured</i> (lit. <i>captured town</i>).</p> + +<p>4. <b>Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est</b>, <i>the general, +since</i> (<i>when</i>, or <i>after</i>) <i>he had delayed</i> (lit. +<i>the general, having delayed</i>) <i>three days, set out</i>.</p> + +<p>5. <b>Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt</b>, <i>the soldiers, though +they were conquered</i> (lit. <i>the soldiers conquered</i>), <i>did not +retreat</i>.</p> + +<p>In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle +is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation +usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (<i>when, +since, after, though</i>, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each +case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a +rule, translate the participle literally.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page164"> </a> +<a name="sec378"><b>378.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Puer timēns nē capiātur fugit. 2. Aquila īrā commōta avīs +reliquās interficere cōnāta erat. 3. Mīlitēs ab hostibus pressī +tēla iacere nōn potuērunt. 4. Caesar decimam legiōnem laudātūrus ad +prīmum agmen prōgressus est. 5. Imperātor hortātus equitēs ut +fortiter pugnārent signum proeliō dedit. 6. Mīlitēs hostīs octō +milia passuum īnsecūtī multīs cum captīvīs ad castra revertērunt. +7. Sōl oriēns multōs interfectōs vīdit. 8. Rōmānī cōnsilium +audāx suspicātī barbaris sēsē nōn commīsērunt. 9. Nāvis ē portū +ēgressa nūllō in perīculō erat.</p> + +<p>II.<span class="tag">3</span> 1. The army was in very great danger +while marching through the enemy’s country. 2. Frightened by the +length of the way, they longed for home. 3. When the scouts were +about to set out, they heard the shouts of victory. 4. When we had +delayed many days, we set fire to the buildings and departed. +5. While living at Rome I heard orators much better than these. +6. The soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver +than we.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. In this exercise use participles for the subordinate clauses.</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXVI"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXVII"> +LESSON LXVII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE IRREGULAR VERBS <i>VOLŌ</i>, <i>NŌLŌ</i>, +<i>MĀLŌ</i> · THE ABLATIVE WITH A PARTICIPLE, OR ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec379"><b>379.</b></a> +Learn the principal parts and conjugation of <b>volō</b>, <i>wish</i>; +<b>nōlō</b> (<b>ne</b> + <b>volō</b>), <i>be unwilling</i>; <b>mālō</b> +(<b>magis</b> + <b>volō</b>), <i>be more willing, prefer</i> (<a href = +"#sec497">§ 497</a>). Note the irregularities in +the present indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the +imperfect subjunctive. (Cf. <a href="#sec354">§ 354</a>.)</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or +without a subject accusative; as, <b>volunt venīre</b>, <i>they wish to +come</i>; <b>volunt amīcōs venīre</b>, <i>they wish their friends to +come</i>. The English usage is the same.<span class="tag">1</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See +<a href="#sec366">§ 366</a>.)</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec380"><b>380.</b></a> +Observe the following sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant</b>, <i>with +the teacher praising</i>, or <i>since the teacher praises</i>, or <i>the +teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently.</i></p> + +<p> +<a name="page165"> </a> +2. <b>Caesare dūcente nēmō prōgredī timet</b>, <i>with Cæsar +leading</i>, or <i>when Cæsar leads</i>, or <i>if Cæsar leads</i>, or +<i>Cæsar leading, no one fears to advance.</i></p> + +<p>3. <b>Hīs rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt</b>, <i>when this was +known</i>, or <i>since this was known</i>, or <i>these things having +been learned, the soldiers fled.</i></p> + +<p>4. <b>Proeliō commissō multī vulnerātī sunt</b>, <i>after the battle +had begun</i>, or <i>when the battle had begun</i>, or <i>the battle +having been joined, many were wounded.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in +English by the preposition <i>with</i> (cf. <a href = +"#sec50">§ 50</a>). In each of the sentences above we have a noun +and a participle in agreement in the ablative, and the translation shows +that in each instance the ablative expresses <i>attendant +circumstance</i>. For example, in the first sentence the circumstance +attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise +of the teacher. This is clearly a <i>with</i> relation, and the ablative +is the case to use.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are +absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. If we +were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we should use +the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the construction is +called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a Participle. This +form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin, but rather rare in +English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the English absolute +construction to translate the ablative abolute. The attendant +circumstance may be one of <i>time</i> (when or after), or one of +<i>cause</i> (since), or one of <i>concession</i> (though), or one of +<i>condition</i> (if). In each case try to discover the precise +relation, and translate the ablative and its participle by a clause which +will best express the thought.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec381"><b>381.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative Absolute.</b> <i>The +ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in +agreement is used to express attendant circumstance.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note 1.</span> The verb <b>sum</b> has no +present participle. In consequence we often find two nouns or a noun and +an adjective in the ablative absolute with no participle expressed; as, +<b>tē duce</b>, <i>you</i> (being) <i>leader</i>, <i>with you as +leader</i>; <b>patre īnfirmō</b>, <i>my father</i> (being) +<i>weak</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note 2.</span> Be very careful not to put in +the ablative absolute a noun and participle that form the subject or +object of a sentence. Compare</p> + +<table> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>a</i>. <i>The Gauls, having been conquered by Cæsar, returned +home</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>b</i>. <i>The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, the army returned +home</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +In <i>a</i> the subject is <i>The Gauls having been conquered by +Cæsar</i>, and we translate,</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Gallī ā Caesare victi domum revertērunt</b> +</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page166"> </a> +In <i>b</i> the subject is <i>the army</i>. <i>The Gauls having been +conquered by Cæsar</i> is nominative absolute in English, which requires +the ablative absolute in Latin, and we translate, +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Gallīs ā Caesare victīs exercitus domum revertit</b> +</p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note 3.</span> The fact that only deponent +verbs have a perfect active participle (cf. <a href = +"#sec375">§ 375. <i>a</i></a>) often compels a change of voice +when translating from one language to the other. For example, we can +translate <i>Cæsar having encouraged the legions</i> just as it stands, +because <b>hortor</b> is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say <i>Cæsar +having conquered the Gauls</i>, we have to change the voice of the +participle to the passive because <b>vincō</b> is not deponent, and say, +<i>the Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar</i> (see translation +above).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec382"><b>382.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Māvīs, nōn vīs, vultis, nōlumus. 2. Ut nōlit, ut vellēmus, ut +mālit. 3. Nōlī, velle, nōluisse, mālle. 4. Vult, māvultis, ut +nōllet, nōlīte. 5. Sōle oriente, avēs cantāre incēpērunt. +6. Clāmōribus audītīs, barbarī prōgredī recūsābant. 7. Caesare +legiōnēs hortātō, mīlitēs paulō fortius pugnāvērunt. 8. Hīs rēbus +cognitīs, Helvētiī fīnitimīs persuāsērunt ut sēcum iter facerent. +9. Labōribus cōnfectīs, mīlitēs ā Caesare quaerēbant ut sibi +praemia daret. 10. Conciliō convocātō, prīncipēs ita respondērunt. +11. Dux plūrīs diēs in Helvētiōrum fīnibus morāns multōs vīcōs +incendit. 12. Magnitūdine Germānōrum cognitā, quīdam ex Rōmānis +timēbant. 13. Mercātōribus rogātīs, Caesar nihilō plūs reperīre +potuit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. He was unwilling, lest they prefer, they have wished. +2. You prefer, that they might be unwilling, they wish. 3. We +wish, they had preferred, that he may prefer. 4. Cæsar, when he +heard the rumor (<i>the rumor having been heard</i>), commanded +(<b>imperāre</b>) the legions to advance more quickly. 5. Since +Cæsar was leader, the men were willing to make the journey. 6. A +few, terrified<span class="tag">2</span> by the reports which they had +heard, preferred to remain at home. 7. After these had been left +behind, the rest hastened as quickly as possible. 8. After Cæsar +had undertaken the business (<i>Cæsar, the business having been +undertaken</i>), he was unwilling to delay longer.<span class = +"tag">3</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Would the ablative absolute be correct here?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Not <b>longius</b>. Why?</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXVII"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page167"> </a><a name="lesson_LXVIII"> +LESSON LXVIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE IRREGULAR VERB <i>FĪŌ</i> · THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF +RESULT</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec383"><b>383.</b></a> +The verb <b>fīō</b>, <i>be made, happen</i>, serves as the passive of +<b>faciō</b>, <i>make</i>, in the present system. The rest of the verb +is formed regularly from <b>faciō</b>. Learn the principal parts and +conjugation (<a href="#sec500">§ 500</a>). +Observe that the <b>i</b> is long except before <b>-er</b> and in +<b>fit</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The compounds of <b>facio</b> with prepositions usually form +the passive regularly, as,</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td><i>Active</i></td> +<td><b>cōnficiō, cōnficere, cōnfēcī, cōnfectus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Passive</i></td> +<td><b>cōnficior, cōnficī, cōnfectus sum</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec384"><b>384.</b></a> +Observe the following sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Terror erat tantus ut omnēs fugerent</b>, <i>the terror was so +great that all fled.</i></p> + +<p>2. <b>Terror erat tantus ut nōn facile mīlitēs sēsē reciperent</b>, +<i>the terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover +themselves.</i></p> + +<p>3. <b>Terror fēcit ut omnēs fugerent</b>, <i>terror caused all to +flee</i> (lit. <i>made that all fled</i>).</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Each of these sentences is complex, containing a principal +clause and a subordinate clause.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The principal clause names a cause and the subordinate clause +states the <i>consequence</i> or <i>result</i> of this cause.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> The subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive, though +it is translated like an indicative. The construction is called the +<i>subjunctive of consequence or result</i>, and the clause is called a +consecutive or result clause.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> In the last example the clause of result is the object of the +verb <b>fēcit</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>e.</i> The conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause +is <b>ut</b> = <i>so that</i>; negative, <b>ut nōn</b> = <i>so that +not</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec385"><b>385.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Subjunctive of Result.</b> +<i>Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by <b>ut</b> or <b>ut +nōn</b> and have the verb in the subjunctive.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec386"><b>386.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <i>Object clauses of result with +<b>ut</b> or <b>ut nōn</b> are found after verbs of <b>effecting</b> or +<b>bringing about</b>.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec387"><b>387.</b></a> +<b>Purpose and Result Clauses Compared.</b> There is great similarity in +the expression of purpose and of result in Latin. If +<a name="page168"> </a> +the sentence is affirmative, both purpose and result clauses may be +introduced by <b>ut</b>; but if the sentence is negative, the purpose +clause has <b>nē</b> and the result clause <b>ut nōn</b>. Result clauses +are often preceded in the main clause by such words as <b>tam</b>, +<b>ita</b>, <b>sic</b> (<i>so</i>), and these serve to point them out. +Compare</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td><i>a.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Tam graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>He was so severely wounded that he was captured</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>b.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Which sentence contains a result clause, and how is it pointed +out?</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec388"><b>388.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Fit, fīet, ut fīat, fīēbāmus. 2. Fīō, fīēs, ut fierent, fierī, +fīunt. 3. Fīētis, ut fīāmus, fīs, fīemus. 4. Mīlitēs erant tam +tardī ut ante noctem in castra nōn pervenīrent. 5. Sōl facit ut +omnia sint pulchra. 6. Eius modī perīcula erant ut nēmō proficīscī +vellet. 7. Equitēs hostium cum equitātū nostrō in itinere +contendērunt, ita tamen<span class="tag">1</span> ut nostrī omnibus in +partibus superiōrēs essent. 8. Virtūs mīlitum nostrōrum fēcit ut +hostēs nē ūnum quidem<span class="tag">2</span> impetum sustinērent. +9. Hominēs erant tam audācēs ut nūllō modō continērī possent. +10. Spatium erat tam parvum ut mīlitēs tēla iacere nōn facile +possent. 11. Hōc proeliō factō barbarī ita perterritī sunt ut ab +ultimīs gentibus lēgātī ad Caesarem mitterentur. 12. Hoc proelium +factum est nē lēgātī ad Caesarem mitterentur.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>ita tamen</b>, <i>with such a result however</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>nē ... quidem</b>, <i>not even</i>. The emphatic word is placed +between.</div> + +<p>II. 1. It will happen, they were being made, that it may happen. +2. It happens, he will be made, to happen. 3. They are made, +we were being made, lest it happen. 4. The soldiers are so brave +that they conquer. 5. The soldiers are brave in order that they may +conquer. 6. The fortification was made so strong that it could not +be taken. 7. The fortification was made strong in order that it +might not be taken. 8. After the town was taken,<span class = +"tag">3</span> the townsmen feared that they would be made slaves. +9. What state is so weak that it is unwilling to defend itself?</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Ablative absolute.</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXVIII"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page169"> </a><a name="lesson_LXIX"> +LESSON LXIX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC OR DESCRIPTION · +THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec389"><b>389.</b></a> +Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of the +subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description.</p> + +<p>This construction is illustrated in the following sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Quis est quī suam domum nōn amet?</b> <i>who is there who does +not love his own home?</i></p> + +<p>2. <b>Erant quī hoc facere nōllent</b>, <i>there were (some) who were +unwilling to do this.</i></p> + +<p>3. <b>Tū nōn is es quī amīcōs trādās</b>, <i>you are not such a one +as to</i>, or <i>you are not the man to, betray your friends.</i></p> + +<p>4. <b>Nihil videō quod timeam</b>, <i>I see nothing to fear</i> +(nothing of such as character as to fear it).</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause +which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is. To express +this thought the subjunctive is used. A relative clause that merely +states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the indicative. +Compare the sentences</p> + +<table> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Cæsar is the man who is leading us</i>, <b>Caesar est is quī nōs +dūcit</b><br /> +(mere statement of fact, no description, with the indicative) +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Cæsar is the man to lead us</i>, <b>Caesar est is quī nōs +dūcat</b><br /> +(descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive) +</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Observe that in this construction a demonstrative pronoun and +a relative, as is <b>quī</b>, are translated <i>such a one as to, the +man to</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> In which of the following sentences would you use the +indicative and in which the subjunctive?</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>These are not the men who did this</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>These are not the men to do this</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec390"><b>390.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Subjunctive of +Characteristic.</b> <i>A relative clause with the subjunctive is often +used to describe an antecedent. This is called the <b>subjunctive of +characteristic or description</b>.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page170"> </a> +<a name="sec391"><b>391.</b></a> +Observe the sentences</p> + +<table> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. Rōmānī <b>Caesarem cōnsulem</b> fēcērunt, <i>the Romans made <b>Cæsar +consul</b></i>.</p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. <b>Caesar cōnsul</b> ā Rōmānīs factus est, <i><b>Cæsar</b> was made +<b>consul</b> by the Romans</i>.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Observe in 1 that the transitive verb <b>fēcērunt</b>, +<i>made</i>, has two objects: (1) the direct object, <b>Caesarem</b>; +(2) a second object, <b>cōnsulem</b>, referring to the same person as +the direct object and completing the predicate. The second accusative is +called a Predicate Accusative.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Observe in 2 that when the verb is changed to the passive both +of the accusatives become nominatives, the <i>direct object</i> becoming +the <i>subject</i> and the <i>predicate accusative</i> the <i>predicate +nominative</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec392"><b>392.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Two Accusatives.</b> <i>Verbs +of <b>making</b>, <b>choosing</b>, <b>calling</b>, <b>showing</b>, and +the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. +With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec393"><b>393.</b></a> +The verbs commonly found with two accusatives are</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>creo, creāre, creāvī, creātus</b>, <i>choose</i></p> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātus</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>nōminō, nōmināre, nōmināvī, nōminātus</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus</b></p> +</td> +<td class="middle leftline"> +<i>call</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>faciō, facere, fēcī, factus</b>, <i>make</i></p> +</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec394"><b>394.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. In Germāniae silvis sunt<span class="tag">1</span> multa +genera ferārum quae reliquīs in locīs nōn vīsa sint. 2. Erant<span +class="tag">1</span> itinera duo quibus Helvētiī domō discēdere +possent. 3. Erat<span class="tag">1</span> manus nūlla, nūllum +oppidum, nūllum praesidium quod sē armīs dēfenderet. 4. Tōtō +frūmentō raptō, domī nihil erat quō mortem prohibēre possent. +5. Rōmānī Galbam ducem creāvērunt et summā celeritāte profectī +sunt. 6. Neque erat<span class="tag">1</span> tantae multitūdinis +quisquam quī morārī vellet. 7. Germānī nōn iī sunt quī adventum +Caesaris vereantur. 8. Cōnsulibus occīsīs erant quī<span class = +"tag">2</span> vellent +<a name="page171"> </a> +cum rēgem creāre. 9. Pāce factā erat nēmō quī arma trādere nōllet. +10. Inter Helvētiōs quis erat quī nōbilior illō esset?</p> + +<p>II. 1. The Romans called the city Rome. 2. The city was called +Rome by the Romans. 3. The better citizens wished to choose him +king. 4. The brave soldier was not the man to run. 5. There +was no one <span class="tag">3</span>to call me friend. 6. These +are not the men to<span class="tag">4</span> betray their friends. +7. There were (some) who called him the bravest of all.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Remember that when the verb <b>sum</b> precedes its subject it is +translated <i>there is</i>, <i>there are</i>, <i>there were</i>, etc.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>erant quī</b>, <i>there were</i> (some) <i>who</i>. A wholly +indefinite antecedent of <b>quī</b> does not need to be expressed.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. A relative clause of characteristic or description.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. See <a href="#sec389">§ 389.b</a>.</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXIX"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="boldf"> +<a class="page" href="#review_VIII"> +Eighth Review, Lessons LXI-LXIX, §§ 527-528</a></h5> + +<hr /> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXX"> +LESSON LXX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE CONJUNCTION <i>CUM</i> · +THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec395"><b>395.</b></a> +The conjunction <b>cum</b> has the following meanings and +constructions:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>cum</b> <span class="smallcaps">temporal</span> = <i>when</i>, +followed by the indicative or the subjunctive</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>cum</b> <span class="smallcaps">causal</span> = <i>since</i>, +followed by the subjunctive</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>cum</b> <span class="smallcaps">concessive</span> = +<i>although</i>, followed by the subjunctive</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>As you observe, the mood after <b>cum</b> is sometimes indicative and +sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study +of the following sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Caesarem vīdī tum cum in Galliā eram</b>, <i>I saw Cæsar at the +time when I was in Gaul</i>.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Caesar in eōs impetum fēcit cum pācem peterent</b>, <i>Cæsar +made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace</i>.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Hoc erat difficile cum paucī sine vulneribus essent</b>, +<i>this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <b>Cum prīmī ōrdinēs fūgissent, tamen reliquī fortiter +cōnsistēbant</b>, <i>though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest +bravely stood their ground</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf. +<a href="#sec389">§ 389.a</a>). When the <b>cum</b> clause states +a fact and simply <i>fixes the time</i> at which the main action took +place, the indicative mood is used. So, in the first example, <b>cum in +Galliā eram</b> fixes the time when I saw Cæsar.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page172"> </a> +<i>b.</i> On the other hand, when the <b>cum</b> clause <i>describes the +circumstances</i> under which the main act took place, the subjunctive +mood is used. So, in the second example, the principal clause states +that Cæsar made an attack, and the <b>cum</b> clause describes the +circumstances under which this act occurred. The idea of <i>time</i> is +also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of <i>description</i>. +Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of <i>cause</i> and we translate +<b>cum</b> by <i>since</i>; sometimes it denotes <i>concession</i> and +<b>cum</b> is translated <i>although</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec396"><b>396.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Constructions with +<i>Cum</i></b>. <i>The conjunction <b>cum</b> means <b>when</b>, +<b>since</b>, or <b>although</b>. It is followed by the subjunctive +unless it means <b>when</b> and its clause fixes the time at which the +main action took place.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> <b>Cum</b> in clauses of +description with the subjunctive is much more common than its use with +the indicative.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec397"><b>397.</b></a> +Note the following sentences:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Oppidum erat parvum magnitūdine sed magnum multitūdine +hominum</b>, <i>the town was small in size but great in +population</i>.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Homō erat corpore īnfīrmus sed validus animō</b>, <i>the man +was weak in body but strong in courage</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Observe that <b>magnitūdine</b>, <b>multitūdine</b>, +<b>corpore</b>, and <b>animō</b> tell <i>in what respect</i> something +is true. The relation is one covered by the ablative case, and the +construction is called the <i>ablative of specification</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec398"><b>398.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of Specification.</b> +<i>The ablative is used to denote <b>in what respect</b> something is +true.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec399"><b>399.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">IDIOMS</span></p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>aliquem certiōrem facere</b>, <i>to inform some one</i> (lit. <i>to +make some one more certain</i>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>certior fierī</b>, <i>to be informed</i> (lit. <i>to be made more +certain</i>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>iter dare</b>, <i>to give a right of way, allow to pass</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>obsidēs inter sē dare</b>, <i>to give hostages to each other</i> +</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec400"><b>400.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Helvētiī cum patrum nostrōrum tempore domō prefectī essent, +cōnsulis exercitum in fugam dederant. 2. Cum Caesar in Galliam +vēnit, Helvētiī aliōs agrōs petēbant. 3. Caesar cum in citeriōre +Gallia esset, tamen dē Helvētiōrum cōnsiliīs certior fīēbat. +<a name="page173"> </a> +4. Cum Helvētiī bellō clārissimī essent, Caesar iter per prōvinciam dare +recūsāvit. 5. Lēgātus cum haec audīvisset, Caesarem certiōrem +fecit. 6. Cum principēs inter sē obsidēs darent, Rōmānī bellum +parāvērunt. 7. Caesar, cum id nūntiātum esset, mātūrat ab urbe +proficīscī. 8. Nē virtūte quidem Gallī erant parēs Germānis. +9. Caesar neque corpore neque animō īnfīrmus erat. 10. Illud +bellum tum incēpit cum Caesar fuit cōnsul.</p> + +<p class="note"> +Observe in each case what mood follows <b>cum</b>, and try to give the +reasons for its use. In the third sentence the <b>cum</b> clause is +concessive, in the fourth and sixth causal.</p> + +<p>II. 1. That battle was fought at the time when (<b>tum cum</b>) I was +at Rome. 2. Though the horsemen were few in number, nevertheless +they did not retreat. 3. When the camp had been sufficiently +fortified, the enemy returned home. 4. Since the tribes are giving +hostages to each other, we shall inform Cæsar. 5. The Gauls and the +Germans are very unlike in language and laws.</p> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXX"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXXI"> +LESSON LXXI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE · THE +PREDICATE GENITIVE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec401"><b>401.</b></a> +Review the word lists in <a href = +"#sec510">§§ 510</a>, <a href = +"#sec511">511</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec402"><b>402.</b></a> +<b>The Gerund.</b> Suppose we had to translate the sentence</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>By overcoming the Gauls Cæsar won great glory</i> +</p> + +<p>We can see that <i>overcoming</i> here is a verbal noun corresponding +to the English infinitive in <i>-ing</i>, and that the thought calls for +the ablative of means. To translate this by the Latin infinitive would +be impossible, because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has +no ablative case form. Latin, however, has another verbal noun of +corresponding meaning, called the <b>gerund</b>, declined as a neuter of +the second declension in the <i>genitive</i>, <i>dative</i>, +<i>accusative</i>, and <i>ablative singular</i>, and thus supplying the +cases that the infinitive lacks.<span class="tag">1</span> Hence, to +<a name="page174"> </a> +decline in Latin the verbal noun <i>overcoming</i>, we should use the +infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the other cases, as +follows:</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td class="middle rightline"><b>superāre</b></td> +<td><i>overcoming</i><br /> +<i>to overcome</i></td> +<td class="middle left smallcaps">Infinitive</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>Gen.</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Dat.</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Acc.</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Abl.</i> +</p></td> +<td colspan = "2"><p class="hanging"> +<b>superandī</b>, <i>of overcoming</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>superandō</b>, <i>for overcoming</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>superandum</b>, <i>overcoming</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>superandō</b>, <i>by overcoming</i></p></td> +<td class="middle left smallcaps">Gerund</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Like the infinitive, the gerund governs the same case as the verb +from which it is derived. So the sentence given above becomes in +Latin</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Superandō Gallōs Caesar magnam glōriam reportāvit</b> +</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Sometimes, however, the infinitive is used as an accusative.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec403"><b>403.</b></a> +The gerund<span class="tag">2</span> is formed by adding <b>-ndī, +-ndō, -ndum, -ndō</b>, to the present stem, which is shortened or +otherwise changed, as shown below:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "5"> +Paradigm of the Gerund +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead">CONJ. I</td> +<td class="smallhead">CONJ. II</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">CONJ. III</td> +<td class="smallhead">CONJ. IV</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ndī</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ndī</b></td> +<td>rege<b>ndī</b></td> +<td>capie<b>ndī</b></td> +<td>audie<b>ndī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ndō</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ndō</b></td> +<td>rege<b>ndō</b></td> +<td>capie<b>ndō</b></td> +<td>audie<b>ndō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ndum</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ndum</b></td> +<td>rege<b>ndum</b></td> +<td>capie<b>ndum</b></td> +<td>audie<b>ndum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ama<b>ndō</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ndō</b></td> +<td>rege<b>ndō</b></td> +<td>capie<b>ndō</b></td> +<td>audie<b>ndō</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Give the gerund of <b>cūrō</b>, <b>dēleō</b>, <b>sūmō</b>, +<b>iaciō</b>, <b>veniō</b>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Deponent verbs have the gerund of the active voice (see <a +href="#sec493">§ 493</a>). Give the gerund of +<b>cōnor</b>, <b>vereor</b>, <b>sequor</b>, <b>patior</b>, +<b>partior</b>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. The gerund is the neuter singular of the future passive participle +used as a noun, and has the same formation. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec374">§ 374. <i>d</i></a>.)</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec404"><b>404.</b></a> +<b>The Gerundive.</b> The gerundive is the name given to the future +passive participle (<a href="#sec374">§ 374. <i>d</i></a>) +when the participle approaches the meaning of a verbal noun and is +translated like a gerund. It is the adjective corresponding to the +gerund. For example, to translate <i>the plan of waging war</i>, we may +use the gerund with its direct object and say <b>cōnsilium gerendī +bellum</b>; or we may use the gerundive and say <b>cōnsilium bellī +gerendī</b>, which means, literally, <i>the plan of the war to be +waged</i>, but which came to have the same force as the gerund with its +object, and was even preferred to it.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page175"> </a> +<a name="sec405"><b>405.</b></a> +Compare the following parallel uses of the gerund and gerundive:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Gerund</th> +<th>Gerundive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Spēs faciendī pācem</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>The hope of making peace</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Spēs faciendae pācis</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>The hope of making peace</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Locus idōneus pugnandō</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>A place suitable for fighting</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Locus idōneus castrīs pōnendīs</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>A place suitable for pitching camp</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Mīsit equitēs ad īnsequendum</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He sent horsemen to pursue</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Mīsit equitēs ad īnsequendōs hostīs</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He sent horsemen to pursue the enemy</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Nārrandō fābulās magister puerīs placuit</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>The teacher pleased the boys by telling stories</i> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>Nārrandīs fābulīs magister puerīs placuit</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>The teacher pleased the boys by telling stories</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> We observe</p> + +<p class="note"> +(1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective.</p> + +<p class="note"> +(2) That the gerund, being a noun, may stand alone or with an +object.</p> + +<p class="note"> +(3) That the gerundive, being an adjective, is used only in agreement +with a noun.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec406"><b>406.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Gerund and Gerundive.</b> +1. <i>The Gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, +dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these +cases are in general the same as those of other nouns.</i></p> + +<p>2. <i>The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of +gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a +preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more +usual.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec407"><b>407.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Gerund or Gerundive of +Purpose.</b> <i>The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with</i> +<b>ad</b>, <i>or the genitive with <b>causā</b><span class = +"tag">3</span> (= for the sake of), is used to express purpose.</i></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Gerund</th> +<th>Gerundive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Ad audiendum vēnērunt</b> or</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Audiendī causā vēnērunt</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>They came to hear</i></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Ad urbem videndam vēnērunt</b> or</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Urbis videndae causā vēnērunt</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>They came to see the city</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>causā</b> always <i>follows</i> the genitive.</div> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page176"> </a> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> These sentences might, of course, +be written with the subjunctive of purpose,—<b>vēnērunt ut +audīrent</b>; <b>vēnērunt ut urbem vidērent.</b> In short expressions, +however, the gerund and gerundive of purpose are rather more common.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec408"><b>408.</b></a> +We have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of +something is in the genitive, as, <b>equus Galbae</b>, <i>Galba’s +horse.</i> If, now, we wish to express the idea <i>the horse is +Galba’s</i>, Galba remains the possessor, and hence in the genitive as +before, but now stands in the predicate, as, <b>equus est Galbae</b>. +Hence this is called the predicate genitive.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec409"><b>409.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Predicate Genitive.</b> <i>The +possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the +forms of <b>sum</b>, and is then called the predicate genitive.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec410"><b>410.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">IDIOMS</span></p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>alīcui negōtium dare</b>, <i>to employ someone</i> (lit. <i>to give +business to some one</i>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>novīs rēbus studēre</b>, <i>to be eager for a revolution</i> (lit. +<i>to be eager for new things</i>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>reī mīlitāris perītissimus</b>, <i>very skillful in the art of +war</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>sē suaque omnia</b>, <i>themselves and all their possessions</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec411"><b>411.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Caesar cum in Galliā bellum gereret, militibus decimae legiōnis +maximē fāvit quia reī mīlitāris perītissimī erant. 2. Sociīs +negōtium dedit reī frumentāriae cūrandae. 3. Lēgāti nōn sōlum +audiendī causā sed etiam dicendī causā vēnērunt. 4. Imperātor +iussit explōrātōres locum idōneum mūnindō reperīre. 5. Nuper hae +gentēs novīs rēbus studēbant; mox iīs persuādēbō ut Caesarī sē suaque +omnia dēdant. 6. Iubēre est regīnae<span class="tag">1</span> et +pārēre est multitūdinis.<span class="tag">4</span> 7. Hōc proeliō +factō quīdam ex hostibus ad pācem petendam venērunt. 8. Erant quī +arma trādere nōllent. 9. Hostēs tam celeriter prōgressī sunt ut +spatium pīla in hostīs iaciendī non darētur. 10. Spatium neque arma +capiendī<span class="tag">5</span> neque auxilī petendī<span class = +"tag">2</span> datum est.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page177"> </a> +II. 1. These ornaments <span class="tag">6</span>belong to Cornelia. +2. Men very skillful in the art of war were sent <span class = +"tag">7</span>to capture the town. 3. The scouts found a hill +suitable for fortifying very near to the river. 4. Soon the cavalry +will come <span class="tag">8</span>to seek supplies. 5. The mind +of the Gauls is eager for revolution and for undertaking wars. +6. To lead the line of battle <span class="tag">8</span>belongs +to the general. 7. <span class="tag">10</span>Whom shall we +employ to look after the grain supply?</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. Predicate genitive.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. Which of these expressions is gerund and which gerundive?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <i>belong to</i> = <i>are of</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. Use the gerundive with <b>ad</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. Use the genitive with <b>causā</b>. Where should <b>causā</b> +stand?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. Compare the first sentence.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. Compare the second sentence in the Latin above.</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXXI"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXXII"> +LESSON LXXII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">THE IRREGULAR VERB <i>EŌ</i> · INDIRECT +STATEMENTS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec412"><b>412.</b></a> +Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of <b>eō</b>, <i>go</i> +(<a href="#sec499">§ 499</a>).</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Notice that <b>ī-</b>, the root of <b>eō</b>, is changed to +<b>e-</b> before a vowel, excepting in <b>iēns</b>, the nominative of +the present participle. In the perfect system <b>-v-</b> is regularly +dropped.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec413"><b>413.</b></a> +Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of +<b>eō</b> with prepositions:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus</b>, <i>go to, visit</i>, with the +accusative</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus</b>, <i>go forth</i>, with <b>ex</b> or +<b>dē</b> and the ablative of the place from which</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus</b>, <i>begin, enter upon</i>, with the +accusative</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus</b>, <i>return</i>, with <b>ad</b> +or <b>in</b> and the accusative of the place to which</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus</b>, <i>cross</i>, with the +accusative</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec414"><b>414.</b></a> +<b>Indirect Statements in English.</b> Direct statements are those which +the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact +language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of +words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following +direct and indirect statements:</p> + +<table class = "fixed lines"> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline"> +Direct statements +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. The Gauls are brave</p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. The Gauls were brave</p> +<p class="hanging"> +3. The Gauls will be brave</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline"> +<a name="page178"> </a> +<p class="hanging"> +Indirect statements after a verb in the present tense</p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. <i>He says</i> that the Gauls <i>are</i> brave</p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. <i>He says</i> that the Gauls <i>were</i> brave</p> +<p class="hanging"> +3. <i>He says</i> that the Gauls <i>will be</i> brave</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline"> +<p class="hanging"> +Indirect statements after a verb in a past tense</p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. <i>He said</i> that the Gauls <i>were</i> brave</p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. <i>He said</i> that the Gauls <i>had been</i> brave</p> +<p class="hanging"> +3. <i>He said</i> that the Gauls <i>would be</i> brave</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p>We see that in English</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the +conjunction <i>that</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The verb is finite (cf. <a href="#sec173">§ 173</a>) +and its subject is in the nominative.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the +past tense, <i>He said.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec415"><b>415.</b></a> +<b>Indirect Statements in Latin.</b> In Latin the direct and indirect +statements above would be as follows:</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<td class="middle right smallcaps"> +Direct<br /> +Statements +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. <b>Gallī sunt fortēs</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. <b>Gallī erant fortēs</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +3. <b>Gallī erunt fortēs</b> +</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle right smallcaps"> +Indirect<br /> +Statements +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. <b>Dīcit</b> or <b>Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs</b> (<i>He says</i> or +<i>He said the Gauls to be brave</i>)<span class="tag">1</span></p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. <b>Dīcit</b> or <b>Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs</b> (<i>He says</i> or +<i>He said the Gauls to have been brave</i>)<span class = +"tag">1</span></p> +<p class="hanging"> +3. <b>Dīcit</b> or <b>Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs</b> (<i>He +says</i> or <i>He said the Gauls to be about to be brave</i>)<span class += "tag">1</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but +merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.</div> + +<p>Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the +preceding section, we observe three marked differences:</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> There is no conjunction corresponding to <i>that</i>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the +accusative.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past +tense of the principal verb.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec416"><b>416.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Indirect Statements.</b> +<i>When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is +changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject +accusative of the infinitive.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page179"> </a> +<a name="sec417"><b>417.</b></a> +<b>Tenses of the Infinitive.</b> When the sentences in <a href = +"#sec415">§ 415</a> were changed from the direct to the indirect +form of statement, <b>sunt</b> became <b>esse</b>, <b>erant</b> became +<b>fuisse</b>, and <b>erunt</b> became <b>futūrōs esse</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec418"><b>418.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Infinitive Tenses in Indirect +Statements.</b> <i>A present indicative of a direct statement becomes +present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect +infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> When translating into Latin an +English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative +would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense +of the infinitive to use in the indirect.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec419"><b>419.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Verbs followed by Indirect +Statements.</b> <i>The accusative-with-infinitive construction in +indirect statements is found after verbs of <b>saying</b>, +<b>telling</b>, <b>knowing</b>, <b>thinking</b>, and +<b>perceiving</b>.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec420"><b>420.</b></a> +Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td><i>a</i>.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +Verbs of saying and telling:</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>say</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus</b>, <i>deny, say not</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus</b>, <i>announce</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus</b>, <i>reply</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>b</i>.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +Verbs of knowing:</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus</b>, <i>learn</i>, (in the +perf.) <i>know</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus</b>, <i>know</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>c</i>.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +Verbs of thinking:</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum</b>, <i>think, consider</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus</b>, <i>think, +believe</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus</b>, <i>judge, decide</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus</b>, <i>reckon, think</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus</b>, <i>hope</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>d</i>.</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +Verbs of perceiving:</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus</b>, <i>hear</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus</b>, <i>feel, perceive</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus</b>, <i>see</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus</b>, <i>understand, +perceive</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page180"> </a> +<a name="sec421"><b>421.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">IDIOMS</span></p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>postrīdiē eius diēī</b>, <i>on the next day</i> (lit. <i>on the next +day of that day</i>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>initā aestāte</b>, <i>at the beginning of summer</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>memoriā tenēre</b>, <i>to remember</i> (lit. <i>to hold by +memory</i>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>per explōrātōrēs cognōscere</b>, <i>to learn through scouts</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec422"><b>422.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. It, īmus, īte, īre. 2. Euntī, iisse <i>or</i> īsse, ībunt, +eunt. 3. Eundi, ut eant, ībitis, īs. 4. Nē īrent, ī, ībant, +ierat. 5. Caesar per explorātores cognōvit Gallōs flūmen trānsīsse. +6. Rōmānī audīvērunt Helvētiōs initā aestāte dē fīnibus suīs +exitūrōs esse. 7. Legātī respondērunt nēminem ante Caesarem illam +īnsulam adīsse. 8. Prīncipēs Gallōrum dīcunt sē nūllum cōnsilium +contrā Caesaris imperium initūrōs esse. 9. Arbitrāmur potentiam +rēgīnae esse maiōrem quam cīvium. 10. Rōmānī negant se lībertātem +Gallīs ēreptūrōs esse. 11. Hīs rēbus cognitīs sēnsimus lēgātōs non +vēnisse ad pācem petendam. 12. Helvētii sciunt Rōmānōs priōrēs +victōriās memoriā tenēre. 13. Sociī cum intellegerent multōs +vulnerārī, statuērunt in suōs fīnīs redīre. 14. Aliquis nūntiāvit +Mārcum cōnsulem creātum esse.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be +slow. 2. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged +that the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong. 3. We think +that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer. +4. The next day we learned through scouts that the enemy’s town was +ten miles off.<span class="tag">2</span> 5. The king replied that +the ornaments belonged to<span class="tag">3</span> the queen.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <i>to be off, to be distant</i>, <b>abesse</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Latin, <i>were of</i> (<a href="#sec409">§ 409</a>).</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXXII"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic180.png" width="248" height="54" +alt="trumpet" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +TUBA</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page181"> </a><a name="lesson_LXXIII"> +LESSON LXXIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE IRREGULAR VERB <i>FERŌ</i> · +THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec423"><b>423.</b></a> +Review the word lists in <a href = +"#sec513">§§ 513</a>, <a href = +"#sec514">514</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec424"><b>424.</b></a> +Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb <b>ferō</b>, +<i>bear</i> (<a href="#sec498">§ 498</a>).</p> + +<p>1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds +of ferō, <i>bear</i>:</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus</b>, <i>bring to; report</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>cōn´ferō, cōnfer´re, con´tulī, conlā´tus</b>, <i>bring together, +collect</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlā´tus</b>, <i>bring to; report; grant, +confer</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus</b>, <i>bring in, bring +against</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>re´ferō, refer´re, ret´tulī, relā´tus</b>, <i>bear back, +report</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec425"><b>425.</b></a> +The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive verbs +take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative (cf. <a +href="#sec153">§ 153</a>). Transitive verbs take a direct object +in the accusative; but sometimes they have an indirect object or dative +as well. <i>The whole question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes +the dative, depends upon its capacity for governing an indirect +object.</i> A number of verbs, some transitive and some intransitive, +which in their simple form would not take an indirect object, when +compounded with certain prepositions, have a meaning which calls for an +indirect object. Observe the following sentences:</p> + +<table> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. <b>Haec rēs exercituī magnam calamitātem attulit</b>, <i>this +circumstance brought great disaster to the army.</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. <b>Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt</b>, <i>the Germans make war upon +the Gauls.</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +3. <b>Hae cōpiae proeliō nōn intererant</b>, <i>these troops did not +take part in the battle.</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +4. <b>Equitēs fugientibus hostibus occurrunt</b>, <i>the horsemen meet +the fleeing enemy.</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +5. <b>Galba cōpiīs fīlium praefēcit</b>, <i>Galba put his son in command +of the troops.</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page182"> </a> +In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a +preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec426"><b>426.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Dative with Compounds.</b> +<i>Some verbs compounded with <b>ad</b>, <b>ante</b>, <b>con</b>, +<b>dē</b>, <b>in</b>, <b>inter</b>, <b>ob</b>, <b>post</b>, <b>prae</b>, +<b>prō</b>, <b>sub</b>, <b>super</b>, admit the dative of the indirect +object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a +dative.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note 1.</span> Among such verbs are<span class += "tag">1</span></p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus</b>, <i>bring to; report</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>ad´sum, ades´se, ad´fuī, adfutū´rus</b>, <i>assist; be +present</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlātus</b>, <i>report; grant, +confer</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>dē´sum, dees´se, dē´fuī</b>, ——, <i>be wanting, be +lacking</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus</b>, <i>bring against, bring +upon</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>inter´sum, interes´se, inter´fuī, interfutū´rus</b>, <i>take part +in</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>occur´rō, occur´rere, occur´rī, occur´sus</b>, <i>run against, +meet</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>praefi´ciō, praefi´cere, praefē´cī, praefec´tus</b>, <i>appoint over, +place in command of</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>prae´sum, praees´se, prae´fuī</b>, ——, <i>be over, be in +command</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. But the accusative with <b>ad</b> or <b>in</b> is used with some of +these, when the idea of <i>motion to</i> or <i>against</i> is +strong.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec427"><b>427.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">IDIOMS</span></p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>graviter</b> or <b>molestē ferre</b>, <i>to be annoyed at, to be +indignant at</i>, followed by the accusative and infinitive</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>sē cōnferre ad</b> or <b>in</b>, with the accusative, <i>to betake +one’s self to</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>alicui bellum īnferre</b>, <i>to make war upon some one</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>pedem referre</b>, <i>to retreat</i> (lit. <i>to bear back the +foot</i>)</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec428"><b>428.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Fer, ferent, ut ferant, ferunt. 2. Ferte, ut ferrent, +tulisse, tulerant. 3. Tulimus, ferēns, lātus esse, ferre. +4. Cum nāvigia insulae adpropinquārent, barbarī terrōre commōtī +pedem referre cōnātī sunt. 5. Gallī molestē ferēbant Rōmānōs agrōs +vastāre. 6. Caesar sociīs imperāvit nē fīnitimis suīs bellum +īnferrent. 7. Explorātōrēs, qui Caesarī occurrērunt, dīxērunt +exercitum hostium vulneribus dēfessum sēsē in alium locum contulisse. +8. Hostes sciēbant Rōmānōs frūmentō egēre et hanc rem Caesarī +summum perīculum adlātūram esse. 9. Impedīmentīs in ūnum locum +conlātis, aliquī mīlitum flūmen quod nōn longē +<a name="page183"> </a> +aberat trānsiērunt. 10. Hōs rēx hortātus est ut ōrāculum adīrent et rēs +audītās ad sē referrent. 11. Quem imperātor illī legiōnī praefēcit? +Pūblius illī legiōnī pracerat. 12. Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre +Galliā, crēbrī ad eum<span class="tag">2</span> rūmōrēs adferēbantur +litterīsque quoque certior fīēbat Gallōs obsidēs inter sē dare.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The Gauls will make war upon Cæsar’s allies. 2. We heard +that the Gauls would make war upon Cæsar’s allies. 3. Publius did +not take part in that battle. 4. We have been informed that Publius +did not take part in that battle. 5. The man who was in command of +the cavalry was wounded and began to retreat. 6. Cæsar did not +place you in command of the cohort to bring<span class="tag">3</span> +disaster upon the army.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Observe that when <b>adferō</b> denotes <i>motion to</i>, it is not +followed by the dative; cf. <ins class="explanation" title = +"previous footnote, accusative with ‘ad’ or ‘in’">footnote, p. +182</ins>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Not the infinitive. (Cf. <a href="#sec352">§ 352</a>.)</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXXIII"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXXIV"> +LESSON LXXIV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT +QUESTIONS</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec429"><b>429.</b></a> +Review the word lists in <a href = +"#sec517">§§ 517</a>, <a href = +"#sec518">518</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec430"><b>430.</b></a> +When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have an +indirect statement. (Cf. <a href="#sec414">§ 414</a>.) So, if we +report a question instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect +question.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Direct Question</th> +<th>Indirect Question</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center"> +<i>Who conquered the Gauls?</i></td> +<td class="center"> +<i>He asked who conquered the Gauls</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb +of asking (as <b>petō</b>, <b>postulō</b>, <b>quaerō</b>, <b>rogō</b>) +or upon some verb or expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. <a href += "#sec420">§ 420</a>.)</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec431"><b>431.</b></a> +Compare the following direct and indirect questions:</p> + +<table class="lines"> +<tr> +<th>Direct</th> +<th colspan = "2">Indirect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "2"> +<b>Quis Gallōs vincit?</b><br /> +<i>Who is conquering the Gauls?</i> +</td> +<td><i>a.</i></td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Rogat quis Gallōs vincat</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He asks who is conquering the Gauls</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>b.</i></td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He asked who was conquering the Gauls</i></p> +</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "2"> +<a name="page184"> </a> +<b>Ubī est Rōma?</b><br /> +<i>Where is Rome?</i> +</td> +<td><i>a.</i></td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Rogat ubi sit Rōma</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He asks where Rome is</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>b.</i></td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He asked where Rome was</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "2"> +<b>Caesarne Gallōs vīcit?</b><br /> +<i>Did Cæsar conquer the Gauls?</i> +</td> +<td><i>a.</i></td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He asks whether Cæsar conquered the Gauls</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>b.</i></td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs vīcisset</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>He asked whether Cæsar had conquered the Gauls</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but +the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense +sequence.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative +words as introduce direct questions, excepting +that<i>yes</i>-or-<i>no</i> direct questions (cf. <a href = +"#sec210">§ 210</a>) on becoming indirect are usually introduced by +<b>num</b>, <i>whether</i>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec432"><b>432.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Indirect Questions.</b> <i>In +an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is +determined by the law for tense sequence.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec433"><b>433.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">IDIOMS</span></p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>dē tertiā vigiliā</b>, <i>about the third watch</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>iniūriās alicui īnferre</b>, <i>to inflict injuries upon some one +</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>facere verba prō</b>, with the ablative, <i>to speak in behalf of +</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>in reliquum tempus</b>, <i>for the future</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec434"><b>434.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Rēx rogāvit quid lēgātī postulārent et cūr ad sē vēnissent. +2. Quaesīvit quoque num nec recentīs iniūriās nec dubiam Rōmānōrum +amīcitiam memoriā tenērent. 3. Vidētisne quae oppida hostēs +oppugnāverint? 4. Nōnne scītis cūr Gallī sub montem sēse +contulerint? 5. Audīvimus quās iniūrias tibi Germānī intulissent. +6. Dē tertiā vigiliā imperātor mīsit hominēs quī cognōscerent quae +esset nātūra montis. 7. Prō hīs ōrātor verba fēcit et rogāvit cūr +cōnsulēs nāvīs ad plēnem summī perīculī locum mittere vellent. +8. Lēgātīs convocātīs dēmōnstrāvit quid fierī vellet. +9. Nūntius referēbat quid +<a name="page185"> </a> +in Gallōrum conciliō dē armīs trādendīs dictum esset. 10. Moneō nē +in reliquum tempus peditēs et equitēs trāns flūmen dūcās.</p> + +<p>II. 1. What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized. +2. Who has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents? +3. They asked who had inflicted those injuries upon their +dependents. 4. Whither did you go about the third watch? You know +whither I went. 5. At what time did the boys return home? I will +ask at what time the boys returned home.</p> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXXIV"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXXV"> +LESSON LXXV</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE, OR END +FOR WHICH</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec435"><b>435.</b></a> +Review the word lists in <a href = +"#sec521">§§ 521</a>, <a href = +"#sec522">522</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec436"><b>436.</b></a> +Observe the following sentences:</p> + +<table> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. <b>Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt</b>, <i>the scouts chose a +place for a camp.</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. <b>Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs</b>, <i>this was</i> (for) <i>a +great hindrance to the Gauls.</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +3. <b>Duās legiōnēs praesidiō castrīs relīquit</b>, <i>he left two +legions as</i> (lit. <i>for</i>) <i>a guard to the camp.</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the <i>purpose or +end for which</i> something is intended or for which it serves. These +datives are <b>castrīs</b>, <b>impedīmentō</b>, and <b>praesidiō</b>. In +the second and third sentences we find a second dative expressing the +<i>person or thing affected</i> (<b>Gallīs</b> and <b>castrīs</b>). As +you notice, these are true datives, covering the relations of <i>for +which</i> and <i>to which</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec43">§ 43</a>.)</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec437"><b>437.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Dative of Purpose or End.</b> +<i>The dative is used to denote the <b>purpose or end for which</b>, +often with another dative denoting the <b>person or thing +affected</b>.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec438"><b>438.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">IDIOMS</span></p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>cōnsilium omittere</b>, <i>to give up a plan</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>locum castrīs dēligere</b>, <i>to choose a place for a camp</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>alicui magnō ūsuī esse</b>, <i>to be of great advantage to some +one</i> (lit. <i>for great advantage to some one</i>)</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page186"> </a> +<a name="sec439"><b>439.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Rogāvit cūr illae cōpiae relictae essent. Respondērunt illās +cōpiās esse praesidiō castrīs. 2. Caesar mīsit explōrātōrēs ad +locum dēligendum castrīs. 3. Quisque exīstimāvit ipsum nōmen +Caesaris magnō terrōrī barbarīs futūrum esse. 4. Prīmā lūce īdem +exercitus proelium ācre commīsit, sed gravia suōrum vulnera magnae cūrae +imperātōrī erant. 5. Rēx respondit amīcitiam populī Rōmānī sibi +ōrnāmentō et praesidiō dēbēre esse. 6. Quis praeerat equitātuī quem +auxiliō Caesarī sociī mīserant? 7. Aliquibus rēs secundae sunt +summae calamitātī et rēs adversae sunt mīrō ūsuī. 8. Gallīs magnō +ad pugnam erat impedīmentō quod equitātus ā dextrō cornū premēbat. +9. Memoria prīstinae virtūtis nōn minus quam metus hostium erat +nostrīs magnō ūsuī. 10. Tam dēnsa erat silva ut prōgredī nōn +possent.</p> + +<p>II. 1. I advise you <span class="tag">1</span>to give up the plan +<span class="tag">2</span>of making war upon the brave Gauls. +2. Do you know <span class="tag">3</span>where the cavalry has +chosen a place for a camp? 3. The fear of the enemy will be of +great advantage to you. 4. Cæsar left three cohorts as (for) a +guard to the baggage. 5. In winter the waves of the lake are so +great <span class="tag">4</span>that they are (for) a great hindrance +to ships. 6. Cæsar inflicted severe<span class="tag">5</span> +punishment on those who burned the public buildings.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Subjunctive of purpose. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec366">§ 366</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Express by the genitive of the gerundive.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Indirect question.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. A clause of result.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>gravis, -e.</b></div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXXV"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXXVI"> +LESSON LXXVI</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF +QUALITY OR DESCRIPTION</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec440"><b>440.</b></a> +Review the word lists in <a href = +"#sec524">§§ 524</a>, <a href = +"#sec525">525</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec441"><b>441.</b></a> +Observe the English sentences</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +(1) <i>A man <b>of</b> great courage</i>, or (2) <i>A man <b>with</b> +great courage</i> +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +(3) <i>A forest <b>of</b> tall trees</i>, or (4) <i>A forest <b>with</b> +tall trees</i></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description. +In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The +descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions <i>of</i> and +<i>with</i>.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page187"> </a> +In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar.</p> + +<p>The prepositions <i>of</i> and <i>with</i> suggest the genitive and +the ablative respectively, and we translate the sentences above</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +(1) <b>Vir magnae virtūtis</b>, or (2) <b>Vir magnā virtūte</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +(3) <b>Silva altārum arborum</b>, or (4) <b>Silva altīs +arboribus</b></p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the +English. In English we may say, for example, <i>a man of courage</i>, +using the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. <i>In Latin, +however, an adjective modifier must always be used</i>, as above.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in +that <i>numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive</i> and +<i>descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative.</i> +Other descriptive phrases may be in either case.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec442"><b>442.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXAMPLES</span></p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. <b>Fossa duodecim pedum</b>, <i>a ditch of twelve feet</i>.</p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. <b>Homō magnīs pedibus et parvō capite</b>, <i>a man with big feet +and a small head</i>.</p> +<p class="hanging"> +3. <b>Rēx erat vir summā audāciā</b> or <b>rēx erat vir summae +audāciae</b>, <i>the king was a man of the greatest boldness</i>.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec443"><b>443.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Genitive of Description.</b> +<i>Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with +a modifying adjective.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec444"><b>444.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Ablative of Description.</b> +<i>Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the +ablative with a modifying adjective.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec445"><b>445.</b></a> +<span class="smallcaps">Rule.</span> <b>Genitive or Ablative of +Description.</b> <i>Descriptions involving neither numerical statements +nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or +the ablative with a modifying adjective.</i></p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec446"><b>446.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">IDIOMS</span></p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr><td> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>Helvētiīs in animō est</b>, <i>the Helvetii intend</i>, (lit. <i>it +is in mind to the Helvetians</i>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>in mātrimōnium dare</b>, <i>to give in marriage</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>nihil posse</b>, <i>to have no power</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>fossam perdūcere</b>, <i>to construct a ditch</i> (lit. <i>to lead a +ditch through</i>)</p> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page188"> </a> +<a name="sec447"><b>447.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Mīlitēs fossam decem pedum per eōrum fīnīs perdūxērunt. +2. Prīnceps Helvētiōrum, vir summae audāciae, prīncipibus gentium +fīnitimārum sorōrēs in mātrimōnium dedit. 3. Eōrum amīcitiam +cōnfīrmāre voluit quō facilius Rōmānīs bellum īnferret. 4. Germanī +et Gallī nōn erant eiusdem gentis. 5. Omnēs ferē Germānī erant +magnīs corporum vīribus.<span class="tag">1</span> 6. Gallī qui +oppidum fortiter dēfendēbant saxa ingentis magnitūdinis dē mūrō +iaciēbant. 7. Cum Caesar ab explōrātōribus quaereret quī illud +oppidum incolerent, explōrātōrēs respondērunt eōs esse homines summā +virtūte et magnō cōnsiliō. 8. Moenia vīgintī pedum ā sinistrā +parte, et ā dextrā parte flūmen magnae altitūdinis oppidum dēfendēbant. +9. Cum Caesar in Galliam pervēnisset, erat rūmor Helvētiīs in animō +esse iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam facere. 10. Caesar, ut eōs ab +fīnibus Rōmānis prohibēret, mūnītiōnem <span class="tag">2</span>multa +mīlia passuum longam fēcit.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Cæsar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness, and +very skillful in the art of war. 2. The Germans were of great size, +and thought that the Romans had no power. 3. Men of the highest +courage were left in the camp as (for) a guard to the baggage. +4. The king’s daughter, who was given in marriage to the chief of a +neighboring state, was a woman of very beautiful appearance. 5. The +soldiers will construct a ditch of nine feet around the camp. 6. A +river of great width was between us and the enemy.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. From <b>vīs</b>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Genitives and ablatives of description are adjective phrases. When we +use an <i>adverbial</i> phrase to tell <i>how long</i> or <i>how +high</i> or <i>how deep</i> anything is, we must use the accusative of +extent. (Cf. <a href="#sec336">§ 336</a>.) For example, in the +sentence above <b>multa mīlia passuum</b> is an adverbial phrase +(accusative of extent) modifying <b>longam</b>. If we should omit +<b>longam</b> and say <i>a fortification of many miles</i>, the genitive +of description (an adjective phrase) modifying <b>mūnītiōnem</b> would +be used, as <b>mūnītiōnem multōrum mīlium passuum</b>.</div> + +<div class="plainnote"><a href="#reading_LXXVI"> +Reading Selection</a></div> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic188.png" width="177" height="61" +alt="swords" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +GLADII</span></p> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page189"> </a><a name="lesson_LXXVII"> +LESSON LXXVII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">REVIEW OF AGREEMENT, AND OF THE GENITIVE, DATIVE, +AND ACCUSATIVE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec448"><b>448.</b></a> +There are four agreements:</p> + +<p>1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to +which it belongs (<a href="#sec76">§§ 76</a>, <a href = +"#sec81">81</a>).</p> + +<p>2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its +noun (<a href="#sec65">§ 65</a>).</p> + +<p>3. That of a verb with its subject (<a href = +"#sec28">§ 28</a>).</p> + +<p>4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (<a href = +"#sec224">§ 224</a>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec449"><b>449.</b></a> +The relation expressed by the <b>genitive</b> is, in general, denoted in +English by the preposition <i>of</i>. It is used to express</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline"> +1. Possession +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>a.</i> As attributive (<a href="#sec38">§ 38</a>).</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>b.</i> In the predicate (<a href="#sec409">§ 409</a>).</p> +</td></tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class="hanging"> +2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (<a href = +"#sec331">§ 331</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class="hanging"> +3. Quality or description (<a href="#sec443">§§ 443</a>, <a href += "#sec445">445</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec450"><b>450.</b></a> +The relation expressed by the <b>dative</b> is, in general, denoted in +English by the prepositions <i>to</i> or <i>for</i> when they do not +imply motion through space. It is used to express</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="middle rightline"> +1. The indirect object +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>a.</i> With intransitive verbs and with transitive verbs in +connection with a direct object in the accusative (<a href = +"#sec45">§ 45</a>).</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>b</i>. With special intransitive verbs (<a href = +"#sec154">§ 154</a>).</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>c</i>. With verbs compounded with <b>ad</b>, <b>ante</b>, <b>con</b>, +<b>dē</b>, <b>in</b>, <b>inter</b>, <b>ob</b>, <b>post</b>, <b>prae</b>, +<b>prō</b>, <b>sub</b>, <b>super</b> (<a href = +"#sec426">§ 426</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class="hanging"> +2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (<a href += "#sec143">§ 143</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class="hanging"> +3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting +the person or thing affected (<a href="#sec437">§ 437</a>).</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page190"> </a> +<a name="sec451"><b>451.</b></a> +The <b>accusative</b> case corresponds, in general, to the English +objective. It is used to express</p> + +<p>1. The direct object of a transitive verb (<a href = +"#sec37">§ 37</a>).</p> + +<p>2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after +verbs of <i>making, choosing, falling, showing</i>, and the like (<a +href="#sec392">§ 392</a>).</p> + +<p>3. The subject of the infinitive (<a href = +"#sec214">§ 214</a>).</p> + +<p>4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (<a +href="#sec340">§ 340</a>).</p> + +<p>5. The duration of time and the extent of space (<a href = +"#sec336">§ 336</a>).</p> + +<p>6. The place to which (<a href="#sec263">§§ 263</a>, <a href = +"#sec266">266</a>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec452"><b>452.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Mīlitēs quōs vīdimus dīxērunt imperium bellī esse Caesaris +imperātōris. 2. Helvētiī statuērunt quam<span class = +"tag">1</span> maximum numerum equōrum et carrōrum cōgere. +3. Tōtīus Galliae Helvētiī plūrimum valuērunt. 4. Multās hōrās +ācriter pugnātum est neque quisquam poterat vidēre hostem fugientem. +5. Virī summae virtūtis hostīs decem mīlia passuum īnsecūtī sunt. +6. Caesar populō Rōmānō persuāsit ut sē cōnsulem creāret. +7. Victōria exercitūs erat semper imperātōrī grātissima. +8. Trīduum iter fēcērunt et Genāvam, in oppidum<span class = +"tag">2</span> hostium, pervēnērunt. 9. Caesar audīvit Germānōs +bellum Gallīs intulisse. 10. Magnō ūsuī mīlitibus Caesaris erat +quod priōribus proeliīs sēsē exercuerant.</p> + +<p>II. 1. One<span class="tag">3</span> of the king’s sons and many of +his men were captured. 2. There was no one who wished<span class = +"tag">4</span> to appoint her queen. 3. The grain supply was always +a care (for a care) to Cæsar, the general. 4. I think that the camp +is ten miles distant. 5. We marched for three hours through a very +dense forest. 6. The plan <span class="tag">5</span>of making war +upon the allies was not pleasing to the king. 7. When he came to +the hill he fortified it <span class="tag">6</span>by a twelve-foot +wall.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. What is the force of <b>quam</b> with superlatives?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>urbs</b> or <b>oppidum</b>, appositive to a name of a town, takes +a preposition.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. What construction is used with numerals in preference to the +partitive genitive?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. What mood? (Cf. <a href="#sec390">§ 390</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. Use the gerund or gerundive.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. Latin, <i>by a wall of twelve feet.</i></div> + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="page191"> </a><a name="lesson_LXXVIII"> +LESSON LXXVIII</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec453"><b>453.</b></a> +The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in English by +the prepositions <i>with</i> (or <i>by</i>), <i>from</i> (or <i>by</i>), +and <i>in</i> (or <i>at</i>). The constructions growing out of these +meanings are</p> + +<table class="fixed"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>I. Ablative rendered <i>with</i> (or <i>by</i>):</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<span class="inset"> </span> +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. Cause (<a href="#sec102">§ 102</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. Means (<a href="#sec103">§ 103</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +3. Accompaniment (<a href="#sec104">§ 104</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +4. Manner (<a href="#sec105">§ 105</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +5. Measure of difference (<a href="#sec317">§ 317</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (<a href = +"#sec381">§ 381</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +7. Description or quality (<a href="#sec444">§§ 444</a>, <a href += "#sec445">445</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +8. Specification (<a href="#sec398">§ 398</a>)</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>II. Ablative rendered <i>from</i> (or <i>by</i>):</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<span class="inset"> </span> +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. Place from which (<a href="#sec179">§§ 179</a>, <a href = +"#sec264">264</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. Ablative of separation (<a href="#sec180">§ 180</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +3. Personal agent with a passive verb (<a href = +"#sec181">§ 181</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +4. Comparison without <b>quam</b> (<a href="#sec309">§ 309</a>) +</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>III. Ablative rendered <i>in</i> (or <i>at</i>):</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<span class="inset"> </span> +</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. Place at or in which (<a href="#sec265">§§ 265</a>, <a href = +"#sec266">266</a>)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. Time when or within which (<a href="#sec275">§ 275</a>)</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec454"><b>454.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Gallī locīs superiōribus occupātīs itinere exercitum prohibēre +cōnantur. 2. Omnēs oppidānī ex oppidō ēgressī salūtem fugā petere +incēpērunt. 3. Caesar docet sē mīlitum vītam suā salūte habēre +multō cāriōrem. 4. Cum celerius omnium opīniōne pervēnisset, hostēs +ad eum obsidēs mīsērunt 5. Vīcus in valle positus montibus +altissimīs undique continētur. 6. Plūrimum inter Gallōs haec gēns +et virtūte et hominum numerō valēbat. 7. Secundā vigiliā nūllō +certō ōrdine neque imperiō ē castrīs ēgressī sunt. 8. Duābus +legiōnibus Genāvae relictīs, +<a name="page192"> </a> +proximō diē cum reliquīs domum profectus est. 9. Erant itinera duo +quibus itineribus Helvētiī domō exīre possent. 10. Rēx erat summā +audāciā et magnā apud populum potentiā. 11. Gallī timōre servitūtis +commōtī bellum parābant. 12. Caesar monet lēgātōs ut contineant +militēs, nē studiō pugnandī aut spē praedae longius<span class = +"tag">1</span> prōgrediantur. 13. Bellum ācerrimum ā Caesare in +Gallōs gestum est.</p> + +<p>II. 1. The lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his +(men) from battle. 2. All the Gauls differ from each other in laws. +3. This tribe is much braver than the rest. 4. This road is +<span class="tag">2</span>ten miles shorter than that. 5. In +summer Cæsar carried on war in Gaul, in winter he returned to Italy. +6. At midnight the general set out from the camp with three +legions. 7. I fear that you cannot protect<span class = +"tag">3</span> yourself from these enemies. 8. <span class = +"tag">4</span>After this battle was finished peace was made by all the +Gauls.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>longius</b>, <i>too far</i>. (Cf. <a href = +"#sec305">§ 305</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Latin, <i>by ten thousands of paces</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>dēfendere</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. Ablative absolute.</div> + + +<h5 class="chapter"><a name="lesson_LXXIX"> +LESSON LXXIX</a></h5> + +<h6 class="boldf">REVIEW OF THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE, THE INFINITIVE, +AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE</h6> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec455"><b>455.</b></a> +The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, +accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are +in general the same as those of other nouns (<a href = +"#sec402">§§ 402</a>; <a href="#sec406">406.1</a>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec456"><b>456.</b></a> +The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + +object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a +preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more +usual (<a href="#sec406">§ 406.2</a>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec457"><b>457.</b></a> +The infinitive is used:</p> + +<p>I. As in English.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> As subject or predicate nominative (<a href = +"#sec216">§ 216</a>).</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication +(complementary infinitive) (<a href="#sec215">§ 215</a>).</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> As object with subject accusative after verbs of <i>wishing, +commanding, forbidding</i>, and the like (<a href = +"#sec213">§ 213</a>).</p> + +<p> +<a name="page193"> </a> +II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs of +<i>saying </i>and <i>mental action</i>. The subject is in the accusative +(<a href="#sec416">§§ 416</a>, <a href="#sec418">418</a>, <a +href="#sec419">419</a>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec458"><b>458.</b></a> +The subjunctive is used:</p> + +<p>1. To denote purpose (<a href="#sec349">§§ 349</a>, <a href = +"#sec366">366</a>, <a href="#sec372">372</a>).</p> + +<p>2. To denote consequence or result (<a href = +"#sec385">§§ 385</a>, <a href="#sec386">386</a>).</p> + +<p>3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (<a href = +"#sec390">§ 390</a>).</p> + +<p>4. In <b>cum</b> clauses of time, cause, and concession (<a href = +"#sec396">§ 396</a>).</p> + +<p>5. In indirect questions (<a href="#sec432">§ 432</a>).</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec459"><b>459.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">EXERCISES</span></p> + +<p>I. 1. Caesar, cum pervēnisset, militēs hortābātur nē cōnsilium oppidī +capiendi omitterent. 2. Rēx, castrīs prope oppidum positīs, mīsit +explōrātōrēs quī cognōscerent ubi exercitus Rōmanus esset. 3. Nēmo +relinquēbātur quī arma ferre posset. 4. Nūntiī vīdērunt ingentem +armōrum multitudinem dē mūrō in fossani iactam esse. 5. Dux suōs +trānsīre flūmen iussit. Trānsīre autem hoc flūmen erat difficillimum. +6. Rōmānī cum hanc calamitātem molestē ferrant, tamen terga vertere +recūsāvērunt. 7. Hōc rūmōre audītō, tantus terror omnium animōs +occupāvit ut nē fortissimī quidem proelium committere vellent. +8. Erant quī putārent tempus annī idōneum nōn esse itinerī +faciendō. 9. Tam ācriter ab utraque parte pugnābātur ut multa mīlia +hominum occīderentur. 10. Quid timēs? Timeō nē Rōmānīs in animō sit +tōtam Galliam superāre et nōbīs iniūriās inferre.</p> + +<p>II. 1. Do you not see who is standing on the wall? 2. We hear +that the plan of taking the town has been given up. 3. Since the +Germans thought that the Romans could not cross the Rhine, Cæsar ordered +a bridge to be made. 4. When the bridge was finished, the savages +were so terrified that they hid themselves. 5. They feared that +Cæsar would pursue them. 6. Cæsar <span class="tag">1</span>asked +the traders what the size of the island was. 7. The traders advised +him not <span class="tag">2</span>to cross the sea. 8. He sent +scouts <span class="tag">3</span>to choose a place for a camp.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>quaerere ab</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Not infinitive.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Use the gerundive with <b>ad</b>.</div> + +<h4 class="chapter"><a name="page194"> </a><a name="readings">READING MATTER</a></h4> + +<h5>INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS</h5> + +<p><b>How to Translate.</b> You have already had considerable practice +in translating simple Latin, and have learned that the guide to the +meaning lies in the endings of the words. If these are neglected, no +skill can make sense of the Latin. If they are carefully noted and +accurately translated, not many difficulties remain. Observe the +following suggestions:</p> + +<p>1. Read the Latin sentence through to the end, noting endings of +nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.</p> + +<p>2. Read it again and see if any of the words you know are nominatives +or accusatives. This will often give you what may be called the backbone +of the sentence; that is, subject, verb, and object.</p> + +<p>3. Look up the words you do not know, and determine their use in the +sentence from their endings.</p> + +<p>4. If you cannot yet translate the sentence, put down the English +meanings of all the words <i>in the same order as the Latin words</i>. +You will then generally see through the meaning of the sentence.</p> + +<p>5. Be careful to</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> Translate adjectives with the nouns to which they belong.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> Translate together prepositions and the nouns which they +govern.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>c.</i> Translate adverbs with the words that they modify.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>d.</i> <i>Make sense.</i> If you do not make sense, you have made a +mistake. One mistake will spoil a whole sentence.</p> + +<p>6. When the sentence is correctly translated, read the Latin over +again, and try to understand it as Latin, without thinking of the +English translation.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page195"> </a> +<b>The Parts of a Sentence.</b> You will now meet somewhat longer +sentences than you have had before. To assist in translating them, +remember, first of all, that every sentence conveys a meaning and either +tells us something, asks a question, or gives a command. Every sentence +must have a subject and a verb, and the verb may always have an adverb, +and, if transitive, will have a direct object.</p> + +<p> +However long a sentence is, you will usually be able to recognize its +subject, verb, and object or predicate complement without any +difficulty. These will give you the leading thought, and they must never +be lost sight of while making out the rest of the sentence. The chief +difficulty in translating arises from the fact that instead of a single +adjective, adverb, or noun, we often have a phrase or a clause taking +the place of one of these; for Latin, like English, has adjective, +adverbial, and substantive clauses and phrases. For example, in the +sentence <i>The idle boy does not study</i>, the word <i>idle</i> is an +adjective. In <i>The boy wasting his time does not study</i>, the words +<i>wasting his time</i> form an adjective phrase modifying <i>boy</i>. +In the sentence <i>The boy who wastes his time does not study</i>, the +words <i>who wastes his time</i> form an adjective clause modifying +<i>boy</i>, and the sentence is complex. These sentences would show the +same structure in Latin.</p> + +<p> +In translating, it is important to keep the parts of a phrase and the +parts of a clause together and not let them become confused with the +principal sentence. To distinguish between the subordinate clauses and +the principal sentence is of the first importance, and is not difficult +if you remember that a clause regularly contains a word that marks it as +a clause and that this word usually stands first. These words join +clauses to the words they depend on, and are called <i>subordinate +conjunctions</i>. They are not very numerous, and you will soon learn to +recognize them. In Latin they are the equivalents for such words as +<i>when, while, since, because, if, before, after, though, in order +that, that</i>, etc. Form the habit of memorizing the Latin subordinate +conjunctions as you meet them, and of noting carefully the mood of the +verb in the clauses which they introduce.</p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<a name="page196"> </a> +<img src="images/pic196.png" width="224" height="494" +alt="statue of Hercules" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +HERCULES</span></p> + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="section"><a name="page197"> </a>THE LABORS OF HERCULES</h5> + +<p class="note"> +Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued +throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant he +strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his +boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, and +on reaching manhood he succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the +oppression of the Minyæ. In a fit of madness, sent upon him by Juno, he +slew his own children; and, on consulting the Delphic oracle as to how +he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to submit +himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to perform +whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, and +during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve +extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was +caused, unintentionally, by his wife Deiani´ra. Hercules had shot with +his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Deianira. +Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Deianira, and told her +it would act as a charm to secure her husband’s love. Some time after, +Deianira, wishing to try the charm, soaked one of her husband’s garments +in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put on the +robe, and, after suffering terrible torments, died, or was carried off +by his father Jupiter.</p> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LIII" +href="#lesson_LIII">LIII</a>.<span class = +"tag">1</span> +THE INFANT HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS</h6> + +<p class="illustration floatright"> +<img src="images/pic197.png" width="172" height="254" +alt="infant Hercules fighting two serpents" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +HERCULES ET SERPENTES</span></p> + +<p> +Dī<span class="tag">2</span> grave supplicium sūmmit de malīs, sed iī +quī lēgibus<span class="tag">3</span> deōrum pārent, etiam post mortem +cūrantur. Illa vīta dīs<span class="tag">2</span> erat grātissima quae +hominibus miserīs ūtilissima fuerat. Omnium autem praemiōrum summum erat +immortālitās. Illud praemium Herculī datum est.</p> + +<p> +Herculis pater fuit Iuppiter, māter Alcmēna, et omnium hominum +validissimus fuisse dīcitur. Sed Iūnō, rēgīna deōrum, eum, adhūc +<a name="page198"> </a> +īnfantem, interficere studēbat; nam eī<span class="tag">4</span> +et<span class="tag">5</span> Herculēs et Alcmēna erant invīsī. Itaque +mīsit duās serpentīs, utramque saevissimam, quae mediā nocte domum<span +class="tag">6</span> Alcmēnae vēnērunt. Ibi Herculēs, cum frātre suō, +nōn in lectulō sed in scūtō ingentī dormiēbat. Iam audācēs serpentēs +adpropinquāverant, iam scūtum movēbant. Tum frāter, terrōre commōtus, +magnā vōce mātrem vocāvit, sed Herculēs ipse, fortior quam frāter, +statim ingentīs serpentīs manibus suīs rapuit et interfēcit.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. This number refers to the lesson after which the selection may be +read.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>Dī</b> and <b>dīs</b> are from <b>deus</b>. Cf. <a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>lēgibus</b>, <a href="#sec501_14">§ 501. 14</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>eī</b>, <i>to her</i>, referring to Juno.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>et ... et</b>, <i>both ... and</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>domum</b>, <a href="#sec501_20">§ 501. 20</a>.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LIV" href = +"#lesson_LIV">LIV.</a> +HERCULES CONQUERS THE MINYÆ</h6> + +<p> +Herculēs ā puerō<span class="tag">1</span> corpus suum gravissimīs et +difficillimīs labōribus exercēbat et hōc modō vīrēs<span class = +"tag">2</span> suās cōnfirmāvit. Iam adulēscēns Thēbīs<span class = +"tag">3</span> habitābat. Ibi Creōn quīdam erat rēx. Minyae, gēns +validissima, erant fīnitimī Thēbānīs, et, quia ōlim Thēbānōs vīcerant, +quotannīs lēgātōs mittēbant et vectīgal postulābant. Herculēs autem +cōnstituit cīvīs suōs hōc vectīgālī līberāre et dixit rēgī, “Dā mihi +exercitum tuum et ego hōs superbōs hostīs superābō.” Hanc condiciōnem +rēx nōn recūsāvit, et Herculēs nūntiōs in omnīs partis dīmīsit et cōpiās +coēgit.<span class="tag">4</span> Tum tempore opportūnissimō proelium +cum Minyīs commīsit. Diū pugnātum est, sed dēnique illī impetum +Thēbānōrum sustinēre nōn potuērunt et terga vertērunt fugamque +cēpērunt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>ā puerō</b>, <i>from boyhood</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>virēs</b>, from <b>vīs</b>. Cf. +<a href="#sec468">§ 468</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>Thēbīs</b>, +<a href="#sec501_36">§ 501. 36. 1</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>coēgit</b>, from <b>cōgō</b>.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap">HE COMMITS A CRIME AND GOES TO THE DELPHIAN ORACLE +TO SEEK EXPIATION</h6> + +<p> +Post hoc proelium Creōn rēx, tantā victōriā laetus, fīliam suam Herculī +in mātrimōnium dedit. Thēbīs Herculēs cum uxōre suā diū vīvēbat et ab +omnibus magnopere amābātur; sed post multōs annōs subitō <span class = +"tag">1</span>in furōrem incidit et ipse suā manū līberōs suōs +interfēcit. Post breve tempus <span class="tag">2</span>ad sānitātem +reductus tantum scelus expiāre cupiēbat et cōnstituit ad ōrāculum +Delphicum iter facere. Hoc autem ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum. Ibi +sedēbat fēmina quaedam quae Pȳthia appellābātur. Ea cōnsilium dabat iīs +quī ad ōrāculum veniēbant.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>in furōrem incidit</b>, <i>went mad</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>ad sānitātem reductus</b>, lit. <i>led back to sanity</i>. What in +good English?</div> + + +<p class="illustration"> +<a name="page199"> </a> +<img src="images/pic199.png" width="419" height="273" +alt="Hercules fights the Nemean lion" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +HERCULES LEONEM SUPERAT</span></p> + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LV" href = +"#lesson_LV">LV.</a> +HERCULES BECOMES SUBJECT TO EURYSTHEUS<span class="tag">1</span> · +HE STRANGLES THE NEME´AN LION</h6> + +<p> +Itaque Herculēs Pȳthiae tōtam rem dēmonstrāvit nec scelus suum abdidit. +Ubi iam Herculēs fīnem fēcit, Pȳthia iussit eum ad urbem Tīryntha<span +class="tag">2</span> discēdere et ibi rēgī Eurystheō sēsē committere. +Quae<span class="tag">3</span> ubi audīvit, Herculēs ad illam urbem +statim contendit et Eurystheō sē in servitūtem trādidit et dīxit, “Quid +prīmum, Ō rēx, mē facere iubēs?” Eurystheus, quī perterrēbātur vī et +corpore ingentī Herculis et eum occidī<span class="tag">4</span> +studēbat, ita respondit: “Audī, Herculēs! Multa mira<span class = +"tag">5</span> nārrantur dē leōne saevissimō quī hōc tempore in valle +Nemaeā omnia vāstat. Iubeō tē, virōrum omnium fortissimum, illō mōnstrō +hominēs līberāre.” Haec verba Herculī maximē placuērunt. “Properābo,” +inquit, +<a name="page200"> </a> +“et parēbō imperiō<span class="tag">6</span> tuō.” Tum in silvās in +quibus leō habitābat statim iter fēcit. Mox feram vīdit et plūrīs +impetūs fēcit; frūstrā tamen, quod neque sagittīs neque ūllō aliō tēlō +mōnstrum vulnerāre potuit. Dēnique Herculēs saevum leōnem suīs +ingentibus bracchiīs rapuit et faucīs eius omnibus vīribus compressit. +Hōc modō brevī tempore eum interfēcit. Tum corpus leōnis ad oppidum in +umerīs reportāvit et pellem posteā prō<span class="tag">7</span> veste +gerēbat. Omnēs autem quō eam regiōnem incolēbant, ubi fāmam dē morte +leōnis ingentis accēpērunt, erant laetissimī et Herculem laudābant +verbīs amplissimīs.