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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Beginner's American History, by D. H. Montgomery</title>
+	<style type="text/css">
+		<!--
+		body {margin:10%; text-align:justify}
+		h1   {text-align:center}
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Beginner's American History, by D. H.
+Montgomery</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Beginner's American History</p>
+<p>Author: D. H. Montgomery</p>
+<p>Release Date: April 5, 2006  [eBook #18127]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEGINNER'S AMERICAN HISTORY***</p>
+<br><br><center><h3>E-text prepared by Ron Swanson</h3></center><br><br>
+<hr class="full" noshade>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+
+<a name="ill1"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration001">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="563">
+			<img name="illus001" src="images/001liberty.jpg" alt="Liberty Enlightening the World">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="563" align="center">
+			LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD.<br>
+			<small>A Statue in the Harbor of New York City, given to the American People by the People
+			of France.</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>THE</h3>
+<h1>BEGINNER'S AMERICAN HISTORY</h1>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<h2>D. H. MONTGOMERY</h2>
+<center>A<small>UTHOR OF THE</small> L<small>EADING</small> F<small>ACTS
+OF</small> H<small>ISTORY</small> S<small>ERIES</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center>BOSTON. U.S.A.</center>
+<center>PUBLISHED BY GINN &amp; COMPANY</center>
+<center>1893</center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center>C<small>OPYRIGHT, 1892,</small></center>
+<center>B<small>Y</small> D. H. MONTGOMERY<br></center>
+<center>A<small>LL</small> R<small>IGHTS</small> R<small>ESERVED</small>.</center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center>T<small>YPOGRAPHY BY</small> J. S. C<small>USHING</small> &amp;
+C<small>O</small>., B<small>OSTON</small>, U.S.A.</center>
+<center>P<small>RESSWORK BY</small> G<small>INN</small> &amp; C<small>O</small>., B<small>OSTON</small>, U.S.A.</center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center>D.H.M.</center>
+<center>TO</center>
+<center>S.K.K.</center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h4>PREFATORY NOTE.</h4>
+
+<p>This little book is intended by the writer as an introduction to his
+larger work entitled <i>The Leading Facts of American History</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is in no sense an abridgment of the larger history, but is
+practically an entirely new and distinct work.</p>
+
+<p>Its object is to present clearly and accurately those facts and
+principles in the lives of some of the chief founders and builders
+of America which would be of interest and value to pupils beginning
+the study of our history. Throughout the book great care has been
+taken to relate only such incidents and anecdotes as are believed
+to rest on unexceptionable authority.</p>
+
+<p>The numerous illustrations in the text are, in nearly every case,
+from drawings and designs made by Miss C. S. King of Boston.</p>
+
+<p>In the preparation of this work for the press&mdash;as in that of the
+entire <i>Leading Facts of History Series</i>&mdash;the author has been
+especially indebted to the valuable assistance rendered in
+proofreading by Mr. George W. Cushing of Boston.</p>
+
+<div align="right">DAVID H. MONTGOMERY,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
+C<small>AMBRIDGE</small>, M<small>ASS</small>.</div>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>CONTENTS.</h3>
+<center><table cellpadding="8" summary="table of contents">
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right"></td>
+		<td></td>
+		<td align="right"><small>PARAGRAPH</small></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">I.</td>
+		<td>COLUMBUS</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap1">1</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">II.</td>
+		<td>JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap2">21</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">III.</td>
+		<td>BALBOA, PONCE DE LEON, and DE SOTO</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap3">28</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">IV.</td>
+		<td>SIR WALTER RALEIGH</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap4">32</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">V.</td>
+		<td>CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap5">37</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">VI.</td>
+		<td>CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap6">52</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">VII.</td>
+		<td>CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap7">62</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">VIII.</td>
+		<td>LORD BALTIMORE</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap8">76</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">IX.</td>
+		<td>ROGER WILLIAMS</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap9">82</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">X.</td>
+		<td>KING PHILIP</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap10">87</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XI.</td>
+		<td>WILLIAM PENN</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap11">96</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XII.</td>
+		<td>GENERAL JAMES OGLETHORPE</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap12">102</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XIII.</td>
+		<td>BENJAMIN FRANKLIN</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap13">109</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XIV.</td>
+		<td>GEORGE WASHINGTON</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap14">123</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XV.</td>
+		<td>DANIEL BOONE</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap15">146</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XVI.</td>
+		<td>GENERAL JAMES ROBERTSON</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap16">156</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XVII.</td>
+		<td>GOVERNOR JOHN SEVIER</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap16">156</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XVIII.</td>
+		<td>GENERAL GEORGE ROGERS CLARK</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap18">161</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XIX.</td>
+		<td>GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap19">169</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XX.</td>
+		<td>ELI WHITNEY</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap20">175</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XXI.</td>
+		<td>THOMAS JEFFERSON</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap21">183</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XXII.</td>
+		<td>ROBERT FULTON</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap22">191</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XXIII.</td>
+		<td>GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap23">201</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XXIV.</td>
+		<td>GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap24">206</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XXV.</td>
+		<td>PROFESSOR SAMUEL F. B. MORSE</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap25">220</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XXVI.</td>
+		<td>GENERAL SAM HOUSTON</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap26">229</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XXVII.</td>
+		<td>CAPTAIN ROBERT GRAY</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap27">233</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XXVIII.</td>
+		<td>CAPTAIN J. A. SUTTER</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap28">236</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right">XXIX.</td>
+		<td>ABRAHAM LINCOLN</td>
+		<td align="right"><a href="#chap29">243</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td colspan="3"><a href="#books">A SHORT LIST OF BOOKS</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td colspan="3"><a href="#index">INDEX</a></td>
+	</tr>
+</table></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>LIST OF LARGE MAPS.</h3>
+<center><table cellpadding="8" summary="List of Large Maps">
+	<tr>
+		<td></td>
+		<td></td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><small>PARAGRAPH</small></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">I.</td>
+		<td>Map Illustrating the Early Life of Washington</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map1">127</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">II.</td>
+		<td>Map of the Revolution (northern states)</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map2">135</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">III.</td>
+		<td>Map of the Revolution (southern states)</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map3">140</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">IV.</td>
+		<td>The United States at the close of the Revolution</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map4">187</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">V.</td>
+		<td>The United States after the Purchase of Louisiana (1803)</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map5">188</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">VI.</td>
+		<td>The United States after the Purchase of Florida (1819)</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map6">218</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">VII.</td>
+		<td>The United States after the Acquisition of Texas (1845)</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map7">230</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">VIII.</td>
+		<td>The United States after the Acquisition of Oregon (1846)</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map8">235</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">IX.</td>
+		<td>The United States after the Acquisition of California and New Mexico (1848)</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map9">239</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">X.</td>
+		<td>The United States after the Gadsden Purchase (1853)</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map10">240</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">XI.</td>
+		<td>The United States after the Purchase of Alaska (1867)<br>
+        		See Map of North America (giving a summary of the
+        		territorial growth of the United States)</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#map11">240</a></td>
+	</tr>
+</table></center>
+<small>NOTE.&mdash;In these maps it has been thought best to give the boundaries
+of the thirteen original states as they now exist; and to show the
+outlines of other states before they were organized and admitted.</small>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.</h3>
+<center><table cellpadding="8" summary="List of Large Illustrations">
+	<tr>
+		<td></td>
+		<td></td>
+		<td align="right"><small>PARAGRAPH</small></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">I.</td>
+		<td>The Statue of Liberty</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#ill1"><i>Frontispiece</i>.</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">II.</td>
+		<td>An Indian Attack on a Settlement</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#ill2">91</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">III.</td>
+		<td>Paul Revere's Ride</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#ill3">134</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">IV.</td>
+		<td>Battle of New Orleans</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#ill4">217</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">V.</td>
+		<td>Niagara Suspension Bridge</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#ill5">218</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">VI.</td>
+		<td>Mount Hood, Oregon</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#ill6">233</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="right" valign="top">VII.</td>
+		<td>Mirror Lake, California</td>
+		<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#ill7">239</a></td>
+	</tr>
+</table></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>THE BEGINNER'S AMERICAN HISTORY</h3>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><i>The paragraph headings, following the paragraph numbers, will be
+found useful for topical reference, and, if desired, as questions;
+by simply omitting these headings, the book may be used as a reader.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Teachers who wish a regular set of questions on each section will
+find them at the end of the section. Difficult words are defined or
+pronounced at the end of the numbered paragraph where they first
+occur; reference to them will be found in the index.</i></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap1">CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1436-1506).[1]</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration002">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="200">
+			<img name="illus002" src="images/002columbus.jpg" alt="Columbus as a Boy">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="200" align="center">
+			C<small>OLUMBUS AS A</small> B<small>OY</small>.<br>
+			<small>(From the statue in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.)</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para001"><b>1. Birth and boyhood of Columbus.</b></a>&mdash;Christopher Columbus,[2] the
+discoverer of America, was born at Genoa,[3] a seaport of Italy, more
+than four hundred and fifty years ago. His father was a
+wool-comber.[4] Christopher did not care to learn that trade, but
+wanted to become a sailor. Seeing the boy's strong liking for the
+sea, his father sent him to a school where he could learn geography,
+map-drawing, and whatever else might help him to become some day
+commander of a vessel.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 These enclosed dates under a name show, except when
+otherwise stated, the year of birth and death.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Christopher Columbus (Kris'tof-er Ko-lum'bus).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Genoa (Jen'o-ah); see map in paragraph <a href="#para021">21</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 Wool-comber: before wool can be spun into thread and
+woven into cloth the tangled locks must be combed out straight and
+smooth; once this was all done by hand.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para002"><b>2. Columbus becomes a sailor.</b></a>&mdash;When he was fourteen Columbus went
+to sea. In those days the Mediterranean[5] Sea swarmed with war-ships
+and pirates. Every sailor, no matter if he was but a boy, had to stand
+ready to fight his way from port to port.</p>
+
+<p>In this exciting life, full of adventure and of danger, Columbus grew
+to manhood. The rough experiences he then had did much toward making
+him the brave, determined captain and explorer[6] that he afterwards
+became.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Mediterranean (Med'i-ter-ra'ne-an).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 Explorer: one who explores or discovers new countries.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para003"><b>3. Columbus has a sea-fight; he goes to Lisbon.</b></a>&mdash;According to some
+accounts, Columbus once had a desperate battle with a vessel off the
+coast of Portugal. The fight lasted, it is said, all day. At length
+both vessels were found to be on fire. Columbus jumped from his
+blazing ship into the sea, and catching hold of a floating oar,
+managed, with its help, to swim to the shore, about six miles away.</p>
+
+<p>He then went to the port of Lisbon.[7] There he married the daughter
+of a famous sea-captain. For a long time after his marriage Columbus
+earned his living partly by drawing maps, which he sold to commanders
+of vessels visiting Lisbon, and partly by making voyages to Africa,
+Iceland, and other countries.</p>
+
+<p><small>7 Lisbon: see map in paragraph <a href="#para021">21</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration003">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="434">
+			<img name="illus003" src="images/003columbusmap.jpg" alt="World as Columbus knew it">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="434" align="center">
+			The light parts of this map show how much of the world
+			was then well-known; the white crosses show those countries of
+			Eastern Asia of which something was known.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para004"><b>4. What men then knew about the world.</b></a>&mdash;The maps which Columbus made
+and sold were very different from those we now have. At that time
+not half of the world had been discovered.[8] Europe, Asia, and a
+small part of Africa were the chief countries known. The maps of
+Columbus may have shown the earth shaped like a ball, but he supposed
+it to be much smaller than it really is. No one then had sailed round
+the globe. No one then knew what lands lay west of the broad Atlantic;
+for this reason we should look in vain, on one of the maps drawn by
+Columbus, for the great continents of North and South America or for
+Australia or the Pacific Ocean.</p>
+
+<p><small>8 See map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para005"><b>5. The plan of Columbus for reaching the Indies by sailing
+west.</b></a>&mdash;While living in Lisbon, Columbus made up his mind to try to
+do what no other man, at that time, dared attempt,&mdash;that was to cross
+the Atlantic Ocean. He thought that by doing so he could get directly
+to Asia and the Indies, which, he believed, were opposite Portugal
+and Spain. If successful, he could open up a very profitable trade
+with the rich countries of the East, from which spices, drugs, and
+silk were brought to Europe. The people of Europe could not reach
+those countries directly by ships, because they had not then found
+their way round the southern point of Africa.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration004">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="703">
+			<img name="illus004" src="images/004columbusplan.jpg" alt="How Columbus Hoped to Reach Asia">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="703" align="center">
+			This map shows how Columbus (not knowing that America
+			lay in the way) hoped to reach Asia and the East Indies by sailing
+			west.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para006"><b>6. Columbus tries to get help in carrying out his plans.</b></a>&mdash;Columbus
+was too poor to fit out even a single ship to undertake such a voyage
+as he had planned. He asked the king of Portugal to furnish some money
+or vessels toward it, but he received no encouragement. At length
+he determined to go to Spain and see if he could get help there.</p>
+
+<p>On the southern coast of Spain there is a small port named Palos.[9]
+Within sight of the village of Palos, and also within plain sight
+of the ocean, there was a convent,[10]&mdash;which is still
+standing,&mdash;called the Convent of Saint Mary.</p>
+
+<p>One morning a tall, fine-looking man, leading a little boy by the
+hand, knocked at the door of this convent and begged for a piece of
+bread and a cup of water for the child. The man was Columbus,&mdash;whose
+wife was now dead,&mdash;and the boy was his son.</p>
+
+<p>It chanced that the guardian of the convent noticed Columbus standing
+at the door. He liked his appearance, and coming up, began to talk
+with him. Columbus frankly told him what he was trying to do. The
+guardian of the convent listened with great interest; then he gave
+him a letter to a friend who he thought would help him to lay his
+plans before Ferdinand and Isabella,[11] the king and queen of Spain.</p>
+
+<p><small>9 Palos (Pa'los); see map in paragraph <a href="#para012">12</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>10 Convent: a house in which a number of people live who
+devote themselves to a religious life.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>11 Isabella (Iz-ah-bel'ah).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para007"><b>7. Columbus gets help for his great voyage.</b></a>&mdash;Columbus left his son
+at the convent, and set forward on his journey full of bright hopes.
+But Ferdinand and Isabella could not then see him; and after waiting
+a long time, the traveller was told that he might go before a number
+of learned men and tell them about his proposed voyage across the
+Atlantic.</p>
+
+<p>After hearing what Columbus had to say, these men thought that it
+would be foolish to spend money in trying to reach the other side
+of the ocean.</p>
+
+<p>People who heard what this captain from Lisbon wanted to do began
+to think that he had lost his reason, and the boys in the streets
+laughed at him and called him crazy. Columbus waited for help seven
+years; he then made up his mind that he would wait no longer. Just
+as he was about leaving Spain, Queen Isabella, who had always felt
+interested in the brave sailor, resolved to aid him. Two rich
+sea-captains who lived in Palos also decided to take part in the
+voyage. With the assistance which Columbus now got he was able to
+fit out three small vessels. He went in the largest of the
+vessels&mdash;the only one which had an entire deck&mdash;as admiral[12] or
+commander of the fleet.</p>
+
+<p><small>12 Admiral (ad'mi-ral).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration005">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="490">
+			<img name="illus005" src="images/005columbusleaving.jpg" alt="Columbus Leaving Palos">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="490" align="center">
+			C<small>OLUMBUS LEAVING</small> P<small>ALOS</small>, A<small>UGUST 3D, 1492</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para008"><b>8. Columbus sails.</b></a>&mdash;Early on Friday morning, August 3d, 1492,
+Columbus started from Palos to attempt to cross that ocean which men
+then called the "Sea of Darkness,"&mdash;a name which showed how little
+they knew of it, and how much they dreaded it.</p>
+
+<p>We may be pretty sure that the guardian of the convent was one of
+those who watched the sailing of the little fleet. From the upper
+windows of the convent he could plainly see the vessels as they left
+the harbor of Palos.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para009"><b>9. What happened on the first part of the voyage.</b></a>&mdash;Columbus sailed
+first for the Canary Islands, because from there it would be a
+straight line, as he thought, across to Japan and Asia. He was obliged
+to stop at the Canaries[13] more than three weeks, in order to make
+a new rudder for one of his vessels and to alter the sails of another.</p>
+
+<p>At length all was ready, and he again set out on his voyage toward
+the west. When the sailors got so far out on the ocean that they could
+no longer see any of the islands, they were overcome with fear. They
+made up their minds that they should never be able to get back to
+Palos again. They were rough men, used to the sea, but now they bowed
+down their heads and cried like children. Columbus had hard work to
+quiet their fears and to encourage them to go forward with the voyage
+which they already wanted to give up.</p>
+
+<p><small>13 Canaries (Ka-na'rez); see map in paragraph <a href="#para012">12</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para010"><b>10. What happened after they had been at sea many days.</b></a>&mdash;For more
+than thirty days the three ships kept on their way toward the west.
+To the crew every day seemed a year. From sunrise to sunset nothing
+was to be seen but water and sky. At last the men began to think that
+they were sailing on an ocean which had no end. They whispered among
+themselves that Columbus had gone mad, and that if they kept on with
+him in command they should all be lost.</p>
+
+<p>Twice, indeed, there was a joyful cry of Land! Land! but when they
+got nearer they saw that what they had thought was land was nothing
+but banks of clouds. Then some of the sailors said, Let us go to the
+admiral and tell him that we must turn back. What if he will not listen
+to us? asked others; Then we will throw him overboard and say when
+we reach Palos that he fell into the sea and was drowned.</p>
+
+<p>But when the crew went to Columbus and told him that they would go
+no further, he sternly ordered them to their work, declaring that
+whatever might happen, he would not now give up the voyage.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para011"><b>11. Signs of land.</b></a>&mdash;The very next day such certain signs of land were
+seen that the most faint-hearted took courage. The men had already
+noticed great flocks of land-birds flying toward the west, as if to
+guide them. Now some of the men on one vessel saw a branch of a
+thorn-bush float by. It was plain that it had not long been broken
+off from the bush, and it was full of red berries.</p>
+
+<p>But one of the crew on the other vessel found something better even
+than the thorn-branch; for he drew out of the water a carved
+walking-stick. Every one saw that such a stick must have been cut
+and carved by human hands. These two signs could not be doubted. The
+men now felt sure that they were approaching the shore, and what was
+more, that there were people living in that strange country.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para012"><b>12. Discovery of land.</b></a>&mdash;That evening Columbus begged his crew to keep
+a sharp lookout, and he promised a velvet coat to the one who should
+first see land. All was now excitement; and no man closed his eyes
+in sleep that night.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus himself stood on a high part of his ship, looking steadily
+toward the west. About ten o'clock he saw a moving light; it seemed
+like a torch carried in a man's hand. He called to a companion and
+asked him if he could see anything of the kind; yes, he, too, plainly
+saw the moving light, but presently it disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>Two hours after midnight a cannon was fired from the foremost vessel.
+It was the glad signal that the long-looked-for land was actually
+in sight. There it lay directly ahead, about six miles away.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration006">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="700">
+			<img name="illus006" src="images/006columbusroute.jpg" alt="Columbus's Route">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="700" align="center">
+			Map showing the direction in which Columbus sailed
+			on his great voyage across the ocean.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Then Columbus gave the order to furl sails, and the three vessels
+came to a stop and waited for the dawn. When the sun rose on Friday,
+October 12th, 1492, Columbus saw a beautiful island with many trees
+growing on it. That was his first sight of the New World.</p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration007">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="390">
+			<img name="illus007" src="images/007columbuslands.jpg" alt="Landing of Columbus">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="390" align="center">
+			L<small>ANDING OF</small> C<small>OLUMBUS</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para013"><b>13. Columbus lands on the island and names it; who lived on the
+island.</b></a>&mdash;Attended by the captains of the other two vessels, and by
+their crews, Columbus set out in a boat for the island. When they
+landed, all fell on their knees, kissed the ground for joy, and gave
+thanks to God. Columbus named the island San Salvador[14] and took
+possession of it, by right of discovery, for the king and queen of
+Spain.</p>
+
+<p>He found that it was inhabited by a copper-colored people who spoke
+a language he could not understand. These people had never seen a
+ship or a white man before. They wore no clothing, but painted their
+bodies with bright colors. The Spaniards made them presents of
+strings of glass beads and red caps. In return they gave the Spaniards
+skeins of cotton yarn, tame parrots, and small ornaments of gold.</p>
+
+<p>After staying here a short time Columbus set sail toward the south,
+in search of more land and in the hope of finding out where these
+people got their gold.</p>
+
+<p><small>14 San Salvador (San Sal-va-dor'): meaning the Holy
+Redeemer or Saviour.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para014"><b>14. Columbus names the group of islands and their people.</b></a>&mdash;As
+Columbus sailed on, he saw many islands in every direction. He
+thought that they must be a part of the Indies which he was seeking.
+Since he had reached them by coming west from Spain, he called them
+the West Indies, and to the red men who lived on them he gave the
+name of Indians.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para015"><b>15. Columbus discovers two very large islands; his vessel is wrecked,
+and he returns to Spain in another.</b></a>&mdash;In the course of the next six
+weeks Columbus discovered the island of Cuba. At first he thought
+that it must be Japan, but afterward he came to the conclusion that
+it was not an island at all, but part of the mainland of Asia.</p>
+
+<p>Next, he came to the island of Hayti,[15] or San Domingo.[16] Here
+his ship was wrecked. He took the timber of the wreck and built a
+fort on the shore. Leaving about forty of his crew in this fort,
+Columbus set sail for Palos in one of the two remaining vessels.</p>
+
+<p><small>15 Hayti (Ha'ti).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>16 San Domingo (San Do-min'go); see map in paragraph <a href="#para017">17</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para016"><b>16. Columbus arrives at Palos; joy of the people; how Ferdinand and
+Isabella received him.</b></a>&mdash;When the vessel of Columbus was seen
+entering the harbor of Palos, the whole village was wild with
+excitement. More than seven months had gone by since he sailed away
+from that port, and as nothing had been heard from him, many supposed
+that the vessels and all on board were lost. Now that they saw their
+friends and neighbors coming back, all was joy. The bells of the
+churches rang a merry peal of welcome; the people thronged the
+streets, shouting to each other that Columbus, the great navigator,
+had crossed the "Sea of Darkness" and had returned in safety.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration008">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="421">
+			<img name="illus008" src="images/008columbusreceived.jpg" alt="Received by the King and Queen of Spain">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="421" align="center">
+			C<small>OLUMBUS RECEIVED BY THE</small> K<small>ING AND</small> Q<small>UEEN
+			OF</small> S<small>PAIN</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The king and queen were then in the city of Barcelona,[17] a long
+distance from Palos. To that city Columbus now went. He entered it
+on horseback, attended by the proudest and richest noblemen of Spain.
+He brought with him six Indians from the West Indies. They were gaily
+painted and wore bright feathers in their hair. Then a number of men
+followed, carrying rare birds and plants, with gold and silver
+ornaments, all found in the New World. These were presents for the
+king and queen. Ferdinand and Isabella received Columbus with great
+honor. When he had told them the story of his wonderful voyage, they
+sank on their knees and gave praise to God; all who were present
+followed their example.</p>
+
+<p><small>17 Barcelona (Bar-se-lo'na); see map in paragraph <a href="#para012">12</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para017"><b>17. The last voyages of Columbus.</b></a>&mdash;Columbus made three more voyages
+across the Atlantic. He discovered more islands near the coast of
+America, and he touched the coast of Central America and of South
+America, but that was all. He never set foot on any part of what is
+now the United States, and he always thought that the land he had
+reached was part of Asia. He had found a new world, but he did not
+know it: all that he knew was how to get to it and how to show others
+the way.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration009">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="577">
+			<img name="illus009" src="images/009columbusdiscovery.jpg" alt="What Columbus Discovered">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="590" align="center">
+			The light parts of this map show how much of America Columbus discovered.
+			(The long island is Cuba; the large one to the right is San Domingo.)