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>Eu-rys´theus</b> (pronounced <i>U-ris´thūs</i>) was king of +<i>Tī´ryns</i>, a Grecian city, whose foundation goes back to +prehistoric times.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>Tīryntha</b>, the acc. case of <b>Tīryns</b>, a Greek noun.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>Quae</b>, obj. of <b>audīvit</b>. It is placed first to make a +close connection with the preceding sentence. This is called a +connecting relative.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>occīdī</b>, pres. pass. infin.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>mīra</b>, <i>marvelous things</i>, the adj. being used as a noun. +Cf. <b>omnia</b>, in the next line.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>imperiō</b>, <a href="#sec501_14">§ 501. 14</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>prō</b>, <i>for, instead of</i>.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LVI" href = +"#lesson_LVI">LVI.</a> +SLAYING THE LERNE´AN HYDRA</h6> + +<p> +Deinde Herculēs ab Eurystheō iussus est Hydram occīdere. Itaque cum +amīcō Iolāō<span class="tag">1</span> contendit ad palūdem Lernaeam +ubi Hydra incolēbat. Hoc autem mōnstrum erat serpēns ingēns quae novem +capita habēbat. Mox is mōnstrum repperit et summō<span class = +"tag">2</span> cum perīculō collum eius sinistrā manū rapuit et tenuit. +Tum dextrā manū capita novem abscīdere incēpit, sed frūstrā labōrābat, +quod quotiēns hoc fēcerat totiēns alia nova capita vidēbat. Quod<span +class="tag">3</span> ubi vīdit, statuit capita ignī cremāre. Hōc modō +octō capita dēlēvit, sed extrēmum caput vulnerārī nōn potuit, quod erat +immortāle. Itaque illud sub ingentī saxō Herculēs posuit et ita +victōriam reportāvit.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>Iolāō</b>, abl. of <i>I-o-lā´us</i>, the hero’s best friend.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Note the emphatic position of this adjective.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>Quod ubi</b>, <i>when he saw this</i>, another instance of the +connecting relative. Cf. <ins class="explanation" title = +"‘quae ubi audivit’">p. 199, l. 3.</ins></div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LVII" href = +"#lesson_LVII">LVII.</a> +THE ARCADIAN STAG AND THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR</h6> + +<p> +Postquam Eurystheō mors Hydrae nuntiata est, summus terror animum eius +occupavit. Itaque iussit Herculem capere et ad sē reportāre cervum +quendam; nam minimē cupīvit tantum virum in rēgnō suō tenēre. Hie autem +cervus dīcēbātur aurea cornua et pedēs multō<span class="tag">1</span> +celeriōrēs ventō<span class="tag">2</span> habēre. Prīmum Herculēs +vestīgia animālis petīvit, deinde, ubi cervum ipsum vīdit, omnibus +vīribus currere incēpit. Per plūrimōs diēs contendit nec noctū cessāvit. +Dēnique postquam per +<a name="page201"> </a> +tōtum annum cucurrerat—ita dīcitur—cervum iam dēfessum cēpit +et ad Eurystheum portāvit.</p> + +<p> +Tum vērō iussus est Herculēs aprum quendam capere quī illō tempore agrōs +Erymanthiōs vāstābat et hominēs illīus locī magnopere perterrēbat. +Herculēs laetē negōtium suscēpit et in Arcadiam celeriter sē recēpit. +Ibi mox aprum repperit. Ille autem; simul atque Herculem vīdit, statim +quam<span class="tag">3</span> celerrimē fūgit et metū perterritus in +fossam altam sēsē abdidit. Herculēs tamen summā cum difficultāte eum +extrāxit, nec aper ūllō modō sēsē līberāre potuit, et vīvus ad +Eurystheum portātus est.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>multō</b>, <a href="#sec501_27">§ 501. 27</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>ventō</b>, <a href="#sec501_34">§ 501. 34</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>quam</b>. What is the force of <b>quam</b> with a +superlative?</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LVIII" href = +"#lesson_LVIII">LVIII.</a> +HERCULES CLEANS THE AUGE´AN STABLES AND KILLS THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS</h6> + +<p> +Deinde Eurystheus Herculī hunc labōrem multō graviōrem imperāvit. +Augēās<span class="tag">1</span> quīdam, quī illō tempore rēgnum +Ēlidis<span class="tag">2</span> obtinēbat, tria mīlia boum<span class += "tag">3</span> habēbat. Hī<span class="tag">4</span> ingentī stabulō +continēbantur. Hoc stabulum, quod per trīgintā annōs nōn pūrgātum erat, +Herculēs intrā spatium ūnīus diēī pūrgāre iussus est. llle negōtium +alacriter suscēpit, et prīmum labōre gravissimō maximam fossam fōdit per +quam flūminis aquam dē montibus ad mūrum stabulī dūxit. Tum partem +parvam mūrī dēlēvit et aquam in stabulum immīsit. Hōc modō fīnm operis +fēcit ūnō diē facillimē.</p> + +<p> +Post paucōs diēs Herculēs ad oppidum Stymphālum iter fēcit; nam +Eurystheus iusserat eum avis Stymphālidēs occīdere. Hae avēs rōstra +ferrea habēbant et hominēs miserōs dēvorābant. Ille, postquam ad locum +pervēnit, lacum vīdit in quō avēs incolēbant. Nūllō tamen modō Herculēs +avibus adpropinquāre potuit; lacus enim nōn ex aquā sed ē līmō +cōnstitit.<span class="tag">5</span> Dēnique autem avēs <span class = +"tag">6</span>dē aliquā causā perterritae in aurās volāvērunt et magna +pars eārum sagittīs Herculis occīsa est.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>Augēās</b>, pronounced in English <i>Aw-jē´as</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>Ēlidis</b>, gen. case of <b>Ēlis</b>, a district of Greece.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>boum</b>, gen. plur. of <b>bōs</b>. For construction see +<a href="#sec501_11">§ 501. 11</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>ingentī stabulō</b>, abl. of means, but in our idiom we should say +<i>in a huge stable</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>cōnstitit</b>, from <b>consto</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>dē aliquā causā perterritae</b>, <i>frightened for some +reason</i>.</div> + + +<p class="illustration"> +<a name="page202"> </a> +<img src="images/pic202.png" width="275" height="270" +alt="Hercules and the Cretan bull" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +HERCULES ET TAURUS</span></p> + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LIX" href = +"#lesson_LIX">LIX.</a> +HERCULES CAPTURES THE CRETAN BULL AND CARRIES HIM LIVING TO +EURYSTHEUS</h6> + +<p> +Tum Eurystheus iussit Herculem portāre vīvum ex īnsulā Crētā taurum +quendam saevissimum. Ille igitur nāvem cōnscendit—nam ventus erat +idōneus—atque statim solvit. Postquam trīduum nāvigavit, incolumis +īnsulae adpropinquāvit. Deinde, postquam omnia parāta sunt, contendit ad +eam regiōnem quam taurus vexābat. Mox taurum vīdit ac sine ūllō metū +cornua eius corripuit. Tum ingentī labōre mōnstrum ad nāvem trāxit atque +cum hāc praedā ex īnsulā discessit.</p> + +<h6 class="subchap">THE FLESH-EATING HORSES OF DIOME´DES</h6> + +<p> +Postquam ex īnsulā Crētā domum pervēnit, Hercules ab Eurystheō in +Thrāciam missus est. Ibi Diomēdēs quīdam, vir saevissimus, rēgnum +obtinēbat et omnīs ā fīnibus suīs prohibēbat. Herculēs iussus erat equōs +Diomedis rapere et ad Eurystheum dūcere. Hī autem equī hominēs +miserrimōs dēvorābant dē quibus rēx supplicium sūmere cupiēbat. Herculēs +ubi pervēnit, prīmum equōs ā rēge postulāvit, sed rēx eōs dēdere +recūsāvit. Deinde ille īrā commōtus rēgem occīdit et corpus eius equīs +trādidit. Itaque is quī anteā multōs necāverat, ipse eōdem suppliciō +necātus est. Et equī, nūper saevissima animālia, postquam dominī suī +corpus dēvorāvērunt, mānsuētī erant.</p> + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="page203"> </a><a name="reading_LX" href = +"#lesson_LX">LX.</a> +THE BELT OF HIPPOL´YTE, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS</h6> + +<p> +Gēns Amāzonum<span class="tag">1</span> dīcitur<span class = +"tag">2</span> omnīnō ex mulieribus fuisse. Hae cum virīs proelium +committere nōn verēbantur. Hippolytē, Amāzonum rēgīna, balteum habuit +pulcherrimum. Hunc balteum possidēre fīlia Eurystheī vehementer +cupiēbat. Itaque Eurystheus iussit Herculem impetum in Amāzonēs facere. +Ille multīs cum cōpiīs nāvem cōnscendīt et paucis diēbus in Amāzonum +fīnīs pervēnit, ac balteum postulāvit. Eum trādere ipsa Hipporytē quidem +cupīvit; reliquīs tamen Amazonibus<span class="tag">3</span> +persuādēre nōn potuit. Postrīdiē Herculēs proelium commīsit. Multās +hōrās utrimque quam fortissimē pugnātum est Dēnique tamen mulieres terga +vertērunt et fugā salūtem petiērunt. Multae autem captae sunt, in quō +numerō erat ipsa Hippolytē. Herculēs postquam balteum accēpit, omnibus +captīvīs lībertātem dedit.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. A fabled tribe of warlike women living in Asia Minor.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>omnīnō</b>, etc., <i>to have consisted entirely of +women.</i></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>Amāzonibus</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501. 14</a>.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap">THE DESCENT TO HADES AND THE DOG CER´BERUS</h6> + +<p class="illustration floatright"> +<img src="images/pic203.png" width="260" height="318" +alt="Hercules and Cerberus" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +HERCULES ET CERBERUS</span></p> + +<p> +Iamque ūnus modo ē duodecim labōribus relinquēbātur sed inter omnīs hic +erat difficillimus. Iussus est enim canem Cerberum<span class = +"tag">4</span> ex Orcō in lūcem trahere. Ex Orcō autem nēmō anteā +reverterat. Praetereā Cerberus erat mōnstrum maximē horribile et tria +capita habēbat. Herculēs postquam imperia Eurystheī accēpit, statim +profectus est et in Orcum dēscendit. Ibi vērō nōn sine summō periculō +Cerberum manibus rapuit et ingentī cum labōre ex Orcō in lūcem et +adurbem Eurystheī trāxit.</p> + +<p> +Sic duodecim laborēs illī<span class="tag">5</span> intrā duodecim +annōs cōnfectī sunt. Dēmum post longam vītam Herculēs ā deīs receptus +est et Iuppiter fīliō suō dedit immortālitātem.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. The dog Cerberus guarded the gate of Orcus, the abode of the +dead.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>illī</b>, <i>those famous.</i></div> + +<hr /> + +<h5 class="section"><a name="page204"> </a>P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN +BOY<span class="tag">1</span></h5> + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXI" href = +"#lesson_LXI">LXI.</a> +PUBLIUS IS BORN NEAR POMPE´II</h6> + +<p> +P. Cornēlius Lentulus,<span class="tag">2</span> adulēscēns Rōmānus, +amplissimā familiā<span class="tag">3</span> nātus est; nam pater +eius, Mārcus, erat dux perītissimus, cuius virtūte<span class = +"tag">4</span> et cōnsiliō multae victōriae reportātae erant; atque +mater eius, lūlia, ā clārissimīs maiōribus orta est. Nōn vērō in urbe +sed rūrī<span class="tag">5</span> Pūblius nātus est, et cum mātre +habitābat in vīllā quae in maris lītore et sub radīcibus magnī montis +sita erat. Mōns autem erat Vesuvius et parva urbs Pompēiī octō +mīlia<span class="tag">6</span> passuum<span class="tag">7</span> +aberat. In Italiā antīquā erant plūrimae quidem villae et pulchrae, sed +inter hās omnīs nūlla erat pulchrior quam villa Mārcī Iūliaeque. Frōns +vīllae mūrō a maris fluctibus mūniēbātur. Hinc mare et lītora et īnsulae +longē lātēque cōnspicī<span class="tag">8</span> ac saepe nāvēs longae +et onerāriae poterant. Ā tergō et ab utrōque latere agrī ferācissimī +patēbant. Undique erat magna variōrum flōrum cōpia et multa ingentium +arborum genera quae aestāte<span class="tag">9</span> umbram +<a name="page205"> </a> +dēfessīs agricolīs grātissimam adferēbant. Praetereā erant<span class = +"tag">1</span> in agrīs stabulīsque multa animālium genera, nōn sōlum +equī et bovēs sed etiam rārae avēs. Etiam erat<span class = +"tag">10</span> magna piscīna plēna piscium; nam Rōmānī piscīs +dīligenter colēbant.</p> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic204.png" width="351" height="141" +alt="Roman boys" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +PUERI ROMANI</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. This story is fiction with certain historical facts in Cæsar’s career +as a setting. However, the events chronicled might have happened, and no +doubt did happen to many a Roman youth.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. A Roman had three names, as, <b>Pūblius</b> (given name), +<b>Cornēlius</b> (name of the <i>gēns</i> or clan), <b>Lentulus</b> +(family name).</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Abl. of source, which is akin to the abl. of separation (<a href = +"#sec501_32">§ 501. 32</a>).</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>virtūte</b>, <a href="#sec501_24">§ 501. 24</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>rūrī</b>, +<a href="#sec501_36">§ 501. 36. 1</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>mīlia</b>, <a href="#sec501_21">§ 501. 21</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>passuum</b>, <a href="#sec501_11">§ 501. 11</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>cōnspicī</b>, infin. with poterant, +<a href="#sec215">§ 215</a>. Consult the map of +Italy for the approximate location of the villa.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. <b>aestāte</b>, <a href="#sec501_35">§ 501. 35</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. How are the forms of <b>sum</b> translated when they precede the +subject?</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXII" href = +"#lesson_LXII">LXII.</a> +HIS LIFE ON THE FARM</h6> + +<p> +Huius vīllae Dāvus, servus Mārcī, est vīlicus<span class = +"tag">1</span> et cum Lesbiā uxōre omnia cūrat. Vīlicus et uxor in casā +humilī, mediīs in agrīs sitā, habitant. Ā prīmā lūce ūsque ad vesperum +sē<span class="tag">2</span> gravibus labōribus exercent ut omnī rēs +bene gerant.<span class="tag">3</span> Plūrima enim sunt officia Dāvī +et Lesbiae. Vīlicus servōs regit nē tardī sint<span class = +"tag">4</span>; mittit aliōs quī agrōs arent,<span class = +"tag">4</span> aliōs quī hortōs inrigent,<span class="tag">4</span> et +opera in<span class="tag">5</span> tōtum diem impōnit. Lesbia autem +omnibus vestīmenta parat, cibum coquit, pānem facit.</p> + +<p class="illustration floatright"> +<img src="images/pic205.png" width="239" height="200" +alt="Roman cottage" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +CASA ROMANA</span></p> + +<p> +Nōn longē ab hōrum casā et in summō colle situm surgēbat domicilium +ipsīus dominī dominaeque amplissimum. Ibi plūrīs annōs<span class = +"tag">6</span> Pūblius cum mātre vītam fēlīcem agēbat; nam pater eius, +Mārcus, in terrīs longinquīs gravia reī pūblicae bella gerēbat nec +domum<span class="tag">7</span> revertī poterat. Neque puerō quidem +molestum est rūrī<span class="tag">8</span> vīvere. Eum multae rēs +dēlectant. Magnopere amat silvās, agrōs, equōs, bovēs, gallīnās, avīs, +reliquaque animālia. Saepe plūrīs hōrās<span class="tag">9</span> ad +mare sedet quō<span class="tag">9</span> melius fluctūs et nāvīs +spectet. Nec omnīnō sine comitibus erat, quod Lȳdia, Dāvī fīlia, quae +erat eiusdem aetātis, cum eō adhūc infante lūdēbat, inter quōs cum annīs +amīcitia crēscēbat. Lȳdia nūllum alium ducem dēligēbat et Pūblius ab +puellae latere rārō +<a name="page206"> </a> +discēdēbat. Itaque sub clārō Italiae sōle Pūblius et Lȳdia, amīcī +fidēlissimī, per campōs collīsque cotīdiē vagābantur. Modo in silvā +fīnitimā lūdebant ubi Pūblius sagittīs<span class="tag">10</span> +celeribus avis dēiciēbat et Lȳdia corōnīs variōrum flōrum comās suās +ōrnābat; modo aquam et cibum portābant ad Dāvum servōsque dēfessōs quī +agrōs colēbant: modo in casā parvā aut hōrās lactās in lūdō cōnsūmēbant +aut auxilium dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum virō et servīs parābat vel aliās +rēs domesticās agēbat.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. The <b>vīlicus</b> was a slave who acted as overseer of a farm. He +directed the farming operations and the sale of the produce.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note205_2">2.</a> <b>se</b>, reflexive pron., object of +<b>exercent</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. For the construction, see <a href = +"#sec501_40">§ 501. 40</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>in</b>, <i>for</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>annōs</b>, <a href="#sec501_21">§ 501. 21</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>domum</b>, <a href="#sec501_20">§ 501. 20</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>rūrī</b>, +<a href="#sec501_36">§ 501. 36. 1</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>hōrās</b>, cf. <b>annōs</b>, line 17.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. <b>quō ... spectet</b>, +<a href="#sec349">§§ 349</a>, +<a href="#sec350">350</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>sagittis</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_24">§ 501. 24</a>.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXIII" href = +"#lesson_LXIII">LXIII.</a> +MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED · JULIA RECEIVES +A LETTER FROM HIM</h6> + +<p> +Iam Pūblius<span class="tag">1</span> decem annōs habēbat cum M. +Cornēlius Lentulus, pater eius, quī quīnque annōs<span class = +"tag">2</span> grave bellum in Asiā gerēbat, non sine glōriā domum<span +class="tag">3</span> revertēbātur. Namque multa secunda proelia +fēcerat, maximās hostium cōpiās dēlēverat, multās urbīs populo<span +class="tag">4</span> Rōmānō inimīcās cēperat. Primum nūntius pervēnit +quī ā Lentulō<span class="tag">5</span> missus erat<span class = +"tag">6</span> ut profectiōnem suam nūntiāret. Deinde plūrīs diēs<span +class="tag">7</span> reditum virī optimī māter fīliusque exspectābant +et animīs<span class="tag">8</span> sollicitis deōs immortālīs frūstrā +colēbant. Tum dēmum hās litterās summo cum gaudiō accēpērunt:</p> + +<p> +<span class="tag">9</span>“Mārcus Iūliae suac salūtem dīcit. Sī valēs, +bene est; ego valeō. Ex Graeciā, quō<span class="tag">10</span> +praeter spem et opīniōnem hodiē pervēnī, hās litterās ad tē scribō. +Namque nāvis nostra frācta est; nōs autem—<span class = +"tag">11</span>dīs est gratia—incolumes sumus. Ex Asiae<span class += "tag">12</span> portū nāvem lēnī ventō solvimus. Postquam<span class = +"tag">13</span> altum mare tenuimus <span class="tag">14</span>nec iam +ūllae terrae appāruērunt, caelum undique et undique fluctūs, subitō +magna tempestās coorta est et nāvem vehementissimē adflīxit. Ventīs +fluctibusque +<a name="page207"> </a> +adflīctātī<span class="tag">15</span> nec sōlem discernere nec cursum +tenēre poterāmus et omnia praesentem mortem intentābant. Trīs diēs<span +class="tag">16</span> et trīs noctīs<span class="tag">16</span> sine +rēmīs vēlīsque agimur. Quārtō diē<span class="tag">17</span> prīmum +terra vīsa est et violenter in saxa, quae nōn longē ā lītore aberant, +dēiectī sumus. Tum vērō maiōra perīcula timēbāmus; sed nauta quīdam, vir +fortissimus, ex nāve in fluctūs īrātōs dēsiluit <span class = +"tag">18</span>ut fūnem ad lītus portāret; quam rem summō labōre vix +effēcit. Ita omnēs servātī sumus. Grātiās igitur et honōrem Neptūnō +dēbēmus, quī deus nōs ē perīculō ēripuit. Nunc Athēnīs<span class = +"tag">19</span> sum, quō cōnfūgī ut mihi paucās hōrās ad quiētem +darem.<span class="tag">20</span> Quam prīmum autem aliam nāvem +condūcam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum cōnficiam et domum<span class = +"tag">21</span> ad meōs cārōs revertar. Salūtā nostrum Pūblium +amīcissimē et valētūdinem tuam cūrā dīligenter. <span class = +"tag">22</span>Kalendīs Mārtiīs.”</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note206_1">1.</a> <i>was ten years old</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>annōs</b>, <a href="#sec501_21">§ 501. 21</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>domum</b>, <a href="#sec501_20">§ 501. 20</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>populō</b>, dat. with inimīcās, cf. <a href = +"#sec501_16">§ 501. 16</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>Lentulō</b>, <a href="#sec501_33">§ 501. 33</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>ut ... nūntiāret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_40">§ 501. 40</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>diēs</b>, cf. annōs, 1. 9.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>animīs</b>, abl. of manner. Do you see one in line 15?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. This is the usual form for the beginning of a Latin letter. First we +have the greeting, and then the expression Sī valēs, etc. The date of +the letter is usually given at the end, and also the place of writing, +if not previously mentioned in the letter.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>quō</b>, <i>where</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +11. <b>dīs est grātia</b>, <i>thank God</i>, in our idiom.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in Asia Minor.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +13. <b>altum mare tenuimus</b>, <i>we were well out to sea.</i></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +14. <b>nec iam</b>, <i>and no longer</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +16. <b>adflīctātī</b>, perf. passive part. <i>tossed about</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +16. What construction?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +17. <b>diē</b>, <a href="#sec501_35">§ 501. 35</a>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +18. <b>ut ... portāret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_40">§ 501. 40</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +19. <b>Athēnīs</b>, <a href="#sec501_36">§ 501. +36. 1</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +20. <b>darem</b>, cf. <b>portāret</b>, l. 6.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +21. Why not <b>ad domum</b>?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +22. <b>Kalendīs Mārtiīs</b>, <i>the Calends</i> or <i>first of +March</i>; abl. of time, giving the date of the letter.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXIV" href = +"#lesson_LXIV">LXIV.</a> +LENTULUS REACHES HOME · PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS FATHER</h6> + +<p> +Post paucōs diēs nāvis M. Cornēlī Lentulī portum Mīsēnī<span class = +"tag">1</span> petiit, quī portus nōn longē ā Pompēiīs situs est; quō in +portū classis Rōmānā pōnēbātur et ad pugnās nāvālīs ōrnābātur. Ibi nāvēs +omnium generum cōnspicī poterant. Iamque incrēdibilī celeritāte nāvis +longa quā Lentulus vehēbātur lītorī adpropinquāvit; nam nōn sōlum ventō +sed etiam rēmīs impellēbātur. In altā puppe stābat gubernātor et nōn +procul aliquī mīlitēs Rōmānī cum armīs splendidīs, inter quōs +clārissimus erat Lentulus. Deinde servī rēmīs contendere +cessāvērunt<span class="tag">2</span>; nautae vēlum contrāxērunt et +ancorās iēcērunt. Lentulus statim ē nāvī ēgressus est et<span class = +"tag">3</span> ad villam suam properāvit. Eum Iūlia, Pūblius, tōtaque +familia excēpērunt. <span class="tag">4</span>Quī complexūs, quanta +gaudia fuērunt!</p> + +<p> +Postrīdiē eius diēī Lentulus fīliō suō dīxit, “Venī, mī Pūblī, mēcum. +<a name="page208"> </a> +Pompēiōs iter hodiē faciam. Māter tua suādet<span class="tag">5</span> +ut frūctūs et cibāria emam. Namque plūrīs amīcōs ad cēnam vocāvimus et +multīs rēbus<span class="tag">6</span> egēmus. Ea hortātur ut quam +prīmum proficīscāmur.” “Libenter, mī pater,” inquit Pūblius. “Tēcum esse +mihi semper est grātum; nec Pompēiōs umquam vīdī. Sine morā proficīscī +parātus sum.” Tum celeriter currum cōnscendērunt et ad urbis mūrōs vectī +sunt. Stabiānā portā<span class="tag">7</span> urbem ingressī sunt. +Pūblius strātās viās mīrātur et saxa altiōra quae in mediō disposita +erant et altās orbitās quās rotae inter haec saxa fēcerant. Etiam +strepitum mīrātur, multitūdinem, carrōs, fontīs, domōs, tabernās, +forum<span class="tag">8</span> cum statuīs, templīs, reliquīsque +aedificiīs pūblicīs.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Misenum had an excellent harbor, and under the emperor Augustus +became the chief naval station of the Roman fleet. See map of +Italy.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. Why is the infinitive used with <b>cessāvērunt</b>?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. See Plate I, Frontispiece.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. Observe that these words are exclamatory.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. What construction follows <b>suādeō</b>? <a href = +"#sec501_41">§ 501. 41</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>rēbus</b>, <a href="#sec501_32">§ 501. 32</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note208_7">7.</a> This is the abl. of the <i>way by which</i> +motion takes place, sometimes called the abl. of route. The construction +comes under the general head of the abl. of means. For the scene here +described, see Plate II, <a href="#page53">p. 53</a>, +and notice especially the stepping-stones for crossing the street +(<b>saxa quae in mediō disposita erant</b>).</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. The forum of Pompeii was surrounded by temples, public halls, and +markets of various sorts. Locate Pompeii on the map.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXV" href = +"#lesson_LXV">LXV.</a> +A DAY AT POMPEII</h6> + +<p> +Apud forum ē currū dēscendērunt et Lentulus dīxit, “Hīc sunt multa +tabernārum genera, mī Pūblī. Ecce, trāns viam est popīna! <span class = +"tag">1</span>Hoc genus tabernārum cibāria vēndit. Frūctūs quoque ante +iānuam stant. Ibi cibāria mea emam.” “Optimē,” respondit Pūblius. “At +ubi, mī pater, crūstula emere possumus? Namque māter nōbīs imperāvit +<span class="tag">2</span>ut haec quoque parārēmus. Timeō ut<span +class="tag">3</span> ista popīna vēndat crūstula.” “Bene dīcis,” +inquit Lentulus. “At nōnne vidēs illum fontem ā dextrā ubi aqua per +leōnis caput fluit? In illō ipsō locō est taberna pīstōris quī sine +dubiō vēndit crūstula.”</p> + +<p> +Brevī tempore<span class="tag">4</span> omnia erant parāta, iamque +<span class="tag">5</span>quīnta hōra erat. Deinde Lentulus et fīlius +ad caupōnam properāvērunt, quod famē<span class="tag">6</span> et +<a name="page209"> </a> +sitī<span class="tag">7</span> urgēbantur. Ibi sub arboris umbrā +sēdērunt et puerō imperāvērunt ut sibi<span class="tag">8</span> cibum +et vīnum daret. Huic imperiō<span class="tag">9</span> puer celeriter +pāruit. Tum laetī sē<span class="tag">10</span> ex labōre +refēcērunt.</p> + +<p> +Post prandium prefectī sunt ut alia urbis spectācula vidērent. Illō +tempore fuērunt Pompēiīs<span class="tag">11</span> multa templa, duo +theātra, thermae magnumque amphitheātrum, quae omnia post paucōs annōs +flammīs atque incendiīs Vesuvī et terrae mōtū dēlēta sunt. Ante hanc +calamitātem autem hominēs <span class="tag">1</span>nihil dē monte +veritī sunt. In amphitheātrō quidem Pūblius morārī cupīvit ut spectācula +gladiātōria vidēret, quae in<span class="tag">13</span> illum ipsum +diem prōscrīpta erant et iam <span class="tag">15</span>rē vērā +incēperant. Sed Lentulus dīxit, “Morārī, Pūblī, <span class = +"tag">16</span>vereor ut possīmus. Iam decima hōra est et via est longa. +Tempus suādet ut quam prīmum domum revertāmur.” Itaque servō imperāvit +ut equōs iungeret, et sōlis occāsū<span class="tag">16</span> ad +vīllam pervēnērunt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. We say, <i>this kind of shop</i>; Latin, <i>this kind of +shops</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>ut ... parārēmus</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_41">§ 501. 41</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. How is <b>ut</b> translated after a verb of fearing? How <b>nē</b>? +Cf. <a href="#sec501_42">§ 501. 42</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>tempore</b>, <a href="#sec501_35">§ 501. 35</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>quīnta hōra</b>. The Romans numbered the hours of the day +consecutively from sunrise to sunset, dividing the day, whether long or +short, into twelve equal parts.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>famē</b> shows a slight irregularity in that the abl. ending +<b>-e</b> is long.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>sitis</b>, <i>thirst</i>, has <b>-im</b> in the acc. sing., +<b>-ī</b> in the abl. sing., and no plural.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. Observe that the reflexive pronoun <b>sibi</b> does not here refer to +the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands, but to the +subject of the main clause. This so-called <i>indirect</i> use of the +reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. What case? Cf. <a href="#sec501_14">§ 501. 14</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>sē</b>, cf. <ins class="explanation" title = +"‘se ... exercent’">p. 205, l. 7</ins>, and <a href = +"#note205_2">note</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +11. <b>Pompēiīs</b>, <a href="#sec501_36">§ 501. +36. 1</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. <b>nihil ... veritī sunt</b>, <i>had no fears of the +mountain</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +13. <b>in</b>, <i>for</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +14. <b>rē vērā</b>, <i>in fact</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +15. <b>vereor ut</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_42">§ 501. 42</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +16. <b>occāsū</b>, <a href="#sec501_35">§ 501. 35</a>.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXVI" href = +"#lesson_LXVI">LXVI.</a> +LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON</h6> + +<p> +Ā prīmīs annīs quidem Iūlia ipsa fīlium suum docuerat, et Pūblius nōn +sōlum <span class="tag">1</span>pūrē et Latīnē loquī poterat sed etiam +commodē legēbat et scrībēbat. Iam Ennium<span class="tag">2</span> +aliōsque poētās lēgerat. Nunc vērō Pūblius <span class = +"tag">3</span>duodecim annōs habēbat; itaque eī pater bonum magistrum, +<span class="tag">4</span>virum omnī doctrīnā et virtūte ōrnātissimum, +parāvit, <span class="tag">5</span>quī Graeca, mūsicam, aliāsque artīs +docēret. <span class="tag">6</span>Namque illīs temporibus omnēs ferē +gentēs Graecē loquēbantur. Cum Pūbliō aliī puerī, Lentulī amīcōrum +<a name="page210"> </a> +fīliī,<span class="tag">7</span> discēbant. Nam saepe apud Rōmānōs mōs +erat <span class="tag">8</span>nōn in lūdum fīliōs mittere sed domī +per magistrum docēre. Cotīdiē discipulī cum magistrō in peristȳlō<span +class="tag">9</span> Mārcī domūs sedēbant. Omnēs puerī bullam auream, +orīginis honestae signum, in collō gerēbant, et omnēs togā praetextā +amictī erant, <span class="tag">10</span>quod nōndum sēdecim +annōs<span class="tag">11</span> nātī sunt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>pūrē ... poterat</b>, freely, <i>could speak Latin well</i>. What +is the literal translation?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>Ennium</b>, the father of Latin poetry.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>duodecim ... habēbat</b>, cf. <ins class="explanation" title = +"‘Publius ... decem annos habebat’">p. 206, l. 8</ins>, and <a href = +"#note206_1">note</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>virum</b>, etc., <i>a very well-educated and worthy man</i>. +Observe the Latin equivalent.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>quī ... docēret</b>, a relative clause of purpose. Cf. +<a href="#sec349">§§ 349</a>, +<a href="#sec350">350</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. In Cæsar’s time Greek was spoken more widely in the Roman world than +any other language.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>fīliī</b>, in apposition with <b>puerī</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>nōn ... mittere</b>. This infinitive clause is the subject of +<b>erat</b>. Cf. <a href="#sec216">§ 216</a>. The +same construction is repeated in the next clause, <b>domī ... +docēre</b>. The object of <b>docēre</b> is <b>fīliōs</b> +understood.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. The peristyle was an open court surrounded by a colonnade.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note210_10">10.</a> At the age of sixteen a boy laid aside +the <i>bulla</i> and the <i>toga praetexta</i> and assumed <i>toga +virīlis</i> or manly gown.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<a name="note210_11">11.</a> <b>annōs</b>, +<a href="#sec501_21">§ 501. 21</a>. The expression <b>nōndum +sēdecim +annōs nātī sunt</b> means literally, <i>they were born not yet sixteen +years</i>. This is the usual expression for age. What is the English +equivalent?</div> + +<h6 class="subchap">SCENE IN SCHOOL · AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION</h6> + +<p class="illustration floatright"> +<img src="images/pic210.png" width="175" height="167" +alt="woman with tablet and stylus" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +TABULA ET STILUS</span></p> + +<p> +<span class="smallcaps">Discipulī.</span> Salvē, magister.</p> + +<p> +<span class="smallcaps">Magister.</span> Vōs quoque omnēs, salvēte. +<span class="tag">1</span>Tabulāsne portāvistis et stilōs?</p> + +<p> +D. Portāvimus.</p> + +<p> +M. Iam fābulam Aesōpī<span class="tag">2</span> discēmus. Ego legam, +vōs in tabulīs scrībite. Et tū, Pūblī, dā mihi ē capsā<span class = +"tag">3</span> Aesōpī volūmen.<span class="tag">4</span> Iam audīte +omnēs: <i>Vulpēs et Ūva</i>.</p> + +<p> +Vulpēs ōlim famē coācta ūvam dēpendentem vīdit. Ad ūvam saliēbat, sūmere +cōnāns. Frūstrā diū cōnāta, tandem īrāta erat et salīre cessāns dīxit: +“Illa ūva est acerba; acerbam ūvam <span class="tag">5</span>nihil +moror.”</p> + +<p> +Omnia´ne scrīpsistis, puerī?</p> + +<p> +D. Omnia, magister.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax. The writing was +done with a stylus, a pointed instrument like a pencil, made of bone or +metal, with a knob at the other end. The knob was used to smooth over +the wax in making erasures and corrections.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>Aesōpī</b>, the famous Greek to whom are ascribed most of the +fables current in the ancient world.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. A cylindrical box for holding books and papers, shaped like a +hatbox.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. Ancient books were written on rolls made of papy´rus.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>nihil moror</b>, <i>I care nothing for</i>.</div> + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="page211"> </a><a name="reading_LXVII" href = +"#lesson_LXVII">LXVII.</a> +PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION</h6> + +<p> +Iamque Pūblius, <span class="tag">1</span>quīndecim annōs nātus, <span +class="tag">2</span>prīmīs litterārum elementīs cōnfectīs, Rōmam +petere voluit ut scholās grammaticōrum et philosophōrum frequentāret. Et +facillimē patrī<span class="tag">3</span> suō, qui ipse philosophiae +studiō tenēbātur, persuāsit. Itaque <span class="tag">4</span>omnibus +rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātīs, pater fīliusque equīs animōsīs +vectī<span class="tag">5</span> ad magnam urbem profectī sunt. Eōs +proficīscentīs Iūlia tōtaque familia vōtīs precibusque prōsecūtae sunt. +Tum per loca<span class="tag">6</span> plāna et collis silvīs vestītōs +viam ingressī sunt ad Nōlam, quod oppidum eōs hospitiō modicō excēpit. +Nōlae<span class="tag">7</span> duās hōrās morātī sunt, quod sōl +merīdiānus ārdēbat. Tum rēctā viā<span class="tag">8</span> circiter +vīgintī mīlia<span class="tag">9</span> passuum<span class = +"tag">9</span> Capuam,<span class="tag">9</span> ad īnsignem Campāniae +urbem, contendērunt. Eō<span class="tag">10</span> multā nocte dēfessī +pervēnērunt. <span class="tag">11</span>Postrīdiē eius diēī, somnō et +cibō recreātī, Capuā discessērunt et <span class="tag">13</span>viam +Appiam ingressī, quae Capuam tangit et ūsque ad urbem Rōmam dūcit, ante +merīdiem Sinuessam pervēnērunt, quod oppidum tangit mare. Inde prīmā +lūce proficīscentēs Formiās<span class="tag">13</span> properāvērunt, +ubi Cicerō, ōrātor clarissimus, quī forte apud vīllam suam erat, eōs +benignē excēpit. Hinc <span class="tag">14</span>itinere vīgintī +quīnque mīlium passuum factō, Tarracīnam, oppidum in saxīs altissimīs +situm, vīdērunt. Iamque nōn longē aberant palūdēs magnae, quae multa +mīlia passuum undique patent. Per eās pedestris via est gravis et in +nāve viātōrēs vehuntur. Itaque <span class="tag">15</span>equīs +relictīs Lentulus et Pūblius nāvem cōnscendērunt, et, ūnā nocte in +trānsitū cōnsūmptā, Forum Appī vēnērunt. Tum brevī tempore Arīcia eōs +excēpit. Hoc oppidum, in colle +<a name="page212"> </a> +situm, ab urbe Romā sēdecim mīlia passuum abest. Inde dēclivis via ūsque +ad latum campum dūcit ubi Rōma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Pūblius vēnit et +Rōmam adhūc remōtam, maximam tōtīus orbis terrārum urbem, cōnspēxit, +summā admīrātiōne et gaudiō adfectus est. Sine morā dēscendērunt, et, +mediō intervāllō quam celerrimē superātō, urbem portā Capēnā ingressī +sunt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>quīndecim</b>, etc., cf. <ins class="explanation" title = +"‘nondum sedecim annos nati sunt’">p. 210, l. 5</ins>, and <a href = +"#note210_11">note</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>prīmīs ... cōnfectīs</b>, abl. abs. Cf. <a href = +"#sec501_28">§ 501. 28</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>patrī</b>, dat. with <b>persuāsit</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>omnibus ... comparātīs</b>, cf. note 2.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>vectī</b>, perf. pass. part. of <b>vehō</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. What is there peculiar about the gender of this word?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>Nōlae</b>, locative case, <a href = +"#sec501_36">§ 501. 36</a>.2.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>viā</b>, cf. <b>portā</b>, <ins class="explanation" title = +"‘porta ... ingressi sunt’">p. 208, l. 7</ins>, and <a href = +"#note208_7">note</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. What construction?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>Eō</b>, adv. <i>there</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +11. <b>Postrīdiē eius diēī</b>, <i>on the next day</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. <b>viam Appiam</b>, the most famous of all Roman roads, the great +highway from Rome to Tarentum and Brundisium, with numerous branches. +Locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in the lines that +follow.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +13. <b>Formiās</b>, <i>Formiæ</i>, one of the most beautiful spots on +this coast, and a favorite site for the villas of rich Romans.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +14. <b>itinere ... factō</b>, abl. abs. The gen. <b>mīlium</b> modifies +<b>itinere</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +15. <b>equīs relictīs</b>. What construction? Point out a similar one in +the next line.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXVIII" href = +"#lesson_LXVIII">LXVIII.</a> +PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS</h6> + +<p class="illustration floatright"> +<img src="images/pic212.png" width="151" height="226" +alt="Bulla" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +BULLA</span></p> + +<p> +Pūblius iam tōtum annum Rōmae morābātur<span class="tag">1</span> +multaque urbis spectācula vīderat et multōs sibi<span class = +"tag">2</span> amīcōs parāverat. Eī<span class="tag">3</span> omnēs +favēbant; <span class="tag">4</span>dē eō omnēs bene spērāre poterant. +Cotīdiē Pūblius scholas philosophōrum et grammaticōrum tantō studiō +frequentābat <span class="tag">5</span>ut aliīs clārum exemplum +praebēret. Saepe erat cum patre in cūriā<span class="tag">6</span>; +quae rēs effēcit <span class="tag">7</span>ut summōs reī pūblicae +virōs et audīret et vidēret. Ubi <span class="tag">8</span>sēdecim +annōs natus est, bullam<span class="tag">9</span> auream et togam +praetextam mōre Rōmānō dēposuit atque virīlem togam sūmpsit. Virīlis +autem toga erat omnīnō alba, sed praetexta clāvum purpureum in margine +habēbat. <span class="tag">10</span>Dēpōnere togam praetextam et +sūmere togam virīlem erat rēs grātissima puerō Rōmānō, quod posteā vir +et cīvis Rōmānus habēbātur.</p> + +<p> +<span class="tag">11</span>Hīs rēbus gestīs Lentulus ad uxōrem suam +hās litterās scrīpsit:</p> + +<p> +<span class="tag">12</span>“Mārcus Iūliae suae salūtem dīcit. Sī +valēs, bene est; ego valeō. Accēpī tuās litterās. Hās nunc Rōmā per +servum fidēlissimum mittō ut dē Pūbliō nostrō quam celerrimē sciās. Nam +hodiē eī togam virīlem dedī. Ante lucem surrēxī<span class = +"tag">13</span> et prīmum bullam auream dē collō eius +<a name="page213"> </a> +remōvī. Hāc Laribus<span class="tag">14</span> cōnsecrātā et sacrīs +factīs, eum togā virīlī vestīvī. Interim plūrēs amīcī cum multitūdine +optimōrum cīvium et honestōrum clientium pervēnerant <span class = +"tag">15</span>quī Pūblium domō in forum dēdūcerent. Ibi in cīvitātem +receptus est et nōmen, Pūblius Cornēlius Lentulus, apud cīvīs Rōmānōs +ascrīptum est. Omnēs eī amīcissimī fuērunt et magna<span class = +"tag">16</span> de eō praedīcunt. Sapientior enim aequālibus<span class += "tag">17</span> est et magnum ingenium habet. <span class = +"tag">18</span>Cūrā ut valeās.”</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>morābātur</b>, translate as if pluperfect.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>sibi</b>, <i>for himself</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>Eī</b>, why dat.?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>dē ... poterant</b>, in English, <i>all regarded him as a very +promising youth;</i> but what does the Latin say?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>ut ... praebēret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_43">§ 501. 43</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>cūriā</b>, a famous building near the Roman Forum.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>ut ... audīret et vidēret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_44">§ 501. 44</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>sēdecim, etc.</b>, cf. <ins class="explanation" title = +"‘nondum sedecim annos nati sunt’">p. 210, l. 5</ins>, and <a href = +"#note210_11">note</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. <b>bullam</b>, cf. <ins class="explanation" title = +"‘bullam auream ... gerebant’">p. 210, l. 3</ins>, and <a href = +"#note210_10">note 4</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. These infinitive clauses are the subject of <b>erat</b>. Cf. <a href += "#sec216">§ 216</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +11. <b>Hīs rēbus gestīs</b>, i.e. the assumption of the <i>toga +virilis</i> and attendant ceremonies.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. Compare the beginning of this letter with the one on page 206.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +13. <b>surrēxī</b>, from <b>surgō</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +14. The Lares were the spirits of the ancestors, and were worshiped as +household gods. All that the house contained was confided to their care, +and sacrifices were made to them daily.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +15. <b>quī ... dēdūcerent</b>, +<a href="#sec350">§ 350</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +16. <b>magna</b>, <i>great things</i>, a neuter adj. used as a +noun.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +17. <b>aequālibus</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_34">§ 501. 34</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +18. <b>Cūrā ut valeās</b>, <i>take good care of your health</i>. How +does the Latin express this idea?</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXIX" href = +"#lesson_LXIX">LXIX.</a> +PUBLIUS JOINS CÆSAR’S ARMY IN GAUL</h6> + +<p> +Pūblius iam adulēscēns postquam togam virīlem sūmpsit, aliīs rēbus +studēre incēpit et praesertim ūsū<span class="tag">1</span> armōrum +sē<span class="tag">2</span> dīligenter exercuit. Magis magisque +amāvit illās artīs quae mīlitārem animum dēlectant. Iamque erant <span +class="tag">3</span>quī eī cursum mīlitārem praedīcerent. Nec sine +causā, quod certē patris īsigne exemplum <span class="tag">4</span>ita +multum trahēbat. <span class="tag">5</span>Paucīs ante annīs C. Iūlius +Caesar, ducum Rōmānōrum maximus, cōnsul creātus erat et hōc tempore in +Galliā bellum grave gerēbat. Atque in exercitū eius plūrēs adulēscentēs +mīlitābant, apud quōs erat amīcus quīdam Pūblī. Ille Pūblium crēbrīs +litterīs vehementer hortābātur <span class="tag">6</span>ut iter in +Galliam faceret. Neque Pūblius recūsāvit, et, multīs amīcīs ad portam +urbis prōsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Quārtō diē +postquam iter ingressus est, ad Alpīs, montīs altissimōs, pervēnit. Hīs +summā difficultāte superātīs, tandem Gallōrum in fīnibus erat. Prīmō +autem veritus est ut<span class="tag">7</span> castrīs Rōmānīs +adpropinquāre posset, quod Gallī, maximīs cōpiīs coāctīs, Rōmānōs +obsidēbant et viās omnīs iam clauserant. Hīs rēbus commōtus Pūblius +vestem Gallicam induit nē ā Gallīs caperētur, et ita per hostium cōpiās +incolumis ad castra +<a name="page214"> </a> +pervenīre potuit. Intrā mūnītiōnes acceptus, ā Caesare benignē exceptus +est. Imperātor fortem adulēscentem amplissimīs verbīs laudāvit et eum +<span class="tag">8</span>tribūnum mīlītum creāvit.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Abl. of means.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>sē</b>, reflexive object of <b>exercuit</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>quī ... praedīcerent</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_45">§ 501. 45</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>ita multum trahēbat</b>, <i>had a great influence in that +direction</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>Paucīs ante annīs</b>, <i>a few years before</i>; in Latin, +<i>before by a few years</i>, <b>ante</b> being an adverb and +<b>annīs</b> abl. of degree of difference.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>ut ... faceret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_41">§ 501. 41</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>ut</b>, how translated here? See <a href = +"#sec501_42">§ 501. 42</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. The <i>military tribune</i> was a commissioned officer nearly +corresponding to our rank of colonel. The tribunes were often +inexperienced men, so Cæsar did not allow them much +responsibility.</div> + + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic214.png" width="428" height="312" +alt="military baggage" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +IMPEDIMENTA</span></p> + +<h6 class="subchap">HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED</h6> + +<p> +Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum genit multīs perīcuīs +circumdatus est. <span class="tag">1</span>Quae perīcula ut vītāret, +Rōmāni summam cūram adhībēre solēbant. Adpropinquanteēs cōpiīs hostium +agmen ita dispōnēbant <span class="tag">2</span>ut imperātor ipse cum +plāribus legiōnibus expedītīs<span class="tag">3</span> prīmum agmen +dūceret. Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta<span class="tag">4</span> tōtīus +exercitūs +<a name="page215"> </a> +conlocābant. <span class="tag">5</span>Tum legiōnēs quae proximē +cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant. Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs +dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut +locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs <span +class="tag">6</span>quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. +Quā dē causā castra<span class="tag">7</span> in colle ab utrāque +parte arduō, ā fronte lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus +palūdibus cīnctus vel in flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. Ad locum +postquam exercitus pervēnit, aliī mīlitum <span class="tag">8</span>in +armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. Nam <span class = +"tag">9</span>quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et +imparātī opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. In +castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī +posset. In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs +coniciēbantur. <span class="tag">10</span>Tālibus in castrīs quālia +dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā Caesare exceptus est.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>Quae perīcula</b>, object of <b>vītārent</b>. It is placed first +to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>ut ... dūceret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_43">§ 501. 43</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>expedītīs</b>, i.e. without baggage and ready for action.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>impedīmenta</b>. Much of the baggage was carried in carts and on +beasts of burden, as is shown above; but, besides this, each soldier +(unless <b>expedītus</b>) carried a heavy pack. See also picture, <a +href="#page159">p. 159</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. The newest legions were placed in the rear, because they were the +least reliable.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>quī ... posset ... esset</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_45">§ 501. 45</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>castra</b>, subject of <b>pōnēbantur</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>in armīs erant</b>, <i>stood under arms</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. <b>quō ... essent</b>. When is <b>quō</b> used to introduce a purpose +clause? See +<a href="#sec350">§ 350. I</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>Tālibus in castrīs quālia</b>, <i>in such a camp as</i>. It is +important to remember the correlatives <b>tālis ... quālis</b>, <i>such +... as</i>.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXX" href = +"#lesson_LXX">LXX.</a> +THE RIVAL CENTURIONS</h6> + +<p class="illustration floatright"> +<img src="images/pic216.png" width="135" height="297" +alt="centurion" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +CENTURIO</span></p> + +<p> +Illīs in castrīs erant duo centuriōnēs,<span class="tag">1</span> +fortissimī virī, T. Pullō et L. Vorēnus, quōrum neuter alterī +virtūte<span class="tag">2</span> cēdere volēbat. Inter eōs iam multōs +annōs īnfēnsum certāmen gerēbātur. Tum dēmum fīnis contrōversiae hōc +modō<span class="tag">3</span> factus est. Diē tertiō postquam Pūblius +pervēnit, hostēs, maiōribus cōpiīs coāctīs, ācerrimum impetum in castra +fēcērunt. Tum Pullō, <span class="tag">4</span>cum Rōmānī +tardiōrēs<span class="tag">5</span> vidērentur, “Cūr dubitās,” inquit, +“Vorēne? Quam commodiōrem occāsiōnem exspectās? Hic diēs dē virtūte +nostrā iūdicābit.” Haec<span class="tag">6</span> cum dīxisset, +<a name="page216"> </a> +extrā mūnītiōnēs prōcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cōfertissima +<span class="tag">7</span>vidēbātur inrūpit. Neque Vorēnus quidem tum +vāllō<span class="tag">8</span> sēsē continet, sed Pullōnem +subsequitur. Tum Pullō pīlum in hostīs immittit atque ūnum ex +multitūdine prōcurrentem trāicit. Hunc percussum et exanimātum hostēs +scūtīs prōtegunt et in Pullōnem omnēs tēla coniciunt. Eius scūtum +trānsfīgitur et tēlum in balteō dēfīgitur. Hic cāsus vāgīnam āvertit et +dextram manum eius gladium ēdūcere cōnantis<span class="tag">9</span> +morātur. Eum ita impedītum hostēs circumsistunt.</p> + +<p> +Tum vēro <span class="tag">10</span>eī labōrantī Vorēnus, cum sit +inimīcus, tamen auxilium dat. Ad hunc cōnfestim <span class = +"tag">11</span>ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. Gladiō comminus +pugnat Vorēnus, atque, ūnō interfectō, reliquōs paulum prōpellit. Sed +īnstāns cupidius<span class="tag">12</span> īnfēlīx, <span class = +"tag">13</span>pede sē fallente, concidit.</p> + +<p> +Huic rūrsus circumventō auxilium dat Pullō, atque ambō incolumēs, +plūribus interfectīs, summā cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. Sic +inimīcōrum alter alterī auxilium dedit nec de eōrum virtūte quisquam +iūdicāre potuit.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. A centurion commanded a company of about sixty men. He was a common +soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his courage and +fighting qualities. The centurions were the real leaders of the men in +battle. There were sixty of them in a legion. The centurion in the +picture (p. 216) has in his hand a staff with a crook at one end, the +symbol of his authority.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>virtūte</b>, <a href="#sec501_30">§ 501. 30</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. Abl. of manner.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>cum ... vidērentur</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_46">§ 501. 46</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>tardiōrēs</b>, <i>too slow</i>, a not infrequent translation of +the comparative degree.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>Haec</b>, obj. of <b>dīxisset</b>. It is placed before <b>cum</b> +to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. What is the +construction of <b>dīxisset</b>?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>vidēbatur, inrūpit</b>. Why is the imperfect used in one case and +the perfect in the other? Cf. +<a href="#sec190">§ 190</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>vāllō</b>, abl. of means, but in English we should say <i>within +the rampart</i>. Cf. <b>ingentī stabulō</b>, p. 201, l. 13, and +note.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. <b>cōnantis</b>, pres. part. agreeing with <b>eius</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>eī labōrantī</b>, indir. obj. of dat.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +11. <b>ā Pullōne</b>, <i>from Pullo</i>, abl. of separation.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. <b>cupidius</b>, <i>too eagerly</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +13. <b>pede sē fallente</b>, lit. <i>the foot deceiving itself</i>; in +our idiom, <i>his foot slipping</i>.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXXI" href = +"#lesson_LXXI">LXXI.</a> +THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED</h6> + +<p> +Cum iam sex hōrās pugnatum esset<span class="tag">1</span> ac nōn +sōlum vīrēs sed etiam tēla Rōmānōs dēficerent<span class = +"tag">1</span>, atque hostēs ācrius instārent,<span class = +"tag">1</span> et vāllum scindere fossamque complēre incēpissent,<span +class="tag">1</span> Caesar, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, +<a name="page217"> </a> +suīs imperāvit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent,<span class = +"tag">2</span> et, signō datō, ex castrīs ērumperent.<span class = +"tag">2</span> <span class="tag">3</span>Quod iussī sunt faciunt, et +subitō ex omnibus portīs ērumpunt. Atque tam celeriter mīlitēs +concurrērunt et tam propinquī erant hostēs<span class="tag">4</span> +ut spatium pīla coniciendī<span class="tag">5</span> nōn darētur. +Itaque reiectīs pīlīs <span class="tag">6</span>comminus gladiīs +pugnātum est. Diū et audācter hostēs restitērunt et in extrēmā spē +salūtis tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut ā dextrō cornū vehementer <span +class="tag">7</span>multitūdine suōrum aciem Rōmanam premerent. <span +class="tag">8</span>Id imperātor cum animadvertisset, Pūblium +adulēscentem cum equitātū mīsit quī labōrantibus<span class = +"tag">9</span> auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinēre nōn potuērunt +hostēs<span class="tag">10</span> et omnēs terga vertērunt. Eōs in +fugam datōs Pūblius subsecūtus est ūsque ad flūmen Rhēnum, quod ab eō +locō quīnque mīlia passuum aberat. Ibi paucī salūtem sibi repperērunt. +Omnibus reliquīs interfectīs, Pūblius et equitēs in castra sēsē +recēpērunt. Dē hāc calamitāte fīnitimae gentēs cum certiōrēs factae +essent, ad Caesarem lēgātōs mīsērunt et sē suaque omnia dēdidērunt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>pugnātum esset, dēficerent, īnstārent, incēpissent</b>. These are +all subjunctives with <b>cum</b>. Cf. <a href = +"#sec501_46">§ 501. 46</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>intermitterent, ērumperent</b>. What use of the subjunctive?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>Quod</b>, etc., <i>they do as ordered</i>. The antecedent of +<b>quod</b> is <b>id</b> understood, which would be the object of +<b>faciunt</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>ut ... darētur</b>. Is this a clause of purpose or of +result?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>coniciendī</b>, +<a href="#sec402">§ 402</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>comminus gladiīs pugnātum est</b>, <i>a hand-to-hand conflict was +waged with swords</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>multitūdine suōrum</b>, <i>by their numbers</i>. <b>suōrum</b> is +used as a noun. What is the literal translation of this +expression?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>Id imperātor. Id</b> is the obj. and <b>imperātor</b> the subj. of +<b>animadvertisset</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. <b>labōrantibus</b>. This participle agrees with <b>iīs</b> +understood, the indir. obj. of <b>daret; qui ... daret</b> is a purpose +clause, <a href="#sec501_40">§ 501. 40</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>hostēs</b>, subj. of <b>potuērunt</b>.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXXII" href = +"#lesson_LXXII">LXXII.</a> +PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY · ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS</h6> + +<p> +Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs +cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre,<span class = +"tag">1</span> et contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre<span class = +"tag">1</span> obsidēsque <span class="tag">2</span>inter sē +dare,<span class="tag">1</span> atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque +sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse.<span class="tag">1</span> Hīs litterīs +nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs +proficīscī,<span class="tag">3</span> ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, +et Labiēnum lēgātum cum duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus +equitum in Germānōs mittere.<span class="tag">3</span> +<a name="page218"> </a> +<span class="tag">4</span>Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā castra +mōvit. Ab utrōque<span class="tag">5</span> rēs bene gesta est; nam +Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium <span class = +"tag">6</span>cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur<span class="tag">7</span>; et +Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō ex eā gente in +reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare audēret.<span class = +"tag">7</span></p> + +<p> +Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, <span class = +"tag">8</span>cum ibi morārētur, multa mīrābilia vīdit. Praesertim vērō +ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur <span +class="tag">9</span>ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret +aut initium aut fīnem. Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam quī +ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit. Ille<span class = +"tag">10</span> dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec +silva,” inquit; “nee quisquam est <span class="tag">11</span>huius +Germāniae <span class="tag">12</span>quī initium eius sciat aut ad +fīnem adierit. Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera quālia +reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur. Sunt bovēs quī ūnum<span class = +"tag">13</span> cornū habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur +alcēs. Hae nūllōs crūrum<span class="tag">14</span> articulōs habent. +Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere nūllō modō possunt. Arborēs +habent prō<span class="tag">15</span> cubīlibus; ad eās sē applicant +atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt. Tertium est genus eōrum quī ūrī +appellantur. Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs.<span class = +"tag">16</span> Magna vis eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās. Neque hominī +neque ferae parcunt.<span class="tag">17</span>”</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Observe that all these infinitives are in indirect statements after +<b>certior fīēbat</b>, <i>he was informed</i>, and <b>cognōscēbat</b>, +<i>he learned</i>. Cf. <a href="#sec501_48">§ 501.48</a>, +49.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>inter sē</b>, <i>to each other</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>proficīscī, mittere</b>. These infinitives depend upon +<b>cōnstituit</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. Before beginning a campaign, food had to be provided. Every fifteen +days grain was distributed. Each soldier received about two pecks. This +he carried in his pack, and this constituted his food, varied +occasionally by what he could find by foraging. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. Abl. of personal agent, <a href = +"#sec501_33">§ 501. 33</a>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>cōpiās cōgendī</b>, <a href="#sec501_37">§ 501. +37. 1</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>darētur, audēret</b>, +<a href="#sec501_43">§ 501. 43</a>. <b>audēret</b> is not +from +<b>audiō</b>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>cum ... morārētur</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_46">§ 501. 46</a>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. <b>ut ... posset, ... scīret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_43">§ 501. 43</a>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>Ille</b>, subj. of <b>inquit</b>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +11. <b>huius Germāniae</b>, <i>of this part of Germany</i>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. <b>quī ... scīat ... adierit</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_45">§ 501. 45</a>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +13. <b>ūnum</b>, <i>only one</i>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +14. <b>crūrum</b>, from <b>crūs</b>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +15. <b>prō</b>, <i>for, in place of</i>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +16. <b>elephantīs</b>, <a href="#sec501_34">§ 501. 34</a>. +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +17. <b>parcunt</b>. What case is used with this verb? </div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXXIII" href = +"#lesson_LXXIII">LXXIII.</a> +THE STORMING OF A CITY</h6> + +<p> +Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus<span class="tag">1</span> in +Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra sē contulit. Ille quia molestē +ferēbat Gallōs<span class="tag">2</span> eius regiōnis obsidēs dare +recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre +<a name="page219"> </a> +nōluisse, cōnstituit eīs<span class="tag">3</span> bellum īnferre. +Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et +nātūrā et arte mūnītum erat. Cingēbātur mūrō vīgintī quīnque pedēs<span +class="tag">4</span> altō. Ā lateribus duōsitum, praeruptō fastīgiō ad +plānitiem vergēgat; ā quārtō tantum<span class="tag">5</span> latere +aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, <span class = +"tag">6</span>cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar. Et +castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs <span class = +"tag">7</span>ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.</p> + +<p class="illustration floatright"> +<img src="images/pic219.png" width="295" height="205" +alt="siege shed" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +VINEA</span></p> + +<p> +Rōmānōrum autem oppugnātiō est haec.<span class="tag">8</span> Prīmum +turrēs aedificantur quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint<span +class="tag">9</span>; vīneae<span class="tag">10</span> fīunt quibus +tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant; pluteī<span class="tag">11</span> +parantur post quōs mīlitēs tormenta<span class="tag">12</span> +administrent; sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et portās discutiant. Hīs +omnibus rēbus comparātīs, deinde <span class="tag">13</span>agger ab +eā parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum +<a name="page220"> </a> +vīneīs ad ipsum oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prōmovētur; +arietibus quī sub vīneīs conlocātī erant mūrus et portae discutiuntur; +ballistīs, catapultīs, reliquīsque tormentīs lapidēs et tēla in oppidum +coniciuntur. Postrēmō cum iam turris et agger altitūdinem mūrī adaequant +et arietēs moenia perfrēgērunt,<span class="tag">14</span> signō datō +mīlitēs inruunt et oppidum expugnant.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>morātus</b>. Is this part. active or passive in meaning?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>Gallōs</b>, subj. acc. of the infins. <b>recūsāvisse</b> and +<b>nōluisse</b>. The indirect statement depends upon <b>molestē +ferēbat</b>. </div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>eīs</b>, <a href="#sec501_15">§ 501. 15</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>pedēs</b>, <a href="#sec501_21">§ 501. 21</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>tantum</b>, adv. <i>only</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>cum ... esset</b>, a clause of concession, <a href = +"#sec501_46">§ 501. 46</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>ad oppugnandum</b>, a gerund expressing purpose.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>haec</b>, <i>as follows</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. <b>possint</b>, subjv. of purpose. Three similar constructions +follow.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>vīneae</b>. These <b>vīneae</b> were wooden sheds, open in front +and rear, used to protect men who were working to take a fortification. +They were about eight feet high, of like width, and double that length, +covered with raw hides to protect them from being set on fire, and moved +on wheels or rollers.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +11. <b>pluteī</b>, large screens or shields with small wheels attached +to them. These were used to protect besiegers while moving up to a city +or while serving the engines of war.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. <b>tormenta</b>. The engines of war were chiefly the catapult for +shooting great arrows, and the ballista, for hurling large stones. They +had a range of about two thousand feet and were very effective.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +13. The <b>agger</b>, or mound, was of chief importance in a siege. It +was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy, and then +gradually extended towards the point to be attacked. At the same time +its height gradually increased until on a level with the top of the +wall, or even higher. It was made of earth and timber, and had covered +galleries running through it for the use of the besiegers. Over or +beside the <i>agger</i> a tower was moved up to the wall, often with a +battering-ram (<i>aries</i>) in the lowest story. (See picture, <a href += "#page221">p. 221</a>.)</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +14. <b>perfrēgērunt</b>, from <b>perfringō</b>.</div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXXIV" href = +"#lesson_LXXIV">LXXIV.</a> +THE CITY IS TAKEN · THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED</h6> + +<p class="illustration floatright"> +<img src="images/pic220.png" width="302" height="265" +alt="ballista" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +BALLISTA</span></p> + +<p> +Omnibus rēbus necessāriīs ad oppugnandum ā Pūbliō comparātīs, +dēlīberātur in conciliō quod cōnsilium <span class = +"tag">1</span>oppidī expugnandī ineant.<span class="tag">2</span> Tum +ūnus<span class="tag">3</span> ex centuriōnibus, vir reī mīlitāris +perītissimus, “Ego suādeō,” inquit, “ut ab eā parte, ubi aditus sit<span +class="tag">4</span> facillimus, aggerem exstruāmus<span class = +"tag">5</span> et turrim prōmoveāmus<span class="tag">5</span> atque +ariete admōtō simul mūrum discutere cōnēmur.<span class = +"tag">5</span>” <span class="tag">6</span>Hoc cōnsilium cum omnibus +placēret, Caesar concilium dīmīsit. Deinde mīlitēs hortātus ut priōrēs +victōriās memoriā<span class="tag">7</span> tenērent, iussit aggerem +exstruī, turrim et arietem admovērī. Neque oppidānīs<span class = +"tag">8</span> cōnsilium dēfuit. Aliī ignem et omne genus tēlōrum dē +mūrō in turrim coniēcērunt, aliī ingentia saxa in vīneās et arietem +dēvolvērunt. Diū utrimque ācerrimē +<a name="page221"> </a> +pugnātum est. Nē vulnerātī quidem pedem rettulērunt. Tandem, <span class += "tag">9</span>dē tertiā vigiliā, Pūblius, quem Caesar illī operī<span +class="tag">10</span> praefēcerat, nūntiāvit partem<span class = +"tag">11</span> mūrī ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse. Quā rē +audītā Caesar signum dat; mīlitēs inruunt et magnā cum caede hostium +oppidum capiunt.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>oppidī expugnandī</b>. Is this a gerund or a gerundive +construction? Cf. <a href="#sec501_37">§ 501. 37</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>ineant</b>. <a href="#sec501_50">§ 501. 50</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>ūnus</b>. subj. of <b>inquit</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>sit</b>. This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction, which +means that the clause beginning with <b>ubi</b> stands in such close +connection with the subjv. clause beginning with <b>ut</b>, that its +verb is attracted into the same mood.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. All these verbs are in the same construction.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>Hoc cōnsilium</b>, subj. of <b>placēret</b>. For the order cf. +<b>Haec cum</b>, etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; <b>Id imperātor cum</b>, +p. 217, l. 8.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>memoriā</b>, abl. of means.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>oppidānīs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_15">§ 501. 15</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. Between twelve and three o’clock in the morning. The night was +divided into four watches.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>operī</b>, <a href="#sec501_15">§ 501. 15</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +11. <b>partem</b>, subj. acc. of <b>concidisse</b>.</div> + +<p class="illustration floatright"> +<img src="images/pic221.png" width="246" height="196" +alt="siege towers, battering rams, siege shed" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +TURRES, ARIETES, VINEA</span></p> + +<p> +Postrīdiē eius diēī, hōc oppidō expugnātō, <span class = +"tag">12</span>captīvōrum quī nōbilissimī sunt ad imperātōrem ante +praetōrium<span class="tag">13</span> addūcuntur. Ipse, lōrīcā aurātā +et paludāmentō purpureō īnsignis, captīvōs per interpretem in hunc modum +interrogat:<span class="tag">14</span> Vōs quī estis<span class = +"tag">15</span>?</p> + +<p> +<span class="smallcaps">Interpres.</span> Rogat imperātor quī +sītis.</p> + +<p> +<span class="smallcaps">Captīvī.</span> Fīliī rēgis sumus.</p> + +<p> +<span class="smallcaps">Interpres.</span> Dīcunt sē fīliōs esse +rēgis.</p> + +<p> +<span class="smallcaps">Imperātor.</span> Cūr mihi tantās iniūriās +intulistis?</p> + +<p> +<span class="smallcaps">Interpres.</span> Rogat cūr sibi tantās +iniūriās intuleritis.</p> + +<p> +<span class="smallcaps">Captīvī.</span> Iniūriās eī nōn intulimus sed +prō patriā bellum gessimus. Semper voluimus Rōmānīs esse amīcī, sed +Rōmānī sine causā nōs domō patriāque expellere cōnātī sunt.</p> + +<p> +<span class="smallcaps">Interpres.</span> <span class = +"tag">16</span>Negant sē iniūriās tibi intulisse, sed prō patriā bellum +gessisse. <span class="tag">17</span>Semper sē voluisse amīcōs Rōmānīs +esse, sed Rōmānōs sine causā sē domō patriāque expellere cōnātōs +esse.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page222"> </a> +<span class="smallcaps">Imperātor.</span> <span class = +"tag">18</span>Manēbitisne in reliquum tempus in fidē, hāc rebelliōne +condōnātā?</p> + +<p> +Tum vērō captīvī multīs cum lacrimīs iūrāvērunt sē in fidē mānsūrōs +esse, et Caesar eōs incolumīs domum dīmīsit.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. <b>captīvōrum ... sunt</b>, <i>the noblest of the +captives</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +13. The general’s headquarters.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +14. Study carefully these direct questions, indirect questions, and +indirect statements.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +15. See Plate III, <a href="#page148">p. +148</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +16. <b>Negant</b>, etc., <i>they say that they have not</i>, etc. +<b>Negant</b> is equivalent to <b>dīcunt nōn</b>, and the negative +modifies <b>intulisse</b>, but not the remainder of the indirect +statement.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +17. <b>Semper</b>, etc., <i>that they have always</i>, etc.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +18. <b>Manēbitisne in fidē</b>, <i>will you remain loyal?</i></div> + + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="reading_LXXV" href = +"#lesson_LXXV">LXXV.</a> +CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY · THE BATTLE OF +PHARSALIA</h6> + +<p> +Nē cōnfectō<span class="tag">1</span> quidem bellō Gallicō, <span +class="tag">2</span>bellum cīvīle inter Caesarem et Pompēium exortum +est. Nam Pompēius, quī summum imperium petēbat, senātuī persuāserat ut +Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem<span class="tag">3</span> iūdicāret et +exercitum eius dīmittī iubēret. Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum +suum dīmittere recūsāvit, atque, hortātus mīlitēs ut ducem totiēns +victōrem ab inimīcōrum iniūriīs dēfenderent, imperāvit ut sē Rōmam +sequerentur. Summā cum alacritāte mīlitēs pāruērunt, et trānsitō +Rubicōne<span class="tag">4</span> initium bellī cīvīlis +factum est.</p> + +<p> +Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē <span class="tag">5</span>rēbus +Caesaris favēbant et eum benignē excēpērunt. Quā rē commōtus Pompēius +ante Caesaris adventum Rōmā excessit et Brundisium<span class = +"tag">6</span> pervēnit, inde <span class="tag">7</span>paucīs post +diēbus cum omnibus cōpiīs ad Ēpīrum mare trānsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem +legiōnibus et quīngentīs equitibus secūtus est, et īnsignis inter +Caesaris comitātum erat Pūblius.</p> + +<p> +Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad +Pharsālum<span class="tag">8</span> in Thessaliā sitam castra +posuērunt. Cum Pompeī exercitus +<a name="page223"> </a> +esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās +legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant. +Quōs<span class="tag">9</span> <span class="tag">10</span>ante +proelium commissum Labiēnus<span class="tag">11</span> lēgātus, quī ab +Caesare nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “<span class = +"tag">12</span>Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum +mīlitum. Omnibus interfuī proeliīs<span class="tag">13</span> neque +temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō. Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī +Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest. Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum +discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā. Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in +<span class="tag">14</span>citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.” +Haec<span class="tag">15</span> cum dīxisset, iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem +in castra nōn reversūrum esse. <span class="tag">16</span>Hoc idem +Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut +certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt.</p> + +<p> +Item Caesar, animō<span class="tag">17</span> ad dīmicandum parātus, +exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus <span class = +"tag">18</span>praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē +īnstrūxit. Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit. +Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt. Neque vērō +virtūs hostibus dēfuit. Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum +gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt. Utrimque diū et ācriter +pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem +Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt. Quod<span class="tag">19</span> ubi +Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem,<span class="tag">20</span> quae ad +id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit. Tum vērō integrōrum +impetum<span class="tag">21</span> dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn +potuērunt et omnēs terga vertērunt. Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs +dēspērāns sē in castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus +effūgit.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. With <b>nē ... quidem</b> the emphatic word stands between the +two.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry between Cæsar +and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent death of Pompey and +the elevation of Cæsar to the lordship of the Roman world.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>hostem</b>, predicate accusative, <a href = +"#sec501_22">§ 501. 22</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that marked the +boundary of Cæsar’s province. By crossing it with an armed force Cæsar +declared war upon Pompey and the existing government. Cæsar crossed the +Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>rēbus Caesaris favēbant</b>, <i>favored Cæsar’s side</i>. In what +case is <b>rēbus</b>?</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. <b>Brundisium</b>, a famous port in southern Italy whence ships +sailed for Greece and the East. See map.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. <b>paucīs post diēbus</b>, <i>a few days later</i>; literally, +<i>afterguards by a few days</i>. Cf. <b>paucīs ante annīs</b>, p. 213, +l. 12, and note.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C. In importance +it ranks as one of the great battles of the world.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. <b>Quōs</b>, obj. of <b>adlocūtus est</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>ante proelium commissum</b>, <i>before the beginning of the +battle</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +11. <b>Labiēnus</b>, Cæsar’s most faithful and skillful lieutenant in +the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in 49 B.C., he +deserted Cæsar and joined Pompey. His defection caused the greatest joy +among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the expectations of his +new friends, and never accomplished anything of importance. He fought +against his old commander in several battles and was slain at the battle +of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. <b>Nōlīte exīstimāre</b>, <i>don´t think</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +13. <b>proeliīs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_15">§ 501. 15</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +14. <b>citeriōre Galliā</b>. This name is applied to Cisalpine Gaul, or +Gaul south of the Alps.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +15. <b>Haec</b>, obj. of <b>dīxisset</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +16. <b>Hoc idem</b>, obj. of <b>iūrāvērunt</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +17. <b>animō</b>, <a href="#sec501_30">§ 501. 30</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +18. <b>praesidiō castrīs</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_17">§ 501. 17</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +19. <b>Quod</b>, obj. of <b>animadvertit</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +20. <b>aciem</b>, subj. of <b>prōcurrere</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +21. <b>impetum</b>, obj. of <b>sustinēre</b>.</div> + +<h6 class="subchap"><a name="page224"> </a><a name="reading_LXXVI" href = +"#lesson_LXXVI">LXXVI.</a> +THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR</h6> + +<p class="illustration floatleft"> +<img src="images/pic224.png" width="119" height="295" +alt="standard-bearer" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +SIGNIFER</span></p> + +<p> +Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs, +Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et <span class="tag">1</span>extrā +moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō castra posuit. Tum vērō amplissimīs +honōribus adfectus est. Dictātor creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū +est dēcrētus. <span class="tag">2</span>Quō diē de Gallīs triumphum +ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit <span class = +"tag">3</span>ut omnia loca essent cōnferta. Templa patēbant, ārae +fūmābant, columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant. <span class="tag">4</span>Cum +vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prīmum +per portam ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs. Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, +signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc +triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle, mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs +trucīdāvimus.” Multī praedam captārum urbium portābant, arma, omnia +bellī īnstrūmenta. Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs atque splendidissimē +ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns fortissimus +habēbātur. Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, <span class="tag">5</span>quī +dīs immortālibus immolārentur. Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus +<span class="tag">6</span>sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium +perrēxit.</p> + +<p class="clear"> </p> + +<p class="illustration floatright"> +<img src="images/pic225.png" width="303" height="403" +alt="lictors with fasces" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +LICTORES CUM FASCIBUS</span></p> + +<p> +Imperātor ipse cum urbem intrāret, undique laetō clāmōre multitūdinis +salūtātus est. Stābat in currū aureō quem quattuor albī equī vehēbant. +Indūtus <span class="tag">7</span>togā pictā, alterā manū habēnās et +lauream +<a name="page225"> </a> +tenēbat, alterā eburneum scēptrum. Post eum servus in currū stāns auream +corōnam super caput eius tenēbat. Ante currum miserrimī captīvī, rēgēs +prīncipēsque superātārum gentium, catēnīs vīnctī, prōgrediēbantur; et +vīgintī quattuor līctōrēs<span class="tag">8</span> laureatās fascīs +ferentēs et signiferī currum Caesaris comitābantur. Conclūdit agmen +multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in servitūtem redāctī,<span class = +"tag">9</span> dēmissō vultū, vīnctīs<span class="tag">10</span> +bracchiīs, sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissimō ōrdine mīlitēs, etiam +hī praedam vel insignia mīlitāria ferentēs.</p> + +<p> +Caesar cum Capitōlium ascendisset, in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra +fēcit. Simul<span class="tag">11</span> captivōrum quī nōbilissimī +erant, abductī in carcerem,<span class="tag">12</span> interfectī +sunt. Sacrīs factīs Caesar dē Capitōliō dēscendit et in forō mīitibus +suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit eīsque pecūniam ex bellī praedā +distribuit.</p> + +<p> +Hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs, Pūblius Caesarem valēre<span class = +"tag">13</span> iussit et quam celerrimē ad vīllam contendit ut patrem +mātremque salūtāret.</p> + +<p> +<span class="tag">15</span>Dē rēbus gestīs P. Cornēlī Lentulī +hāctenus.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. A victorious general with his army was not allowed to enter the city +until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the greatest of all military +honors.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. <b>Quō diē</b>, <i>on the day that</i>, abl. of time.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +3. <b>ut ... essent</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_43">§ 501. 43</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +4. <b>Cum ... intrāret</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_46">§ 501. 46</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +5. <b>quī ... immolārentur</b>, <a href = +"#sec501_40">§ 501. 40</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +6. The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one side of the Forum +to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose summit stood the +magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This route was always +followed by triumphal processions.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +7. The <b>toga picta</b> worn by a general in his triumph was a splendid +robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate IV, <a href = +"#page213">p. 213</a>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +8. The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the higher +magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On their +shoulders they carried the <i>fasces</i>, a bundle of rods with an ax in +the middle, symbolizing the power of the law.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +9. <b>dēmissō vultū</b>, <i>with downcast countenance</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +10. <b>vīnctīs</b>, from <b>vinciō</b>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. <b>Simul</b>, etc., <i>At the same time those of the captives who +were the noblest.</i></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +12. The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of the +Capitoline Hill.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +13. <b>valēre iussit</b>, <i>bade farewell to</i>.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +14. This sentence marks the end of the story.</div> + +<h3><a name="page226"> </a><a name="inflections">APPENDIX I</a></h3> + +<h4>DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.</h4> + +<h5 class="section">NOUNS</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec460"><b>460.</b></a> +Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the final +letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive singular.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +<span class="smallcaps">First Declension—</span><b>Ā-</b>stems, +Gen. Sing. <b>-ae</b></p> + +<p class="inset"> +<span class="smallcaps">Second Declension—</span><b>O-</b>stems, +Gen. Sing. <b>-ī</b></p> + +<p class="inset"> +<span class="smallcaps">Third Declension—</span>Consonant stems +and <b>I-</b>stems, Gen. Sing. <b>-is</b></p> + +<p class="inset"> +<span class="smallcaps">Fourth Declension—</span><b>U-</b>stems, +Gen. Sing. <b>-ūs</b></p> + +<p class="inset"> +<span class="smallcaps">Fifth Declension—</span><b>Ē-</b>stems, +Gen. Sing. <b>-ē̆ī</b></p> + + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec461"><b>461.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">FIRST DECLENSION. <i>Ā</i>-STEMS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<b>domina</b>, <i>lady</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> <b>dominā-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>domin-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +<td></td> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +<td>domin<b>ārum</b></td> +<td><b>-ārum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ae</b></td> +<td><b>-ae</b></td> +<td>domin<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>am</b></td> +<td><b>-am</b></td> +<td>domin<b>ās</b></td> +<td><b>-ās</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ā</b></td> +<td><b>-ā</b></td> +<td>domin<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> <b>Dea</b> and <b>fīlia</b> have the termination <b>-ābus</b> +in the dative and ablative plural.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page227"> </a> +<a name="sec462"><b>462.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">SECOND DECLENSION. <i>O</i>-STEMS</span></p> + +<p class="inset"> +<i>a.</i> <span class="smallcaps">Masculines in</span> <b>-us</b> +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<b>dominus</b>, <i>master</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> <b>domino-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>domin-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +<td></td> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>us</b></td> +<td><b>-us</b></td> +<td>domin<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +<td>domin<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td><b>-ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +<td>domin<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td>domin<b>ōs</b></td> +<td><b>-ōs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>domin<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +<td>domin<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Nouns in <b>-us</b> of the second declension have the termination +<b>-e´</b> in the vocative singular, as <b>domine</b>.</p> + +<p>2. Proper names in <b>-ius</b>, and <b>filius</b>, end in <b>-ī</b> +in the vocative singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as +<b>Vergi´lī, fīlī</b>.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +<i>b.</i> <span class="smallcaps">Neuters in</span> <b>-um</b> +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<b>pīlum</b>, <i>spear</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> +<b>pīlo-</b> <span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>pīl-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +<td></td> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>pīl<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>pīl<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td><b>-ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>pīl<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>pīl<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>pīl<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +<td>pīl<b>īs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. Masculines in <b>-ius</b> and neuters in <b>-ium</b> end in +<b>-ī</b> in the genitive singular, <i>not</i> in <b>-iī</b>, and the +accent rests on the penult.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +<i>c.</i> <span class="smallcaps">Masculines in</span> <b>-er</b> +<span class="smallcaps">AND</span> <b>-ir</b> +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>puer</b>, <i>boy</i></td> +<td><b>ager</b>, <i>field</i></td> +<td><b>vir</b>, <i>man</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Stems</th> +<td><b>puero-</b></td> +<td><b>agro-</b></td> +<td><b>viro-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Bases</th> +<td><b>puer-</b></td> +<td><b>agr-</b></td> +<td><b>vir-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>puer</td> +<td>ager</td> +<td>vir</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ī</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ō</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ō</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>um</b></td> +<td>agr<b>um</b></td> +<td>vir<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ō</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ō</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ō</b></td> +<td><b>-ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name="page228"> </a> +</td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ī</b></td> +<td>agr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>vir<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ō</b>rum</td> +<td>agr<b>ō</b>rum</td> +<td>vir<b>ō</b>rum</td> +<td><b>-ō</b>rum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ī</b>s</td> +<td>agr<b>ī</b>s</td> +<td>vir<b>ī</b>s</td> +<td><b>-ī</b>s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ō</b>s</td> +<td>agr<b>ō</b>s</td> +<td>vir<b>ō</b>s</td> +<td><b>-ō</b>s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>puer<b>ī</b>s</td> +<td>agr<b>ī</b>s</td> +<td>vir<b>ī</b>s</td> +<td><b>-ī</b>s</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec463"><b>463.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">THIRD DECLENSION.</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "2"> +CLASSIFICATION +</td> +<td class="sidehead">I. Consonant Stems</td> +<td> +<p class="hanging"> +1. Stems that add <b>-s</b> to the base to form the nominative singular: +masculines and feminines only. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular: <i>a.</i> +masculines and feminines; <i>b.</i> neuters. +</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>II. <i>I</i>-Stems.</th> +<td>Masculines, feminines, and neuters.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec464"><b>464.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">I. CONSONANT STEMS</span></p> +<!--all capped in fact--> + +<p>1. <i>Nouns that add <b>-s</b> to the base to form the nominative +singular: masculines and feminines only</i></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>prīnceps</b>, m., <i>chief</i></td> +<td><b>mīles</b>, m., <i>soldier</i></td> +<td><b>lapis</b>, m., <i>stone</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Bases or<br /> +Stems</td> +<td class="middle"><b>prīncip-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>mīlit-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>lapid-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>prīncep<b>s</b></td> +<td>mīle<b>s</b></td> +<td>lapi<b>s</b></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>is</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>is</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>ī</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>ī</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>em</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>em</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>e</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>e</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>um</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>um</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>prīnci´p<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>prīn´cip<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>prīnci´p<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mīlit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>lapid<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> <br /></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>rēx</b>, m., <i>king</i></td> +<td><b>iūdex</b>, m., <i>judge</i></td> +<td><b>virtūs</b>, f., <i>manliness</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Bases or<br /> +Stems</td> +<td class="middle"><b>rēg-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>iūdic-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>virtūt-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>rēx</td> +<td>iūdex</td> +<td>virtū<b>s</b></td> +<td><b>-s</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>is</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>is</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>ī</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>ī</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>em</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>em</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>e</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>e</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>um</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>um</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>rēg<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>iūdic<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>virtū´t<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> For consonant changes in the +nominative singular, cf. +<a href="#sec233">§ 233. 3</a>.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Nouns that have no termination in the nominative +singular</i></p> + +<p class="inset"> +<i>a.</i> <span class="smallcaps">Masculines and Feminines</span> +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>cōnsul</b>, m., <i>consul</i></td> +<td><b>legiō</b>, f., <i>legion</i></td> +<td><b>ōrdō</b>, m., <i>row</i></td> +<td><b>pater</b>, m., <i>father</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Bases or<br /> +Stems</td> +<td class="middle"><b>cōnsul-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>legiōn-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>ōrdin-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>patr-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul</td> +<td>legiō</td> +<td>ōrdō</td> +<td>pater</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>is</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>is</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>is</b></td> +<td>patr<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>ī</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>ī</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>em</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>em</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>em</b></td> +<td>patr<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>e</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>e</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>e</b></td> +<td>patr<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>um</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>um</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>um</b></td> +<td>patr<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>cōnsul<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>legiōn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ōrdin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>patr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> For vowel and consonant changes +in the nominative singular, cf. +<a href="#sec236">§ 236. 1-3</a>.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +<a name="page230"> </a> +<i>b.</i> <span class="smallcaps">Neuters</span> +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>flūmen</b>, n., <i>river</i></td> +<td><b>tempus</b>, n., <i>time</i></td> +<td><b>opus</b>, n., <i>work</i></td> +<td><b>caput</b>, n., <i>head</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead smaller">Bases or<br /> +Stems</td> +<td class="middle"><b>flūmin-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>tempor-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>oper-</b></td> +<td class="middle"><b>capit-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>flūmen</td> +<td>tempus</td> +<td>opus</td> +<td>caput</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>is</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>is</b></td> +<td>oper<b>is</b></td> +<td>capit<b>is</b> -is</td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>ī</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>ī</b></td> +<td>oper<b>ī</b></td> +<td>capit<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>flūmen</td> +<td>tempus</td> +<td>opus</td> +<td>caput</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>e</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>e</b></td> +<td>oper<b>e</b></td> +<td>capit<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>a</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>a</b></td> +<td>oper<b>a</b></td> +<td>capit<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>um</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>um</b></td> +<td>oper<b>um</b></td> +<td>capit<b>um</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>oper<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>capit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>a</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>a</b></td> +<td>oper<b>a</b></td> +<td>capit<b>a</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>flūmin<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tempor<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>oper<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>capit<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> For vowel and consonant changes +in the nominative singular, cf. +<a href="#sec238">§ 238. 2, 3</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec465"><b>465.</b></a> +<span class="midcaps">II. <i>I</i>-STEMS</span></p> + +<p class="inset"> +<i>a.</i> <span class="smallcaps">Masculines and Feminines</span> +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>caedēs</b>, f., <i>slaughter</i></td> +<td><b>hostis</b>, m., <i>enemy</i></td> +<td><b>urbs</b>, f., <i>city</i></td> +<td><b>cliēns</b>, m., <i>retainer</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Stems</th> +<td><b>caedi-</b></td> +<td><b>hosti-</b></td> +<td><b>urbi-</b></td> +<td><b>clienti-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Bases</th> +<td><b>caed-</b></td> +<td><b>host-</b></td> +<td><b>urb-</b></td> +<td><b>client-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>host<b>is</b></td> +<td>urb<b>s</b></td> +<td>cliēn<b>s</b></td> +<td><b>-s, -is</b>, <i>or</i> <b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>is</b></td> +<td>host<b>is</b></td> +<td>urb<b>is</b></td> +<td>client<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ī</b></td> +<td>host<b>ī</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ī</b></td> +<td>client<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>em</b></td> +<td>host<b>em</b></td> +<td>urb<b>em</b></td> +<td>client<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b> (<b>-im</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>e</b></td> +<td>host<b>e</b></td> +<td>urb<b>e</b></td> +<td>client<b>e</b></td> +<td><b>-e</b> (<b>-ī</b>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>host<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>client<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ium</b></td> +<td>host<b>ium</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ium</b></td> +<td>client<b>ium</b></td> +<td><b>-ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>host<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>client<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>host<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>urb<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>client<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-īs, -ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>caed<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>host<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>urb<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>client<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>1. <b>Avis</b>, <b>cīvis</b>, <b>fīnis</b>, <b>ignis</b>, +<b>nāvis</b>, have the abl. sing. in <b>-ī</b> or <b>-e</b>.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Turris</b> has accusative <b>turrim</b> and ablative +<b>turrī</b> or <b>turre</b>.</p> + +<p class="inset"> +<a name="page231"> </a> +<i>b.</i> <span class="smallcaps">Neuters</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>īnsigne</b>, n., <i>decoration</i></td> +<td><b>animal</b>, n., <i>animal</i></td> +<td><b>calcar</b>, n., <i>spur</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Stems</th> +<td><b>īnsigni-</b></td> +<td><b>animāli-</b></td> +<td><b>calcāri-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Bases</th> +<td><b>īnsign-</b></td> +<td><b>animāl-</b></td> +<td><b>calcār-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>e</b></td> +<td>animal</td> +<td>calcar</td> +<td><b>-e</b> <i>or</i> —</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>is</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>is</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>is</b></td> +<td><b>-is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ī</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ī</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>e</b></td> +<td>animal</td> +<td>calcar</td> +<td><b>-e</b> <i>or</i> —</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ī</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ī</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ī</b></td> +<td><b>-ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ia</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ia</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ia</b></td> +<td><b>-ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ium</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ium</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ium</b></td> +<td><b>-ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ia</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ia</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ia</b></td> +<td><b>-ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>īnsign<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>animāl<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>calcār<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec466"><b>466.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">THE FOURTH DECLENSION. <i>U</i>-STEMS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>adventus</b>, m., <i>arrival</i></td> +<td><b>cornū</b>, n., <i>horn</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Stems</th> +<td><b>adventu-</b></td> +<td><b>cornu-</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Bases</th> +<td><b>advent-</b></td> +<td><b>corn-</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2" rowspan = "2">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest" colspan = "2">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallest">MASC.</td> +<td class="smallest">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>us</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ū</b></td> +<td><b>-us</b></td> +<td><b>-ū</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ūs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ūs</b></td> +<td><b>-ūs</b></td> +<td><b>-ūs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>uī</b> (<b>ū</b>)</td> +<td>corn<b>ū</b></td> +<td><b>-uī</b> (<b>ū</b>)</td> +<td><b>-ū</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>um</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ū</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +<td><b>-ū</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ū</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ū</b></td> +<td><b>-ū</b></td> +<td><b>-ū</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ūs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ua</b></td> +<td><b>-ūs</b></td> +<td><b>-ua</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>uum</b></td> +<td>corn<b>uum</b></td> +<td><b>-uum</b></td> +<td><b>-uum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ūs</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ua</b></td> +<td><b>-ūs</b></td> +<td><b>-ua</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>advent<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>corn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +<td><b>-ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page232"> </a> +<a name="sec467"><b>467.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">THE FIFTH DECLENSION. <i>Ē</i>-STEMS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>diēs</b>, m., <i>day</i></td> +<td><b>rēs</b>, f. <i>thing</i></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Stems</th> +<td><b>diē-</b></td> +<td><b>rē-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Bases</th> +<td><b>di-</b></td> +<td><b>r-</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<td class="smallest">TERMINATIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>r<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēī</b></td> +<td>r<b>eī</b></td> +<td><b>-ē̆ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēī</b></td> +<td>r<b>eī</b></td> +<td><b>-ē̆ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>di<b>em</b></td> +<td>r<b>em</b></td> +<td><b>-em</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ē</b></td> +<td>r<b>ē</b></td> +<td><b>-ē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>r<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ērum</b></td> +<td>r<b>ērum</b></td> +<td><b>-ērum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēbus</b></td> +<td>r<b>ēbus</b></td> +<td><b>-ēbus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>r<b>ēs</b></td> +<td><b>-ēs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>di<b>ēbus</b></td> +<td>r<b>ēbus</b></td> +<td><b>-ēbus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec468"><b>468.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">SPECIAL PARADIGMS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>deus</b>, m., <i>god</i></td> +<td><b>domus</b>, f., <i>house</i></td> +<td><b>vīs</b>, f., <i>strength</i></td> +<td><b>iter</b>, n., <i>way</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Stems</th> +<td><b>deo-</b></td> +<td><b>domu-</b></td> +<td><b>vī-</b> and <b>vīri-</b></td> +<td><b>iter-</b> and <b>itiner-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="smaller">Bases</th> +<td><b>de-</b></td> +<td><b>dom-</b></td> +<td><b>v-</b> and <b>vīr-</b></td> +<td><b>iter-</b> and <b>itiner-</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>de<b>us</b></td> +<td>dom<b>us</b></td> +<td>v<b>īs</b></td> +<td>iter</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ī</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ūs</b></td> +<td>v<b>īs</b> (rare)</td> +<td>itiner<b>is</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ō</b></td> +<td>dom<b>uī, -ō</b></td> +<td>v<b>ī</b> (rare)</td> +<td>itiner<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>de<b>um</b></td> +<td>dom<b>um</b></td> +<td>v<b>im</b></td> +<td>iter</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ō</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ō, -ū</b></td> +<td>v<b>ī</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>e</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ī</b>, d<b>ī</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ūs</b></td> +<td>vīr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ōrum</b>, de<b>um</b></td> +<td>dom<b>uum, -ōrum</b></td> +<td>vīr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>de<b>īs</b>, d<b>īs</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>vīr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>de<b>ōs</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ōs, -ūs</b></td> +<td>vīr<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>de<b>īs</b>, d<b>īs</b></td> +<td>dom<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>vīr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>itiner<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The vocative singular of <b>deus</b> is like the +nominative.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> The locative of <b>domus</b> is <b>domī</b>.</p> + +<h5 class="section"><a name="page233"> </a>ADJECTIVES</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec469"><b>469.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. <i>O</i>- AND +<i>Ā</i>-STEMS</span></p> + +<p class="inset"> +<i>a.</i> <span class="smallcaps">Adjectives in</span> <b>-us</b></p> + + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<b>bonus</b>, <i>good</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stems</span> <b>bono-</b> m. and n., +<b>bona-</b> f. +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>bon-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>us</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ī</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ō</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +<td>bon<b>am</b></td> +<td>bon<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ō</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ā</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ī</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ae</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ārum</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>ōs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>ās</b></td> +<td>bon<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +<td>bon<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="inset"> +<i>b.</i> <span class="smallcaps">Adjectives in</span> <b>-er</b></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<b>līber</b>, <i>free</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stems</span> <b>lībero-</b> m. and n., +<b>līberā-</b> f. +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>līber-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>līber</td> +<td>līber<b>a</b></td> +<td>līber<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>līber<b>ī</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ae</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>līber<b>ō</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ae</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>līber<b>um</b></td> +<td>līber<b>am</b></td> +<td>līber<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>līber<b>ō</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ā</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>līber<b>ī</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ae</b></td> +<td>līber<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>līber<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ārum</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>līber<b>īs</b></td> +<td>līber<b>īs</b></td> +<td>līber<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>līber<b>ōs</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ās</b></td> +<td>līber<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>līber<b>īs</b></td> +<td>līber<b>īs</b></td> +<td>līber<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<a name="page234"> </a> +</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<b>pulcher</b>, <i>pretty</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stems</span> <b>pulchro-</b> m. and n., +<b>pulchrā-</b> f. +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>pulchr-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>pulcher</td> +<td>pulchr<b>a</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ae</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ō</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ae</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>um</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>am</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ō</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ā</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ō</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ae</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ārum</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>īs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>īs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ōs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ās</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>pulchr<b>īs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>īs</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec470"><b>470.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "7"> +<b>alius</b>, <i>another</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stems</span> <b>alio-</b> m. and n., +<b>aliā-</b> f. +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>ali-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ali<b>us</b></td> +<td>ali<b>a</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ud</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ae</b></td> +<td>ali<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>alī<b>us</b></td> +<td>alī<b>us</b></td> +<td>alī<b>us</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ārum</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ali<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ali<b>īs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>īs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ali<b>um</b></td> +<td>ali<b>am</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ud</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ōs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ās</b></td> +<td>ali<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ali<b>ō</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ā</b></td> +<td>ali<b>ō</b></td> +<td>ali<b>īs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>īs</b></td> +<td>ali<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "7"> +<b>ūnus</b>, <i>one, only</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stems</span> <b>ūno-</b> m. and n., +<b>ūnā-</b> f. +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>ūn-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ūn<b>us</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>a</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>um</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ae</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>ūn<b>īus</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>īus</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>īus</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ārum</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ōrum</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ūn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>īs</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>īs</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ūn<b>um</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>am</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>um</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ōs</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ās</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ūn<b>ō</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ā</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>ō</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>īs</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>īs</b></td> +<td>ūn<b>īs</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> For the complete list see +<a href="#sec108">§ 108</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page235"> </a> +<a name="sec471"><b>471.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. +<i>I</i>-STEMS</span></p> + +<h5>I. THREE ENDINGS</h5> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "3"> +<b>ācer, ācris, ācre</b>, <i>keen, eager</i> +</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "3"> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> <b>ācri-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>ācr-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ācer</td> +<td>ācr<b>is</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>e</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>ācr<b>is</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>is</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>is</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ācr<b>em</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>em</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>e</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>ācr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>II. TWO ENDINGS</h5> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<b>omnis, omne</b>, <i>every, all</i> +</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> <b>omni-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>omn-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>e</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>is</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ium</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>em</b></td> +<td>omn<b>e</b></td> +<td>omn<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>omn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ī</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>omn<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>III. ONE ENDING</h5> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<b>pār</b>, <i>equal</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> <b>pari-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>par-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>pār</td> +<td>pār</td> +<td>par<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>par<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>par<b>is</b></td> +<td>par<b>is</b></td> +<td>par<b>ium</b></td> +<td>par<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>par<b>ī</b></td> +<td>par<b>ī</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>par<b>em</b></td> +<td>pār</td> +<td>par<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>par<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>par<b>ī</b></td> +<td>par<b>ī</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>par<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have <b>-ī</b> in the ablative +singular.</p> + +<div class="mynote"> +This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag +on the page.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page236"> </a> +<a name="sec472"><b>472.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<b>amāns</b>, <i>loving</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> <b>amanti-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>amant-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>amāns</td> +<td>amāns</td> +<td>amant<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>amant<b>is</b></td> +<td>amant<b>is</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ium</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>amant<b>ī</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ī</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>amant<b>em</b></td> +<td>amāns</td> +<td>amant<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>amant<b>e, -ī</b></td> +<td>amant<b>e, -ī</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>amant<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<b>iēns</b>, <i>going</i> +<span class="smallcaps">Stem</span> <b>ienti-, eunti-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Base</span> <b>ient-, eunt-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>iēns</td> +<td>iēns</td> +<td>eunt<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>eunt<b>is</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>is</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ium</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>eunt<b>ī</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ī</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>eunt<b>em</b></td> +<td>iēns</td> +<td>eunt<b>īs, -ēs</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>eunt<b>e, -ī</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>e, -ī</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>eunt<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec473"><b>473.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th colspan = "2">Comparative</th> +<th colspan = "3">Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>altus (alto-)</td> +<td>alt<b>ior</b></td> +<td>alt<b>ius</b></td> +<td>alt<b>issimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>līber (lībero-)</td> +<td>līber<b>ior</b></td> +<td>līber<b>ius</b></td> +<td>līber<b>rimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>pulcher (pulchro-)</td> +<td>pulchr<b>ior</b></td> +<td>pulchr<b>ius</b></td> +<td>pulcher<b>rimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audāx (audāci-)</td> +<td>audāc<b>ior</b></td> +<td>audāc<b>ius</b></td> +<td>audāc<b>issimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>brevis (brevi-)</td> +<td>brev<b>ior</b></td> +<td>brev<b>ius</b></td> +<td>brev<b>issimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ācer (ācri-)</td> +<td>ācrior</td> +<td>ācrius</td> +<td>ācer<b>rimus</b></td> +<td><b>-a</b></td> +<td><b>-um</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec474"><b>474.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "5"> +<b>altior</b>, <i>higher</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "2">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>altior</td> +<td>altius</td> +<td>altiōr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>altiōr<b>is</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>is</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>um</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>altiōr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>ī</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>altiōr<b>em</b></td> +<td>altius</td> +<td>altiōr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>altiōr<b>e</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>e</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>altiōr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> +<a name="page237"> </a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "5"> +<b>plūs</b>, <i>more</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plūs</td> +<td>plūr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plūr<b>is</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plūr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plūs</td> +<td>plūr<b>īs</b> (<b>-ēs</b>)</td> +<td>plūr<b>a</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>plūr<b>e</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>plūr<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec475"><b>475.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th colspan = "2">Superlative</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>bon<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>good</i></td> +<td>mel<b>ior</b>, mel<b>ius</b>, <i>better</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +opt<b>imus, -a, -um</b>, <i>best</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mal<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>bad</i></td> +<td>pe<b>ior</b>, pe<b>ius</b>, <i>worse</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +pess<b>imus, -a, -um</b>, <i>worst</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>magn<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>great</i></td> +<td>ma<b>ior</b>, ma<b>ius</b>, <i>greater</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +max<b>imus, -a, -um</b>, <i>greatest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mult<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>much</i></td> +<td>——, plūs, <i>more</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +plūr<b>imus, -a, -um</b>, <i>most</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>parv<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>small</i></td> +<td>min<b>or</b>, min<b>us</b>, <i>smaller</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +min<b>imus, -a, -um</b>, <i>smallest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>sen<b>ex</b>, sen<b>is</b>, <i>old</i></td> +<td>sen<b>ior</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">max<b>imus</b> nātū</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>iuven<b>is, -e</b>, <i>young</i></td> +<td>iūn<b>ior</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">min<b>imus</b> nātū</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>vet<b>us</b>, vet<b>eris</b>, <i>old</i></td> +<td>vetust<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +veter<b>rimus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>facil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>easy</i></td> +<td>facil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +facil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>difficil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>difficult</i></td> +<td>difficil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +difficil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>simil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>similar</i></td> +<td>simil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +simil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>dissimil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>dissimilar</i></td> +<td>dissimil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +dissimil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>humil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>low</i></td> +<td>humil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +humil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>gracil<b>is, -e</b>, <i>slender</i></td> +<td>gracil<b>ior, -ius</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +gracil<b>limus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle">exter<b>us</b>, <i>outward</i></td> +<td class="middle">exter<b>ior</b>, <i>outer, exterior</i></td> +<td>extrē<b>mus</b><br /> +ext<b>imus</b></td> +<td class="middle leftline"><i>outermost, last</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle">īnfer<b>us</b>, <i>below</i></td> +<td class="middle">īnfer<b>ior</b>, <i>lower</i></td> +<td>īnf<b>imus</b><br /> +<b>īmus</b></td> +<td class="middle leftline"><i>lowest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle">poster<b>us</b>, <i>following</i></td> +<td class="middle">poster<b>ior</b>, <i>later</i></td> +<td>postrē<b>mus</b><br /> +post<b>umus</b></td> +<td class="middle leftline"><i>last</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle">super<b>us</b>, <i>above</i></td> +<td class="middle">super<b>ior</b>, <i>higher</i></td> +<td>suprē<b>mus</b><br /> +sum<b>mus</b></td> +<td class="middle leftline"><i>highest</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[cis, citrā, <i>on this side</i>]</td> +<td>citer<b>ior</b>, <i>hither</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +citi<b>mus</b>, <i>hithermost</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[in, intrā, <i>in, within</i>]</td> +<td>inter<b>ior</b>, <i>inner</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +int<b>imus</b>, <i>inmost</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[prae, prō, <i>before</i>]</td> +<td>pr<b>ior</b>, <i>former</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +prī<b>mus</b>, <i>first</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[prope, <i>near</i>]</td> +<td>prop<b>ior</b>, <i>nearer</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +prox<b>imus</b>, <i>next</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>[ultrā, <i>beyond</i>]</td> +<td>ulter<b>ior</b>, <i>further</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +ult<b>imus</b>, <i>furthest</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page238"> </a> +<a name="sec476"><b>476.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>cār<b>ē</b> (<b>cārus</b>), <i>dearly</i></td> +<td>cār<b>ius</b></td> +<td>cār<b>issimē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>miser<b>ē</b> (<b>miser</b>), <i>wretchedly</i></td> +<td>miser<b>ius</b></td> +<td>miser<b>rimē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ācri<b>ter</b> (<b>ācer</b>), <i>sharply</i></td> +<td>ācr<b>ius</b></td> +<td>ācer<b>rimē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>facil<b>e</b> (<b>facilis</b>), <i>easily</i></td> +<td>facil<b>ius</b></td> +<td>facil<b>limē</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec477"><b>477.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Positive</th> +<th>Comparative</th> +<th>Superlative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>diū, <i>long, a long time</i></td> +<td>diūt<b>ius</b></td> +<td>diūt<b>issimē</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ben<b>e</b> (<b>bonus</b>), <i>well</i></td> +<td>mel<b>ius</b>, <i>better</i></td> +<td>opt<b>imē</b>, <i>best</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mal<b>e</b> (<b>malus</b>), <i>ill</i></td> +<td>pe<b>ius</b>, <i>worse</i></td> +<td>pes<b>simē</b>, <i>worst</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>magnopere, <i>greatly</i></td> +<td>magis, <i>more</i></td> +<td>max<b>imē</b>, <i>most</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mult<b>um</b> (<b>multus</b>), <i>much</i></td> +<td>plūs, <i>more</i></td> +<td>plūr<b>imum</b>, <i>most</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>par<b>um</b>, <i>little</i></td> +<td>min<b>us</b>, <i>less</i></td> +<td>min<b>imē</b>, <i>least</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>saep<b>e</b>, <i>often</i></td> +<td>saep<b>īus</b></td> +<td>saep<b>issimē</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec478"><b>478.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">NUMERALS</span></p> + +<p>The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting <b>ūnus, duo, +trēs</b>, the hundreds above one hundred, and <b>mīlle</b> used as a +noun. The ordinals are declined like <b>bonus, -a, -um</b>.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Cardinals</th> +<th colspan = "2">Ordinals</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +(<i>How many</i>) +</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +(<i>In what order</i>) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">1,</td> +<td>ūnus, -a, -um,</td> +<td><i>one</i></td> +<td>prīmus, -a, -um</td> +<td><i>first</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">2,</td> +<td>duo, duae, duo</td> +<td><i>two</i></td> +<td>secundus (<i>or</i> alter)</td> +<td><i>second</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">3,</td> +<td>trēs, tria</td> +<td><i>three</i>,</td> +<td>tertius</td> +<td><i>third</i>,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">4,</td> +<td>quattuor</td> +<td>etc.</td> +<td>quārtus</td> +<td>etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">5,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quīnque</td> +<td colspan = "2">quīntus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">6,</td> +<td colspan = "2">sex</td> +<td colspan = "2">sextus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">7,</td> +<td colspan = "2">septem</td> +<td colspan = "2">septimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">8,</td> +<td colspan = "2">octō</td> +<td colspan = "2">octāvus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">9,</td> +<td colspan = "2">novem</td> +<td colspan = "2">nōnus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">10,</td> +<td colspan = "2">decem</td> +<td colspan = "2">decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">11,</td> +<td colspan = "2">ūndecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">ūndecimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">12,</td> +<td colspan = "2">duodecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">duodecimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">13,</td> +<td colspan = "2">tredecim (decem (et) trēs)</td> +<td colspan = "2">tertius decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">14,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quattuordecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">quārtus decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">15, +<a name="page239"> </a> +</td> +<td colspan = "2">quīndecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">quīntus decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">16,</td> +<td colspan = "2">sēdecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">sextus decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">17,</td> +<td colspan = "2">septendecim</td> +<td colspan = "2">septimus decimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">18,</td> +<td colspan = "2">duodēvīgintī (octōdecim)</td> +<td colspan = "2">duodēvīcēnsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">19,</td> +<td colspan = "2">ūndēvīgintī (novendecim)</td> +<td colspan = "2">ūndēvīcēnsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">20,</td> +<td colspan = "2">vīgintī</td> +<td colspan = "2">vīcēnsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close middle">21,</td> +<td colspan = "2" class="middle leftline">vīgintī ūnus <i>or</i><br /> +ūnus et vīgintī, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2" class="middle leftline">vīcēnsimus prīmus +<i>or</i><br /> +ūnus et vīcēnsimus, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">30,</td> +<td colspan = "2">trīgintā</td> +<td colspan = "2">trīcēnsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">40,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quadrāgintā</td> +<td colspan = "2">quadrāgēnsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">50,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quīnquāgintā</td> +<td colspan = "2">quīnquāgēnsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">60,</td> +<td colspan = "2">sexāgintā</td> +<td colspan = "2">sexāgēnsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">70,</td> +<td colspan = "2">septuāgintā</td> +<td colspan = "2">septuāgēnsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">80,</td> +<td colspan = "2">octōgintā</td> +<td colspan = "2">octōgēnsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">90,</td> +<td colspan = "2">nōnāgintā</td> +<td colspan = "2">nōnāgēnsimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">100,</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">101,</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) ūnus, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) ūnus, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">120,</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) vīgintī</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) vīgintī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">121,</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2">centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">200,</td> +<td colspan = "2">ducentī, -ae, -a</td> +<td colspan = "2">ducentī, -ae, -a</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">300,</td> +<td colspan = "2">trecentī</td> +<td colspan = "2">trecentī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">400,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quadringentī</td> +<td colspan = "2">quadringentī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">500,</td> +<td colspan = "2">quīngentī</td> +<td colspan = "2">quīngentī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">600,</td> +<td colspan = "2">sescentī</td> +<td colspan = "2">sescentī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">700,</td> +<td colspan = "2">septingentī</td> +<td colspan = "2">septingentī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">800,</td> +<td colspan = "2">octingentī</td> +<td colspan = "2">octingentī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">900,</td> +<td colspan = "2">nōngentī</td> +<td colspan = "2">nōngentī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number close">1000,</td> +<td colspan = "2">mīlle</td> +<td colspan = "2">mīlle</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec479"><b>479.</b></a> +Declension of <b>duo</b>, <i>two</i>, <b>trēs</b>, <i>three</i>, and +<b>mīlle</b>, <i>a thousand</i>.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th>Masc.</th> +<th>Fem.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +<th>M. and F.</th> +<th>Neut.</th> +<th>Sing.</th> +<th>Plur.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>N.</i></td> +<td>du<b>o</b></td> +<td>du<b>ae</b></td> +<td>du<b>o</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>tr<b>īa</b></td> +<td>mīl<b>le</b></td> +<td>mīl<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>G.</i></td> +<td>du<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td>du<b>ārum</b></td> +<td>du<b>ōrum</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ium</b></td> +<td>mīl<b>le</b></td> +<td>mīl<b>ium</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>D.</i></td> +<td>du<b>ōbus</b></td> +<td>du<b>ābus</b></td> +<td>du<b>ōbus</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mīl<b>le</b></td> +<td>mīl<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>A.</i></td> +<td>du<b>ōs</b> <i>or</i> du<b>o</b></td> +<td>du<b>ās</b></td> +<td>du<b>o</b></td> +<td>tr<b>īs</b> <i>or</i> tr<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ia</b></td> +<td>mīl<b>le</b></td> +<td>mīl<b>ia</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>A.</i></td> +<td>du<b>ōbus</b></td> +<td>du<b>ābus</b></td> +<td>du<b>ōbus</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>tr<b>ibus</b></td> +<td>mīl<b>le</b></td> +<td>mīl<b>ibus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> <b>Mīlle</b> is used in the +plural as a noun with a modifying genitive, and is occasionally so used +in the nominative and accusative singular. For the declension of +<b>ūnus</b> cf. <a href="#sec470">§ 470</a>.</p> + +<h5 class="section"><a name="page240"> </a>PRONOUNS</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec480"><b>480.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">PERSONAL</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>ego</b>, <i>I</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>tū</b>, <i>you</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>suī</b>, +<i>of himself, etc.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallcaps">Sing.</td> +<td class="smallcaps">Plur.</td> +<td class="smallcaps">Sing.</td> +<td class="smallcaps">Plur.</td> +<td class="smallcaps">Sing.</td> +<td class="smallcaps">Plur.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ego</td> +<td>nōs</td> +<td>tū</td> +<td>vōs</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>meī</td> +<td>nostrum, -trī</td> +<td>tuī</td> +<td>vestrum, -trī</td> +<td>suī</td> +<td>suī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>mihi</td> +<td>nōbīs</td> +<td>tibi</td> +<td>vōbīs</td> +<td>sibi</td> +<td>sibi</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>mē</td> +<td>nōs</td> +<td>tē</td> +<td>vōs</td> +<td>sē, sēsē</td> +<td>sē, sēsē</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>mē</td> +<td>nōbīs</td> +<td>tē</td> +<td>vōbīs</td> +<td>sē, sēsē</td> +<td>sē, sēsē</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Note that <b>suī</b> is always reflexive.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec481"><b>481.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">DEMONSTRATIVE</span></p> + +<p>Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have +the pronominal endings <b>-ī̆us</b> and <b>-ī</b> in the gen. and dat. +sing.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "7"> +<b>ipse</b>, <i>self</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ipse</td> +<td>ipsa</td> +<td>ipsum</td> +<td>ipsī</td> +<td>ipsae</td> +<td>ipsa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>ipsī´us</td> +<td>ipsī´us</td> +<td>ipsī´us</td> +<td>ipsōrum</td> +<td>ipsārum</td> +<td>ipsōrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ipsī</td> +<td>ipsī</td> +<td>ipsī</td> +<td>ipsīs</td> +<td>ipsīs</td> +<td>ipsīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>ipsum</td> +<td>ipsam</td> +<td>ipsum</td> +<td>ipsōs</td> +<td>ipsās</td> +<td>ipsa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ipsō</td> +<td>ipsā</td> +<td>ipsō</td> +<td>ipsīs</td> +<td>ipsīs</td> +<td>ipsīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "7"> +<b>hic</b>, <i>this</i> (here), <i>he</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>hic</td> +<td>haec</td> +<td>hoc</td> +<td>hī</td> +<td>hae</td> +<td>haec</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>huius</td> +<td>huius</td> +<td>huius</td> +<td>hōrum</td> +<td>hārum</td> +<td>hōrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>huic</td> +<td>huic</td> +<td>huic</td> +<td>hīs</td> +<td>hīs</td> +<td>hīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>hunc</td> +<td>hanc</td> +<td>hoc</td> +<td>hōs</td> +<td>hās</td> +<td>haec</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>hōc</td> +<td>hāc</td> +<td>hōc</td> +<td>hīs</td> +<td>hīs</td> +<td>hīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "7"> +<b>iste</b>, <i>this, that</i> (of yours), <i>he</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>iste</td> +<td>ista</td> +<td>istud</td> +<td>istī</td> +<td>istae</td> +<td>ista</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>istī´us</td> +<td>istī´us</td> +<td>istī´us</td> +<td>istōrum</td> +<td>istārum</td> +<td>istōrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>istī</td> +<td>istī</td> +<td>istī</td> +<td>istīs</td> +<td>istīs</td> +<td>istīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>istum</td> +<td>istam</td> +<td>istud</td> +<td>istōs</td> +<td>istās</td> +<td>ista</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>istō</td> +<td>istā</td> +<td>istō</td> +<td>istīs</td> +<td>istīs</td> +<td>istīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> +<a name="page241"> </a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "7"> +<b>ille</b>, <i>that</i> (yonder), <i>he</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>ille</td> +<td>illa</td> +<td>illud</td> +<td>illī</td> +<td>illae</td> +<td>illa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>illī´us</td> +<td>illī´us</td> +<td>illī´us</td> +<td>illōrum</td> +<td>illārum</td> +<td>illōrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>illī</td> +<td>illī</td> +<td>illī</td> +<td>illīs</td> +<td>illīs</td> +<td>illīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>illum</td> +<td>illam</td> +<td>illud</td> +<td>illōs</td> +<td>illās</td> +<td>illa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>illō</td> +<td>illā</td> +<td>illō</td> +<td>illīs</td> +<td>illīs</td> +<td>illīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "7"> +<b>is</b>, <i>this, that, he</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>is</td> +<td>ea</td> +<td>id</td> +<td>iī, eī</td> +<td>eae</td> +<td>ea</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eius</td> +<td>eōrum</td> +<td>eārum</td> +<td>eōrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>eī</td> +<td>eī</td> +<td>eī</td> +<td>iīs, eīs</td> +<td>iīs, eīs</td> +<td>iīs, eīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>eum</td> +<td>eam</td> +<td>id</td> +<td>eōs</td> +<td>eās</td> +<td>ea</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>eō</td> +<td>eā</td> +<td>eō</td> +<td>iīs, eīs</td> +<td>iīs, eīs</td> +<td>iīs, eīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "7"> +<b>īdem</b>, <i>the same</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td class="middle">īdem</td> +<td class="middle">e´adem</td> +<td class="middle">idem</td> +<td class = "leftline">iī´dem<br /> +eī´dem</td> +<td class="middle">eae´dem</td> +<td class="middle">e´adem</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>eius´dem</td> +<td>eius´dem</td> +<td>eius´dem</td> +<td>eōrun´dem</td> +<td>eārun´dem</td> +<td>eōrun´dem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td class="middle">eī´dem</td> +<td class="middle">eī´dem</td> +<td class="middle">eī´dem</td> +<td class = "leftline">iīs´dem<br /> +eīs´dem</td> +<td class = "leftline">iīs´dem<br /> +eīs´dem</td> +<td class = "leftline">iīs´dem<br /> +eīs´dem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>eun´dem</td> +<td>ean´dem</td> +<td>idem</td> +<td>eōs´dem</td> +<td>eās´dem</td> +<td>e´adem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td class="middle">eō´dem</td> +<td class="middle">eā´dem</td> +<td class="middle">eō´dem</td> +<td class = "leftline">iīs´dem<br /> +eīs´dem</td> +<td class = "leftline">iīs´dem<br /> +eīs´dem</td> +<td class = "leftline">iīs´dem<br /> +eīs´dem</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> In the plural of <b>is</b> and +<b>īdem</b> the forms with two i’s are preferred, the two i’s being +pronounced as one.</p> + + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec482"><b>482.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">RELATIVE</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "7"> +<b>quī</b>, <i>who, which, that</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "3">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quī</td> +<td>quae</td> +<td>quod</td> +<td>quī</td> +<td>quae</td> +<td>quae</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cuius</td> +<td>cuius</td> +<td>cuius</td> +<td>quōrum</td> +<td>quārum</td> +<td>quōrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cui</td> +<td>cui</td> +<td>cui</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quem</td> +<td>quam</td> +<td>quod</td> +<td>quōs</td> +<td>quās</td> +<td>quae</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quō</td> +<td>quā</td> +<td>quō</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page242"> </a> +<a name="sec483"><b>483.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">INTERROGATIVE</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<b>quis</b>, substantive, <i>who, what</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Singular</th> +<th colspan = "3">Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quis</td> +<td>quid</td> +<td>qui</td> +<td>quae</td> +<td>quae</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cuius</td> +<td>cuius</td> +<td>quōrum</td> +<td>quārum</td> +<td>quōrum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cui</td> +<td>cui</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quem</td> +<td>quid</td> +<td>quōs</td> +<td>quās</td> +<td>quae</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quō</td> +<td>quō</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +<td>quibus</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The interrogative adjective <b>quī, quae, quod</b>, is declined like +the relative.</p> + + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec484"><b>484.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">INDEFINITES</span></p> + +<p><b>quis</b> and <b>quī</b>, as declined above,<span class = +"tag">1</span> are used also as indefinites (<i>some, any</i>). The +other indefinites are compounds of <b>quis</b> and <b>quī</b>.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<b>quisque</b>, <i>each</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Substantive</th> +<th colspan = "3">Adjective</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quisque</td> +<td>quidque</td> +<td>quisque</td> +<td>quaeque</td> +<td>quodque</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cuius´que</td> +<td>cuius´que</td> +<td>cuius´que</td> +<td>cuius´que</td> +<td>cuius´que</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cuique</td> +<td>cuique</td> +<td>cuique</td> +<td>cuique</td> +<td>cuique</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quemque</td> +<td>quidque</td> +<td>quemque</td> +<td>quamque</td> +<td>quodque</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quōque</td> +<td>quōque</td> +<td>quōque</td> +<td>quāque</td> +<td>quōque</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. <b>qua</b> is generally used instead of <b>quae</b> in the feminine +nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and accusative +plural.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec485"><b>485.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>quīdam</b>, <i>a certain one, a +certain</i></span></p> + +<p>Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has <b>quoddam</b> +and the substantive <b>quiddam</b>.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td class="middle">quīdam</td> +<td class="middle">quaedam</td> +<td class = "leftline">quoddam<br /> +quiddam (<i>subst.</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cuius´dam</td> +<td>cuius´dam</td> +<td>cuius´dam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cuidam</td> +<td>cuidam</td> +<td>cuidam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td class="middle">quendam</td> +<td class="middle">quandam</td> +<td class = "leftline">quoddam<br /> +quiddam (<i>subst.</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quōdam</td> +<td>quādam</td> +<td>quōdam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +<a name="page243"> </a> +Plural</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quīdam</td> +<td>quaedam</td> +<td>quaedam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>quōrun´dam</td> +<td>quārun´dam</td> +<td>quōrun´dam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quōsdam</td> +<td>quāsdam</td> +<td>quaedam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +<td>quibus´dam</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec486"><b>486.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>quisquam</b>, substantive, <i>any one</i> +(at all)</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>quisquam</td> +<td>quicquam (quidquam)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>cuius´quam</td> +<td>cuius´quam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>cuiquam</td> +<td>cuiquam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>quemquam</td> +<td>quicquam (quidquam)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>quōquam</td> +<td>quōquam</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec487"><b>487.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>aliquis</b>, substantive, <i>some one</i>. + <b>aliquī</b>, adjective, <i>some</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "6">Singular</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Substantive</th> +<th colspan = "3">Adjective</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC. AND FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>aliquis</td> +<td>aliquid</td> +<td>aliquī</td> +<td>aliqua</td> +<td>aliquod</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>alicu´ius</td> +<td>alicu´ius</td> +<td>alicu´ius</td> +<td>alicu´ius</td> +<td>alicu´ius</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>alicui</td> +<td>alicui</td> +<td>alicui</td> +<td>alicui</td> +<td>alicui</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>aliquem</td> +<td>aliquid</td> +<td>aliquem</td> +<td>aliquam</td> +<td>aliquod</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>aliquō</td> +<td>aliquō</td> +<td>aliquō</td> +<td>aliquā</td> +<td>aliquō</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Plural for both Substantive and Adjective +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smaller">MASC.</td> +<td class="smaller">FEM.</td> +<td class="smaller">NEUT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Nom.</i></td> +<td>aliquī</td> +<td>aliquae</td> +<td>aliqua</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i></td> +<td>aliquō´rum</td> +<td>aliquā´rum</td> +<td>aliquō´rum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i></td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Acc.</i></td> +<td>aliquōs</td> +<td>aliquās</td> +<td>aliqua</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Abl.</i></td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +<td>ali´quibus</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> <b>quis</b> (<b>quī</b>), <i>any one, any</i>, is the least +definite (<a href = +"#sec297">§ 297. <i>b</i></a>). <b>aliquis</b> +(<b>aliquī</b>), <i>some one, some</i>, is more definite than +<b>quis</b>. <b>quisquam</b>, <i>any one</i> (at all), and its adjective +<b>ūllus</b>, <i>any</i>, occur mostly with a negative, expressed or +implied, and in clauses of comparison.</p> + +<h5 class="section"><a name="page244"> </a>REGULAR VERBS</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec488"><b>488.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">FIRST CONJUGATION. <i>Ā</i>-VERBS. +<i>AMŌ</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> <b>amō, amāre, amāvī, +amātus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> amā- +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Stem</span> amāv- +<span class="smallcaps">Part. Stem</span> amāt- +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6">INDICATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I love, am loving, do love</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I am loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>am<b>ō</b></td> +<td>amā<b>mus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>or</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amā<b>s</b></td> +<td>amā<b>tis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ama<b>t</b></td> +<td>ama<b>nt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">ama<b>ntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I loved, was loving, did love</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I was loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amā<b>bam</b></td> +<td>amā<b>bāmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>bar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>bāmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amā<b>bās</b></td> +<td>amā<b>bātis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>bāris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>bāminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amā<b>bat</b></td> +<td>amā<b>bant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>bātur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>bantur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall love</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall be loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amā<b>bō</b></td> +<td>amā<b>bimus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>bor</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>bimur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amā<b>bis</b></td> +<td>amā<b>bitis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>beris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>biminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amā<b>bit</b></td> +<td>amā<b>bunt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>bitur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amā<b>buntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I have loved, loved, did love</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I have been (was) loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amā<b>vi</b></td> +<td>amā<b>vimus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">amā<b>tus, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sum</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">amā<b>tī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sumus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amā<b>vistī</b></td> +<td>amā<b>vistis</b></td> +<td><b>es</b></td> +<td><b>estis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amā<b>vit</b></td> +<td>amā<b>vērunt, -re</b></td> +<td><b>est</b></td> +<td><b>sunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I had loved</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I had been loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>eram</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>erāmus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">amāt<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>eram</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">amā<b>tī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erāmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>erās</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>erātis</b></td> +<td><b>erās</b></td> +<td><b>erātis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>erat</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>erant</b></td> +<td><b>erat</b></td> +<td><b>erant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall have loved</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall have been loved</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>erō</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>erimus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">amāt<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>erō</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">amā<b>tī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>eris</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>eris</b></td> +<td><b>eritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>erit</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>erit</b></td> +<td><b>erunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<a name="page245"> </a> +SUBJUNCTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>am<b>em</b></td> +<td>am<b>ēm</b>us</td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>er</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>ēmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>am<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>am<b>ētis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>ēris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>ēminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>am<b>et</b></td> +<td>am<b>ent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>ētur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">am<b>entur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amār<b>em</b></td> +<td>amār<b>emus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amār<b>er</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amār<b>ēmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amār<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>amār<b>ētis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amār<b>ēris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amār<b>ēminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amār<b>et</b></td> +<td>amār<b>ent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amār<b>ētur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">amār<b>entur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>erim</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>erimus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">amāt<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sim</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">amāt<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sīmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>eris</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>sīs</b></td> +<td><b>sītis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>erit</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>sit</b></td> +<td><b>sint</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>issem</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>issēmus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">amāt<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>essem</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">amāt<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>essēmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>issēs</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>issētis</b></td> +<td><b>essēs</b></td> +<td><b>essētis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>amāv<b>isset</b></td> +<td>amāv<b>issent</b></td> +<td><b>esset</b></td> +<td><b>essent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +IMPERATIVE +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +amā, <i>love thou</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amā<b>re</b>, <i>be thou loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +amā<b>te</b>, <i>love ye</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amā<b>minī</b>, <i>be ye loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +amā<b>tō</b>, <i>thou shalt love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amāt<b>or</b>, <i>thou shalt be loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +amā<b>tō</b>, <i>he shall love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amāt<b>or</b>, <i>he shall be loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +amāt<b>ōte</b>, <i>you shall love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +ama<b>ntō</b>, <i>they shall love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +ama<b>ntor</b>, <i>they shall be loved</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +INFINITIVE</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> amā<b>re</b>, <i>to love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amā<b>rī</b>, <i>to be loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> amāv<b>isse</b>, <i>to have loved</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +amāt<b>us, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to have been loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> amāt<b>ūrus, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to be about to +love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +[amāt<b>um īrī</b>], <i>to be about to be loved</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6">PARTICIPLES</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> amā<b>ns, -antis</b>, <i>loving</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> amāt<b>ūrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>about to love</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +Gerundive<span class="tag">1</span> ama<b>ndus, -a, -um</b>, <i>to be +loved</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> ——</td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Perf.</i> amāt<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>having been loved, +loved</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">GERUND</td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Nom.</i> ——</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +SUPINE (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Gen.</i> ama<b>ndī</b>, <i>of loving</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Acc.</i> [amā<b>tum</b>], <i>to love</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Dat.</i> ama<b>ndō</b>, <i>for loving</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Abl.</i> [amā<b>tū</b>], <i>to love, in the loving</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Acc.</i> ama<b>ndum</b>, <i>loving</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Abl.</i> ama<b>ndō</b>, <i>by loving</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Sometimes called the future passive participle.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page246"> </a> +<a name="sec489"><b>489.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">SECOND CONJUGATION. <i>Ē</i>-VERBS. +<i>MONEŌ</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>monē-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Stem</span> <b>monu-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Part. Stem</span> <b>monit-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6">INDICATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I advise</i>, etc.,</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I am advised,</i> etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mone<b>ō</b></td> +<td>monē<b>mus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>or</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monē<b>s</b></td> +<td>monē<b>tis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mone<b>t</b></td> +<td>mone<b>nt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>ntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I was advising</i>, etc.,</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I was advised</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monē<b>bam</b></td> +<td>monē<b>bāmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>bar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>bāmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monē<b>bās</b></td> +<td>monē<b>bātis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>bāris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>bāminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monē<b>bat</b></td> +<td>monē<b>bant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>bātur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>bāntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall advise</i>, etc.,</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall be advised</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monē<b>bō</b></td> +<td>monē<b>bimus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>bor</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>bimur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monē<b>bis</b></td> +<td>monē<b>bitis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>beris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>biminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monē<b>bit</b></td> +<td>monē<b>bunt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>bitur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>buntur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I have advised, I advised</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I have been (was) advised</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>ī</b></td> +<td>monu<b>imus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">monit<b>us, -a, +-um</b></td> +<td><b>sum</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">monit<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sumus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>istī</b></td> +<td>monu<b>istis</b></td> +<td><b>es</b></td> +<td><b>estis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>it</b></td> +<td>monu<b>ērunt, -re</b></td> +<td><b>est</b></td> +<td><b>sunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I had advised</i>, etc.,</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I had been advised</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>eram</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erāmus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">monit<b>us, -a, +-um</b></td> +<td><b>eram</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">monit<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erāmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erās</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erātis</b></td> +<td><b>eras</b></td> +<td><b>eratis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erat</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erant</b></td> +<td><b>erat</b></td> +<td><b>erant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall have advised</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall have been advised</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erō</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erimus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">monit<b>us, -a, +-um</b></td> +<td><b>erō</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">monit<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>eris</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erītis</b></td> +<td><b>eris</b></td> +<td><b>eritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erit</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erīnt</b></td> +<td><b>erit</b></td> +<td><b>erunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<a name="page247"> </a> +SUBJUNCTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mone<b>am</b></td> +<td>mone<b>āmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>ar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>āmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mone<b>ās</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ātis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>āris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>āminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>mone<b>at</b></td> +<td>mone<b>ant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>ātur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">mone<b>antur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monē<b>rem</b></td> +<td>monē<b>rēmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>rer</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>rēmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monē<b>rēs</b></td> +<td>monē<b>rētis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>rēris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>rēminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monē<b>ret</b></td> +<td>monē<b>rent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>rētur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">monē<b>rentur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erim</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erimus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">monit<b>us, -a, +-um</b></td> +<td><b>sim</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">monit<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sīmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>eris</b></td> +<td>monu<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>sīs</b></td> +<td><b>sītis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>erit</b></td> +<td>monu<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>sit</b></td> +<td><b>sint</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>issem</b></td> +<td>monu<b>issēmus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">monit<b>us, -a, +-um</b></td> +<td><b>essem</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3">monit<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>essēmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>issēs</b></td> +<td>monu<b>issētis</b></td> +<td><b>essēs</b></td> +<td><b>essētis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>monu<b>isset</b></td> +<td>monu<b>issent</b></td> +<td><b>esset</b></td> +<td><b>essent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6">IMPERATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +monē, <i>advise thou</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monē<b>re</b>, <i>be thou advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +monē<b>te</b>, <i>advise ye</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monē<b>minī</b>, <i>be ye advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +monē<b>tō</b>, <i>thou shall advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monē<b>tor</b>, <i>thou shalt be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +monē<b>tō</b>, <i>he shall advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monē<b>tor</b>, <i>he shall be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +monē<b>tōte</b>, <i>you shall advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +mone<b>ntō</b>, <i>they shall advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +mone<b>ntor</b>, <i>they shall be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +INFINITIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> monē<b>re</b>, <i>to advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monē<b>rī</b>, <i>to be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> monu<b>isse</b>, <i>to have advised</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +monit<b>us, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to have been advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> monit<b>ūrus, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to be about to +advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +[monit<b>um īrī</b>], <i>to be about to be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6">PARTICIPLES</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> monē<b>ns</b>, -e<b>ntis</b>, <i>advising</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> monit<b>ūrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>about to advise</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Ger.</i> mone<b>ndus, -a, -um</b>, <i>to be advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> ——</td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Perf.</i> monit<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>having been advised, +advised</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">GERUND</td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Nom.</i> ——</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +SUPINE (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Gen.</i> mone<b>ndī</b>, <i>of advising</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Acc.</i> [monit<b>um</b>], <i>to advise</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Dat.</i> mone<b>ndō</b>, <i>for advising</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Abl.</i> [monit<b>ū</b>], <i>to advise, in the advising</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Acc.</i> mone<b>ndum</b>, <i>advising</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Abl.</i> mone<b>ndō</b>, <i>by advising</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page248"> </a> +<a name="sec490"><b>490.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">THIRD CONJUGATION. <i>Ĕ</i>-VERBS. +<i>REGŌ</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>regō, regere, rexī, rēctus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> rege- +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Stem</span> rēx- +<span class="smallcaps">Part. Stem</span> rēct- +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6">INDICATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I rule</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I am ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>ō</b></td> +<td>reg<b>imus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +re´g<b>or</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +re´g<b>imur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>is</b></td> +<td>reg<b>itis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +re´g<b>eris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>i´minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>it</b></td> +<td>reg<b>unt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +re´g<b>itur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>un´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I was ruling</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I was ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>ēbam</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ēbāmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ē´bar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ēbā´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>ēbās</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ēbātis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ēbā´ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ēbā´minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>ēbat</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ēbant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ēbā´tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ēban´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall rule</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall be ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>am</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ēmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +re´g<b>ar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ē´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ētis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ē´ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ē´minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>et</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ē´tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>en´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I have ruled</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I have been ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>ī</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>imus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +rēct<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sum</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +rēct<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sumus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>istī</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>istis</b></td> +<td><b>es</b></td> +<td><b>estis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>it</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>ērunt, -re</b></td> +<td><b>est</b></td> +<td><b>sunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I had ruled</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I had been ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>eram</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>erāmus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +rēct<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>eram</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +rēct<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erāmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>erās</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>erātis</b></td> +<td><b>erās</b></td> +<td><b>erātis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>erat</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>erant</b></td> +<td><b>erat</b></td> +<td><b>erant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall have ruled</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall have been ruled</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>erō</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>erimus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +rēct<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>erō</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +rēct<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>eris</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>eris</b></td> +<td><b>eritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>erit</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>erit</b></td> +<td><b>erunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<a name="page249"> </a> +SUBJUNCTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>am</b></td> +<td>reg<b>āmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>ar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>āmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>ās</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ātis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>āris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>āminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>at</b></td> +<td>reg<b>ant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>ātur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>antur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>erem</b></td> +<td>reg<b>erēmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erer</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erēmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>erēs</b></td> +<td>reg<b>erētis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erēris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erēminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reg<b>eret</b></td> +<td>reg<b>erent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erētur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">reg<b>erentur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>erim</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>erimus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +rēct<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sim</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +rēct<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sīmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>eris</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>sīs</b></td> +<td><b>sītis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>erit</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>sit</b></td> +<td><b>sint</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>issem</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>issēmus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +rēct<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>essem</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +rēct<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>essēmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>issēs</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>issētis</b></td> +<td><b>essēs</b></td> +<td><b>essētis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rēx<b>isset</b></td> +<td>rēx<b>issent</b></td> +<td><b>esset</b></td> +<td><b>essent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6">IMPERATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>e</b>, <i>rule thou</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>ere</b>, <i>be thou ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>ite</b>, <i>rule ye</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>iminī</b>, <i>be ye ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>itō</b>, <i>thou shalt rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>itor</b>, <i>thou shalt be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>itō</b> <i>he shall rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>itor</b>, <i>he shall be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>itōte</b>, <i>ye shall rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +reg<b>untō</b>, <i>they shall rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>untor</b>, <i>they shall be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +INFINITIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> reg<b>ere</b>, <i>to rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +reg<b>ī</b>, <i>to be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> rēx<b>isse</b>, <i>to have ruled</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +rēct<b>us, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to have been ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i>rēct<b>ūrus, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to be about to +rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +[rēct<b>um</b> īrī], <i>to be about to be ruled</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +PARTICIPLES</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> reg<b>ēns, -entis</b>, <i>ruling</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> rēct<b>ūrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>about to rule</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Ger.</i> rege<b>ndus, -a, -um</b>, <i>to be ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> ——</td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Perf.</i> rēct<b>us, -a, -um</b>, <i>having been ruled, +ruled</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">GERUND</td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Nom.</i> ——</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4">SUPINE (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Gen.</i> rege<b>ndī</b>, <i>of ruling</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Acc</i> [rēct<b>um</b>], <i>to rule</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Dat.</i> rege<b>ndō</b>, <i>for ruling</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Abl.</i> [rēct<b>ū</b>], <i>to rule, in the +ruling</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Acc.</i> rege<b>ndum</b>, <i>ruling</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Abl.</i> rege<b>ndō</b>, <i>by ruling</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page250"> </a> +<a name="sec491"><b>491.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">FOURTH CONJUGATION. <i>Ī</i>-VERBS. +<i>AUDIŌ</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>audī-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Stem</span> <b>audīv-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Part. Stem</span> <b>audīt-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6">INDICATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I hear</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I am heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>ō</b></td> +<td>audī<b>mus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">au´d<b>ior</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audī´<b>mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audī<b>s</b></td> +<td>audī<b>tis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audī´<b>ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audī´<b>minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>t</b></td> +<td>audi<b>unt</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audī´<b>tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>un´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I was hearing</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I was heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>ēbam</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ēbāmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ē´bar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ēbā´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>ēbās</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ēbātis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ēbā´ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ēbā´minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>ēbat</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ēbant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ēbā´tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ēban´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall hear</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall be heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>am</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ēmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">au´di<b>ar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ē´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ētis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ē´ris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ē´minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>et</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>ē´tur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2">audi<b>en´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I have heard</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I have been heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audīv<b>ī</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>imus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +audīt<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sum</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +audīt<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sumus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audīv<b>istī</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>istis</b></td> +<td><b>es</b></td> +<td><b>estis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audīv<b>it</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>ērunt, -re</b></td> +<td><b>est</b></td> +<td><b>sunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I had heard</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I had been heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audīv<b>eram</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>erāmus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +audīt<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>eram</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +audīt<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erāmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audīv<b>erās</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>erātis</b></td> +<td><b>erās</b></td> +<td><b>erātis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audīv<b>erat</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>erant</b></td> +<td><b>erat</b></td> +<td><b>erant</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2"> +<i>I shall have heard</i>, etc.</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<i>I shall have been heard</i>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audīv<b>erō</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>erimus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +audīt<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>erō</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +audīt<b>ī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>erimus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audīv<b>eris</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>eritis</b></td> +<td><b>eris</b></td> +<td><b>eritis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audīv<b>erit</b></td> +<td>audīv<b>erint</b></td> +<td><b>erit</b></td> +<td><b>erunt</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +<a name="page251"> </a> +SUBJUNCTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>audi<b>am</b></td> +<td>audi<b>āmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>ar</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>āmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>ās</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ātis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>āris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>āminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audi<b>at</b></td> +<td>audi<b>ant</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>ātur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>antur</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>audī<b>rem</b></td> +<td>audī<b>rēmus</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>rer</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>rēmur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audī<b>rēs</b></td> +<td>audī<b>rētis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>rēris, -re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>rēminī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audī<b>ret</b></td> +<td>audī<b>rent</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>rētur</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>rentur</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>audī<b>verim</b></td> +<td>audi<b>verimus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +audī<b>tus, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>sim</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +audī<b>tī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>sīmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audī<b>veris</b></td> +<td>audi<b>veritis</b></td> +<td><b>sīs</b></td> +<td><b>sītis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audī<b>verit</b></td> +<td>audī<b>verint</b></td> +<td><b>sit</b></td> +<td><b>sint</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audī<b>vissem</b></td> +<td>audī<b>vissēmus</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +audī<b>tus, -a, -um</b></td> +<td><b>essem</b></td> +<td class="middle rightline" rowspan = "3"> +audī<b>tī, -ae, -a</b></td> +<td><b>essēmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audī<b>vissēs</b></td> +<td>audī<b>vissētis</b></td> +<td><b>essēs</b></td> +<td><b>essētis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>audī<b>visset</b></td> +<td>audī<b>vissent</b></td> +<td><b>esset</b></td> +<td><b>essent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6">IMPERATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī, <i>hear thou</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audī<b>re</b>, <i>be thou heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>te</b>, <i>hear ye</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audī<b>minī</b>, <i>be ye heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>tō</b>, <i>thou shalt hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audī<b>tor</b>, <i>thou shalt be heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>tō</b>, <i>he shall hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audī<b>tor</b>, <i>he shall be heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>tōte</b>, <i>ye shall hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audi<b>untō</b>, <i>they shall hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audi<b>untor</b>, <i>they shall be heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +INFINITIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> audī<b>re</b>, <i>to hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audī<b>rī</b>, <i>to be heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>visse</b>, <i>to have heard</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +audī<b>tus, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to have been heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +audī<b>tūrus, -a, -um esse</b>, <i>to be about to hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +[audī<b>tum īrī</b>, <i>to be about to be heard</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "6"> +PARTICIPLES</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> audi<b>ēns</b>, -entis, <i>hearing</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> audī<b>tūrus</b>, -a, -um, <i>about to hear</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Ger.</i> audi<b>endus</b>, -a, -um <i>to be heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> ——</td> +<td colspan = "4"> +<i>Perf.</i> audī<b>tus</b>, -a, -um, <i>having been heard, +heard</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">GERUND</td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Nom.</i> ——</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4">SUPINE (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Gen.</i> audi<b>endī</b>, <i>of hearing</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Acc.</i> [audī<b>tum</b>], <i>to hear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Dat.</i> audi<b>endō</b>, <i>for hearing</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Abl.</i> [audī<b>tu</b>], <i>to hear, in the +hearing</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Acc.</i> audi<b>endum</b>, <i>hearing</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Abl.</i> audi<b>endō</b>, <i>by hearing</i></td> +<td colspan = "4"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page252"> </a> +<a name="sec492"><b>492.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN <i>-IŌ</i>. +<i>CAPIŌ</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>capiō, capere, cēpī, captus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>cape-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Stem</span> <b>cēp-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Part. Stem</span> <b>capt-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4">INDICATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>ō</b></td> +<td>capi<b>mus</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>or</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>s</b></td> +<td>capi<b>tis</b></td> +<td>ca´pe<b>ris, -re</b></td> +<td>capi´minī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>t</b></td> +<td>capi<b>unt</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>tur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>un´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>ēbam</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ebamus</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´bar</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ēbā´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>ēbas</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ēbātis</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ēba´ris, -re</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ēbā´minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>ēbat</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ēbant</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ēbā´tur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>eban´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>am</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ēmus</b></td> +<td>ca´pi<b>ar</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´mur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>ēs</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ētis</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´ris, -re</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>capi<b>et</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ent</b></td> +<td>capi<b>ē´tur</b></td> +<td>capi<b>en´tur</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cēp<b>ī</b>, cēp<b>istī</b>, cēp<b>it</b>, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us, -a, -um sum, es, est</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cēp<b>eram</b>, cēp<b>erās</b>, cēp<b>erat</b>, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us, -a, -um eram, erās, erat</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +FUTURE PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cēp<b>erō</b>, cēp<b>eris</b>, cēp<b>erit</b>, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us, -a, -um erō, eris, erit</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4">SUBJUNCTIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +capi<b>am</b>, capi<b>ās</b>, capi<b>at</b>, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capi<b>ar, -iāris, -re, -iātur</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +IMPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cape<b>rem</b>, cape<b>rēs</b>, cape<b>ret</b>, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +cape<b>rer, -erēris, -re, -erētur</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +PERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cēp<b>erim</b>, cēp<b>eris</b>, cēp<b>erit</b>, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us, -a, -um sim, sīs, sit</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +PLUPERFECT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +cēp<b>issem</b>, cēp<b>issēs</b>, cēp<b>isset</b>, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us,-a, -um essem, essēs, esset</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4">IMPERATIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4">PRESENT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>2d Pers.