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para018"><b>18. Columbus in his old age.</b></a>&mdash;The last days of this great man were
+very sorrowful. The king was disappointed because he brought back
+no gold to amount to anything. The Spanish governor of San Domingo
+hated Columbus, and when he landed at that island on one of his
+voyages, he arrested him and sent him back to Spain in chains. He
+was at once set at liberty; but he could not forget the insult. He
+kept the chains hanging on the wall of his room, and asked to have
+them buried with him.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus was now an old man; his health was broken, he was poor, in
+debt, and without a home. Once he wrote to the king and queen, saying,
+"I have not a hair upon me that is not gray, my body is weak, and
+all that was left to me ... has been taken away and sold, even to
+the coat which I wore."</p>
+
+<p>Not long after he had come back to Spain to stay, the queen died.
+Then Columbus felt that he had lost his best friend. He gave up hope,
+and said, "I have done all that I could do: I leave the rest to God."</p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration010">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="100">
+			<img name="illus010" src="images/010columbusmonument.jpg" alt="Monument to Columbus">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="100" align="center">
+			M<small>ONUMENT TO</small> C<small>OLUMBUS</small>.<br>
+			<small>(In the Cathedral of Havana, Cuba.)</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para019"><b>19. His death and burial.</b></a>&mdash;Columbus died full of disappointment and
+sorrow&mdash;perhaps it would not be too much to say that he died of a
+broken heart.</p>
+
+<p>He was at first buried in Spain; then his body was taken up and carried
+to San Domingo, where he had wished to be buried. Whether it rests
+there to-day, or whether it was carried to Havana[18] and deposited
+in the cathedral or great church of that city, no one can positively
+say. But wherever the grave of the great sailor may be, his memory
+will live in every heart capable of respecting a brave man; for he
+first dared to cross the "Sea of Darkness," and he discovered
+America.</p>
+
+<p><small>18 Havana (Ha-van'ah): a city of Cuba.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para020"><b>20. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;In 1492 Christopher Columbus set sail from Spain to
+find a direct way across the Atlantic to Asia and the Indies. He did
+not get to Asia; but he did better; he discovered America. He died
+thinking that the new lands he had found were part of Asia; but by
+his daring voyage he first showed the people of Europe how to get
+to the New World.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>When and where was Columbus born? What did he do when he was fourteen?
+What about his sea-fight? What did he do in Lisbon? How much of the
+world was then known? How did Columbus think he could reach Asia and
+the Indies? Why did he want to go there? What did he try to do in
+Portugal? Why did he go to Spain? Where did he first go in Spain?
+How did Columbus get help at last? When did he sail? What happened
+on the first part of the voyage? What happened after that? What is
+said about signs of land? What about the discovery of land? What did
+Columbus name the island? What did he find on it? What is said of
+other islands? What is said of the return of Columbus to Spain? What
+about the last voyages of Columbus? Did he ever land on any part of
+what is now the United States? What about his old age? What is said
+of his death and burial?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap2">JOHN CABOT[1]</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(Lived in England from 1472-1498).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration011">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="393">
+			<img name="illus011" src="images/011cabotlived.jpg" alt="Where John Cabot had lived">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="393" align="center">
+			Map showing the city of Venice, Italy, where John Cabot had lived.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para021"><b>21. John Cabot discovers the <i>continent</i> of North America.</b></a>&mdash;At the
+time that Columbus set out on his first voyage across the Atlantic
+in 1492, John Cabot, an Italian merchant, was living in the city of
+Bristol,[2] England. When the news reached that city that Columbus
+had discovered the West Indies, Cabot begged Henry the Seventh, king
+of England, to let him see if he could not find a shorter way to the
+Indies than that of Columbus. The king gave his consent, and in the
+spring of 1497 John Cabot, with his son Sebastian,[3] who seems to
+have been born in Bristol, sailed from that port. They headed their
+vessels toward the northwest; by going in that direction they hoped
+to get to those parts of Asia and the Spice Islands which were known
+to Europe, and which Columbus had failed to reach.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration012">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="286">
+			<img name="illus012" src="images/012novascotia.jpg" alt="Nova Scotia">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Early one bright morning toward the last of June, 1497, they saw land
+in the west. It was probably Cape Breton[4] Island, a part of Nova
+Scotia.[5] John Cabot named it "The Land First Seen." Up to this time
+Columbus had discovered nothing but the West India Islands, but John
+Cabot now saw the continent of North America; no civilized man[6]
+had ever seen it before. There it lay, a great, lonely land, shaggy
+with forests, with not a house or a human being in sight.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Cabot (Cab'ot).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 See map in paragraph <a href="#para062">62</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Sebastian (Se-bast'yan).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 Breton (Bret'on).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 Nova Scotia (No'vah Sko'she-a).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 The Northmen: an uncivilized people of Norway and
+Denmark discovered the continent of North America about five hundred
+years before Cabot did. Nothing came of this discovery, and when
+Cabot sailed, no one seems to have known anything about what the
+Northmen had done so long before.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration013">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="321">
+			<img name="illus013" src="images/013cabotlanding.jpg" alt="Cabots Landing">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para022"><b>22. John Cabot takes possession of the country for the king of
+England.</b></a>&mdash;Cabot went on shore with his son and some of his crew. In
+the vast, silent wilderness they set up a large cross. Near to it
+they planted two flag-poles, and hoisted the English flag on one and
+the flag of Venice,[7] the city where John Cabot had lived in Italy,
+on the other. Then they took possession of the land for Henry the
+Seventh. It was in this way that the English came to consider that
+the eastern coast of North America was their property, although they
+did not begin to make settlements here until nearly a hundred years
+later.</p>
+
+<p><small>7 Venice (Ven'is).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para023"><b>23. John Cabot and his son return to Bristol.</b></a>&mdash;After sailing about
+the Gulf of St. Lawrence without finding the passage through to Asia
+for which they were looking, the voyagers returned to England.</p>
+
+<p>The king was so pleased with what John Cabot had discovered that he
+made him a handsome present; and when the captain, richly dressed
+in silk, appeared in the street, the people of Bristol would "run
+after him like mad" and hurrah for the "Great Admiral," as they called
+him.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para024"><b>24. What the Cabots carried back to England from America.</b></a>&mdash;The Cabots
+carried back to England some Indian traps for catching game and
+perhaps some wild turkeys&mdash;an American bird the English had then
+never seen, but whose acquaintance they were not sorry to make. They
+also carried over the rib of a whale which they had found on the beach
+in Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p>Near where the Cabots probably lived in Bristol there is a famous
+old church.[8] It was built long before the discovery of America,
+and Queen Elizabeth said that it was the most beautiful building of
+its kind in all England. In that church hangs the rib of a whale.
+It is believed to be the one the Cabots brought home with them. It
+reminds all who see it of that voyage in 1497 by which England got
+possession of a very large part of the continent of North America.</p>
+
+<p><small>8 The church of St. Mary Redcliffe.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration014">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="348">
+			<img name="illus014" src="images/014cabotland.jpg" alt="Extent Discovered by Cabots">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="348" align="center">
+			Map showing how much of the continent of North America was discovered by the Cabots.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para025"><b>25. The second voyage of the Cabots; how they sailed along the eastern
+shores of North America.</b></a>&mdash;About a year later the Cabots set out on
+a second voyage to the west. They reached the gloomy cliffs of
+Labrador[9] on the northeastern coast of America, and they passed
+many immense icebergs. They saw numbers of Indians dressed in the
+skins of wild beasts, and polar bears white as snow. These bears were
+great swimmers, and would dive into the sea and come up with a large
+fish in their claws. As it did not look to the Cabots as if the polar
+bears and the icebergs would guide them to the warm countries of Asia
+and the Spice Islands, they turned about and went south. They sailed
+along what is now the eastern coast of the United States for a very
+long distance; but not finding any passage through to the countries
+they were seeking, they returned to England.</p>
+
+<p>The English now began to see what an immense extent of land they had
+found beyond the Atlantic. They could not tell, however, whether it
+was a continent by itself or a part of Asia. Like everybody in Europe,
+they called it the New World, but all that name really meant then
+was simply the New Lands across the sea.</p>
+
+<p><small>9 Labrador (Lab'ra-dor).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para026"><b>26. How the New World came to be called America.</b></a>&mdash;But not many years
+after this the New World received the name by which we now call it.
+An Italian navigator whose first name was Amerigo[10] made a voyage
+to it after it had been discovered by Columbus and the Cabots. He
+wrote an account of what he saw, and as this was the first printed
+description of the continent, it was named from him, AMERICA.</p>
+
+<p><small>10 Amerigo (A-ma-ree'go): his full name was Amerigo
+Vespucci (A-ma-ree'go Ves-poot'chee), or, as he wrote it in Latin,
+Americus Vespucius.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para027"><b>27. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;In 1497 John Cabot and his son, from Bristol, England,
+discovered the mainland or continent of North America, and took
+possession of it for England. The next year they came over and sailed
+along the eastern coast of what is now the United States.</p>
+
+<p>An Italian whose first name was Amerigo visited the New World
+afterward and wrote the first account of the mainland which was
+printed. For this reason the whole continent was named after him,
+AMERICA.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Who was John Cabot? What did he try to do? Who sailed with him?
+What land did they see? Had Columbus ever seen it? What did Cabot
+do when he went on shore? What is said of his return to Bristol? What
+did the Cabots carry back to England? What is said about the second
+voyage of the Cabots? How did the New World come to be called America?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap3">PONCE DE LEON,[1] BALBOA,[2] AND DE SOTO[3]</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(Period of Discovery, 1513-1542).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para028"><b>28. The magic fountain; Ponce de Leon discovers Florida; Balboa
+discovers the Pacific Ocean.</b></a>&mdash;The Indians on the West India Islands
+believed that there was a wonderful fountain in a land to the west
+of them. They said that if an old man should bathe in its waters,
+they would make him a boy again. Ponce de Leon, a Spanish soldier
+who was getting gray and wrinkled, set out to find this magic fountain,
+for he thought that there was more fun in being a boy than in growing
+old.</p>
+
+<p>He did not find the fountain, and so his hair grew grayer than ever
+and his wrinkles grew deeper. But in 1513 he discovered a land bright
+with flowers, which he named Florida.[4] He took possession of it
+for Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The same year another Spaniard, named Balboa, set out to explore the
+Isthmus of Panama.[5] One day he climbed to the top of a very high
+hill, and discovered that vast ocean&mdash;the greatest of all the oceans
+of the globe&mdash;which we call the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Ponce de Leon (Pon'thay day La-on') or, in English, Pons
+de Lee'on. Many persons now prefer the English pronunciation of all
+these Spanish names.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Balboa (Bal-bo'ah).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 De Soto (Da So'to).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 Florida: this word means flowery; the name was given
+by the Spaniards because they discovered the country on Easter Sunday,
+which they call Flowery Easter.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 Panama (Pan-a-mah').</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para029"><b>29. De Soto discovers the Mississippi.</b></a>&mdash;Long after Balboa and Ponce
+de Leon were dead, a Spaniard named De Soto landed in Florida and
+marched through the country in search of gold mines.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of his long and weary wanderings, he came to a river
+more than a mile across. The Indians told him it was the Mississippi,
+or the Great River. In discovering it, De Soto had found the largest
+river in North America; he had also found his own grave, for he died
+shortly after, and was secretly buried at midnight in its muddy
+waters.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration015">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="728">
+			<img name="illus015" src="images/015desotoburial.jpg" alt="Burial of De Soto">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="728" align="center">
+			B<small>URIAL OF</small> D<small>E</small> S<small>OTO</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<br>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration016">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="494">
+			<img name="illus016" src="images/016spanishgateway.jpg" alt="Old Spanish Gateway">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="494" align="center">
+			O<small>LD</small> S<small>PANISH</small> G<small>ATEWAY
+			AT</small> S<small>T.</small> A<small>UGUSTINE</small>.<br>
+			<small>(Called the "City Gate.")</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para030"><b>30. The Spaniards build St. Augustine;[6] we buy Florida in
+1819.</b></a>&mdash;More than twenty years after the burial of De Soto, a Spanish
+soldier named Menendez[7] went to Florida and built a fort on the
+eastern coast. This was in 1565. The fort became the centre of a
+settlement named St. Augustine. It is the oldest city built by white
+men, not only in what is now the United States, but in all North
+America.</p>
+
+<p>In 1819, or more than two hundred and fifty years after St. Augustine
+was begun, Spain sold Florida to the United States.</p>
+
+<p><small>6 St. Augustine (Sant Aw'gus-teen').</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 Menendez (Ma-nen'deth).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para031"><b>31. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;Ponce de Leon discovered Florida; another Spaniard,
+named Balboa, discovered the Pacific; still another, named De Soto,
+discovered the Mississippi. In 1565 the Spaniards began to build St.
+Augustine in Florida. It is the oldest city built by white men in
+the United States or in all North America.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>What is said about a magic fountain? What did Ponce De Leon do? What
+is said about Balboa? What about De Soto? What did Menendez do in
+Florida? What is said of St. Augustine?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap4">SIR WALTER RALEIGH[1]</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1552-1618).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para032"><b>32. Walter Raleigh sends two ships to America; how the Indians
+received the Englishmen.</b></a>&mdash;Although John Cabot discovered the
+continent of North America in 1497 and took possession of the land
+for the English,[2] yet the English themselves did not try to settle
+here until nearly a hundred years later.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration017">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="250">
+			<img name="illus017" src="images/017roanoke.jpg" alt="Roanoke Island">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Then (1584) a young man named Walter Raleigh, who was a great favorite
+of Queen Elizabeth's, sent out two ships to America. The captains
+of these vessels landed on Roanoke[3] Island, on the coast of what
+is now the state of North Carolina. They found the island covered
+with tall red cedars and with vines thick with clusters of wild grapes.
+The Indians called this place the "Good Land." They were pleased to
+see the Englishmen, and they invited them to a great feast of roast
+turkey, venison,[4] melons, and nuts.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Raleigh (Raw'li).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 See paragraph <a href="#para022">22</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Roanoke (Ro-a-nok').</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 Venison (ven'i-zon or ven'zon): deer meat.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para033"><b>33. Queen Elizabeth names the country Virginia; first settlers; what
+they sent Walter Raleigh.</b></a>&mdash;When the two captains returned to England,
+Queen Elizabeth&mdash;the "Virgin Queen," as she was called&mdash;was
+delighted with what she heard of the "Good Land." She named it
+Virginia in honor of herself. She also gave Raleigh a title of honor.
+From that time he was no longer called plain Walter Raleigh or Mr.
+Raleigh, but Sir Walter Raleigh.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration018">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="316">
+			<img name="illus018" src="images/018firstpipe.jpg" alt="First Pipe of Tobacco">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="316" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> F<small>IRST</small> P<small>IPE OF</small> T<small>OBACCO</small>.<br>
+			<small>(Raleigh's servant thought his master was on fire.)</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Sir Walter now (1585) shipped over emigrants[5] to settle in Virginia.
+They sent back to him as a present two famous American plants&mdash;one
+called Tobacco, the other the Potato. The queen had given Sir Walter
+a fine estate in Ireland, and he set out both the plants in his garden.
+The tobacco plant did not grow very well there, but the potato did;
+and after a time thousands of farmers began to raise that vegetable,
+not only in Ireland, but in England too. As far back then as that
+time&mdash;or more than three hundred years ago&mdash;America was beginning
+to feed the people of the Old World.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Emigrants: persons who leave one country to go and
+settle in another. Thousands of emigrants from Europe now land in
+this country every month.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para034"><b>34. The Virginia settlement destroyed.</b></a>&mdash;Sir Walter spent immense
+sums of money on his settlement in Virginia, but it did not succeed.
+One of the settlers, named Dare, had a daughter born there. He named
+her Virginia Dare. She was the first English child born in America.
+But the little girl, with her father and mother and all the rest of
+the settlers, disappeared. It is supposed that they were either
+killed by the Indians or that they wandered away and starved to death;
+but all that we really know is that not one of them was ever seen
+again.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para035"><b>35. Last days of Sir Walter Raleigh.</b></a>&mdash;After Queen Elizabeth died,
+King James the First became ruler of England. He accused Sir Walter
+of trying to take away his crown so as to make some one else ruler
+over the country. Sir Walter was sent to prison and kept there for
+many years. At last King James released him in order to send him to
+South America to get gold. When Sir Walter returned to London without
+any gold, the greedy king accused him of having disobeyed him because
+he had fought with some Spaniards. Raleigh was condemned to death
+and beheaded.</p>
+
+<p>But Sir Walter's attempt to settle Virginia led other Englishmen to
+try. Before he died they built a town, called Jamestown, on the coast.
+We shall presently read the history of that town. The English held
+Virginia from that time until it became part of the United States.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para036"><b>36. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;Sir Walter Raleigh sent over men from England to
+explore the coast of America. Queen Elizabeth named the country they
+visited Virginia. Raleigh then shipped emigrants over to make a
+settlement. These emigrants sent him two American plants, Tobacco
+and the Potato; and in that way the people of Great Britain and
+Ireland came to like both. Sir Walter's settlement failed, but his
+example led other Englishmen to try to make one. Before he was
+beheaded they succeeded.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>What is said about Walter Raleigh? What is said about the Indians?
+What name did Queen Elizabeth give to the country? What did she do
+for Walter Raleigh? What did Sir Walter then do? What American plants
+did the emigrants send him? What did he do with those plants? What
+happened to the Virginia settlement? What is said of the last days
+of Sir Walter Raleigh? Did Sir Walter's attempt to settle Virginia
+do any good?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap5">CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1579-1631).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration019">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="386">
+			<img name="illus019" src="images/019johnsmith.jpg" alt="Captain John Smith">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="386" align="center">
+			C<small>APTAIN</small> J<small>OHN</small> S<small>MITH</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para037"><b>37. New and successful attempt to make a settlement in Virginia;
+Captain John Smith.</b></a>&mdash;One of the leaders in the new expedition sent
+out to make a settlement in Virginia, while Raleigh was in prison,
+was Captain John Smith. He began life as a clerk in England. Not
+liking his work, he ran away and turned soldier. After many strange
+adventures, he was captured by the Turks and sold as a slave. His
+master, who was a Turk, riveted a heavy iron collar around his neck
+and set him to thrashing grain with a big wooden bat like a ball-club.
+One day the Turk rode up and struck his slave with his riding-whip.
+This was more than Smith could bear; he rushed at his master, and
+with one blow of his bat knocked his brains out. He then mounted the
+dead man's horse and escaped. After a time he got back to England;
+but as England seemed a little dull to Captain Smith, he resolved
+to join some emigrants who were going to Virginia.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para038"><b>38. What happened to Captain Smith on the voyage; the landing at
+Jamestown; what the settlers wanted to do; Smith's plan.</b></a>&mdash;On the way
+to America, Smith was accused of plotting to murder the chief men
+among the settlers so that he might make himself "King of Virginia."
+The accusation was false, but he was put in irons and kept a prisoner
+for the rest of the voyage.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration020">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="220">
+			<img name="illus020" src="images/020jamestown.jpg" alt="Jamestown">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1607 the emigrants reached Chesapeake[1] Bay, and
+sailed up a river which they named the James in honor of King James
+of England; when they landed they named the settlement Jamestown for
+the same reason. Here they built a log fort, and placed three or four
+small cannon on its walls. Most of the men who settled Jamestown came
+hoping to find mines of gold in Virginia, or else a way through to
+the Pacific Ocean and to the Indies, which they thought could not
+be very far away. But Captain Smith wanted to help his countrymen
+to make homes here for themselves and their children.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Chesapeake (Ches'a-peek).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para039"><b>39. Smith's trial and what came of it; how the settlers lived; the
+first English church; sickness; attempted desertion.</b></a>&mdash;As soon as
+Captain Smith landed, he demanded to be tried by a jury[2] of twelve
+men. The trial took place. It was the first English court and the
+first English jury that ever sat in America. The captain proved his
+innocence and was set free. His chief accuser was condemned to pay
+him a large sum of money for damages. Smith generously gave this money
+to help the settlement.</p>
+
+<p>As the weather was warm, the emigrants did not begin building log
+cabins at once, but slept on the ground, sheltered by boughs of trees.
+For a church they had an old tent, in which they met on Sunday. They
+were all members of the Church of England, or the Episcopal Church,
+and that tent was the first place of worship that we know of which
+was opened by Englishmen in America.</p>
+
+<p>When the hot weather came, many fell sick. Soon the whole settlement
+was like a hospital. Sometimes three or four would die in one night.
+Captain Smith, though not well himself, did everything he could for
+those who needed his help.</p>
+
+<p>When the sickness was over, some of the settlers were so discontented
+that they determined to seize the only vessel there was at Jamestown
+and go back to England. Captain Smith turned the cannon of the fort
+against them. The deserters saw that if they tried to leave the harbor
+he would knock their vessel to pieces, so they came back. One of the
+leaders of these men was tried and shot; the other was sent to England
+in disgrace.</p>
+
+<p><small>2 Jury: a number of men, generally twelve, selected
+according to law to try a case in a court of law; in criminal cases
+they declare the person accused to be either guilty or not guilty.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para040"><b>40. The Indians of Virginia.</b></a>&mdash;When the Indians of America first met
+the white men, they were very friendly to them; but this did not last
+long, because often the whites treated the Indians very badly; in
+fact, the Spaniards made slaves of them and whipped many of them to
+death. But these were the Indians of the south; some of the northern
+tribes were terribly fierce and a match for the Spaniards in cruelty.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration021">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="400">
+			<img name="illus021" src="images/021wigwam.jpg" alt="Building a Wigwam">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="400" align="center">
+			B<small>UILDING A</small> W<small>IGWAM</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Indians at the east did not build cities, but lived in small
+villages. These villages were made up of huts, covered with the bark
+of trees. Such huts were called wigwams. The women did nearly all
+the work, such as building the wigwams and hoeing corn and tobacco.
+The men hunted and made war. Instead of guns the Indians had bows
+and arrows. With these they could bring down a deer or a squirrel
+quite as well as a white man could now with a rifle. They had no iron,
+but made hatchets and knives out of sharp, flat stones. They never
+built roads, for they had no wagons, and at the east they did not
+use horses; but they could find their way with ease through the
+thickest forest. When they came to a river they swam across it, so
+they had no need of bridges. For boats they made canoes of birch bark.
+These canoes were almost as light as paper, yet they were very strong
+and handsome, and they </p>
+
+<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"floated on the river<br>
+  Like a yellow leaf in autumn,<br>
+  Like a yellow water-lily."[3]</blockquote>
+
+<p>In them they could go hundreds of miles quickly and silently. So every
+river and stream became a roadway to the Indian.</p>
+
+<p><small>3 Longfellow's <i>Hiawatha</i> (Hiawatha's Sailing).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration022">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="166">
+			<img name="illus022" src="images/022compass.jpg" alt="Pocket Compass">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="166" align="center">
+			P<small>OCKET</small> C<small>OMPASS</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para041"><b>41. Captain Smith goes in search of the Pacific; he is captured by
+Indians.</b></a>&mdash;After that first long, hot summer was over, some of the
+settlers wished to explore the country and see if they could not find
+a short way through to the Pacific Ocean. Captain Smith led the
+expedition. The Indians attacked them, killed three of the men, and
+took the captain prisoner. To amuse the Indians, Smith showed them
+his pocket compass. When the savages saw that the needle always
+pointed toward the north they were greatly astonished, and instead
+of killing their prisoner they decided to take him to their chief.