</i> cape</td> +<td> +capi<b>te</b></td> +<td> +cape<b>re</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>minī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +<a name="page253"> </a> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>2d Pers.</i> capi<b>tō</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>tōte</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>tor</b></td> +<td> +——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>3rd Pers.</i> capi<b>tō</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>untō</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>tor</b></td> +<td> +capi<b>untor</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +INFINITIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> cape<b>re</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +cap<b>ī</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> cēp<b>isse</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +capt<b>us, -a, -um esse</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> capt<b>ūrus, -a, -um esse</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +[capt<b>um</b> īrī]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4">PARTICIPLES</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> capi<b>ēns, -ientis</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Fut.</i> capt<b>ūrus, -a, -um</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Ger.</i> capi<b>endus, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> ——</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> capt<b>us, -a, -um</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">GERUND</td> +<td class="center" colspan = "2">SUPINE (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Gen.</i> capi<b>endī</b></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Acc.</i> [capt<b>um</b>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Abl.</i> [capt<b>ū</b>]</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec493"><b>493.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">DEPONENT VERBS</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "4"> +Principal Parts</td> +<td class="number"> +I.</td> +<td><b>hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum</b>, <i>urge</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"> +II.</td> +<td><b>vereor, verērī, veritus sum</b>, <i>fear</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"> +III.</td> +<td><b>sequor, sequī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>follow</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="number"> +IV.</td> +<td><b>partior, partīrī, partītus sum</b>, <i>share, divide</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> In addition to the passive +conjugation, deponent verbs use certain forms from the active. These are +marked with a star. Deponent -iō verbs of the third conjugation are +inflected like the passive of capiō.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>hortor</td> +<td>vereor</td> +<td>sequor</td> +<td>partior</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>hortāris, -re</td> +<td>verēris, -re</td> +<td>sequeris, -re</td> +<td>partīris, -re</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>hortātur</td> +<td>verētur</td> +<td>sequitur</td> +<td>partītur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>hortāmur</td> +<td>verēmur</td> +<td>sequimur</td> +<td>partīmur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>hortāminī</td> +<td>verēminī</td> +<td>sequiminī</td> +<td>partīminī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>hortantur</td> +<td>verentur</td> +<td>sequuntur</td> +<td>partiuntur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>hortābar</td> +<td>verēbar</td> +<td>sequēbar</td> +<td>partiēbar</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>hortābor</td> +<td>verēbor</td> +<td>sequar</td> +<td>partiar</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>hortātus sum</td> +<td>veritus sum</td> +<td>secūtus sum</td> +<td>partītus sum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>hortātus eram</td> +<td>veritus eram</td> +<td>secūtus eram</td> +<td>partītus eram</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td>hortātus erō</td> +<td>veritus erō</td> +<td>secūtus erō</td> +<td>partītus erō</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +<a name="page254"> </a> +Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>horter</td> +<td>verear</td> +<td>sequar</td> +<td>partiar</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>hortārer</td> +<td>verērer</td> +<td>sequerer</td> +<td>partīrer</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>hortātus sim</td> +<td>veritus sim</td> +<td>secūtus sim</td> +<td>partītus sim</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>hortātus essem</td> +<td>veritus essem</td> +<td>secūtus essem</td> +<td>partītus essem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>hortāre</td> +<td>verēre</td> +<td>sequere</td> +<td>partīre</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>hortātor</td> +<td>verētor</td> +<td>sequitor</td> +<td>partītor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>hortārī</td> +<td>verērī</td> +<td>sequī</td> +<td>partīrī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>hortātus esse</td> +<td>veritus esse</td> +<td>secūtus esse</td> +<td>partītus esse</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>hortātūrus esse</b></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>veritūrus esse</b></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>secūtūrus esse</b></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>partītūrus esse</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Participles</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>hortāns</b></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>verēns</b></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>sequēns</b></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>partiēns</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>hortāturus</b></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>veritūrus</b></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>secūtūrus</b></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>partītūrus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>hortātus</td> +<td>veritus</td> +<td>secūtus</td> +<td>partītus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Ger.</i></td> +<td>hortandus</td> +<td>verendus</td> +<td>sequendus</td> +<td>partiendus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Gerund</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>hortandī</b>, etc.</td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>verendī</b>, etc.</td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>sequendī</b>, etc.</td> +<td class="backspace">*<b>partiendī</b>, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Supine</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="backspace">*[<b>hortātus, -tū</b>]</td> +<td class="backspace">*[<b>veritum, -tū</b>]</td> +<td class="backspace">*[<b>secūtum, -tū</b>]</td> +<td class="backspace">*[<b>partītum, -tū</b>]</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="section">IRREGULAR VERBS</h5> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec494"><b>494.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>sum</b>, <i>am, be</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>sum, esse, fuī, futūrus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>es-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Stem</span> <b>fu-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Part. Stem</span> <b>fut-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Present</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">SINGULAR</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sum</b>, <i>I am</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sumus</b>, <i>we are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>es</b>, <i>thou art</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>estis</b>, <i>you are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><b>est</b>, <i>he (she, it) is</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"><b>sunt</b>, <i>they are</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Imperfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>am</b>, <i>I was</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>āmus</b>, <i>we were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>ās</b>, <i>thou wast</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>ātis</b>, <i>you were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>at</b>, <i>he was</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>ant</b>, <i>they were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +<a name="page255"> </a> +Future</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>ō</b>, <i>I shall be</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>imus</b>, <i>we shall be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>is</b>, <i>thou wilt be</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>itis</b>, <i>you will be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>it</b>, <i>he will be</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">er<b>unt</b>, <i>they will be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Perfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>ī</b>, <i>I have been, was</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>imus</b>, <i>we have been, were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>istī</b>, <i>thou hast been, wast</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>istis</b>, <i>you have been, were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>it</b>, <i>he has been, was</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>ērunt</b>, fuēre, <i>they have been, +were</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Pluperfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>eram</b>, <i>I had been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erāmus</b>, <i>we had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erās</b>, <i>thou hadst been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erātis</b>, <i>you had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erat</b>, <i>he had been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erant</b>, <i>they had been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Future Perfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erō</b>, <i>I shall have been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erimus</b>, <i>we shall have been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>eris</b>, <i>thou wilt have been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>eritis</b>, <i>you will have been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erit</b>, <i>he will have been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fu<b>erint</b>, <i>they will have been</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Present</th> +<th colspan = "2">Imperfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead">SINGULAR</td> +<td class="smallhead">PLURAL</td> +<td class="smallhead">SINGULAR</td> +<td class="smallhead">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>s<b>im</b></td> +<td>s<b>īmus</b></td> +<td>es<b>sem</b></td> +<td>es<b>sēmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>s<b>īs</b></td> +<td>s<b>ītis</b></td> +<td>es<b>sēs</b></td> +<td>es<b>sētis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>s<b>it</b></td> +<td>s<b>int</b></td> +<td>es<b>set</b></td> +<td>es<b>sent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Perfect</th> +<th colspan = "2">Pluperfect</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>erim</b></td> +<td>fu<b>erimus</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issem</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issēmus</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>eris</b></td> +<td>fu<b>eritis</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issēs</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issētis</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>fu<b>erit</b></td> +<td>fu<b>erint</b></td> +<td>fu<b>isset</b></td> +<td>fu<b>issent</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +PRESENT</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +FUTURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>2d Pers. Sing.</i> <b>es</b>, <i>be thou</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>2d Pers. Sing.</i> es<b>tō</b>, <i>thou shalt be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>2d Pers. Plur.</i> es<b>te</b>, <i>be ye</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>3d Pers. Sing.</i> es<b>tō</b>, <i>he shall be</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>2d Pers. Plur.</i> es<b>tōte</b>, <i>ye shall be</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>3d Pers. Plur.</i> s<b>untō</b>, <i>they shall be</i></p> +</td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2"> +Infinitive</th> +<th colspan = "2"> +Participle</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Pres.</i> es<b>se</b>, <i>to be</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<i>Perf.</i> fu<b>isse</b>, <i>to have been</i></td> +<td colspan = "2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>Fut.</i> <b>futūrus, -a, -um esse</b> or <b>fore</b>,<br /> +<i>to be about to be</i> +</p></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<b>futūrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>about to be</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page256"> </a> +<a name="sec495"><b>495.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>possum</b>, <i>be able, can</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>possum, posse, potuī</b>, —— +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Indicative</th> +<th colspan = "2">Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead">SINGULAR</td> +<td class="smallhead">PLURAL</td> +<td class="smallhead">SINGULAR</td> +<td class="smallhead">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>possum</td> +<td>pos´sumus</td> +<td>possim</td> +<td>possī´mus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>potes</td> +<td>potes´tis</td> +<td>possīs</td> +<td>possī´tis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>potest</td> +<td>possunt</td> +<td>possit</td> +<td>possint</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>poteram</td> +<td>poterāmus</td> +<td>possem</td> +<td>possē´mus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>poterō</td> +<td>poterimus</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>potuī</td> +<td>potuimus</td> +<td>potuerim</td> +<td>potuerimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>potueram</td> +<td>potuerāmus</td> +<td>potuissem</td> +<td>potuissēmus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td>potuerō</td> +<td>potuerimus</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Pres.</i> posse</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Perf.</i> potuisse</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Participle</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Pres.</i> potens, <i>gen</i>. -entis, (adjective) +<i>powerful</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec496"><b>496.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>prōsum</b>, <i>benefit</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>prōdes-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Stem</span> <b>prōfu-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Part. Stem</span> <b>prōfut-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Indicative</th> +<th colspan = "2">Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead">SINGULAR</td> +<td class="smallhead">PLURAL</td> +<td class="smallhead">SINGULAR</td> +<td class="smallhead">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>prōsum</td> +<td>prō´sumus</td> +<td>prōsim</td> +<td>prōsī´mus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>prōdes</td> +<td>prōdes´tis</td> +<td>prōsīs</td> +<td>prōsī´tis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>prōdest</td> +<td>prōsunt</td> +<td>prōsit</td> +<td>prōsint</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>prōderam</td> +<td>prōderāmus</td> +<td>prōdessem</td> +<td>prodessē´mus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>prōderō</td> +<td>prōderimus</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>prōfuī</td> +<td>prōfuimus</td> +<td>prōfuerim</td> +<td>prōfuerimus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>prōfueram</td> +<td>prōfuerāmus</td> +<td>prōfuissem</td> +<td>prōfuissēmus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td>prōfuerō</td> +<td>prōfuerimus</td> +<td>——</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Pres. 2d Pers.</i> prōdes, prōdeste</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Fut. 2d Pers.</i> prōdestō, prōdestōte</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Pres.</i> prōdesse</td> +<td><i>Perf.</i> prōfuisse</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Fut.</i> prōfutūrus, -a, -um esse</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<span class="smallcaps">Future Participle</span> prōfutūrus, -a, -um +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page257"> </a> +<a name="sec497"><b>497.</b></a></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead"> +Principal<br /> +Parts</td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>volō, velle, voluī</b>, ——, +<i>be willing, will, wish</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>nōlō, nōlle, nōluī</b>, ——, +<i>be unwilling, will not</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>mālō, mālle, māluī</b>, ——, +<i>be more willing, prefer</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><b>Nōlō</b> and <b>mālō</b> are compounds of <b>volō</b>. <b>Nōlō</b> +is for <b>ne</b> (<i>not</i>) + <b>volō</b>, and <b>mālō</b> for +<b>mā</b> (from <b>magis</b>, <i>more</i>) + <b>volō</b>. The second +person <b>vīs</b> is from a different root.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>volō</td> +<td>nōlō</td> +<td>mālō</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>vīs</td> +<td>nōn vis</td> +<td>māvīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>vult</td> +<td>nōn vult</td> +<td>māvult</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>volumus</td> +<td>nōlumus</td> +<td>mālumus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>vultis</td> +<td>nōn vultis</td> +<td>māvul´tis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>volunt</td> +<td>nōlunt</td> +<td>mālunt</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>volēbam</td> +<td>nōlēbam</td> +<td>mālēbam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>volam, volēs, etc.</td> +<td>nōlam, nōlēs, etc.</td> +<td>mālam, mālēs, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>voluī</td> +<td>nōluī</td> +<td>māluī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>volueram</td> +<td>nōlueram</td> +<td>mālueram</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td>voluerō</td> +<td>nōluerō</td> +<td>māluerō</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4">SINGULAR</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>velim</td> +<td>nōlim</td> +<td>mālim</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>velīs</td> +<td>nōlīs</td> +<td>mālīs</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>velit</td> +<td>nōlit</td> +<td>mālit</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4">PLURAL</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>velī´mus</td> +<td>nōlī´mus</td> +<td>mālī´mus</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>velī´tis</td> +<td>nōlī´tis</td> +<td>mālī´tis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>velint</td> +<td>nōlint</td> +<td>mālint</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td>vellem</td> +<td>nōllem</td> +<td>māllem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>voluerim</td> +<td>nōluerim</td> +<td>māluerim</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td>voluissem</td> +<td>nōluissem</td> +<td>māluissem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td> +nōlī<br /> +nōlīte +</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>nōlītō, etc.</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +<a name="page258"> </a> +Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>velle</td> +<td>nōlle</td> +<td>mālle</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td>voluisse</td> +<td>nōluisse</td> +<td>māluisse</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Participle</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>volēns, -entis</td> +<td>nōlēns, -entis</td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec498"><b>498.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>ferō</b>, <i>bear, carry, +endure</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "4"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>fer-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Stem</span> <b>tul-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Part. Stem</span> <b>lāt-</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Indicative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">ACTIVE</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2">PASSIVE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td>ferō</td> +<td>ferimus</td> +<td>feror</td> +<td>ferimur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>fers</td> +<td>fertīs</td> +<td>ferris, -re</td> +<td>ferimimī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>fert</td> +<td>ferunt</td> +<td>fertur</td> +<td>feruntur</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ferēbam</td> +<td colspan = "2">ferēbar</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">feram, ferēs, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2">ferar, ferēris, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tulī</td> +<td colspan = "2">lātus, -a, -um sum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tuleram</td> +<td colspan = "2">lātus, -a, -um eram</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tulerō</td> +<td colspan = "2">lātus, -a, -um erō</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Subjunctive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">feram, ferās, etc.</td> +<td colspan = "2">ferar, ferāris, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ferrem</td> +<td colspan = "2">ferrer</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tulerim</td> +<td colspan = "2">lātus, -a, -um sim</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tulissem</td> +<td colspan = "2">lātus, -a, -um essem</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Pres. 2d Pers.</i> fer</td> +<td>ferte</td> +<td>ferre</td> +<td>feriminī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Fut. 2d Pers.</i> fertō</td> +<td>fertōte</td> +<td>fertor</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset" colspan = "2"><i>3d Pers.</i> fertō</td> +<td>ferunto</td> +<td>fertor</td> +<td>feruntor</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Infinitive</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ferre</td> +<td colspan = "2">ferrī</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">tulisse</td> +<td colspan = "2">lātus, -a, -um esse</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">lātūrus, -a, -um esse</td> +<td colspan = "2">——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "4">Participles</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ferēns, -entis</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Pres.</i> ——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">lātūrus, -a, -um</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Ger.</i> ferendus, -a, -um</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">——</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Perf.</i> lātus, -a, -um</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2"> +<a name="page259"> </a> +Gerund</th> +<td class="center"> +<span class="smallcaps">Supine</span> (Active Voice)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gen.</i> ferendī</td> +<td><i>Acc.</i> ferendum</td> +<td><i>Acc.</i> [lātum]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dat.</i> ferendō</td> +<td><i>Abl.</i> ferendō</td> +<td><i>Abl.</i> [lātū]</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec499"><b>499.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>eō</b>, <i>go</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "5"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>eō, īre, iī</b> (<b>īvī</b>), <b>ĭtum</b> (n. perf. part.) +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "5"> +<span class="smallcaps">Pres. Stem</span> <b>ī-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Perf. Stem</span> <b>ī-</b> +or <b>īv-</b> +<span class="smallcaps">Part. Stem</span> <b>it-</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2" rowspan = "2">Indicative</th> +<th rowspan = "2">Subjunctive</th> +<th colspan = "2">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="smallest">SING.</td> +<td class="smallest">PLUR.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td> +eō<br /> +īs<br /> +it +</td> +<td> +īmus<br /> +ītis<br /> +eunt +</td> +<td>eam</td> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i> ī</td> +<td>īte</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ībam</td> +<td>īrem</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td class="middle" colspan = "2">ībō</td> +<td class="middle">——</td> +<td class = "leftline"> +<i>2d Pers.</i> ītō<br /> +<i>3d Pers.</i> ītō +</td> +<td> +ītōte<br /> +euntō +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">iī (īvī)</td> +<td>ierim (īverim)</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Plup.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ieram (īveram)</td> +<td>īssem (īvissem)</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>F. P.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">ierō (īverō)</td> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2"> +Infinitive</th> +<th colspan = "4"> +Participles</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">īre</td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Pres.</i> iēns, <i>gen.</i> euntis +(<a href="#sec472">§ 472</a>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">īsse (īvisse)</td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Fut.</i> itūrus, -a, -um</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">itūrus, -a, -um esse</td> +<td colspan = "4"><i>Ger.</i> eundum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<th>Gerund</th> +<th colspan = "2">Supine</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td><i>Gen.</i> eundī</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Acc.</i> [itum]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td><i>Dat.</i> eundō</td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Abl.</i> [itū]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td><i>Acc.</i> eundum</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +<td><i>Abl.</i> eundō</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="note"> +<i>a.</i> The verb <b>eō</b> is used impersonally in the third person +singular of the passive, as <b>ītur</b>, <b>itum est</b>, +<i>etc.</i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<i>b.</i> In the perfect system the forms with <b>v</b> are very +rare.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec500"><b>500.</b></a> +<span class="midplain"><b>fīō</b>, passive of <b>faciō</b>; +<i>be made, become, happen</i></span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="center" colspan = "5"> +<span class="smallcaps">Principal Parts</span> +<b>fīō, fierī, factus sum</b> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2">Indicative</th> +<th>Subjunctive</th> +<th colspan = "2">Imperative</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td> +fīō<br /> +fīs<br /> +fit +</td> +<td> +——<br /> +——<br /> +fīunt +</td> +<td>fīam</td> +<td><i>2d Pers.</i> fī</td> +<td>fīte</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Impf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fīēbam</td> +<td>fierem</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fīam</td> +<td>——</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a name="page260"> </a> +<i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">factus, -a, -um sum</td> +<td>factus, -a, -um sim</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>Plup.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">factus, -a, -um eram</td> +<td>factus, -a, -um essem</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<i>F. P.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">factus, -a, -um erō</td> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2"> +Infinitive</th> +<td></td> +<th colspan = "2"> +Participles</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Pres.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">fierī</td> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Perf.</i> factus, -a, -um</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Perf.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">factus, -a, -um esse</td> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"><i>Ger.</i> faciendus, -a, -um</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fut.</i></td> +<td colspan = "2">[factum īrī]</td> +<td></td><td></td><td></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic260.png" width="212" height="352" +alt="Fortification protected by a wall and a ditch" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR</span></p> + +<h3><a name="page261"> </a>APPENDIX II</h3> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec501"><b>501.</b></a> +<span class="midfat">RULES OF SYNTAX</span></p> + +<p class="note"> +<span class="smallcaps">Note.</span> The rules of syntax are here +classified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text section in +which the rule appears is given at the end of each.</p> + +<p><i><b>Nominative Case</b></i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_1"><b>1.</b></a> +The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the +question Who? or What? <a href = +"#sec36">§ 36</a>.</p> + +<p><i><b>Agreement</b></i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_2"><b>2.</b></a> +A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its +subject. <a href="#sec28">§ 28</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_3"><b>3.</b></a> +A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. <a href = +"#sec76">§ 76</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_4"><b>4.</b></a> +An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains. <a href = +"#sec81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_5"><b>5.</b></a> +Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. <a href = +"#sec65">§ 65</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_6"><b>6.</b></a> +A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in +gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. +<a href="#sec215">§ 215. <i>a</i></a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_7"><b>7.</b></a> +A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; +but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. <a +href="#sec224">§ 224</a>.</p> + +<p><i><b>Prepositions</b></i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_8"><b>8.</b></a> +A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative +case. <a href="#sec52">§ 52</a>.</p> + +<p><i><b>Genitive Case</b></i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_9"><b>9.</b></a> +The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive +and answers the question Whose? <a href = +"#sec38">§ 38</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_10"><b>10.</b></a> +The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after +the forms of <b>sum</b>, and is then called the <i>predicate +genitive</i>. <a href="#sec409">§ 409</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_11"><b>11.</b></a> +Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, +known as <i>the partitive genitive</i>. <a href = +"#sec331">§ 331</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_12"><b>12.</b></a> +Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a +modifying adjective. <a href = +"#sec443">§ 443</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page262"> </a> +<i><b>Dative Case</b></i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_13"><b>13.</b></a> +The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. <a href = +"#sec45">§ 45</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_14"><b>14.</b></a> +The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs +<b>crēdō</b>, <b>faveō</b>, <b>noceō</b>, <b>pāreō</b>, +<b>persuādeō</b>, <b>resistō</b>, <b>studeō</b>, and others of like +meaning. <a href="#sec154">§ 154</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_15"><b>15.</b></a> +Some verbs compounded with <b>ad</b>, <b>ante</b>, <b>con</b>, +<b>dē</b>, <b>in</b>, <b>inter</b>, <b>ob</b>, <b>post</b>, <b>prae</b>, +<b>prō</b>, <b>sub</b>, <b>super</b>, admit the dative of the indirect +object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative. +<a href="#sec426">§ 426</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_16"><b>16.</b></a> +The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the +given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning +<i>near</i>, also <i>fit, friendly, pleasing, like</i>, and their +opposites. <a href="#sec143">§ 143</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_17"><b>17.</b></a> +The dative is used to denote the <i>purpose</i> or <i>end for which</i>; +often with another dative denoting <i>the person or thing affected</i>. +<a href="#sec437">§ 437</a>.</p> + +<p><i><b>Accusative Case</b></i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_18"><b>18.</b></a> +The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers +the question Whom? or What? <a href = +"#sec37">§ 37</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_19"><b>19.</b></a> +The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. <a href = +"#sec214">§ 214</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_20"><b>20.</b></a> +The <i>place to which</i> is expressed by <b>ad</b> or <b>in</b> with +the accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, <b>domus</b>, and +<b>rūs</b> the preposition is omitted. +<a href="#sec263">§§ 263</a>, +<a href="#sec266">266</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_21"><b>21.</b></a> +<i>Duration of time</i> and <i>extent of space</i> are expressed by the +accusative. <a href="#sec336">§ 336</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_22"><b>22.</b></a> +Verbs of <i>making, choosing, calling, showing</i>, and the like, may +take a <i>predicate accusative</i> along with the direct object. With +the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. <a href = +"#sec392">§ 392</a>.</p> + +<p><i><b>Ablative Case</b></i></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_23"><b>23.</b></a> +<i>Cause</i> is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This +answers the question Because of what? <a href = +"#sec102">§ 102</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_24"><b>24.</b></a> +<i>Means</i> is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This +answers the question By means of what? or With what? <a href = +"#sec103">§ 103</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_25"><b>25.</b></a> +<i>Accompaniment</i> is denoted by the ablative with <b>cum</b>. This +answers the question With whom? <a href = +"#sec104">§ 104</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_26"><b>26.</b></a> +The ablative with <b>cum</b> is used to denote the manner of an action. +<b>Cum</b> may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. +This answers the question How? or In what manner? <a href = +"#sec105">§ 105</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_27"><b>27.</b></a> +With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to +denote the <i>measure of difference</i>. <a href = +"#sec317">§ 317</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="page263"> </a> +<a name="sec501_28"><b>28.</b></a> +The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle +in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. This is called +the <i>ablative absolute</i>. <a href = +"#sec381">§ 381</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_29"><b>29.</b></a> +1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the +ablative with a modifying adjective. <a href = +"#sec444">§ 444</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical +characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative +with a modifying adjective. <a href = +"#sec445">§ 445</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_30"><b>30.</b></a> +The ablative is used to denote <i>in what respect</i> something is true. +<a href="#sec398">§ 398</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_31"><b>31.</b></a> +The <i>place from which</i> is expressed by <b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b>, +<b>dē</b>, <b>ē</b> or <b>ex</b> with the separative ablative. This +answers the question Whence? Before names of towns, small islands, +<b>domus</b>, and <b>rūs</b> the preposition is omitted. +<a href="#sec264">§§ 264</a>, +<a href="#sec266">266</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_32"><b>32.</b></a> +Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to +complete their meaning. This is called the <i>ablative of +separation</i>. <a href="#sec180">§ 180</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_33"><b>33.</b></a> +The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the +subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition <b>ā</b> or +<b>ab</b>. This is called the <i>ablative of the personal agent</i>. <a +href="#sec181">§ 181</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_34"><b>34.</b></a> +The comparative degree, if <b>quam</b> is omitted, is followed by the +separative ablative. <a href = +"#sec309">§ 309</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_35"><b>35.</b></a> +The <i>time when or within which</i> anything happens is expressed by +the ablative without a preposition. <a href = +"#sec275">§ 275</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_36"><b>36.</b></a> +1. The <i>place at or in which</i> is expressed by the ablative with +<b>in</b>. This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small +islands, and <b>rūs</b> the preposition is omitted. +<a href="#sec265">§§ 265</a>, +<a href="#sec266">266</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or +second declension, and the word <b>domus</b> express the <i>place in +which</i> by the locative. <a href = +"#sec268">§ 268</a>.</p> + +<p><b><i>Gerund and Gerundive</i></b></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_37"><b>37.</b></a> +1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, +accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are +in general the same as those of other nouns. +<a href="#sec406">§ 406. 1</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of +gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a +preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more +usual. +<a href="#sec406">§ 406. 2</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_38"><b>38.</b></a> +The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with <b>ad</b>, or the +genitive with <b>causā</b>, is used to express purpose. <a href = +"#sec407">§ 407</a>.</p> + +<p> +<a name="page264"> </a> +<b><i>Moods and Tenses of Verbs</i></b></p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_39"><b>39.</b></a> +Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by +secondary. <a href="#sec358">§ 358</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_40"><b>40.</b></a> +The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the +<i>purpose</i> of the action in the principal clause. <a href = +"#sec349">§ 349</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_41"><b>41.</b></a> +<i>A substantive clause of purpose</i> with the subjunctive is used as +object with verbs of <i>commanding, urging, asking, persuading</i>, or +<i>advising</i>, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. +<a href="#sec366">§ 366</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_42"><b>42.</b></a> +Verbs of <i>fearing</i> are followed by a substantive clause of purpose +introduced by <b>ut</b> (<i>that not</i>) or <b>nē</b> (<i>that</i> or +<i>lest</i>). <a href="#sec372">§ 372</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_43"><b>43.</b></a> +<i>Consecutive clauses of result</i> are introduced by <b>ut</b> or +<b>ut nōn</b>, and have the verb in the subjunctive. <a href = +"#sec385">§ 385</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_44"><b>44.</b></a> +<i>Object clauses of result</i> with <b>ut</b> or <b>ut nōn</b> are +found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. <a href = +"#sec386">§ 386</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_45"><b>45.</b></a> +A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an +antecedent. This is called the <i>subjunctive of characteristic or +description</i>. <a href="#sec390">§ 390</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_46"><b>46.</b></a> +The conjunction <b>cum</b> means <i>when, since</i>, or <i>although</i>. +It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means <i>when</i> and its +clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. <a href = +"#sec396">§ 396</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_47"><b>47.</b></a> +When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed +to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative +of the infinitive. <a href = +"#sec416">§ 416</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_48"><b>48.</b></a> +The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is +found after verbs of <i>saying, telling, knowing, thinking</i>, and +<i>perceiving</i>. <a href = +"#sec419">§ 419</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_49"><b>49.</b></a> +A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of +the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future +indicative becomes future infinitive. <a href = +"#sec418">§ 418</a>.</p> + +<p class="note"> +<a name="sec501_50"><b>50.</b></a> +In an <i>indirect question</i> the verb is in the subjunctive and its +tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. <a href = +"#sec432">§ 432</a>.</p> + + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic264.png" width="143" height="199" +alt="seated lady" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +DOMINA</span></p> + +<h3><a name="page265"> </a>APPENDIX III</h3> + +<h4>REVIEWS<span class="tag">1</span></h4> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned for a written +test.</div> + + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="review_I"> +I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII</a></h5> +<div class="mylink"> +<a href="#lesson_IX">Lesson IX</a></div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec502"><b>502.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b><span class = +"tag">1</span></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Nouns</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +agricola<br /> +ancilla<br /> +<b>aqua</b><br /> +<b>casa</b><br /> +<b>causa</b><br /> +cēna<br /> +<b>corōna</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>dea</b><br /> +domina<br /> +fābula<br /> +<b>fera</b><br /> +<b>fīlia</b><br /> +<b>fortūna</b><br /> +<b>fuga</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>gallīna</b><br /> +iniūria<br /> +<b>īnsula</b><br /> +<b>lūna</b><br /> +<b>nauta</b><br /> +<b>pecūnia</b><br /> +puella</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>pugna</b><br /> +<b>sagitta</b><br /> +<b>silva</b><br /> +<b>terra</b><br /> +<b>tuba</b><br /> +<b>via</b><br /> +<b>victōria</b></p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "6">Adjectives</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>alta</b><br /> +<b>bona</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>clāra</b><br /> +<b>grāta</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>lāta</b><br /> +<b>longa</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>magna</b><br /> +<b>mala</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>nova</b><br /> +<b>parva</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>pulchra</b><br /> +<b>sōla</b></p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "7">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +amat<br /> +<b>dat</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>est</b><br /> +habitat</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>labōrat</b><br /> +<b>laudat</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +nārrat<br /> +<b>necat</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>nūntiat</b><br /> +<b>parat</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>portat</b><br /> +<b>pugnat</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>sunt</b><br /> +<b>vocat</b></p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Prepositions</th> +<th>Pronouns</th> +<th>Adverbs</th> +<th>Conjunctions</th> +<th>Interrogative<br /> +Particle</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b><br /> +<b>ad</b><br /> +<b>cum</b><br /> +<b>dē</b><br /> +<b>ē</b> or <b>ex</b><br /> +<b>in</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>mea</b><br /> +<b>tua</b><br /> +<b>quis</b><br /> +<b>cuius</b><br /> +<b>cui</b><br /> +<b>quem</b><br /> +<b>quid</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>cūr</b><br /> +<b>deinde</b><br /> +<b>nōn</b><br /> +<b>ubi</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>et</b><br /> +quia<br /> +<b>quod</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>-ne</b></p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in the reviews. +Words used in Cassar’s “Gallic War” are in heavy type.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page266"> </a> +<a name="sec503"><b>503.</b></a> +<b>Give the Latin of the following words:</b><span class = +"tag">1</span></p> + +<p>Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word +till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you +have underlined.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>flight</i><br /> +story<br /> +<i>new</i><br /> +lives (verb)<br /> +<i>away from</i><br /> +<i>who</i><br /> +<i>why</i><br /> +<i>forest</i><br /> +<i>wreath</i><br /> +<i>deep, high</i><br /> +dinner<br /> +<i>famous</i><br /> +<i>cottage</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>battle</i> (noun)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>trumpet</i><br /> +lady, mistress<br /> +<i>whom</i><br /> +<i>island</i></p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>wide</i><br /> +tells<br /> +<i>money</i><br /> +<i>calls</i><br /> +<i>with</i><br /> +<i>your</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>then, in the<br /> +next place</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>daughter</i><br /> +<i>to whom</i><br /> +<i>fortune</i><br /> +<i>out from</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>labors</i> (verb)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>gives</i><br /> +<i>small</i><br /> +<i>in</i><br /> +<i>and</i><br /> +<i>sailor</i><br /> +farmer</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>goddess</i><br /> +<i>wild beast</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>praises</i> (verb)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>alone</i><br /> +<i>pleasing</i><br /> +<i>prepares</i><br /> +<i>are</i><br /> +<i>to</i><br /> +<i>because</i><br /> +<i>arrow</i><br /> +<i>my</i><br /> +<i>kills</i><br /> +girl</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>fights</i> (verb)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>carries</i><br /> +<i>chicken</i><br /> +<i>victory</i><br /> +<i>land</i></p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>what</i><br /> +<i>way</i><br /> +<i>bad</i><br /> +loves<br /> +<i>pretty</i><br /> +<i>water</i><br /> +<i>great</i><br /> +<i>is</i><br /> +<i>announces</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>injury, wrong</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>where</i><br /> +<i>not</i><br /> +<i>good</i><br /> +maid<br /> +<i>down from</i><br /> +<i>long</i><br /> +<i>cause</i><br /> +<i>whose</i></p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. The translations of words used in Cæsar are in italics.</div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec504"><b>504.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> How many syllables has a Latin word? How are +words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the +antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is +the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the +predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? +conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person +singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? +Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct +object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? +Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in +Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is +meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. +What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say +of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the +adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the +rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles +of Latin word order?</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page267"> </a> +<a name="sec505"><b>505.</b></a> +Fill out the following summary of the first declension:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "4"> +The First or Ā-Declension</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +1. Ending in the nominative singular</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +2. Rule for gender</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"> +3. Case terminations</td> +<td class = "leftline"> +a. Singular<br /> +b. Plural</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +4. Irregular nouns</td> +</tr> +</table> +<div class="plainnote"> +<a href="#lesson_IX">Go on to Lesson IX</a></div> + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="review_II"> +II. REVIEW OF LESSONS IX-XVII</a></h5> +<div class="mylink"> +<a href="#lesson_XVIII">Lesson XVIII</a></div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec506"><b>506.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "6"> +Nouns of the First Declension +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>agrī cultūra</b><br /> +<b>cōnstantia</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>cōpia</b><br /> +<b>dīligentia</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>fāma</b><br /> +fēmina +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>galea</b><br /> +<b>inopia</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>lacrima</b><br /> +<b>lōrīca</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>patria</b><br /> +<b>praeda</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Nouns of the Second Declension +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>ager</b><br /> +<b>amīcus</b><br /> +<b>arma</b> (plural)<br /> +<b>auxilium</b><br /> +<b>bellum</b><br /> +<b>carrus</b><br /> +<b>castrum</b></p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>cibus</b><br /> +<b>cōnsilium</b><br /> +<b>domicilium</b><br /> +dominus<br /> +<b>equus</b><br /> +<b>fīlius</b><br /> +fluvius</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>frūmentum</b><br /> +<b>gladius</b><br /> +<b>lēgātus</b><br /> +<b>līberī</b><br /> +magister<br /> +<b>mūrus</b><br /> +<b>numerus</b></p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>oppidānus</b><br /> +<b>oppidum</b><br /> +<b>pīlum</b><br /> +<b>populus</b><br /> +<b>praemium</b><br /> +<b>proelium</b><br /> +<b>puer</b></p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>scūtum</b><br /> +<b>servus</b><br /> +<b>studium</b><br /> +<b>tēlum</b><br /> +<b>vīcus</b><br /> +<b>vir</b></p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Adjectives of the First and Second Declensons +</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>aeger, aegra, aegrum</b><br /> +<b>alius, alia, aliud</b><br /> +<b>alter, altera, alterum</b><br /> +<b>armātus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>crēber, crēbra, crēbrum</b><br /> +<b>dūrus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>fīnitimus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>īnfīrmus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>legiōnārius, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>līber, lībera, līberum</b><br /> +<b>mātūrus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>meus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>miser, misera, miserum</b><br /> +<b>multus, -a, -um</b></p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>neuter, neutra, neutrum</b><br /> +<b>noster, nostra, nostrum</b><br /> +<b>alter, altera, alterum</b><br /> +<b>pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum</b><br /> +<b>sōlus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>suus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>fīnitimus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>tuus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>ūllus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>ūnus, -a, -um</b><br /> +<b>uter, utra, utrum</b><br /> +validus, -a, -um<br /> +<b>vester, vestra, vestrum</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th> +<a name="page268"> </a> +Verbs</th> +<th>Demonstrative<br /> +Pronoun</th> +<th>Adverbs</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +arat<br /> +<b>cūrat</b><br /> +<b>dēsīderat</b><br /> +<b>mātūrat</b><br /> +<b>properat</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>is, ea, id</b></p> +<p class="smallcaps">Conjunctions</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<b>an</b><br /> +<b>-que</b><br /> +<b>sed</b> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>iam</b><br /> +quō<br /> +<b>saepe</b></p> +<p class="smallcaps">Preposition</p> +<b>apud</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec507"><b>507.</b></a> +<b>Give the Latin of the following words:</b></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>sword</i><br /> +<i>corselet</i><br /> +<i>man</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>your</i> (plural)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>hasten</i><br /> +<i>but</i><br /> +<i>among</i><br /> +<i>tear</i> (noun)<br /> +<i>village</i><br /> +strong<br /> +<i>long for</i><br /> +<i>and</i> (enclitic)<br /> +<i>often</i><br /> +<i>want</i> (noun)<br /> +<i>which</i> (of two)<br /> +<i>care for</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>or</i> (in a question)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +whither<br /> +<i>wagon</i><br /> +<i>townsman</i><br /> +<i>wretched</i><br /> +<i>ripe</i><br /> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>war</i><br /> +<i>number</i><br /> +<i>my</i><br /> +<i>free</i> (adj.)<br /> +<i>children</i><br /> +<i>wall</i><br /> +<i>grain</i><br /> +<i>weapon</i><br /> +<i>one</i><br /> +plow (verb)<br /> +<i>this</i> or <i>that</i><br /> +<i>already</i><br /> +<i>helmet</i><br /> +river<br /> +<i>zeal</i><br /> +<i>any</i><br /> +<i>he</i><br /> +<i>son</i><br /> +<i>slave</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>your</i> (singular)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>she</i><br /> +<i>woman</i><br /> +<i>horse</i><br /> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>shield</i> (noun)<br /> +<i>whole</i><br /> +<i>it</i><br /> +<i>aid</i> (noun)<br /> +<i>legionary</i><br /> +<i>weak</i><br /> +<i>arms</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +master<br /> +(of school)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>friend</i><br /> +<i>neighboring</i><br /> +<i>sick</i><br /> +<i>lieutenant</i><br /> +<i>field</i><br /> +<i>report, rumor</i><br /> +<i>abode</i><br /> +<i>boy</i><br /> +<i>his own</i><br /> +<i>alone</i><br /> +<i>prize</i> (noun)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +master (owner)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>carefulness</i><br /> +<i>plenty</i><br /> +<i>troops</i><br /> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>plan</i> (noun)<br /> +<i>people</i><br /> +<i>beautiful</i><br /> +<i>no</i> (adj.)<br /> +<i>our</i><br /> +<i>battle</i><br /> +<i>spear</i><br /> +<i>food</i><br /> +<i>steadiness</i><br /> +<i>fatherland</i><br /> +<i>town</i><br /> +<i>fort</i><br /> +<i>camp</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>neither</i> (of two)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>much</i><br /> +<i>agriculture</i><br /> +<i>other</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>the other</i> (of two)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>hard</i><br /> +<i>booty</i><br /> +<i>frequent</i><br /> +<i>armed</i><br /> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec508"><b>508.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> How many declensions are there? What three +things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three +cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the +plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative +singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what +does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of +an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in <b>-er</b> is declined +like <b>puer</b> or like <b>ager</b>? +<a name="page269"> </a> +Decline <b>bonus</b>, <b>līber</b>, <b>pulcher</b>. How can we tell +whether an adjective in <b>-er</b> is declined like <b>līber</b> or like +<b>pulcher</b>? Why must we say <b>nauta bonus</b> and not <b>nauta +bona</b>? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? +With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When do we use <b>tuus</b> +and when <b>vester</b>? Why is <b>suus</b> called a <i>reflexive</i> +possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person? +When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are +covered by the relations expressed in English by <i>with</i>? Give an +illustration in Latin of the <i>ablative of manner</i>; of the +<i>ablative of cause</i>; of the <i>ablative of means</i>; of the +<i>ablative of accompaniment</i>. What ablative regularly has +<b>cum</b>? What ablative sometimes has <b>cum</b>? What uses of the +ablative never have <b>cum</b>? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, +with their meanings. Decline <b>alius</b>, <b>nūllus</b>. Decline +<b>is</b>. What does <b>is</b> mean as a demonstrative adjective or +pronoun? What other important use has it?</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec509"><b>509.</b></a> +Fill out the following summary of the second declension:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "7"> +The Second or<br /> +O-Declension</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +1. Endings in the nominative</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +2. Rule for gender</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"> +3. Case terminations of nouns in <b>-us</b></td> +<td class = "leftline"> +a. Singular<br /> +b. Plural</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="inset" colspan = "2"> +a. The vocative singular of nouns in <b>-us</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="middle"> +4. Case terminations of nouns in <b>-um</b></td> +<td class = "leftline"> +a. Singular<br /> +b. Plural</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +5. Peculiarities of nouns in <b>-er</b> and <b>-ir</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +6. Peculiarities of nouns in <b>-ius</b> and <b>-ium</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +<div class="plainnote"> +<a href="#lesson_XVIII">Go on to Lesson +XVIII</a></div> + + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="review_III"> +III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVIII-XXVI</a></h5> +<div class="mylink"> +<a href="#lesson_XXVII">Lesson XXVII</a></div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec510"><b>510.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Nouns of the First Declension</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>disciplīna</b><br /> +<b>fōrma</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>poena</b><br /> +<b>potentia</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +rēgīna<br /> +superbia</p></td> +<td><b>trīstitia</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Nouns of the Second Declension</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>lūdus</td> +<td><b>ōrnāmentum</b></td> +<td>sacrum</td> +<td><b>socius</b></td> +<td><b>verbum</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5"> +Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>amīcus</b><br /> +<b>antīquus</b><br /> +<b>fīnitimus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>grātus</b><br /> +<b>idōneus</b><br /> +<b>inimīcus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>interfectus</b><br /> +īrātus<br /> +<b>laetus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>molestus</b><br /> +<b>perpetuus</b><br /> +<b>proximus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>septem</b><br /> +<b>superbus</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2"> +<a name="page270"> </a> +Adverbs</th> +<th>Conjunctions</th> +<th>Personal Pronoun</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +hodiē<br /> +<b>ibi</b><br /> +<b>maximē</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +mox<br /> +<b>nunc</b><br /> +<b>nūper</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>etiam</b><br /> +<b>nōn sōlum ... sed etiam</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>ego</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead">CONJ. I</td> +<td class="smallhead">CONJ. II</td> +<td class="smallhead">CONJ. III</td> +<td class="smallhead">CONJ. IV</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +volō, -āre +</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<p> +<span class="smaller">IRREGULAR VERB</span><br /> +<b>sum, esse</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>dēleō, -ēre</b><br /> +<b>doceō, -ēre</b><br /> +<b>faveō, -ēre</b><br /> +<b>habeō, -ēre</b><br /> +<b>iubeō, -ēre</b><br /> +<b>moneō, -ēre</b><br /> +<b>moveō, -ēre</b><br /> +<b>noceō, -ēre</b><br /> +<b>pāreō, -ēre</b><br /> +<b>persuādeō, -ēre</b><br /> +sedeō, -ēre<br /> +<b>studeō, -ēre</b><br /> +<b>videō, -ēre</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>agō, -ere</b><br /> +<b>capiō, -ere</b><br /> +<b>crēdō, -ere</b><br /> +<b>dīcō, -ere</b><br /> +<b>dūcō, -ere</b><br /> +<b>faciō, -ere</b><br /> +<b>fugiō, -ere</b><br /> +<b>iaciō, -ere</b><br /> +<b>mittō, -ere</b><br /> +rapiō, -ere<br /> +<b>regō, -ere</b><br /> +<b>resistō, -ere</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>audiō, -īre</b><br /> +<b>mūniō, -īre</b><br /> +<b>reperiō, -īre</b><br /> +<b>veniō, -īre</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec511"><b>511.</b></a> +<b>Give the Latin of the following words.</b> In the case of verbs +always give the first form and the present infinitive.</p> + +<table> +<tr> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>ancient</i><br /> +<i>come</i><br /> +<i>resist</i><br /> +<i>see</i><br /> +<i>be</i><br /> +fly<br /> +<i>I</i><br /> +<i>proud</i><br /> +<i>word</i><br /> +<i>sadness</i><br /> +<i>find</i><br /> +<i>rule</i> (verb)<br /> +<i>be eager for</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>not only ... <br /> +but also</i></p> +<p class="nospace"><i>seven</i><br /> +<i>ally, companion</i><br /> +pride<br /> +<i>fortify</i><br /> +<i>send</i><br /> +sit<br /> +<i>also</i><br /> +school<br /> +<i>hear</i><br /> +<i>hurl</i><br /> +<i>persuade</i><br /> +<i>only</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>nearest</i><br /> +sacred rite<br /> +queen<br /> +<i>flee</i><br /> +<i>obey</i><br /> +<i>lately</i><br /> +<i>constant</i><br /> +<i>ornament</i><br /> +<i>power</i><br /> +<i>make, do</i><br /> +<i>injure</i><br /> +<i>now</i><br /> +<i>annoying</i><br /> +<i>lead</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>move</i><br /> +soon<br /> +<i>glad</i><br /> +<i>punishment</i><br /> +<i>believe</i><br /> +<i>advise</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>especially,<br /> +most of all</i></p> +<p class="nospace">angry<br /> +<i>beauty</i><br /> +<i>say</i><br /> +<i>command</i> (verb)<br /> +<i>there</i><br /> +<i>slain</i></p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>training</i><br /> +<i>take</i><br /> +<i>have</i><br /> +to-day<br /> +<i>unfriendly</i><br /> +<i>drive</i><br /> +<i>favor</i> (verb)<br /> +<i>suitable</i><br /> +<i>pleasing</i><br /> +<i>teach</i><br /> +<i>neighboring</i><br /> +<i>destroy</i><br /> +<i>friendly</i><br /> +seize +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec512"><b>512.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> What is conjugation? Name two important +differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? +<a name="page271"> </a> +What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative +mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? +Name those you have had. Inflect <b>sum</b> in the three tenses you have +learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they +distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed +from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is +the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in +the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a +final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible +translations of a present, as of <b>pugnō</b>? Inflect <b>arō, sedeō, +mittō, faciō</b>, and <b>veniō</b>, in the present, imperfect, and +future active. What forms of <b>-iō</b> verbs of the third conjugation +are like <b>audiō</b>? what like <b>regō</b>? Give the rule for the +dative with adjectives. Name the special intransitive verbs that govern +the dative. What does the imperative mood express? How is the present +active imperative formed in the singular? in the plural? What three +verbs have a shortened present active imperative? Give the present +active imperative of <b>portō, dēleō, agō, faciō, mūniō</b>.</p> +<div class="plainnote"> +<a href="#lesson_XXVII">Go on to Lesson +XXVII</a></div> + + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="review_IV"> +IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVII-XXXVI</a></h5> +<div class="mylink"> +<a href="#lesson_XXXVII">Lesson XXXVII</a></div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec513"><b>513.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "6"> +Nouns of the First Declension</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>āla</b></td> +<td><b>cūra</b></td> +<td><b>mora</b></td> +<td><b>porta</b></td> +<td><b>prōvincia</b></td> +<td><b>vīta</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "6"> +Nouns of the Second Declension</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>animus</b><br /> +aurum</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>bracchium</b><br /> +<b>deus</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>locus</b><br /> +mōnstrum</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>nāvigium</b><br /> +ōrāculum</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>perīculum</b><br /> +<b>ventus</b></p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>vīnum</b></p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>adversus</b><br /> +attentus<br /> +<b>cārus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>commōtus</b><br /> +<b>dēfessus</b><br /> +<b>dexter</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>dubius</b><br /> +<b>maximus</b><br /> +perfidus +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>plēnus</b><br /> +saevus<br /> +<b>sinister</b><br /> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Adverbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>anteā</b><br /> +<b>celeriter</b><br /> +<b>dēnique</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>diū</b><br /> +<b>frūstrā</b><br /> +<b>graviter</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>ita</b><br /> +<b>longē</b><br /> +<b>semper</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>subitō</b><br /> +<b>tamen</b><br /> +<b>tum</b><br /> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Conjunctions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>autem</b></td> +<td><b>sī</b></td> +<td><b>ubi</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +<a name="page272"> </a> +Prepositions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>dē</b></td> +<td><b>per</b></td> +<td><b>prō</b></td> +<td><b>sine</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "3"> +CONJ. I</td> +<td class="smallhead">CONJ. II</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>adpropinquō</b><br /> +<b>nāvigō</b><br /> +<b>occupō</b><br /> +<b>postulō</b><br /> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>recūsō</b><br /> +<b>reportō</b><br /> +<b>servō</b><br /> +<b>stō</b> +</p></td> +<td class="rightpad"><p class="nospace"> +<b>superō</b><br /> +<b>temptō</b><br /> +<b>vāstō</b><br /> +<b>vulnerō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>contineō</b><br /> +<b>egeō</b><br /> +<b>prohibeō</b><br /> +<b>respondeō</b><br /> +<b>teneō</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "3"> +CONJ. III</td> +<td class="smallhead">IRREGULAR VERB</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>discēdō</b></td> +<td><b>gerō</b></td> +<td><b>interficiō</b></td> +<td><b>absum</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec514"><b>514.</b></a> +<b>Translate the following words.</b> Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.</p> + +<table> +<tr> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>be away</i><br /> +<i>wind</i><br /> +<i>through</i><br /> +<i>if</i><br /> +savage<br /> +<i>wound</i> (verb)<br /> +<i>wine</i><br /> +<i>delay</i><br /> +faithless<br /> +<i>right</i><br /> +<i>seize</i><br /> +<i>quickly</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>before, in behalf of</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>battle</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>down from</i> or <i>concerning</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>moreover</i><br /> +<i>greatest</i><br /> +oracle<br /> +<i>danger</i><br /> +<i>lay waste</i><br /> +<i>gate</i><br /> +<i>doubtful</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>opposite, adverse</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>demand</i><br /> +<i>finally</i><br /> +attentive</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>then, at that time</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>weary</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>overcome,<br /> +conquer</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>boat, ship</i><br /> +<i>sail</i> (verb)<br /> +<i>life</i><br /> +<i>save</i><br /> +<i>full</i><br /> +<i>refuse</i><br /> +<i>heavily</i><br /> +monster<br /> +<i>approach</i><br /> +<i>nevertheless</i><br /> +<i>place</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>be without,<br /> +lack</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>moved</i><br /> +gold</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>restrain, keep from</i></p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>without</i><br /> +<i>hold</i><br /> +<i>suddenly</i><br /> +<i>dear</i><br /> +<i>always</i><br /> +<i>god</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>hold in, keep</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>afar</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>thus, so,<br /> +as follows</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>arm</i> (noun)<br /> +<i>when</i><br /> +<i>in vain</i><br /> +<i>stand</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>bring back, win</i></p></td> + +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>before,<br /> +previously</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>depart,<br /> +go away</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>province</i><br /> +<i>care, trouble</i><br /> +<i>kill</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>reply</i> (verb)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>wing</i><br /> +<i>mind, heart</i><br /> +<i>left</i> (adj.)<br /> +<i>bear, carry on</i><br /> +<i>try</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>for a long time</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec515"><b>515.</b></a> +Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>sum</b><br /> +<b>dō</b><br /> +<b>teneō</b><br /> +<b>iubeō</b><br /> +<b>agō</b><br /> +<b>mittō</b><br /> +<b>mūniō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>moveō</b><br /> +<b>crēdō</b><br /> +<b>rapiō</b><br /> +<b>reperiō</b><br /> +<b>dēleō</b><br /> +<b>resistō</b><br /> +<b>audiō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>moneō</b><br /> +<b>capiō</b><br /> +<b>doceō</b><br /> +<b>regō</b><br /> +<b>faveō</b><br /> +<b>noceō</b><br /> +<b>dīcō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>pāreō</b><br /> +<b>dūcō</b><br /> +<b>faciō</b><br /> +<b>persuādeō</b><br /> +<b>sedeō</b><br /> +<b>studeō</b><br /> +<b>fugiō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>veniō</b><br /> +<b>iaciō</b><br /> +<b>videō</b><br /> +<b>absum</b><br /> +<b>egeō</b><br /> +<b>gerō</b><br /> +<b>stō</b><br /> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page273"> </a> +<a name="sec516"><b>516.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> What are the personal endings in the passive +voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the +distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute +the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How +may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the +infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms +are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial +stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the +tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How +is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? +How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive +imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect +passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is +a participle? How are participles in <b>-us</b> declined? Give the rule +for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, +and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb +<b>sum</b> in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (<a +href="#sec494">§ 494</a>). What is meant by the separative +ablative? How is the place <i>from which</i> expressed in Latin? Give +the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the +personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and +the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the +perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the +perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be +governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the +ablative. What does the preposition <b>in</b> mean when it governs the +ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to +introduce <i>yes</i>-and-<i>no</i> questions? Explain the force of each. +What words are sometimes used for <i>yes</i> and <i>no?</i> What are the +different meanings and uses of <b>ubi</b>?</p> +<div class="plainnote"> +<a href="#lesson_XXXVII">Go on to Lesson +XXXVII</a></div> + + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="review_V"> +V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXVII-XLIV</a></h5> +<div class="mylink"> +<a href="#lesson_XLV">Lesson XLV</a></div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec517"><b>517.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Nouns</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead"> +FIRST DECLENSION</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +SECOND DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>rīpa</b></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>barbarī</b><br /> +<b>captīvus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>castellum</b><br /> +<b>impedīmentum</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "6"> +THIRD DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>animal</b><br /> +<b>arbor</b><br /> +<b>avis</b><br /> +<b>caedēs</b><br /> +<a name="page274"> </a> +<b>calamitās</b><br /> +calcar<br /> +<b>caput</b><br /> +<b>cīvis</b><br /> +<b>cliēns</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>collis</b><br /> +<b>cōnsul</b><br /> +<b>dēns</b><br /> +<b>dux</b><br /> +<b>eques</b><br /> +<b>fīnis</b><br /> +<b>flūmen</b><br /> +fōns<br /> +<b>frāter</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>homō</b><br /> +<b>hostīs</b><br /> +<b>ignis</b><br /> +<b>imperātor</b><br /> +<b>īnsigne</b><br /> +<b>iter</b><br /> +iūdex<br /> +<b>labor</b><br /> +<b>lapis</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>legiō</b><br /> +<b>mare</b><br /> +<b>māter</b><br /> +<b>mēnsis</b><br /> +<b>mīles</b><br /> +<b>mōns</b><br /> +<b>nāvis</b><br /> +<b>opus</b><br /> +<b>ōrātor</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>ōrdō</b><br /> +<b>pater</b><br /> +<b>pedes</b><br /> +<b>pēs</b><br /> +pōns<br /> +<b>prīnceps</b><br /> +<b>rēx</b><br /> +<b>salūs</b><br /> +<b>sanguis</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>soror</b><br /> +tempus<br /> +<b>terror</b><br /> +<b>turris</b><br /> +<b>urbs</b><br /> +<b>victor</b><br /> +<b>virtūs</b><br /> +<b>vīs</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>barbarus</b></td> +<td><b>dexter</b></td> +<td><b>sinister</b></td> +<td><b>summus</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th>Prepositions</th> +<th>Adverbs</th> +<th>Conjunctions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>in</b> with the abl.<br /> +<b>in</b> with the acc.<br /> +<b>trāns</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>cotīdiē</b><br /> +<b>numquam</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>nec, neque</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>nec ... nec</b>, or <b>neque ... neque</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "5">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +CONJ. I</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "3"> +CONJ. III</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>cessō</b><br /> +<b>confirmō</b> +</p></td> +<td class="rightpad"><p class="nospace"> +<b>oppugnō</b><br /> +<b>vetō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>accipiō</b><br /> +<b>incipiō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>petō</b><br /> +<b>ponō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>vincō</b><br /> +<b>vivō</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec518"><b>518.</b></a> +<b>Translate the following words.</b> Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:</p> + +<table> +<tr> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>forbid</i><br /> +<i>rank, row</i><br /> +<i>brother</i><br /> +<i>force</i><br /> +<i>across</i><br /> +<i>savages</i><br /> +<i>horseman</i><br /> +<i>never</i><br /> +<i>mountain</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>manliness,<br /> +courage</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>leader</i><br /> +<i>put, place</i><br /> +<i>time</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>savage,<br /> +barbarous</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>sister</i><br /> +<i>seek</i><br /> +<i>captive</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>hindrance,<br /> +baggage</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>man-of-war</i><br /> +<i>judge</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>defeat, disaster</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>fire</i><br /> +<i>tree</i><br /> +<i>foot soldier</i><br /> +<i>receive</i><br /> +<i>general</i><br /> +<i>highest</i><br /> +<i>fountain</i><br /> +<i>orator</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>neither ... nor</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>and not</i><br /> +<i>left</i><br /> +<i>tooth</i><br /> +<i>soldier</i><br /> +<i>month</i><br /> +<i>city</i><br /> +<i>victor</i><br /> +<i>daily</i><br /> +<i>live</i> (verb) +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>conquer</i><br /> +<i>consul</i><br /> +<i>mother</i><br /> +<i>retainer</i><br /> +<i>citizen</i><br /> +<i>head</i><br /> +<i>safety</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>assail, storm</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>begin</i><br /> +<i>march</i><br /> +<i>decoration</i><br /> +<i>bridge</i><br /> +<i>bird</i><br /> +<i>cease</i><br /> +<i>man</i><br /> +<i>river</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>work</i> (noun)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>and</i><br /> +<i>ship</i><br /> +<i>bank</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>redoubt, fort</i><br /> +<i>sea</i><br /> +<i>tower</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>drill</i> (verb)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>legion</i><br /> +<i>terror</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>into, to</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>right</i> (adj.)<br /> +<i>in</i><br /> +<i>stone</i><br /> +<i>blood</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>labor</i> (noun)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>king</i><br /> +<i>spur</i><br /> +<i>chief</i><br /> +<i>slaughter</i><br /> +<i>strengthen</i><br /> +<i>foot</i><br /> +<i>enemy</i><br /> +<i>animal</i><br /> +<i>father</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page275"> </a> +<a name="sec519"><b>519.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> Give the conjugation of <b>possum</b>. What is +an infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like +the English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is +meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence <i>The bad boy +cannot be happy</i>, what is the case of <i>happy</i>? Give the rule. +Decline <b>quī</b>. Give the rule for the agreement of the relative. +What are the two uses of the interrogative? Decline <b>quis</b>. What is +the base of a noun? How is the stem formed from the base? Are the stem +and the base ever the same? How many declensions of nouns are there? +Name them. What are the two chief divisions of the third declension? How +are the consonant stems classified? Explain the formation of +<b>lapis</b> from the stem <b>lapid-</b>, <b>mīles</b> from +<b>mīlit-</b>, <b>rēx</b> from <b>rēg-</b>. What nouns have +<b>i</b>-stems? What peculiarities of form do <b>i</b>-stems +have,—masc., fem., and neut.? Name the five nouns that have +<b>-ī</b> and <b>-e</b> in the abl. Decline <b>turris</b>. Give the +rules for gender in the third declension. Decline <b>mīles</b>, +<b>lapis</b>, <b>rēx</b>, <b>virtūs</b>, <b>cōnsul</b>, <b>legiō</b>, +<b>homō</b>, <b>pater</b>, <b>flūmen</b>, <b>opus</b>, <b>tempus</b>, +<b>caput</b>, <b>caedēs</b>, <b>urbs</b>, <b>hostis</b>, <b>mare</b>, +<b>animal</b>, <b>vīs</b>, <b>iter</b>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec520"><b>520.</b></a> +Fill out the following scheme:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "4"> +The Third Declension</td> +<td class="sidehead"> +Gender Endings</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +Masculine<br /> +Feminine<br /> +Neuter</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead" rowspan = "4"> +Case Terminations</td> +<td class="sidehead"> +I. Consonant Stems</td> +<td> +<i>a</i>. Masc. and fem.<br /> +<i>b</i>. Neuters</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="sidehead"> +II. <i>I</i>-Stems</td> +<td> +<i>a</i>. Masc. and fem.<br /> +<i>b</i>. Neuters</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallcaps" colspan = "3"> +Irregular Nouns</td> +</tr> +</table> +<div class="plainnote"> +<a href="#lesson_XLV">Go on to Lesson XLV</a></div> + + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="review_VI"> +VI. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLV-LII</a></h5> +<div class="mylink"> +<a href="#lesson_LIII">Lesson LIII</a></div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec521"><b>521.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Nouns</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +FIRST DECLENSION</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +SECOND DECLENSION</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>amīcitia</b><br /> +<b>hōra</b><br /> +<b>littera</b> +</p></td> +<td class="rightpad"><p class="nospace"> +<b>annus</b><br /> +<b>modus</b><br /> +<b>nūntius</b><br /> +<b>oculus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>rēgnum</b><br /> +<b>signum</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>supplicium</b>,<br /> +<b>supplicium dare</b><br /> +<b>supplicium sūmere dē</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>tergum</b>,<br /> +<b>tergum vertere</b></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<b>vestīgium</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="page276"> </a> +THIRD DECLENSION</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +FOURTH DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>aestās</b><br /> +<b>corpus</b><br /> +<b>hiems</b><br /> +<b>lībertās</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>lūx</b>,<br /> +<b>prīma lūx</b></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<b>nōmen</b> +</p></td> +<td class="rightpad"><p class="nospace"> +<b>nox</b><br /> +<b>pars</b><br /> +<b>pāx</b><br /> +rūs<br /> +<b>sōl</b><br /> +<b>vōx</b><br /> +<b>vulnus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>adventus</b><br /> +<b>cornū</b><br /> +<b>domus</b><br /> +<b>equitātus</b><br /> +<b>exercitus</b><br /> +<b>fluctus</b><br /> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>impetus</b><br /> +<b>lacus</b><br /> +<b>manus</b><br /> +<b>metus</b><br /> +<b>portus</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "3"> +FIFTH DECLENSION</td> +<td class="smallhead"> +INDECLINABLE NOUN</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>aciēs</b><br /> +<b>diēs</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>fidēs</b>,<br /> +<b>in fidem venīre</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>rēs</b>,<br /> +<b>rēs gestae</b><br /> +<b>rēs adversae</b><br /> +<b>rēs pūblica</b><br /> +<b>rēs secundae</b> +</p></td> +<td class="rightpad"> +<b>spēs</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>nihil</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Adjectives</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +THIRD DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>dēnsus</b><br /> +<b>invīsus</b><br /> +<b>mīrus</b><br /> +<b>paucī</b><br /> +<b>prīmus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>prīstinus</b><br /> +<b>pūblicus</b><br /> +<b>secundus</b><br /> +<b>tantus</b><br /> +<b>vērus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>ācer, ācris, ācre</b><br /> +<b>brevis, breve</b><br /> +<b>difficilis, difficile</b><br /> +<b>facīlis, facile</b><br /> +<b>fortis, forte</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>gravis, grave</b><br /> +<b>incolumis, incolume</b><br /> +<b>omnis, omne</b><br /> +<b>pār, pār</b><br /> +<b>vēlōx, vēlōx</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Pronouns</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smaller">PERSONAL</td> +<td class="smaller">DEMONSTRATIVE</td> +<td class="smaller">INTENSIVE</td> +<td class="smaller">INDEFINITE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>ego</b><br /> +<b>nōs</b><br /> +<b>suī</b><br /> +<b>tū</b><br /> +<b>vōs</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>hic</b><br /> +<b>īdem</b><br /> +<b>ille</b><br /> +<b>iste</b> +</p></td> +<td><b>ipse</b></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>aliquis, aliquī</b><br /> +<b>quīdam</b><br /> +<b>quis, quī</b><br /> +<b>quisquam</b><br /> +<b>quisque</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Adverbs</th> +<th>Conjunctions</th> +<th>Prepositions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>nē ... quidem</b><br /> +ōlim +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>paene</b><br /> +<b>quoque</b> +</p></td> +<td class="rightpad"><p class="nospace"> +<b>satis</b><br /> +<b>vērō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>itaque</b><br /> +<b>nisi</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>ante</b><br /> +<b>post</b><br /> +<b>propter</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smaller">CONJ. I</td> +<td class="smaller">CONJ. II</td> +<td class="smaller">CONJ. III</td> +<td class="smaller">CONJ. IV</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>conlocō</b><br /> +<b>convocō</b><br /> +<b>cremō</b><br /> +<b>dēmōnstrō</b><br /> +<b>mandō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>dēbeō</b><br /> +<b>exerceō</b><br /> +<b>maneō</b><br /> +<b>placeō</b><br /> +<b>sustineō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<b>committō</b>,<br /> +<b>committere proelium</b></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<b>dēcidō</b><br /> +<b>ēripiō</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>sūmō</b>,<br /> +<b>sūmere supplicium dē +</b></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<b>trādūcō</b><br /> +<b>vertō</b></p></td> +<td><b>dēsiliō</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page277"> </a> +<a name="sec522"><b>522.</b></a> +<b>Translate the following words.</b> Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td><p class="hanging"> +<i>if not, unless</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>on account of</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>unharmed</i><br /> +<i>public</i><br /> +<i>commonwealth</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>leap down, dismount</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>lead across</i><br /> +<i>remain</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>call together</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>friendship</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>footprint, trace</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>each</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>fear</i> (noun)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>hope</i><br /> +<i>therefore</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>behind, after</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>so</i> great<br /> +<i>equal</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>in truth, indeed</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>that</i> (yonder)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>a certain</i><br /> +<i>fall down</i><br /> +<i>owe, ought</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>measure, mode</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>eye</i><br /> +<i>name</i><br /> +<i>wave, billow</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>thing, matter</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>exploits</i><br /> +<i>republic</i><br /> +<i>prosperity</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>adversity</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>former, old-time</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>all, every</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>any one</i> (at all)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>this</i> (of mine)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>heavy, serious</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>hateful, detested</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>true</i><br /> +<i>burn</i><br /> +<i>snatch from</i><br /> +<i>letter</i><br /> +<i>punishment</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>inflict<br /> +punishment on</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>suffer punishment</i><br /> +<i>liberty</i><br /> +<i>sun</i><br /> +<i>sustain</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>take up, assume</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>hour</i><br /> +<i>reign, realm</i><br /> +<i>messenger</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>part, direction</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>body</i><br /> +<i>harbor</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>faith, protection</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>of himself</i><br /> +<i>also, too</i><br /> +<i>sufficiently</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>burn</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>that</i> (of yours)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>before</i><br /> +<i>you</i> (plur.)<br /> +<i>light</i><br /> +<i>daybreak</i><br /> +<i>winter</i><br /> +<i>attack</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>line of battle</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>army</i><br /> +<i>drill, train</i><br /> +<i>join battle</i><br /> +<i>house, home</i><br /> +<i>midday</i><br /> +<i>wonderful</i><br /> +<i>brave</i><br /> +<i>almost</i><br /> +<i>the same</i><br /> +<i>some, any</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>if any one</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>self, very</i><br /> +<i>not even</i><br /> +<i>easy</i><br /> +<i>dense</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>point out, explain</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>difficult</i><br /> +<i>first</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>arrange, station</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>please</i><br /> +<i>year</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>peace</i><br /> +<i>back</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>turn the back, retreat</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>night</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>hand, force</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>lake</i><br /> +<i>day</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>commit, intrust</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>a few only</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>sharp, eager</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>we</i><br /> +<i>turn</i><br /> +<i>you</i> (sing.)<br /> +<i>I</i><br /> +<i>signal</i><br /> +<i>summer</i><br /> +<i>cavalry</i><br /> +<i>wound</i><br /> +<i>horn, wing</i><br /> +<i>country</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>second, favorable</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>short</i><br /> +<i>voice</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>formerly, once</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>arrival</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>come under the<br /> +protection of</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>swift</i><br /> +<i>nothing</i> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec523"><b>523.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> By what declensions are Latin adjectives +declined? What can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third +declension? Into what classes are these adjectives divided? How can you +tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs? Decline <b>ācer, +omnis, pār</b>. What are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of +the fourth +<a name="page278"> </a> +or <b>u</b>-declension? What nouns are feminine by exception? Decline +<b>adventus, lacus, cornū, domus</b>. Give the rules for the ordinary +expression of the <i>place to which</i>, the <i>place from which</i>, +the <i>place in which</i>. What special rules apply to names of towns, +small islands, and <b>rūs</b>? What is the locative case? What words +have a locative case? What is the form of the locative case? Translate +<i>Galba lives at home, Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives at Pompeii</i>. +What is the rule for gender in the fifth or <b>ē</b>-declension? Decline +<b>diēs</b>, <b>rēs</b>. When is the long <b>ē</b> shortened? What can +you say about the plural of the fifth declension? Decline <b>tuba</b>, +<b>servus</b>, <b>pīlum</b>, <b>ager</b>, <b>puer</b>, <b>mīles</b>, +<b>cōnsul</b>, <b>flūmen</b>, <b>caedēs</b>, <b>animal</b>. How is the +<i>time when</i> expressed? Name the classes of pronouns and define each +class. Decline <b>ego, tū, is</b>. What are the reflexives of the first +and second persons? What is the reflexive of the third person? Decline +it. Translate <i>I see myself, he sees himself, he sees him</i>. Decline +<b>ipse</b>. How is <b>ipse</b> used? Decline <b>īdem</b>. Decline +<b>hic</b>, <b>iste</b>, <b>ille</b>. Explain the use of these words. +Name and translate the commoner indefinite pronouns. Decline +<b>aliquis</b>, <b>quisquam</b>, <b>quīdam</b>, <b>quisque</b>.</p> +<div class="plainnote"> +<a href="#lesson_LIII">Go on to Lesson LIII</a></div> + + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="review_VII"> +VII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LIII-LX</a></h5> +<div class="mylink"> +<a href="#lesson_LXI">Lesson LXI</a></div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec524"><b>524.</b></a> +<b>Give the English of the following words:</b></p> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Nouns</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead"> +FIRST DECLENSION</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "3"> +SECOND DECLENSION</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>aquila</b><br /> +<b>fossa</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>aedificium</b><br /> +<b>captīvus</b><br /> +<b>concilium</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>imperium</b><br /> +<b>negōtium</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>spatium</b><br /> +<b>vāllum</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +THIRD DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>agmen</b><br /> +<b>celeritās</b><br /> +<b>cīvitās</b><br /> +<b>clāmor</b><br /> +<b>cohors</b><br /> +<b>difficultās</b><br /> +<b>explōrātor</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>gēns</b><br /> +<b>lātitūdō</b><br /> +<b>longitūdō</b><br /> +<b>magnitūdō</b><br /> +<b>mēns</b><br /> +<b>mercātor</b><br /> +<b>mīlle</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>mors</b><br /> +<b>mulier</b><br /> +<b>multitūdō</b><br /> +<b>mūnītiō</b><br /> +<b>nēmō</b><br /> +<b>obses</b><br /> +<b>opīniō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>regiō</b><br /> +<b>rūmor</b><br /> +<b>scelus</b><br /> +<b>servitūs</b><br /> +<b>timor</b><br /> +<b>vallēs</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +FOURTH DECLENSION</td> +<td class="smallhead"> +FIFTH DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>aditus</b><br /> +<b>commeātus</b> +</p></td> +<td class="rightpad"> +<b>passus</b> +</td> +<td> +<b>rēs frūmentāria</b> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4"> +<a name="page279"> </a> +Adjectives</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>aequus</b><br /> +<b>bīnī</b><br /> +<b>ducentī</b><br /> +<b>duo</b><br /> +<b>exterus</b><br /> +<b>īnferus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>maximus</b><br /> +<b>medius</b><br /> +<b>minimus</b><br /> +<b>opportūnus</b><br /> +<b>optimus</b><br /> +<b>pessimus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>plūrimus</b><br /> +<b>posterus</b><br /> +<b>prīmus</b><br /> +reliquus<br /> +<b>secundus</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>singulī</b><br /> +<b>superus</b><br /> +<b>tardus</b><br /> +<b>ternī</b><br /> +<b>ūnus</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "3"> +THIRD DECLENSION</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>alacer, alacris, alacre</b><br /> +<b>audāx, audāx</b><br /> +<b>celer, celeris, celere</b><br /> +<b>citerior, citerius</b><br /> +<b>difficilis, difficile</b><br /> +<b>dissimilis, dissimile</b><br /> +<b>facilis, facile</b><br /> +gracilis, gracile +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>humilis, humile</b><br /> +<b>ingēns, ingēns</b><br /> +<b>interior, interius</b><br /> +<b>lēnis, lēne</b><br /> +<b>maior, maius</b><br /> +<b>melior, melius</b><br /> +<b>minor, minus</b><br /> +<b>nōbilis, nōbile</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>peior, peius</b><br /> +——, <b>plūs</b><br /> +<b>prior, prius</b><br /> +<b>recēns, recēns</b><br /> +<b>similis, simile</b><br /> +<b>trēs, tria</b><br /> +<b>ulterior, ulterius</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Adverbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>ācriter</b><br /> +<b>audācter</b><br /> +<b>bene</b><br /> +<b>facile</b><br /> +<b>ferē</b><br /> +<b>fortiter</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>magis</b><br /> +<b>magnopere</b><br /> +<b>maximē</b><br /> +<b>melius</b><br /> +<b>minimē</b><br /> +<b>multum</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>optimē</b><br /> +<b>parum</b><br /> +<b>paulō</b><br /> +<b>plūrimum</b><br /> +<b>prope</b><br /> +<b>propius</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>proximē</b><br /> +<b>quam</b><br /> +<b>statim</b><br /> +<b>tam</b><br /> +<b>undique</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2">Conjunctions</th> +<th>Prepositions</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>atque, ac</b><br /> +<b>aut</b><br /> +<b>aut ... aut</b><br /> +<b>et ... et</b><br /> +<b>nam</b> +</p></td> +<td class="rightpad"><p class="nospace"> +<b>quā dē causā</b><br /> +<b>quam ob rem</b></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<b>simul atque</b> or<br /> +<b>simul ac</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>circum</b><br /> +<b>contrā</b><br /> +<b>inter</b><br /> +<b>ob</b><br /> +<b>trāns</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<th colspan = "4">Verbs</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +CONJ. I</td> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "2"> +CONJ. II</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>cōnor</b><br /> +<b>hortor</b> +</p></td> +<td class="rightpad"><p class="nospace"> +<b>moror</b><br /> +<b>vexō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>obtineō</b><br /> +<b>perterreō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>valeō</b><br /> +<b>vereor</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +CONJ. III</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>abdō</b><br /> +<b>cadō</b><br /> +<b>cognōscō</b><br /> +<b>cōnsequor</b><br /> +<b>contendō</b><br /> +<b>cupiō</b><br /> +<b>currō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>dēdō</b><br /> +<b>dēfendō</b><br /> +ēgredior<br /> +<b>incendō</b><br /> +<b>incolō</b><br /> +<b>īnsequor</b><br /> +<b>occīdō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>patior</b><br /> +premō<br /> +<b>proficīscor</b><br /> +<b>prōgredior</b><br /> +<b>quaerō</b><br /> +<b>recipiō</b><br /> +<b>relinquō</b> +</p></td> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<b>revertor</b><br /> +<b>sequor</b><br /> +statuō<br /> +subsequor<br /> +<b>suscipiō</b><br /> +<b>trādō</b><br /> +<b>trahō</b> +</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="smallhead" colspan = "4"> +CONJ. III</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><b>orior</b></td> +<td><b>perveniō</b></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page280"> </a> +<a name="sec525"><b>525.