+This chief was named Powhatan.[4] He was a tall, grim-looking old
+man, and he hated the settlers at Jamestown, because he believed that
+they had come to steal the land from the Indians.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 Powhatan (Pow-ha-tan').</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para042"><b>42. Smith's life is saved by Pocahontas;[5] her marriage to John
+Rolfe.[6]</b></a>&mdash;Smith was dragged into the chief's wigwam; his head was
+laid on a large, flat stone, and a tall savage with a big club stood
+ready to dash out his brains. Just as Powhatan was about to cry
+"strike!" his daughter Pocahontas, a girl of twelve or thirteen, ran
+up, and, putting her arms round the prisoner's head, she laid her
+own head on his&mdash;now let the Indian with his uplifted club strike
+if he dare.[7]</p>
+
+<p>Instead of being angry with his daughter, Powhatan promised her that
+he would spare Smith's life. When an Indian made such a promise as
+that he kept it, so the captain knew that his head was safe. Powhatan
+released his prisoner and soon sent him back to Jamestown, and
+Pocahontas, followed by a number of Indians, carried to the settlers
+presents of corn and venison.</p>
+
+<p>Some years after this the Indian maiden married John Rolfe, an
+Englishman who had come to Virginia. They went to London, and
+Pocahontas died not far from that city. She left a son; from that
+son came some noted Virginians. One of them was John Randolph. He
+was a famous man in his day, and he always spoke with pride of the
+Indian princess, as he called her.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Pocahontas (Po-ka-hon'tas).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 Rolfe (Rolf).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 On Pocahontas, see <a href="#note2">List of Books</a> at the end of this
+book.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para043"><b>43. Captain Smith is made governor of Jamestown; the gold-diggers;
+"Corn, or your life."</b></a>&mdash;More emigrants came over from England, and
+Captain Smith was now made governor of Jamestown. Some of the
+emigrants found some glittering earth which they thought was gold.
+Soon nearly every one was hard at work digging it. Smith laughed at
+them; but they insisted on loading a ship with the worthless stuff
+and sending it to London. That was the last that was heard of it.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration023">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="270">
+			<img name="illus023" src="images/023cornorlife.jpg" alt="Corn or your Life">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="270" align="center">
+			"C<small>ORN, OR YOUR</small> L<small>IFE</small>!"
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The people had wasted their time digging this shining dirt when they
+should have been hoeing their gardens. Soon they began to be in great
+want of food. The captain started off with a party of men to buy corn
+of the Indians. The Indians contrived a cunning plot to kill the whole
+party. Smith luckily found it out; seizing the chief by the hair,
+he pressed the muzzle of a pistol against his heart and gave him his
+choice,&mdash;"Corn, or your life!" He got the corn, and plenty of it.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para044"><b>44. "He who will not work shall not eat."</b></a>&mdash;Captain Smith then set
+part of the men to planting corn, so that they might raise what they
+needed. The rest of the settlers he took with him into the woods to
+chop down trees and saw them into boards to send to England. Many
+tried to escape from this labor; but Smith said, Men who are able
+to dig for gold are able to chop; then he made this rule: "He who
+will not work shall not eat." Rather than lose his dinner, the laziest
+man now took his axe and set off for the woods.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para045"><b>45. Captain Smith's cold-water cure.</b></a>&mdash;But though the choppers worked,
+they grumbled. They liked to see the chips fly and to hear the great
+trees "thunder as they fell," but the axe-handles raised blisters
+on their fingers. These blisters made the men swear, so that often
+one would hear an oath for every stroke of the axe. Smith said the
+swearing must be stopped. He had each man's oaths set down in a book.
+When the day's work was done, every offender was called up; his oaths
+were counted; then he was told to hold up his right hand, and a can
+of cold water was poured down his sleeve for each oath. This new style
+of water cure did wonders; in a short time not an oath was heard:
+it was just chop, chop, chop, and the madder the men got, the more
+the chips would fly.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para046"><b>46. Captain Smith meets with an accident and goes back to England;
+his return to America; his death.</b></a>&mdash;Captain Smith had not been
+governor very long when he met with a terrible accident. He was out
+in a boat, and a bag of gunpowder he had with him exploded. He was
+so badly hurt that he had to go back to England to get proper treatment
+for his wounds.</p>
+
+<p>He returned to America a number of years later, explored the coast
+north of Virginia, and gave it the name of New England, but he never
+went back to Jamestown again. He died in London, and was buried in
+a famous old church in that city.[8]</p>
+
+<p><small>8 The church of St. Sepulchre: it is not very far from
+St. Paul's Cathedral.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration024">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="408">
+			<img name="illus024" src="images/024logcabin.jpg" alt="Settler's Log Cabin">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="408" align="center">
+			A S<small>ETTLER'S</small> L<small>OG</small> C<small>ABIN</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para047"><b>47. What Captain Smith did for Virginia.</b></a>&mdash;Captain John Smith was in
+Virginia less than three years, yet in that short time he did a great
+deal. First, he saved the settlers from starving, by making the
+Indians sell them corn. Next, by his courage, he saved them from the
+attacks of the savages. Lastly, he taught them how to work. Had it
+not been for him the people of Jamestown would probably have lost
+all heart and gone back to England. He insisted on their staying,
+and so, through him, the English got their first real foothold in
+America. But this was not all; he wrote two books on Virginia,
+describing the soil, the trees, the animals, and the Indians. He also
+made some excellent maps of Virginia and of New England. These books
+and maps taught the English people many things about this country,
+and helped those who wished to emigrate. For these reasons Captain
+Smith has rightfully been called the "Father of Virginia."</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para048"><b>48. Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.</b></a>&mdash;About ten years after
+Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought
+a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the
+settlers. That was the beginning of slavery in this country. Later,
+when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves,
+and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned
+more or less negroes. The people of Virginia employed most of their
+slaves in raising tobacco. They sold this in England, and, as it
+generally brought a good price, many of the planters[9] became quite
+rich.</p>
+
+<p><small>9 Planter: a person who owns a plantation or large farm
+at the South; it is cultivated by laborers living on it; once these
+laborers were generally negro slaves.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration025">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="359">
+			<img name="illus025" src="images/025burning.jpg" alt="The Burning of Jamestown">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="359" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> B<small>URNING OF</small> J<small>AMESTOWN</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para049"><b>49. Bacon's war against Governor Berkeley;[10] Jamestown
+burned.</b></a>&mdash;Long after Captain Smith was in his grave, Sir William
+Berkeley was made governor of Virginia by the king of England. He
+treated the people very badly. At last a young planter named Bacon
+raised a small army and marched against the governor, who was in
+Jamestown. The governor, finding that he had few friends to fight
+for him, made haste to get out of the place. Bacon then entered it
+with his men; but as he knew that, if necessary, the king would send
+soldiers from England to aid the governor in getting it back, he set
+fire to the place and burned it. It was never built up again, and
+so only a crumbling church-tower and a few gravestones can now be
+seen where Jamestown once stood. Those ruins mark the first English
+town settled in America.</p>
+
+<p><small>10 Berkeley (Berk'li).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para050"><b>50. What happened later in Virginia; the Revolution; Washington;
+four presidents.</b></a>&mdash;But though Jamestown was destroyed, Virginia kept
+growing in strength and wealth. What was better still, the country
+grew in the number of its great men. The king of England continued
+to rule America until, in 1776, the people of Virginia demanded that
+independence should be declared. The great war of the Revolution
+overthrew the king's power and made us free. The military leader of
+that war was a Virginia planter named George Washington.</p>
+
+<p>After we had gained the victory and peace was made, we chose
+presidents to govern the country. Four out of six of our first
+presidents, beginning with Washington, came from Virginia. For this
+reason that state has sometimes been called the "Mother of
+Presidents."</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para051"><b>51. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;In 1607 Captain John Smith, with others, made the first
+lasting settlement built up by Englishmen in America. Through
+Captain Smith's energy and courage, Jamestown, Virginia, took firm
+root. Virginia was the first state to demand the independence of
+America, and Washington, who was a Virginian, led the war of the
+Revolution by which that independence was gained.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>What can you tell about Captain John Smith before he went to Virginia?
+What happened to him on his way to Virginia? What is said about the
+landing of the settlers in Virginia? What did they want to do? What
+did Captain Smith want to do? What about Captain Smith's trial? What
+is said about the church in Jamestown? What happened to the settlers?
+What did some of them try to do? Who stopped them? Tell what you can
+about the Indians. What kind of houses did they live in? Did they
+have guns? Did they have iron hatchets and knives? Did they have
+horses and wagons? What kind of boats did they have? What happened
+to Captain Smith when he went in search of the Pacific? What did
+Pocahontas do? What is said about her afterward? What about the
+gold-diggers? How did Captain Smith get corn? What did he make the
+settlers do? What is said about Captain Smith's cold-water cure? Why
+did Captain Smith go back to England? What three things did he do
+for Virginia? What about his books and maps? What is said of negro
+slaves? What about tobacco? What about Governor Berkeley and Mr.
+Bacon? What happened to Jamestown? What did the war of the Revolution
+do? Who was its great military leader? Why is Virginia sometimes
+called the "Mother of Presidents"?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap6">CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(Voyages from 1607 to 1611).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para052"><b>52. Captain Hudson tries to find a northwest passage to China and
+the Indies.</b></a>&mdash;When Captain John Smith sailed for Virginia, he left
+a friend, named Henry Hudson, in London, who had the name of being
+one of the best sea-captains in England.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration026">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="407">
+			<img name="illus026" src="images/026hudsonmap.jpg" alt="Hudson's Hope">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="407" align="center">
+			Map showing how Captain Hudson hoped to reach Asia
+			by sailing northwest from England.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>While Smith was in Jamestown, a company of London merchants sent out
+Captain Hudson to try to discover a passage to China and the Indies.
+When he left England, he sailed to the northwest, hoping that he could
+find a way open to the Pacific across the North Pole or not far below
+it.</p>
+
+<p>If he found such a passage, he knew that it would be much shorter
+than a voyage round the globe further south; because, as any one can
+see, it is not nearly so far round the top of an apple, near the stem,
+as it is round the middle.</p>
+
+<p>Hudson could not find the passage he was looking for; but he saw
+mountains of ice, and he went nearer to the North Pole than any one
+had ever done before.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para053"><b>53. The Dutch hire Captain Hudson; he sails for America.</b></a>&mdash;The Dutch
+people in Holland had heard of Hudson's voyage, and a company of
+merchants of that country hired the brave sailor to see if he could
+find a passage to Asia by sailing to the northeast.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration027">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="188">
+			<img name="illus027" src="images/027greatriver.jpg" alt="Great River">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>He set out from the port of Amsterdam,[1] in 1609, in a vessel named
+the <i>Half Moon</i>. After he had gone quite a long distance, the sailors
+got so tired of seeing nothing but fog and ice that they refused to
+go any further.</p>
+
+<p>Then Captain Hudson turned his ship about and sailed for the coast
+of North America. He did that because his friend, Captain Smith of
+Virginia, had sent him a letter, with a map, which made him think
+that he could find such a passage as he wanted north of Chesapeake
+Bay.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 See map in paragraph <a href="#para062">62</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para054"><b>54. Captain Hudson reaches America and finds the "Great
+River."</b></a>&mdash;Hudson got to Chesapeake Bay, but the weather was so stormy
+that he thought it would not be safe to enter it. He therefore sailed
+northward along the coast. In September, 1609, he entered a beautiful
+bay, formed by the spreading out of a noble river. At that point the
+stream is more than a mile wide, and he called it the "Great River."
+On the eastern side of it, not far from its mouth, there is a long
+narrow island: the Indians of that day called it Manhattan Island.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para055"><b>55. The tides in the "Great River"; Captain Hudson begins to sail
+up the stream.</b></a>&mdash;One of the remarkable things about the river which
+Hudson had discovered is that it has hardly any current, and the tide
+from the ocean moves up for more than a hundred and fifty miles. If
+no fresh water ran in from the hills, still the sea would fill the
+channel for a long distance, and so make a kind of salt-water river
+of it. Hudson noticed how salt it was, and that, perhaps, made him
+think that he had at last actually found a passage which would lead
+him through from the Atlantic to the Pacific. He was delighted with
+all he saw, and said, "This is as beautiful a land as one can tread
+upon." Soon he began to sail up the stream, wondering what he should
+see and whether he should come out on an ocean which would take him
+to Asia.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para056"><b>56. Hudson's voyage on the "Great River"; his feast with the
+Indians.</b></a>&mdash;At first he drifted along, carried by the tide, under the
+shadow of a great natural wall of rock. That wall, which we now call
+the Palisades,[2] is from four hundred to six hundred feet high; it
+extends for nearly twenty miles along the western shore of the river.</p>
+
+<p>Then, some distance further up, Captain Hudson came to a place where
+the river breaks through great forest-covered hills, called the
+Highlands. At the end of the fifth day he came to a point on the
+eastern bank above the Highlands, where the city of Hudson now stands.
+Here an old Indian chief invited him to go ashore. Hudson had found
+the Indians, as he says, "very loving," so he thought he would accept
+the invitation. The savages made a great feast for the captain. They
+gave him not only roast pigeons, but also a roast dog, which they
+cooked specially for him: they wanted he should have the very best.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians had never seen a white man before. They thought that
+the English captain, in his bright scarlet coat trimmed with gold
+lace, had come down from the sky to visit them. What puzzled them,
+however, was that he had such a pale face instead of having a red
+one like themselves.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the feast Hudson rose to go, but the Indians begged
+him to stay all night. Then one of them got up, gathered all the arrows,
+broke them to pieces, and threw them into the fire, in order to show
+the captain that he need not be afraid to stop with them.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration028">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="715">
+			<img name="illus028" src="images/028palisades.jpg" alt="The Palisades">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="715" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> P<small>ALISADES</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>2 Palisades: this name is given to the wall of rock on
+the Hudson, because, when seen near by, it somewhat resembles a
+palisade, or high fence made of stakes or posts set close together,
+upright in the ground.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para057"><b>57. Captain Hudson reaches the end of his voyage and turns back;
+trouble with the Indians.</b></a>&mdash;But Captain Hudson made up his mind that
+he must now go on with his voyage. He went back to his ship and kept
+on up the river until he had reached a point about a hundred and fifty
+miles from its mouth. Here the city of Albany now stands. He found
+that the water was growing shallow, and he feared that if the <i>Half
+Moon</i> went further she would get aground. It was clear to him, too,
+that wherever the river might lead, he was not likely to find it a
+short road to China.</p>
+
+<p>On the way down stream a thievish Indian, who had come out in a canoe,
+managed to steal something from the ship. One of the crew chanced
+to see the Indian as he was slyly slipping off, and picking up a gun
+he fired and killed him. After that Hudson's men had several fights
+with the Indians.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration029">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="726">
+			<img name="illus029" src="images/029hudson.jpg" alt="Hudson on the River">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="726" align="center">
+			C<small>APTAIN</small> H<small>UDSON ON THE</small> G<small>REAT</small> R<small>IVER</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para058"><b>58. Hudson returns to Europe; the "Great River" is called by his name;
+his death.</b></a>&mdash;Early in October the captain set sail for Europe. Ever
+since that time the beautiful river which he explored has been called
+the Hudson in his honor.</p>
+
+<p>The next year Captain Hudson made another voyage, and entered that
+immense bay in the northern part of America which we now know as
+Hudson Bay. There he got into trouble with his men. Some of them
+seized him and set him adrift with a few others in an open boat.
+Nothing more was ever heard of the brave English sailor. The bay which
+bears his name is probably his grave.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para059"><b>59. The Dutch take possession of the land on the Hudson and call it
+New Netherland; how New Netherland became New York.</b></a>&mdash;As soon as the
+Dutch in Holland heard that Captain Hudson had found a country where
+the Indians had plenty of rich furs to sell, they sent out people
+to trade with them. Holland is sometimes called the Netherlands; that
+is, the Low Lands. When the Dutch took possession of the country on
+the Hudson (1614), they gave it the name of New Netherland,[3] for
+the same reason that the English called one part of their possessions
+in America New England. In the course of a few years the Dutch built
+(1615) a fort and some log cabins on the lower end of Manhattan Island.
+After a time they named this little settlement New Amsterdam, in
+remembrance of the port of Amsterdam in Holland from which Hudson
+sailed.</p>
+
+<p>After the Dutch had held the country of New Netherland about fifty
+years, the English (1664) seized it. They changed its name to New
+York, in honor of the Duke of York, who was brother to the king. The
+English also changed the name of New Amsterdam to that of New York
+City.</p>
+
+<p><small>3 New Netherland: this is often incorrectly printed New
+Netherlands.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para060"><b>60. The New York "Sons of Liberty" in the Revolution; what Henry
+Hudson would say of the city now.</b></a>&mdash;More than a hundred years after
+this the young men of New York, the "Sons of Liberty," as they called
+themselves, made ready with the "Sons of Liberty" in other states
+to do their full part, under the lead of General Washington, in the
+great war of the Revolution,&mdash;that war by which we gained our freedom
+from the rule of the king of England, and became the United States
+of America.</p>
+
+<p>The silent harbor where Henry Hudson saw a few Indian canoes is now
+one of the busiest seaports in the world. The great statue of Liberty
+stands at its entrance.[4] To it a fleet of ships and steamers is
+constantly coming from all parts of the globe; from it another fleet
+is constantly going. If Captain Hudson could see the river which
+bears his name, and Manhattan Island now covered with miles of
+buildings which make the largest and wealthiest city in America, he
+would say: There is no need of my looking any further for the riches
+of China and the Indies, for I have found them here.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 In her right hand Liberty holds a torch to guide vessels
+at night.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para061"><b>61. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;In 1609 Henry Hudson, an English sea-captain, then in
+the employ of the Dutch, discovered the river now called by his name.
+The Dutch took possession of the country on the river, named it New
+Netherland, and built a small settlement on Manhattan Island. Many
+years later the English seized the country and named it New York.
+The settlement on Manhattan Island then became New York City; it is
+now the largest and wealthiest city in the United States.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Who was Henry Hudson? What did he try to find? What did the Dutch
+hire him to do? Where did he go? What did he call the river he
+discovered? What is said about that river? Tell what you can of
+Hudson's voyage up the river. What is said about the Indians? Why
+did Hudson turn back? What did he do then? What is the river he
+discovered called now? What happened to Captain Hudson the next year?
+What did the Dutch do? What did they name the country? Why? What did
+they build there on Manhattan Island? Who seized New Netherland? What
+name did they give it? What is said of the "Sons of Liberty"? What
+would Hudson say if he could see New York City now?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap7">CAPTAIN MYLES[1] STANDISH</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1584-1656).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para062"><b>62. The English Pilgrims in Holland; why they left England.</b></a>&mdash;When
+the news of Henry Hudson's discovery of the Hudson River reached
+Holland, many Englishmen were living in the Dutch city of Leyden.[2]
+These people were mostly farmers who had fled from Scrooby[3] and
+neighboring villages in the northeast of England. They called
+themselves Pilgrims, because they were wanderers from their old
+homes.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration030">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="446">
+			<img name="illus030" src="images/030england.jpg" alt="England and Holland">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The Pilgrims left England because King James would not let them hold
+their religious meetings in peace. He thought, as all kings then did,
+that everybody in England should belong to the same church and
+worship God in the same way that he did.[4] He was afraid that if
+people were allowed to go to whatever church they thought best that
+it would lead to disputes and quarrels, which would end by breaking
+his kingdom to pieces. Quite a number of Englishmen, seeing that they
+could not have religious liberty at home, escaped with their wives
+and children to Holland; for there the Dutch were willing to let them
+have such a church as they wanted.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Myles (Miles): Standish himself wrote it Myles.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Leyden (Li'den): see map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Scrooby (Skroo'bi): see map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 There were some people in England who thought much as
+the Pilgrims did in regard to religion, but who did not then leave
+the Church of England (as the Pilgrims did). They were called
+Puritans because they insisted on making certain changes in the
+English mode of worship, or, as they said, they wished to <i>purify</i>
+it. Many Puritans came to New England with Governor Winthrop in 1630;
+after they settled in America they established independent churches
+like the Pilgrims.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para063"><b>63. Why the Pilgrims wished to leave Holland and go to America.</b></a>&mdash;But
+the Pilgrims were not contented in Holland. They saw that if they
+staid in that country their children would grow up to be more Dutch
+than English. They saw, too, that they could not hope to get land
+in Holland. They resolved therefore to go to America, where they
+could get farms for nothing, and where their children would never
+forget the English language or the good old English customs and laws.
+In the wilderness they would not only enjoy entire religious freedom,
+but they could build up a settlement which would be certainly their
+own.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para064"><b>64. The Pilgrims, with Captain Myles Standish, sail for England and
+then for America; they reach Cape Cod, and choose a governor
+there.</b></a>&mdash;In 1620 a company of Pilgrims sailed for England on their
+way to America. Captain Myles Standish, an English soldier, who had
+fought in Holland, joined them. He did not belong to the Pilgrim
+church, but he had become a great friend to those who did.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration031">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="362">
+			<img name="illus031" src="images/031capecod.jpg" alt="Cape Cod">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>About a hundred of these people sailed from Plymouth,[5] England,
+for the New World, in the ship <i>Mayflower</i>. Many of those who went
+were children and young people. The Pilgrims had a long, rough
+passage across the Atlantic. Toward the last of November (1620) they
+saw land. It was Cape Cod, that narrow strip of sand, more than sixty
+miles long, which looks like an arm bent at the elbow, with a hand
+like a half-shut fist.</p>
+
+<p>Finding that it would be difficult to go further, the Pilgrims
+decided to land and explore the cape; so the <i>Mayflower</i> entered Cape
+Cod Harbor, inside the half-shut fist, and then came to anchor.</p>
+
+<p>Before they landed, the Pilgrims held a meeting in the cabin, and
+drew up an agreement in writing for the government of the settlement.
+They signed the agreement, and then chose John Carver for governor.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Plymouth (Plim'uth).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para065"><b>65. Washing-day; what Standish and his men found on the Cape.</b></a>&mdash;On
+the first Monday after they had reached the cape, all the women went
+on shore to wash, and so Monday has been kept as washing-day in New
+England ever since. Shortly after that, Captain Myles Standish, with
+a number of men, started off to see the country. They found some
+Indian corn buried in the sand; and a little further on a young man
+named William Bradford, who afterward became governor, stepped into
+an Indian deer-trap. It jerked him up by the leg in a way that must
+have made even the Pilgrims smile.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration032">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="50%" align="center">
+			<img name="illus032" src="images/032deertrap.jpg" alt="Indian Deer-Trap">
+		</td>
+		<td align="center">
+			<img name="illus033" src="images/033bradford.jpg" alt="Bradford Caught">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="center">
+			A<small>N</small> I<small>NDIAN</small> D<small>EER-</small>T<small>RAP</small>.
+		</td>
+		<td align="center">
+			B<small>RADFORD</small> C<small>AUGHT</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para066"><b>66. Captain Standish and his men set sail in a boat for a blue hill
+in the west, and find Plymouth Rock; Plymouth Harbor; landing from
+the <i>Mayflower</i>.</b></a>&mdash;On clear days the people on board the <i>Mayflower</i>,
+anchored in Cape Cod Harbor, could see a blue hill, on the mainland,
+in the west, about forty miles away. To that blue hill Standish and
+some others determined to go. Taking a sail-boat, they started off.
+A few days later they passed the hill which the Indians called
+Manomet,[6] and entered a fine harbor. There, on December 21st,
+1620,&mdash;the shortest day in the year,&mdash;they landed on that famous
+stone which is now known all over the world as Plymouth Rock.</p>
+
+<p>Standish, with the others, went back to the <i>Mayflower</i> with a good
+report. They had found just what they wanted,&mdash;an excellent harbor
+where ships from England could come in; a brook of nice
+drinking-water; and last of all, a piece of land that was nearly free
+from trees, so that nothing would hinder their planting corn early
+in the spring. Captain John Smith of Virginia[7] had been there
+before them, and had named the place Plymouth on his map of New
+England. The Pilgrims liked the name, and so made up their minds to
+keep it. The <i>Mayflower</i> soon sailed for Plymouth, and the Pilgrims
+set to work to build the log cabins of their little settlement.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration034">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="692">
+			<img name="illus034" src="images/034plymouth.jpg" alt="Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="692" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> <i>Mayflower</i> <small>IN</small> P<small>LYMOUTH</small> H<small>ARBOR</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><small>6 Manomet (Man'o-met).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 See paragraph <a href="#para046">46</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para067"><b>67. Sickness and death.</b></a>&mdash;During that winter nearly half the Pilgrims
+died. Captain Standish showed himself to be as good a nurse as he
+was a soldier. He, with Governor Carver and their minister, Elder
+Brewster, cooked, washed, waited on the sick, and did everything that
+kind hearts and willing hands could to help their suffering friends.
+But the men who had begun to build houses had to stop that work to
+dig graves. When these graves were filled, they were smoothed down
+flat so that no prowling Indian should count them and see how few
+white men there were left.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para068"><b>68. Samoset,[8] Squanto,[9] and Massasoit[10] visit the
+Pilgrims.</b></a>&mdash;One day in the spring the Pilgrims were startled at seeing
+an Indian walk boldly into their little settlement. He cried out in
+good English, "Welcome! Welcome!" This visitor was named Samoset;
+he had met some sailors years before, and had learned a few English
+words from them.</p>
+
+<p>The next time Samoset came he brought with him another Indian, whose
+name was Squanto. Squanto was the only one left of the tribe that
+had once lived at Plymouth. All the rest had died of a dreadful
+sickness, or plague. He had been stolen by some sailors and carried
+to England; there he had learned the language. After his return he
+had joined an Indian tribe that lived about thirty miles further west.
+The chief of that tribe was named Massasoit, and Squanto said that
+he was coming directly to visit the Pilgrims.</p>
+
+<p>In about an hour Massasoit, with some sixty warriors, appeared on
+a hill just outside the settlement. The Indians had painted their
+faces in their very gayest style&mdash;black, red, and yellow. If paint
+could make them handsome, they were determined to look their best.
+
+<p><small>8 Samoset (Sam'o-set).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>9 Squanto (Skwon'to).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>10 Massasoit (Mas'sa-soit').</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration035">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="354">
+			<img name="illus035" src="images/035standish.jpg" alt="Standish and Massasoit">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="354" align="center">
+			C<small>APTAIN</small> S<small>TANDISH AND</small> M<small>ASSASOIT</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para069"><b>69. Massasoit and Governor Carver make a treaty of friendship; how
+Thanksgiving was kept; what Squanto did for the Pilgrims.</b></a>&mdash;Captain
+Standish, attended by a guard of honor, went out and brought the chief
+to Governor Carver. Then Massasoit and the governor made a solemn
+promise or treaty, in which they agreed that the Indians of his tribe
+and the Pilgrims should live like friends and brothers, doing all
+they could to help each other. That promise was kept for more than
+fifty years; it was never broken until long after the two men who
+made it were in their graves.</p>
+
+<p>When the Pilgrims had their first Thanksgiving, they invited
+Massasoit and his men to come and share it. The Indians brought
+venison and other good things; there were plenty of wild turkeys
+roasted; and so they all sat down together to a great dinner, and
+had a merry time in the wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>Squanto was of great help to the Pilgrims. He showed them how to catch
+eels, where to go fishing, when to plant their corn, and how to put
+a fish in every hill to make it grow fast.</p>
+
+<p>After a while he came to live with the Pilgrims. He liked them so
+much that when the poor fellow died he begged Governor Bradford to
+pray that he might go to the white man's heaven.</p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration036">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="155">
+			<img name="illus036" src="images/036arrows.jpg" alt="Arrows in Skin">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para070"><b>70. Canonicus[11] dares Governor Bradford to fight; the palisade;
+the fort and meeting-house.</b></a>&mdash;West of where Massasoit lived, there
+were some Indians on the shore of Narragansett Bay,[12] in what is
+now Rhode Island. Their chief was named Canonicus, and he was no
+friend to Massasoit or to the Pilgrims. Canonicus thought he could
+frighten the white men away, so he sent a bundle of sharp, new arrows,
+tied round with a rattlesnake skin, to Governor Bradford: that meant
+that he dared the governor and his men to come out and fight. Governor
+Bradford threw away the arrows, and then filled the snake-skin up
+to the mouth with powder and ball. This was sent back to Canonicus.
+When he saw it, he was afraid to touch it, for he knew that Myles
+Standish's bullets would whistle louder and cut deeper than his
+Indian arrows.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration037">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="361">
+			<img name="illus037" src="images/037palisade.jpg" alt="Plymouth Palisade">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="361" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> P<small>ALISADE BUILT ROUND</small> P<small>LYMOUTH</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>But though the Pilgrims did not believe that Canonicus would attack
+them, they thought it best to build a very high, strong fence, called
+a palisade, round the town.</p>
+
+<p>They also built a log fort on one of the hills, and used the lower
+part of the fort for a church. Every Sunday all the people, with
+Captain Standish at the head, marched to their meeting-house, where
+a man stood on guard outside. Each Pilgrim carried his gun, and set
+it down near him. With one ear he listened sharply to the preacher;
+with the other he listened just as sharply for the cry, Indians!
+Indians! But the Indians never came.</p>
+
+<p><small>11 Canonicus (Ka-non'i-kus).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>12 Narragansett (Nar'a-gan'set): see map, paragraph <a href="#para084">84</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para071"><b>71. The new settlers; trouble with the Indians in their neighborhood;
+Captain Standish's fight with the savages.</b></a>&mdash;By and by more emigrants
+came from England and settled about twenty-five miles north of
+Plymouth, at what is now called Weymouth. The Indians in that
+neighborhood did not like these new settlers, and they made up their
+minds to come upon them suddenly and murder them.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Bradford sent Captain Standish with a few men, to see how
+great the danger was. He found the Indians very bold. One of them
+came up to him, whetting a long knife. He held it up, to show how
+sharp it was, and then patting it, he said, "By and by, it shall eat,
+but not speak." Presently another Indian came up. He was a big fellow,
+much larger and stronger than Standish. He, too, had a long knife,
+as keen as a razor. "Ah," said he to Standish, "so this is the mighty
+captain the white men have sent to destroy us! He is a little man;
+let him go and work with the women."[13]</p>
+
+<p>The captain's blood was on fire with rage; but he said not a word.
+His time had not yet come. The next day the Pilgrims and the Indians
+met in a log cabin. Standish made a sign to one of his men, and he
+shut the door fast. Then the captain sprang like a tiger at the big
+savage who had laughed at him, and snatching his long knife from him,
+he plunged it into his heart. A hand-to-hand fight followed between
+the white men and the Indians. The Pilgrims gained the victory, and
+carried back the head of the Indian chief in triumph to Plymouth.
+Captain Standish's bold action saved both of the English settlements
+from destruction.</p>
+
+<p><small>13 See Longfellow's <i>The Courtship of Miles Standish</i>.
+This quotation is truthful in its rendering of the <i>spirit</i> of the
+words used by the Indian in his insulting speech to Standish; it
+should be understood, however, that the poem does not always adhere
+closely either to the chronology, or to the exact facts, of history.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para072"><b>72. What else Myles Standish did; his death.</b></a>&mdash;But Standish did more
+things for the Pilgrims than fight for them; for he went to England,
+bought goods for them, and borrowed money to help them.</p>
+
+<p>He lived to be an old man. At his death he left, among other things,
+three well-worn Bibles and three good guns. In those days, the men
+who read the Bible most were those who fought the hardest.</p>
+
+<p>Near Plymouth there is a high hill called Captain's Hill. That was
+where Standish made his home during the last of his life. A granite
+monument, over a hundred feet high, stands on top of the hill. On
+it is a statue of the brave captain looking toward the sea. He was
+one of the makers of America.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration038">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="50%" align="center">
+			<img name="illus038" src="images/038kettle.jpg" alt="Kettle and Sword">
+		</td>
+		<td align="center">
+			<img name="illus039" src="images/039signature.jpg" alt="Standish's Signature">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="center">
+			M<small>YLES</small> S<small>TANDISH'S</small> K<small>ETTLE, </small> S<small>WORD,
+			AND</small> P<small>EWTER</small> D<small>ISH</small>.
+		</td>
+		<td align="center">
+			C<small>OPY OF</small> M<small>YLES</small> S<small>TANDISH'S</small> S<small>IGNATURE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para073"><b>73. Governor John Winthrop founds[14] Boston.</b></a>&mdash;Ten years after the
+Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, a large company of English people under
+the leadership of Governor John Winthrop came to New England. They
+were called Puritans,[15] and they, too, were seeking that religious
+freedom which was denied them in the old country. One of the vessels
+which brought over these new settlers was named the <i>Mayflower</i>. She
+may have been the very ship which in 1620 brought the Pilgrims to
+these shores.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Winthrop's company named the place where they settled
+Boston, in grateful remembrance of the beautiful old city of
+Boston,[16] England, from which some of the chief emigrants came.
+The new settlement was called the Massachusetts Bay[17] Colony,[18]
+Massachusetts being the Indian name for the Blue Hills, near Boston.
+The Plymouth Colony was now often called the Old Colony, because it
+had been settled first. After many years, these two colonies were
+united, and still later they became the state of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p><small>14 Founds: begins to build.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>15 See footnote 4 in paragraph <a href="#para062">62</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>16 Boston, England; see map in paragraph <a href="#para062">62</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>17 Massachusetts Bay; see map in paragraph <a href="#para084">84</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>18 Colony: here a company of settlers who came to America
+from England, and who were subject to the king of England, as all
+the English settlers of America were until the Revolution.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para074"><b>74. How other New England colonies grew up; the Revolution.</b></a>&mdash;By the
+time Governor Winthrop arrived, English settlements had been made
+in Maine, New Hampshire, and later (1724), in the country which
+afterward became the state of Vermont. Connecticut and Rhode Island
+were first settled by emigrants who went from Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>When the Revolution broke out, the people throughout New England took
+up arms in defence of their rights. The first blood of the war was
+shed on the soil of Massachusetts, near Boston.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para075"><b>75. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, New England, in 1620.
+One of the chief men who came with them was Captain Myles Standish.
+Had it not been for his help, the Indians might have destroyed the
+settlement. In 1630, Governor John Winthrop, with a large company
+of emigrants from England, settled Boston. Near Boston the first
+battle of the Revolution was fought.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Why did some Englishmen in Holland call themselves Pilgrims? Why had
+they left England? Why did they now wish to go to America? Who was
+Myles Standish? From what place in England, and in what ship, did
+the Pilgrims sail? What land did they first see in America? What did
+they do at Cape Cod Harbor? What did the Pilgrims do on the Cape?
+Where did they land on December 21st, 1620? What happened during the
+winter? What is said of Samoset? What about Squanto? What about
+Massasoit? What did Massasoit and Governor Carver do? What about the
+first Thanksgiving? What is said about Canonicus and Governor
+Bradford? What did the Pilgrims build to protect them from the
+Indians? What is said about Weymouth? What did Myles Standish do
+there? What else did Myles Standish do besides fight? What is said
+of his death? What did Governor John Winthrop do? What did the people
+of New England do in the Revolution? Where was the first blood shed?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap8">LORD BALTIMORE</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1580-1632).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para076"><b>76. Lord Baltimore's settlement in Newfoundland; how Catholics were
+then treated in England.</b></a>&mdash;While Captain Myles Standish was helping
+build up Plymouth, Lord Baltimore, an English nobleman, was trying
+to make a settlement on the cold, foggy island of Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Baltimore had been brought up a Protestant, but had become a
+Catholic. At that time, Catholics were treated very cruelly in
+England. They were ordered by law to attend the Church of England.
+They did not like that church any better than the Pilgrims did; but
+if they failed to attend it, they had to take their choice between
+paying a large sum of money or going to prison.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Baltimore hoped to make a home for himself and for other English
+Catholics in the wilderness of Newfoundland, where there would be
+no one to trouble them. But the unfortunate settlers were fairly
+frozen out. They had winter a good share of the year, and fog all
+of it. They could raise nothing, because, as one man said, the soil
+was either rock or swamp: the rock was as hard as iron; the swamp
+was so deep that you could not touch bottom with a ten-foot pole.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para077"><b>77. The king of England gives Lord Baltimore part of Virginia, and
+names it Maryland; what Lord Baltimore paid for it.</b></a>&mdash;King Charles
+the First of England was a good friend to Lord Baltimore; and when
+the settlement in Newfoundland was given up, he made him a present
+of an immense three-cornered piece of land in America. This piece
+was cut out of Virginia, north of the Potomac[1] River.</p>
+
+<p>The king's wife, who was called Queen Mary, was a French Catholic.
+In her honor, Charles named the country he had given Lord Baltimore,
+Mary Land, or Maryland. He could not have chosen a better name,
+because Maryland was to be a shelter for many English people who
+believed in the same religion that the queen did.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration040">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="730">
+			<img name="illus040" src="images/040arrows.jpg" alt="Two Indian Arrows">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration041">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="336">
+			<img name="illus041" src="images/041windsor.jpg" alt="Windsor Castle">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="336" align="center">
+			P<small>ART OF</small> W<small>INDSOR</small> C<small>ASTLE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>All that Lord Baltimore was to pay for Maryland, with its twelve
+thousand square miles of land and water, was two Indian arrows. These
+he agreed to send every spring to the royal palace of Windsor[2]
+Castle, near London.</p>
+
+<p>The arrows would be worth nothing whatever to the king; but they were
+sent as a kind of yearly rent. They showed that, though Lord Baltimore
+had the use of Maryland, and could do pretty much as he pleased with
+it, still the king did not give up all control of it. In Virginia
+and in New England the king had granted all land to companies of
+persons, and he had been particular to tell them just what they must
+or must not do; but he gave Maryland to one man only. More than this,
+he promised to let Lord Baltimore have his own way in everything,
+so long as he made no laws in Maryland which should be contrary to
+the laws of England. So Lord Baltimore had greater privileges than
+any other holder of land in America at that time.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Potomac (Po-to'mak): see map, paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Windsor (Win'zor).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration042">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="397">
+			<img name="illus042" src="images/042maryland.jpg" alt="Landing in Maryland">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="397" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> L<small>ANDING IN</small> M<small>ARYLAND</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para078"><b>78. Lord Baltimore dies; his son sends emigrants to Maryland; the
+landing; the Indians; St. Mary's.</b></a>&mdash;Lord Baltimore died before he
+could get ready to come to America. His eldest son then became Lord
+Baltimore. He sent over a number of emigrants; part of them were
+Catholics, and part were Protestants: all of them were to have equal
+rights in Maryland. In the spring of 1634, these people landed on
+a little island near the mouth of the Potomac River. There they cut
+down a tree, and made a large cross of it; then, kneeling round that
+cross, they all joined in prayer to God for their safe journey.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration043">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="200">
+			<img name="illus043" src="images/043mapmaryland.jpg" alt="Map of Maryland">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>A little later, they landed on the shore of the river. There they
+met Indians. Under a huge mulberry-tree they bargained with the
+Indians for a place to build a town, and paid for the land in hatchets,
+knives, and beads.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians were greatly astonished at the size of the ship in which
+the white men came. They thought that it was made like their canoes,
+out of the trunk of a tree hollowed out, and they wondered where the
+English could have found a tree big enough to make it.</p>
+
+<p>The emigrants named their settlement St. Mary's, because they had
+landed on a day kept sacred to the Virgin Mary.[3] The Indians gave
+up one of their largest wigwams to Father White, one of the priests
+who had come over, and he made a church of it. It was the first English
+Catholic Church which was opened in America.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians and the settlers lived and worked together side by side.
+The red men showed the emigrants how to hunt in the forest, and the
+Indian women taught the white women how to make hominy, and to bake
+johnny-cake before the open fire.</p>
+
+<p><small>3 March 25th: Annunciation or Lady Day.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para079"><b>79. Maryland the home of religious liberty.</b></a>&mdash;Maryland was different
+from the other English colonies in America, because there, and there
+only, every Christian, whether Catholic or Protestant, had the right
+to worship God in his own way. In that humble little village of St.
+Mary's, made up of thirty or forty log huts and wigwams in the woods,
+"religious liberty had its only home in the wide world."</p>
+
+<p>But more than this, Lord Baltimore generously invited people who had
+been driven out of the other settlements on account of their religion
+to come and live in Maryland. He gave a hearty welcome to all, whether
+they thought as he did or not. Thus he showed that he was a noble
+man by nature as well as a nobleman by name.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para080"><b>80. Maryland falls into trouble; the city of Baltimore built.</b></a>&mdash;But
+this happy state of things did not last long. Some of the people of
+Virginia were very angry because the king had given Lord Baltimore
+part of what they thought was their land. They quarrelled with the
+new settlers and made them a great deal of trouble.</p>
+
+<p>Then worse things happened. Men went to Maryland and undertook to
+drive out the Catholics. In some cases they acted in a very shameful
+manner toward Lord Baltimore and his friends; among other things,
+they put Father White in irons and sent him back to England as a
+prisoner. Lord Baltimore had spent a great deal of money in building
+up the settlement, but his right to the land was taken away from him
+for a time, and all who dared to defend him were badly treated.</p>
+
+<p>St. Mary's never grew to be much of a place, but not quite a hundred
+years after the English landed there a new and beautiful city was
+begun (1729) in Maryland. It was named Baltimore, in honor of that
+Lord Baltimore who sent out the first emigrants. When the
+Revolutionary War broke out, the citizens of Baltimore showed that
+they were not a bit behind the other colonies of America in their
+spirit of independence.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para081"><b>81. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;King Charles the First of England gave Lord Baltimore,
+an English Catholic, a part of Virginia and named it Maryland, in
+honor of his wife, Queen Mary. A company of emigrants came out to
+Maryland in 1634. It was the first settlement in America in which
+all Christian people had entire liberty to worship God in whatever
+way they thought right. That liberty they owed to Lord Baltimore.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Who was Lord Baltimore, and what did he try to do in Newfoundland?
+How were Catholics then treated in England? What did the king of
+England give Lord Baltimore in America? What did the king name the
+country? What was Lord Baltimore to pay for Maryland? What did the
+king promise Lord Baltimore? What did Lord Baltimore's son do? When
+and where did the emigrants land? What did they call the place? What
+is said about the Indians? Of what was Maryland the home? Why did
+some of the people of Virginia trouble them? What is said of the city
+of Baltimore? What is said of the Revolution?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap9">ROGER WILLIAMS</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1600-1684).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration044">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="415">
+			<img name="illus044" src="images/044williamschurch.jpg" alt="Williams's Church">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="415" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> C<small>HURCH IN WHICH</small> R<small>OGER</small> W<small>ILLIAMS
+			PREACHED IN</small> S<small>ALEM</small>. I<small>T IS STILL STANDING</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para082"><b>82. Roger Williams comes to Boston; he preaches in Salem and in
+Plymouth; his friendship for the Indians.</b></a>&mdash;Shortly after Governor
+John Winthrop and his company settled Boston,[1] a young minister
+named Roger Williams came over from England to join them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Williams soon became a great friend to the Indians and while he
+preached at Salem,[2] near Boston, and at Plymouth, he came to know
+many of them. He took pains to learn their language, and he spent
+a great deal of time talking with the chief Massasoit[3] and his men,
+in their dirty, smoky wigwams. He made the savages feel that, as he
+said, his whole heart's desire was to do them good. For this reason
+they were always glad to see him and ready to help him. A time came,
+as we shall presently see, when they were able to do quite as much
+for him as he could for them.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 See paragraph <a href="#para073">73</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Salem (Sa'lem).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 See paragraph <a href="#para068">68</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para083"><b>83. Who owned the greater part of America? what the king of England
+thought; what Roger Williams thought and said.</b></a>&mdash;The company that had
+settled Boston held the land by permission of the king of England.
+He considered that most of the land in America belonged to him,
+because John Cabot[4] had discovered it.</p>
+
+<p>But Roger Williams said that the king had no right to the land unless
+he bought it of the Indians, who were living here when the English
+came.</p>
+
+<p>Now the people of Massachusetts were always quite willing to pay the
+Indians a fair price for whatever land they wanted; but many of them
+were afraid to have Mr. Williams preach and write as he did. They
+believed that if they allowed him to go on speaking out so boldly
+against the king that the English monarch would get so angry that
+he would take away Massachusetts from them and give it to a new
+company. In that case, those who had settled here would lose
+everything. For this reason the people of Boston tried to make the
+young minister agree to keep silent on this subject.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 See paragraph <a href="#para022">22</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration045">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="341">
+			<img name="illus045" src="images/045route.jpg" alt="Williams's Route">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="341" align="center">
+			Map showing Roger Williams's route from Salem to Mount Hope.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para084"><b>84. A constable is sent to arrest Roger Williams; he escapes to the
+woods, and goes to Mount Hope.</b></a>&mdash;But Mr. Williams was not one of the
+kind to keep silent. Then the chief men of Boston sent a constable
+down to Salem with orders to seize him and send him back to England.
+When he heard that the constable was after him, Mr. Williams slipped
+quietly out of his house and escaped to the woods.</p>
+
+<p>There was a heavy depth of snow on the ground, but the young man made
+up his mind that he would go to his old friend Massasoit, and ask
+him to help him in his trouble.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration046">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="169">
+			<img name="illus046" src="images/046flint.jpg" alt="Flint and Steel">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="169" align="center">
+			Striking fire with flint and steel. The sparks were caught on some old,
+			half-burnt rag, and were then blown to a blaze.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Massasoit lived near Mount Hope, in what is now Rhode Island, about
+eighty miles southwest from Salem. There were no roads through the
+woods, and it was a long, dreary journey to make on foot, but Mr.
+Williams did not hesitate. He took a hatchet to chop fire-wood, a
+flint and steel to strike fire with,&mdash;for in those days people had
+no matches,&mdash;and, last of all, a pocket-compass to aid him in finding
+his way through the thick forest.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration047">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="209">
+			<img name="illus047" src="images/047wadinginsnow.jpg" alt="Williams in Snow">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="209" align="center">
+			R<small>OGER</small> W<small>ILLIAMS WADING THROUGH THE</small> S<small>NOW</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>All day he waded wearily on through the deep snow, only stopping now
+and then to rest or to look at his compass and make sure that he was
+going in the right direction. At night he would gather wood enough
+to make a little fire to warm himself or to melt some snow for drink.
+Then he would cut down a few boughs for a bed, or, if he was lucky
+enough to find a large, hollow tree, he would creep into that. There
+he would fall asleep, while listening to the howling of the wind or
+to the fiercer howling of the hungry wolves prowling about the woods.</p>
+
+<p>At length, after much suffering from cold and want of food, he managed
+to reach Massasoit's wigwam. There the big-hearted Indian chief gave
+him a warm welcome. He took him into his poor cabin and kept him till
+spring&mdash;there was no board bill to pay. All the Indians liked the
+young minister, and even Canonicus,[5] that savage chief of a
+neighboring tribe, who had dared Governor Bradford to fight, said
+that he "loved him as his own son."</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Canonicus: see paragraph <a href="#para070">70</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para085"><b>85. Roger Williams at Seekonk;[6] "What cheer, friend?"</b></a>&mdash;When the
+warm days came, in the spring of 1636, Mr. Williams began building
+a log hut for himself at Seekonk, on the east bank of the Seekonk
+River. But he was told that his cabin stood on ground owned by the
+people of Massachusetts; so he, with a few friends who had joined
+him, took a canoe and paddled down stream to find a new place to build.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration048">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="298">
+			<img name="illus048" src="images/048rhodeisland.jpg" alt="Rhode Island">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>"What cheer, friend? what cheer?" shouted some Indians who were
+standing on a rock on the western bank of the river. That was the
+Indian way of saying How do you do, and just then Roger Williams was
+right glad to hear it. He landed on what is now called "What Cheer
+Rock,"[7] and had a talk with the red men. They told him that there
+was a fine spring of water round the point of land a little further
+down. He went there, and liked the spot so much that he decided to
+stop. His friend Canonicus owned the land, and he gladly let him have
+what he needed. Roger Williams believed that a kind Providence had
+guided him to this pleasant place, and for this reason he named it
+PROVIDENCE.</p>
+
+<p>Providence was the first settlement made in America which set its
+doors wide open to every one who wished to come and live there. Not
+only all Christians, but Jews, and even men who went to no church
+whatever, could go there and be at peace. This great and good work
+was done by Roger Williams. Providence grew in time to be the chief
+city in the state of Rhode Island. When the Revolution began, every
+man and boy in the state, from sixteen to sixty, stood ready to fight
+for liberty.</p>
+
+<p><small>6 Seekonk (See'konk).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 "What Cheer Rock" is on the east side of the city of
+Providence.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para086"><b>86. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;Roger Williams, a young minister of Salem,
+Massachusetts, declared that the Indians, and not the king of England,
+owned the land in America. The governor of Massachusetts was afraid
+that if Mr. Williams kept on saying these things the king would hear
+of it and would take away the land held by the people of Boston and
+the other settlements. He therefore sent a constable to arrest the
+young minister and put him on board a ship going back to England.