</b></a> +<b>Translate the following words.</b> Give the genitive and the gender +of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:</p> + +<table> +<tr> +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>on account of</i><br /> +<i>nearly</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>keenly, sharply</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>thousand</i><br /> +<i>two</i><br /> +<i>opportune</i><br /> +<i>remaining</i><br /> +<i>above</i> (adj.)<br /> +<i>next</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>grain supply</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>pace</i><br /> +<i>shout</i> (noun)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>from all sides</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>against</i><br /> +<i>around</i><br /> +<i>three</i><br /> +<i>further</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>line of march</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>manor</i><br /> +<i>region</i><br /> +<i>fortification</i><br /> +<i>eagle</i><br /> +<i>almost</i><br /> +<i>boldly</i><br /> +<i>bravely</i><br /> +<i>across</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>between, among</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>hither</i> (adj.)<br /> +<i>so</i><br /> +<i>less</i><br /> +<i>more</i><br /> +<i>most</i><br /> +<i>worst</i><br /> +<i>difficulty</i><br /> +<i>hostage</i><br /> +<i>death</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>command, power</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>captive</i><br /> +<i>or</i><br /> +<i>and</i><br /> +<i>arrive</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>attempt, try</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>length</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>width</i><br /> +<i>scout</i><br /> +<i>cohort</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>tribe, nation</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>business</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>by a little</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>somewhat</i><br /> +<i>crime</i><br /> +<i>difficult</i><br /> +<i>equal</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>move forward,<br /> +advance</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>multitude</i><br /> +<i>woman</i><br /> +<i>desire</i> (verb)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>give over,<br /> +surrender</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>kill</i><br /> +<i>overtake</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>hasten, strive</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>hide</i><br /> +<i>one</i><br /> +<i>first</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>second, favorable</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>two hundred</i><br /> +<i>former</i><br /> +<i>inner</i><br /> +<i>middle</i><br /> +<i>low</i><br /> +<i>outward</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>three by three</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>provisions</i><br /> +<i>speed</i><br /> +<i>ditch</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>wherefore</i> or<br /> +<i>therefore</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>for this reason</i><br /> +<i>fear</i> (noun)<br /> +<i>return</i><br /> +<i>inquire</i><br /> +<i>set out</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>move out, disembark</i></p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>fear</i> (verb)<br /> +<i>worse</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>greater, larger</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>two by two</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>least</i> (adv.)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>opinion,<br /> +expectation</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>approach, entrance</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>trader</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>magnitude, size</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>council, assembly</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>space, room</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>either ... or</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>rise, arise</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>suffer, allow</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>press hard</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>fall</i><br /> +<i>surrender</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>set fire to</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>defend</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>possess, hold</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>delay</i> (verb)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>nearest</i> (adv.)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>nearer</i> (adv.)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>better</i> (adj.)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>well known, noble</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>mild, gentle</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>swift</i><br /> +<i>eager</i><br /> +<i>low</i> (adj.)<br /> +<i>slender</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>one by one</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>no one</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>least</i> (adv.)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>little</i> (adv.)</p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>learn, know</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>drag</i><br /> +<i>undertake</i><br /> +<i>run</i><br /> +<i>fix, decide</i> +</p></td> + +<td><p class="nospace"> +<i>leave</i><br /> +<i>abandon</i><br /> +<i>be strong</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>receive, recover</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>terrify, frighten</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>dwell</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>state, citizenship</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>valley</i><br /> +<i>slavery</i><br /> +<i>greatly</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>best of all</i> (adv.)</p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>better</i> (adv.)<br /> +<i>well</i> (adv.)<br /> +<i>very much</i><br /> +<i>much</i><br /> +<i>unlike</i><br /> +<i>like</i> (adj.)<br /> +<i>slow</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>very greatly,<br /> +exceedingly</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>building</i><br /> +<i>mind</i> (noun)<br /> +<i>easily</i><br /> +<i>easy</i><br /> +<i>recent</i><br /> +<i>huge, great</i><br /> +<i>bold</i><br /> +<i>immediately</i><br /> +<i>as soon as</i><br /> +<i>for</i><br /> +<i>than</i><br /> +<i>best</i> (adj.)<br /> +<i>greatest</i><br /> +<i>follow close</i><br /> +<i>encourage</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>annoy, ravage</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>hide</i><br /> +<i>follow</i><br /> +<i>pursue</i></p> +<p class="hanging"> +<i>both ... and</i></p> +<p class="nospace"> +<i>rampart</i> +</p></td> + +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="page281"> </a> +<a name="sec526"><b>526.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> What is meant by comparison? In what two ways +may adjectives be compared? Compare <b>clārus, brevis, vēlōx</b>, and +explain the formation of the comparative and the superlative. What are +the adverbs used in comparison? Compare <b>brevis</b> by adverbs. +Decline the comparative of <b>vēlōx</b>. How are adjectives in +<b>-er</b> compared? Compare <b>ācer</b>, <b>pulcher</b>, <b>liber</b>. +What are possible translations for the comparative and superlative? Name +the six adjectives that form the superlative in <b>-limus</b>. Translate +in two ways <i>Nothing is brighter than the sun</i>. Give the rule for +the ablative with comparatives. Compare <b>bonus, magnus, malus, multus, +parvus, exterus, īnferus, posterus, superus</b>. Decline <b>plūs</b>. +Compare <b>citerior, interior, propior, ulterior</b>. Translate <i>That +route to Italy is much shorter</i>. Give the rule for the expression of +measure of difference. Name five words that are especially common in +this construction. How are adverbs usually formed from adjectives of the +first and second declensions? from adjectives of the third declension? +Compare the adverbs <b>cārē</b>, <b>līberē</b>, <b>fortiter</b>, +<b>audācter</b>. What cases of adjectives are sometimes used as adverbs? +What are the adverbs from <b>facilis</b>? <b>multus? prīmus? +plūrimus</b>? <b>bonus</b>? <b>magnus</b>? <b>parvus</b>? Compare +<b>prope</b>, <b>saepe</b>, <b>magnopere</b>. How are numerals +classified? Give the first twenty cardinals. Decline <b>ūnus, duo, trēs, +mīlle</b>. How are the hundreds declined? What is meant by the partitive +genitive? Give the rule for the partitive genitive. What sort of words +are commonly used with this construction? What construction is used +with <b>quīdam</b> and cardinal numbers excepting <b>mīlle</b>? Give the +first twenty ordinals. How are they declined? How are the distributives +declined? Give the rule for the expression of duration of time and +extent of space. What is the difference between the ablative of time and +the accusative of time? What is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of +one. What form always has a passive meaning? Conjugate <b>amō</b>, +<b>moneō</b>, <b>regō</b>, <b>capiō</b>, <b>audiō</b>, in the active and +passive.</p> +<div class="plainnote"> +<a href="#lesson_LXI">Go on to Lesson LXI</a></div> + + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="review_VIII"> +VIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXI-LXIX</a></h5> +<div class="mylink"> +<a href="#lesson_LXX">Lesson LXX</a></div> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec527"><b>527.</b></a> +Review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See +<a href="#sec502">§§ 502</a>, +<a href="#sec503">503</a>, +<a href="#sec506">506</a>, +<a href="#sec507">507</a>.</p> + +<p class="section"> +<a name="sec528"><b>528.</b></a> +<b>Review Questions.</b> Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time +is denoted by these tenses? What are the mood signs of the present +subjunctive? How may the imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the +perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in +form? How is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed? Inflect the +subjunctive active and passive of <b>cūrō</b>, <b>dēleō</b>, +<b>vincō</b>, <b>rapiō</b>, <b>mūniō</b>. Inflect the +<a name="page282"> </a> +subjunctive tenses of <b>sum</b>; of <b>possum</b>. What are the tenses +of the participles in the active? What in the passive? Give the active +and passive participles of <b>amō</b>, <b>moneō</b>, <b>regō</b>, +<b>capiō</b>, <b>audiō</b>. Decline <b>regēns</b>. What participles do +deponent verbs have? What is the difference in meaning between the +perfect participle of a deponent verb and of one not deponent? Give the +participles of <b>vereor</b>. How should participles usually be +translated? Conjugate <b>volō</b>, <b>nolō</b>, <b>mālō</b>, +<b>fīō</b>.</p> + +<p>What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in +their fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English? +How is it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause +introduced? When should <b>quō</b> be used? What is meant by sequence of +tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the +subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly +followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows +<b>iubeō</b>? What construction follows verbs of <i>fearing</i>? How is +consequence or result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause +introduced? What words are often found in the principal clause +foreshadowing the coming of a result clause? How may negative purpose be +distinguished from negative result? What is meant by the subjunctive of +characteristic or description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain +the ablative absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent +occurrence in Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs +are two accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become +when the verb is passive?</p> +<div class="plainnote"> +<a href="#lesson_LXX">Go on to Lesson LXX</a></div> + + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic282.png" width="183" height="178" +alt="coin showing general commanding soldiers" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +IMPERATOR MILITES HORTATUR</span></p> + +<h4><a name="page283"> </a>SPECIAL VOCABULARIES</h4> + +<h6>The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar’s “Gallic War.”</h6> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON IV, <a href="#sec39" name="sec39vocab">§ 39</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dea</b>, <i>goddess</i> (deity)</div> +<div class="index special"> +Diā´na, <i>Diana</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fera</b>, <i>a wild beast</i> (fierce)</div> +<div class="index special"> +Lātō´na, <i>Latona</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>sagit´ta</b>, <i>arrow</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Verbs</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>est</b>, <i>he (she, it) is</i>; <b>sunt</b>, <i>they are</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>necat</b>, <i>he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Conjunction<span class="tag">1</span></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>et</b>, <i>and</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Pronouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>quis</b>, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., <i>who?</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cuius</b> (pronounced <i>co͝oi´yo͝os</i>, two syllables), interrog. +pronoun, gen. sing., <i>whose?</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. A <i>conjunction</i> is a word which connects words, parts of +sentences, or sentences.</div> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON V, <a href="#sec47" name="sec47vocab">§ 47</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>corō´na</b>, <i>wreath, garland, crown</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +fā´bula, <i>story</i> (fable)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pecū´nia</b>, <i>money</i> (pecuniary)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pugna</b>, <i>battle</i> (pugnacious)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>victō´ria</b>, <i>victory</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Verbs</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dat</b>, <i>he (she, it) gives</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +nārrat, <i>he (she, it) tells</i> (narrate)</div> +<div class="partspeech">Conjunction<span class="tag">1</span></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>quia</b> or <b>quod</b>, <i>because</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center"><ins class="correction" title = +"header missing from original">Pronoun</ins></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cui</b> (pronounced <i>co͝oi</i>, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, +dat. sing., <i>to whom? for whom?</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. A <i>conjunction</i> is a word which connects words, parts of +sentences, or sentences.</div> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON VI, <a href="#sec56" name="sec56vocab">§ 56</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Adjectives</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>bona</b>, <i>good</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>grāta</b>, <i>pleasing</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>magna</b>, <i>large, great</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mala</b>, <i>bad, wicked</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>parva</b>, <i>small, little</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pulchra</b>, <i>beautiful, pretty</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>sōla</b>, <i>alone</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<a name="page284"> </a> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +ancil´la, <i>maidservant</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +Iūlia, <i>Julia</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Adverbs<span class="tag">1</span></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cūr</b>, <i>why</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nōn</b>, <i>not</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Pronouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mea</b>, <i>my</i>; <b>tua</b>, <i>thy, your</i> (possesives)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>quid</b>, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., <i>what?</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index"> +<b>-ne</b>, the question sign, an enclitic (<a href = +"#sec16">§ 16</a>) added to the first word, which, +in a question, is usually the verb, as <b>amat</b>, <i>he loves</i>, but +<b>amat´ne?</b> <i>does he love?</i> <b>est</b>, <i>he is</i>; +<b>estne?</b> <i>is he?</i> Of course <b>-ne</b> is not used when the +sentence contains <b>quis, cūr</b>, or some other interrogative +word.</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. An <i>adverb</i> is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or +another adverb; as, She sings <i>sweetly</i>; she is <i>very</i> +talented; she began to sing <i>very early</i>.</div> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON VII, <a href="#sec62" +name="sec62vocab">§ 62</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>casa, -ae</b>, f., <i>cottage</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +cēna, -ae, f., <i>dinner</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>gallī´na, -ae</b>, f., <i>hen, chicken</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>īn´sula, ae</b>, f., <i>island</i> (pen-insula)</div> +<div class="partspeech">Adverbs</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>de-in´de</b>, <i>then, in the next place</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ubi</b>, <i>where</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Preposition</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ad</b>, <i>to</i>, with acc. to express motion toward</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Verbs</div> +<div class="index special"> +ha´bitat, <i>he (she, it) lives, is living, does live</i> +(inhabit)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>laudat</b>, <i>he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise</i> +(laud)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>parat</b>, <i>he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does +prepare</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vocat</b>, <i>he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, is +inviting, does invite</i> (vocation)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Pronoun</div> +<div class="index center"> +<b>quem</b>, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., <i>whom?</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON VIII, <a href="#sec69" +name="sec69vocab">§ 69</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Italia, -ae</b>, f., <i>Italy</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +Sicilia, -ae, f., <i>Sicily</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>tuba, -ae</b>, f., <i>trumpet</i> (tube)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>via, -ae</b>, f., <i>way, road, street</i> (viaduct)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adjectives</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>alta</b>, <i>high, deep</i> (altitude)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>clāra</b>, <i>clear, bright; famous</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>lāta</b>, <i>wide</i> (latitude)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>longa</b>, <i>long</i> (longitude)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nova</b>, <i>new</i> (novelty)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="page285"> </a>LESSON IX, <a href="#sec77" name="sec77vocab">§ 77</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Nouns</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>bellum, -ī</b>, n., <i>war</i> (re-bel)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cōnstantia, -ae</b>, f., <i>firmness, constancy, steadiness</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +dominus, -ī, m., <i>master, lord</i> (dominate)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>equus, -ī</b>, m., <i>horse</i> (equine)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>frūmentum, -ī</b>, n., <i>grain</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>lēgātus, -ī</b>, m., <i>lieutenant, ambassador</i> (legate)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Mārcus, -ī</b>, m., <i>Marcus, Mark</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mūrus, -ī</b>, m., <i>wall</i> (mural)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>oppidānus, -ī</b>, m., <i>townsman</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>oppidum, -ī</b>, n., <i>town</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pīlum, -ī</b>, n., <i>spear</i> (pile driver)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>servus, -ī</b>, m., <i>slave, servant</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +Sextus, -ī, m., <i>Sextus</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Verbs</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cūrat</b>, <i>he (she, it) cares for</i>, with acc.</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>properat</b>, <i>he (she, it) hastens</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON X, <a href="#sec82" name="sec82vocab">§ 82</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Nouns</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>amīcus, -ī</b>, m., <i>friend</i> (amicable)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Germānia, -ae</b>, f., <i>Germany</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>patria, -ae</b>, f., <i>fatherland</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>populus, -ī</b>, m., <i>people</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Rhēnus, -ī</b>, m., <i>the Rhine</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vīcus, -ī</b>, m., <i>village</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XI, <a href="#sec86" name="sec86vocab">§ 86</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Nouns</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>arma, armōrum</b>, n., plur., <i>arms</i>, especially defensive +weapons</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fāma, -ae</b>, f., <i>rumor; reputation, fame</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>galea, -ae</b>, f., <i>helmet</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>praeda, -ae</b>, f., <i>booty, spoils</i> (predatory)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>tēlum, -ī</b>, n., <i>weapon of offense, spear</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Adjectives</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dūrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, +toilsome</i> (durable)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Rōmānus, -a, -um</b>, <i>Roman</i>. As a noun, <b>Rōmānus, -ī</b>, +m., <i>a Roman</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XII, <a href="#sec90" +name="sec90vocab">§ 90</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fīlius, fīlī</b>, m., <i>son</i> (filial)</div> +<div class="index special"> +fluvius, fluvī, m., <i>river</i> (fluent)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>gladius, gladī</b>, m., <i>sword</i> (gladiator)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>praesidium, praesi´dī</b>, n., <i>garrison, guard, +protection</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>proelium, proelī</b>, n., <i>battle</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adjectives</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fīnitimus, -a, -um</b>, <i>bordering upon, neighboring, near to</i>. +As a noun, <b>fīnitimī, -ōrum</b>, m., plur., <i>neighbors</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Germānus, -a, -um</b>, <i>German</i>. As a noun, <b>Germānus, -ī</b>, +m., <i>a German</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>multus, -a, -um</b>, <i>much</i>; plur., <i>many</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Adverb</div> +<div class="index center"> +<b>saepe</b>, <i>often</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="page286"> </a>LESSON XIII, <a href="#sec95" +name="sec95vocab">§ 95</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Nouns</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ager, agrī</b>, m., <i>field</i> (acre)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cōpia, -ae</b>, f., <i>plenty, abundance</i> (copious); plur., +<i>troops, forces</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Cornēlius, Cornē´lī</b>, m., <i>Cornelius</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>lōrī´ca, -ae</b>, f., <i>coat of mail, corselet</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>praemium, praemī</b>, n., <i>reward, prize</i> (premium)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>puer, puerī</b>, m., <i>boy</i> (puerile)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Rōma, -ae</b>, f., <i>Rome</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>scūtum, -ī</b>, n., <i>shield</i> (escutcheon)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vir, virī</b>, m., <i>man, hero</i> (virile)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Adjectives</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>legiōnārius, -a, -um</b>,<span class="tag">1</span> <i>legionary, +belonging to the legion</i>. As a noun, <b>legiōnāriī, -ōrum</b>, m., +plur., <i>legionary soldiers</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>līber, lībera, līberum</b>, <i>free</i> (liberty) As a noun. +<b>līberī, -ōrum</b>, m., plur., <i>children</i> (lit. <i>the +freeborn</i>)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum</b>, <i>pretty, beautiful</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Preposition</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>apud</b>, <i>among</i>, with acc.</div> +<div class="partspeech">Conjunction</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>sed</b>, <i>but</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in <b>-ius</b> ends in +<b>-iī</b> and the vocative in <b>-ie</b>; not in <b>-ī</b>, as in +nouns.</div> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XIV, <a href="#sec99" +name="sec99vocab">§ 99</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Nouns</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>auxilium, auxi´lī</b>, n., <i>help, aid</i> (auxiliary)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>castrum, -ī</b>, n., <i>fort</i> (castle); plur., <i>camp</i> (lit. +<i>forts</i>)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cibus, -ī</b>, m., <i>food</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī</b>, n., <i>plan</i> (counsel)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dīligentia, -ae</b>, f., <i>diligence, industry</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +magister, magistrī, m., <i>master, teacher</i><span class = +"tag">1</span></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Adjectives</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>aeger, aegra, aegrum</b>, <i>sick</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>crēber, crēbra, crēbrum</b>, <i>frequent</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>miser, misera, miserum</b>, <i>wretched, unfortunate</i> +(miser)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Observe that <b>dominus</b>, as distinguished from <b>magister</b>, +means <i>master</i> in the sense of <i>owner</i>.</div> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XV, <a href="#sec107" +name="sec107vocab">§ 107</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>carrus, -ī</b>, m., <i>cart, wagon</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>inopia, -ae</b>, f., <i>want, lack;</i> the opposite of +<b>cōpia</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>studium, studī</b>, n., <i>zeal, eagerness</i> (study)</div> +<div class="partspeech">Verb</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mātūrat</b>, <i>he (she, it) hastens.</i> Cf. properat</div> +</td> + +<td> +<a name="page287"> </a> +<div class="partspeech">Adjectives</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>armātus, -a, -um</b>, <i>armed</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>īnfīrmus, -a, -um</b>, <i>week, feeble</i> (infirm)</div> +<div class="index special"> +vali´dus, -a, -um, <i>strong, sturdy</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Adverb</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>iam</b>, <i>already, now</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index"> +<b>-que</b>, conjunction, <i>and</i>; an enclitic (cf. +<a href="#sec16">§ 16</a>) and always added to +the +<i>second</i> of two words to be connected, as <b>arma tēla´que</b>, +<i>arms and weapons</i>.</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XVII, <a href="#sec117" +name="sec117vocab">§ 117</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Nouns</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>agrī cultūra, -ae</b>, f., <i>agriculture</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>domicilīum, domīci´lī</b>, n., <i>dwelling place</i> (domicile) +<i>abode</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fēmina, -ae</b>, f., <i>woman</i> (female)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Gallia, -ae</b>, f., <i>Gaul</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Gallus, -i</b>, m., <i>a Gaul</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>lacrima, -ae</b>, f., <i>tear</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>numerus, -ī</b>, m., <i>number</i> (numeral)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adjective</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mātūrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>ripe, mature</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Verbs</div> +<div class="index special"> +arat, <i>he (she, it) plows</i> (arable)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēsīderat</b>, <i>he (she, it) misses, longs for</i> (desire), with +acc.</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adverb</div> +<div class="index special"> +quō, <i>whither</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Conjunction</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>an</b>, <i>or</i>, introducing the second half of a double question, +as <i>Is he a Roman or a Gaul</i>, <b>Estne Romanus an Gallus?</b></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XVIII, <a href="#sec124" +name="sec124vocab">§ 124</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +lūdus, -ī, m.,<i>school</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>socius, socī</b>, m., <i>companion, ally</i> (social)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adjectives</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>īrātus, -a, -um</b>, <i>angry, furious</i> (irate)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>laetus, -a, -um</b>, <i>happy, glad</i> (social)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Adverbs</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +hodiē, <i>to-day</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ibi</b>, <i>there, in that place</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +mox, <i>presently, soon</i>, of the immediate future</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nunc</b>, <i>now, the present moment</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nūper</b>, <i>lately, recently</i>, of the immediate past</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XX, <a href="#sec136" +name="sec136vocab">§ 136</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Nouns</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fōrma, -ae</b>, f., <i>form, beauty</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>poena, -ae</b>, f., <i>punishment, penalty</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>potentia, -ae</b>, f., <i>power</i> (potent)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>regīna, -ae</b>, f., <i>queen</i> (regal)</div> +<div class="index special"> +superbia, -ae, f., <i>pride, haughtiness</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>trīstītīa, -ae</b>, f., <i>sadness, sorrow</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adjectives</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>septem</b>, indeclinable, <i>seven</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>superbus, -a, -um</b>, <i>proud, haughty</i> (superb)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Conjunctions</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nōn sōlum ... sed etiam</b>, <i>not only ... but also</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="page288"> </a>LESSON XXI, <a href="#sec140" +name="sec140vocab">§ 140</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +sacrum, -ī, n., <i>sacrifice, offering, rite</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>verbum, -ī</b>, n., <i>word</i> (verb)</div> +<div class="partspeech">Verbs</div> +<div class="index special"> +sedeō, -ēre, <i>sit</i> (sediment)</div> +<div class="index special"> +volō, -āre, <i>fly</i> (volatile)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adjectives</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>interfectus, -a, -um</b>, <i>slain</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>molestus, -a, -um</b>, <i>troublesome, annoying</i> (molest)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>perpetuus, -a, -um</b>, <i>perpetual, continuous</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index"> +<b>ego</b>, personal pronoun, <i>I</i> (egotism). Always emphatic in the +nominative.</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XXII, <a href="#sec146" +name="sec146vocab">§ 146</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Nouns</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>disciplīna, -ae</b>, f., <i>training, culture, discipline</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ōrnāmentum</b>, -ī, n., <i>ornament, jewel</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Gāius, Gāī</b>, m., <i>Caius</i>, a Roman first name</div> +<div class="index special"> +Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m., <i>Tiberius</i>, a Roman first name</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Verb</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>doceō, -ēre</b>, <i>teach</i> (doctrine)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adverb</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>maximē</b>, <i>most of all, especially</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Adjective</div> +<div class="index center"> +<b>antīquus, -qua, -quum</b>, <i>old, ancient</i> (antique)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XXVII, <a href="#sec168" +name="sec168vocab">§ 168</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>āla, -ae</b>, f., <i>wing</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>deus, -ī</b>, m., <i>god</i> (deity)<span class = +"tag">1</span></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>monstrum, -ī</b>, n., <i>omen, prodigy; monster</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +ōrāculum, -ī, n., <i>oracle</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Verb</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vāstō, -āre</b>, <i>lay waste, devastate</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adjectives</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>commōtus, -a, -um</b>, <i>moved, excited</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>maximus, -a, -um</b>, <i>greatest</i> (maximum)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>saevus, -a, -um</b>, <i>fierce, savage</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Adverbs</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ita</b>, <i>thus, in this way, as follows</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>tum</b>, <i>then, at that time</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. For the declension of <b>deus</b>, see <a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a></div> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XXVIII, <a href="#sec171" +name="sec171vocab">§ 171</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Verbs</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>respondeō, -ēre</b>, <i>respond, reply</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>servō, -āre</b>, <i>save, preserve</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Adjective</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cārus, -a, -um</b>, <i>dear</i> (cherish)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Conjunction</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>autem</b>, <i>but, moreover, now</i>. Usually</div> +<div class="index special"> +stands second, never first</div> +<div class="partspeech">Noun</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vīta, -ae</b>, f., <i>life</i> (vital)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="page289"> </a>LESSON XXIX, <a href="#sec176" +name="sec176vocab">§ 176</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Verb</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>superō, -āre</b>, <i>conquer, overcome</i> (insuperable)</div> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cūra, -ae</b>, f., <i>care, trouble</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>locus, -ī</b>, m., <i>place, spot</i> (location). <b>Locus</b> is +neuter in the plural and is declined <b>loca, -ōrum</b>, etc.</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>perīculum, -ī</b>, n., <i>danger, peril</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adverbs</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>semper</b>, <i>always</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>tamen</b>, <i>yet, nevertheless</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Prepositions</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dē</b>, with abl., <i>down from; concerning</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>per</b>, with acc., <i>through</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Conjunction</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>si</b>, <i>if</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XXX, <a href="#sec182" +name="sec182vocab">§ 182</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Verbs</div></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>absum, abesse</b>, irreg., <i>be away, be absent, be distant</i>, +with separative abl.</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>adpropinquō, -āre</b>, <i>draw near, approach</i> (propinquity), with +dative<span class="tag">1</span></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>contineō, -ēre</b>, <i>hold together, hem in, keep</i> +(contain)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>discēdō, -ere</b>, <i>depart, go away, leave</i>, with separative +abl.</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>egeō, -ēre</b>, <i>lack, need, be without</i>, with separative +abl.</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>interficiō, -ere</b>, <i>kill</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>prohibeō, -ēre</b>, <i>restrain, keep from</i> (prohibit)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vulnerō, -āre</b>, <i>wound</i> (vulnerable)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>prōvincia, -ae</b>, f., <i>province</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vīnum, -ī</b>, n., <i>wine</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adjective</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēfessus, -a, -um</b>, <i>weary, worn out</i></div> +<div class="partspeech">Adverb</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>longē</b>, <i>far, by far, far away</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. This verb governs the dative because the idea of <i>nearness to</i> +is stronger than that of <i>motion to</i>. If the latter idea were the +stronger, the word would be used with <b>ad</b> and the +accusative.</div> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XXXI, <a href="#sec188" +name="sec188vocab">§ 188</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +aurum, -ī, n., <i>gold</i> (oriole)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mora, -ae</b>, f., <i>delay</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nāvigium, nāvi´gī</b>, n., <i>boat, ship</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ventus, -ī</b>, m., <i>wind</i> (ventilate)</div> +<div class="partspeech">Verb</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nāvigō, -āre</b>, <i>sail</i> (navigate)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adjectives</div> +<div class="index special"> +attentus, -a, -um, <i>attentive, careful</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dubius, -a, -um</b>, <i>doubtful</i> (dubious)</div> +<div class="index special"> +perfidus, -a, -um, <i>faithless, treacherous</i> (perfidy)</div> +<div class="partspeech">Adverb</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>anteā</b>, <i>before, previously</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Preposition</div> +<div class="index center"> +<b>sine</b>, with abl., <i>without</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="page290"> </a>LESSON XXXII, <a href="#sec193" +name="sec193vocab">§ 193</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="partspeech">Nouns</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>animus, -ī</b>, m., <i>mind, heart; spirit, feeling</i> +(animate)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>bracchium, bracchī</b>, n., <i>forearm, arm</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>porta, -ae</b>, f., <i>gate</i> (portal)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adjectives</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>adversus, -a, -um</b>, <i>opposite; adverse, contrary</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>plēnus, -a, -um</b>, <i>full</i> (plenty)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Preposition</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>prō</b>, with abl., <i>before; in behalf of; instead of</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="partspeech">Adverb</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>diū</b>, <i>for a long time, long</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XXXIV, <a href="#sec200" +name="sec200vocab">§ 200</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Adverbs</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>celeriter</b>, <i>quickly</i> (celerity)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēnique</b>, <i>finally</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>graviter</b>, <i>heavily, severely</i> (gravity)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>subitō</b>, <i>suddenly</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="partspeech center">Verb</div> +<div class="index center"> +<b>reportō, -āre, -āvī</b>, <i>bring back, restore; win, gain</i> +(report)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XXXVI, <a href="#sec211" +name="sec211vocab">§ 211</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dexter, dextra, dextrum</b>, <i>right</i> (dextrous)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>sinister, sinistra, sinistrum</b>, <i>left</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>frūstrā</b>, adv., <i>in vain</i> (frustrate)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus</b>, <i>bear, carry on; wear</i>; +<b>bellum gerere</b>, <i>to wage war</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus</b>, <i>seize, take possession +of</i> (occupy)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus</b>, <i>demand</i> +(ex-postulate)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātus</b>, <i>refuse</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>stō, stāre, stetī, status</b>, <i>stand</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus</b>, <i>try, tempt, test; +attempt</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>teneō, tenēre, tenuī</b>, ——, <i>keep, hold</i> +(tenacious)</div> +<br /> +<div class="index"> +The word <b>ubi</b>, which we have used so much in the sense of +<i>where</i> in asking a question, has two other uses equally +important:</div> + +<div class="index special"> +1. <b>ubi</b> = <i>when</i>, as a relative conjunction denoting time; +as,<br /> +<b>Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt</b>, <i>when they heard the +monster, they fled</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +2. <b>ubi</b> = <i>where</i>, as a relative conjunction denoting place; +as,<br /> +<b>Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat</b>, <i>I see the town where Galba +lives</i></div> + +<div class="index"> +<b>Ubi</b> is called a <i>relative conjunction</i> because it is +equivalent to a relative pronoun. <i>When</i> in the first sentence is +equivalent to <i>at the time <b>at which;</b></i> and in the second, +<i>where</i> is equivalent to <i>the place <b>in which</b>.</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="page291"> </a>LESSON XXXVII, <a href="#sec217" +name="sec217vocab">§ 217</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>neque</b> or <b>nec</b>, conj., <i>neither, nor, and ... not</i>; +<b>neque ... neque</b>, <i>neither ... nor</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>castellum</b>, -ī, n., <i>redoubt, fort</i> (castle)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cotīdiē</b>, adv., <i>daily</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātus, <i>cease</i>, with the infin.</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus</b>, <i>begin</i> (incipient), +with the infin.</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus</b>, <i>storm, +assail</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>petō, petere, petivi</b> or <b>petiī, petītus</b>, <i>aim at, assail, +storm, attack; seek, ask</i> (petition)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>place, put</i> (position); +<b>castra pōnere</b>, <i>to pitch camp</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>possum, posse, potuī</b>, ——, <i>be able, can</i> +(potent), with the infin.</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus</b>, <i>forbid</i> (veto), vith the +infin.; opposite of <b>iubeō</b>, <i>command</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus</b>, <i>conquer</i> (in-vincible)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vīvō, vīvere, vīxī</b>, ——, <i>live, be alive</i> +(re-vive)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XXXIX, <a href="#sec234" +name="sec234vocab">§ 234</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>barbarus, -a, -um</b>, <i>strange, foreign, barbarous</i>. As a noun, +<b>barbarī, -ōrum</b>, m., plur., <i>savages, barbarians</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dux, ducis</b>, m., <i>leader</i> (duke). Cf. the verb +<b>dūcō</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>eques, equitis</b>, m., <i>horseman, cavalryman</i> +(equestrian)</div> +<div class="index special"> +iūdex, iūdicis, <i>m., judge</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>lapis, lapidis</b>, m., <i>stone</i> (lapidary)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mīles, mīlitis</b>, m., <i>soldier</i> (militia)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pedes, peditis</b>, m., <i>foot soldier</i> (pedestrian)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pēs, pedis</b>,<span class="tag">1</span> m., <i>foot</i> +(pedal)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>prīnceps, prīncipis</b>, m., <i>chief</i> (principal)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>rēx, rēgis</b>, m., <i>king</i> (regal)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>summus, -a, -um</b>, <i>highest, greatest</i> (summit)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>virtūs, virtūtis</b>, f., <i>manliness, courage</i> (virtue)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. Observe that <b>e</b> is <i>long</i> in the nom. sing, and +<i>short</i> in the other cases.</div> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XL, <a href="#sec237" +name="sec237vocab">§ 237</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Caesar, -aris</b>, m., <i>Cæsar</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>captīvus, -ī</b>, m., <i>captive, prisoner</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cōnsul, -is</b>, m., <i>consul</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>frāter, frātris</b>, m., <i>brother</i> (fraternity)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>homō, hominis</b>, m., <i>man, human being</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>impedīmentum, -ī</b>, n., <i>hindrance</i> (impediment); plur. +<b>impedīmenta, -ōrum</b>, <i>baggage</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<a name="page292"> </a> + +<div class="index special"> +<b>imperātor, imperātōris</b>, m., <i>commander in chief, general</i> +(emperor)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>legiō, legiōnis</b>, f., <i>legion</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>māter, mātris</b>, f., <i>mother</i> (maternal)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ōrdō, ōrdinis</b>, m., <i>row, rank</i> (order)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pater, patris</b>, m., <i>father</i> (paternal)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>salūs, salūtis</b>, f., <i>safety</i> (salutary)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>soror, sorōris</b>, f., <i>sister</i> (sorority)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XLI, <a href="#sec239" +name="sec239vocab">§ 239</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>calamitās, calamitātis</b>, f., <i>loss, disaster, defeat</i> +(calamity)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>caput, capitis</b>, n., <i>head</i> (capital)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>flūmen, flūminis</b>, n., <i>river</i> (flume)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>labor, labōris</b>, m., <i>labor, toil</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>opus, operis</b>, n., <i>work, task</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ōrātor, ōrātōris</b>, m., <i>orator</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>rīpa, -ae</b>, f., <i>bank</i> (of a stream)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>tempus, temporis</b>, n., <i>time</i> (temporal)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>terror, terrōris</b>, m., <i>terror, fear</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>victor, victōris</b>, m., <i>victor</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus</b>, <i>receive, accept</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus</b>, <i>strengthen, +establish, encourage</i> (confirm)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XLIII, <a href="#sec245" +name="sec245vocab">§ 245</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>animal, animālis (-ium<span class="tag">1</span>)</b>, n., +<i>animal</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>avis, avis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>bird</i> (aviation)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>caedēs, caedīs (-ium)</b>, f., <i>slaughter</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., <i>spur</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cīvis, cīvis (-ium)</b>, m. and f., <i>citizen</i> (civic)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cliēns, clientis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>retainer, dependent</i> +(client)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fīnis, fīnis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>end, limit</i> (final); plur., +<i>country, territory</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>hostis, hostis (-ium)</b>, m. and f., <i>enemy</i> in war (hostile). +Distinguish from <b>inimīcus</b>, which means a <i>personal</i> +enemy</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ignis, ignis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>fire</i> (ignite)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium)</b>, n. <i>decoration, badge</i> +(ensign)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mare, maris (-ium<span class="tag">2</span>)</b>, n., <i>sea</i> +(marine)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nāvis, nāvis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>ship</i> (naval);</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nāvis longa</b>, <i>man-of-war</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>turris, turris (-ium)</b>, f., <i>tower</i> (turret)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>urbs, urbis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>city</i> (suburb). An <b>urbs</b> is +larger than an <b>oppidum</b>.</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"> +1. The genitive plural ending <b>-ium</b> is written to mark the +i-stems.</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +2. The genitive plural of <b>mare</b> is not in use.</div> + + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XLIV, <a href="#sec249" +name="sec249vocab">§ 249</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>arbor, arboris</b>, f., <i>tree</i> (arbor)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>collis, collis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>hill</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēns, dentis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>tooth</i> (dentist)</div> +<div class="index special"> +fōns, fontis (-ium), m.. <i>fountain, spring; source</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>iter, itineris</b>, n., <i>march, journey, route</i> +(itinerary)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>month</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>moenia, -ium</b>, n., plur., <i>walls, fortifications</i>. Cf. +<b>mūrus</b></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mōns, montis (-ium)</b>, m., <i>mountain</i>;</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>summus mōns</b>, <i>top of the mountain</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>numquam</b>, adv., <i>never</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pōns, pontis</b>, m., <i>bridge</i> (pontoon)</div> + +<a name="page293"> </a> + +<div class="index special"> +<b>sanguis, sanguinis</b>, m., blood (sanguinary)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>summus, -a, -um</b>, <i>highest, greatest</i> (summit)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>trāns</b>, prep, with acc., <i>across</i> (transatlantic)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vīs (vīs)</b>, gen. plur. <b>virium</b>, f. <i>strength, force, +violence</i> (vim)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XLV, <a href="#sec258" +name="sec258vocab">§ 258</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ācer, ācris, ācre</b>, <i>sharp, keen, eager</i> (acrid)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>brevis, breve</b>, <i>short, brief</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>difficilis, difficile</b>, <i>difficult</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>facilis, facile</b>, <i>facile, easy</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fortis, forte</b>, <i>brave</i> (fortitude)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>gravis, grave</b>, <i>heavy, severe, serious</i> (grave)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>omnis, omne</b>, <i>every, all</i> (omnibus)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pār</b>, gen. <b>paris</b>, <i>equal</i> (par)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>paucī, -ae, -a</b>, <i>few, only a few</i> (paucity)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>secundus, -a, -um</b>, <i>second; favorable</i>, opposite of +adversus</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>signum, -ī</b>, n., <i>signal, sign, standard</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vēlōx</b>, gen. <b>vēlōcis</b>, <i>swift</i> (velocity)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus</b>, <i>arrange, station, +place</i> (collocation)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus</b>, <i>point out, +explain</i> (demonstrate)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus</b>, <i>commit, intrust</i> +(mandate)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XLVI, <a href="#sec261" +name="sec261vocab">§ 261</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>adventus, -ūs</b>, m., <i>approach, arrival</i> (advent)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ante</b>, prep, with acc., <i>before</i> (ante-date)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cornū, -ūs</b>, n., <i>horn, wing</i> of an army (cornucopia);</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ā dextrō cornū</b>, <i>on the right wing</i>;</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ā sinistrō cornū</b>, <i>on the left wing</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>equitātus, -ūs</b>, m., <i>cavalry</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>exercitus, -ūs</b>, m., <i>army</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>impetus, -ūs</b>, m., <i>attack</i> (impetus); <b>impetum facere +in</b>, with acc., <i>to make an attack on</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>lacus, -ūs</b>, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., <i>lake</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>manus, -ūs</b>, f., <i>hand; band, force</i> (manual)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>portus, -ūs</b>, m., <i>harbor</i> (port)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>post</b>, prep, with acc., <i>behind, after</i> (post-mortem)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus</b>, <i>burn</i> (cremate)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus</b>, <i>practice, drill, +train</i> (exercise)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XLVII, <a href="#sec270" +name="sec270vocab">§ 270</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., <i>Athens</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +Corinthus, -ī, f., <i>Corinth</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>domus, -ūs</b>, locative <b>domī</b>, f., <i>house, home</i> (dome). +Cf. <b>domicilium</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Genāva, -ae</b>, f., <i>Geneva</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., <i>Pompeii</i>, a city in Campania. See +map</div> +</td> +<td> +<a name="page294"> </a> +<div class="index special"> +<b>propter</b>, prep. with acc., <i>on account of, because of</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. <b>rūra</b>, n., +<i>country</i> (rustic)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>tergum, tergī</b>, n., <i>back</i>; <b>ā tergō</b>, <i>behind, in the +rear</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vulnus, vulneris</b>, n., <i>wound</i> (vulnerable)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>committō, committere, commīsī, commissus</b>, <i>intrust, commit;</i> +<b>proelium committere</b>, <i>join battle</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus</b>, <i>call together, +summon</i> (convoke)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>timeō, timēre, timuī</b>, ——, <i>fear; be afraid</i> +(timid)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vertō, vertere, vertī, versus</b>, <i>turn, change</i> (convert); +<b>terga vertere</b>, <i>to turn the backs</i>, hence <i>to +retreat</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XLVIII, <a href="#sec276" +name="sec276vocab">§ 276</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>aciēs, -ēī</b>, f., <i>line of battle</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>aestās, aestātis</b>, f., <i>summer</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>annus, -ī</b>, m., <i>year</i> (annual)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>diēs, diēī</b>, m., <i>day</i> (diary)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fidēs, fideī</b>, no plur., f., <i>faith, trust; promise, word; +protection;</i> <b>in fidem venīre</b>, <i>to come under the +protection</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fluctus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>wave, billow</i> (fluctuate)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>hiems, hiemis</b>, f., <i>winter</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>hōra, -ae</b>, f., <i>hour</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>lūx, lūcis</b>, f., <i>light</i> (lucid); <b>prīma lux</b>, +<i>daybreak</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>merīdiēs</b>, acc. <b>-em</b>, abl. <b>-ē</b>, no plur., m., +<i>midday</i> (meridian)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nox, noctis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>night</i> (nocturnal)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>prīmus, -a, -um</b>, <i>first</i> (prime)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>rēs, reī</b>, f., <i>thing, matter</i> (real);</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>rēs gestae</b>, <i>deeds, exploits</i> (lit. <i>things +performed</i>); <b>rēs adversae</b>, <i>adversity</i>; <b>rēs +secundae</b>, <i>prosperity</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>spēs, speī</b>, f., <i>hope</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON XLIX, <a href="#sec283" +name="sec283vocab">§ 283</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>amīcitia, -ae</b>, f., <i>friendship</i> (amicable)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>itaque</b>, conj., <i>and so, therefore, accordingly</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>littera, -ae</b>, f., <i>a letter</i> of the alphabet;</div> +<div class="index special"> +plur., <i>a letter, an epistle</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>metus, metūs</b>, m., <i>fear</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nihil</b>, indeclinable, n., <i>nothing</i> (nihilist)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nūntius, nūntī</b>, m., <i>messenger</i>. Cf. <b>nūntiō</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pāx, pācis</b>, f., <i>peace</i> (pacify)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>rēgnum, -ī</b>, n., <i>reign, sovereignty, kingdom</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>supplicum, suppli´cī</b>, n., <i>punishment</i>;</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>supplicum sūmere dē</b>, with abl., <i>inflict punishment +on</i>;</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>supplicum dare</b>, <i>suffer punishment</i>. Cf. <b>poena</b></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus</b>, <i>be pleasing to, please</i>, +with dative. Cf. +<a href="#sec154">§ 154</a></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>take up, assume</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus</b>, <i>sustain</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="page295"> </a>LESSON L, <a href="#sec288" name="sec288vocab">§ 288</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>corpus, corporis</b>, n., <i>body</i> (corporal)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēnsus, -a, -um</b>, <i>dense</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>īdem, e´adem, idem</b>, demonstrative pronoun, <i>the same</i> +(identity)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ipse, ipsa, ipsum</b>, intensive pronoun, <i>self; even, +very</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mīrus, -a, -um</b>, <i>wonderful, marvelous</i> (miracle)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ōlim</b>, adv., <i>formerly, once upon a time</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pars, partis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>part, region, direction</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>quoque</b>, adv., <i>also</i>. Stands <i>after</i> the word which it +emphasizes</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>sōl, sōlis</b>, m., <i>sun</i> (solar)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vērus, -a, -um</b>, <i>true, real</i> (verity)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus</b>, <i>owe, ought</i> (debt)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus</b>, <i>snatch from</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON LI, <a href="#sec294" +name="sec294vocab">§ 294</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>hic, haec, hoc</b>, demonstrative pronoun, <i>this</i> (of mine); +<i>he, she, it</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ille, illa, illud</b>, demonstrative pronoun <i>that</i> (yonder); +<i>he, she, it</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>invīsus, -a, -um</b>, <i>hateful, detested</i>, with dative Cf. <a +href="#sec143">§ 143</a></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>iste, ista, istud</b>, demonstrative pronoun, <i>that</i> (of yours); +<i>he, she, it</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>lībertās, -ātis</b>, f., <i>liberty</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>modus, -ī</b>, m., <i>measure; manner, way, mode</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nōmen, nōminis</b>, n., <i>name</i> (nominate)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>oculus, -ī</b>, m., <i>eye</i> (oculist)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>prīstinus, -a, -um</b>, <i>former, old-time</i> (pristine)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>pūblicus, -a, -um</b>, <i>public, belonging to the state;</i> <b>rēs +pūblica, reī pūblicae</b>, f., <i>the commonwealth, the state, the +republic</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vestīgium, vestī´gī</b>, n., <i>footprint, track; trace, +vestige</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vōx, vōcis</b>, f., <i>voice</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON LII, <a href="#sec298" +name="sec298vocab">§ 298</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>incolumis, -e</b>, <i>unharmed</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nē ... quidem</b>, adv., <i>not even</i>. The emphatic word stands +between <b>nē</b> and <b>quidem</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nisi</b>, conj., <i>unless, if ... not</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>paene</b>, adv., <i>almost</i> (pen-insula)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>satis</b>, adv., <i>enough, sufficiently</i> (satisfaction)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>tantus, -a, -um</b>, <i>so great</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vērō</b>, adv., <i>truly, indeed, in fact</i>. As a conj. <i>but, +however</i>, usually stands second, never first.</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī</b>, ——, <i>fall down</i> +(deciduous)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus</b>, <i>leap down, +dismount</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus</b>, <i>remain</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus</b>, <i>lead across</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="page296"> </a>LESSON LIII, <a href="#sec306" +name="sec306vocab">§ 306</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>aquila, -ae</b>, f., <i>eagle</i> (aquiline)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>audāx</b>, gen. <b>audācis</b>, adj., <i>bold, audacious</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>celer, celeris, celere</b>, <i>swift, quick</i> (celerity). Cf. +<b>vēlōx</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>explōratōr, -ōris</b>, m., <i>scout, spy</i> (explorer)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ingēns</b>, gen. <b>ingentis</b>, adj., <i>huge, vast</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>medius, -a, -um</b>, <i>middle, middle part of</i> (medium)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mēns, mentis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>mind</i> (mental). Cf. +<b>animus</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>opportūnus, -a, -um</b>, <i>opportune</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>quam</b>, adv., <i>than</i>. With the superlative <b>quam</b> gives +the force of <i>as possible</i>, as <b>quam audācissimī virī</b>, <i>men +as bold as possible</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>recens</b>, gen. <b>recentis</b>, adj., <i>recent</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>tam</b>, adv., <i>so</i>. Always with an adjective or adverb, while +<b>ita</b> is generally used with a verb</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus</b>, <i>ask, inquire, seek</i> +(question). Cf. <b>petō</b></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON LIV, <a href="#sec310" +name="sec310vocab">§ 310</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>alacer, alacris, alacre</b>, <i>eager, spirited, excited</i> +(alacrity)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>celeritās, -ātis</b>, f., <i>speed</i> (celerity)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>clāmor, clāmōris</b>, m., <i>shout, clamor</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>lēnis, lēne</b>, <i>mild, gentle</i> (lenient)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mulier, muli´eris</b>, f., <i>woman</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>multitūdō, multitūdinis</b>, f., <i>multitude</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nēmŏ</b>, dat. <b>nēminī</b>, acc. <b>nēminem</b> (gen. +<b>nūllīus</b>, abl. <b>nūllō</b>, from <b>nūllus</b>), no plur., m. and +f., <i>no one</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nōbilis, nōbile</b>, <i>well known, noble</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>noctū</b>, adv. (an old abl.), <i>by night</i> (nocturnal)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>statim</b>, adv., <i>immediately, at once</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>subitō</b>, adv., <i>suddenly</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>tardus, -a, -um</b>, <i>slow</i> (tardy)</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus</b>, <i>desire, wish</i> +(cupidity)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON LV, <a href="#sec314" +name="sec314vocab">§ 314</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>aedificium, aedifi´cī</b>, n., <i>building, dwelling</i> +(edifice)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>imperium, impe´rī</b>, n., <i>command, chief power; empire</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mors, mortis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>death</i> (mortal)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>reliquus, -a, -um</b>, <i>remaining, rest of</i>. As a noun, m. and +n. plur., <i>the rest</i> (relic)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>scelus, sceleris</b>, n., <i>crime</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>servitūs, -ūtis</b>, f., <i>slavery</i> (servitude)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vallēs, vallis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>valley</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus</b>, <i>hide</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus</b>, <i>strain, struggle; +hasten</i> (contend)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus</b>, <i>cut down, kill</i>. Cf. +<b>necō, interficiō</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus</b>, <i>terrify, +frighten</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus</b>, <i>receive, recover</i>; +<b>sē recipere</b>, <i>betake one’s self, withdraw, retreat</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus</b>, <i>give over, surrender, +deliver</i> (traitor)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap"><a name="page297"> </a>LESSON LVI, <a href="#sec318" +name="sec318vocab">§ 318</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>aditus, -ūs</b>, m., <i>approach, access; entrance</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cīvitās, cīvitātis</b>, f., <i>citizenship; body of citizens, +state</i> (city)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>inter</b>, prep, with acc., <i>between, among</i> (interstate +commerce)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>nam</b>, conj., <i>for</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>obses, obsidis</b>, m. and f., <i>hostage</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>paulō</b>, adv. (abl. n. of <b>paulus</b>), <i>by a little, +somewhat</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>incolō, incolere, incoluī</b>, ——, transitive, +<i>inhabit;</i> intransitive, <i>dwell</i>. Cf.</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>habitō, vīvō</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus</b>, <i>leave, abandon</i> +(relinquish)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus</b>, <i>fix, decide</i> (statute), +usually with infin.</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON LVII, <a href="#sec326" +name="sec326vocab">§ 326</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>aequus, -a, -um</b>, <i>even, level; equal</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cohors, cohortis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>cohort</i>, a tenth part of a +legion, about 360 men</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus</b>, <i>run</i> (course)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>difficultās, -ātis</b>, f., <i>difficulty</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>fossa, -ae</b>, f., <i>ditch</i> (fosse)</div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>gēns, gentis (-ium)</b>, f., <i>race, tribe, nation</i> +(Gentile)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>negōtium, negōtī</b>, n., <i>business, affair, matter</i> +(negotiate)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>regiō, -ōnis</b>, f., <i>region, district</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>rūmor, rūmōris</b>, m., <i>rumor, report</i>. Cf. fāma</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>simul atque</b>, conj., <i>as soon as</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus</b>, <i>undertake</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>drag, draw</i> +(ex-tract)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus</b>, <i>be strong</i>; plūrimum +valēre, <i>to be most powerful, have great influence</i> (value). Cf. +validus</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON LVIII, <a href="#sec332" +name="sec332vocab">§ 332</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>commeātus, -ūs</b>, m.. <i>provisions</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>lātitūdō, -inis</b>, f., <i>width</i> (latitude)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>longitūdō, -inis</b>, f., <i>length</i> (longitude)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>magnitūdō, -inis</b>, f., <i>size, magnitude</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mercātor, mercātōris</b>, m., <i>trader, merchant</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>mūnītiō, -ōnis</b>, f., <i>fortification</i> (munition)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>spatium, spatī</b>, n., <i>room, space, distance; time</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus</b>, <i>learn</i>; in the +perfect tenses, <i>know</i> (re-cognize)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus</b>, <i>collect; compel</i> +(cogent)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus</b>, <i>defend</i></div> +<a name="page298"> </a> +<div class="index special"> +<b>incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus</b>, <i>set fire to, burn</i> +(incendiary). Cf. <b>cremō</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus</b>, <i>possess, occupy, +hold</i> (obtain)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus</b>, <i>come through, +arrive</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON LIX, <a href="#sec337" +name="sec337vocab">§ 337</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>agmen, agminis</b>, n., <i>line of march, column</i>; <b>prīmum +agmen</b>, <i>the van</i>; <b>novissimum agmen</b>, <i>the +rear</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>atque, ac</b>, conj., <i>and</i>; <b>atque</b> is used before vowels +and consonants, <b>ac</b> before consonants only. Cf. <b>et</b> and +<b>-que</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>concilium, conci´lī</b>, n., <i>council, assembly</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>Helvētiī, -ōrum</b>, m., <i>the Helvetii</i>, a Gallic tribe</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>passus, passūs</b>, m., <i>a pace</i>, five Roman feet; <b>mīlle +passuum</b>, <i>a thousand (of) paces</i>, a Roman mile</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>quā dē causā</b>, <i>for this reason, for what reason</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vāllum, -ī</b>, n., <i>earth-works, rampart</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus</b>, <i>fall</i> (decadence)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus</b>, <i>surrender, give up</i>; with a +reflexive pronoun, <i>surrender one’s self, submit</i>, with the dative +of the indirect object</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>premō, premere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>press hard, harass</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus</b>, <i>annoy, ravage</i> (vex)</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5 class="subchap">LESSON LX, <a href="#sec341" +name="sec341vocab">§ 341</a></h5> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>aut</b>, conj., <i>or</i>; <b>aut ... aut</b>, <i>either ... +or</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>causā</b>, abl. of <b>causa</b>, <i>for the sake of, because of</i>. +Always stands <i>after</i> the gen. which modifies it</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ferē</b>, adv., <i>nearly, almost</i></div> +</td> +<td> +<div class="index special"> +<b>opīniō, -ōnis</b>, f., <i>opinion, supposition, expectation</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae</b>, f. (lit. <i>the grain +affair</i>), <i>grain supply</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>timor, -ōris</b>, m., <i>fear</i>. Cf. <b>timeō</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>undique</b>, adv., <i>from all sides</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<div class="index special"> +<b>cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum</b>, <i>attempt, try</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum</b>, <i>move out, disembark</i>; +<b>prōgredior</b>, <i>move forward, advance</i> (egress, progress)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>moror, morārī, morātus sum</b>, <i>delay</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>orior, orirī, ortus sum</b>, <i>arise, spring; begin; be born</i> +(<i>from</i>) (origin)</div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum</b>, <i>set out</i></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>revertor, revertī, reversus sum</b>, <i>return</i> (revert). The +forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect +system. Perf. act., <b>revertī</b></div> +<div class="index special"> +<b>sequor, sequī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>follow</i> (sequence). Note the +following compounds of <b>sequor</b> and the force of the different +prefixes: <b>cōnsequor</b> (<i>follow with</i>), <i>overtake</i>; +<b>īnsequor</b> (<i>follow against</i>), <i>pursue</i>; <b>subsequor</b> +(<i>follow under</i>), <i>follow close after</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h4><a name="page299"> </a><a name="vocabulary">LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY</a></h4> + +<p>Translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such; +they are inserted to show etymological meanings.</p> + +<div class="mynote"> +The “parentheses” are shown in square brackets [ ], as in the +original.</div> + +<p class="mylink"> +<a href="#latin_A"> A </a> +<a href="#latin_B"> B </a> +<a href="#latin_C"> C </a> +<a href="#latin_D"> D </a> +<a href="#latin_E"> E </a> +<a href="#latin_F"> F </a> +<a href="#latin_G"> G </a> +<a href="#latin_H"> H </a> +<a href="#latin_I"> I </a> +<a href="#latin_L"> L </a> +<a href="#latin_M"> M </a> +<a href="#latin_N"> N </a> +<a href="#latin_O"> O </a> +<a href="#latin_P"> P </a> +<a href="#latin_Q"> Q </a> +<a href="#latin_R"> R </a> +<a href="#latin_S"> S </a> +<a href="#latin_T"> T </a> +<a href="#latin_U"> U </a> +<a href="#latin_V"> V </a> +</p> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_A">A</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b>, prep. with abl. <i>from, by, off</i>. Translated +<i>on</i> in <b>ā dextrō cornū</b>, <i>on the right wing</i>; <b>ā +fronte</b>, <i>on the front</i> or <i>in front</i>; <b>ā dextrā</b>, +<i>on the right</i>; <b>ā latere</b>, <i>on the +side</i>; etc.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ab-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus</b>, <i>hide, conceal</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ab-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus</b>, <i>lead off, lead away</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>abs-cīdō, -ere, -cīdī,-cīsus</b> [<b>ab(s)</b>, <i>off</i>, + +<b>caedō</b>, <i>cut</i>], <i>cut off</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ab-sum, -esse, āfuī, āfutūrus</b>, <i>be away, be absent, be distant, +be off</i>; with <b>ā</b> or <b>ab</b> and abl., <a href = +"#sec501_32">§ 501.32</a></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ac</b>, conj., see <b>atque</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ac-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus</b> [<b>ad</b>, <i>to</i>, + +<b>capiō</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>receive, accept</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ācer, ācris, ācre</b>, adj. <i>sharp</i>; figuratively, <i>keen, +active, eager</i> (<a href="#sec471">§ 471</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>acerbus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>bitter, sour</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aciēs, -ēī</b>, f. [<b>ācer</b>, <i>sharp</i>], <i>edge; line of +battle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ācriter</b>, adv. [<b>ācer</b>, <i>sharp</i>], compared <b>ācrius, +ācerrimē</b>, <i>sharply, fiercely</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad</b>, prep. with acc. <i>to, towards, near</i>. With the gerund or +gerundive, <i>to, for</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>make equal, make level +with</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus</b>, <i>lead to; move, induce</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus</b>, <i>go to, approach, draw near, +visit</i>, with acc. (<a href = +"#sec413">§ 413</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-ferō, ad-ferre, at-tulī, ad-lātus</b>, <i>bring, convey; report, +announce; render, give</i> (<a href = +"#sec426">§ 426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus</b> [<b>ad</b>, <i>to</i>, + +<b>faciō</b>, <i>do</i>], <i>affect, visit</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>adflīctātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>adflīctō</b>, +<i>shatter</i>], <i>shattered</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-flīgō, -ere, -flīxī, -flīctus</b>, <i>dash upon, strike upon; +harass, distress</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-hibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus</b> [<b>ad</b>, <i>to</i>, + <b>habeō</b>, +<i>hold</i>], <i>apply, employ, use</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-hūc</b>, adv. <i>hitherto, as yet, thus far</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aditus, -ūs</b>, m. [<b>adeō</b>, <i>approach</i>], <i>approach, +access; entrance</i>. Cf. <b>adventus</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-ligō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>bind to, fasten</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-loquor, -loquī, -locūtus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>ad</b>, <i>to</i>, ++ <b>loquor</b>, <i>speak</i>], <i>speak to, address</i>, +with acc.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-ministrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>manage, direct</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>admīrātiō, -ōnis</b>, f. [<b>admīror</b>, <i>wonder at</i>], +<i>admiration, astonishment</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus</b>, <i>move to; apply, +employ</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-propinquō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>come near, approach</i>, with +dat.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ad-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūres</b>, <i>be present; assist</i>; with +dat., +<a href="#sec426">§ 426</a></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>adulēscēns, -entis</b>, m. and f. [part. of <b>adolēscō</b>, +<i>grow</i>], <i>a youth, young man, young person</i></div> + +<a name="page300"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>adventus, -ūs</b>, m. [<b>ad</b>, <i>to</i>, + <b>veniō</b>, +<i>come</i>], <i>approach, arrival</i> (<a href = +"#sec466">§ 466</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>adversus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>advertō</b>, <i>turn +to</i>], <i>turned towards, facing;</i> <i>contrary, adverse</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs adversae</b>, <i>adversity</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aedificium, aedifi´cī</b>, n. [<b>aedificō</b>, <i>build</i>], +<i>building, edifice</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aedificō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus</b> [<b>aedēs</b>, <i>house</i>, + +<b>faciō</b>, <i>make</i>], <i>build</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aeger, aegra, aegrum</b>, adj. <i>sick, feeble</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aequālis, -e</b>, adj. <i>equal, like</i>. As a noun, <b>aequālis, +-is</b>, m. or f. <i>one of the same age</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aequus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>even, level; equal</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Aesōpus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Æsop</i>, a writer of fables</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aestās, -ātis</b>, f. <i>summer</i>, <b>initā aestāte</b>, <i>at the +beginning of summer</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aetās, -ātis</b>, f. <i>age</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Aethiopia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Ethiopia</i>, a country in Africa</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Āfrica, -ae</b>, f. <i>Africa</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Āfricānus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>of Africa</i>. A name given to Scipio +for his victories in Africa</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ager, agrī</b>, m. <i>field, farm, land</i> (<a href = +"#sec462">§ 462. <i>c</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>agger, -eris</b>, m. <i>mound</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>agmen, -inis</b>, n. [<b>agō</b>, <i>drive</i>], <i>an army</i> on +the march, <i>column</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>prīmum agmen</b>, <i>the van</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>agō, -ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>drive, lead; do, perform</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>vītam agere</b>, <i>pass life</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>agricola, -ae</b>, m. [<b>ager</b>, <i>field</i>, + <b>colō</b>, +<i>cultivate</i>], <i>farmer</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>agrī cultūra, -ae</b>, f. <i>agriculture</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>āla, -ae</b>, f. <i>wing</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>alacer, -cris, -cre</b>, adj. <i>active, eager</i>. Cf. +<b>ācer</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>alacritās, -ātis</b>, f. [<b>alacer</b>, <i>active</i>], +<i>eagerness, alacrity</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>alacriter</b>, adv. [<b>alacer</b>, <i>active</i>], comp <b>alacrius, +alacerrimē</b>, <i>actively, eagerly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>albus, -a, -um</b>, adj., <i>white</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>alcēs, -is</b>, f. <i>elk</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Alcmēna, -ae</b>, f. <i>Alcme´na</i>, the mother of Hercules</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aliquis (-quī), -qua, -quid (-quod)</b>, indef. pron. <i>some one, +some</i> (<a href="#sec487">§ 487</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>alius, -a, -ud</b> (gen. <b>-īus</b>, dat. <b>-ī</b>), adj. +<i>another, other</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>alius ... alius</b>, <i>one ... another</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>aliī ... aliī</b>, <i>some ... others</i> (<a href = +"#sec110">§ 110</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Alpēs, -ium</b>, f. plur. <i>the Alps</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>alter, -era, -erum</b> (gen. <b>-īus</b>, dat. <b>-ī</b>), adj. +<i>the one, the other</i> (of two).</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>alter ... alter</b>, <i>the one ... the other</i> (<a href = +"#sec110">§ 110</a>)</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>altitūdō, -inis</b>, f. [<b>altus</b>, <i>high</i>], +<i>height</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>altus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>high, tall, deep</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Amāzonēs, -um</b>, f. plur. <i>Amazons</i>, a fabled tribe of warlike +women</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ambō, -ae, -ō</b>, adj. (decl. like <b>duo</b>), <i>both</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>amīcē</b>, adv. [<b>amīcus</b>, <i>friendly</i>], superl. +<b>amīcissimē</b>, <i>in a friendly manner</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>amiciō, -īre, ——, -ictus</b> [<b>am-</b>, <i>about</i>, + +<b>iaciō</b>, <i>throw</i>], <i>throw around, wrap</i> <i>about, +clothe</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>amīcitia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>amīcus</b>, <i>friend</i>], +<i>friendship</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>amīcus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>amō</b>, <i>love</i>], <i>friendly</i>. +As a noun, <b>amīcus, -ī</b>, m. <i>friend</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ā-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus</b>, <i>send</i> <i>away; +lose</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>love, like, be fond of</i> (<a href = +"#sec488">§ 488</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>amphitheātrum, -ī</b>, n. <i>amphitheater</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>amplus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>large, ample; honorable, noble</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>an</b>, conj. <i>or</i>, introducing the second part of a double +question</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ancilla, -ae</b>, f. <i>maidservant</i></div> + +<a name="page301"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ancora, -ae</b>, f. <i>anchor</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Andromeda, -ae</b>, f. <i>Androm´eda</i>, daughter of Cepheus and +wife of Perseus</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>angulus, -ī</b>, m. <i>angle, corner</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>anim-advertō, -ere, -tī, -sus [animus</b>, <i>mind</i>, + +<b>advertō</b>, <i>turn to</i>], <i>turn the mind to, notice</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>animal, -ālis</b>, n. [<b>anima</b>, <i>breath</i>], <i>animal</i> +(<a href="#sec465">§ 465. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>animōsus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>spirited</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>animus, -ī</b>, m. [<b>anima</b>, <i>breath</i>], <i>mind, heart; +spirit, courage, feeling;</i> in this sense often plural</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>annus, -i</b>, m. <i>year</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ante</b>, prep, with acc. <i>before</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>anteā</b>, adv. [<b>ante</b>], <i>before, formerly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>antīquus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>ante</b>, <i>before</i>], <i>former, +ancient, old</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aper, aprī</b>, m. <i>wild boar</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Apollō, -inis</b>, m. <i>Apollo</i>, son of Jupiter and Latona, +brother of Diana</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ap-pāreō, -ēre, -uī</b>, —— [<b>ad + pāreō</b>, +<i>appear</i>], <i>appear</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ap-pellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>call by name, name</i>. Cf. +<b>nōminō, vocō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Appius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Appian</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ap-plicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>apply, direct, turn</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>apud</b>, prep, with acc. <i>among; at, at the house of</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aqua, -ae</b>, f. <i>water</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aquila, -ae</b>, f. <i>eagle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>āra, -ae</b>, f. <i>altar</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>arbitror, -ārī, -ātus sum</b>, <i>think, suppose</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>c</i></a>). Cf. +<b>exīstimō, putō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>arbor, -oris</b>, f. <i>tree</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 1. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Arcadia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Arcadia</i>, a district in southern +Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsūrus</b>, <i>be on fire, blaze, burn</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>arduus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>steep</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Arīcia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Aricia</i>, a town on the Appian Way, near +Rome</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ariēs, -etis</b>, m. <i>battering-ram</i> (<a href="#page221">p. +221</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>arma, -ōrum</b>, n. plur. <i>arms, weapons</i>. Cf. +<b>tēlum</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>armātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>armō</b>, <i>arm</i>], <i>armed, +equipped</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>arō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>plow, till</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ars, artis</b>, f. <i>art, skill</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>articulus, -ī</b>, m. <i>joint</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ascrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus</b> [<b>ad</b>, <i>in +addition</i>, + <b>scrībō</b>, <i>write</i>], <i>enroll, +enlist</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Āsia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Asia</i>, i.e. Asia Minor</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>at</b>, conj. <i>but</i>. Cf. <b>autem, sed</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Athēnae, -ārum</b>, f. plur. <i>Athens</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Atlās, -antis</b>, m. <i>Atlas</i>, a Titan who was said to hold up +the sky</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>at-que, ac</b>, conj. <i>and, and also, and what is more</i>. +<b>atque</b> may be used before either vowels or consonants, <b>ac</b> +before consonants only</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>attentus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>attendō</b>, <i>direct</i> +(the mind) <i>toward</i>], <i>attentive, intent on, careful</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>at-tonitus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>thunderstruck, astounded</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>audācia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>audāx</b>, <i>bold</i>], <i>boldness, +audacity</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>audācter</b>, adv. [<b>audāx</b>, <i>bold</i>], compared <b>audācius, +audācissimē</b>, <i>boldly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>audāx, -ācis</b>, adj. <i>bold, daring</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>audeō, -ēre, ausus sum</b>, <i>dare</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>audiō, -īre, -īvī or -īī, -ītus</b>, <i>hear, listen to</i> (<a href += "#sec420">§§ 420.