+When Mr. Williams knew this, he fled to the Indian chief, Massasoit.
+In 1636 Roger Williams began building Providence. Providence was the
+first settlement in America which offered a home to all men without
+asking them anything whatever about their religious belief.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Who was Roger Williams? What is said about him and the Indians? Who
+did Mr. Williams think first owned the land in America? How did many
+of the people of Massachusetts feel about Mr. Williams? What did the
+chief men of Boston do? What did Mr. Williams do? Describe his journey
+to Mount Hope. What did Massasoit do for Mr. Williams? What did Mr.
+Williams do at Seekonk? What happened after that? Why did he name
+the settlement Providence? What is said of Providence? What about
+the Revolution?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap10">KING PHILIP</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(Time of the Indian War, 1675-1676).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para087"><b>87. Death of Massasoit; Wamsutta[1] and Philip; Wamsutta's sudden
+death.</b></a>&mdash;When the Indian chief Massasoit[2] died, the people of
+Plymouth lost one of their best friends. Massasoit left two sons,
+one named Wamsutta, who became chief in his father's place, and the
+other called Philip. They both lived near Mount Hope, in Rhode
+Island.</p>
+
+<p>The governor of Plymouth heard that Wamsutta was stirring up the
+Indians to make war on the whites, and he sent for the Indian chief
+to come to him and give an account of himself. Wamsutta went, but
+on his way back he suddenly fell sick, and soon after he reached home
+he died. His young wife was a woman who was thought a great deal of
+by her tribe, and she told them that she felt sure the white people
+had poisoned her husband in order to get rid of him. This was not
+true, but the Indians believed it.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Wamsutta (Wam-sut'ta).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Massasoit: see paragraph <a href="#para068">68</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para088"><b>88. Philip becomes chief; why he hated the white men; how the white
+men had got possession of the Indian lands.</b></a>&mdash;Philip now became chief.
+He called himself "King Philip." His palace was a wigwam made of bark.
+On great occasions he wore a bright red blanket and a kind of crown
+made of a broad belt ornamented with shells. King Philip hated the
+white people because, in the first place, he believed that they had
+murdered his brother; and next, because he saw that they were growing
+stronger in numbers every year, while the Indians were becoming
+weaker.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration049">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="706">
+			<img name="illus049" src="images/049belt.jpg" alt="King Philip's Belt">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="706" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> B<small>ELT WHICH</small> K<small>ING</small> P<small>HILIP
+			WORE FOR A</small> C<small>ROWN</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>When the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massasoit, Philip's father,
+held all the country from Cape Cod back to the eastern shores of
+Narragansett Bay; that is, a strip about thirty miles wide. The white
+settlers bought a small piece of this land. After a while they bought
+more, and so they kept on until in about fifty years they got nearly
+all of what Massasoit's tribe had once owned. The Indians had nothing
+left but two little necks of land, which were nearly surrounded by
+the waters of Narragansett Bay. Here they felt that they were shut
+up almost like prisoners, and that the white men watched everything
+that they did.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para089"><b>89. How King Philip felt; signs of the coming war; the "Praying
+Indians"; the murder.</b></a>&mdash;King Philip was a very proud man&mdash;quite as
+proud, in fact, as the king of England. He could not bear to see his
+people losing power. He said to himself, if the Indians do not rise
+and drive out the white men, then the white men will certainly drive
+out the Indians. Most of the Indians now had guns, and could use them
+quite as well as the whites could; so Philip thought that it was best
+to fight.</p>
+
+<p>The settlers felt that the war was coming. Some of them fancied that
+they saw the figure of an Indian bow in the clouds. Others said that
+they heard sounds like guns fired off in the air, and horsemen riding
+furiously up and down in the sky, as if getting ready for battle.</p>
+
+<p>But though many Indians now hated the white settlers, this was not
+true of all. A minister, named John Eliot, had persuaded some of the
+red men near Boston to give up their religion, and to try to live
+like the white people. These were called "Praying Indians." One of
+them who knew King Philip well told the settlers that Philip's
+warriors were grinding their hatchets sharp for war. Soon after, this
+"Praying Indian" was found murdered. The white people accused three
+of Philip's men of having killed him. They were tried, found guilty,
+and hanged.</p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration050">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="401">
+			<img name="illus050" src="images/050massachusetts.jpg" alt="Massachusetts">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para090"><b>90. Beginning of the war at Swansea;[3] burning of Brookfield.</b></a>&mdash;Then
+Philip's warriors began the war in the summer of 1675. Some white
+settlers were going home from church in the town of Swansea,
+Massachusetts; they had been to pray that there might be no fighting.
+As they walked along, talking together, two guns were fired out of
+the bushes. One of the white men fell dead in the road, and another
+was badly hurt.</p>
+
+<p>The shots were fired by Indians. This was the way they always fought
+when they could. They were not cowards, but they did not come out
+boldly, but would fire from behind trees and rocks. Often a white
+man would be killed without even seeing who shot him.</p>
+
+<p>At first the fighting was mainly in those villages of Plymouth Colony
+which were nearest Narragansett Bay; then it spread to the valley
+of the Connecticut River and the neighborhood. Deerfield,
+Springfield, Brookfield,[4] Groton,[5] and many other places in
+Massachusetts were attacked. The Indians would creep up stealthily
+in the night, burn the houses, carry off the women and children
+prisoners if they could, kill the rest of the inhabitants, take their
+scalps home and hang them up in their wigwams.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration051">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="436">
+			<img name="illus051" src="images/051attack.jpg" alt="Indian Attack">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>At Brookfield the settlers left their houses, and gathered in one
+strong house for defence. The Indians burned all the houses but that
+one, and did their best to burn that, too. They dipped rags in
+brimstone, such as we make matches of, fastened them to the points
+of their arrows, set fire to them, and then shot the blazing arrows
+into the shingles of the roof. When the Indians saw that the shingles
+had caught, and were beginning to flame up, they danced for joy, and
+roared like wild bulls. But the men in the house managed to put out
+the fire on the roof. Then the savages got a cart, filled it with
+hay, set it on fire, and pushed it up against the house. This time
+they thought that they should certainly burn the white people out;
+but just then a heavy shower came up, and put out the fire. A little
+later, some white soldiers marched into the village, and saved the
+people in the house.</p>
+
+<p><small>3 Swansea (Swon'ze).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 See map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 Groton (Graw'ton).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para091"><b>91. The fight at Hadley; what Colonel[6] Goffe[7] did.</b></a>&mdash;At Hadley,
+the people were in the meeting-house when the terrible Indian
+war-whoop[8] rang through the village. The savages drove back those
+who dared to go out against them, and it seemed as if the village
+must be destroyed. Suddenly a white-haired old man, sword in hand,
+appeared among the settlers. No one knew who he was; but he called
+to them to follow him, as a captain calls to his men, and they obeyed
+him. The astonished Indians turned and ran. When, after all was over,
+the whites looked for their brave leader, he had gone; they never
+saw him again. Many thought that he was an angel who had been sent
+to save them. But the angel was Colonel Goffe, an Englishman, who
+was one of the judges who had sentenced King Charles the First to
+death during a great war in England. He had escaped to America; and,
+luckily for the people of Hadley, he was hiding in the house of a
+friend in that village when the Indians attacked it.</p>
+<a name="ill2"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration052">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="770">
+			<img name="illus052" src="images/052attack.jpg" alt="Indian Attack">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="770" align="center">
+			I<small>NDIAN</small> A<small>TTACK ON A</small> S<small>ETTLEMENT</small>.<br>
+			<small>The building on the right is a block-house, or fort made of hewn logs.
+			These block-houses were built as places of refuge for the settlers,
+			in case of an attack on the town by the Indians.</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>6 Colonel (kur'nel): the chief officer of a regiment of
+soldiers.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 Goffe (Gof): and see <a href="#note1">List of Books</a> at the end of this
+book.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>8 War-whoop (war-hoop): a very loud, shrill cry made by
+the Indians when engaged in war, or as a shout of alarm.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration053">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="480">
+			<img name="illus053" src="images/053woman.jpg" alt="Woman Throwing Coals">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para092"><b>92. How a woman drove off an Indian.</b></a>&mdash;In this dreadful war with the
+savages there were times when even the women had to fight for their
+lives. In one case, a woman had been left in a house with two young
+children. She heard a noise at the window, and looking up, saw an
+Indian trying to raise the sash. Quick as thought, she clapped the
+two little children under two large brass kettles which stood near.
+Then, seizing a shovel-full of red-hot coals from the open fire, she
+stood ready, and just as the Indian thrust his head into the room,
+she dashed the coals right into his face and eyes. With a yell of
+agony the Indian let go his hold, dropped to the ground as though
+he had been shot, and ran howling to the woods.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para093"><b>93. The great swamp fight; burning the Indian wigwams; what the Chief
+Canonchet[9] said.</b></a>&mdash;During the summer and autumn of 1675 the Indians
+on the west side of Narragansett Bay[10]took no open part in King
+Philip's War. But the next winter the white people found that these
+Indians were secretly receiving and sheltering the savages who had
+been wounded in fighting for that noted chief. For that reason, the
+settlers determined to raise a large force and attack them. The
+Indians had gathered in a fort on an island in a swamp. This fort
+was a very difficult place to reach. It was built of the trunks of
+trees set upright in the ground. It was so strong that the savages
+felt quite safe.</p>
+
+<p>Starting very early in the morning, the attacking party waded fifteen
+miles through deep snow. Many of them had their hands and feet badly
+frozen. One of the chief men in leading the attack was Captain
+Benjamin Church of Plymouth; he was a very brave soldier, and knew
+all about Indian life and Indian fighting. In the battle, he was
+struck by two bullets, and so badly wounded that he could not move
+a step further; but he made one of his men hold him up, and he shouted
+to his soldiers to go ahead. The fight was a desperate one, but at
+length the fort was taken. The attacking party lost more than two
+hundred and fifty men in killed and wounded; the Indians lost as many
+as a thousand.</p>
+
+<p>After the battle was over, Captain Church begged the men not to burn
+the wigwams inside the fort, for there were a great number of old
+men and women and little Indian children in the wigwams. But the men
+were very mad against the savages, and would not listen to him. They
+set the wigwams on fire, and burned many of these poor creatures to
+death.</p>
+
+<p>Canonchet, the chief of the tribe, was taken prisoner. The settlers
+told him they would spare his life if he would try to make peace.
+"No," said he, "we will all fight to the last man rather than become
+slaves to the white men." He was then told that he must be shot. "I
+like it well," said he. "I wish to die before my heart becomes soft,
+or I say anything unworthy of myself."</p>
+
+<p><small>9 Canonchet (Ka-non'chet).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>10 See map in paragraph <a href="#para090">90</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para094"><b>94. Philip's wife and son are taken prisoners; Philip is shot; end
+of the war.</b></a>&mdash;The next summer Captain Church, with a lot of "brisk
+Bridgewater lads" chased King Philip and his men, and took many of
+the Indians prisoners. Among those then taken captive were King
+Philip's wife and his little boy. When Philip heard of it, he cried
+out, "My heart breaks; now I am ready to die." He had good reason
+for saying so. It was the custom in England to sell such prisoners
+of war as slaves. Following this custom, the settlers here took this
+boy, the grandson of that Massasoit[11] who had helped them when they
+were poor and weak, and sold him with his mother. They were sent to
+the Bermuda Islands,[12] and there worked to death under the hot sun
+and the lash of the slave-driver's whip.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after that, King Philip himself was shot. He had been hunted
+like a wild beast from place to place. At last he had come back to
+see his old home at Mount Hope[13] once more. There Captain Church
+found him; there the Indian warrior was shot. His head and hands were
+cut off,&mdash;as was then done in England in such cases,&mdash;and his head
+was carried to Plymouth and set up on a pole. It stood there twenty
+years.</p>
+
+<p>King Philip's death brought the war to an end. It had lasted a little
+over a year; that is, from the early summer of 1675 to the latter
+part of the summer of 1676. In that short time the Indians had killed
+between five and six hundred white settlers, and had burned thirteen
+villages to ashes, besides partly burning a great many more. The war
+cost so much money that many people were made poor by it; but the
+strength of the Indians was broken, and they never dared to trouble
+the people of Southern New England again.</p>
+
+<p><small>11 See paragraph <a href="#para068">68</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>12 Bermuda (Ber-mu'dah): the Bermuda Islands are in the
+Atlantic, north of the West India Islands and east of South Carolina;
+they belong to Great Britain.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>13 See map in paragraph <a href="#para084">84</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para095"><b>95. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;In 1675 King Philip began a great Indian war against
+the people of Southeastern New England. His object was to kill off
+the white settlers, and get back the land for the Indians. He did
+kill a large number, and he destroyed many villages, but in the end
+the white men gained the victory. Philip's wife and child were sold
+as slaves, and he was shot. The Indians never attempted another war
+in this part of the country.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Who was Wamsutta? What happened to him? Who was "King Philip"? Why
+did he hate the white men? What did he say to himself? What is said
+about the "Praying Indians"? What happened to one of them? What was
+done with three of Philip's men? Where and how did the war begin?
+To what part of the country did it spread? Tell about the Indian
+attack on Brookfield. What happened at Hadley? Tell how a woman drove
+off an Indian. Tell all you can about the Great Swamp Fight. What
+is said about Canonchet? What is said of King Philip's wife and son?
+What happened to King Philip himself? What is said about the war?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap11">WILLIAM PENN</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1644-1718).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration054">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="307">
+			<img name="illus054" src="images/054penn.jpg" alt="William Penn">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="307" align="center">
+			W<small>ILLIAM</small> P<small>ENN AT THE AGE OF 22</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para096"><b>96. King Charles the Second gives William Penn a great piece of land,
+and names it Pennsylvania.</b></a>&mdash;King Charles the Second of England owed
+a large sum of money to a young Englishman named William Penn. The
+king was fond of pleasure, and he spent so much money on himself and
+his friends that he had none left to pay his just debts. Penn knew
+this; so he told His Majesty that if he would give him a piece of
+wild land in America, he would ask nothing more.</p>
+
+<p>Charles was very glad to settle the account so easily. He therefore
+gave Penn a great territory[1] north of Maryland[2] and west of the
+Delaware River. This territory was nearly as large as England. The
+king named it Pennsylvania, a word which means Penn's Woods. At that
+time the land was not thought to be worth much. No one then had
+discovered the fact that beneath Penn's Woods there were immense
+mines of coal and iron, which would one day be of greater value than
+all the riches of the king of England.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Territory: any very large extent of land.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 See map in paragraph <a href="#para097">97</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration055">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="249">
+			<img name="illus055" src="images/055pennsylvania.jpg" alt="Pennsylvania">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para097"><b>97. William Penn's religion; what he wanted to do with his American
+land.</b></a>&mdash;Penn belonged to a religious society called the Society of
+Friends; to-day they are generally spoken of as Quakers. They are
+a people who try to find out what is right by asking their own hearts.
+They believe in showing no more signs of respect to one man than to
+another, and at that time they would not take off their hats even
+to the king himself.</p>
+
+<p>Penn wanted the land which had been given him here as a place where
+the Friends or Quakers might go and settle. A little later the whole
+of what is now the state of New Jersey was bought by Penn and other
+Quakers for the same purpose. We have seen[3] that neither the
+Pilgrims nor the Catholics had any real peace in England. The Quakers
+suffered even more still; for oftentimes they were cruelly whipped,
+thrown into dark and dirty prisons where many died of the bad
+treatment they received. William Penn himself had been shut up in
+jail four times on account of his religion; and though he was no
+longer in such danger, because the king was his friend, yet he wanted
+to provide a safe place for others who were not so well off as he
+was.</p>
+
+<p><small>3 See paragraphs <a href="#para062">62</a> and <a href="#para076">76</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para098"><b>98. Penn sends out emigrants to Pennsylvania; he gets ready to go
+himself; his conversation with the king.</b></a>&mdash;Penn accordingly sent out
+a number of people who were anxious to settle in Pennsylvania. The
+next year, 1682, he made ready to sail, himself with a hundred more
+emigrants. Just before he started, he called on the king in his palace
+in London. The king was fond of joking, and he said to him that he
+should never expect to see him again, for he thought that the Indians
+would be sure to catch such a good-looking young man as Penn was and
+eat him. 'But, Friend Charles,' said Penn, 'I mean to buy the land
+of the Indians, so they will rather keep on good terms with me than
+eat me.' 'Buy their lands!' exclaimed the king. 'Why, is not the whole
+of America mine?' 'Certainly not,' answered Penn. 'What!' replied
+the king; 'didn't my people discover it?[4] and so haven't I the right
+to it?' 'Well, Friend Charles,' said Penn, 'suppose a canoe full of
+Indians should cross the sea and should discover England, would that
+make it theirs? Would you give up the country to them?' The king did
+not know what to say to this; it was a new way of looking at the matter.
+He probably said to himself, These Quakers are a strange people; they
+seem to think that even American savages have rights which should
+be respected.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 Referring to the discovery of the American continent
+by the Cabots, sent out by Henry the Seventh of England, see paragraph
+<a href="#para022">22</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration056">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="447">
+			<img name="illus056" src="images/056elm.jpg" alt="Penn's Treaty">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="447" align="center">
+			P<small>ENN MAKING THE</small> T<small>REATY WITH THE</small> I<small>NDIANS</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para099"><b>99. Penn founds[5] the city of Philadelphia; his treaty[6] with the
+Indians; his visit to them; how the Indians and the Quakers got on
+together.</b></a>&mdash;When William Penn reached America, in 1682, he sailed up
+the broad and beautiful Delaware River for nearly twenty miles. There
+he stopped, and resolved to build a city on its banks. He gave the
+place the Bible name of Philadelphia,[7] or the City of Brotherly
+Love, because he hoped that all of its citizens would live together
+like brothers. The streets were named from the trees then growing
+on the land, and so to-day many are still called Walnut, Pine, Cedar,
+Vine, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>Penn said, "We intend to sit down lovingly among the Indians." On
+that account, he held a great meeting with them under a
+wide-spreading elm. The tree stood in what is now a part of
+Philadelphia. Here Penn and the red men made a treaty or agreement
+by which they promised each other that they would live together as
+friends as long as the water should run in the rivers, or the sun
+shine in the sky.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly a hundred years later, while the Revolutionary War was going
+on, the British army took possession of the city. It was cold, winter
+weather, and the men wanted fire-wood; but the English general
+thought so much of William Penn that he set a guard of soldiers round
+the great elm, to prevent any one from chopping it down.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration057">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="303">
+			<img name="illus057" src="images/057statue.jpg" alt="Penn's Statue">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="303" align="center">
+			S<small>TATUE OF</small> W<small>ILLIAM</small> P<small>ENN</small>.<br>
+			<small>(On the Tower of the new City Hall, Philadelphia.)</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Not long after the great meeting under the elm, Penn visited some
+of the savages in their wigwams. They treated him to a dinner&mdash;or
+shall we say a lunch?&mdash;of roasted acorns. After their feast, some
+of the young savages began to run and leap about, to show the
+Englishman what they could do. When Penn was in college at Oxford
+he had been fond of doing such things himself. The sight of the Indian
+boys made him feel like a boy again; so he sprang up from the ground,
+and beat them all at hop, skip, and jump. This completely won the
+hearts of the red men.</p>
+
+<p>From that time, for sixty years, the Pennsylvania settlers and the
+Indians were fast friends. The Indians said, "The Quakers are honest
+men; they do no harm; they are welcome to come here." In New England
+there had been, as we have seen,[8] a terrible war with the savages,
+but in Pennsylvania, no Indian ever shed a drop of Quaker blood.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Founds: begins to build.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 Treaty: an agreement; and see paragraph <a href="#para069">69</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 See Rev. i. 11 and iii. 7.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>8 See paragraph <a href="#para090">90</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para100"><b>100. How Philadelphia grew; what was done there in the Revolution;
+William Penn's last years and death.</b></a>&mdash;Philadelphia grew quite fast.
+William Penn let the people have land very cheap, and he said to them,
+"You shall be governed by laws of your own making." Even after
+Philadelphia became quite a good-sized town, it had no poor-house,
+for none was needed; everybody seemed to be able to take care of
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>When the Revolution began, the people of Pennsylvania and of the
+country north and south of it sent men to Philadelphia to decide what
+should be done. This meeting was called the Congress. It was held
+in the old State House, a building which is still standing, and in
+1776 Congress declared the United States of America independent of
+England. In the war, the people of Delaware and New Jersey fought
+side by side with those of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>William Penn spent a great deal of money in helping Philadelphia and
+other settlements. After he returned to England he was put in prison
+for debt by a rascally fellow he had employed. He did not owe the
+money, and proved that the man who said that he did was no better
+than a thief. Penn was released from prison; but his long confinement
+in jail had broken his health down. When he died, the Indians of
+Pennsylvania sent his widow some beautiful furs, in remembrance of
+their "Brother Penn," as they called him. They said that the furs
+were to make her a cloak, "to protect her while passing through this
+thorny wilderness without her guide."</p>
+
+<p>About twenty-five miles west of London, on a country road within
+sight of the towers of Windsor Castle,[9] there stands a Friends'
+meeting-house, or Quaker church. In the yard back of the
+meeting-house William Penn lies buried. For a hundred years or more
+there was no mark of any kind to show where he rests; but now a small
+stone bearing his name points out the grave of the founder of the
+great state of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration058">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="555">
+			<img name="illus058" src="images/058grave.jpg" alt="Penn's Grave">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="555" align="center">
+			W<small>ILLIAM</small> P<small>ENN'S</small> G<small>RAVE
+			AT</small> J<small>ORDAN'S</small> M<small>EETING-</small>H<small>OUSE,</small> E<small>NGLAND</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>9 Windsor Castle: see paragraph <a href="#para077">77</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para101"><b>101. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;Charles the Second, king of England, owed William
+Penn, a young English Quaker, a large sum of money. In order to settle
+the debt, the king gave him a great piece of land in America, and
+named it Pennsylvania, or Penn's Woods. Penn wished to make a home
+for Quakers in America; and in 1682 he came over, and began building
+the city of Philadelphia. When the Revolution broke out, men were
+sent from all parts of the country to Philadelphia, to hold a meeting
+called the Congress. In 1776, Congress declared the United States
+independent.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>To whom did King Charles the Second owe a large sum of money? How
+did he pay his debt? What did the king name the country? What does
+the name mean? What has been found there? What is said about the
+Friends or Quakers? What did Penn want the land here for? How were
+the Quakers then treated in England? What did Penn do in 1682? Tell
+what the king said to Penn and what Penn replied. What city did Penn
+begin to build here? What does Philadelphia mean? What did Penn and
+the Indians do? What did the English general do about the great elm
+in the Revolution? Tell about Penn's dinner with the Indians. Did
+the Indians trouble the Quakers? What is said of the growth of
+Philadelphia? What was done there in the Revolution? Tell what you
+can about Penn's last days. Where is he buried?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap12">GENERAL JAMES OGLETHORPE[1]</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1696-1785).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration059">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="404">
+			<img name="illus059" src="images/059georgia.jpg" alt="Georgia">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para102"><b>102. The twelve English colonies in America; General Oglethorpe
+makes a settlement in Georgia.</b></a>&mdash;We have seen[2] that the first real
+colony or settlement made in America by the English was in Virginia
+in 1607. By the beginning of 1733, or in about a hundred and
+twenty-five years, eleven more had been made, or twelve in all. They
+stretched along the seacoast, from the farthest coast of Maine to
+the northern boundary of Florida, which was then owned by the
+Spaniards.[3]</p>
+
+<p>The two colonies farthest south were North Carolina and South
+Carolina. In 1733 James Oglethorpe, a brave English soldier, who
+afterward became General Oglethorpe, came over here to make a new
+settlement. This new one, which made just thirteen[4] in all, was
+called Georgia in honor of King George the Second, who gave a piece
+of land for it, on the seacoast, below South Carolina.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Oglethorpe (O'gel-thorp).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 See paragraph <a href="#para037">37</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Because the Spaniards had settled it in 1565; see
+paragraph <a href="#para030">30</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 These thirteen colonies or settlements were: First, the
+four New England colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
+Connecticut, and Rhode island; Maine was then part of Massachusetts,
+and Vermont was claimed by both New Hampshire and New York). Secondly,
+four middle colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, with
+Delaware). Thirdly, five southern colonies (Maryland, Virginia,
+North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para103"><b>103. What it was that led General Oglethorpe to make this new
+settlement.</b></a>&mdash;General Oglethorpe had a friend in England who was cast
+into prison for debt. There the unfortunate man was so cruelly
+treated that he fell sick and died, leaving his family in great
+distress.</p>
+
+<p>The General felt the death of his friend so much that he set to work
+to find out how other poor debtors lived in the London prisons. He
+soon saw that great numbers of them suffered terribly. The prisons
+were crowded and filthy. The men shut up in them were ragged and
+dirty; some of them were fastened with heavy chains, and a good many
+actually died of starvation.</p>
+
+<p>General Oglethorpe could not bear to see strong men killed off in
+this manner. He thought that if the best of them&mdash;those who were
+honest and willing to work&mdash;could have the chance given them of
+earning their living, that they would soon do as well as any men.