<i>d</i></a>; <a href = +"#sec491">491</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Augēās, -ae</b>, m. <i>Auge´as</i>, a king whose stables Hercules +cleaned</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aura, -ae</b>, f. <i>air, breeze</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aurātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>aurum</b>, <i>gold</i>], <i>adorned +with gold</i></div> + +<a name="page302"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aureus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>aurum</b>, <i>gold</i>], +<i>golden</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aurum, -ī</b>, n. <i>gold</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aut</b>, conj. <i>or</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>aut ... aut</b>, <i>either ... or</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>autem</b>, conj., usually second, never first, in the clause, <i>but, +moreover, however, now</i>. Cf. <b>at, sed</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>auxilium, auxi´lī</b>, n. <i>help, aid, assistance;</i> plur. +<i>auxiliaries</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ā-vertō, -ere, -tī, -sus</b>, <i>turn away, turn aside</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>avis, -is</b>, f. <i>bird</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_B">B</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>ballista, -ae</b>, f. <i>ballista</i>, an engine for hurling missiles +(<a href="#page220">p. 220</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>balteus, -ī</b>, m. <i>belt, sword belt</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>barbarus, -ī</b>, m. <i>barbarian, savage</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bellum, -ī</b>, n. <i>war</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>bellum īnferre</b>, with dat. <i>make war upon</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bene</b>, adv. [for <b>bonē</b>, from <b>bonus</b>], compared +<b>melius, optimē</b>, <i>well</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>benignē</b>, adv. [<b>benignus</b>, <i>kind</i>], compared +<b>benignius, benignissimē</b>, <i>kindly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>benignus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>good-natured, kind</i>, often used +with dat.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bīnī, -ae, -a</b>, distributive numeral adj. <i>two each, two at a +time</i> (<a href="#sec334">§ 334</a>)</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>bis</b>, adv. <i>twice</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bonus, -a, -um</b>, adj. compared <b>melior, optimus</b>, <i>good, +kind</i> (<a href="#sec469">§ 469. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bōs, bovis</b> (gen. plur. <b>boum</b> or <b>bovum</b>, dat. and abl. +plur. <b>bōbus</b> or <b>būbus</b>), m. and f. <i>ox, cow</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bracchium, bracchī</b>, n. <i>arm</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>brevis, -e</b>, adj. <i>short</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Brundisium, -ī</b>, n. <i>Brundisium</i>, a seaport in southern +Italy. See map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bulla, -ae</b>, f. <i>bulla</i>, a locket made of small concave +plates of gold fastened by a spring (<a href="#page212">p. +212</a>)</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_C">C</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>C.</b> abbreviation for <b>Gāius</b>, Eng. <i>Caius</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cadō, -ere, ce´cidī, cāsūrus</b>, <i>fall</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>caedēs, -is</b>, f. [<b>caedō</b>, <i>cut</i>], (<i>a cutting +down</i>), <i>slaughter, carnage</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>caelum, -ī</b>, n. <i>sky, heavens</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Caesar, -aris</b>, m. <i>Cæsar</i>, the famous general, statesman, +and writer</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>calamitās, -ātis</b>, f. <i>loss, calamity, defeat, +disaster</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>calcar, -āris</b>, n. <i>spur</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Campānia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Campania</i>., a district of central Italy. +See map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Campānus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>of Campania</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>campus, -ī</b>, m. <i>plain, field</i>, esp. the <i>Campus +Martius</i>, along the Tiber just outside the walls of Rome</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>canis, -is</b>, m. and f. <i>dog</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>canō, -ere, ce´cinī</b>, ——, <i>sing</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cantō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus</b> [<b>canō</b>, <i>sing</i>], +<i>sing</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Capēnus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>of Capena</i>, esp. the <i>Porta +Cape´na</i>, the gate at Rome leading to the Appian Way</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>capiō, -ere, cēpī, captus</b>, <i>take, seize, capture</i> (<a href = +"#sec492">§ 492</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Capitōlīnus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>belonging to the Capitol, +Capitoline</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Capitōlium, Capitō´lī</b>, n. [<b>caput</b>, <i>head</i>], <i>the +Capitol</i>, the hill at Rome on which stood the temple of Jupiter +Capitolinus and the citadel</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>capsa, -ae</b>, f. <i>box</i> for books</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>captīvus, -ī</b>, m. [<b>capiō</b>, <i>take</i>], +<i>captive</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Capua, -ae</b>, f. <i>Capua</i>, a large city of Campania. See +map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>caput, -itis</b>, n. <i>head</i> (<a href="#sec464">§ 464. +2. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>carcer, -eris</b>, m. <i>prison, jail</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>carrus, -ī</b>, m. <i>cart, wagon</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cārus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>dear; precious</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>casa, -ae</b>, f. <i>hut, cottage</i></div> + +<a name="page303"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>castellum, -ī</b>, n. [dim. of <b>castrum</b>, <i>fort</i>], +<i>redoubt, fort</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>castrum, -ī</b>, n. <i>fort</i>. Usually in the plural, <b>castra, +-ōrum</b>, a military <i>camp</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>castra pōnere</b>, <i>to pitch camp</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cāsus, -us</b>, m. [<b>cadō</b>, <i>fall</i>], <i>chance; misfortune, +loss</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>catapulta, -ae</b>, f. <i>catapult</i>, an engine for hurling +stones</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>catēna, -ae</b>, f. <i>chain</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>caupōna, -ae</b>, f. <i>inn</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>causa, -ae</b>, f. <i>cause, reason</i>, <b>quā dē causā</b>, <i>for +this reason</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>give way, retire</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>celer, -eris, -ere</b>, adj. <i>swift, fleet</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>celeritās, -ātis</b>, f. [<b>celer</b>, <i>swift</i>], <i>swiftness, +speed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>celeriter</b>, adv. [<b>celer</b>, <i>swift</i>], compared +<b>celerius, celerrimē</b>, <i>swiftly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cēna, -ae</b>, f. <i>dinner</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>centum</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>hundred</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>centuriō, -ōnis</b>, m. <i>centurion, captain</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cēpheus</b> (dissyl.), <b>-eī</b> (acc. <b>Cēphea</b>), m. +<i>Cepheus</i>, a king of Ethiopia and father of Andromeda</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cerberus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Cerberus</i>, the fabled three-headed dog +that guarded the entrance to Hades</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>certāmen, -inis</b>, n. [<b>certō</b>, <i>struggle</i>], <i>struggle, +contest, rivalry</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>certē</b>, adv. [<b>certus</b>, <i>sure</i>], compared <b>certius, +certissimē</b>, <i>surely, certainly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>certus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>fixed, certain, sure</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>aliquem certiōrem facere</b> (<i>to make some one more certain</i>), +<i>to inform some one</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cervus, -ī</b>, m. <i>stag, deer</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>delay, cease</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cibāria, -ōrum</b>, n. plur. <i>food, provisions</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cibus, -ī</b>, m. <i>food, victuals</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cimbrī, -ōrum</b>, m. plur. <i>the Cimbri</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cimbricus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Cimbrian</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cīnctus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>cingō</b>, <i>surround</i>], +<i>girt, surrounded</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cingō, -ere, cīnxī, cīnctus</b>, <i>gird, surround</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>circiter</b>, adv. <i>about</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>circum</b>, prep, with acc. <i>around</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>circum´-dō, -dare, -dedī, -datus</b>, <i>place around, surround, +inclose</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>circum´-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus</b>, <i>go around</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>circum-sistō, -ere, circum´stetī</b>, ——, <i>stand +around, surround</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>circum-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus</b> (<i>come around</i>), +<i>surround</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>citerior, -ius</b>, adj. in comp., superl. <b>citimus</b>, <i>hither, +nearer</i> (<a href="#sec475">§ 475</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cīvīlis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>cīvis</b>], <i>civil</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cīvis, -is</b>, m. and f. <i>citizen</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cīvitās, -ātis</b>, f. [<b>cīvis</b>, <i>citizen</i>], (<i>body of +citizens</i>), <i>state; citizenship</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>clāmor, -ōris</b>, m. <i>shout, cry</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>clārus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>clear; famous, renowned; bright, +shining</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>classis, -is</b>, f. <i>fleet</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>claudō, -ere, -sī, -sus</b>, <i>shut, close</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>clavus, -ī</b>, m. <i>stripe</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cliēns, -entis</b>, m. <i>dependent, retainer, client</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cocles, -itis</b>, m. (<i>blind in one eye</i>), <i>Cocles</i>, the +surname of Horatius</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>co-gnōscō, -ere, -gnōvī, -gnītus</b>, <i>learn, know, understand</i>. +Cf. <b>sciō</b> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōgō, -ere, coēgī, coāctus</b> [<b>co(m)-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>agō</b>, <i>drive</i>], (<i>drive together</i>), <i>collect; compel, +drive</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cohors, cohortis</b>, f. <i>cohort</i>, the tenth part of a legion, +about 360 men</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>collis, -is</b>, m. <i>hill</i>, <b>in summō colle</b>, <i>on top of +the hill</i> (<a href="#sec247">§ 247. +2. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>collum, -ī</b>, n. <i>neck</i></div> + +<a name="page304"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>colō, -ere, coluī, cultus</b>, <i>cultivate, till; honor, worship; +devote one’s self to</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>columna, -ae</b>, f. <i>column, pillar</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>com- (col-, con-, cor-, co-)</b>, a prefix, <i>together, with</i>, or +intensifying the meaning of the root word</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>coma, -ae</b>, f. <i>hair</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>comes, -itis</b>, m. and f. [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>eō</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>companion, comrade</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>comitātus, -ūs</b>, m. [<b>comitor</b>, <i>accompany</i>], <i>escort, +company</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>comitor, -ārī, -ātus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>comes</b>, +<i>companion</i>], <i>accompany</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>com-meātus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>supplies</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>com-minus</b>, adv. [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + <b>manus</b>, +<i>hand</i>], <i>hand to hand</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>com-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus</b>, <i>join together; commit, +intrust</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>proelium committere</b>, <i>join battle</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>sē committere</b> with dat, <i>trust one’s self to</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>commodē</b>, adv. [<b>commodus</b>, <i>fit</i>], compared +<b>commodius, commodissimē</b>, <i>conveniently, fitly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>commodus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>suitable, fit</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>com-mōtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>commoveō</b>, <i>move</i>], +<i>aroused, moved</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>com-parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>parō</b>, <i>prepare</i>], <i>prepare; provide, get</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>com-pleō, -ēre, -plēvī, -plētus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>pleō</b>, <i>fill</i>], <i>fill up</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>complexus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>embrace</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>com-primō, -ere, -pressī, -pressus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, ++ <b>premō</b>, <i>press</i>], <i>press together, grasp, seize</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-cidō, -ere, -cidī</b>, —— [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>cadō</b>, <i>fall</i>], <i>fall down</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>concilium, conci´lī</b>, n. <i>meeting, council</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-clūdō, -ere, -clūsī, -clūsus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>claudō</b>, <i>close</i>], <i>shut up, close; end, finish</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-currō, -ere, -currī, -cursus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>currō</b>, <i>run</i>], <i>run together; rally, gather</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>condiciō, -ōnis</b>, f. [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + <b>dicō</b>, +<i>talk</i>], <i>agreement, condition, terms</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-dōnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>pardon</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus</b>, <i>hire</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus</b>, <i>bring together</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>sē cōnferre</b>, <i>betake one’s self</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-fertus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>crowded, thick</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōnfestim</b>, adv. <i>immediately</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>completely</i>, ++ <b>faciō</b>, <i>do</i>], <i>make, complete, accomplish, +finish</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-fīrmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>make firm, establish, +strengthen, affirm, assert</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-fluō, -ere, -flūxī</b>, ——, <i>flow +together</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-fugiō, -ere, -fūgī, -fugitūrus</b>, <i>flee for refuge, +flee</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>iaciō</b>, <i>throw</i>], <i>hurl</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-iungō, -ere, -iūnxī, -iūnctus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, ++ <b>iungō</b>, <i>join</i>], <i>join together, unite</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>iūrō</b>, <i>swear</i>], <i>unite by oath, conspire</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>locō</b>, <i>place</i>], <i>arrange, place, station</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>conloquium, conlo´quī</b>, n. [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>loquor</b>, <i>speak</i>], <i>conversation, conference</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōnor, -ārī, -ātus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>endeavor, attempt, +try</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-scendō, -ere, -scendī, -scēnsus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>scandō</b>, <i>climb</i>], <i>climb up, ascend</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nāvem cōnscendere</b>, <i>embark, go on board</i></div> + +<a name="page305"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus</b> [<b>com-</b>, +<i>together</i>, + <b>scrībō</b>, <i>write</i>], (<i>write +together</i>), <i>enroll, enlist</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-secrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>sacrō</b>, <i>consecrate</i>], <i>consecrate, devote</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>com-</b>, +intensive, + <b>sequor</b>, <i>follow</i>], <i>pursue; overtake; +win</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>servō</b>, <i>save</i>], <i>preserve, save</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī</b>, n. <i>plan, purpose, design; +wisdom</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-sistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>sistō</b>, <i>cause to stand</i>], <i>stand firmly, halt, take one’s +stand</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-spiciō, -ere, -spēxī, -spectus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>spiciō</b>, <i>spy</i>], <i>look at attentively, perceive, +see</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōnstantia, -ae</b>, f. <i>firmness, steadiness, +perseverance</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-stituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>statuō</b>, <i>set</i>], <i>establish, determine, resolve</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-stō, -āre, -stitī, -stātūrus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>stō</b>, <i>stand</i>], <i>agree; be certain ; consist of</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōnsul, -ulis</b>, m. <i>consul</i> (<a href="#sec464">§ 464. +2. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōn-sūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>sumō</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>consume, use up</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-tendō, -ere, -dī, -tus</b>, <i>strain; hasten; fight, contend, +struggle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-tineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>teneō</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>hold together, hem in, contain; +restrain</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>contrā</b>, prep, with acc. <i>against, contrary to</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-trahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, ++ <b>trahō</b>, <i>draw</i>], <i>draw together;</i> of sails, +<i>shorten, furl</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>contrōversia, -ae</b>, f. <i>dispute, quarrel</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>veniō</b>, <i>come</i>], <i>come together, meet, assemble</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-vertō, -ere, -vertī, -versus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>vertō</b>, <i>turn</i>], <i>turn</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>con-vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>com-</b>, <i>together</i>, + +<b>vocō</b>, <i>call</i>], <i>call together</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>co-orior, -īrī, -ortus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>orior</b>, <i>rise</i>], <i>rise, break forth</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cōpia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + <b>ops</b>, +<i>wealth</i>], <i>abundance, wealth, plenty</i>. Plur. <b>cōpiae, +-ārum</b>, <i>troops</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>coquō, -ere, coxī, coctus</b>, <i>cook</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Corinthus, -ī</b>, f. <i>Corinth</i>, the famous city on the Isthmus +of Corinth</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cornēlia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Cornelia</i>, daughter of Scipio and mother +of the Gracchi</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cornēlius, Cornē´lī</b>, m. <i>Cornelius</i>, a Roman name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cornū, -ūs</b>, n. <i>horn; wing</i> of an army, <b>ā dextrō +cornū</b>, <i>on the right wing</i> (<a href = +"#sec466">§ 466</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>corōna, -ae</b>, f. <i>garland, wreath; crown</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>corōnātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>crowned</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>corpus, -oris</b>, n. <i>body</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cor-ripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus</b> [<b>com-</b>, intensive, + +<b>rapiō</b>, <i>seize</i>], <i>seize, grasp</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cotīdiānus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>daily</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cotīdiē</b>, adv. <i>daily</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>crēber, -bra, -brum</b>, adj. <i>thick, crowded, numerous, +frequent</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>crēdō, -ere, -dīdī, -ditus</b>, <i>trust, believe</i>, with dat. (<a +href="#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cremō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>burn</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>make; elect, appoint</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Creōn, -ontis</b>, m. <i>Creon</i>, a king of Corinth</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētus</b>, <i>rise, grow, increase</i></div> + +<a name="page306"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Crēta, -ae</b>, f. <i>Crete</i>, a large island in the +Mediterranean</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Crētaeus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Cretan</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>crūs, crūris</b>, n. <i>leg</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>crūstulum, -ī</b>, n. <i>pastry, cake</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cubīle, -is</b>, n. <i>bed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cultūra, -ae</b>, f. <i>culture, cultivation</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cum</b>, conj. with the indic. or subjv. <i>when; since; although</i> +(<a href="#sec501_46">§ 501.46</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cum</b>, prep, with abl. <i>with</i> (<a href = +"#sec209">§ 209</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cupidē</b>, adv. [<b>cupidus</b>, <i>desirous</i>], compared +<b>cupidius, cupidissimē</b>, <i>eagerly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cupiditās, -ātis</b>, f. [<b>cupidus</b>, <i>desirous</i>], +<i>desire, longing</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cupiō, -ere, -īvī</b> or <b>-iī, -ītus</b>, <i>desire, wish</i>. Cf. +<b>volō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cūr</b>, adv. <i>why, wherefore</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cūra, -ae</b>, f. <i>care, pains; anxiety</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cūria, -ae</b>, f. <i>senate house</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>cūra</b>, <i>care</i>], <i>care for, +attend to, look after</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>currō, -ere, cucurrī, cursus</b>, <i>run</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>currus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>chariot</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cursus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>course</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus</b> [<b>custōs</b>, <i>guard</i>], +<i>guard, watch</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_D">D</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>Daedalus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Dæd´alus</i>, the supposed inventor of the +first flying machine</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Dāvus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Davus</i>, name of a slave</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē</b>, prep, with abl. <i>down from, from; concerning, about, +for</i> (<a href="#sec209">§ 209</a>).</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>quā dē causā</b>, <i>for this reason, wherefore</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dea, -ae</b>, f. <i>goddess</i> (<a href = +"#sec461">§ 461. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>from</i>, + <b>habeō</b>, +<i>hold</i>], <i>owe, ought, should</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>decem</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>ten</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-cernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>from</i>, + +<b>cernō</b>, <i>separate</i>], <i>decide, decree</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-cidō, -ere, -cidī</b>, —— [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>cadō</b>, <i>fall</i>], <i>fall down</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>decimus, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. <i>tenth</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēclīvis, -e</b>, adj. <i>sloping downward</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus</b>, <i>give up, surrender</i>, <b>sē +dēdere</b>, <i>surrender one’s self</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>dūcō</b>, <i>lead</i>], <i>lead down, escort</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-fendō, -ere, -dī, -fēnsus</b>, <i>ward off, repel, +defend</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>ferō</b>, <i>bring</i>], <i>bring down; report, announce</i> (<a href += "#sec426">§ 426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-fessus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>tired out, weary</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>from</i>, + +<b>faciō</b>, <i>make</i>], <i>fail, be wanting; revolt from</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-fīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>fīgō</b>, <i>fasten</i>], <i>fasten, fix</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>iaciō</b>, <i>hurl</i>], <i>hurl down; bring down, kill</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>de-inde</b>, adv. <i>(from thence), then, in the next place</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>delight</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētus</b>, <i>blot out, destroy</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēlīberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>weigh, deliberate, +ponder</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-ligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>from</i>, + +<b>legō</b>, <i>gather</i>], <i>choose, select</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Delphicus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Delphic</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēmissus, -a, -um</b> [part. of <b>dēmittō</b>, <i>send down</i>], +<i>downcast, humble</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-mōnstrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>mōnstrō</b>, <i>point</i>], <i>point out, show</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēmum</b>, adv. <i>at last, not till then</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>tum dēmum</b>, <i>then at last</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēnique</b>, adv. <i>at last, finally</i>. Cf. <b>postrēmō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēns, dentis</b>, m. <i>tooth</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēnsus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>dense, thick</i></div> + +<a name="page307"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-pendeō, -ēre</b>, ——, —— [<b>dē</b>, +<i>down</i>, + <b>pendeō</b>, <i>hang</i>], <i>hang from, hang +down</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-plōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>dē</b>, intensive, + +<b>plōrō</b>, <i>wail</i>], <i>bewail, deplore</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-pōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>pōnō</b>, <i>put</i>], <i>put down</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-scendō, -ere, -dī, -scēnsus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>scandō</b>, <i>climb</i>], <i>climb down, descend</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>scrībō</b>, <i>write</i>], <i>write down</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>long for</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-siliō, -īre, -uī, -sultus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>saliō</b>, <i>leap</i>], <i>leap down</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>away</i> <i>from</i>, ++ <b>spērō</b>, <i>hope</i>], <i>despair</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-spiciō, -ere, -spēxi, -spectus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>], +<i>look down upon, despise</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>away from</i>, + +<b>sum</b>, <i>be</i>], <i>be wanting, lack</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec426">§ 426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>deus, -ī</b>, m. <i>god</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-volvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>volvō</b>, <i>roll</i>], <i>roll down</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dē-vorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>dē</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>vorō</b>, <i>swallow</i>], <i>devour</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dexter, -tra, -trum</b> (<b>-tera, -terum</b>), adj. <i>to the right, +right</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>ā dextrō cornū</b>, <i>on the right wing</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Diāna, -ae</b>, f. <i>Diana</i>, goddess of the moon and twin sister +of Apollo</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus</b> (imv. <b>dīc</b>), <i>say, speak, +tell</i>. Usually introduces indirect discourse (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dictātor, -ōris</b>, m. [<b>dictō</b>, <i>dictate</i>], +<i>dictator</i>, a chief magistrate with unlimited power</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>diēs, -ēi</b> or <b>diē</b>, m., sometimes f. in sing., <i>day</i> +(<a href="#sec467">§ 467</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dif-ferō, -ferre, distulī, dīlātus</b> [<b>dis-</b>, <i>apart</i>, + +<b>ferō</b>, <i>carry</i>], <i>carry apart;</i> <i>differ</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>differre inter sē</b>, <i>differ from each other</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dif-ficilis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>dis-</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>facilis</b>, +<i>easy</i>], <i>hard, difficult</i> (<a href = +"#sec307">§ 307</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>difficultās, -ātis</b>, f. [<b>difficilis</b>, <i>hard</i>], +<i>difficulty</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dīligenter</b>, adv. [<b>dīligēns</b>, <i>careful</i>], compared +<b>dīligentius, dīligentissimē</b>, <i>industriously, +diligently</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dīligentia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>dīligēns</b>, <i>careful</i>], +<i>industry, diligence</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dī-micō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>fight, struggle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dī-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus</b> [<b>dī-</b>, <i>off</i>, + +<b>mittō</b>, <i>send</i>], <i>send away, dismiss, disband</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>dīmittere animum in</b>, <i>direct one’s mind to, apply one’s self +to</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Diomēdēs, -is</b>, m. <i>Dī-o-mē´dēs</i>, a name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dis-, dī-</b>, a prefix expressing separation, <i>off, apart, in +different directions</i>. Often negatives the meaning</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dis-cēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus</b> [<b>dis-</b>, <i>apart</i>, + +<b>cēdō</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>depart from, leave, withdraw, go +away</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dis-cernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētus</b> [<b>dis-</b>, <i>apart</i>, + +<b>cernō</b>, <i>sift</i>], <i>separate; distinguish</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>disciplīna, -ae</b>, f. <i>instruction, training, +discipline</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>discipulus, -ī</b>, m. [<b>discō</b>, <i>learn</i>], <i>pupil, +disciple</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>discō, -ere, didicī</b>, ——, <i>learn</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dis-cutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussus</b> [<b>dis-</b>, <i>apart</i>, + +<b>quatiō</b>, <i>shake</i>], <i>shatter, dash to pieces</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dis-pōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positus</b> [<b>dis-</b>, <i>apart</i>, + +<b>pōnō</b>, <i>put</i>], <i>put here and there, arrange, +station</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dis-similis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>dis-</b>, <i>apart</i>, + +<b>similis</b>, <i>like</i>], <i>unlike, dissimilar</i> (<a href = +"#sec307">§ 307</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dis-tribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus</b>, <i>divide, distribute</i></div> + +<a name="page308"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>diū</b>, adv., compared <b>diūtius, diūtissimē</b>, <i>for a long +time, long</i> (<a href="#sec477">§ 477</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dō, dare, dedī, datus</b>, <i>give</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>in fugam dare</b>, <i>put to flight</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>alicui negōtium dare</b>, <i>employ some one</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>doceō, -ēre, -uī, -tus</b>, <i>teach, show</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>doctrīna, -ae</b>, f. [<b>doctor</b>, <i>teacher</i>], <i>teaching, +learning, wisdom</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dolor, -ōris</b>, m. <i>pain, sorrow</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>domesticus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>domus</b>, <i>house</i>], <i>of the +house, domestic</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>domicilium, domici´lī</b>, n. <i>dwelling; house, abode</i>. Cf. +<b>domus</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>domina, -ae</b>, f. <i>mistress</i> (of the house), <i>lady</i> (<a +href="#sec461">§ 461</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dominus, -ī</b>, m. <i>master</i> (of the house), <i>owner, ruler</i> +(<a href="#sec462">§ 462</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>domus, -ūs</b>, f. <i>house, home</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>domī</b>, locative, <i>at home</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dormiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus</b>, <i>sleep</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dracō, -ōnis</b>, m. <i>serpent, dragon</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>hesitate</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dubius, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>duo</b>, <i>two</i>], (<i>moving two +ways</i>), <i>doubtful, dubious</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>du-centī, -ae, -a</b>, numeral adj. <i>two hundred</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus</b> (imv. <b>dūc</b>), <i>lead, +conduct</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dum</b>, conj. <i>while, as long as</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>duo, duae, duo</b>, numeral adj. <i>two</i> (<a href = +"#sec479">§ 479</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>duo-decim</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>twelve</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dūrus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>hard, tough; harsh, pitiless, +bitter</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dux, ducis</b>, m. and f. [cf. <b>dūcō</b>, <i>lead</i>], <i>leader, +commander</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_E">E</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>ē</b> or <b>ex</b>, prep, with abl. <i>out of, from, off, of</i> (<a +href="#sec209">§ 209</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>eburneus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>of ivory</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ecce</b>, adv. <i>see! behold! there! here!</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ē-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus</b> [<b>ē</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>dūcō</b>, <i>lead</i>], <i>lead out, draw out</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ef-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>thoroughly</i>, + +<b>faciō</b>, <i>do</i>], <i>work out; make, cause</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ef-fugiō, -ere, -fūgī, -fugitūrus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>from</i>, + +<b>fugiō</b>, <i>flee</i>], <i>escape</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>egeō, -ēre, -uī</b>, ——, <i>be in need of, lack</i>, with +abl. (<a href="#sec501_32">§ 501.32</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ego</b>, pers. pron. <i>I</i>; plur. <b>nōs</b>, <i>we</i> (<a href = +"#sec480">§ 480</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ē-gredior, -ī, ēgressus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>ē</b>, <i>out of</i>, ++ <b>gradior</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>go out, go forth</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>ē nāvī ēgredī</b>, <i>disembark</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ē-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus</b> [<b>ē</b>, <i>forth</i>, + +<b>iaciō</b>, <i>hurl</i>], <i>hurl forth, expel</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>elementum, -ī</b>, n., in plur. <i>first principles, +rudiments</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>elephantus, -ī</b>, m. <i>elephant</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Ēlis, Ēlidis</b>, f. <i>E´lis</i>, a district of southern +Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>emō, -ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>buy, purchase</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>enim</b>, conj., never standing first, <i>for, in fact, indeed.</i> +Cf. <b>nam</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Ennius, Ennī</b>, m. <i>Ennius</i>, the father of Roman poetry, born +239 B.C.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>eō, īre, iī</b> (<b>īvī</b>), <b>itūrus</b>, <i>go</i> (<a href = +"#sec499">§ 499</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>eō</b>, adv. <i>to that place, thither</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Ēpīrus, -ī</b>, f. <i>Epi´rus</i>, a district in the north of +Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>eques, -itis</b>, m. [<b>equus</b>, <i>horse</i>], <i>horseman, +cavalryman</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>equitātus, -ūs</b>, m. [<b>equitō</b>, <i>ride</i>], +<i>cavalry</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>equus, -ī</b>, m. <i>horse</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ē-rigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctus</b> [<b>ē</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>regō</b>, <i>make straight</i>], <i>raise up</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ē-ripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus</b> [<b>ē</b>, <i>out of</i>, + +<b>rapiō</b>, <i>seize</i>], <i>seize, rescue</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ē-rumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptus</b> [<b>ē</b>, <i>forth</i>, + +<b>rumpō</b>, <i>break</i>], <i>burst forth</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ēruptiō, -ōnis</b>, f. <i>sally</i></div> + +<a name="page309"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Erymanthius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Erymanthian, of Erymanthus</i>, a +district in southern Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>et</b>, conj. <i>and, also</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>et ... et</b>, <i>both ... and</i>. Cf. <b>atque, ac, -que</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>etiam</b>, adv. (rarely conj.) [<b>et</b>, <i>also</i>, + <b>iam</b>, +<i>now</i>], <i>yet, still; also, besides</i>. Cf. <b>quoque</b>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nōn sōlum ... sed etiam</b>, <i>not only ... but also</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>Etrūscī, -ōrum</b>, m. <i>the Etruscans</i>, the people of Etruria. +See map of Italy</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Eurōpa, -ae</b>, f. <i>Europe</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Eurystheus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Eurys´theus</i>, a king of Tiryns, a city +in southern Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ē-vādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsus</b> [<b>ē</b>, <i>out</i>, + <b>vādō</b>, +<i>go</i>], <i>go forth, escape</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex</b>, see <b>ē</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>exanimātus, -a, -um</b> [part. of <b>exanimō</b>, <i>put out of +breath</i> (<b>anima</b>)], adj. <i>out of breath, tired; +lifeless</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>capiō</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>welcome, receive</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>exemplum, -ī</b>, n. <i>example, model</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-eō,-īre,-iī,-itūrus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + <b>eō</b>, +<i>go</i>], <i>go out, go forth</i> (<a href = +"#sec413">§ 413</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-erceō, -ēre, -uī, -itus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>arceō</b>, <i>shut</i>], <i>(shut out), employ, train, exercise, +use</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>exercitus, -us</b>, m. [<b>exerceō</b>, <i>train</i>], +<i>army</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-īstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>aestimō</b>, <i>reckon</i>], <i>estimate; think, judge</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>c</i></a>). Cf. +<b>arbitror, putō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-orior, -īrī, -ortus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>ex</b>, <i>forth</i>, + +<b>orior</b>, <i>rise</i>], <i>come forth, rise</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>expedītus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>without baggage</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>pellō</b>, <i>drive</i>], <i>drive out</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-piō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>ex</b>, intensive, + <b>pīo</b>, +<i>atone for</i>], <i>make amends for, atone for</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>explōrātor, -ōris</b>, m. [<b>explōrō</b>, <i>investigate</i>], +<i>spy, scout</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>explōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>examine, explore</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>pugnō</b>, <i>fight</i>], <i>take by storm, capture</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>exsilium, exsi´lī</b>, n. [<b>exsul</b>, <i>exile</i>], +<i>banishment, exile</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>spectō</b>, <i>look</i>], <i>expect, wait</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-struō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>struō</b>, <i>build</i>], <i>build up, erect</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>exterus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>exterior, extrēmus</b> or +<b>extimus</b>, <i>outside, outer</i> (<a href = +"#sec312">§ 312</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>extrā</b>, prep, with acc. <i>beyond, outside of</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ex-trahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctus</b> [<b>ex</b>, <i>out</i>, + +<b>trahō</b>, <i>drag</i>], <i>drag out, pull forth</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>extrēmus, -a, -um</b>, adj., superl. of <b>exterus</b>, <i>utmost, +farthest</i> (<a href="#sec312">§ 312</a>)</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_F">F</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>fābula, -ae</b>, f. <i>story, tale, fable</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>facile</b>, adv. [<b>facilis</b>, <i>easy</i>], compared <b>facilius, +facillimē</b>, <i>easily</i> (<a href = +"#sec322">§ 322</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>facilis, -e</b>, adj. [cf. <b>faciō</b>, <i>make</i>], <i>easy, +without difficulty</i> (<a href = +"#sec307">§ 307</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>faciō, -ere, fēcī, factus</b> (imv. <b>fac</b>), <i>make, do; cause, +bring about</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>impetum facere in</b>, <i>make an attack upon</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>proelium facere</b>, <i>fight a battle</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>iter facere</b>, <i>make a march</i> or <i>journey</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>aliquem certiōrem facere</b>, <i>inform some one</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>facere verba prō</b>, <i>speak in behalf of</i>.</div> +<div class="index word"> +Passive <b>fīō, fierī, factus sum</b>, <i>be done, happen</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>certior fierī</b>, <i>be informed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsus</b>, <i>trip, betray, deceive</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fāma, -ae</b>, f. <i>report, rumor; renown, fame, +reputation</i></div> + +<a name="page310"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>famēs, -is</b> (abl. <b>famē</b>), f. <i>hunger</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>familia, -ae</b>, f. <i>servants, slaves; household, family</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fascēs, -ium</b> (plur. of <b>fascis</b>), f. <i>fasces</i> (<a href += "#page225">p. 225</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fastīgium, fastī´gī</b>, n. <i>top; slope, descent</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fātum, -ī</b>, n. <i>fate, destiny</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>faucēs, -ium</b>, f. plur. <i>jaws, throat</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>faveō, -ēre, fāvī, fautūrus</b>, <i>be favorable to, favor</i>, with +dat. (<a href="#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fēlīx, -īcis</b>, adj. <i>happy, lucky</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fēmina, -ae</b>, f. woman. Cf. <b>mulier</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fera, -ae</b>, f. [<b>ferus</b>, <i>wild</i>], <i>wild +beast</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ferāx, -ācis</b>, adj. <i>fertile</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ferē</b>, adv. <i>about, nearly, almost</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>bear</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>graviter</b> or <b>molestē ferre</b>, <i>be annoyed</i> (<a href = +"#sec498">§ 498</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ferreus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>ferrum</b>, <i>iron</i>], <i>made of +iron</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fidēlis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>fidēs</b>, <i>trust</i>], <i>faithful, +true</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fidēs, fideī</b> <i>or</i> <b>fidē</b>, <i>trust, faith; promise, +word; protection</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>in fidem venīre</b>, <i>come under the protection</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>in fidē manēre</b>, <i>remain loyal</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fīlia, -ae</b> (dat. and abl. plur. <b>fīliābus</b>), f. +<i>daughter</i> (<a href = +"#sec461">§ 461. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fīlius, fīlī</b> (voc. sing, <b>fīlī</b>), m. <i>son</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fīnis, -is</b>, m. <i>boundary, limit, end;</i> in plur. +<i>territory, country</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fīnitimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>fīnis</b>, <i>boundary</i>], +<i>adjoining, neighboring</i>. Plur. <b>fīnitimī, -ōrum</b>, m. +<i>neighbors</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>fīō, fierī, factus sum</b>, used as passive of <b>faciō</b>. See +<b>faciō</b> (<a href="#sec500">§ 500</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>flamma, -ae</b>, f. <i>fire, flame</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>flōs, flōris</b>, m. <i>flower</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fluctus, -ūs</b>, m. [of. <b>fluō</b>, <i>flow</i>], <i>flood, wave, +billow</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>flūmen, -inis</b>, n. [cf. <b>fluō</b>, <i>flow</i>], <i>river</i> +(<a href="#sec464">§ 464. 2. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fluō, -ere, flūxī, fluxus</b>, <i>flow</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fluvius, fluvī</b>, m. [cf. <b>fluō</b>, <i>flow</i>], +<i>river</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fodiō, -ere, fōdī, fossus</b>, <i>dig</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fōns, fontis</b>, m. <i>fountain</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fōrma, -ae</b>, f. <i>form, shape, appearance; beauty</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Formiae, -ārum</b>, f. <i>Formiae</i>, a town of Latium on the Appian +Way. See map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>forte</b>, adv. [abl. of <b>fors</b>, <i>chance</i>], <i>by +chance</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fortis, -e</b>, adj. <i>strong; fearless, brave</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fortiter</b>, adv. [<b>fortis</b>, <i>strong</i>], compared +<b>fortius, fortissimē</b>, <i>strongly; bravely</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fortūna, -ae</b>, f. [<b>fors</b>, <i>chance</i>], <i>chance, fate, +fortune</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>forum, -ī</b>, n. <i>market place</i>, esp. the <b>Forum Rōmānum</b>, +where the life of Rome centered</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Forum Appī</b>, <i>Forum of Appius</i>, a town in Latium on the +Appian Way</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fossa, -ae</b>, f. [cf. <b>fodiō</b>, <i>dig</i>], <i>ditch</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fragor, -ōris</b>, m. [cf. <b>frangō</b>, <i>break</i>], <i>crash, +noise</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frangō, -ere, frēgī, frāctus</b>, <i>break</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frāter, -tris</b>, m. <i>brother</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fremitus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>loud noise</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frequentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>attend</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frētus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>supported, trusting</i>. Usually with +abl. of means</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frōns, frontis</b>, f. <i>front</i>, <b>ā fronte</b>, <i>in +front</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frūctus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>fruit</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frūmentārius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>pertaining to grain</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs frūmentāria</b>, <i>grain supplies</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frūmentum, -ī</b>, n. <i>grain</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frūstrā</b>, adv. <i>in vain, vainly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fuga, -ae</b>, f. [cf. <b>fugiō</b>, <i>flee</i>], +<i>flight</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>in fugam dare</b>, <i>put to flight</i></div> + +<a name="page311"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fugiō, -ere, fūgī, fugitūrus</b>, <i>flee, run; avoid, shun</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fūmō, -are, ——</b>, ——, <i>smoke</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fūnis, -is</b>, m. <i>rope</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>furor, -ōris</b>, m. [<b>furō</b>, <i>rage</i>], +<i>madness</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>in furōrem incīdere</b>, <i>go mad</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_G">G</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>Gāius, Gāī</b>, m. <i>Gaius</i>, a Roman name, abbreviated <b>C.</b>, +English form <i>Caius</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Galba, -ae</b>, m. <i>Galba</i>, a Roman name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>galea, -ae</b>, f. <i>helmet</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Gallia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Gaul</i>, the country comprising what is now +Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and France</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Gallicus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Gallic</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gallīna, -ae</b>, f. <i>hen, chicken</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Gallus, -ī</b>, m. <i>a Gaul</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gaudium, gaudī</b>, n. <i>joy</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Genāva, -ae</b>, f. <i>Geneva</i>, a city in Switzerland</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gēns, gentis</b>, f. [cf. <b>gignō</b>, <i>beget</i>], <i>race, +family; people, nation, tribe</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>genus, -eris</b>, n. <i>kind, variety</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Germānia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Germany</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Germānus, -ī</b>, m. <i>a German</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gerō, -ere, gessī, gestus</b>, <i>carry, wear; wage</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>bellum gerere</b>, <i>wage war</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs gestae</b>, <i>exploits</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>bene gerere</b>, <i>carry on successfully</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>gladiātōrius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>gladiatorial</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gladius, gladī</b>, m. <i>sword</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>glōria, -ae</b>, f. <i>glory, fame</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Gracchus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Gracchus</i>, name of a famous Roman +family</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gracilis, -e</b>, adj. <i>slender</i> (<a href = +"#sec307">§ 307</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Graeca, -ōrum</b>, n. plur. <i>Greek writings, Greek +literature</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Graecē</b>, adv. <i>in Greek</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Graecia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Greece</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>grammaticus, -ī</b>, m. <i>grammarian</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>grātia, -ae</b>, f. <i>thanks, gratitude</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>grātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>acceptable, pleasing</i>. Often with +dat. (<a href="#sec501_16">§ 501.16</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gravis, -ē</b>, adj. <i>heavy; disagreeable; serious, dangerous; +earnest, weighty</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>graviter</b>, adv. [<b>gravis</b>, <i>heavy</i>], compared +<b>gravius, gravissimē</b>, <i>heavily; greatly, seriously</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>graviter ferre</b>, <i>bear ill, take to heart</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gubernātor, -ōris</b>, m. [<b>gubernō</b>, <i>pilot</i>], +<i>pilot</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_H">H</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>habēna, -ae</b>, f. <i>halter, rein</i>.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus</b>, <i>have, hold; regard, consider, +deem</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>habitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [cf. <b>habeō</b>, <i>have</i>], +<i>dwell, abide, inhabit</i>. Cf. <b>incolō, vīvō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hāc-tenus</b>, adv. <i>thus far</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Helvētiī, -ōrum</b>, m. <i>the Helvetii</i>, a Gallic tribe</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Herculēs, -is</b>, m. <i>Hercules</i>, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, +and god of strength</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Hesperidēs, -um</b>, f. <i>the Hesperides</i>, daughters of Hesperus, +who kept the garden of the golden apples</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hic, haec, hoc</b>, demonstrative adj. and pron. <i>this</i> (of +mine); as pers. pron. <i>he, she, it</i> (<a href = +"#sec481">§ 481</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hīc</b>, adv. <i>here</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hiems, -emis</b>, f. <i>winter</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hīnc</b>, adv. [<b>hīc</b>, <i>here</i>], <i>from here, +hence</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Hippolytē, -ēs</b>, f. <i>Hippolyte</i>, queen of the Amazons</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>ho-diē</b>, adv. [modified form of <b>hōc diē</b>, <i>on this +day</i>], <i>to-day</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>homō, -inis</b>, m. and f. <i>(human being), man, person</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>honestus, -a, -um</b>, adv. [<b>honor</b>, <i>honor</i>], +<i>respected, honorable</i></div> + +<a name="page312"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>honor, -ōris</b>, m. <i>honor</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hōra, -ae</b>, f. <i>hour</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Horātius, Horā´tī</b>, m. <i>Horatius</i>, a Roman name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>horribilis, -e</b>, adj. <i>terrible, horrible</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hortor, -āri, -ātus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>urge, incite, exhort, +encourage</i> (<a href="#sec493">§ 493</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hortus, -ī</b>, m. <i>garden</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hospitium, hospi´tī</b>, n. [<b>hospes</b>, <i>host</i>], +<i>hospitality</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hostis, -is</b>, m. and f. <i>enemy, foe</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>humilis, -e</b>, adj. <i>low, humble</i> (<a href = +"#sec307">§ 307</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Hydra, -ae</b>, f. <i>the Hydra</i>, a mythical water snake slain by +Hercules</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_I">I</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>iaciō, -ere, iēcī, iactus</b>, <i>throw, hurl</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iam</b>, adv. <i>now, already</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nec iam</b>, <i>and no longer</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Iāniculum, -ī</b>, n. <i>the Janiculum</i>, one of the hills of +Rome</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iānua, -ae</b>, f. <i>door</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ibi</b>, adv. <i>there, in that place</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Īcarus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Ic´arus</i>, the son of Dædalus</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ictus, -ūs</b>, m. [cf. <b>īcō</b>, <i>strike</i>], <i>blow</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īdem, e´adem, idem</b>, demonstrative pron. [<b>is</b> + <b>dem</b>], +<i>same</i> (<a href="#sec481">§ 481</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>idōneus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>suitable, fit</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>igitur</b>, conj., seldom the first word, <i>therefore, then</i>. Cf. +<b>itaque</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ignis, -is</b>, m. <i>fire</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§§ 243.1</a>; +<a href="#sec247">247.2.<i>a</i></a>; <a href = +"#sec465">465.1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ignōtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>(g)notus</b>, <i>known</i>], <i>unknown, strange</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ille, illa, illud</b>, demonstrative adj. and pron. <i>that</i> +(yonder); as pers. pron. <i>he, she, it</i> (<a href = +"#sec481">§ 481</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>illīc</b>, adv. [cf. <b>ille</b>], <i>yonder, there</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>im-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>against</i>, + +<b>mittō</b>, <i>send</i>], <i>send against; let in</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>immolō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>upon</i>, + <b>mola</b>, +<i>meal</i>], <i>sprinkle with sacrificial meal; offer, +sacrifice</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>im-mortālis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>mortalis</b>, +<i>mortal</i>], <i>immortal</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>im-mortālitās, -ātis</b>, f. [<b>immortālis</b>, <i>immortal</i>], +<i>immortality</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>im-parātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>parātus</b>, <i>prepared</i>], <i>unprepared</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>impedīmentum</b>, -ī, n. [<b>impediō</b>, <i>hinder</i>], +<i>hindrance;</i> in plur. <i>baggage</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>impedītus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>impediō</b>, +<i>hinder</i>], <i>hindered, burdened</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>im-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>against</i>, + +<b>pellō</b>, <i>strike</i>], <i>strike against; impel, drive, +propel</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>imperātor, -ōris</b>, m. [<b>imperō</b>, <i>command</i>], +<i>general</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>imperium, impe´rī</b>, n. [<b>imperō</b>, <i>command</i>], +<i>command, order; realm, empire; power, authority</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>imperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>command, order</i>. Usually with +dat. and an object clause of purpose (<a href = +"#sec501_41">§ 501.41</a>). With acc. object, <i>levy, +impose</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>impetus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>attack</i>, <b>impetum facere in</b>, <i>make +an attack upon</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>im-pōnō, -ere, -posui, -positus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>upon</i>, + +<b>pōnō</b>, <i>place</i>], <i>place upon; impose, assign</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in</b>, prep, with acc. <i>into, to, against, at, upon, towards;</i> +with abl. <i>in, on</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>in reliquum tempus</b>, <i>for the future</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-</b>, inseparable prefix. With nouns and adjectives often with a +negative force, like English <i>un-, in-</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-cautus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>cautus</b>, <i>careful</i>], <i>off one’s guard</i></div> + +<a name="page313"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>incendium, incendī</b>, n. <i>flame, fire</i>. Cf. <b>ignis, +flamma</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-cendō, -ere, -dī, -cēnsus</b>, <i>set fire to, burn</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-cidō, -ere, -cidī</b>, ——, [<b>in</b>, <i>in, on</i>, ++ <b>cadō</b>, <i>fall</i>], <i>fall in, fall on; happen</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>in furōrem incidere</b>, <i>go mad</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-cipiō, -ere, -cēpi, -ceptus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>on</i>, + +<b>capiō</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>begin</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-cognitus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>cognitus</b>, <i>known</i>], <i>unknown</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-colō, -ere, -uī</b>, ——, [<b>in</b>, <i>in</i>, + +<b>colō</b>, <i>dwell</i>], <i>inhabit; live</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>incolumis, -e</b>, adj. <i>sound, safe, uninjured, imharmed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-crēdibilis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>crēdibilis</b>, <i>to be believed</i>], <i>incredible</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inde</b>, <i>from that place, thence</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>induō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus</b>, <i>put on</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>indūtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>induō</b>, <i>put on</i>], +<i>clothed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>into</i>, + <b>eō</b>, +<i>go</i>], <i>go into; enter upon, begin</i>, with acc. (<a href = +"#sec413">§ 413</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īn-fāns, -fantis</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + *<b>fāns</b>, +<i>speaking</i>], <i>not speaking</i>. As a noun, m. and f. +<i>infant</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īn-fēlīx, -īcis</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>fēlīx</b>, +<i>happy</i>], <i>unhappy, unlucky</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īnfēnsus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>hostile</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īn´-ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>against</i>, ++ <b>ferō</b>, <i>bear</i>], <i>bring against or upon, inflict</i>, with +acc. and dat. (<a href="#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>).</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>bellum īnferre</b>, with dat., <i>make war upon</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īnferus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>low, below</i> (<a href = +"#sec312">§ 312</a>).</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īn-fīnītus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>fīnītus</b>, <i>bounded</i>], <i>boundless, endless</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īn-fīrmus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>fīrmus</b>, <i>strong</i>], <i>weak, infirm</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ingenium, inge´ni</b>, n. <i>talent, ability</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ingēns, -entis</b>, adj. <i>vast, huge, enormous, large</i>. Cf. +<b>magnus</b></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-gredior, -gredī, -gressus sum</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>in</i>, + +<b>gradior</b>, <i>walk</i>], <i>advance, enter</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inimīcus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>amīcus</b>, +<i>friendly</i>], <i>hostile</i>. As a noun, <b>inimīcus, -ī</b>, m. +<i>enemy, foe</i>. Cf. <b>hostis</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>initium, ini´tī</b>, <i>entrance, beginning</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>initus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>ineō</b>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>initā aestāte</b>, <i>at the beginning of summer</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iniūria, -ae</b>, f. [<b>in</b>, <i>against</i>, + <b>iūs</b>, +<i>law</i>], <i>injustice, wrong, injury</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>alicui iniūriās īnferre</b>, <i>inflict wrongs upon some +one</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inopia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>inops</b>, <i>needy</i>], <i>want, need, +lack</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-opīnāns, -antis</b>, adj. [<b>in-</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>opīnāns</b>, <i>thinking</i>], <i>not expecting, taken by +surprise</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inquit</b>, <i>said he, said she</i>. Regularly inserted in a direct +quotation</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-rigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>irrigate, water</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-rumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>into</i>, + +<b>rumpō</b>, <i>break</i>], <i>burst in, break in</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-ruō, -ere, -ruī,——</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>in</i>, + +<b>ruō</b>, <i>rush</i>], <i>rush in</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>in</b>, <i>on</i>, ++ <b>sequor</b>, <i>follow</i>], <i>follow on, pursue</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īn-signe, -is</b>, n. <i>badge, decoration</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īnsignis, -e</b>, adj. <i>remarkable, noted</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īnstāns, -antis</b>, adj. [part. of <b>īnsto</b>, <i>be at hand</i>], +<i>present, immediate</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īn-stō, -āre, -stitī, -statūrus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>upon</i>, + +<b>stō</b>, <i>stand</i>], <i>stand upon; be at hand; pursue, press +on</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īnstrūmentum, -ī</b>, n. <i>instrument</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īn-struō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>on</i>, + +<b>struō</b>, <i>build</i>], <i>draw up</i></div> + +<a name="page314"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īnsula, -ae</b>, f. <i>island</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>integer, -gra, -grum</b>, <i>untouched, whole; fresh, new</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctus</b> [<b>inter</b>, <i>between</i>, ++<b>legō</b>, <i>choose</i>], <i>perceive, understand</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>d</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>intentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>aim; threaten</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inter</b>, prep. with acc. <i>between, among; during, while</i> (<a +href="#sec340">§ 340</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>interfectus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>inter-ficiō</b>, +<i>kill</i>], <i>slain, dead</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inter-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus</b> [<b>inter</b>, <i>between</i>, ++ <b>faciō</b>, <i>make</i>], <i>put out of the way, kill</i>. Cf. +<b>necō, occīdō, trucīdō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>interim</b>, adv. <i>meanwhile</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>interior, -ius</b>, adj. <i>interior, inner</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inter-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus</b>, <i>leave off, +suspend</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>interpres, -etis</b>, m. and f. <i>interpreter</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inter-rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>question</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inter-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus</b> [<b>inter</b>, <i>between</i>, ++<b>sum</b>, <i>be</i>], <i>be present, take part in</i>, with dat. (<a +href="#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inter-vāllum, -ī</b>, n. <i>interval, distance</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>intrā</b>, adv. and prep. with acc. <i>within, in</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>intrō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus</b>, <i>go into, enter</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus</b> [<b>in</b>, <i>upon</i>, ++<b>veniō</b>, <i>come</i>], <i>find</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>invīsus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>invideō</b>, <i>envy</i>], +<i>hated, detested</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Iolāus, -ī</b>, m. <i>I-o-lā´us</i>, a friend of Hercules</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ipse, -a, -um</b>, intensive pron. <i>that very, this very; self, +himself, herself, itself</i>, (<a href="#sec481">§ 481</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īra, -ae</b>, f. <i>wrath, anger</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>īrātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>īrāscor</b>, <i>be angry</i>], +<i>angered, enraged</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>is, ea, id</b>, demonstrative adj. and pron. <i>this, that; he, she, +it</i> (<a href="#sec481">§ 481</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iste, -a, -ud</b>, demonstrative adj. and pron. <i>that</i> (of +yours), <i>he, she, it</i> (<a href="#sec481">§ 481</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ita</b>, adv. <i>so, thus</i>. Cf. <b>sīc</b> and <b>tam</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Italia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Italy</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ita-que</b>, conj. <i>and so, therefore</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>item</b>, adv. <i>also</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iter, itineris</b>, n. <i>journey, march, route; way, passage</i> (<a +href="#sec247">§§ 247.1.<i>a</i></a>; <a href = +"#sec468">468</a>).</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>iter dare</b>, <i>give a right of way, allow to pass</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>iter facere</b>, <i>march</i> (see <a href = +"#page159">p. 159</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus</b>, <i>order, command</i>. Usually with +the infin. and subj. acc. (<a href = +"#sec213">§ 213</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iūdex, -icis</b>, m. and f. <i>judge</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>iūdex</b>, <i>judge</i>], <i>judge, +decide</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>c</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Iūlia, -ae</b>, <i>Julia</i>, a Roman name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Iūlius, Iūlī</b>, m. <i>Julius</i>, a Roman name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iungō, -ēre, iūnxī, iūnctus</b>, <i>join; yoke, harness</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Iūnō, -ōnis</b>, f. <i>Juno</i>, the queen of the gods and wife of +Jupiter</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Iuppiter, Iovis</b>, m. <i>Jupiter</i>, the supreme god</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>swear, take an oath</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>iussus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>iubeō</b>, <i>ordered</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_L">L</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>L.</b>, abbreviation for <b>Lūcius</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>labefactus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>labefaciō</b>, <i>cause to +shake</i>], <i>shaken, weakened, ready to fall</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Labiēnus, -ī</b>, m. <i>La-bi-e´nus</i>, one of Cæsar’s +lieutenants</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>labor, -ōris</b>, m. <i>labor, toil</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>labor</b>, <i>labor</i>], <i>labor; +suffer, be hard pressed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lacrima, -ae</b>, f. <i>tear</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lacus, -ūs</b> (dat. and abl. plur. <b>lacubus</b>), m. +<i>lake</i></div> + +<a name="page315"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>laetē</b>, adv. [<b>laetus</b>, <i>glad</i>], compared <b>laetius, +laetissimē</b>, <i>gladly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>laetitia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>laetus</b>, <i>glad</i>], <i>joy</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>laetus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>glad, joyful</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lapis, -idis</b>, m. <i>stone</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§§ 247.2.<i>a</i></a>; <a href = +"#sec464">464.1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Lār, Laris</b>, m.; plur. <b>Larēs, -um</b> (rarely <b>-ium</b>), +<i>the Lares</i> or <i>household, gods</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lātē, </b>adv. [<b>lātus</b>, <i>wide</i>], compared <b>lātius, +lātissimē</b>, <i>widely</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Latinē</b>, adv. <i>in Latin</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>Latīnē loquī</b>, <i>to speak Latin</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lātitūdō, -inis</b>, f. [<b>lātus</b>, <i>wide</i>], +<i>width</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Lātōna, -ae</b>, f. <i>Latona</i>, mother of Apollo and Diana</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>latus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>wide</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lātus, -eris</b>, n. <i>side, flank</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>ab utrōque latere</b>, <i>on each side</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>laus</b>, <i>praise</i>], +<i>praise</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>laurea, -ae</b>, f. <i>laurel</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>laureātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>crowned with laurel</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>laus, laudis</b>, f. <i>praise</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lectulus, -ī</b>, m. <i>couch, bed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lēgātus, -ī</b>, m. <i>ambassador; lieutenant</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>legiō, -ōnis</b>, f. [cf. <b>legō</b>, <i>gather</i>], (<i>body of +soldiers</i>), <i>legion</i>, about 3600 men (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 2. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>legiōnārius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>legionary</i>. Plur. <b>legiōnariī, +-ōrum</b>, m. <i>the soldiers of the legion</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>legō, -ere, lēgī, lēctus</b>, <i>read</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lēnis, -e</b>, adj. <i>gentle, smooth, mild</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lēniter</b>, adv. [<b>lēnis</b>, <i>gentle</i>], compared <b>lēnius, +lēnissimē</b>, <i>gently</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>Lentulus, -i</b>, m. <i>Lentulus</i>, a Roman family name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>leō, -ōnis</b>, m. <i>lion</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Lernaeus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Lernæean</i>, of Lerna, in southern +Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Lesbia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Lesbia</i>, a girl’s name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>levis, -e</b>, adj. <i>light</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lēx, lēgis</b>, f. <i>measure, law</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>libenter</b>, adv. [<b>libēns</b>, <i>willing</i>], compared +<b>libentius, libentissimē</b>, <i>willingly, gladly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>līber, -era, -erum</b>, adj. <i>free</i> (<a href = +"#sec469">§ 469. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>līberī, -ōrum</b>, m. [<b>līber</b>, <i>free</i>], +<i>children</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>līber</b>, <i>free</i>], <i>set +free, release, liberate</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lībertās, -ātis</b>, f. [<b>līber</b>, <i>free</i>], <i>freedom, +liberty</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>līctor, -ōris</b>, m. <i>lictor</i> (<a href="#page225">p. +225</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>līmus, -ī</b>, m. <i>mud</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>littera, -ae</b>, f. <i>a letter</i> of the alphabet; in plur. <i>a +letter, epistle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lītus, -oris</b>, n. <i>seashore, beach</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>locus, -ī</b>, m. (plur. <b>locī</b> and <b>loca</b>, m. and n.), +<i>place, spot</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>longē</b>, adv. [<b>longus</b>, <i>long</i>], comp. <b>longius, +longissimē</b>, <i>a long way off; by far</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>longinquus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>longus</b>, <i>long</i>], +<i>distant, remote</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>longitūdō, -inis</b>, f. [<b>longus</b>, <i>long</i>], +<i>length</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>longus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>long</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>loquor, loqui, locūtus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>talk, speak</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lōrīca, -ae</b>, f. [<b>lōrum</b>, <i>thong</i>], <i>coat of mail, +corselet</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsus</b>, <i>play</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lūdus, -ī</b>, m. <i>play; school</i>, the elementary grades. Cf. +<b>schola</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lūna, -ae</b>, f. <i>moon</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lūx, lūcis</b>, f. (no gen. plur.), <i>light</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>prīma lūx</b>, <i>daybreak</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Lȳdia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Lydia</i>, a girl’s name</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_M">M</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>M.</b>, abbreviation for <b>Mārcus</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>magicus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>magic</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>magis</b>, adv. in comp. degree [<b>magnus</b>, <i>great</i>], +<i>more, in a higher degree</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)</div> + +<a name="page316"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>magister, -trī</b>, m. <i>master, commander; teacher</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>magistrātus, -ūs</b>, m. [<b>magister</b>, <i>master</i>], +<i>magistracy; magistrate</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>magnitūdō, -inis</b>, f. [<b>magnus</b>, <i>great</i>], <i>greatness, +size</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>magnopere</b>, adv. [abl. of <b>magnum opus</b>], compared <b>magis, +maximē</b>, <i>greatly, exceedingly</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>magnus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>maior, maximus</b>, <i>great, +large; strong, loud</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>maior, maius, -ōris</b>, adj., comp. of <b>magnus</b>, <i>greater, +larger</i> (<a href="#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>maiōrēs, -um</b>, m. plur. of <b>maior</b>, <i>ancestors</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mālō, mālle, māluī</b>, —— [<b>magis</b>, <i>more</i>, + +<b>volō</b>, <i>wish</i>], <i>wish more, prefer</i> (<a href = +"#sec497">§ 497</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>malus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>peior, pessimus</b>, <i>bad, +evil</i> (<a href="#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mandō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>manus</b>, <i>hand</i>, + <b>dō</b>, +<i>put</i>], <i>(put in hand), intrust; order, command</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>maneō, -ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus</b>, <i>stay, remain, abide</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Mānlius, Mānlī</b>, m. <i>Manlius</i>, a Roman name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mānsuētus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>mānsuēscō</b>, +<i>tame</i>], <i>tamed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>manus, -ūs</b>, f. <i>hand; force, band</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Mārcus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Marcus, Mark</i>, a Roman first name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mare, -is</b>, n. (no gen. plur.), <i>sea</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>mare tenēre</b>, <i>be out to sea</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>margō, -inis</b>, m. <i>edge, border</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>marītus, -ī</b>, m. <i>husband</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Marius, Marī</b>, m. <i>Marius</i>, a Roman name, esp. <i>C. +Marius</i>, the general</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Mārtius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>of Mars</i>, esp. the <i>Campus +Martius</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>māter, -tris</b>, f. <i>mother</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mātrimōnium, mātrimō´nī</b>, n. <i>marriage</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>in mātrimōnium dūcere</b>, <i>marry</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mātūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>hasten</i>. Cf. <b>contendō</b>, +<b>properō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mātūrus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>ripe, mature</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>maximē</b>, adv. in superl. degree [<b>maximus</b>, <i>greatest</i>], +compared <b>magnopere, magis, maximē</b>, <i>especially, very much</i> +(<a href="#sec323">§ 323</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>maximus, -a, -um</b>, adj., superl. of <b>magnus</b>, <i>greatest, +extreme</i> (<a href="#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>medius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>middle part; middle, +intervening</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>melior, -ius, -ōris</b>, adj., comp. of <b>bonus</b>, <i>better</i> +(<a href="#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>melius</b>, adv. in comp. degree, compared <b>bene, melius, +optimē</b>, <i>better</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>memoria, -ae</b>, f. [<b>memor</b>, <i>mindful</i>], +<i>memory</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>memoriā tenēre</b>, <i>remember</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mēns, mentis</b>, f. <i>mind</i>. Cf. <b>animus</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mēnsis, -is</b>, m. <i>month</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2</a>. a)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mercātor, -ōris</b>, m. [<b>mercor</b>, <i>trade</i>], <i>trader, +merchant</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>merīdiānus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>merīdiēs</b>, <i>noon</i>], <i>of +midday</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>merīdiēs</b>, —— (acc. <b>-em</b>, abl. <b>-ē</b>), m. +[<b>medius</b>, <i>mid</i>, + <b>diēs</b>, <i>day</i>], +<i>noon</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>metus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>fear, dread</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>meus, -a, -um</b>, possessive adj. and pron. <i>my, mine</i> (<a href += "#sec98">§ 98</a>)</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>mīles, -itis</b>, m. <i>soldier</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mīlitāris, -e</b>, adj. [<b>mīles</b>, <i>soldier</i>], +<i>military</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs mīlitāris</b>, <i>science of war</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mīlitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>mīles</b>, <i>soldier</i>], +<i>serve as a soldier</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mīlle</b>, plur. <b>mīlia, -ium</b>, numeral adj. and subst. +<i>thousand</i> (<a href="#sec479">§ 479</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>minimē</b>, adv. in superl. degree, compared <b>parum, minus, +minimē</b>, <i>least, very little; by no means</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)</div> + +<a name="page317"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>minimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>parvus, +minor, minimus</b>, <i>least, smallest</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>minor, minus, -ōris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, compared <b>parvus, +minor, minimus</b>, <i>smaller, less</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Mīnōs, -ōis</b>, m. <i>Minos</i>, a king of Crete</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>minus</b>, adv. in comp. degree, compared <b>parum, minus, +minimē</b>, <i>less</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Minyae, -ārum</b>, m. <i>the Minyae</i>, a people of Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mīrābilis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>mīror</b>, <i>wonder at</i>], +<i>wonderful, marvelous</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mīror, -ārī, -ātus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>mīrus</b>, +<i>wonderful</i>], <i>wonder, marvel, admire</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mīrus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>wonderful</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Mīsēnum, -ī</b>, <i>Mise´num</i>, a promontory and harbor on the +coast of Campania. See map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>miser, -era, -erum</b>, adj. <i>wretched, unhappy, +miserable</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>missus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>mittō</b>, <i>sent</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mittō, -ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>send</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>modicus, -a, -um</b> [<b>modus</b>, <i>measure</i>], <i>modest, +ordinary</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>modo</b>, adv. [abl. of <b>modus</b>, <i>measure</i>, with shortened +<b>o</b>], <i>only, merely, just now</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>modo ... modo</b>, <i>now ... now, sometimes ... sometimes</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>modus, -ī</b>, m. <i>measure; manner, way; kind</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>moenia, -ium</b>, n. plur. [cf. <b>mūniō</b>, <i>fortify</i>], +<i>walls, ramparts</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>molestē</b>, adv. [<b>molestus</b>, <i>troublesome</i>], compared +<b>molestius, molestissimē</b>, <i>annoyingly</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>molestē ferre</b>, <i>to be annoyed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>molestus, -a, -um</b>, <i>troublesome, annoying, unpleasant</i> (<a +href="#sec501_16">§ 501.16</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>moneō, -ēre, -uī, -itus</b>, <i>remind, advise, warn</i> (<a href = +"#sec489">§ 489</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mōns, montis</b>, m. <i>mountain</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2</a>. a)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mōnstrum, -ī</b>, n. <i>monster</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mora, -ae</b>, f. <i>delay</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>moror, -ārī, -ātus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>mora</b>, <i>delay</i>], +<i>delay, linger; impede</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mors, mortis</b>, f. [cf. <b>morior</b>, <i>die</i>], +<i>death</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mōs, mōris</b>, m. <i>custom, habit</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mōtus, -ūs</b>, m. [cf. <b>moveō</b>, <i>move</i>], <i>motion, +movement</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>terrae mōtus</b>, <i>earthquake</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>moveō, -ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>move</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mox</b>, adv. <i>soon, presently</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mulier, -eris</b>, f. <i>woman</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>multitūdō, -inis</b>, f. [<b>multus</b>, <i>much</i>], +<i>multitude</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>multum</b> (<b>multō</b>), adv. [<b>multus</b>, <i>much</i>], +compared <b>plūs, plūrimum</b>, <i>much</i> (<a href = +"#sec477">§ 477</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>multus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>plūs, plūrimus</b>, +<i>much</i>; plur. <i>many</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mūniō, -īre, -īvī or -iī, -ītus</b>, <i>fortify, defend</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mūnītiō, -ōnis</b>, f. [<b>mūniō</b>, <i>fortify</i>], <i>defense, +fortification</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mūrus, -ī</b>, m. <i>wall</i>. Cf. <b>moenia</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mūsica, -ae</b>, f. <i>music</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_N">N</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>nam</b>, conj. <i>for</i>. Cf. <b>enim</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nam-que</b>, conj., a strengthened <b>nam</b>, introducing a reason +or explanation, <i>for, and in fact; seeing that</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nārrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>tell, relate</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>be born, spring +from</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nātūra, -ae</b>, f. <i>nature</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nātus</b>, part. of <b>nāscor</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nauta, -ae</b>, m. [for <b>nāvita</b>, from <b>nāvis</b>, +<i>ship</i>], <i>sailor</i></div> + +<a name="page318"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nāvālis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>nāvis</b>, <i>ship</i>], <i>naval</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nāvigium, nāvi´gī</b>, n. <i>ship, boat</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nāvigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>nāvis</b>, <i>ship</i>, + +<b>agō</b>, <i>drive</i>], <i>sail, cruise</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nāvis, -is</b> (abl. -ī or -e), f. <i>ship</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>).</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nāvem cōnscendere</b>, <i>embark, go on board</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nāvem solvere</b>, <i>set sail</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nāvis longa</b>, <i>man-of-war</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nē</b>, conj. and adv. <i>in order that not, that</i> (with verbs of +fearing), <i>lest; not</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nē ... quidem</b>, <i>not even</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>-ne</b>, interrog. adv., enclitic (see +<a href="#sec16">§§ 16</a>, +<a href="#sec210">210</a>). Cf. <b>nōnne</b> and +<b>num</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nec</b> or <b>neque</b>, conj. [<b>nē</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>que</b>, +<i>and</i>], <i>and not, nor</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nec ... nec</b> or <b>neque ... neque</b>, <i>neither ... +nor</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>necessārius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>needful, necessary</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [cf. nex, <i>death</i>], <i>kill</i>. Cf. +<b>interficiō, occīdō, trucīdō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>deny, say not</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>negōtium, negō´tī</b>, n. [<b>nec</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>ōtium</b>, +<i>ease</i>], <i>business, affair, matter</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>alicui negōtium dare</b>, <i>to employ some one</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Nemaeus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Neme´an, of Neme´a</i>, in southern +Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nēmŏ</b>, dat. <b>nēminī</b> (gen. <b>nūllīus</b>, abl. <b>nūllō</b>, +supplied from <b>nūllus</b>), m. and f. [<b>nē</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>homō</b>, <i>man</i>], <i>(not a man), no one, nobody</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Neptūnus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Neptune</i>, god of the sea, brother of +Jupiter</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>neque</b>, see <b>nec</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>neuter, -tra, -trum</b> (gen. <b>-trīus</b>, dat. <b>-trī</b>), adj. +<i>neither</i> (of two) (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nē-ve</b>, conj. adv. <i>and not, and that not, and lest</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nihil</b>, n. indecl. [<b>nē</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>hīlum</b>, <i>a +whit</i>], <i>nothing</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nihil posse</b>, <i>to have no power</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nihilum, -ī</b>, n., see <b>nihil</b></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>Niobē, -ēs</b>, f. <i>Ni´obe</i>, the queen of Thebes whose children +were destroyed by Apollo and Diana</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nisi</b>, conj. [<b>nē</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>sī</b>, <i>if</i>], +<i>if not, unless, except</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nōbilis, -e</b>, adj. <i>well known; noble</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>noceō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus</b> [cf. <b>necō</b>, <i>kill</i>], +<i>hurt, injure</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>noctū</b>, abl. used as adv. [cf. <b>nox</b>, <i>night</i>], <i>at +night, by night</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Nōla, -ae</b>, f. <i>Nola</i>, a town in central Campania. See +map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nōlō, nōlle, nōluī</b>, —— [<b>ne</b>, <i>not</i>, + +<b>volō</b>, <i>wish</i>], <i>not to wish, be unwilling</i> (<a href = +"#sec497">§ 497</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nōmen, -inis</b>, n. [cf. <b>nōscō</b>, <i>know</i>], <i>(means of +knowing), name</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nōminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>nōmen</b>, <i>name</i>], <i>name, +call</i>. Cf. <b>appellō, vocō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nōn</b>, adv. [<b>nē</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>ūnum</b>, <i>one</i>], +<i>not</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nōn sōlum ... sed etiam</b>, <i>not only ... but also</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nōn-dum</b>, adv. <i>not yet</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nōn-ne</b>, interrog. adv. suggesting an affirmative answer, +<i>not?</i> (<a href="#sec210">§ 210</a>). Cf. +<b>-ne</b> and <b>num</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nōs</b>, pers. pron. <i>we</i> (see <b>ego</b>) (<a href = +"#sec480">§ 480</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>noster, -tra, -trum</b>, possessive adj. and pron. <i>our, ours</i>. +Plur. <b>nostrī, -ōrum</b>, m. <i>our men</i> (<a href = +"#sec98">§ 98</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>novem</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>nine</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>novus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>new</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>novae rēs</b>, <i>a revolution</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nox, noctis</b>, f. <i>night</i>, <b>multā nocte</b>, <i>late at +night</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nūllus, -a, -um</b> (gen. <b>-īus</b>, dat. <b>-ī</b>) adj. +[<b>nē</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>ūllus</b>, <i>any</i>], <i>not any, none, +no</i> (<a href="#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>num</b>, interrog. adv. suggesting a negative answer (<a href = +"#sec210">§ 210</a>). Cf. <b>-ne</b> and +<b>nōnne</b>. In indir. questions, <i>whether</i></div> + +<a name="page319"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>numerus, -ī</b>, m. <i>number</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>numquam</b>, adv. [<b>nē</b>, <i>not</i>, + <b>umquam</b>, +<i>ever</i>], <i>never</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nunc</b>, adv. <i>now</i>. Cf. <b>iam</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>nūntius</b>, <i>messenger</i>], +<i>report, announce</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nūntius, nūntī</b>, m. <i>messenger</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nūper</b>, adv. <i>recently, lately, just now</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nympha, -ae</b>, f. <i>nymph</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_O">O</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>ob</b>, prep. with acc. <i>on account of</i>. In compounds it often +means <i>in front of, against</i>, or it is intensive.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>quam ob rem</b>, <i>for this reason</i> (<a href = +"#sec340">§ 340</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>obses, -idis</b>, m. and f. <i>hostage</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ob-sideō,-ēre,-sēdī, -sessus</b> [<b>ob</b>, <i>against</i>, + +<b>sedeō</b>, <i>sit</i>], <i>besiege</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>obtineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentus</b> [<b>ob</b>, <i>against</i>, + +<b>teneō</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>possess, occupy, hold</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>occāsiō, -ōnis</b>, f. <i>favorable opportunity, favorable +moment</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>occāsus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>going down, setting</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsus</b> [<b>ob</b>, <i>down</i>, + +<b>caedō</b>, <i>strike</i>], <i>strike down; cut down, kill</i>. Cf. +<b>interficiō, necō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>occupō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>ob</b>, <i>completely</i>, + +<b>capiō</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>seize, take possession of, occupy</i>. +Cf. <b>rapio</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>oc-currō, -ere, -currī, -cursus</b> [<b>ob</b>, <i>against</i> + +<b>currō</b>, <i>run</i>], <i>run towards; meet</i>, with dat. (<a href += "#sec426">§ 426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ōceanus, -ī</b>, m. <i>the ocean</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>octō</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>eight</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>oculus, -ī</b>, m. <i>eye</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>officium, offi´cī</b>, n. <i>duty</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ōlim</b>, adv. <i>formerly, once upon a time</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ōmen, -inis</b>, n. <i>sign, token, omen</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ō-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus</b> [<b>ob</b>, <i>over, past</i>, + +<b>mittō</b>, <i>send</i>], <i>let go, omit</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>consilium omittere</b>, <i>give up a plan</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>omnīnō</b>, adv. [<b>omnis</b>, <i>all</i>], <i>altogether, wholly, +entirely</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>omnis, -e</b>, adj. <i>all, every.</i> Cf. <b>tōtus</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>onerāria, -ae</b>, f. [<b>onus</b>, <i>load</i>], with <b>nāvis</b> +expressed or understood, <i>merchant vessel, transport</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>onus, -eris</b>, n. <i>load, burden</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>opīniō, -ōnis</b>, f. [<b>opīnor</b>, <i>suppose</i>], <i>opinion, +supposition, expectation</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>oppidānus, -ī</b>, m. [<b>oppidum</b>, <i>town</i>], +<i>townsman</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>oppidum, -ī</b>, n. <i>town, stronghold</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>opportūnus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>suitable, opportune, +favorable</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>op-primō, -ere, -pressī, -pressus</b> [<b>ob</b>, <i>against</i>, + +<b>premō</b>, <i>press</i>], (<i>press against</i>), <i>crush; +surprise</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>oppugnātiō, -ōnis</b>, f. <i>storming, assault</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>ob</b>, <i>against</i>, + +<b>pugnō</b> <i>fight</i>], <i>fight against, assault, storm, +assail</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>optimē</b>, adv. in superl. degree, compared <b>bene, melius, +optimē</b>, <i>very well, best of all</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>optimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>bonus, +melior, optimus</b>, <i>best, most excellent</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>opus, -eris</b>, n. <i>work, labor, task</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 2. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ōrāculum, -ī</b>, n. [<b>ōrō</b>, <i>speak</i>], <i>oracle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ōrātor, -ōris</b>, m. [<b>ōrō</b>, <i>speak</i>], <i>orator</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>orbis, -is</b>, m. <i>ring, circle</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>orbis terrārum</b>, <i>the earth, world</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>orbita, -ae</b>, f. [<b>orbis</b>, <i>wheel</i>], <i>rut</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Orcus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Orcus, the lower world</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ōrdō, -inis</b>, m. <i>row, order, rank</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>orīgo, -inis</b>, f. [<b>orior</b>, <i>rise</i>], <i>source, +origin</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>orior, -īrī, ortus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>arise, rise, begin; spring, +be born</i></div> + +<a name="page320"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ōrnāmentum, -ī</b>, n. [<b>ōrnō</b>, <i>fit out</i>], <i>ornament, +jewel</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ōrnātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>ōrnō</b>, <i>fit out</i>] +<i>fitted out; adorned</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ōrnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>fit out, adorn</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_P">P</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>P.</b>, abbreviation for <b>Pūblius</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>paene</b>, adv. <i>nearly, almost</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>palūdāmentum, -ī</b>, n. <i>military cloak</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>palūs, -ūdis</b>, f. <i>swamp, marsh</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pānis, -is</b>, m. <i>bread</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pār, paris</b>, adj. <i>equal</i> (<a href = +"#sec471">§ 471. III</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>parātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>parō</b>, <i>prepare</i>], +<i>prepared, ready</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>parcō, -ere, peper´cī</b> (<b>parsī</b>), <b>parsūrus</b>, +<i>spare</i>, with dat. (<a href="#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pāreō, -ēre, -uī</b>, ——, <i>obey</i>, with dat. (<a href += "#sec501">§ 501</a> .14)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>prepare for, prepare; provide, +procure</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pars, partis</b>, f. <i>part, share; side, direction</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>parum</b>, adv., compared <b>minus, minimē</b>, <i>too little, not +enough</i> (<a href="#sec323">§ 323</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>parvus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>minor, minimus</b>, <i>small, +little</i> (<a href="#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>passus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>step, pace</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>mīlle passuum</b>, <i>thousand paces, mile</i> (<a href = +"#sec331">§ 331. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pateō, -ēre, patuī</b>, ——, <i>lie open, be open; +stretch, extend</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pater, -tris</b>, m. <i>father</i> (<a href="#sec464">§ 464. +2. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>patior, -ī, passus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>bear, suffer, allow, +permit</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>patria, -ae</b>, f. [cf. <b>pater</b>, <i>father</i>], +<i>fatherland</i>, (<i>one’s</i>) <i>country</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>paucus, -a, -um</b>, adj. (generally plur.), <i>few, only a +few</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>paulisper</b>, adv. <i>for a little while</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>paulō</b>, adv. <i>by a little, little</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>paulum</b> adv. <i>a little, somewhat</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pāx, pācis</b>, f. (no gen. plur.), <i>peace</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pecūnia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>pecus</b>, <i>cattle</i>], +<i>money</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pedes, -itis</b>, m. [<b>pēs</b>, <i>foot</i>], <i>foot +soldier</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pedester, -tris, -tre</b>, adj. [<b>pēs</b>, <i>foot</i>], <i>on +foot; by land</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>peior, peius, -ōris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, compared <b>malus, +peior, pessimus</b>, <i>worse</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pellis, -is</b>, f. <i>skin, hide</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>penna, -ae</b>, f. <i>feather</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>per</b>, prep. with acc. <i>through, by means of, on account of</i>. +In composition it often has the force of <i>thoroughly, completely, +very</i> (<a href="#sec340">§ 340</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>percussus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>percutiō</b>, <i>strike +through</i>], <i>pierced</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>per-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus</b> [<b>per</b>, <i>through</i>, + +<b>dūcō</b>, <i>lead</i>], <i>lead through</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>fossam perdūcere</b>, <i>to construct a ditch</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>per-exiguus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>per</b>, <i>very</i>, + +<b>exiguus</b>, <i>small</i>], <i>very small, very short</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>perfidus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>faithless, treacherous, +false</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>per-fringō, -ere, -frēgī, -frāctus</b> [<b>per</b>, <i>through</i>, +<b>frangō</b>, <i>break</i>], <i>shatter</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pergō, -ere, perrēxī, perrēctus</b> [<b>per</b>, <i>through</i>, + +<b>regō</b>, <i>conduct</i>], <i>go on, proceed, hasten</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>perīculum, -ī</b>, n. <i>trial, test; danger</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>peristȳlum, -ī</b>, n. <i>peristyle</i>, an open court with columns +around it</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>perītus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>skillful</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>perpetuus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>perpetual</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Perseus, -eī</b>, <i>Perseus</i>, a Greek hero, son of Jupiter and +Danaë</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>persōna, -ae</b>, f. <i>part, character, person</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>per-suādeō, -ēre, -suāsī, -suāsus</b> [<b>per</b>, <i>thoroughly</i>, ++ <b>suādeō</b>, <i>persuade</i>], <i>persuade, advise</i>, with dat. +(<a href="#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>), often with an object clause +of purpose (<a href="#sec501_41">§ 501.41</a>)</div> + +<a name="page321"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>per-terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itus</b> [<b>per</b>, <i>thoroughly</i>, + +<b>terreō</b>, <i>frighten</i>], <i>thoroughly terrify, alarm</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>per-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus</b> [<b>per</b>, <i>through</i>, + +<b>veniō</b>, <i>come</i>], <i>arrive, reach, come to</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pēs, pedis</b>, m. <i>foot</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>pedem referre</b>, <i>retreat</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pessimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>malus, +peior, pessimus</b>, <i>worst</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus</b>, <i>strive for, seek, beg, ask; +make for, travel to</i>. Cf. <b>postulō, quaerō, rogō</b></div> + +<b>Pharsālus, -ī</b>, f. <i>Pharsa´lus</i> or <i>Pharsa´lia</i>, a town +in Thessaly, near which +<div class="index word"> +Cassar defeated Pompey, 48 B.C.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>philosophia, -ae</b>, f. <i>philosophy</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>philosophus, -ī</b>, m. <i>philosopher</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pictus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>pingō</b>, <i>paint</i>], +<i>colored, variegated</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pīlum, -ī</b>, n. <i>spear, javelin</i> (<a href = +"#sec462">§ 462. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>piscīna, -ae</b>, f. [<b>piscis</b>, <i>fish</i>], <i>fish +pond</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>piscis, -is</b>, m. <i>fish</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pīstor, -ōris</b>, m. <i>baker</i></div> + +<b>placeō. -ēre, -uī, -itus</b>, <i>please, be pleasing</i>, +<div class="index word"> +with dat. (<a href="#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>plānitiēs, -ēī</b>, f. [<b>plānus</b>, <i>level</i>], +<i>plain</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>plānus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>level, flat</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>plēnus, -a, -um</b>, <i>full</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>plūrimum</b>, adv. in superl. degree, compared <b>multum, plūs, +plūrimum</b>, <i>very much</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>plūrimum valēre</b>, <i>be most influential</i> (<a href = +"#sec322">§ 322</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>plūrimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>multus, +plūs, plūrimus</b>, <i>most, very many</i> (<a href = +"#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>plūs, plūris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, compared <b>multus, plūs, +plūrimus</b>; sing. n. as substantive, <i>more</i>; plur. <i>more, +several</i> (<a href="#sec311">§ 311</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pluteus, -ī</b>, m. <i>shield, parapet</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>poena, -ae</b>, f. <i>punishment, penalty</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>poēta, -ae</b>, m. <i>poet</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pompa, -ae</b>, f. <i>procession</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Pompēiī, -ōrum</b>, m. <i>Pompeii</i>, a city of Campania. See +map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Pompēius, Pompē´ī</b>, m. <i>Pompey</i>, a Roman name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pōmum, -ī</b>, n. <i>apple</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pōnō, -ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>put, place</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>castra pōnere</b>, <i>pitch camp</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pōns, pontis</b>, m. <i>bridge</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>popīna, -ae</b>, f. <i>restaurant</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>populus, -ī</b>, m. <i>people</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Porsena, -ae</b>, m. <i>Porsena</i>, king of Etruria, a district of +Italy. See map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>porta, -ae</b>, f. <i>gate, door</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>bear, carry</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>portus, -ūs</b>, m. [cf. <b>porta</b>, <i>gate</i>], +<i>harbor</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>possideō, -ēre, -sēdī, -sessus</b>, <i>have, own, possess</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>possum, posse, potuī</b>, ——, irreg. verb [<b>potis</b>, +<i>able</i>, + <b>sum</b>, <i>I am</i>], <i>be able, can</i> (<a href = +"#sec495">§ 495</a>).</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nihil posse</b>, <i>have no power</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>post</b>, prep, with acc. <i>after, behind</i> (<a href = +"#sec340">§ 340</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>posteā</b>, adv. [<b>post</b>, <i>after</i>, + <b>eā</b>, +<i>this</i>], <i>afterwards</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> + +<div class="index word"> +(<b>posterus</b>), <b>-a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>posterior, +postrēmus</b> or <b>postumus</b>, <i>following, next</i> (<a href = +"#sec312">§ 312</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>postquam</b>, conj. <i>after, as soon as</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>postrēmō</b>, adv. [abl. of <b>postrēmus</b>, <i>last</i>], <i>at +last, finally</i>. Cf. <b>dēmum, dēnique</b> (<a href = +"#sec322">§ 322</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>postrīdiē</b>, adv. [<b>posterō</b>, <i>next</i>, + <b>diē</b>, +<i>day</i>], <i>on the next day</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>ask, demand, require</i>. Cf. +<b>petō, quaerō, rogō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>potentia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>potēns</b>, <i>able</i>], <i>might, power, +force</i></div> + +<a name="page322"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prae-beō, -ēre, -uī, -itus</b> [<b>prae</b>, <i>forth</i>, + +<b>habeō</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>offer, give</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praeda, -ae</b>, f. <i>booty, spoil, plunder</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prae-dīcō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictus</b> [<b>prae</b>, <i>before</i>, + +<b>dīcō</b>, <i>tell</i>], <i>foretell, predict</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prae-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus</b> [<b>prae</b>, <i>before</i>, + +<b>faciō</b>, <i>make</i>], <i>place in command</i>, with acc. and dat. +(<a href="#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prae-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus</b> [<b>prae</b>, <i>forward</i>, + +<b>mittō</b>, <i>send</i>], <i>send forward</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praemium, praemī</b>, n. <i>reward, prize</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praeruptus, -a, -um</b> [part. of <b>prae-rumpō</b>, <i>break +off</i>], <i>broken off, steep</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praesēns, -entis</b>, adj. <i>present, immediate</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praesertim</b>, adv. <i>especially, chiefly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praesidium, praesi´di</b>, n. <i>guard, garrison, +protection</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prae-stō, -āre, -stitī, -stitus</b> [<b>prae</b>, <i>before</i>, + +<b>sto</b>, <i>stand</i>], (<i>stand before</i>), <i>excel, surpass</i>, +with dat. (<a href="#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>); <i>show, +exhibit</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prae-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus</b> [<b>prae</b>, <i>before</i>, + +<b>sum</b>, <i>be</i>], <i>be over, be in command of</i>, with dat. (<a +href="#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praeter</b>, prep, with acc. <i>beyond, contrary to</i> (<a href = +"#sec340">§ 340</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praetereā</b>, adv. [<b>praeter</b>, <i>besides</i>, + <b>eā</b>, +<i>this</i>], <i>in addition, besides, moreover</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praetextus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>bordered, edged</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praetōrium, praetō´rī</b>, n. <i>prætorium</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prandium, prandī</b>, n. <i>luncheon</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>premō, -ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>press hard, compress; crowd, +drive, harass</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +(<b>prex, precis</b>), f. <i>prayer</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prīmō</b>, adv. [<b>prīmus</b>, <i>first</i>], <i>at first, in the +beginning</i> (<a href="#sec322">§ 322</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prīmum</b>, adv. [<b>prīmus</b>, <i>first</i>], <i>first</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>quam primum</b>, <i>as soon as possible</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prīmus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>prior, +prīmus</b>, <i>first</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prīnceps, -cipis</b>, m. [<b>prīmus</b>, <i>first</i>, + +<b>capiō</b>, <i>take</i>], (<i>taking the first place</i>), <i>chief, +leader</i> (<a href="#sec464">§ 464. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prior, prius, -ōris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, superl., +<b>prīmus</b>, <i>former</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prīstinus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>former, previous</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō</b>, prep, with abl. <i>before; for, for the sake of, in behalf +of; instead of, as</i> (<a href = +"#sec209">§ 209</a>). In composition, <i>forth, +forward</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō-cēdō, -ere, -cussī, -cessūrus</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>forward</i>, + +<b>cēdō</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>go forward, proceed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>procul</b>, adv. <i>far, afar off</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō-currō, -ere, -currī</b> (<b>-cucurrī</b>), <b>-cur-sus</b> +[<b>prō</b>, <i>forward</i>, + <b>currō</b>, <i>run</i>], <i>run +forward</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>proelium, proeli</b>, n. <i>battle, combat</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>proelium committere</b>, <i>join battle</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>proelium facere</b>, <i>fight a battle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>profectiō, -ōnis</b>, f. <i>departure</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>proficīscor, -ī, -fectus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>set out, march</i>. +Cf. <b>ēgredior, exeō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō-gredior, -ī, -gressus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>prō</b>, +<i>forth</i>, + <b>gradior</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>go forth, proceed, +advance</i>. Cf. <b>pergō, prōcēdō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prōgressus</b>, see <b>prōgredior</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prohibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>forth, away from</i>, ++ <b>habeō</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>keep away from, hinder, +prevent</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>forward</i>, + +<b>moveō</b>, <i>move</i>], <i>move forward, advance</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō-nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>forth</i>, + +<b>nūntiō</b>, <i>announce</i>], <i>proclaim, declare</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prope</b>, adv., compared <b>propius, proxi-mē</b>, <i>nearly</i>. +Prep, with acc. <i>near</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>forth</i>, + +<b>pellō</b>, <i>drive</i>], <i>drive forth; move, impel</i></div> + +<a name="page323"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>properus</b>, <i>quick], go +quickly, hasten</i>. Cf. <b>contendō, maturō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>propinquus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>prope</b>, <i>near], near, +neighboring</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>propior, -ius, -ōris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, superl., +<b>proximus</b>, <i>nearer</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>propius</b>, adv. in comp. degree, compared <b>prope, propius, +proximē</b>, <i>nearer</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>propter</b>, prep. with acc. <i>on account of, because of</i> (<a +href="#sec340">§ 340</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scriptus</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>forth</i>, ++ <b>scribō</b>, <i>write</i>], <i>proclaim, publish</i>. Cf. +<b>prōnūntiō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>prō</b>, +<i>forth</i>, + <b>sequor</b>, <i>follow], escort, attend</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō-sum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>for</i>, + +<b>sum</b>, <i>be</i>], <i>be useful, benefit</i>, with dat. (<a href = +"#sec496">§§ 496</a>; <a href="#sec501">501</a>.15)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prō-tegō, -ere, -tēx=i], -tēctus</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>in front</i>, + +<b>tegō</b>, <i>cover], cover in front, protect</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prōvincia, -ae</b>, f. <i>territory, province</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>proximē</b>, adv. in superl. degree, compared <b>prope, propius, +proximē</b>, <i>nearest, next; last, most recently</i> (<a href = +"#sec323">§ 323</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>proximus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>propior, +proximus</b>, <i>nearest, next</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pūblicus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>populus</b>,<i>people</i>], <i>of the +people, public</i>, <b>res pūblica</b>, <i>the commonwealth</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>puella, -ae</b>, f. [diminutive of <b>puer</b>, <i>boy</i>], <i>girl, +maiden</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>puer, -eri</b>, m. <i>boy; slave</i> (<a href = +"#sec462">§ 462. <i>c</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pugna, -ae</b>, f <i>-fight, battle.</i> Cf. <b>proelium</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>pugna</b>, <i>battle], fight</i>. +Cf. <b>contendō, dīmicō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pulcher, -chra, -chrum</b>, adj. <i>beautiful, pretty</i> (<a href = +"#sec469">§§ 469.<i>b</i></a>; <a href = +"#sec304">304</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Pullō, -ōnis</b>, m. <i>Pullo</i>, a centurion</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>strike, beat</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>puppis, -is</b> (acc. <b>-im</b>, abl. <b>-ī</b>), f. <i>stern</i> of +a ship, <i>deck</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pūrē</b>, adv. [<b>pūrus</b>, <i>pure</i>], comp. <b>pūrius</b>, +<i>purely</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pūrgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>cleanse, clean</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>purpureus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>purple, dark red</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>reckon, think</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420</a>,<i>c</i>). Cf. <b>arbitror, +exīstimō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Pȳthia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Pythia</i>, the inspired priestess of Apollo +at Delphi</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_Q">Q</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>quā dē causā</b>, <i>for this reason, wherefore</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quā rē</b>, <i>therefore, for this reason</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quaerō, -ere, -sīvī, -sītus</b>, <i>seek, ask, inquire</i>. Cf. +<b>petō, postulō, rogō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quālis, -e</b>, interrog. pronom. adj. <i>of what sort, what kind +of</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>talis ... qualis</b>, <i>such ... as</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quam</b>, adv. <i>how</i>; after a comparative, <i>than</i> ; with a +superlative, translated <i>as ... as possible</i>, <b>quam prīmum</b>, +<i>as soon as possible</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quantus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>quam</b>, <i>how], how great, how +much</i>, <b>tantus ... quantus</b>, <i>as great as</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quārtus, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. [<b>quattuor</b>, <i>four</i>], +<i>fourth</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quattuor</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>four</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quattuor-decim</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>fourteen</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>-que</b>, conj., enclitic, <i>and</i> (<a href = +"#sec16">§ 16</a>). Cf. <b>ac, atque, et</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quī, quae, quod</b>, rel. pron. and adj. <i>who, which, what, +that</i> (<a href="#sec482">§ 482</a>)</div> + +<a name="page324"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quia</b>, conj. <i>because</i>. Cf. <b>quod</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quīdam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam)</b>, indef. pron. and adj. <i>a +certain one, a certain, a</i> (<a href = +"#sec485">§ 485</a>).</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quidem</b>, adv. <i>to be sure, certainly, indeed</i>, <b>nē ... +quidem</b>, <i>not even</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quiēs, -ētis</b>, f. <i>rest, repose</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quiētus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>quiet, restful</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>quīndecim</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>fifteen</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quīngentī, -ae, -a</b>, numeral adj. <i>five hundred</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quīnque</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>five</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quīntus, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. <i>fifth</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quis (quī), quae, quid (quod)</b>, interrog. pron. and adj. <i>who? +what? which?</i> (<a href="#sec483">§ 483</a>).</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quis (quī), qua (quae), quid (quod)</b>, indef. pron. and adj., used +after <b>sī, nisi, nē, num</b>, <i>any one, anything, some one, +something, any, some</i> (<a href="#sec484">§ 484</a>).</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quisquam, quicquam</b> or <b>quidquam</b> (no fem. or plur.), indef. +pron. <i>any one</i> (at all), <i>anything</i> (at all) (<a href = +"#sec486">§ 486</a>).</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque)</b>, indef. pron. and adj. +<i>each, each one, every</i> (<a href="#sec484">§ 484</a>).</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quō</b>, interrog. and rel. adv. <i>whither, where</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quō</b>, conj. <i>in order to, that</i>, with comp. degree (<a href = +"#sec350">§ 350</a>).</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quod</b>, conj. <i>because, in that</i>. Cf. <b>quia</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quoque</b>, conj., following an emphatic word, <i>also, too</i>. Cf. +<b>etiam</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quot-annīs</b>, adv. [<b>quot</b>, <i>how many</i> + <b>annus</b>, +<i>year</i>], <i>every year, yearly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quotiēns</b>, interrog. and rel. adv. <i>how often? as often +as</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_R">R</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>rādīx, -īcis</b>, f. <i>root; foot</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tus</b>, <i>seize, snatch</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rārō</b>, adv. [<b>rārus</b>, <i>rare</i>], <i>rarely</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rārus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>rare</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-</b> or <b>red-</b>, an inseparable prefix, <i>again, back, anew, +in return</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rebelliō, -ōnis</b>, f. <i>renewal of war, rebellion</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>recēns, -entis</b>, adj. <i>recent</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + +<b>capiō</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>take back, receive</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>sē recipere</b>, <i>withdraw, retreat</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-clīnātus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>reclīnō</b>, <i>leaning +back</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-creātus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>recreō</b>, +<i>refreshed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rēctus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>regō</b>, <i>keep +straight</i>], <i>straight, direct</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-cūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>refuse</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>red-āctus, -a, -um</b>, part. of <b>redigō</b>, <i>reduced, +subdued</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>red-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus</b> [<b>red-</b>, <i>back</i>, + <b>eō</b>, +<i>go</i>], <i>go back, return</i> (<a href = +"#sec413">§ 413</a>). Cf. <b>revertō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>reditus, -ūs</b>, m. [cf. <b>redeō</b>, <i>return</i>], <i>return, +going back</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + +<b>dūcō</b>, <i>lead</i>], <i>lead back</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-ferō, -ferre, rettulī, -lātus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + +<b>ferō</b>, <i>bear</i>], <i>bear back; report</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>pedem referre</b>, <i>withdraw, retreat</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>again</i>, + +<b>faciō</b>, <i>make</i>], <i>make again, repair</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>sē reficere</b>, <i>refresh one’s self</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rēgīna, -ae</b>, f. [<b>rēx</b>, <i>king</i>], <i>queen</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>regiō, -ōnis</b>, f. <i>region, district</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rēgnum, -ī</b>, n. <i>sovereignty; kingdom</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctus</b> [cf. <b>rēx</b>, <i>king</i>], +<i>govern, rule</i> (<a href="#sec490">§ 490</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + +<b>iaciō</b>, <i>hurl</i>], <i>hurl back; throw away</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-linquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>behind</i>, + +<b>linquō</b>, <i>leave</i>], <i>leave behind, leave, abandon</i></div> + +<a name="page325"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>reliquus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [cf. <b>relinquō</b>, <i>leave</i>], +<i>left over, remaining</i>. As a noun, plur. <i>the rest</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>remōtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>re-moveō</b>, <i>remove</i>], +<i>remote, distant</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -motus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + +<b>moveō</b>, <i>move</i>], <i>remove</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rēmus, -ī</b>, m. <i>oar</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-periō, -īre, repperī, repertus</b>, <i>find</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + +<b>portō</b>, <i>carry</i>], <i>carry back, bring back, win, +gain</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rēs, reī</b>, f. <i>thing, business, matter, deed, event, +circumstance</i> (<a href="#sec467">§ 467</a>).</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>quam ob rem</b>, <i>for this reason</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs adversae</b>, <i>adversity</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs frūmentāria</b>, <i>grain supplies</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs gestae</b>, <i>exploits</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs militāris</b>, <i>science of war</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs pūblica</b>, <i>the commonwealth</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs secundae</b>, <i>prosperity</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-scindō, -ere, -scidī, -scissus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + +<b>scindō</b>, <i>cut</i>], <i>cut off, cut down</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-sistō, -ere, -stitī</b>, —— [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, ++ <b>sistō</b>, <i>cause to stand</i>], <i>oppose, resist</i>, with dat. +(<a href="#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-spondeō, -ēre, -spondī, -spōnsus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>in +return</i>, + <b>spondeō</b>, <i>promise</i>], answer, reply (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-vertō, -ere, -ī</b>, ——, or dep. verb <b>re-vertor, +-ī, -sus sum</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + <b>vertō</b>, <i>turn</i>], +<i>turn back, return</i>. Usually active in the perf. system</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>re-vinciō, -īre, -vīnxī, -vīnctus</b> [<b>re-</b>, <i>back</i>, + +<b>vinciō</b>, <i>bind</i>], <i>fasten</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rēx, rēgis</b>, m. [cf. <b>regō</b>, <i>rule</i>], <i>king</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Rhēnus, -ī</b>, m. <i>the Rhine</i>, a river of Germany</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rīpa, -ae</b>, f. <i>bank</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>ask</i>. Cf. <b>petō, postulō, +quaerō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Rōma, -ae</b>, f. <i>Rome</i>. See map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Rōmānus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>Rōma</b>, <i>Rome</i>], <i>Roman</i>, +follows its noun. As a noun, m. and f. <i>a Roman</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rosa, -ae</b>, f. <i>rose</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rōstrum, -ī</b>, n. <i>beak</i> of a ship. In plur., <i>the +rostra</i>, the speaker’s stand in the Roman Forum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rota, -ae</b>, f. <i>wheel</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Rubicō, -ōnis</b>, m. <i>the Rubicon</i>, a river in northern Italy. +See map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rūmor, -ōris</b>, m. <i>report, rumor</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rūrsus</b>, adv. [for <b>reversus</b>, <i>turned back</i>], <i>again, +in turn</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rūs, rūris</b> (locative abl. <b>rūrī</b>, no gen., dat., or abl. +plur.), n. <i>the country</i> (<a href="#sec501_36">§ 501. +36. 1</a>). Cf. <b>ager, patria, terra</b></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_S">S</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>Sabīnus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>Sabine</i>. As a noun, m. and f. <i>a +Sabine</i>. The Sabines were an ancient people of central Italy. See +map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sacrum, -ī</b>, n. [<b>sacer</b>, <i>consecrated</i>], <i>something +consecrated, sacrifice;</i> usually in plur., <i>religious +rites</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>saepe</b>, adv., compared <b>saepius, saepissimē</b>, <i>often, +frequently</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>saevus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>cruel, savage</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sagitta, -ae</b>, f. <i>arrow</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>saliō, -īre, -uī, saltus</b>, <i>jump</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>salūs, -ūtis</b>, f. <i>safety; health</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>salūtem dīcere</b>, <i>send greetings</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>salūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>salūs</b>, <i>health</i>], +<i>greet, salute</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>salvē</b>, imv. of <b>salveō</b>, <i>hail, greetings</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sanguis, -inis</b>, m. <i>blood</i> (<a href = +"#sec247">§ 247. 2. <i>a</i></a>]</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sānitās, -ātis</b>, f. [<b>sānus</b>, <i>sound</i>], <i>health, +sanity</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sapiēns, -entis</b>, adj. [part. of <b>sapiō</b>, <i>be wise</i>], +<i>wise, sensible</i></div> + +<a name="page326"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>satis</b>, adv. and indecl. noun, <i>enough, sufficient, +sufficiently</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>saxum, -ī</b>, n. <i>rock, stone</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>scelus, -eris</b>, n. <i>crime, sin</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>scēptrum, -ī</b>, n. <i>scepter</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>schola, -ae</b>, f. <i>school</i>, the higher grades. Cf. +<b>lūdus</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>scientia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>sciēns</b>, <i>knowing</i>], <i>skill, +knowledge, science</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>scindō, -ere, scidī, scissus</b>, <i>cut, tear</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus</b>, <i>know</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>b</i></a>). Cf. +<b>cognōscō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>write</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>scūtum, -ī</b>, n. <i>shield, buckler</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sē</b>, see <b>suī</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sēcum</b> = <b>sē</b> + <b>cum</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>secundus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [<b>sequor</b>, <i>follow</i>], +<i>following, next, second; favorable, successful</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>rēs secundae</b>, <i>prosperity</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sed</b>, conj. <i>but, on the contrary</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nōn sōlum ... sed etiam</b>, <i>not only ... but also</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sēdecim</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>sixteen</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessus</b>, <i>sit</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>semper</b>, adv. <i>always, forever</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>senātus, -ūs</b>, m. [cf. <b>senex</b>, <i>old</i>], <i>council of +elders, senate</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsus</b>, <i>feel, know, perceive</i> (<a href += "#sec420">§ 420. <i>d</i></a>). Cf. +<b>intellegō</b>, <b>videō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>septem</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>seven</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>septimus, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. <i>seventh</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sequor, -ī, secūtus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>follow</i> (<a href = +"#sec493">§ 493</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>serpēns, -entis</b>, f. [<b>serpō</b>, <i>crawl</i>], <i>serpent, +snake</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sertae, -ārum</b>, f. plur. <i>wreaths, garlands</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>servitūs, -ūtis</b>, f. [<b>servus</b>, <i>slave</i>], <i>slavery, +servitude</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>save, rescue, keep</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>servus, -ī</b>, m. <i>slave</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sēsē</b>, emphatic for <b>sē</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sex</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>six</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Sextus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Sextus</i>, a Roman first name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sī</b>, conj. <i>if</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sīc</b>, adv. <i>thus, in this way</i>. Cf. <b>ita</b>, +<b>tam</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Sicilia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Sicily</i>. See map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sīc-ut</b>, <i>just as, as if</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>signifer, -erī</b>, m. [<b>signum</b>, <i>standard</i>, + +<b>ferō</b>, <i>bear</i>], <i>standard bearer</i> (<a href = +"#page224">p. 224</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>signum, -ī</b>, n. <i>ensign, standard; signal</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>silva, -ae</b>, f. <i>wood, forest</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>similis, -e</b>, adj., compared <b>similior, simillimus</b>, <i>like, +similar</i> (<a href="#sec307">§ 307</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>simul</b>, adv. <i>at the same time</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>simul ac</b> or <b>simul atque</b>, conj. <i>as soon as</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sine</b>, prep. with abl. <i>without</i> (<a href = +"#sec209">§ 209</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>singulī, -ae, -a</b>, distributive numeral adj. <i>one at a time, +single</i> (<a href="#sec334">§ 334</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sinister, -tra, -trum</b>, adj. <i>left</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Sinuessa, -ae</b>, f. <i>Sinues´sa</i>, a town in Campania. See +map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sitis, -is</b> (acc. <b>-im</b>, abl. <b>-ī</b>, no plur.), f. +<i>thirst</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>situs, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>sinō</b>, <i>set</i>], +<i>situated, placed, lying</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>socius, socī</b>, m. <i>comrade, ally</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sōl, sōlis</b> (no gen. plur.), m. <i>sun</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>soleō, -ēre, solitus sum</b>, semi-dep. verb, <i>be wont, be +accustomed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sollicitus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>disturbed, anxious</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sōlum</b>, adv. [<b>sōlus</b>, <i>alone</i>], <i>alone, +only</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nōn sōlum ... sed etiam</b>, <i>not only ... but also</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sōlus, -a, -um</b> (gen. <b>-īus</b>, dat. <b>-ī</b>), adj. <i>alone, +only</i> (<a href="#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>solvō, -ere, solvī, solūtus</b>, <i>loosen, unbind</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>nāvem solvere</b>, <i>set sail</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<a name="page327"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>somnus, -ī</b>, m. <i>sleep</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>soror, -ōris</b>, f. <i>sister</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>spatium, spatī</b>, n. <i>space, distance; time; +opportunity</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>spectāculum, -ī</b>, n. [<b>spectō</b>, <i>look at</i>], <i>show, +spectacle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>look at, witness</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [spēs, <i>hope</i>], <i>hope, expect</i> +(<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>c</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>spēs, speī</b>, f. <i>hope</i> (<a href = +"#sec273">§ 273. 2</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>splendidē</b>, adv. [<b>splendidus</b>], compared <b>splendidius, +splendidissimē</b>, <i>splendidly, handsomely</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>splendidus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>brilliant, gorgeous, +splendid</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Stabiānus, -a, -um</b>, <i>Stabian</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>stabulum, -ī</b>, n. [cf. <b>stō</b>, <i>stand</i>], <i>standing +place, stable, stall</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>statim</b>, adv. [cf. <b>stō</b>, <i>stand</i>], <i>on the spot, at +once, instantly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>statua, -ae</b>, f. [<b>sistō</b>, <i>place, set</i>], +<i>statue</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>statuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus</b> [<b>status</b>, <i>station</i>], +<i>decide, determine</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>stilus, -ī</b>, m. <i>iron pencil, style</i> (<a href="#page210">p. +210</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>stō, -āre, stetī, status</b>, <i>stand</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>strātus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>sternō</b>, <i>spread</i>], +<i>paved</i> (of streets)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>strepitus, -ūs</b>, m. [<b>strepō</b>, <i>make a noise</i>], +<i>noise, din</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>stringō, -ere, strīnxī, strictus</b>, <i>bind tight; draw, +unsheathe</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>studeō, -ēre, -uī</b>, ——, <i>give attention to, be +eager</i>, with dat. (<a href="#sec501_14">§ 501.14</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>studium, studī</b>, n. [cf. <b>studeō</b>, <i>be eager for</i>], +<i>eagerness, desire, zeal, devotion</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>stultus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>foolish, stupid</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Stymphālis, -idis</b>, adj. f. <i>Stymphalian, of Stympha´lus</i>, a +lake in southern Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Stymphālus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Stympha´lus</i>, a district of southern +Greece with a town, mountain, and lake, all of the same name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>suādeō, -ēre, -sī, -sus</b>, <i>advise, recommend</i>, with subjv. of +purpose (<a href="#sec501_41">§ 501.41</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sub</b>, prep, with acc. and abl. <i>under, below, up to; at</i> or +<i>to the foot of</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sub-igō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctus</b> [<b>sub</b>, <i>under</i>, + +<b>agō</b>, <i>drive</i>], <i>subdue, reduce</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>subitō</b>, adv. [<b>subitus</b>, <i>sudden</i>], +<i>suddenly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sub-sequor, -ī, -secūtus sum</b>, dep. verb [<b>sub</b>, +<i>below</i>, + <b>sequor</b>, <i>follow</i>], <i>follow close after, +follow up</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>suc-cēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus</b> [<b>sub</b>, <i>below</i>, + +<b>cēdō</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>follow, succeed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>suī</b>, reflexive pron. <i>of himself (herself, itself, +themselves)</i> (<a href="#sec480">§ 480</a>).</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>sēcum</b> = <b>sē</b> + <b>cum</b>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>sēsē</b>, emphatic form of <b>sē</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sum, esse, fuī, futūrus</b>, irreg. verb, <i>be; exist</i> (<a href = +"#sec494">§ 494</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>summus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree, compared <b>superus, +superior, suprēmus</b> or <b>summus</b> (<a href = +"#sec312">§ 312</a>), <i>supreme, highest; best, +greatest</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>in summō colle</b>, <i>on the top of the hill</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sūmō, -ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>take up; assume, put +on</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>sūmere supplicium dē</b>, <i>inflict punishment on</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>super</b>, prep. with acc. and abl. <i>over, above</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>superbia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>superbus</b>, <i>proud</i>], <i>pride, +arrogance</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>superbus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>proud, haughty</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>superior</b>, comp. of <b>superus</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>superus</b>, <i>above</i>], <i>go +over; subdue, overcome; surpass, excel</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>super-sum, -esse, -fuī</b>, ——, <i>be over, survive</i>, +with dat. (<a href="#sec501_15">§ 501.15</a>)</div> + +<a name="page328"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>superus, -a, -um</b>, adj., compared <b>superior, suprēmus</b> or +<b>summus</b>, <i>above, upper</i> (<a href = +"#sec312">§ 312</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>supplicium, suppli´cī</b>, n. [<b>supplex</b>, <i>kneeling in +entreaty</i>], <i>punishment, torture</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>supplicium sūmere dē</b>, <i>inflict punishment on</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>supplicium dare</b>, <i>suffer punishment</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>surgō, -ere, surrēxī</b>, —— [<b>sub</b>, <i>from</i> +<i>below</i>, + <b>regō</b>, <i>straighten</i>], <i>rise</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sus-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus</b> [<b>sub</b>, <i>under</i>, + +<b>capiō</b>, <i>take</i>], <i>undertake, assume, begin</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>suspicor, -ārī, -ātus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>suspect, surmise, +suppose</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sus-tineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentus</b> [<b>sub</b>, <i>under</i>, + +<b>teneō</b>, <i>hold</i>], <i>hold up, bear, sustain, +withstand</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>suus, -a, -um</b>, reflexive possessive adj. and pron., <i>his, her, +hers, its, their, theirs</i> (<a href = +"#sec98">§ 98</a>)</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_T">T</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>T.</b>, abbreviation of <b>Titus</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>taberna, -ae</b>, f. <i>shop, stall</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tabula, -ae</b>, f. <i>tablet</i> for writing</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tālis, -e</b>, adj. <i>such</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>tālis ... quālis</b>, <i>such ... as</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tam</b>, adv. <i>so, such</i>. Cf. <b>ita, sīc</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tamen</b>, adv. <i>yet, however, nevertheless</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tandem</b>, adv. <i>at length, finally</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tangō, -ere, tetigī, tāctus</b>, <i>touch</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tantum</b>, adv. [<b>tantus</b>], <i>only</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tantus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>so great, such</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>tantus ... quantus</b>, <i>as large as</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tardus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>slow, late; lazy</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Tarpēia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Tarpeia</i> (pronounced <i>Tar-pē´ya</i>), +the maiden who opened the citadel to the Sabines</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Tarquinius, Tarqui´nī</b>, <i>Tarquin</i>, a Roman king. With the +surname <b>Superbus</b>, <i>Tarquin the Proud</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Tarracīna, -ae</b>, f. <i>Tarraci´na</i>, a town in Latium. See +map</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>taurus, -ī</b>, m. <i>bull</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tēctus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>tegō</b>, <i>cover</i>], +<i>covered, protected</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tēlum, -ī</b>, n. <i>weapon</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>temerē</b>, adv. <i>rashly, heedlessly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tempestās, -ātis</b>, f. [<b>tempus</b>, <i>time</i>] <i>storm, +tempest</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>templum, -ī</b>, n. <i>temple, shrine</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tempto, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>try, test; make</i> <i>trial of, +attempt</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tempus, -oris</b>, n. <i>time</i> (<a href="#sec464">§ 464. +2. <i>b</i></a>). <b>in reliquum tempus</b>, <i>for the +future</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>teneō, -ēre, tenuī</b>, ——, <i>hold, keep</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tergum, -ī</b>, n. <i>back</i>, <b>ā tergō</b>, <i>on the</i> +<i>rear</i>, <b>tergum vertere</b>, <i>retreat, flee</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ternī, -ae, -a</b>, distributive numeral adj. <i>three each, by +threes</i> (<a href="#sec334">§ 334</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>terra, -ae</b>, f. <i>earth, ground, land</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>orbis terrārum</b>, <i>the whole world</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>terror, -ōris</b>, m. [cf. <b>terreō</b>, <i>frighten</i>], <i>dread, +alarm, terror</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tertius, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. <i>third</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Teutonēs, -um</b>, m. <i>the Teutons</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>theātrum, -ī</b>, n. <i>theater</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Thēbae, -ārum</b>, f. <i>Thebes</i>, a city of Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Thēbānī, -ōrum</b>, m. <i>Thebans</i>, the people of Thebes</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>thermae, -ārum</b>, f. plur. <i>baths</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Thessalia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Thessaly</i>, a district of northern +Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Thrācia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Thrace</i>, a district north of Greece</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Tiberius, Tibe´rī</b>, m. <i>Tiberius</i>, a Roman first name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tībīcen, -īnis</b>, m. [cf. <b>tībia</b>, <i>pipe</i>], <i>piper, +flute player</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>timeō, -ēre, -uī</b>, ——, <i>fear, be afraid of</i>. Cf. +<b>vereor</b></div> + +<a name="page329"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>timor, -ōris</b>, m. [cf. <b>timeō</b>, <i>fear</i>], <i>fear, dread, +alarm</i>. Cf. <b>metus</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Tīryns, Tīrynthis</b>, f. <i>Ti´ryns</i>, an ancient town in southern +Greece, where Hercules served Eurystheus</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>toga, -ae</b>, f. [cf. <b>tegō</b>, <i>cover</i>], <i>toga</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tormentum, -ī</b>, n. <i>engine of war</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>totiēns</b>, adv. <i>so often, so many times</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tōtus, -a, -um</b>, (gen. <b>-īus</b>, dat. <b>-ī</b>), adj. <i>all, +the whole, entire</i> (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trā-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus</b> [<b>trāns</b>, <i>across</i>, + +<b>dō</b>, <i>deliver</i>], <i>give up, hand over, surrender, +betray</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trā-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus</b> [<b>trāns</b>, <i>across</i>, + +<b>dūcō</b>, <i>lead</i>], <i>lead across</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trahō, -ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>draw, pull, drag</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>multum trahere</b>, <i>protract, prolong much</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trā-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus</b> [<b>trāns</b>, <i>across</i>, + +<b>iaciō</b>, <i>hurl</i>], <i>throw across; transfix</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trā-nō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>trāns</b>, <i>across</i>, + +<b>nō</b>, <i>swim</i>], <i>swim across</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trāns</b>, prep. with acc. <i>across, over</i> (<a href = +"#sec340">§ 340</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus</b> [<b>trāns</b>, <i>across</i>, + +<b>eō</b>, <i>go</i>], <i>go across, cross</i> (<a href = +"#sec413">§ 413</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trāns-fīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus</b> [<b>trāns</b>, <i>through</i>, + +<b>fīgō</b>, <i>drive</i>], <i>transfix</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trānsitus</b>, —— (acc. <b>-um</b>, abl. <b>-ū</b>), m. +[cf. <b>trānseō</b>, <i>cross over</i>], <i>passage</i> +<i>across</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trēs, tria</b>, numeral adj. <i>three</i> (<a href = +"#sec479">§ 479</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trīduum, trīduī</b>, n. [<b>trēs</b>, <i>three</i>, + <b>diēs</b>, +<i>days</i>], <i>three days’ time, three days</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trīgintā</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>thirty</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>triplex, -icis</b>, adj. <i>threefold, triple</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trīstis, -e</b>, adj. <i>sad; severe, terrible</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trīstitia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>trīstis</b>, <i>sad</i>], <i>sadness, +sorrow</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>triumphō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>triumphus</b>, <i>triumph</i>], +<i>celebrate a triumph</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>triumphus, -ī</b>, m. <i>triumphal procession, triumph</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>triumphum agere</b>, <i>celebrate a triumph</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trucīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>cut to pieces, slaughter.</i> Cf. +<b>interficiō, necō, occīdō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tū, tuī</b> (plur. <b>vōs</b>), pers. pron. <i>thou, you</i> (<a href += "#sec480">§ 480</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tuba, -ae</b>, f. <i>trumpet</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Tullia, -ae</b>, f. <i>Tullia</i>, a Roman name</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tum</b>, adv. <i>then, at that time</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>turris, -is</b>, f. <i>tower</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. 2</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tūtus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>safe</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tuus, -a, -um</b>, possessive adj. and pron. <i>your, yours</i> (<a +href="#sec98">§ 98</a>)</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_U">U</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>ubi</b>, rel. and interrog. adv. <i>where, when</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ūllus, -a, -um</b> (gen. <b>-īus</b>, dat. <b>-ī</b>), adj. +<i>any</i> (<a href="#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ulterior, -ius, -ōris</b>, adj. in comp. degree, superl. +<b>ultimus</b>, <i>farther, more remote</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ultimus, -a, -um</b>, adj. in superl. degree (see <b>ulterior</b>), +<i>farthest</i> (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>umbra, -ae</b>, f. <i>shade</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>umerus, -ī</b>, m. <i>shoulder</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>umquam</b>, adv. <i>ever, at any time</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ūnā</b>, adv. [<b>ūnus</b>, <i>one</i>], <i>in the same place, at the +same time</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ūndecimus, -a, -um</b>, numeral adj. [<b>ūnus</b>, <i>one</i>, + +<b>decimus</b>, <i>tenth</i>], <i>eleventh</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>undique</b>, adv. <i>from every quarter, on</i> <i>all sides, +everywhere</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ūnus, -a, -um</b> (gen. <b>-īus</b>, dat. <b>-ī</b>), numeral adj. +<i>one; alone</i> (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>urbs, -is</b>, f. <i>city</i> (<a href = +"#sec465">§ 465. <i>a</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>urgeō, -ēre, ursī</b>, ——, <i>press upon, crowd, hem +in</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ūrus, -ī</b>, m. <i>wild ox, urus</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ūsque</b>, adv. <i>all the way, even</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ūsus, -ūs</b>, m. <i>use, advantage</i></div> + +<a name="page330"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ut</b>, conj. with the subjv. <i>that, in order that, that not</i> +(with verbs of fearing), <i>so that, to</i> (<a href = +"#sec350">§ 350. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>uter, -tra, -trum</b> (gen. <b>-īus</b>, dat. <b>-ī</b>), interrog. +pron. <i>which of two? which?</i> (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>uterque, utraque, utrumque</b>, indef. pron. <i>each of two, each, +both</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>ab utrāque parte</b>, <i>on both sides</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ūtilis, -e</b>, adj. [<b>ūtor</b>, <i>use</i>], <i>useful</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>utrimque</b>, adv. [<b>uterque</b>, <i>each of two</i>], <i>on each +side, on either hand</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ūva, -ae</b>, f. <i>grape, bunch of grapes</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>uxor, -ōris</b>, f. <i>wife</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="latin_V">V</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>vāgīna, -ae</b>, <i>sheath, scabbard</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vagor, -ārī, -ātus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>wander</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus</b>, <i>be powerful, be well</i>; in the +imperative as a greeting, <i>farewell</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>plūrimum valēre</b>, <i>have the most power</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>valētūdō, -inis</b>, f. [<b>valeō</b>, <i>be well</i>], +<i>health</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>validus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [cf. <b>valeō</b>, <i>be strong</i>], +<i>strong, able, well</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vallēs, -is</b>, f. <i>valley</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vāllum, -ī</b>, n. <i>rampart, earthworks</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>varius, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>bright-colored</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>vāstus</b>, <i>empty</i>], <i>(make +empty), devastate, lay waste</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vectīgal, -ālis</b>, n. <i>tax, tribute</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vehementer</b>, adv. [<b>vehemēns</b>, <i>eager</i>], compared +<b>vehementius, vehementissimē</b>, <i>eagerly, vehemently</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vehō, -ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>convey, carry</i>. In the passive +often in the sense of <i>ride, sail</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vel</b>, conj. <i>or</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>vel ... vel</b>, <i>either ... or</i>. Cf. <b>aut</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vēlōcitās, -ātis</b>, f. [<b>vēlōx</b>, <i>swift</i>], +<i>swiftness</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vēlōx, -ōcis</b>, adj. <i>swift, fleet</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vēlum, -ī</b>, n. <i>sail</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vēndō, -ere, vēndidī, vēnditus</b>, <i>sell</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>come, go</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ventus, -ī</b>, m. <i>wind</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>verbum, -ī</b>, n. <i>word</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>verba facere prō</b>, <i>speak in behalf of</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vereor, -ērī, -itus sum</b>, dep. verb, <i>fear; reverence, +respect</i> (<a href="#sec493">§ 493</a>). Cf. <b>timeō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Vergilius, Vergi´lī</b>, m. <i>Vergil</i>, the poet</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vergō, -ere, ——</b>, ——, <i>turn, +lie</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vērō</b>, adv. [<b>vērus</b>, <i>true</i>], <i>in truth, surely;</i> +conj. <i>but, however</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>tum vērō</b>, <i>then you may be sure</i>, introducing the climax of +a story</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vertō, -ere, -tī, -sus</b>, <i>turn, change</i>.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>tergum vertere</b>, <i>retreat, flee</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vērus, -a, -um</b>, <i>true, actual</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vesper, -erī</b>, m. <i>evening</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vester, -tra, -trum</b>, possessive adj. and pron. <i>your, yours</i> +(<a href="#sec98">§ 98</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vestīgium, vestī´gī</b>, n. [cf. <b>vestīgō</b>, <i>track</i>], +<i>footstep, track, trace</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vestīmentum, -ī</b>, n. [<b>vestis</b>, <i>clothing</i>], +<i>garment</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vestiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus</b> [<b>vestis</b>, <i>clothing</i>], +<i>clothe, dress</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vestis, -is</b>, f. <i>clothing, attire, garment, robe</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vestītus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [part. of <b>vestiō</b>, <i>clothe</i>], +<i>clothed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Vesuvius, Vesu´vi</b>, m. <i>Vesuvius</i>, the volcano near Pompeii. +See map</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>veterānus, -a, -um</b>, adj. <i>old, veteran</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vetō, -āre, -uī, -itus</b>, <i>forbid, prohibit</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vexō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>trouble, annoy</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>via, -ae</b>, f. <i>way, road, street; way, manner</i>. Cf. +<b>iter</b></div> + +<a name="page331"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>viātor, -ōris</b>, m. [<b>via</b>], <i>traveler</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>victor, -ōris</b>, m. [<b>vincō</b>, <i>conquer</i>], <i>conqueror, +victor</i>. In apposition, with adj. force <i> victorious</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>victōria, -ae</b>, f. [<b>victor</b>, <i>victor</i>], +<i>victory</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīcus, -ī</b>, m. <i>village</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsus</b>, <i>see, perceive</i>. Pass. <i>be seen; +seem</i> (<a href = +"#sec420">§ 420. <i>d</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vigilia, -ae</b>, f. [<b>vigil</b> <i>awake</i>], watch.</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>dē tertia vigilia</b>, <i>about the third watch</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīgintī</b>, indecl. numeral adj. <i>twenty</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīlicus, -ī</b>, m. [<b>vīlla</b>, <i>farm</i>], <i>steward, overseer +of a farm</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīlla, -ae</b>, f. <i>farm, villa</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vinciō, -īre, vīnxī, vīnctus</b>, <i>bind, tie, fetter</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vincō, -ere, vīcī, victus</b>, <i>conquer, defeat, overcome</i>. Cf. +<b>subigō, superō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīnea, -ae</b>, f. <i>shed</i> (<a href="#page219">p. +219</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīnum, -ī</b>, n. <i>wine</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>violenter</b>, adv. [<b>violentus</b>, <i>violent</i>], compared +<b>violentius, violentissimē</b>, <i>violently, furiously</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vir, virī</b>, m. <i>man, husband; hero</i> (<a href = +"#sec462">§ 462. <i>c</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>virīlis, -e</b>, adj. [vir, <i>man</i>], <i>manly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>virtūs, -ūtis</b>, f. [<b>vir</b>, <i>man</i>], <i>manliness;</i> +<i>courage, valor; virtue</i> (<a href = +"#sec464">§ 464. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīs</b>, (<b>vīs</b>), f. <i>strength, power, might, violence</i> (<a +href="#sec468">§ 468</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīta, -ae</b>, f. [cf. <b>vīvō</b>, <i>live</i>], <i>life</i>, +<b>vītam agere</b>, <i>spend or pass life</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīto, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>shun, avoid</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīvō, -ere, vīxī</b>, ——, <i>live</i>. Cf. <b>habitō, +incolō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vīvus, -a, -um</b>, adj. [cf. <b>vīvō</b>, <i>live</i>], <i>alive, +living</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vix</b>, adv. <i>scarcely, hardly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b>, <i>call, summon, invite</i>. Cf. +<b>appellō, nōminō</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>volō, -āre, -āvī, -ātūrus</b>, <i>fly</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>volō, velle, voluī</b>, ——, irreg. verb, <i>will, be +willing; wish</i> (<a href="#sec497">§ 497</a>). Cf. +<b>cupio</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>volūmen, -inis</b>, n. <i>roll, book</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Vorēnus, -ī</b>, m. <i>Vore´nus</i>, a centurion</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vōs</b>, pers. pron.; <i>you</i> (see <b>tū</b>) (<a href = +"#sec480">§ 480</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vōtum, -ī</b>, n. [neut. part. of <b>voveō</b>, <i>vow</i>], <i>vow, +pledge, prayer</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vōx, vōcis</b>, f. [cf. <b>vocō</b>, <i>call</i>], <i>voice, cry;</i> +<i>word</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vulnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus</b> [<b>vulnus</b>, <i>wound</i>], +<i>wound, hurt</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vulnus, -eris</b>, n. <i>wound, injury</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>vulpēs, -īs</b>, f. <i>fox</i></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="illustration"> +<img src="images/pic331.png" width="187" height="186" +alt="Roman knight on horseback" /><br /> +<span class="caption"> +EQUES ROMANUS</span></p> + +<h4><a name="page332"> </a>ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY</h4> + +<p> +This vocabulary contains only the words used in the English-Latin +exercises. For details not given here, reference may be made to the +Latin-English vocabulary. The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, after verbs indicate +the conjugation.</p> + +<p class="mylink"> +<a href="#english_A"> A </a> +<a href="#english_B"> B </a> +<a href="#english_C"> C </a> +<a href="#english_D"> D </a> +<a href="#english_E"> E </a> +<a href="#english_F"> F </a> +<a href="#english_G"> G </a> +<a href="#english_H"> H </a> +<a href="#english_I"> I </a> +<a href="#english_J"> J </a> +<a href="#english_K"> K </a> +<a href="#english_L"> L </a> +<a href="#english_M"> M </a> +<a href="#english_N"> N </a> +<a href="#english_O"> O </a> +<a href="#english_P"> P </a> +<a href="#english_Q"> Q </a> +<a href="#english_R"> R </a> +<a href="#english_S"> S </a> +<a href="#english_T"> T </a> +<a href="#english_U"> U </a> +<a href="#english_V"> V </a> +<a href="#english_W"> W </a> +<a href="#english_Y"> Y </a> +<a href="#english_Z"> Z </a> +</p> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_A">A</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>a, an</b>, <i>commonly not translated</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>able (be)</b>, possum, posse, potuī, ——(<a href = +"#sec495">§ 495</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>abode</b>, domicilium, domici´lī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>about</b> (<i>adv.</i>), circiter</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>about</b> (<i>prep.</i>), dē, <i>with abl.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>about to</b>, <i>expressed by fut. act. part.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>abundance</b>, cōpia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>across</b>, trāns, <i>with acc.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>active</b>, ācer, ācris, ācre</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>advance</b>, prōgredior, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>advantage</b>, ūsus, -ūs, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>advise</b>, moneō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>after</b> (<i>conj</i>.), postquam; <i>often expressed by the perf. +part.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>after</b> (<i>prep.</i>), post, <i>with acc.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>against</b>, in, contrā, <i>with acc.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>aid</b>, auxilium, auxi´lī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>all</b>, omnis, -e; tōtus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>allow</b>, patior, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ally</b>, socius, socī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>almost</b>, paene; ferē</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>alone</b>, ūnus, -a, -um; sōlus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>already</b>, iam</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>also</b>, quoque</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>always</b>, semper</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ambassador</b>, lēgātus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>among</b>, apud, <i>with acc.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ancient</b>, antīquus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>and</b>, et; atque (ac); -que</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>and so</b>, itaque</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Andromeda</b>, Andromeda, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>angry</b>, īrātus, -a, um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>animal</b>, animal, -ālis, <i>n.</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>announce</b>, nūntiō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>annoying</b>, molestus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>another</b>, alius, -a, -ud (<a href = +"#sec109">§ 109</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>any</b>, ūllus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>any one, anything</b>, quisquam, quicquam <i>or</i> quidquam (<a href += "#sec486">§ 486</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>appearance</b>, fōrma, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>appoint</b>, creō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>approach</b>, adpropinquō, 1, <i>with dat.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>are</b>, <i>used as auxiliary, not translated; as a copula</i>, sum +(<a href="#sec494">§ 494</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>arise</b>, orior, 4</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>arm</b>, bracchium, bracchī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>armed</b>, armātus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>arms</b>, arma, -ōrum, <i>n. plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>army</b>, exercitus, -ūs, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>around</b>, circum, <i>with acc.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>arrival</b>, adventus, -us, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>arrow</b>, sagitta, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>art of war</b>, rēs mīlitāris</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>as possible</b>, <i>expressed by</i> quam <i>and superl.</i>.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ask</b>, petō, 3; quaerō, 3; rogō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>assail</b>, oppugnō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>at</b>, in, <i>with acc. or abl.; with names of towns, locative case +or abl. without a preposition</i> (<a href = +"#sec268">§ 268</a>); <i>time +when, abl.</i></div> + +<a name="page333"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>at once</b>, statim</div> + +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>at the beginning of summer</b>, initā +aestāte</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Athens</b>, Athēnae, -ārum, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>attack</b>, impetus, -us, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>attempt</b>, cōnor, 1; temptō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>away from</b>, ā <i>or</i> ab, <i>with abl.</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_B">B</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>bad</b>, malus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>baggage</b>, impedīmenta, -ōrum, <i>n. plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bank</b>, rīpa, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>barbarians</b>, barbarī, -ōrum, <i>m. plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>battle</b>, proelium, proelī, <i>n.</i>; pugna, -ae. <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>be</b>, sum (<a href="#sec494">§ 494</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>be absent, be far</b>, absum (<a href = +"#sec494">§ 494</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>be afraid</b>, timeō, 2; vereor, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>be away</b>, absum (<a href="#sec494">§ 494</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>be in command of</b>, praesum, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec494">§§ 494</a>, <a href = +"#sec426">426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>be informed</b>, certior fīō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>be off, be distant</b>, absum (<a href = +"#sec494">§ 494</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>be without</b>, egeō, <i>with abl.</i> (<a href = +"#sec180">§ 180</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>beast (wild)</b>, fera, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>beautiful</b>, pulcher, -chra, -chrum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>because</b>, quia; quod</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>because of</b>, propter, <i>with acc.; or abl. of cause</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>before, heretofore</b> (<i>adv.</i>), anteā</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>before</b> (<i>prep.</i>), ante, <i>with acc.</i>;</div> + +<div class="index idiom"> +prō, <i>with abl.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>begin</b>, incipiō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>believe</b>, crēdō, 3, <i>with dat</i>. (<a href = +"#sec153">§ 153</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>belong to</b>, <i>predicate genitive</i> (<a href = +"#sec409">§ 409</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>best</b>, optimus, <i>superl. of</i> bonus</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>betray</b>, trādō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>better</b>, melior, <i>comp. of</i> bonus</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>between</b>, inter, <i>with acc.</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>billow</b>, fluctus, -us, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bird</b>, avis, -is, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>blood</b>, sanguis, -inis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>body</b>, corpus, -oris. <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bold</b>, audāx, -ācis; fortis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>boldly</b>, audācter; fortiter</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>boldness</b>, audācia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>booty</b>, praeda, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>both, each</b> (<i>of two</i>), uterque, utraque, utrumque</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>both ... and</b>, et ... et</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>boy</b>, puer, -erī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>brave</b>, fortis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bravely</b>, fortiter</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bridge</b>, pōns, pontis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bright</b>, clārus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>bring back</b>, reportō, 1</div> + +<b>bring upon</b>, īnferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus, +<div class="index word"> +<i>with acc. and dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec426">§ 426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>brother</b>, frāter, -tris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>building</b>, aedificium, aedifi´cī. <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>burn</b>, cremō, 1; incendō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>business</b>, negōtium, negō´tī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>but, however</b>, autem, sed</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>by</b>, ā, ab, <i>with abl.; denoting means, abl. alone; sometimes +implied in a participle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>by night</b>, noctū</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_C">C</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cæsar</b>, Caesar, -aris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>calamity</b>, calamitās, -ātis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>call</b>, vocō, 1; appellō, 1; nōminō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>call together</b>, convocō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>camp</b>, castra, -ōrum, <i>n. plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>can, could</b>, possum, posse, potuī, —— (<a href = +"#sec495">§ 495</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>capture</b>, capiō, 3; occupō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>care</b>, cūra, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>care for</b>, cūrō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>careful</b>, attentus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>carefulness</b>, dīligentia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>carry</b>, ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus (<a href = +"#sec498">§ 498</a>); portō, 1</div> + +<a name="page334"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>carry on</b>, gerō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cart</b>, carrus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cause</b>, causa, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cavalry</b>, equitātus, -ūs, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cease</b>, cessō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cepheus</b>, Cēpheus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>certain (a)</b>, quīdam, quaedam, quoddam (quiddam) (<a href = +"#sec485">§ 485</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>chicken</b>, gallīna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>chief</b>, prīnceps, -cipis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>children</b>, līberī, -ōrum, <i>m. plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>choose</b>, dēligō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>choose, elect</b>, creō, 1</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>citizen</b>, cīvis, -is, <i>m. and f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>city</b>, urbs, urbis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>clear</b>, clārus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cohort</b>, cohors, -rtis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>come</b>, veniō, 4</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>command</b>, imperō, 1, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec45">§ 45</a>); iubeō, 2; praesum, <i>with +dat.</i> (<a href="#sec426">§ 426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>commit</b>, committō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>commonwealth</b>, rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>concerning</b>, dē, <i>with abl.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>conquer</b>, superō, 1; vincō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>construct</b> (<i>a ditch</i>), perdūcō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>consul</b>, cōnsul, -ulis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>contrary to</b>, contrā, <i>with acc.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Corinth</b>, Corinthus, -ī, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cornelia</b>, Cornēlia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Cornelius</b>, Cornēlius, Cornē´li, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>corselet</b>, lōrīca, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cottage</b>, casa, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>country</b>, <i>as distinguished from the city</i>, rūs, rūris, +<i>n.; as territory</i>, fīnēs, -ium, <i>m., plur. of</i> fīnis</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>courage</b>, virtūs, -ūtis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>crime</b>, scelus, -eris, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>cross</b>, trānseō, 4 (<a href="#sec499">§ 499</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>crown</b>, corōna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_D">D</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>daily</b>, cotīdiē</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>danger</b>, perīculum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>daughter</b>, fīlia, -ae, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec67">§ 67</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>day</b>, diēs, -ēī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>daybreak</b>, prīma lūx</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dear</b>, cārus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>death</b>, mors, mortis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>deed</b>, rēs, reī, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>deep</b>, altus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>defeat</b>, calamitās, -ātis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>defend</b>, dēfendō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>delay</b> (<i>Noun</i>), mora, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>delay</b> (<i>verb</i>), moror, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>demand</b>, postulō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dense</b>, dēnsus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>depart</b>, discēdō, 3; exeō, 4; proficīscor, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dependent</b>, cliēns, -entis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>design</b>, cōnsilium, consi´lī <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>desire</b>, cupiō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>destroy</b>, dēleō, 2</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>Diana</b>, Diāna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>differ</b>, differō, differre, distulī, dīlātus (<a href = +"#sec498">§ 498</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>different</b>, dissimilis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>difficult</b>, difficilis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>difficulty</b>, difficultās, -ātis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>diligence</b>, dīligentia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dinner</b>, cēna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>disaster</b>, calamitās, -ātis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>distant (be)</b>, absum, -esse, āfuī, āfutūrus (<a href = +"#sec494">§ 494</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ditch</b>, fossa, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>do</b>, agō, 3; faciō, 3; <i>when used as auxiliary, not +translated</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>down from</b>, dē, <i>with abl.