+It was to help them that he persuaded the king to give the land of
+Georgia.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para104"><b>104. Building the city of Savannah; what the people of Charleston,
+South Carolina, did; a busy settlement; the alligators.</b></a>&mdash;General
+Oglethorpe took over thirty-five families to America in 1733. They
+settled on a high bank of the Savannah[5] River, about twenty miles
+from the sea. The general laid out a town with broad, straight,
+handsome streets, and with many small squares or parks. He called
+the settlement Savannah from the Indian name of the river on which
+it stands.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration060">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="729">
+			<img name="illus060" src="images/060savannah.jpg" alt="Savannah">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="729" align="center">
+			S<small>AVANNAH, AS</small> G<small>ENERAL</small> O<small>GLETHORPE LAID IT OUT IN 1733</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The people of Charleston, South Carolina, were glad to have some
+English neighbors south of them that would help them fight the
+Spaniards of Florida, who hated the English, and wanted to drive them
+out. They gave the newcomers a hundred head of cattle, a drove of
+hogs, and twenty barrels of rice.</p>
+
+<p>The emigrants set to work with a will, cutting down the forest trees,
+building houses, and planting gardens. There were no idlers to be
+seen at Savannah: even the children found something to do that was
+helpful.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing disturbed the people but the alligators. They climbed up the
+bank from the river to see what was going on. But the boys soon taught
+them not to be too curious. When one monster was found impudently
+prowling round the town, they thumped him with sticks till they
+fairly beat the life out of him. After that, the alligators paid no
+more visits to the settlers.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Savannah (Sa-van'ah).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration061">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="226">
+			<img name="illus061" src="images/061blazes.jpg" alt="Blazed Trees">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="226" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> "B<small>LAZED</small>" T<small>REES</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para105"><b>105. Arrival of some German emigrants; "Ebenezer";[6] "blazing"
+trees.</b></a>&mdash;After a time, some German Protestants, who had been cruelly
+driven out of their native land on account of their religion, came
+to Georgia. General Oglethorpe gave them a hearty welcome. He had
+bought land of the Indians, and so there was plenty of room for all.
+The Germans went up the river, and then went back a number of miles
+into the woods; there they picked out a place for a town. They called
+their settlement by the Bible name of Ebenezer,[7] which means "The
+Lord hath helped us."</p>
+
+<p>There were no roads through the forests, so the new settlers "blazed"
+the trees; that is, they chopped a piece of bark off, so that they
+could find their way through the thick woods when they wanted to go
+to Savannah. Every tree so marked stood like a guide-post; it showed
+the traveller which way to go until he came in sight of the next one.</p>
+
+<p><small>6 Ebenezer (Eb-e-ne'zer).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 See I Sam. vii. 12.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para106"><b>106. Trying to make silk; the queen's American dress.</b></a>&mdash;The settlers
+hoped to be able to get large quantities of silk to send to England,
+because the mulberry-tree grows wild in Georgia, and its leaves are
+the favorite food of the silkworm.[8] At first it seemed as if the
+plan would be successful, and General Oglethorpe took over some
+Georgia silk as a present to the queen of England. She had a handsome
+dress made of it for her birthday; it was the first American silk
+dress ever worn by an English queen. But after a while it was found
+that silk could not be produced in Georgia as well as it could in
+Italy and France, and so in time cotton came to be raised instead.</p>
+
+<p><small>8 Silkworm: a kind of caterpillar which spins a fine, soft
+thread of which silk is made.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para107"><b>107. Keeping out the Spaniards; Georgia powder at Bunker Hill;
+General Oglethorpe in his old age.</b></a>&mdash;The people of Georgia did a good
+work in keeping out the Spaniards, who were trying to get possession
+of the part of the country north of Florida. Later, like the settlers
+in North Carolina and South Carolina, they did their part in helping
+to make America independent of the rule of the king of England. When
+the war of the Revolution began, the king had a lot of powder stored
+in Savannah. The people broke into the building, rolled out the kegs,
+and carried them off. Part of the powder they kept for themselves,
+and part they seem to have sent to Massachusetts; so that it is quite
+likely that the men who fought at Bunker Hill may have loaded their
+guns with some of the powder given them by their friends in Savannah.
+In that case the king got it back, but in a somewhat different way
+from what he expected.</p>
+
+<p>General Oglethorpe spent the last of his life in England. He lived
+to a very great age. Up to the last he had eyes as bright and keen
+as a boy's. After the Revolution was over, the king made a treaty
+or agreement, by which he promised to let the United States of America
+live in peace. General Oglethorpe was able to read that treaty
+without spectacles. He had lived to see the colony of Georgia which
+he had settled become a free and independent state.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para108"><b>108. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;In 1733 General James Oglethorpe brought over a
+number of emigrants from England, and settled Savannah, Georgia.
+Georgia was the thirteenth English colony; it was the last one
+established in this country. General Oglethorpe lived to see it
+become one of the United States of America.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>At the beginning of 1733 how many English colonies were there in
+America? Who was General Oglethorpe? What did he do? Why was the new
+settlement called Georgia? Tell what happened to a friend of General
+Oglethorpe's. What did he wish to do for the poor debtors? What is
+said about the settlement of Savannah? What about the German
+emigrants and Ebenezer? What about raising silk? What good work did
+the people of Georgia do? What about Georgia powder in the
+Revolution? What is said of General Oglethorpe in old age?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap13">BENJAMIN FRANKLIN</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1706-1790).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration062">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="250">
+			<img name="illus062" src="images/062sign.jpg" alt="B. Franklin Printer">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para109"><b>109. Growth of Philadelphia; what a young printer was doing for
+it.</b></a>&mdash;By the year 1733, when the people of Savannah[1] were building
+their first log cabins, Philadelphia[2] had grown to be the largest
+city in this country,&mdash;though it would take more than seventy such
+cities to make one as great as Philadelphia now is.</p>
+
+<p>Next to William Penn,[3] the person who did the most for Philadelphia
+was a young man who had gone from Boston to make his home among the
+Quakers. He lived in a small house near the market. On a board over
+the door he had painted his name and business; here it is:</p>
+
+<p><small>1 See paragraph <a href="#para104">104</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 See paragraph <a href="#para099">99</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 See paragraph <a href="#para096">96</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration063">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="132">
+			<img name="illus063" src="images/063press.jpg" alt="Printer">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration065">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="303">
+			<img name="illus065" src="images/065wheelbarrow.jpg" alt="A Type">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="303" align="center">
+			F<small>RANKLIN</small> W<small>HEELING A</small> L<small>OAD OF</small> P<small>APER</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para110"><b>110. Franklin's newspaper and almanac;[4] how he worked; standing
+before kings.</b></a>&mdash;Franklin was then publishing a small newspaper,
+called the <i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>.[5] To-day we print newspapers by
+steam at the rate of two or three hundred a minute; but Franklin,
+standing in his shirtsleeves at a little press, printed his with his
+own hands. It was hard work, as you could see by the drops of sweat
+that stood on his forehead; and it was slow as well as hard. The young
+man not only wrote himself most of what he printed in his paper, but
+he often made his own ink; sometimes he even made his own type.[6]
+When he got out of paper he would take a wheelbarrow, go out and buy
+a load, and wheel it home. To-day there are more than three hundred
+newspapers printed in Philadelphia; then there were only two, and
+Franklin's was the better of those two.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration064">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="67">
+			<img name="illus064" src="images/064type.jpg" alt="A Type">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="67" align="center">
+			A T<small>YPE</small>.<br>
+			<small>(The Letter B.)</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Besides this paper he published an almanac, which thousands of people
+bought. In it he printed such sayings as these: "<i>He who would
+thrive[7] must rise at five</i>," and "<i>If you want a thing well done,
+do it yourself.</i>" But Franklin was not contented with simply printing
+these sayings, for he practised them as well.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes his friends would ask him why he began work so early in
+the morning, and kept at it so many hours. He would laugh, and tell
+them that his father used to repeat to him this saying of Solomon's:
+"<i>Seest thou a man diligent in his business? he shall stand before
+kings; he shall not stand before mean men.</i>"[8]</p>
+
+<p>At that time the young printer never actually expected to stand in
+the presence of a king, but years later he met with five; and one
+of them, his friend the king of France, gave him his picture set round
+with diamonds.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 Almanac (al'ma-nak).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 Gazette (ga-zet'): a newspaper.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 Type: the raised metal letters used in printing are made
+by melting lead and some other metals together and pouring the
+mixture into molds.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 Thrive: to get on in business, to prosper.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>8 See Prov. xxii. 29.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para111"><b>111. Franklin's boyhood; making tallow candles; he is apprenticed[9]
+to his brother; how he managed to save money to buy
+books.</b></a>&mdash;Franklin's father was a poor man with a large family. He
+lived in Boston, and made soap and candles. Benjamin went to school
+two years; then, when he was ten years old, his father set him to
+work in his factory, and he never went to school again. He was now
+kept busy filling the candle-molds with melted grease, cutting off
+the ends of the wicks, and running errands. But the boy did not like
+this kind of work; and, as he was very fond of books, his father put
+him in a printing-office. This office was carried on by James
+Franklin, one of Benjamin's brothers. James Franklin paid a small
+sum of money each week for Benjamin's board; but the boy told him
+that if he would let him have half the money to use as he liked, he
+would board himself. James was glad to do this. Benjamin then gave
+up eating meat, and, while the others went out to dinner, he would
+stay in the printing-office and eat a boiled potato, or perhaps a
+handful of raisins. In this way, he saved up a number of coppers every
+week; and when he got enough laid by, he would buy a book.</p>
+
+<p>But James Franklin was not only a mean man, but a hot-tempered one;
+and when he got angry with his young apprentice,[10] he would beat
+and knock him about. At length the lad, who was now seventeen, made
+up his mind that he would run away, and go to New York.</p>
+
+<p><small>9 Apprenticed: bound by a written agreement to learn a
+trade of a master, who is bound by the same agreement to teach the
+trade.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>10 Apprentice: one who is apprenticed to a master to learn
+a trade. See footnote 9.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration066">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="153">
+			<img name="illus066" src="images/066rain.jpg" alt="Franklin in Rain">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para112"><b>112. Young Franklin runs away; he goes to New York, and then to
+Philadelphia.</b></a>&mdash;Young Franklin sold some of his books, and with the
+money paid his passage to New York by a sailing-vessel&mdash;for in those
+days there were no steamboats or railroads in America. When he got
+to New York, he could not find work, so he decided to go on to
+Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>He started to walk across New Jersey to Burlington, on the Delaware
+River, a distance of about fifty miles; there he hoped to get a
+sail-boat going down the river to Philadelphia. Shortly after he set
+out, it began to rain hard, and the lad was soon wet to the skin and
+splashed all over with red mud; but he kept on until noon, then took
+a rest, and on the third day he reached Burlington and got passage
+down the river.</p>
+
+<br>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration067">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="338">
+			<img name="illus067" src="images/067route.jpg" alt="Franklin's Route">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para113"><b>113. Franklin's Sunday walk in Philadelphia; the rolls; Miss Read;
+the Quaker meeting-house.</b></a>&mdash;Franklin landed in Philadelphia on
+Sunday morning (1723). He was tired and hungry; he had but a single
+dollar in the world. As he walked along, he saw a bake-shop open.
+He went in and bought three great, puffy rolls for a penny[11] each.
+Then he started up Market Street, where he was one day to have his
+newspaper office. He had a roll like a small loaf of bread tucked
+under each arm, and he was eating the other as though it tasted good
+to him. As he passed a house, he noticed a nice-looking young woman
+at the door. She seemed to want to laugh; and well she might, for
+Franklin appeared like a youthful tramp who had been robbing a
+baker's shop. The young woman was Miss Deborah[12] Read. A number
+of years later Franklin married her. He always said that he could
+not have got a better wife.</p>
+
+<p>Franklin kept on in his walk until he came to the Delaware. He took
+a hearty drink of river water to settle his breakfast, and then gave
+away the two rolls he had under his arm to a poor woman with a child.
+On his way back from the river he followed a number of people to a
+Quaker meeting-house. At the meeting no one spoke. Franklin was tired
+out, and, not having any preacher to keep him awake, he soon fell
+asleep, and slept till the meeting was over. He says, "This was the
+first house I was in, or slept in, in Philadelphia."</p>
+
+<p><small>11 Penny: an English coin worth two cents.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>12 Deborah (Deb'o-rah).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para114"><b>114. Franklin finds work; he goes back to Boston on a visit; he learns
+to stoop.</b></a>&mdash;The next day the young man found some work in a
+printing-office. Six months afterward he decided to go back to Boston
+to see his friends. He started on his journey with a good suit of
+clothes, a silver watch, and a well-filled purse.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration068">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="323">
+			<img name="illus068" src="images/068stoop.jpg" alt="Franklin Stoops">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>While in Boston, Franklin went to call on a minister who had written
+a little book[13] which he had been very fond of reading. As he was
+coming away from the minister's house, he had to go through a low
+passage-way under a large beam. "Stoop! Stoop!" cried out the
+gentleman; but Franklin did not understand him, and so hit his head
+a sharp knock against the beam. "Ah," said his friend, as he saw him
+rubbing his head, "you are young, and have the world before you;
+<i>stoop</i> as you go through it, and you will miss many hard thumps."
+Franklin says that this sensible advice, which was thus beat into
+his head, was of great use afterward; in fact, he learned then how
+to stoop to conquer.</p>
+
+<p><small>13 The name of this book, written by the Rev. Cotton Mather,
+was <i>Essays to do Good</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para115"><b>115. Franklin returns to Philadelphia; he goes to London; water
+against beer.</b></a>&mdash;Franklin soon went back to Philadelphia. The governor
+of Pennsylvania then persuaded him to go to London, telling him that
+he would help him to get a printing-press and type to start a
+newspaper in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>When Franklin reached London, he found that the governor was one of
+those men who promise great things, but do nothing. Instead of buying
+a press, he had to go to work in a printing-office to earn his bread.
+He stayed in London more than a year. At the office where he worked
+the men were great beer-drinkers. One of his companions bought six
+pints a day. He began with a pint before breakfast, then took another
+pint at breakfast, then a pint between breakfast and dinner, then
+a pint at dinner, then a pint in the afternoon, and, last of all,
+a pint after he had done work. Franklin drank nothing but water. The
+others laughed at him, and nicknamed him the "Water-American"; but
+after a while they had to confess that he was stronger than they were
+who drank so much strong beer.</p>
+
+<p>The fact was that Franklin could beat them both at work and at play.
+When they went out for a bath in the Thames,[14] they found that their
+"Water-American" could swim like a fish; and he so astonished them
+that a rich Londoner tried to persuade him to start a swimming-school
+to teach his sons, but Franklin had stayed in England long enough,
+and he now decided to go back to Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p><small>14 Thames (Tems). London is on the river Thames.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para116"><b>116. Franklin sets up his newspaper; "sawdust pudding."</b></a>&mdash;After his
+return to America, Franklin labored so diligently that he was soon
+able to set up a newspaper of his own. He tried to make it a good
+one. But some people thought that he spoke his mind too freely. They
+complained of this to him, and gave him to understand that if he did
+not make his paper to please them, they would stop taking it or
+advertising in it.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration069">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="372">
+			<img name="illus069" src="images/069supper.jpg" alt="Supper with Franklin">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Franklin heard what they had to say, and then invited them all to
+come and have supper with him. They went, expecting a feast, but they
+found nothing on the table but two dishes of corn-meal mush and a
+big pitcher of cold water. That kind of mush was then eaten only by
+very poor people; and because it was yellow and coarse, it was
+nicknamed "sawdust pudding."</p>
+
+<p>Franklin gave everybody a heaping plateful, and then, filling his
+own, he made a hearty supper of it. The others tried to eat, but could
+not. After Franklin had finished his supper, he looked up, and said
+quietly, "My friends, any one who can live on 'sawdust pudding' and
+cold water, as I can, does not need much help from others." After
+that, no one went to the young printer with complaints about his paper.
+Franklin, as we have seen,[15] had learned to stoop; but he certainly
+did not mean to go stooping through life.</p>
+
+<p><small>15 See paragraph <a href="#para114">114</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para117"><b>117. Franklin's plan of life; what he did for Philadelphia.</b></a>&mdash;Not many
+young men can see their own faults, but Franklin could. More than
+that, he tried hard to get rid of them. He kept a little book in which
+he wrote down his faults. If he wasted half an hour of time or a
+shilling of money, or said anything that he had better not have said,
+he wrote it down in his book. He carried that book in his pocket all
+his life, and he studied it as a boy at school studies a hard lesson.
+By it he learned three things,&mdash;first, to do the right thing; next,
+to do it at the right time; last of all, to do it in the right way.</p>
+
+<p>As he was never tired of helping himself to get upward and onward,
+so, too, he was never tired of helping others. He started the first
+public library in Philadelphia, which was also the first in America.
+He set on foot the first fire-engine company and the first military
+company in that city. He got the people to pave the muddy streets
+with stone; he helped to build the first academy,&mdash;now called the
+University of Pennsylvania,&mdash;and he also helped to build the first
+hospital.</p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration070">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="335">
+			<img name="illus070" src="images/070electricking.jpg" alt="Franklin and the King's Crown">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para118"><b>118. Franklin's experiments[16] with electricity; the wonderful
+bottle; the picture of the king of England.</b></a>&mdash;While doing these things
+and publishing his paper besides, Franklin found time to make
+experiments with electricity. Very little was then known about this
+wonderful power, but a Dutchman, living in the city of Leyden[17]
+in Holland, had discovered a way of bottling it up in what is called
+a Leyden Jar. Franklin had one of these jars, and he was never tired
+of seeing what new and strange thing he could do with it.</p>
+
+<p>He contrived a picture of the king of England with a movable gilt
+crown on his head. Then he connected the crown by a long wire with
+the Leyden Jar. When he wanted some fun he would dare any one to go
+up to the picture and take off the king's crown. Why that's easy
+enough, a man would say, and would walk up and seize the crown. But
+no sooner had he touched it than he would get an electric shock which
+would make his fingers tingle as they never tingled before. With a
+loud Oh! Oh! he would let go of the crown, and start back in utter
+astonishment, not knowing what had hurt him.</p>
+
+<p><small>16 Experiments: here an experiment is a trial made to
+discover something unknown. Franklin made these experiments or
+trials with electricity and with thunder clouds in order to find out
+what he could about them.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>17 Leyden: see map in paragraph <a href="#para062">62</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para119"><b>119. The electrical kite.</b></a>&mdash;But Franklin's greatest experiment was
+made one day in sober earnest with a kite. He believed that the
+electricity in the bottle, or Leyden Jar, was the same thing as the
+lightning we see in a thunder-storm. He knew well enough how to get
+an electric spark from the jar, for he had once killed a turkey with
+it for dinner; but how could he get a spark from a cloud in the sky?</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration071">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="362">
+			<img name="illus071" src="images/071kite.jpg" alt="Franklin Flying a Kite">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>He thought about it for a long time; then he made a kite out of a
+silk handkerchief, and fastened a sharp iron point to the upright
+stick of the kite. One day, when a thunder-storm was seen coming up,
+Franklin and his son went out to the fields. The kite was raised;
+then Franklin tied an iron key to the lower end of the string. After
+waiting some time, he saw the little hair-like threads of the string
+begin to stand up like the bristles of a brush. He felt certain that
+the electricity was coming down the string. He put his knuckle close
+to the key, and a spark flew out. Next, he took his Leyden Jar and
+collected the electricity in that. He had made two great discoveries,
+for he had found out that electricity and lightning are the same thing
+and he had also found how to fill his bottle directly from the clouds:
+that was something that no one had ever done before.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para120"><b>120. Franklin invents the lightning-rod; <i>Doctor</i> Franklin.</b></a>&mdash;But
+Franklin did not stop at that. He said, If I can draw down electricity
+from the sky with a kite-string, I can draw it still better with a
+tall, sharp-pointed iron rod. He put up such a rod on his house in
+Philadelphia; it was the first lightning-rod in the world. Soon other
+people began to put them up: so this was another gift of his to the
+city which he loved. Every good lightning-rod which has since been
+erected to protect buildings has been a copy of that invented by
+Franklin.</p>
+
+<p>People now began to talk, not only in this country but in Europe,
+about his electrical experiments and discoveries. The oldest college
+in Scotland[18] gave him a title of honor and called him Doctor&mdash;a
+word which means a learned man. From this time, Franklin the printer
+was no longer plain Mr. Franklin, but Dr. Franklin.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Franklin did not think that he had found out all that could be
+found out about electricity; he believed that he had simply made a
+beginning, and that other men would discover still greater things
+that could be done with it. Do you think he was mistaken about that?</p>
+
+<p><small>18 The University of St. Andrews.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration072">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="139">
+			<img name="illus072" src="images/072sword.jpg" alt="Cane and Sword">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="139" align="center">
+			F<small>RANKLIN'S</small> C<small>ANE
+			AND</small> W<small>ASHINGTON'S</small> R<small>EVOLUTIONARY</small> S<small>WORD</small>.<br>
+			<small>(Preserved in the Patent Office, Washington.)</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration073">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="306">
+			<img name="illus073" src="images/073grave.jpg" alt="Franklin's Grave">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="306" align="center">
+			F<small>RANKLIN'S</small> G<small>RAVE
+			IN</small> C<small>HRIST</small> C<small>HURCH</small>
+			B<small>URIAL-</small>G<small>ROUND,</small> P<small>HILADELPHIA</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para121"><b>121. Franklin in the Revolutionary War; Franklin and the map of the
+United States.</b></a>&mdash;When the war of the Revolution broke out, Dr.
+Franklin did a great work for his country. He did not fight battles
+like Washington, but he did something just as useful. First, he
+helped write the Declaration of Independence, by which we declared
+ourselves free from the rule of the king of England; next, he went
+to France to get aid for us. We were then too poor to pay our soldiers;
+he got the king of France to let us have money to give them.</p>
+
+<p>Franklin lived to see the Revolution ended and America free. When
+he died, full of years and of honors, he was buried in Philadelphia.
+Twenty thousand people went to his funeral.</p>
+
+<p>If you wish to see what the country thinks of him, you have only to
+look at a large map of the United States, and count up how many times
+you find his name on it. You will find that more than two hundred
+counties and towns are called FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para122"><b>122. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston nearly two
+hundred years ago. He went to Philadelphia when he was seventeen.
+He started a newspaper there, opened the first public library, and
+did many other things to help the city. He discovered that lightning
+and electricity are the same thing, and he invented the lightning-rod
+to protect buildings. In the Revolution, he got large sums of money
+from the king of France to pay our soldiers and to help Washington
+fight the battles which ended in making America free.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>What had Philadelphia grown to be by 1733? Who did a great deal for
+Philadelphia? Tell what you can about Franklin's newspaper. What
+else did he publish? What sayings did he print in his almanac? What
+saying of Solomon's did Franklin's father use to repeat to him? Did
+he ever stand in the presence of any kings? Tell what you can about
+Franklin as a boy. Where did he live? What did he do? How did he save
+money to buy books? Why did he run away? Where did he go? Tell what
+you can about Franklin's landing in Philadelphia? How did Franklin
+look to Miss Read? Where did Franklin find work? What happened to
+him when he went back to Boston on a visit? Why did Franklin go to
+London? What did he do there? What did they nickname him in the
+printing-office? What did Franklin do after he returned to
+Philadelphia? Tell the story of the "sawdust pudding." Tell about
+Franklin's plan of life. What did he do for Philadelphia? What
+experiments did Franklin make? What about the picture of the king?
+Tell the story of the kite. What two things did he find out by means
+of this kite? What did he invent? What title did a college in Scotland
+now give him? Did Franklin think that anything more would be
+discovered about electricity? What two things did Franklin do in the
+Revolution? What is said of his funeral? How many counties and towns
+in the United States are now called by his name?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap14">GEORGE WASHINGTON</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1732-1799).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration076">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="278">
+			<img name="illus076" src="images/076birthplace.jpg" alt="Stone at Washington's Birthplace">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="278" align="center">
+			S<small>TONE MARKING</small> W<small>ASHINGTON'S</small> B<small>IRTHPLACE; THE</small> H<small>OUSE
+			IS NO LONGER STANDING</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para123"><b>123. A Virginia boy; what he became; what he learned at school; his
+writing-books.</b></a>&mdash;In 1732, when Franklin was at work on his newspaper,
+a boy was born on a plantation[1] in Virginia who was one day to stand
+higher even than the Philadelphia printer.</p>
+
+<p>That boy when he grew up was to be chosen leader of the armies of
+the Revolution; he was to be elected the first president of the United
+States; and before he died he was to be known and honored all over
+the world. The name of that boy was George Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Washington's father died when George was only eleven years old,
+leaving him, with his brothers and sisters, to the care of a most
+excellent and sensible mother. It was that mother's influence more
+than anything else which made George the man he became.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration074">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="576">
+			<img name="illus074" src="images/074signature.jpg" alt="Washington's Signature">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="576" align="center">
+			W<small>ASHINGTON'S</small> S<small>IGNATURE AT THE</small> A<small>GE OF 12</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration074z">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="364">
+			<img name="illus074z" src="images/074zsaying.jpg" alt="A Saying of Washington">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="364" align="center">
+			[2]
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>George went to a little country school, where he learned to read,
+write, and cipher. By the time he was twelve, he could write a clear,
+bold hand. In one of his writing-books he copied many good rules or
+sayings. Here is one:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Plantation: George Washington was born on a plantation
+(or large estate cultivated by slaves) on Bridges Creek, a small
+stream emptying into the Potomac. See map in paragraph <a href="#map1">127</a>. Not long
+after George's birth (February 22, 1732), his father moved to an
+estate on the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg. See map
+in paragraph <a href="#map1">127</a> for this place and Mount Vernon.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Celestial: heavenly, divine.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para124"><b>124. Washington's sports and games; playing at war; "Captain
+George."</b></a>&mdash;But young Washington was not always copying good sayings;
+for he was a tall, strong boy, fond of all out-door sports and games.
+He was a well-meaning boy, but he had a hot temper, and at times his
+blue eyes flashed fire. In all trials of strength and in all deeds
+of daring, George took the lead; he could run faster, jump further,
+and throw a stone higher than any one in the school.</p>
+
+<p>When the boys played "soldier," they liked to have "Captain George"
+as commander. When he drew his wooden sword, and shouted Come on!
+they would all rush into battle with a wild hurrah. Years afterward,
+when the real war came, and George Washington drew his sword in
+earnest, some of his school companions may have fought under their
+old leader.</p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration075">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="278">
+			<img name="illus075" src="images/075home.jpg" alt="Washington's Boyhood Home">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="278" align="center">
+			W<small>ASHINGTON'S</small> H<small>OME WHEN A</small> B<small>OY</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para125"><b>125. The great battle with the colt, and what came of it.</b></a>&mdash;Once,
+however, Washington had a battle of a different kind. It was with
+a high-spirited colt which belonged to his mother. Nobody had ever
+been able to do anything with that colt, and most people were afraid
+of him. Early one morning, George and some of his brothers were out
+in the pasture. George looked at the colt prancing about and kicking
+up his heels. Then he said: "Boys, if you'll help me put a bridle
+on him, I'll ride him." The boys managed to get the colt into a corner
+and to slip on the bridle. With a leap, George seated himself firmly
+on his back. Then the fun began. The colt, wild with rage, ran, jumped,
+plunged, and reared straight up on his hind legs, hoping to throw
+his rider off. It was all useless; he might as well have tried to
+throw off his own skin, for the boy stuck to his back as though he
+had grown there. Then, making a last desperate bound into the air,
+the animal burst a blood-vessel and fell dead. The battle was over,
+George was victor, but it had cost the life of Mrs. Washington's
+favorite colt.</p>
+
+<p>When the boys went in to breakfast, their mother, knowing that they
+had just come from the pasture, asked how the colt was getting on.
+"He is dead, madam," said George; "I killed him." "Dead!" exclaimed
+his mother. "Yes, madam, dead," replied her son. Then he told her
+just how it happened. When Mrs. Washington heard the story, her face
+flushed with anger. Then, waiting a moment, she looked steadily at
+George, and said quietly, "While I regret the loss of my favorite,
+I rejoice in my son, who always speaks the truth."</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para126"><b>126. Washington goes on a visit to Mount Vernon; he makes the
+acquaintance of Lord Fairfax.</b></a>&mdash;George's eldest brother, Lawrence
+Washington, had married the daughter of a gentleman named
+Fairfax,[3] who lived on the banks of the Potomac. Lawrence had a
+fine estate a few miles above, on the same river; he called his place
+Mount Vernon. When he was fourteen, George went to Mount Vernon to
+visit his brother.</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence Washington took George down the river to call on the
+Fairfaxes. There the lad made the acquaintance of Lord Fairfax, an
+English nobleman who had come over from London. He owned an immense
+piece of land in Virginia. Lord Fairfax and George soon became great
+friends. He was a gray-haired man nearly sixty, but he enjoyed having
+this boy of fourteen as a companion. They spent weeks together on
+horseback in the fields and woods, hunting deer and foxes.</p>
+
+<p><small>3 Fairfax. This was the Hon. William Fairfax; he was
+cousin to Lord Fairfax, and he had the care of Lord Fairfax's land.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para127"><b>127. Lord Fairfax hires Washington to survey[4] his land; how
+Washington lived in the woods; the Indian war-dance.</b></a>&mdash;Lord Fairfax's
+land extended westward more than a hundred miles. It had never been
+very carefully surveyed; and he was told that settlers were moving
+in beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains,[5] and were building log-cabins
+on his property without asking leave. By the time Washington was
+sixteen, he had learned surveying; and so Lord Fairfax hired him to
+measure his land for him. Washington was glad to undertake the work;
+for he needed the money, and he could earn in this way from five to
+ten dollars a day.</p>
+<a name="map1"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration077">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="578">
+			<img name="illus077" src="images/077map.jpg" alt="Washington's Early Life">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="578" align="center">
+			Map illustrating Washington's early life.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Early in the spring, Washington, in company with another young man,
+started off on foot to do this business. They crossed the Blue Ridge
+Mountains, and entered the Valley of Virginia, one of the most
+beautiful valleys in America.</p>
+
+<p>The two young men would work all day in the woods with a long chain,
+measuring the land. When evening came, Washington would make a map
+of what they had measured. Then they would wrap themselves up in their
+blankets, stretch themselves on the ground at the foot of a tree,
+and go to sleep under the stars.</p>
+
+<p>Every day they shot some game&mdash;squirrels or wild turkeys, or perhaps
+a deer. They kindled a fire with flint and steel,[6] and roasted the
+meat on sticks held over the coals. For plates they had clean chips;
+and as clean chips could always be got by a few blows with an axe,
+they never washed any dishes, but just threw them away, and had a
+new set for each meal.</p>
+
+<p>While in the Valley they met a band of Indians, who stopped and danced
+a war-dance for them. The music was not remarkable,&mdash;for most of it
+was made by drumming on a deer-skin stretched across the top of an
+old iron pot,&mdash;but the dancing itself could not be beat. The savages
+leaped into the air, swung their hatchets, gashed the trees, and
+yelled till the woods rang.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration078">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="553">
+			<img name="illus078" src="images/078dance.jpg" alt="Washington Sees War Dance">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="553" align="center">
+			W<small>ASHINGTON SEES AN</small> I<small>NDIAN</small> W<small>AR-</small>D<small>ANCE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>When Washington returned from his surveying trip, Lord Fairfax was
+greatly pleased with his work; and the governor of Virginia made him
+one of the public surveyors. By this means he was able to get work
+which paid him handsomely.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 Survey: to find out the form, size, and position of a
+piece of land by measuring it in certain ways.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 See map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 Flint and steel: see picture in paragraph <a href="#para084">84</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para128"><b>128. Washington at the age of twenty-one; the French in the west;
+the governor of Virginia sends Washington to see the French
+commander.</b></a>&mdash;By the time Washington was twenty-one he had grown to
+be over six feet in height. He was straight as an arrow and tough
+as a whip-lash. He had keen blue eyes that seemed to look into the
+very heart of things, and his fist was like a blacksmith's
+sledgehammer. He knew all about the woods, all about Indians, and
+he could take care of himself anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>At this time the English settlers held the country along the seashore
+as far back as the Alleghany Mountains.[7] West of those mountains
+the French from Canada were trying to get possession of the land.
+They had made friends with many of the Indians, and they hoped, with
+their help, to be able to drive out the English and get the whole
+country for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>In order to hold this land in the west, the French had built several
+forts[8] south of Lake Erie, and they were getting ready to build
+some on the Ohio River. The governor of Virginia was determined to
+put a stop to this. He had given young Washington the military title
+of major;[9] he now sent Major Washington to see the French commander
+at one of the forts near Lake Erie. Washington was to tell the
+Frenchman that he had built his forts on land belonging to the English,
+and that he and his men must either leave or fight.</p>
+
+<p>Major Washington dressed himself like an Indian, and attended by
+several friendly Indians and by a white man named Gist,[10] who knew
+the country well, he set out on his journey through what was called
+the Great Woods.</p>
+
+<p>The entire distance to the farthest fort and back was about a thousand
+miles. Washington could go on horseback part of the way, but there
+were no regular roads, and he had to climb mountains and swim rivers.
+After several weeks' travel he reached the fort, but the French
+commander refused to give up the land. He said that he and his men
+had come to stay, and that if the English did not like it, they must
+fight.</p>
+
+<p><small>7 Alleghany (Al'le-ga'ni): see map in paragraph <a href="#map1">127</a>. (It
+is also spelled Allegheny.)</small></p>
+
+<p><small>8 Forts: see map in paragraph <a href="#map1">127</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>9 Major (ma'jer): an officer in the army next above a
+captain, but below a colonel.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>10 Gist (Jist).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration079">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="326">
+			<img name="illus079" src="images/079raft.jpg" alt="Washington and Gist">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para129"><b>129. The journey back; the Indian guide; how Washington found his
+way through the woods; the adventure with the raft.</b></a>&mdash;On the way back,
+Washington had to leave his horses and come on foot with Gist and
+an Indian guide sent from the fort. This Indian guide was in the pay
+of the French, and he intended to murder Washington in the woods.
+One day he shot at him from behind a tree, but luckily did not hit
+him. Then Washington and Gist managed to get away from him, and set
+out to go back to Virginia by themselves. There were no paths through
+the thick forest; but Washington had his compass with him, and with
+that he could find his way just as the captain of a ship finds his
+at sea. When they reached the Alleghany River they found it full of
+floating ice. They worked all day and made a raft of logs. As they
+were pushing their way across with poles, Washington's pole was
+struck by a big piece of ice which he says jerked him out into water
+ten feet deep. At length the two men managed to get to a little island,
+but as there was no wood on it, they could not make a fire. The weather
+was bitterly cold, and Washington, who was soaked to the skin, had
+to take his choice between walking about all night, or trying to sleep
+on the frozen ground in his wet clothes.</p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration080">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="312">
+			<img name="illus080" src="images/080braddock.jpg" alt="Fall of Braddock">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="312" align="center">
+			F<small>ALL OF</small> G<small>ENERAL</small> B<small>RADDOCK ON
+			THE</small> B<small>ATTLE-</small>F<small>IELD</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para130"><b>130. Major Washington becomes Colonel Washington; Fort Necessity;
+Braddock's defeat.</b></a>&mdash;When Major Washington got back to Virginia, the
+governor made him colonel. With a hundred and fifty men, Colonel
+Washington was ordered to set out for the west. He was to "make
+prisoners, kill or destroy," all Frenchmen who should try to get
+possession of land on the Ohio River. He built a small log fort,
+which he named Fort Necessity.[11] Here the French attacked him. They
+had five men to his one. Colonel Washington fought like a man who
+liked to hear the bullets whistle past his ears,&mdash;as he said he
+did,&mdash;but in the end he had to give up the fort.</p>
+
+<p>Then General Braddock, a noted English soldier, was sent over to
+Virginia by the king to drive the French out of the country. He
+started with a fine army, and Washington went with him.[12] He told
+General Braddock that the French and the Indians would hide in the
+woods and fire at his men from behind trees. But Braddock paid no
+attention to the warning. On his way through the forest, the brave
+English general was suddenly struck down by the enemy, half of his
+army were killed or wounded, and the rest put to flight. Washington
+had two horses shot under him, and four bullets went through his coat.
+It was a narrow escape for the young man. One of those who fought
+in the battle said, "I expected every moment to see him fall"&mdash;but
+he was to live for greater work.</p>
+
+<p><small>11 Fort Necessity: see map in paragraph <a href="#map1">127</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>12 See map of Braddock's march in paragraph <a href="#map1">127</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para131"><b>131. End of the war with the French; what the king of England wanted
+to do; how the people here felt toward him.</b></a>&mdash;The war with the French
+lasted a number of years. It ended by the English getting possession
+of the whole of America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi
+River. All this part of America was ruled by George the Third, king
+of England. The king now determined to send over more soldiers, and
+keep them here to prevent the French in Canada from trying to get
+back the country they had lost. He wanted the people here in the
+thirteen colonies[13] to pay the cost of keeping these soldiers. But
+this the people were not willing to do, because they felt that they
+were able to protect themselves without help of any kind. Then the
+king said, If the Americans will not give the money, I will take it
+from them by force,&mdash;for pay it they must and shall. This was more
+than the king would have dared say about England; for there, if he
+wanted money to spend on his army, he had to ask the people for it,
+and they could give it or not as they thought best. The Americans
+said, We have the same rights as our brothers in England, and the
+king cannot force us to give a single copper against our will. If
+he tries to take it from us, we will fight. Some of the greatest men
+in England agreed with us, and said that they would fight, too, if
+they were in our place.</p>
+
+<p><small>13 Thirteen colonies: see footnote 4 at the end of
+paragraph <a href="#para102">102</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration081">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="266">
+			<img name="illus081" src="images/081teaparty.jpg" alt="Boston Tea-Party">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="266" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> B<small>OSTON</small> "T<small>EA-</small>P<small>ARTY</small>".
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para132"><b>132. The king determines to have the money; the tea-ships, and the
+"Boston tea-party."</b></a>&mdash;But George the Third did not know the Americans,
+and he did not think that they meant what they said. He tried to make
+them pay the money, but they would not. From Maine to Georgia, all
+the people were of one mind. Then the king thought that he would try
+a different way. Shiploads of tea were sent over to New York, Boston,
+Philadelphia, and Charleston, If the tea should be landed and sold,
+then every man who bought a pound of it would have to pay six cents
+more than the regular price. That six cents was a tax, and it went
+into the king's pocket. The people said, We won't pay that six cents.
+When the tea reached New York, the citizens sent it back again to
+England. They did the same thing at Philadelphia. At Charleston they
+let it be landed, but it was stored in damp cellars. People would
+not buy any of it any more than they would buy so much poison, so
+it all rotted and spoiled. At Boston they had a grand "tea-party."
+A number of men dressed themselves up like Indians, went on board
+the tea-ships at night, broke open all the chests, and emptied the
+tea into the harbor.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para133"><b>133. The king closes the port of Boston; Congress meets at
+Philadelphia; the names American and British; what General Gage
+tried to do.</b></a>&mdash;The king was terribly angry; and orders were given that
+the port of Boston should be closed, so that no ships, except the
+king's war-ships, should come in or go out. Nearly all trade stopped
+in Boston. Many of the inhabitants began to suffer for want of food,
+but throughout the colonies the people tried their best to help them.
+The New England towns sent droves of sheep and cattle, New York sent
+wheat, South Carolina gave two hundred barrels of rice; the other
+colonies gave liberally in money and provisions. Even in England much
+sympathy was felt for the distressed people of Boston, and in London
+a large sum of money was raised to help those whom the king was
+determined to starve into submission.</p>
+
+<p>The colonies now sent some of their best men to Philadelphia to
+consider what should be done. As this meeting was made up of those
+who had come from all parts of the country, it took the name of the
+General or Continental Congress.[14]</p>
+
+<p>About this time, too, a great change took place; for the people
+throughout the country began to call themselves Americans, and to
+speak of the English troops that the king sent over here as British
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>In Boston General Gage had command of these soldiers. He knew that
+the Americans were getting ready to fight, and that they had stored
+up powder and ball at Concord,[15] about twenty miles from Boston.
+One night he secretly sent out a lot of soldiers to march to Concord
+and destroy what they found there.</p>
+
+<p><small>14 Congress: this word means a meeting or assembly of
+persons. The General or Continental Congress was an assembly of
+certain persons sent usually by all of the thirteen American colonies
+to meet at Philadelphia or Baltimore, to decide what should be done
+by the whole country. The first Congress met in 1774, or shortly
+before the Revolution began, and after that from time to time until
+near the close of the Revolution.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>15 Concord (Con'cord).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para134"><b>134. Paul Revere;[16] the fight at Lexington and Concord; Bunker
+Hill.</b></a>&mdash;But Paul Revere, a Boston man, was on the watch; and as soon
+as he found out which way the British were going, he set off at a
+gallop for Lexington, on the road to Concord. All the way out, he
+roused people from their sleep, with the cry, "The British are
+coming!"</p>
+<a name="ill3"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration082">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="508">
+			<img name="illus082" src="images/082revere.jpg" alt="Paul Revere's Ride">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="508" align="center">
+			P<small>AUL</small> R<small>EVERE'S</small> R<small>IDE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>When the king's soldiers reached Lexington, they found the Americans,
+under Captain Parker, ready for them. Captain Parker said to his men,
+"Don't fire unless you are fired on; but if they want a war, <i>let
+it begin here</i>." The fighting did begin there, April 19th, 1775; and
+when the British left the town on their way to Concord, seven
+Americans lay dead on the grass in front of the village church. At
+Concord, that same day, there was still harder fighting; and on the
+way back to Boston, a large number of the British were killed.</p>
+
+<p>The next month, June 17th, 1775 a battle was fought on Bunker Hill
+in Charlestown, just outside of Boston. General Gage thought the
+Yankees wouldn't fight, but they did fight, in a way that General
+Gage never forgot; and though they had at last to retreat because
+their powder gave out, yet the British lost more than a thousand men.
+The contest at Bunker Hill was the first great battle of the
+Revolution; that is, of that war which overturned the British power
+in America, and made us a free people. Many Englishmen thought the
+king was wrong. They would not fight against us, and he was obliged
+to hire a large number of German soldiers to send to America. These
+Germans had to fight us whether they wanted to or not, for their king
+forced them to come.</p>
+
+<p><small>16 Revere (Re-veer').</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para135"><b>135. Colonel Washington at Mount Vernon; Congress makes him General
+Washington, and sends him to take command of the American army.</b></a>&mdash;At
+the time the battle of Bunker Hill was fought, Colonel George
+Washington was living very quietly at Mount Vernon. His brother
+Lawrence had died, and Mount Vernon was now his home. Washington was
+very well off: he had a fine estate and plenty of slaves to do the
+work on it; but when he died, many years later, he took good care
+to leave orders that all of his slaves should be set free as soon
+as it could be done.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration083">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="716">
+			<img name="illus083" src="images/083mtvernon.jpg" alt="Washington at Mount Vernon">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="716" align="center">
+			W<small>ASHINGTON AT</small> M<small>OUNT</small> V<small>ERNON</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration084">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="725">
+			<img name="illus084" src="images/084command.jpg" alt="Washington Taking Command">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="725" align="center">
+			W<small>ASHINGTON TAKING COMMAND OF THE</small> A<small>MERICAN</small> A<small>RMY
+			AT</small> C<small>AMBRIDGE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Congress now made Colonel Washington general, and sent him to
+Cambridge, a town just outside of Boston, to take command of the
+American army. It was called the Continental Army because it was
+raised, not to fight for the people of Massachusetts, but for all
+the Americans on the continent, north and south. Washington took
+command of the army under a great elm, which is still standing. There,
+six months later, he raised the first American flag.[17]</p>
+<a name="map2"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration085">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="563">
+			<img name="illus085" src="images/085northmap.jpg" alt="The North in the Revolution">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>17 See a picture of this and the other flags of the
+Revolution in paragraph <a href="#para142">142</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para136"><b>136. American sharpshooters;[18] Washington's need of cannon and
+powder; the attack on Canada; the British driven out of Boston.</b></a>&mdash;Men
+now came from all parts of the country to join the Continental Army.
+Many of them were sharpshooters. In one case an officer set up a board
+with the figure of a man's nose chalked on it, for a mark. A hundred
+men fired at it at long distance, and sixty hit the nose. The
+newspapers gave them great praise for their skill and said, "Now,
+General Gage, look out for <i>your</i> nose."</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration086">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="706">
+			<img name="illus086" src="images/086nose.jpg" alt="Look Out for Your Nose">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="706" align="center">
+			N<small>OW,</small> G<small>ENERAL</small> G<small>AGE, LOOK OUT
+			FOR <i>your</i></small> N<small>OSE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Washington wanted to drive General Gage and the British soldiers out
+of Boston, but for months he could not get either cannon or powder.
+Benjamin Franklin said that we should have to fight as the Indians
+used to, with bows and arrows. </p>
+
+<p>While Washington was waiting, a number of Americans marched against
+the British in Canada; but the cold weather came on, and they nearly
+starved to death: our men would sometimes take off their
+moccasins[19] and gnaw them, while they danced in the snow to keep
+their bare feet from freezing.</p>
+
+<p>At last Washington got both cannon and powder. He dragged the cannon
+up to the top of some high land overlooking Boston harbor. He then
+sent word to General Howe, for Gage had gone, that if he did not leave
+Boston he would knock his ships to pieces. The British saw that they
+could not help themselves, so they made haste to get on board their
+vessels and sail away. They never came back to Boston again, but went
+to New York.</p>
+
+<p><small>18 Sharpshooters: men who can fire and hit a small mark
+with a bullet at a long distance.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>19 Moccasins (mok'ka-sins): Indian shoes made of
+deerskin.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration087">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="489">
+			<img name="illus087" src="images/087downwithking.jpg" alt="Down With the King">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="489" align="center">
+			"D<small>OWN WITH THE</small> K<small>ING</small>!"
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para137"><b>137. The Declaration of Independence; "Down with the king!"
+Washington is driven from New York and across the Delaware
+River.</b></a>&mdash;Washington got to New York first. While he was there,
+Congress,[20] on the 4th of July, 1776, declared the United States
+<i>independent</i>&mdash;that is, entirely free from the rule of the king of
+England. There was a gilded lead statue of King George the Third on
+horseback in New York. When the news of what Congress had done reached
+that city, there was a great cry of "Down with the king!" That night
+some of our men pulled down the statue, melted it up, and cast it
+into bullets.</p>
+
+<p>The next month there was a battle on Long Island,[21] just across
+from New York City; the British gained the victory. Washington had
+to leave New York, and Lord Cornwallis, one of the British generals,
+chased him and his little army clear across the state of New Jersey.