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>drag</b>, trahō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>drive</b>, agō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dwell</b>, habitō, 1; incolō, 3; vīvō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>dwelling</b>, aedificium, aedifi´cī, <i>n.</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> + +<a name="page335"> </a> + +<div class="letterhead"> +<div class="index word"> +<a name="english_E">E</a></div></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>each</b>, quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) (<a href = +"#sec484">§ 484</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>each of two</b>, uterque, utraque, utrumque</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>each other</b>, inter <i>with acc. of a reflexive</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>eager</b>, ācer, ācris, ācre; alacer, alacris, alacre</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>eager (be)</b>, studeō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>eagerness</b>, studium, studī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>eagle</b>, aquila, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>easily</b>, facile</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>easy</b>, facilis, -e</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>either ... or</b>, aut ... aut</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>empire</b>, imperium, impe´rī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>employ</b>, negōtium dō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>encourage</b>, hortor, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>enemy</b>, hostis, -is, <i>m. and f.</i>; inimīcus, -ī, +<i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>enough</b>, satis</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>entire</b>, tōtus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>expectation</b>, opīniō, -ōnis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>eye</b>, oculus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_F">F</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>faithless</b>, perfidus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>famous</b>, clārus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>far</b>, longē</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>farmer</b>, agricola, -ae, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>farther</b>, ulterior, -ius</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>father</b>, pater, patris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fatherland</b>, patria, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>favor</b>, faveō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>favorable</b>, idōneus, -a,-um; secundus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fear</b>, metus, -ūs, <i>m.</i>; timor, -ōris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fear, be afraid</b>, timeō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>few</b>, paucī, -ae, -a</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>field</b>, ager, agrī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fifteen</b>, quīndecim</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fight</b>, contendō, 3; pugnō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>find</b>, reperiō, 4</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>finish</b>, cōnficiō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fire</b>, ignis, -is, <i>m.</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>firmness</b>, cōnstantia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>first</b>, prīmus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>flee</b>, fugiō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>flight</b>, fuga, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fly</b>, volō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>foe</b>, see <b>enemy</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>follow close after</b>, subsequor, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>food</b>, cibus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>foot</b>, pēs, pedis, <i>m.</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>foot-soldier</b>, pedes, -itis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>for</b> (<i>conj.</i>), enim, nam</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>for</b> (<i>prep.</i>), <i>sign of dat.</i>; dē, prō, <i>with abl.; +to express purpose</i>, ad, <i>with gerundive; implied in acc. of time +and of extent of space</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>for a long time</b>, diū</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>forbid</b>, vetō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>forces</b>, cōpiae, -ārum, <i>f., plur. of</i> cōpia</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>forest</b>, silva, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fort</b>, castellum, -ī, <i>n.</i>; castrum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fortification</b>, mūnitiō, -ōnis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fortify</b>, mūniō, 4</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fortune</b>, fortūna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>fourth</b>, quārtus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>free</b>, līber, -era, -erum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>free, liberate</b>, līberō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frequent</b>, crēber, -bra, -brum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>friend</b>, amīcus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>friendly</b> (<i>adj.</i>), amīcus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>friendly</b> (<i>adv.</i>), amīcē</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>friendship</b>, amīcitia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>frighten</b>, perterreō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>from</b>, ā <i>or</i> ab, dē, ē, ex, <i>with abl. Often expressed by +the separative ablative without a prep.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>from each other</b>, inter, <i>with acc. of a reflexive +pron.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>full</b>, plēnus, -a, -um</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_G">G</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<a name="page336"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Galba</b>, Galba, -ae, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<i>garland</i>, corōna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>garrison</b>, praesidium, praesi´dī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gate</b>, porta, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Gaul</b>, Gallia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Gaul</b> (<b>a</b>), Gallus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>general</b>, imperātor, -ōris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Geneva</b>, Genāva, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gentle</b>, lēnis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>German</b>, Germānus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Germans</b> (<b>the</b>), Germānī, -ōrum, <i>m. plur</i>.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Germany</b>, Germānia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>get</b> (<i>dinner</i>), parō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>girl</b>, puella, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>give</b>, dō, dare, dedī, datus</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>give over, surrender</b>, dēdō, 3; trādō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>give up</b>, omittō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>go</b>, eō, 4 (<a href="#sec499">§ 499</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>go forth</b>, prōgredior, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>god</b>, deus, -ī, <i>m.</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>goddess</b>, dea, -ae, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec67">§ 67</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>gold</b>, aurum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>good</b>, bonus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>grain</b>, frūmentum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>grain supply</b>, rēs frūmentāria</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>great</b>, ingēns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>greatest</b>, maximus, -a, -um; summus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>guard</b>, praesidium, praesi´dī, <i>n.</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_H">H</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>hand</b>, manus, -ūs, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>happy</b>, laetus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>harbor</b>, portus, -ūs, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hasten</b>, contendō, 3; mātūrō, 1; properō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hateful</b>, invīsus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>haughty</b>, superbus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>have</b>, habeō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>have no power</b>, nihil possum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>he</b>, is; hic; iste; ille; <i>or not expressed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>head</b>, caput, -itis, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hear</b>, audiō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>heart</b>, animus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>heavy</b>, gravis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Helvetii</b> (<b>the</b>), Helvētiī, -ōrum, <i>m. plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hem in</b>, contineō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hen</b>, gallīna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>her</b>, eius; huius; istīus; illīus; <i>reflexive</i>, suus, -a, -um +(<a href="#sec116">§ 116</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hide</b>, abdō, 3</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>high</b>, altus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>highest</b>, summus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hill</b>, collis, -is, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>himself</b>, suī. See <b>self</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hindrance</b>, impedīmentum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>his</b>, eius; huius; istīus; illīus; <i>reflexive</i>, suus, -a, -um +(<a href="#sec116">§ 116</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hither</b>, citerior, -ius (<a href = +"#sec315">§ 315</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hold</b>, teneō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>home</b>, domus, -ūs, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>).</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>at home</b>, domī (<a href = +"#sec267">§ 267</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hope</b> (<i>Noun</i>), spēs, speī, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hope</b> (<i>verb</i>), spērō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>horse</b>, equus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>horseman</b>, eques, -itis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hostage</b>, obses, -idis, <i>m. and f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hostile</b>, inimīcus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hour</b>, hōra, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>house</b>, domicilium, domici´lī, <i>n.</i>; domus, -ūs, <i>f.</i> +(<a href="#sec468">§ 468</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>hurl</b>, iaciō, 3</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_I">I</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>I</b>, ego (<a href="#sec280">§ 280</a>); +<i>or not expressed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>if</b>, sī. <b>if not</b>, nisi</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ill</b>, aeger, -gra, -grum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>immediately</b>, statim</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in</b> (<i>of place</i>), in, <i>with abl.; (of time or of +specification) abl. without prep.</i></div> + +<a name="page337"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in order that</b>, ut, <i>with subjv.</i>;</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>in order that not, lest</b>, nē, <i>with subjv.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>in vain</b>, frūstrā</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>industry</b>, dīligentia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inflict injuries upon</b>, iniūriās īnferō <i>with dat.</i> (<a href += "#sec426">§ 426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inflict punishment on</b>, supplicium sūmō de</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>inform some one</b>, aliquem certiōrem faciō</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>injure</b>, noceō, 2, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec153">§ 153</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>injury</b>, iniūria, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>into</b>, in, <i>with acc.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>intrust</b>, committō, 3; mandō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>invite</b>, vocō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>is</b>, <i>used as auxiliary, not translated; as a copula</i>, sum +(<a href="#sec494">§ 494</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>island</b>, īnsula, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>it</b>, is; hie; iste; ille; <i>or not expressed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Italy</b>, Italia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>its</b>, eius; huius; istīus; illīus; <i>reflexive</i>, suus, -a, -um +(<a href="#sec116">§ 116</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>itself</b>, suī. See <b>self</b></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_J">J</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>join battle</b>, proelium committō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>journey</b>, iter, itineris, <i>n.</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>judge</b> (<i>Noun</i>), iūdex, -icis, <i>m.</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>judge</b> (<i>verb</i>), iūdicō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Julia</b>, Iūlia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>just now</b>, nūper</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_K">K</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>keep</b>, contineō, 2; prohibeo, 2; teneō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>keep on doing something</b>, <i>expressed by the impf. +indic.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>kill</b>, interficiō, 3; necō, 1 ; occīdō, 3</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>king</b>, rēx, rēgis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>kingdom</b>, rēgnum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>know</b>, cognōscō, 3, <i>in perf</i>.; sciō, 4</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_L">L</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>labor</b> (<i>Noun</i>), labor, -ōris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>labor</b> (<i>verb</i>), labōrō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lack</b> (<i>Noun</i>), inopia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lack</b> (<i>verb</i>), egeō, 2, <i>with abl.</i> (<a href = +"#sec180">§ 180</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lady</b>, domina, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lake</b>, lacus, -ūs, <i>m.</i> (<a href = +"#sec260">§ 260. 2</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>land</b>, terra, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>language</b>, lingua, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>large</b>, ingēns, -entis ; magnus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>larger</b>, maior, maius</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lately</b>, nūper</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Latona</b>, Lātōna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>law</b>, lēx, lēgis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lay waste</b>, vāstō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lead</b>, dūco, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>leader</b>, dux, ducis, <i>m. and f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>learn, know</b>, cognōscō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>leave, depart from</b>, discēdō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>leave behind, abandon</b>, relinquō, 3</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>left</b>, sinister, -tra, -trum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>legion</b>, legiō, -ōnis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>legionaries</b>, legiōnāriī, -ōrum, <i>m. plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>length</b>, longitūdō, -inis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lest</b>, nē, <i>with subjv.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>letter</b> (<i>of the alphabet</i>), littera, -ae, <i>f</i>; (<i>an +epistle</i>) litterae, -ārum, <i>f. plur</i>.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>lieutenant</b>, lēgātus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>light</b>, lūx, lūcis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>like</b> (<i>adj.</i>), similis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>like, love</b>, amō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>line of battle</b>, aciēs, aciēī, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>little</b>, parvus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>live</b>, habitō, 1; incolō, 3; vīvō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>long</b>, longus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>long, for a long time</b>, diū</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>long for</b>, dēsīderō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>look after</b>, cūrō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>love</b>, amō, 1</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> + +<a name="page338"> </a> + +<div class="letterhead"> +<div class="index word"> +<a name="english_M">M</a></div></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>maid, maid servant</b>, ancilla, -ae,<i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>make</b>, faciō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>make war upon</b>, bellum īnferō <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec426">§ 426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>man</b>, homō, -inis, <i>m. and f.</i>; vir, virī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>man-of-war</b>, nāvis longa</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>many</b>, multī, -ae, -a, <i>plur. of</i> multus</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>march</b>, iter, itineris, <i>n.</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Mark</b>, Mārcus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>marriage</b>, mātrimōnium, mātrimō´nī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>master</b>, dominus, -ī, <i>m.</i>; magīster, -trī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>matter</b>, negōtium, negō´tī, <i>n.</i>; rēs, reī, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>means, by means of</b>, <i>the abl.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>messenger</b>, nūntius, nūntī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>midnight</b>, media nox</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mile</b>, mīlle passuum (<a href = +"#sec331">§ 331. <i>b</i></a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>miles</b>, mīlia passuum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mind</b>, animus, -ī, <i>m.</i>; mēns, mentis, <i>f.</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>mine</b>, meus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mistress</b>, domina, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>money</b>, pecūnia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>monster</b>, mōnstrum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>month</b>, mēnsis, -is, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>moon</b>, lūna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>more</b> (<i>adj.</i>), plūs, plūris (<a href = +"#sec313">§ 313</a>); <i>or a comparative. +Adverb</i>, magis</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>most</b> (<i>adj.</i>), plūrimus, -a, -um; <i>superl. degree. +Adverb</i>, maximē; plūrimum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mother</b>, māter, mātris, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>mountain</b>, mōns, montis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>move</b>, moveō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>moved</b>, commōtus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>much (by)</b>, multō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>multitude</b>, multitūdō, -inis. <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>my</b>, meus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>myself</b>, mē, <i>reflexive</i>. See <b>self</b></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_N">N</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>name</b>, nōmen, -inis, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nation</b>, gēns, gentis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>near</b>, propinquus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nearest</b>, proximus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nearly</b>, ferē</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>neighbor</b>, fīnitimus, -ī, <i>in.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>neighboring</b>, fīinitimus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>neither</b>, neque <i>or</i> nec;</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>neither ... nor</b>, neque (nec) ... neque (nec)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>never</b>, numquam</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nevertheless</b>, tamen</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>new</b>, novus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>next day</b>, postrīdiē eius diēī</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>next to</b>, proximus, -a, -um</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>night</b>, nox, noctis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nine</b>, novem</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>no</b>, minimē; <i>or repeat verb with a negative</i> (<a href = +"#sec210">§ 210</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>no, none</b>, nūllus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec109">§ 109</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>no one</b>, nēmō, nūllīus</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nor</b>, neque <i>or</i> nec</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>not</b>, nōn</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>not even</b>, nē ... quidem</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>not only ... but also</b>, nōn sōlum ... sed etiam</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>nothing</b>, nihil <i>or</i> nihilum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>now</b>, nunc</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>number</b>, numerus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_O">O</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>obey</b>, pāreō, 2, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec153">§ 153</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>of</b>, <i>sign of gen.</i>;</div> + +<div class="index idiom"> +dē, <i>with abl.</i>;</div> + +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>out of</b>, ē <i>or</i> ex, <i>with abl.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>often</b>, saepe</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>on</b> (<i>of place</i>), in, <i>with abl.</i>;</div> + +<div class="index idiom"> +(<i>of time</i>) <i>abl. without prep.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>on account of</b>, propter, <i>with acc.; or abl. of cause.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>on all sides</b>, undique</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>once</b> (<i>upon a time</i>), ōlim</div> + +<a name="page339"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>one</b>, ūnus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>one ... another</b>, alius ... alius (<a href = +"#sec110">§ 110</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>only</b> (<i>adv.</i>), sōlum; tantum</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>opportune</b>, opportunus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>opposite</b>, adversus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>oracle</b>, ōrāculum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>orator</b>, ōrātor, -ōris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>order</b>, imperō, 1; iubeō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ornament</b>, ōrnāmentum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>other</b>, alius, -a, -ud (<a href = +"#sec109">§ 109</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>others (the)</b>, reliquī, -ōrum, <i>m. plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ought</b>, dēbeō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>our</b>, noster, -tra, -trum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ourselves</b>, nōs, <i>as reflexive object.</i> See <b>self</b></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>overcome</b>, superō, 1 ; vincō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>own (his, her, its, their)</b>, suus, -a, -um</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_P">P</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>part</b>, pars, partis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>peace</b>, pāx, pācis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>people</b>, populus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Perseus</b>, Perseus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>persuade</b>, persuādeō, 2, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec153">§ 153</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pitch camp</b>, castra pōnō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>place</b> (<i>Noun</i>), locus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>place, arrange</b>, conlocō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>place, put</b>, pōnō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>place in command</b>, praeficiō, 3, <i>with acc. and dat.</i> (<a +href="#sec426">§ 426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>plan (a)</b>, cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>please</b>, placeō, 2, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec154">§ 154</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pleasing</b>, grātus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>plow</b>, arō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Pompeii</b>, Pompēiī, -ōrum, <i>m. plur.</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>possible (as)</b>, <i>expressed by</i> quam <i>and superl</i>.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>powerful (be)</b>, valeō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>praise</b>, laudō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prefer</b>, mālō, mālle, māluī, —— (<a href = +"#sec497">§ 497</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>prepare for</b>, parō, 1, <i>with acc.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>press hard</b>, premō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>protection</b>, fidēs, fideī, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>province</b>, prōvincia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>public</b>, pūblicus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Publius</b>, Pūblius, Pūblī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>punishment</b>, poena, -ae, <i>f.</i>; supplicium, suppli´cī, +<i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>purpose, for the purpose of</b>, ut, quī, <i>or</i> quō, <i>with +subjv.</i>;</div> + +<div class="index idiom"> +ad, <i>with gerund or gerundive;</i> causā, <i>following the genitive of +a gerund or gerundive</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>pursue</b>, īnsequor, 3</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_Q">Q</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>queen</b>, rēgīna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>quickly</b>, celeriter</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>quite</b>, <i>expressed by the comp. degree</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_R">R</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>rampart</b>, vāllum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rear</b>, novissimum agmen</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>reason</b>, causa, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>receive</b>, accipiō, 3; excipiō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>recent</b>, recēns, -entis</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>recently</b>, nūper</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>redoubt</b>, castellum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>refuse</b>, recūsō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>remain</b>, maneō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>remaining</b>, reliquus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>reply</b>, respondeō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>report</b> (<i>Noun</i>), fama, -ae, <i>f.</i>; rūmor, -ōris, +<i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>report</b> (<i>verb</i>), adferō; dēferō; referō (<a href = +"#sec498">§ 498</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>republic</b>, rēs pūblica</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>require</b>, postulō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>resist</b>, resistō, 3, <i>with dat.</i> (<a href = +"#sec154">§ 154</a>)</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>rest (the)</b>, reliquī, -ōrum, <i>m. plur.</i></div> + +<a name="page340"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>restrain</b>, contineō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>retainer</b>, cliēns, -entis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>retreat</b>, pedem referō; terga vertō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>return</b>, redeō, 4; revertor, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>revolution</b>, rēs novae</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Rhine</b>, Rhēnus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>right</b>, dexter, -tra, -trum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>river</b>, flūmen, -inis, <i>n.</i>; fluvius, fluvī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>road</b>, via, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Roman</b>, Rōmānus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Rome</b>, Rōma, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>row</b>, ōrdō, -inis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rule</b>, regō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>rumor</b>, fāma, -ae, <i>f.</i>; rūmor, -ōris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>run</b>, currō, 3</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_S">S</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>sacrifice</b>, sacrum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>safety</b>, salūs, -ūtis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sail</b>, nāvigō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sailor</b>, nauta, -ae, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sake, for the sake of</b>, causā, <i>following a gen.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>same</b>, īdem, eadem, idem (<a href = +"#sec287">§ 287</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>savages</b>, barbarī, -ōrum, <i>m. plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>save</b>, servō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>say</b>, dīcō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>school</b>, lūdus, -ī, <i>m.</i>; schola, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>scout</b>, explōrātor, -ōris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sea</b>, mare, -is, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>second</b>, secundus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>see</b>, videō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>seek</b>, petō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>seem</b>, videor, 2, <i>passive of</i> videō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>seize</b>, occupō, 1; rapiō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>self</b>, ipse, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec286">§ 286</a>); suī (<a href = +"#sec281">§ 281</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>send</b>, mittō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>set fire to</b>, incendō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>set out</b>, proficīscor, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>seven</b>, septem</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Sextus</b>, Sextus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>she</b>, ea; haec; ista; illa (<a href = +"#sec115">§ 115</a>); <i>or not expressed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ship</b>, nāvis, -is, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 1</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>short</b>, brevis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>shout</b>, clāmor, -ōris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>show</b>, dēmōnstrō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>Sicily</b>, Sicilia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sick</b>, aeger, -gra, -grum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>side</b>, latus, -eris, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>siege</b>, obsidiō, -ōnis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>since</b>, cum, <i>with subjv.</i> (<a href = +"#sec396">§ 396</a>); <i>the abl. abs.</i> (<a href += "#sec381">§ 381</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sing</b>, canō, 3; cantō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sister</b>, soror, -ōris, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sit</b>, sedeō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>size</b>, magnitūdō, -inis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>skillful</b>, perītus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>slave</b>, servus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>slavery</b>, servitiūs, -ūtis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>slow</b>, tardus, -a, -um</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>small</b>, parvus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>snatch</b>, rapiō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>so</b>, ita; sīc; tam</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>so great</b>, tantus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>so that</b>, ut; <b>so that not</b>, ut nōn</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>soldier</b>, mīles, -itis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>some</b>, <i>often not expressed</i>; quis (quī), qua (quae), quid +(quod); aliquī, aliqua, aliquod</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>some one</b>, quis; aliquis (<a href = +"#sec487">§ 487</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>some ... others</b>, aliī ... aliī (<a href = +"#sec110">§ 110</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>something</b>, quid; aliquid (<a href = +"#sec487">§ 487</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>son</b>, fīlius, fīlī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>soon</b>, mox</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>space</b>, spatium, spatī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>spear</b>, pīlum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>spirited</b>, ācer, ācris, ācre; alacer, alacris, alacre</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>spring</b>, fōns, fontis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>spur</b>, calcar, -āris, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>stand</b>, stō, 1</div> + +<a name="page341"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>state</b>, cīvitās, -ātis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>station</b>, conlocō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>steadiness</b>, cōnstantia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>stone</b>, lapis, -idis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>storm</b>, oppugnō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>story</b>, fābula, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>street</b>, via, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>strength</b>, vīs, (vīs), <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>strong</b>, fortis, -e; validus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sturdy</b>, validus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>such</b>, tālis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>suddenly</b>, subitō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>suffer punishment</b>, supplicium dō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sufficiently</b>, satis</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>suitable</b>, idōneus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>summer</b>, aestās, -ātis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sun</b>, sōl, sōlis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>supplies</b>, commeātus, -ūs, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>surrender</b>, trādō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>suspect</b>, suspicor, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>swift</b>, celer, -eris, -ere; vēlōx, -ōcis</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>sword</b>, gladius, gladī, <i>m.</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_T">T</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>take, capture</b>, capiō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>take part in</b>, intersum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus, <i>with dat.</i> +(<a href="#sec426">§ 426</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>take possession of</b>, occupō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tall</b>, altus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>task</b>, opus, operis, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>teach</b>, doceō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>teacher</b>, magister, -trī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tear</b> (<i>Noun</i>), lacrima, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tell</b>, dīcō, 3; nārrō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>ten</b>, decem</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>terrified</b>, perterritus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>terrify</b>, perterreō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>than</b>, quam</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>that</b> (<i>conj. after verbs of saying and the like</i>), <i>not +expressed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>that</b> (<i>pron.</i>), is; iste; ille</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>that, in order that</b>, <i>in purpose clauses</i>, ut; <i>after +verbs of fearing</i>, nē (<a href = +"#sec349">§§ 349</a>, +<a href="#sec366">366</a>, +<a href="#sec372">372</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>that not, lest</b>, <i>in purpose clauses</i>, nē; <i>after verbs of +fearing</i>, ut (<a href="#sec349">§§ 349</a>, <a +href="#sec366">366</a>, <a href = +"#sec372">372</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>the</b>, <i>not expressed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>their</b>, <i>gen. plur. of</i> is; <i>reflexive</i>, suus, -a, -um +(<a href="#sec116">§ 116</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>their own</b>, suus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec116">§ 116</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>then, at that time</b>, tum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>then, in the next place</b>, deinde, tum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>there</b>, <i>as expletive, not expressed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>there, in that place</b>, ibi</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>therefore</b>, itaque</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>they</b>, iī; hī; istī; illī; <i>or not expressed</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>think</b>, arbitror, 1; exīstimō, 1; putō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>third</b>, tertius, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>this</b>, hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>though</b>, cum. <i>with subjv.</i> (<a href = +"#sec396">§ 396</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>thousand</b>, mīlle (<a href="#sec479">§ 479</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>three</b>, trēs, tria (<a href="#sec479">§ 479</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>through</b>, per, <i>with acc.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>thy</b>, tuus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>time</b>, tempus, -oris, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>to</b>, <i>sign of dat.</i>; ad, in, <i>with acc.; expressing +purpose</i>, ut, quī, <i>with subjv.</i>; ad, <i>with gerund or +gerundive</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>to each other</b>, inter, <i>with acc. of a reflexive pron.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>to-day</b>, hodiē</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tooth</b>, dēns, dentis, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>top of</b>, summus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tower</b>, turris, -is, <i>f.</i> (<a href = +"#sec243">§ 243. 2</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>town</b>, oppidum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>townsman</b>, oppidānus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trace</b>, vestīgium, vestī´gī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trader</b>, mercātor, -ōris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>train</b>, exerceō, 2</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tree</b>, arbor, -oris, <i>f.</i></div> + +<a name="page342"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>tribe</b>, gēns, gentis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>troops</b>, cōpiae, -ārum, <i>f. plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>true</b>, vērus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>trumpet</b>, tuba, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>try</b>, cōnor, 1; temptō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>twelve</b>, duodecim</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>two</b>, duo, duae, duo (<a href="#sec479">§ 479</a>)</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_U">U</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>under</b>, sub, <i>with acc. or abl.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>undertake</b>, suscipiō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>unharmed</b>, incolumis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>unless</b>, nisi</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>unlike</b>, dissimilis, -e</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>unwilling</b> (<b>be</b>), nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —— (<a +href="#sec497">§ 497</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>up to</b>, sub, <i>with acc.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>us</b>, nōs, <i>acc. plur. of</i> ego</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_V">V</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>very</b>, <i>superl. degree</i>; maximē; ipse, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec285">§ 285</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>victor</b>, victor, -ōris, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>victory</b>, victōria, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>village</b>, vīcus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>violence</b>, vīs, (vīs), <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>violently</b>, vehementer</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>voice</b>, vōx, vōcis, <i>f.</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_W">W</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>wage</b>, gerō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wagon</b>, carrus. -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wall</b>, mūrus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>want</b>, inopia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>war</b>, bellum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>watch</b>, vigilia, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>water</b>, aqua, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wave</b>, fluctus, -ūs, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>way</b>, iter, itineris, <i>n.</i> (<a href = +"#sec468">§ 468</a>); via, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>way, manner</b>, modus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>we</b>, nōs, <i>plur. of</i> ego; <i>or not expressed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>weak</b>, īnfīrmus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>weapons</b>, arma, -ōrum, <i>n. plur.</i>; tēla, -ōrum, <i>n. +plur.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wear</b>, gerō, 3</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>weary</b>, dēfessus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>what</b>, quis (quī), quae, quid (quod) (<a href = +"#sec483">§ 483</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>when</b>, ubi; cum (<a href = +"#sec396">§ 396</a>); <i>often expressed by a +participle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>where</b>, ubi</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>which</b>, quī, quae, quod (<a href="#sec482">§ 482</a>); +<b>which of two</b>, uter, utra, utrum (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>while</b>, <i>expressed by a participle</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>whither</b>, quō</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>who</b> (<i>rel.</i>), quī, quae (<a href = +"#sec482">§ 482</a>); (<i>interrog.</i>) quis (<a href = +"#sec483">§ 483</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>whole</b>, tōtus, -a, -um (<a href = +"#sec108">§ 108</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>whose</b>, cuius; quōrum, quārum, quōrum, <i>gen. of</i> quī, quae, +quod, <i>rel.</i>; <i>or of</i> quis, quid, <i>interrog</i>.</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>why</b>, cūr</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>wicked</b>, malus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wide</b>, lātus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>width</b>, lātitūdō, -inis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wild beast</b>, fera, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>willing</b> (<b>be</b>), volō, velle, voluī, —— (<a href += "#sec497">§ 497</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>win</b> (<i>a victory</i>), reportō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wind</b>, ventus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wine</b>, vīnum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wing</b>, cornū, -ūs, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>winter</b>, hiems, -emis, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wisdom</b>, cōnsilium, consi´lī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wish</b>, cupiō, 3; volō, velle, voluī, —— (<a href = +"#sec497">§ 497</a>);</div> +<div class="index idiom"> +<b>wish not</b>, nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —— (<a href = +"#sec497">§ 497</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>with</b>, cum, <i>with abl.; sometimes abl. alone</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>withdraw</b>, sē recipere</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>without</b>, sine, <i>with abl.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>woman</b>, fēmina, -ae, <i>f.</i>; mulier, -eris, <i>f.</i></div> + +<a name="page343"> </a> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wonderful</b>, mīrus, -a, -um</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>word</b>, verbum, -ī, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>work</b>, labor, -ōris, <i>m.</i>; opus, -eris, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>worse</b>, peior, peius, <i>comp. of</i> malus</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>worst</b>, pessimus, -a, -um, <i>superl. of</i> malus</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wound</b> (<i>Noun</i>), vulnus, -eris, <i>n.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wound</b> (<i>verb</i>), vulnerō, 1</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wreath</b>, corōna, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wretched</b>, miser, -era, -erum</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>wrong</b>, iniūria, -ae, <i>f.</i></div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_Y">Y</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>year</b>, annus, -ī, <i>m.</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>yes</b>, certē; ita; vērō; <i>or, more usually, repeat the verb</i> +(<a href="#sec210">§ 210</a>)</div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>yonder (that)</b>, ille, -a, -ud</div> +</td> + +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>you</b>, <i>sing</i>. tū; <i>plur</i>. vōs (<a href = +"#sec480">§ 480</a>); <i>or not</i> <i>expressed</i></div> + +<div class="index word"> +<b>your</b>, <i>sing</i>. tuus, -a, -um; <i>plur.</i> vester, -tra, +-trum (<a href = +"#sec98">§ 98. <i>b</i></a>)</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="letterhead" colspan = "2"> +<a name="english_Z">Z</a> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<div class="index word"> +<b>zeal</b>, studium, studī, <i>n.</i></div> +</td> +<td> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h3 class="chapter"><a name="page344"> </a><a name="index">INDEX</a></h3> + +<p>The numbers in all cases refer to sections.</p> + +<table class="vocab"> +<tr> +<td class="half"> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ā</b>-declension of nouns, <a href="#sec57">57</a>, +<a href="#sec461">461</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ā</b>-verbs, conjugation of, <a href="#sec488">488</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ablative</b> case, <a href="#sec48">48</a>, <a href += "#sec50">50</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +absolute, <a href="#sec381">381</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +after a comparative, <a href="#sec309">309</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of accompaniment, <a href="#sec104">104</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of agent, <a href="#sec181">181</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of cause, <a href="#sec102">102</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of description, +<a href="#sec444">444</a>, <a href = +"#sec445">445</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of manner, <a href="#sec105">105</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of means or instrument, <a href="#sec103">103</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of measure of difference, <a href = +"#sec317">317</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of place from which, <a href="#sec179">179</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of place where, <a href="#sec265">265</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of separation, <a href="#sec180">180</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of specification, <a href="#sec398">398</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of time, <a href="#sec275">275</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>accent</b>, +<a href="#sec14">14</a>-<a href = +"#sec16">16</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>accompaniment</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +abl. of, <a href="#sec104">104</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>accusative</b> case, <a href="#sec33">33</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +as subject of the infinitive, <a href = +"#sec214">214</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +object, <a href="#sec37">37</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of duration and extent, <a href="#sec336">336</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of place to which, <a href="#sec263">263</a>, <a href += "#sec266">266</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +predicate, <a href="#sec392">392</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +with prepositions, <a href="#sec340">340</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>adjectives</b>, +<a href="#sec54">54</a>, <a href = +"#sec55">55</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +agreement, <a href="#sec65">65</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +comparison</p> +<p class="index third"> +regular, <a href="#sec301">301</a></p> +<p class="index third"> +by adverbs, <a href="#sec302">302</a></p> +<p class="index third"> +irregular, <a href="#sec307">307</a>, +<a href="#sec311">311</a>, +<a href="#sec312">312</a>, <a href = +"#sec315">315</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of comparatives, <a href = +"#sec303">303</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of first and second declensions, +<a href="#sec83">83</a>, +<a href="#sec93">93</a>, <a href = +"#sec469">469</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of third declension, <a href="#sec250">250</a>-<a href += "#sec257">257</a>, <a href="#sec471">471</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +with the dative, <a href="#sec143">143</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>adverbs</b>, <a href="#sec319">319</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +comparison, +<a href="#sec320">320</a>, <a href = +"#sec323">323</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +formation</p> +<p class="index third"> +regular, +<a href="#sec320">320</a>, <a href = +"#sec321">321</a></p> +<p class="index third"> +irregular, +<a href="#sec322">322</a>, <a href = +"#sec323">323</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>agent</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +expressed by the abl. with <i>ā</i> or <i>ab</i>, <a href = +"#sec181">181</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>agreement</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +of adjectives, +<a href="#sec65">65</a>, <a href = +"#sec215">215. <i>a</i></a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of appositives, <a href="#sec81">81</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of predicate nouns, <a href="#sec76">76</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of relative pronouns, <a href="#sec224">224</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of verbs, <a href="#sec28">28</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>aliquis</b>, <a href="#sec487">487</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>alius</b>, <a href="#sec108">108</a>, +<a href="#sec110">110</a>, +<a href="#sec470">470</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>alphabet</b>, +<a href="#sec1">1</a>-<a href = +"#sec3">3</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>alter</b>, +<a href="#sec108">108</a>, <a href = +"#sec110">110</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>antepenult</b>, <a href="#sec9">9. 3</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +accent of, <a href="#sec15">15</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>apposition</b>, +<a href="#sec80">80</a>, <a href = +"#sec81">81</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>article</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +not used in Latin, +<a href="#sec22">22. <i>a</i></a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>base</b>, <a href="#sec58">58</a></p> +</td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>cardinal numerals</b>, <a href="#sec327">327</a>-<a +href="#sec329">329</a>, <a href = +"#sec478">478</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>case</b>, <a href="#sec32">32. 2</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>causal clauses</b> with <i>cum</i>, +<a href="#sec395">395</a>, +<a href="#sec396">396</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>cause</b>,</p> +<p class="index second"> +expressed by the abl., <a href="#sec102">102</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>characteristic</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +subjv. of, +<a href="#sec389">389</a>, <a href = +"#sec390">390</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>comparative</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec303">303</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>comparison</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +abl. of, <a href="#sec309">309</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +degrees of, <a href="#sec300">300</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of adjectives, +<a href="#sec300">300</a>-<a href = +"#sec315">315</a></p> +<p class="index third"> +irregular, +<a href="#sec311">311</a>-<a href = +"#sec315">315</a>, <a href="#sec473">473</a>, <a href += "#sec475">475</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of adverbs</p> +<p class="index third"> +regular, +<a href="#sec320">320</a>-<a href = +"#sec476">476</a></p> +<p class="index third"> +irregular, +<a href="#sec323">323</a>, <a href = +"#sec477">477</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +positive wanting, <a href="#sec315">315</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +six adjectives in <i>-lis</i>, <a href = +"#sec307">307</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>complementary infinitive</b>, <a href = +"#sec215">215</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>compound verbs</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +with the dative, +<a href="#sec425">425</a>, <a href = +"#sec426">426</a></p> + +<a name="page345"> </a> + +<p class="index first"> +<b>concessive</b> <b>clauses</b> with <i>cum</i>, +<a href="#sec395">395</a>, +<a href="#sec396">396</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>conjugation stems</b>, <a href = +"#sec184">184</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>conjugations</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +the four regular, +<a href="#sec126">126</a>, <a href = +"#sec488">488</a>-<a href="#sec491">491</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +irregular, +<a href="#sec494">494</a>-<a href="#sec500">500</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>consonants</b>, <a href="#sec2">2</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>copula</b>, <a href="#sec21">21</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>cum</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjunction, <a href="#sec395">395</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>cum</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +preposition, <a href="#sec209">209</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>dative</b> case, <a href="#sec43">43</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of indirect object, +<a href="#sec44">44</a>, <a href = +"#sec45">45</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of purpose, or end for which, <a href = +"#sec437">437</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +with adjectives, <a href="#sec143">143</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +with compound verbs, <a href="#sec426">426</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +with special verbs, <a href="#sec153">153</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>dea</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec67">67</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>declension</b>, +<a href="#sec23">23</a>, <a href = +"#sec32">32</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>degree of difference</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +expressed by the abl., <a href="#sec317">317</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>demonstrative adjectives and pronouns</b>, +<a href="#sec112">112</a>-<a href = +"#sec115">115</a>, <a href = +"#sec290">290</a>-<a href = +"#sec292">292</a>, <a href="#sec481">481</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>deponent verbs</b>, <a href="#sec338">338</a>, <a +href="#sec339">339</a>, <a href = +"#sec493">493</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>descriptive ablative and genitive</b>, +<a href="#sec441">441</a>-<a href = +"#sec445">445</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>descriptive relative clause</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +with the subjv., +<a href="#sec389">389</a>, <a href = +"#sec390">390</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>deus</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec468">468</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>difference, measure of</b>, +<a href="#sec316">316</a>, +<a href="#sec317">317</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>diphthongs</b>, <a href="#sec6">6</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>direct statements</b>, <a href = +"#sec414">414</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>distributive numerals</b>, +<a href="#sec327">327. 3</a>, +<a href="#sec334">334</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>domī</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +locative, <a href="#sec267">267</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>domus</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec468">468</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>duo</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec479">479</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>duration</b> of time, expressed by the acc., <a href = +"#sec336">336</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ē</b>-declension of nouns, +<a href="#sec272">272</a>, +<a href="#sec273">273</a>, <a href = +"#sec467">467</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ē</b>-verbs, conjugation of, <a href="#sec489">489</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ĕ</b>-verbs, conjugation of, <a href="#sec490">490</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ego</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, +<a href="#sec280">280</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>enclitics</b>, <a href="#sec16">16</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>eō</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, <a href="#sec499">499</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>extent</b> of space</p> +<p class="index second"> +expressed by the acc., <a href="#sec336">336</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>fearing</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +subjv. after verbs of, <a href="#sec370">370</a>-<a +href="#sec372">372</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ferō</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, <a href="#sec498">498</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>fifth or ē-declension</b>, +<a href="#sec272">272</a>, +<a href="#sec273">273</a>, <a href = +"#sec467">467</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>fīlia</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec67">67</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>fīlius</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, +<a href="#sec87">87</a>-<a href = +"#sec89">89</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>finite verb</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +defined, <a href="#sec173">173</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>fīō</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, <a href="#sec500">500</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>first conjugation</b>, <a href="#sec488">488</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>first or ā-declension</b>, <a href="#sec57">57</a>, +<a href="#sec461">461</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>fourth conjugation</b>, <a href="#sec491">491</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>fourth or u-declension</b>, +<a href="#sec259">259</a>, +<a href="#sec260">260</a>, <a href = +"#sec466">466</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>from</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +how expressed, +<a href="#sec178">178</a>-<a href = +"#sec181">181</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>future participle</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +formation of, +<a href="#sec374">374. <i>c</i></a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>future perfect</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +formation of</p> +<p class="index third"> +active, <a href="#sec187">187. 3</a></p> +<p class="index third"> +passive, <a href="#sec202">202</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>future tense</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +formation of, +<a href="#sec137">137</a>, <a href = +"#sec156">156</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>gender</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +in English and in Latin, <a href="#sec60">60</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +in the first declension, <a href="#sec61">61</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +in the second declension, <a href="#sec72">72</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +in the third declension, <a href="#sec247">247</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +in the fourth declension, <a href = +"#sec260">260</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +in the fifth declension, <a href="#sec272">272</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>general observations on declension</b>, <a href = +"#sec74">74</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>genitive</b> case</p> +<p class="index second"> +English equivalents of, <a href="#sec33">33</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of description, +<a href="#sec443">443</a>, <a href = +"#sec445">445</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of nouns in <i>-ius</i> and <i>-ium</i>, <a href = +"#sec87">87</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +partitive, <a href="#sec331">331</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +possessive, +<a href="#sec38">38</a>, <a href = +"#sec409">409</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>gerund</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +a verbal noun, +<a href="#sec402">402</a>, <a href = +"#sec403">403</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>gerundive</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +a verbal adjective, <a href="#sec404">404</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +with <i>ad</i> to express purpose, <a href = +"#sec407">407</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>hic</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension and use of, <a href="#sec290">290</a>, <a +href="#sec291">291</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>how to read Latin</b>, <a href="#sec17">17</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>i</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +consonant, <a href="#sec3">3</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>i</b>-stems of nouns, <a href="#sec231">231</a>, <a +href="#sec241">241</a>-<a href = +"#sec244">244</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ī</b>-verbs</p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, <a href="#sec491">491</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>īdem</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, +<a href="#sec287">287</a>, <a href = +"#sec481">481</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>iēns</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec472">472</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ille</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension and use of, <a href="#sec290">290</a>-<a +href="#sec293">293</a>, <a href = +"#sec481">481</a></p> + +<a name="page346"> </a> + +<p class="index first"> +<b>imperative</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +formation of, +<a href="#sec161">161</a>, <a href = +"#sec175">175</a></p> +<p class="index third"> +irregular, <a href="#sec161">161. 2</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +in commands, <a href="#sec161">161</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>imperfect indicative</b>, formation and use of, +<a href="#sec133">133</a>, +<a href="#sec134">134</a>, +<a href="#sec165">165. 1</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>imperfect subjunctive</b>, <a href = +"#sec354">354</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>indefinite pronouns and adjectives</b>, +<a href="#sec296">296</a>, +<a href="#sec297">297</a>, +<a href="#sec484">484</a>-<a href="#sec487">487</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>independent clauses</b>, <a href = +"#sec219">219</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>indirect object</b>, <a href="#sec44">44</a>, <a +href="#sec45">45</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>indirect questions</b>, +<a href="#sec430">430</a>-<a href = +"#sec432">432</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>indirect statements</b>, +<a href="#sec414">414</a>-<a href = +"#sec419">419</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>infinitive</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +as object, <a href="#sec213">213</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +as subject, <a href="#sec216">216</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +complementary, <a href="#sec215">215</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +definition of, <a href="#sec173">173</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +does not express purpose, <a href = +"#sec352">352</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +formation of, <a href="#sec126">126</a>, +<a href="#sec174">174</a>, +<a href="#sec205">205</a>, <a href = +"#sec206">206</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +in indirect statements, <a href="#sec415">415</a>-<a +href="#sec410">410</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +used as in English, <a href="#sec213">213</a>-<a href += "#sec216">216</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>inflection</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +defined, <a href="#sec23">23</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>instrument</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +abl. of, +<a href="#sec100">100. <i>b</i></a>, <a +href="#sec103">103</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>intensive pronoun</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +<i>ipse</i>, declension and use of, +<a href="#sec285">285</a>, +<a href="#sec286">286</a>, <a href = +"#sec481">481</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>interrogative pronouns and adjectives</b>, +<a href="#sec225">225</a>-<a href = +"#sec227">227</a>, <a href="#sec483">483</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>intransitive verbs</b>,</p> +<p class="index second"> +defined, +<a href="#sec20">20. <i>a</i></a></p> +<p class="index second"> +with the dative, <a href="#sec153">153</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>iō-verbs of the third conj.</b>, <a href="#sec492">492</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ipse</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension and use of, <a href="#sec285">285</a>, <a +href="#sec481">481</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>irregular adjectives</b>, <a href = +"#sec108">108</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>irregular comparison</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +of adjectives, <a href="#sec307">307</a> +<a href="#sec311">311</a>, +<a href="#sec312">312</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of adverbs, <a href="#sec323">323</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>irregular nouns</b>, <a href="#sec67">67</a>, <a +href="#sec246">246</a>, <a href = +"#sec468">468</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>irregular verbs</b>, +<a href="#sec494">494</a>-<a href="#sec500">500</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>is</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension and use of, <a href="#sec113">113</a>-<a +href="#sec116">116</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>iste</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension and use of, <a href="#sec290">290</a>, <a +href="#sec292">292</a>, <a href = +"#sec481">481</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>iter</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec468">468</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>Latin word order</b>, <a href="#sec68">68</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>locative</b> case, <a href="#sec267">267</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>magis and maximē</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +comparison by, <a href="#sec302">302</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>mālō</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, +<a href="#sec4">4</a>.<a href = +"#sec97">97</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>manner</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +abl. of, <a href="#sec105">105</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>means</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +abl. of, <a href="#sec103">103</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>measure of difference</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +abl. of, +<a href="#sec316">316</a>, <a href = +"#sec317">317</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>mīlle</b>,</p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec479">479</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +construction with, +<a href="#sec331">331. <i>a</i></a>,<i>b</i></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>moods</b>, defined, <a href="#sec121">121</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>-ne</b>, enclitic</p> +<p class="index second"> +in questions, <a href="#sec210">210</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>nē</b>, conj., <i>that not, lest</i></p> +<p class="index second"> +with negative clauses of purpose, <a href = +"#sec350">350.II</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +with verbs of fearing, <a href="#sec370">370</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>nine irregular adjectives</b>, +<a href="#sec108">108</a>-<a href = +"#sec110">110</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>nōlō</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, <a href="#sec497">497</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>nominative</b> case, <a href="#sec35">35</a>, <a +href="#sec36">36</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>nōnne</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +in questions, <a href="#sec210">210</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>nōs</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, +<a href="#sec280">280</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>Nouns</b>, <a href="#sec19">19. 2</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +first declension, +<a href="#sec57">57</a>, <a href = +"#sec461">461</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +second declension, +<a href="#sec71">71</a>-<a href = +"#sec74">74</a>,<a href = +"#sec87">87</a>-<a href = +"#sec92">92</a>,<a href="#sec462">462</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +third declension, +<a href="#sec230">230</a>-<a href = +"#sec247">247</a>, <a href="#sec463">463</a>-<a href = +"#sec465">465</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +fourth declension, <a href="#sec259">259</a>, <a href += "#sec260">260</a>, <a href="#sec466">466</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +fifth declension, <a href="#sec272">272</a>, +<a href="#sec273">273</a>, +<a href="#sec467">467</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>num</b>, in questions, <a href = +"#sec210">210</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>number</b>, <a href="#sec24">24</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>numerals</b>, +<a href="#sec327">327</a>-<a href = +"#sec334">334</a>, <a href="#sec478">478</a>, <a href += "#sec479">479</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>o</b>-declension of nouns, +<a href="#sec71">71</a>-<a href = +"#sec74">74</a>, <a href = +"#sec87">87</a>-<a href = +"#sec92">92</a>, <a href="#sec462">462</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>object</b>, <a href="#sec20">20</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +direct, <a href="#sec37">37</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +indirect, +<a href="#sec44">44</a>, <a href = +"#sec45">45</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>order of words</b>, <a href="#sec68">68</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ordinal numerals</b>, +<a href="#sec327">327. 2</a>, +<a href="#sec478">478</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>participial stem</b>, <a href = +"#sec201">201. 2</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>participles</b>, defined, <a href = +"#sec203">203</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +agreement of, <a href="#sec204">204</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +formation,</p> +<p class="index second"></p> +<p class="index third"> +of present, +<a href="#sec374">374. <i>b</i></a></p> +<p class="index third"> +of perfect, <a href="#sec201">201</a></p> +<p class="index third"> +of future, +<a href="#sec374">374. <i>c</i>,<i>d</i></a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of deponent verbs, <a href="#sec375">375</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +tenses of, <a href="#sec376">376</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +translated by a clause, <a href="#sec377">377</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>partitive genitive</b>, <a href="#sec330">330</a>, +<a href="#sec331">331</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>passive voice</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +defined, <a href="#sec163">163</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +formation of, +<a href="#sec164">164</a>, <a href = +"#sec202">202</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>penult</b>, <a href="#sec9">9. 3</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +accent of, <a href="#sec15">15</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>perfect indicative</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +formation,</p> +<p class="index third"> +in the active, +<a href="#sec185">185</a>, <a href = +"#sec186">186</a></p> +<p class="index third"> +in the passive, <a href="#sec202">202</a></p> + +<a name="page347"> </a> + +<p class="index second"> +meaning of, <a href="#sec190">190</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +definite, <a href="#sec190">190</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +indefinite, <a href="#sec190">190</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +distinguished from the imperfect, <a href = +"#sec190">190</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>perfect infinitive</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +active, <a href="#sec195">195</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +passive, <a href="#sec205">205</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>perfect passive participle</b>, <a href = +"#sec201">201</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>perfect stem</b>, <a href="#sec185">185</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>perfect subjunctive</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +active, <a href="#sec361">361</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +passive, <a href="#sec362">362</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>person</b>, <a href="#sec122">122</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>personal endings</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +active, <a href="#sec122">122</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +passive, <a href="#sec164">164</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>personal pronouns</b>, <a href="#sec280">280</a>, +<a href="#sec480">480</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>place</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +where, whither, whence, <a href="#sec263">263</a>-<a +href="#sec265">265</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +names of towns and <i>domus</i> and <i>rūs</i>, +<a href="#sec266">266</a>-<a href = +"#sec268">268</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>pluperfect indicative</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +active, <a href="#sec187">187. 2</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +passive, <a href="#sec202">202</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>pluperfect subjunctive</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +active, <a href="#sec361">361</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +passive, <a href="#sec363">363</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>plūs</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec313">313</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>possessive pronouns</b>, <a href="#sec97">97</a>, +<a href="#sec98">98</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>possum</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, <a href="#sec495">495</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>predicate</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +defined, <a href="#sec19">19</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>predicate adjective</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +defined, <a href="#sec55">55</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>predicate noun</b>, <a href="#sec75">75</a>, <a +href="#sec76">76</a></p> + +<p class="index first"> +<b>prepositions</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +with the abl., <a href="#sec209">209</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +with the acc., <a href="#sec340">340</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>present indicative</b>, <a href="#sec128">128</a>, +<a href="#sec130">130</a>, <a href = +"#sec147">147</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>present stem</b>, +<a href="#sec126">126. <i>a</i></a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>present subjunctive</b>, <a href = +"#sec344">344</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>primary tenses</b>, <a href="#sec356">356</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>principal parts</b>, <a href="#sec183">183</a></p> + +<p class="index first"> +<b>pronouns</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +classification of, <a href="#sec278">278</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +defined, +<a href="#sec19">19. 2. <i>a</i></a></p> +<p class="index second"> +demonstrative, <a href="#sec481">481</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +indefinite, +<a href="#sec297">297</a>, <a href = +"#sec484">484</a>-<a href="#sec487">487</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +intensive, <a href="#sec285">285</a>, +<a href="#sec286">286</a>, +<a href="#sec481">481</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +interrogative, <a href="#sec483">483</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +personal, <a href="#sec480">480</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +possessive, +<a href="#sec97">97</a>, <a href = +"#sec98">98</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +reflexive, <a href="#sec281">281</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +relative, +<a href="#sec220">220</a>, <a href = +"#sec221">221</a></p> + +<p class="index first"> +<b>pronunciation</b>, +<a href="#sec4">4</a>-<a href = +"#sec7">7</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>prōsum</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, <a href="#sec496">496</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>purpose</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +dative of, +<a href="#sec436">436</a>, <a href = +"#sec437">437</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +expressed by the gerund or gerundive with <i>ad</i>, <a href = +"#sec407">407</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +not expressed by the infinitive, <a href = +"#sec352">352</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +subjunctive of, +<a href="#sec348">348</a>-<a href = +"#sec350">350</a>, <a href = +"#sec365">365</a>-<a href = +"#sec367">367</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>quality</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +gen. or abl. of, +<a href="#sec441">441</a>-<a href = +"#sec445">445</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>quam</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +with a comparative, <a href="#sec308">308</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>quantity</b>, +<a href="#sec11">11</a>-<a href = +"#sec13">13</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>questions</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +direct, <a href="#sec210">210</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +indirect, +<a href="#sec430">430</a>-<a href = +"#sec432">432</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>quī</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension and use of, <a href="#sec220">220</a>,<a +href="#sec221">221</a>, <a href = +"#sec482">482</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>quīdam</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec485">485</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>quis</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension and use of, <a href="#sec225">225</a>-<a +href="#sec227">227</a>, <a href = +"#sec483">483</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>quisquam</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec486">486</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>quisque</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec484">484</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>reflexive pronouns</b>, <a href = +"#sec281">281</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>relative clauses of characteristic or description</b>, +<a href="#sec389">389</a>, +<a href="#sec390">390</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>relative clauses of purpose</b>, +<a href="#sec348">348</a>, +<a href="#sec349">349</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>relative pronouns</b>, <a href="#sec220">220</a>, +<a href="#sec221">221</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>result clauses</b>, <a href="#sec384">384</a>-<a +href="#sec387">387</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>reviews</b>, +<a href="#sec502">502</a>-<a href="#sec528">528</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>rūs</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +constructions of, <a href="#sec266">266</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>sē</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +distinguished from <i>ipse</i>, +<a href="#sec285">285. <i>a</i></a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>second conjugation</b>, <a href="#sec489">489</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>second or o-declension</b>, +<a href="#sec71">71</a>-<a href = +"#sec93">93</a>, <a href="#sec462">462</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>sentences</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +simple, complex, compound, <a href = +"#sec219">219</a></p> + +<p class="index first"> +<b>separation</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +abl. of, <a href="#sec180">180</a></p> + +<p class="index first"> +<b>separative ablative</b>, +<a href="#sec178">178</a>-<a href = +"#sec181">181</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>sequence of tenses</b>, +<a href="#sec356">356</a>-<a href = +"#sec358">358</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>space</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +extent of, expressed by the acc., <a href = +"#sec336">336</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>specification</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +abl. of, <a href="#sec398">398</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>stems</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +of nouns, <a href="#sec230">230</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of verbs, <a href="#sec184">184</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>subject</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +defined, <a href="#sec19">19. 2</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of the infinitive, <a href="#sec213">213</a>, <a href += "#sec214">214</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>subjunctive</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +formation of the present, <a href = +"#sec344">344</a></p> + +<a name="page348"> </a> + +<p class="index second"> +of the imperfect, <a href="#sec354">354</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of the perfect, +<a href="#sec361">361</a>, <a href = +"#sec362">362</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of the pluperfect, +<a href="#sec361">361. <i>c</i></a>, +<a href="#sec363">363</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>subjunctive constructions</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +characteristic or description, +<a href="#sec389">389</a>, +<a href="#sec390">390</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +indirect questions, <a href="#sec430">430</a>-<a href += "#sec432">432</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +purpose, <a href="#sec349">349</a>, +<a href="#sec366">366</a>, +<a href="#sec372">372</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +result, +<a href="#sec385">385</a>, <a href = +"#sec386">386</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +time, cause, or concession, with <i>cum</i>, +<a href="#sec395">395</a>, +<a href="#sec396">396</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>subjunctive ideas</b>, <a href = +"#sec346">346</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>subjunctive tenses</b>, <a href="#sec342">342</a>, +<a href="#sec343">343</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>subordinate clauses</b>, <a href = +"#sec219">219</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>suī</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, +<a href="#sec281">281</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>sum</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, <a href="#sec494">494</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>suus</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +use of, +<a href="#sec98">98. <i>c</i></a>, <a +href="#sec116">116</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>syllables</b>, <a href="#sec8">8</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +division of, <a href="#sec9">9</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +quantity of, <a href="#sec13">13</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>syntax</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +rules of, <a href="#sec501">501</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>temporal clauses</b> with <i>cum</i>, +<a href="#sec395">395</a>, +<a href="#sec396">396</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>tense</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +defined, <a href="#sec120">120</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>tense signs</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +imperfect, <a href="#sec133">133</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +future, +<a href="#sec137">137</a>, <a href = +"#sec156">156</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +pluperfect active, <a href = +"#sec187">187. 2</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +future perfect active, <a href = +"#sec187">187. 3</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>tenses</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +primary and secondary, <a href="#sec356">356</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +sequence of, +<a href="#sec357">357</a>, <a href = +"#sec358">358</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>third conjugation</b>, +<a href="#sec490">490</a>, <a href="#sec492">492</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>third declension of nouns</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +classes, +<a href="#sec231">231</a>, <a href = +"#sec463">463</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +consonant stems, +<a href="#sec232">232</a>-<a href = +"#sec238">238</a>, <a href="#sec464">464</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +gender, <a href="#sec247">247</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +i-stems, +<a href="#sec241">241</a>-<a href = +"#sec244">244</a>, <a href="#sec465">465</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +irregular nouns, <a href="#sec246">246</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>time</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +abl. of, <a href="#sec275">275</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>time</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +acc. of, <a href="#sec336">336</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>towns</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +rules for names of, <a href="#sec266">266</a>, <a href += "#sec267">267</a>, <a href = +"#sec268">268</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>transitive verb</b>, +<a href="#sec20">20. <i>a</i></a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>trēs</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec479">479</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>tū</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, +<a href="#sec280">280</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>tuus</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +compared with <i>vester</i>, <a href="#sec98">98</a>. +<i>b</i></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>u</b>-declension of nouns, +<a href="#sec259">259</a>, +<a href="#sec260">260</a>, <a href = +"#sec466">466</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>ultima</b>, <a href="#sec9">9. 3</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>verbs</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +agreement of, <a href="#sec28">28</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, +<a href="#sec126">126</a>, <a href = +"#sec488">488</a>-<a href="#sec491">491</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +deponent, <a href="#sec338">338</a>, +<a href="#sec339">339</a>, +<a href="#sec493">493</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +irregular, +<a href="#sec494">494</a>-<a href="#sec500">500</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +personal endings of, <a href="#sec122">122</a>, <a +href="#sec164">164</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +principal parts of, <a href="#sec183">183</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>vester</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +compared with <i>tuus</i>, +<a href="#sec98">98. <i>b</i></a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>vīs</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, <a href="#sec468">468</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>vocabularies</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +English-Latin, pp. +<a href="#sec332">332</a>-<a href = +"#sec343">343</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +Latin-English, pp. +<a href="#sec299">299</a>-<a href = +"#sec331">331</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +special, pp. +<a href="#sec283">283</a>-<a href = +"#sec298">298</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p class="index first"> +<b>vocative</b> case, +<a href="#sec56">56. <i>a</i></a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of nouns in <i>-us</i> of the second declension, +<a href="#sec73">73. <i>b</i></a></p> +<p class="index second"> +of proper nouns in <i>-ius</i> and of <i>fīlius</i>, <a href = +"#sec88">88</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>voice</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +defined, <a href="#sec163">163</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>volō</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +conjugation of, <a href="#sec497">497</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>vōs</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +declension of, +<a href="#sec280">280</a>, <a href = +"#sec480">480</a></p> +<p class="index first"> +<b>vowels</b></p> +<p class="index second"> +sounds of, +<a href="#sec5">5</a>, <a href = +"#sec6">6</a></p> +<p class="index second"> +quantity of, <a href="#sec12">12</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="display"></a>DISPLAY PROBLEMS</h2> + +<p class="plainnote">The illustration in <a href = +"#sec77">section +77</a> with interlocked text may not display properly on all +browsers.</p> + +<p class="illustration plainnote"> +<a href = "images/pic033.png">Picture by Itself</a></p> + +<p class="plainnote">Two grammatical diagrams were given as images. +They are shown +here in plain-text format.</p> + +<p class="plainnote">Prepositions, <a href = +"#sec179">section +179</a>:</p> + +<pre> + _________ + ā or ab | | ē or ex +/____________| _____|_____________\ +\ | Place | / + |_________| + | + | dē + | + V +</pre> + +<p class="plainnote">Demonstrative pronouns, +<a href="#sec290">section 290</a>:</p> + +<pre> + hic iste ille +SPEAKER ---------->-------------->----------------> + _this_, _he_; _that_, _he_; _that_, _he_ + (near); (remote); (more remote) +</pre> + +<div style='display:block;margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN FOR BEGINNERS ***</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0;'>This file should be named 18251-h.htm or 18251-h.zip</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0;'>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in https://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/2/5/18251/</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print 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