+It looked at one time as though our men would all be taken prisoners,
+but Washington managed to seize a lot of small boats on the Delaware
+River[22] and get across into Pennsylvania: as the British had no
+boats, they could not follow.</p>
+
+<p><small>20 Congress: see footnote 14 in paragraph <a href="#para133">133</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>21 See map in paragraph <a href="#map2">135</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>22 See map in paragraph <a href="#map2">135</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para138"><b>138. Washington's victory at Trenton, New Jersey.</b></a>&mdash;Lord Cornwallis
+left fifteen hundred German soldiers at Trenton on the Delaware. He
+intended, as soon as the river froze over, to cross on the ice and
+attack Washington's army. But Washington did not wait for him. On
+Christmas night (1776) he took a large number of boats, filled them
+with soldiers, and secretly crossed over to New Jersey.[23] The
+weather was intensely cold, the river was full of floating ice, and
+a furious snow-storm set in. Many of our men were ragged and had only
+old broken shoes. They suffered terribly, and two of them were frozen
+to death.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration088">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="723">
+			<img name="illus088" src="images/088crossing.jpg" alt="Crossing the Delaware">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="723" align="center">
+			W<small>ASHINGTON CROSSING THE</small> D<small>ELAWARE</small> R<small>IVER</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Germans at Trenton had been having a jolly Christmas, and had
+gone to bed, suspecting no danger. Suddenly Washington, with his men,
+rushed into the little town, and almost before they knew what had
+happened, a thousand Germans were made prisoners. The rest escaped
+to tell Lord Cornwallis how the Americans had beaten them. When
+Washington was driven out of New York, many Americans thought he
+would be captured. Now they were filled with joy. The battle of
+Trenton was the first battle won by the Continental Army.</p>
+
+<p><small>23 See map in paragraph <a href="#map2">135</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration089">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="263">
+			<img name="illus089" src="images/089horseback.jpg" alt="Washington On Horseback">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para139"><b>139. Our victory at Princeton, New Jersey; the British take
+Philadelphia; winter at Valley Forge; Burgoyne beaten; the king of
+France agrees to help us.</b></a>&mdash;Washington took his thousand prisoners
+over into Pennsylvania. A few days later he again crossed the
+Delaware into New Jersey. While Cornwallis was fast asleep in his
+tent, he slipped round him, got to Princeton,[24] and there beat a
+part of the British army. Cornwallis woke up and heard Washington's
+cannon. "That's thunder," he said. He was right; it was the thunder
+of another American victory.</p>
+
+<p>But before the next winter set in, the British had taken the city
+of Philadelphia, then the capital of the United States. Washington's
+army was freezing and starving on the hillsides of Valley Forge,[25]
+about twenty miles northwest of Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>But good news was coming. The Americans had won a great victory at
+Saratoga, New York,[26] over the British general, Burgoyne.[27] Dr.
+Franklin was then in Paris. When he heard that Burgoyne was beaten,
+he hurried off to the palace of the French king to tell him about
+it. The king of France hated the British, and he agreed to send money,
+ships, and soldiers to help us. When our men heard that at Valley
+Forge, they leaped and hurrahed for joy. Not long after that the
+British left Philadelphia, and we entered it in triumph.</p>
+
+<p><small>24 Princeton: see map in paragraph <a href="#map2">135</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>25 Valley Forge: see map in paragraph <a href="#map2">135</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>26 Saratoga: see map in paragraph <a href="#map2">135</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>27 Burgoyne (Bur'goin).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration090">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="299">
+			<img name="illus090" src="images/090jasper.jpg" alt="Jasper and the Flag">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="299" align="center">
+			S<small>ERGEANT</small> J<small>ASPER AND THE</small> F<small>LAG</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para140"><b>140. The war at the South; Jasper; Cowpens; Greene and
+Cornwallis.</b></a>&mdash;While these things were happening at the north, the
+British sent a fleet of vessels to take Charleston, South Carolina.
+They hammered away with their big guns at a little log fort under
+command of Colonel Moultrie. In the battle a cannon-ball struck the
+flag-pole on the fort, and cut it in two. The South Carolina flag
+fell to the ground outside the fort. Sergeant[28] William Jasper
+leaped down, and, while the British shot were striking all around
+him, seized the flag, climbed back, fastened it to a short staff,
+and raised it to its place, to show that the Americans would never
+give up the fort. The British, after fighting all day, saw that they
+could do nothing against palmetto logs[29] when defended by such men
+as Moultrie and Jasper; so they sailed away with such of their ships
+as had not been destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>Several years later, Charleston was taken. Lord Cornwallis then took
+command of the British army in South Carolina. General Greene, of
+Rhode Island, had command of the Americans. He sent Daniel Morgan
+with his sharpshooters to meet part of the British army at
+Cowpens;[30] they did meet them, and sent them flying. Then
+Cornwallis determined to either whip General Greene or drive him out
+of the state. But General Greene worried Cornwallis so that at last
+he was glad enough to get into Virginia. He had found North and South
+Carolina like two hornets' nests, and the further he got away from
+those hornets, the better he was pleased.</p>
+<a name="map3"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration091">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="561">
+			<img name="illus091" src="images/091southmap.jpg" alt="The South in the Revolution">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>28 Sergeant (sar'jent): a military officer of low rank.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>29 Palmetto logs: the wood of the palmetto tree is very
+soft and spongy; the cannon-balls, when they struck, would bury
+themselves in the logs, but would neither break them to pieces nor
+go through them.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>30 Cowpens: see map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para141"><b>141. Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold; Lafayette; Cornwallis shuts
+himself up in Yorktown.</b></a>&mdash;When Lord Cornwallis got into Virginia he
+found Benedict Arnold waiting to help him. Arnold had been a general
+in the American army; Washington gave him the command of the fort
+at West Point, on the Hudson River,[31] and trusted him as though
+he was his brother. Arnold deceived him, and secretly offered to give
+up the fort to the British. We call a man who is false to his friends
+and to his country a traitor: it is the most shameful name we can
+fasten on him. Arnold was a traitor; and if we could have caught him,
+we should have hanged him; but he was cunning enough to run away and
+escape to the British. Now he was burning houses and towns in Virginia,
+and doing all that he could&mdash;as a traitor always will&mdash;to destroy
+those who had once been his best friends. He wanted to stay in
+Virginia and assist Cornwallis; but that general was a brave and
+honorable man: he despised Arnold, and did not want to have anything
+to do with him.</p>
+
+<p>A young nobleman named Lafayette[32] had come over from France on
+purpose to help us against the British. Cornwallis laughed at him
+and called him a "boy"; but he found that General Lafayette was a
+"boy" who knew how to fight. The British commander moved toward the
+seacoast; Lafayette followed him; at length Cornwallis shut himself
+up with his army in Yorktown.[33]</p>
+
+<p><small>31 West Point: see map in paragraph <a href="#map2">135</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>32 Lafayette (Lah-fay-et').</small></p>
+
+<p><small>33 Yorktown: see map in paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para142"><b>142. Washington marches against Yorktown, and takes it and the army
+of Cornwallis.</b></a>&mdash;Washington, with his army, was then near New York
+City, watching the British there. The French king had done as he
+agreed, and had sent over warships and soldiers to help us; but so
+far they had never been able to do much. Now was the chance. Before
+the British knew what Washington was about, he had sent the French
+war-ships down to Yorktown to prevent Cornwallis from getting away
+by sea. Then, with his own army and some French soldiers besides,
+Washington quickly marched south to attack Yorktown by land.</p>
+
+<p>When he got there he placed his cannon round the town, and began
+battering it to pieces. For more than a week he kept firing night
+and day. One house had over a thousand balls go through it. Its walls
+looked like a sieve. At last Cornwallis could not hold out any longer,
+and on October 19th, 1781, his army came out and gave themselves up
+as prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>The Americans formed a line more than a mile long on one side of the
+road, and the French stood facing them on the other side. The French
+had on gay clothes, and looked very handsome; the clothes of
+Washington's men were patched and faded, but their eyes shone with
+a wonderful light&mdash;the light of victory. The British marched out
+slowly, between the two lines: somehow they found it pleasanter to
+look at the bright uniforms of the French, than to look at the eyes
+of the Americans.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration092">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="745">
+			<img name="illus092" src="images/092flags.jpg" alt="Flags of the Revolution">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="745" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> F<small>LAGS OF THE</small> R<small>EVOLUTION</small>.[34]
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>34 The flag with the large crosses on it, on the left,
+is the English flag at the time of the American Revolution. The flag
+on the right is that which Washington raised at Cambridge,
+Massachusetts, January 2d, 1776. He simply took the English flag,
+and added thirteen stripes to represent the union of the thirteen
+English colonies. The flag in the centre, with its thirteen stars
+and thirteen stripes representing the thirteen states, is the first
+American <i>national</i> flag. It was adopted by Congress June 14th, 1777,
+not quite a year after we had declared ourselves independent of Great
+Britain. Beneath this flag is Washington's coat of arms with a Latin
+motto, meaning "The event justifies the deed." It is possible that
+the stars and stripes on our national flag came from the stars and
+stripes (or bars) on this ancient coat of arms, which may be seen
+on the tombstone of one of the Washington family, buried in 1583,
+in the parish church at Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, England.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration093">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="434">
+			<img name="illus093" src="images/093ride.jpg" alt="Cornwallis is Taken">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="434" align="center">
+			"C<small>ORNWALLIS IS TAKEN</small>!"
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para143"><b>143. How the news of the taking of Yorktown was carried to
+Philadelphia; Lord Fairfax.</b></a>&mdash;People at a distance noticed that the
+cannon had suddenly stopped firing. They looked at each other, and
+asked, "What does it mean?" All at once a man appears on horseback.
+He is riding with all his might toward Philadelphia, where Congress
+is. As he dashes past, he rises in his stirrups, swings his cap, and
+shouts with all his might, "Cornwallis is taken! Cornwallis is
+taken!" Then it was the people's turn to shout; and they made the
+hills ring with, "Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah!"</p>
+
+<p>Poor Lord Fairfax,[35] Washington's old friend, had always stood by
+the king. He was now over ninety. When he heard the cry, "Cornwallis
+is taken!" it was too much for the old man. He said to his negro
+servant, "Come, Joe; carry me to bed, for I'm sure it's high time
+for me to die."</p>
+
+<p><small>35 See paragraph <a href="#para126">126</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration094">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="334">
+			<img name="illus094" src="images/094hoisting.jpg" alt="Hoisting the Stars and Stripes">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="334" align="center">
+			H<small>OISTING THE</small> S<small>TARS AND</small> S<small>TRIPES
+			AT</small> N<small>EW</small> Y<small>ORK</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para144"><b>144. Tearing down the British flag at New York; Washington goes back
+to Mount Vernon; he is elected President; his death; Lafayette visits
+his tomb.</b></a>&mdash;The Revolutionary War had lasted seven years,&mdash;terrible
+years they were, years of sorrow, suffering, and death,&mdash;but now the
+end had come, and America was free. When the British left New York
+City, they nailed the British flag to a high pole on the wharf; but
+a Yankee sailor soon climbed the pole, tore down the flag of England,
+and hoisted the stars and stripes in its place. That was more than
+a hundred years ago. Now the English and the Americans have become
+good friends, and the English people see that the Revolution ended
+in the way that was best for both of us.</p>
+
+<p>When it was clear that there would be no more fighting, Washington
+went back to Mount Vernon. He hoped to spend the rest of his life
+there. But the country needed him, and a few years later it chose
+him the first President of the United States.</p>
+
+<center><img width="100%" name="illus095" src="images/095coach.jpg" alt="Washington's Coach"></center>
+<center>P<small>RESIDENT</small> W<small>ASHINGTON'S</small> C<small>OACH</small>.</center>
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration096">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="293">
+			<img name="illus096" src="images/096oath.jpg" alt="Washington Takes Oath">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="293" align="center">
+			P<small>RESIDENT</small> W<small>ASHINGTON TAKING THE</small> O<small>ATH</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Washington was made President in New York City, which was the capital
+of the United States at that time. A French gentleman who was there
+tells us how Washington, standing in the presence of thousands of
+people, placed his hand on the Bible, and solemnly swore that with
+the help of God he would protect and defend the United States of
+America.</p>
+
+<p>Washington was elected President twice. When he died many of the
+people in England and France joined America in mourning for him; for
+all men honored his memory.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration097">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="309">
+			<img name="illus097" src="images/097coffin.jpg" alt="Lafayette at Washington's Coffin">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Lafayette came over to visit us many years afterward. He went to Mount
+Vernon, where Washington was buried. There he went down into the
+vault, and, kneeling by the side of the coffin, covered his face with
+his hands, and shed tears of gratitude to think that he had known
+such a man as Washington, and that Washington had been his friend.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para145"><b>145. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;George Washington, the son of a Virginia planter,
+became the leader of the armies of the United States in the war of
+the Revolution. At the close of the war, after he had made America
+free, he was elected our first President. His name stands to-day
+among those of the greatest men in the history of the world.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>When and where was George Washington born? What did he learn at
+school? What did he write in one of his writing-books? Tell about
+his sports and games at school. What is said of "Captain George"?
+Tell the story about the colt. What did George's mother say? Tell
+about George's visit to his brother and to the Fairfaxes. What is
+said of Lord Fairfax? What did he hire Washington to do? Tell about
+his surveying and his life in the woods. Tell about the Indian
+war-dance. What did the governor of Virginia do when Washington
+returned? What is said of Washington at the age of twenty-one? Tell
+about his journey to the French forts and his return. What is said
+about the Indian guide? What about the raft? What did the governor
+of Virginia do when Washington returned? What did the governor order
+him to do? What about Fort Necessity? Tell about General Braddock,
+and about what happened to Washington. What is said about the end
+of the war? What did King George the Third determine to do? What did
+the king want the Americans to do? How did they feel? What did the
+king say? What did the Americans say to that? What did some of the
+greatest men in England say? What did the king then try to do? Tell
+about the tea-ships. What happened in Boston? What was done to
+Boston? What help did the people of Boston get? What did the colonies
+now do? What did the people now begin to call themselves? What did
+they call the English troops?</small></p>
+
+<p><small>Who commanded the British soldiers in Boston? What did he do? What
+about Paul Revere? What did Captain Parker of Lexington say to his
+men? What happened at Lexington and at Concord? Tell about the battle
+of Bunker Hill. What did many Englishmen refuse to do? Where was
+Colonel Washington living? What did Congress do? Where did
+Washington take command of the army? Tell about the sharpshooters.
+Tell about the march to Canada. How did Washington take Boston? Where
+did the British go? Where did Washington go? What did Congress do
+on July 4th, 1776? What happened in New York? What about the battle
+of Long Island? What did Cornwallis do? Tell about the victory at
+Trenton. What happened at Princeton? What city did the British take?
+Where was Washington's army? What happened at Saratoga? What did the
+king of France do? What happened at the south? Tell about Sergeant
+Jasper. What is said about General Greene? What did Cornwallis do?
+Where did he go? What is said about Benedict Arnold? What about
+Lafayette? Where did Cornwallis shut himself up with his army? What
+did Washington do? Tell about the surrender of Cornwallis. How was
+the news carried to Philadelphia? What is said of Lord Fairfax? How
+long had the war lasted? What was done at New York? What is said of
+General Washington after the war? Tell how he was made President.
+What happened when he died? What is said of Lafayette?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap15">DANIEL BOONE</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1734-1820).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para146"><b>146. Daniel Boone; what the hunters of the west did; Boone's life
+in North Carolina.</b></a>&mdash;Before Washington began to fight the battles of
+the Revolution in the east, Daniel Boone and other famous hunters
+were fighting bears and Indians in what was then called the west.
+By that war in the woods, these brave and hardy men helped us to get
+possession of that part of the country.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration098">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="351">
+			<img name="illus098" src="images/098corn.jpg" alt="Boone Pounding Corn">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="351" align="center">
+			B<small>OONE POUNDING</small> C<small>ORN</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Daniel Boone was born in Pennsylvania.[1] His father moved to North
+Carolina,[2] and Daniel helped him cut down the trees round their
+log cabin in the forest. He ploughed the land, which was thick with
+stumps, hoed the corn that grew up among those stumps, and then,&mdash;as
+there was no mill near,&mdash;he pounded it into meal for "johnny-cake."
+He learned how to handle a gun quite as soon as he did a hoe. The
+unfortunate deer or coon that saw young Boone coming toward him knew
+that he had seen his best days, and that he would soon have the whole
+Boone family sitting round him at the dinner-table.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 He was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 He settled near Wilkesboro, on the banks of the Yadkin
+River. See map in paragraph <a href="#para150">150</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration099">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="205">
+			<img name="illus099" src="images/099beartree.jpg" alt="Boone's Bear Tree">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="205" align="center">
+			B<small>OONE'S</small> B<small>EAR</small> T<small>REE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para147"><b>147. Boone's wanderings in the western forests; his bear tree.</b></a>&mdash;When
+Daniel had grown to manhood, he wandered off with his gun on his
+shoulder, and crossing the mountains, entered what is now the state
+of Tennessee. That whole country was then a wilderness, full of
+savage beasts and still more savage Indians; and Boone had many a
+sharp fight with both.</p>
+
+<p>More than a hundred and thirty years ago, he cut these words on a
+beech-tree, still standing in Eastern Tennessee,[3]&mdash;"D. Boon killed
+a bar on (this) tree in the year 1760." You will see if you examine
+the tree, on which the words can still be read, that Boone could not
+spell very well; but he could do what the bear minded a good deal
+more,&mdash;he could shoot to kill.</p>
+
+<p><small>3 The tree is still standing on the banks of Boone's Creek,
+near Jonesboro, Washington County, Tennessee.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para148"><b>148. Boone goes hunting in Kentucky; what kind of game he found there;
+the Indians; the "Dark and Bloody Ground."</b></a>&mdash;Nine years after he cut
+his name on that tree, Boone, with a few companions, went to a new
+part of the country. The Indians called it Kentucky. There he saw
+buffalo, deer, bears, and wolves enough to satisfy the best hunter
+in America.</p>
+
+<p>This region was a kind of No Man's Land, because, though many tribes
+of Indians roamed over it, none of them pretended to own it. These
+bands of Indians were always fighting and trying to drive each other
+out, so Kentucky was often called the "Dark and Bloody Ground." But,
+much as the savages hated each other, they hated the white men, or
+the "pale-faces," as they called them, still more.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para149"><b>149. Indian tricks; the owls.</b></a>&mdash;The hunters were on the lookout for
+these Indians, but the savages practised all kinds of tricks to get
+the hunters near enough to shoot them. Sometimes Boone would hear
+the gobble of a wild turkey. He would listen a moment, then he would
+say, That is not a wild turkey, but an Indian, imitating that bird;
+but he won't fool me and get me to come near enough to put a bullet
+through my head.</p>
+
+<p>One evening an old hunter, on his way to his cabin, heard what seemed
+to be two young owls calling to each other. But his quick ear noticed
+that there was something not quite natural in their calls, and what
+was stranger still, that the owls seemed to be on the ground instead
+of being perched on trees, as all well-behaved owls would be. He crept
+cautiously along through the bushes till he saw something ahead which
+looked like a stump. He didn't altogether like the looks of the stump.
+He aimed his rifle at it, and fired. The stump, or what seemed to
+be one, fell over backward with a groan. He had killed an Indian,
+who had been waiting to kill him.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para150"><b>150. Boone makes the "Wilderness Road," and builds the fort at
+Boonesboro'.</b></a>&mdash;In 1775 Boone, with a party of thirty men, chopped a
+path through the forest from the mountains of Eastern Tennessee to
+the Kentucky River,[4] a distance of about two hundred miles. This
+was the first path in that part of the country leading to the great
+west. It was called the "<i>Wilderness Road</i>." Over that road, which
+thousands of emigrants travelled afterward, Boone took his family,
+with other settlers, to the Kentucky River. There they built a fort
+called Boonesboro'. That fort was a great protection to all the first
+settlers in Kentucky. In fact, it is hard to see how the state could
+have grown up without it. So in one way, we can say with truth that
+Daniel Boone, the hunter, fighter, and road-maker, was a
+state-builder besides.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration100">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="707">
+			<img name="illus100" src="images/100mapboone.jpg" alt="Boone's Wilderness Road">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="707" align="center">
+			M<small>AP SHOWING</small> B<small>OONE'S</small> "W<small>ILDERNESS</small> R<small>OAD</small>."
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>4 See map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para151"><b>151. Boone's daughter is stolen by the Indians; how he found
+her.</b></a>&mdash;One day Boone's young daughter was out, with two other girls,
+in a canoe on the river. Suddenly some Indians pounced on them and
+carried them off.</p>
+
+<p>One of the girls, as she went along, broke off twigs from the bushes,
+so that her friends might be able to follow her track through the
+woods. An Indian caught her doing it, and told her that he would kill
+her if she did not instantly stop. Then she slyly tore off small bits
+of her dress, and dropped a piece from time to time.</p>
+
+<p>Boone and his men followed the Indians like bloodhounds. They picked
+up the bits of dress, and so easily found which way the savages had
+gone. They came up with the Indians just as they were sitting down
+round a fire to eat their supper. Creeping toward them behind the
+trees as softly as a cat creeps up behind a mouse, Boone and his men
+aimed their rifles and fired. Two of the Indians fell dead, the rest
+ran for their lives, and the girls were carried back in safety to
+the fort.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para152"><b>152. Boone is captured by Indians; they adopt him as a son.</b></a>&mdash;Later,
+Boone himself was caught and carried off by the Indians. They
+respected his courage so much that they would not kill him, but
+decided to adopt him; that is, take him into the tribe as one of their
+own people, or make an Indian of him.</p>
+
+<p>They pulled out all his hair except one long lock, called the
+"scalp-lock," which they left to grow in Indian fashion. The
+squaws[5] and girls braided bright feathers in this lock, so that
+Boone looked quite gay. Then the Indians took him down to a river.
+There they stripped him, and scrubbed him with all their might, to
+get his white blood out, as they said. Next, they painted his face
+in stripes with red and yellow clay, so that he looked, as they
+thought, handsomer than he ever had before in his life. When all had
+been done, and they were satisfied with the appearance of their new
+Indian, they sat down to a great feast, and made merry.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Squaws: Indian women.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration101">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="278">
+			<img name="illus101" src="images/101fort.jpg" alt="Boone's Fort">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="278" align="center">
+			B<small>OONE'S</small> F<small>ORT, AT</small> B<small>OONESBORO',</small> K<small>ENTRUCKY</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para153"><b>153. Boone escapes, but the Indians find him again; what a handful
+of tobacco dust did.</b></a>&mdash;After a time Boone managed to escape, but the
+Indians were so fond of him that they could not rest till they found
+him again. One day he was at work in a kind of shed drying some tobacco
+leaves. He heard a slight noise, and turning round saw four Indians
+with their guns pointed at him. "Now, Boone," said they, "we got you.
+You no get away this time." "How are you?" said Boone, pleasantly;
+"glad to see you; just wait a minute till I get you some of my
+tobacco." He gathered two large handfuls of the leaves: they were
+as dry as powder and crumbled to dust in his hands. Coming forward,
+as if to give the welcome present to the Indians, he suddenly sprang
+on them and filled their eyes, mouths, and noses with the stinging
+tobacco dust. The savages were half choked and nearly blinded. While
+they were dancing about, coughing, sneezing, and rubbing their eyes,
+Boone slipped out of the shed and got to a place of safety. The Indians
+were mad as they could be, yet they could hardly help laughing at
+Boone's trick; for cunning as the red men were, he was more cunning
+still.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para154"><b>154. Boone's old age; he moves to Missouri; he begs for a piece of
+land; his grave.</b></a>&mdash;Boone lived to be a very old man. He had owned a
+good deal of land in the west, but he had lost possession of it. When
+Kentucky began to fill up with people and the game was killed off,
+Boone moved across the Mississippi into Missouri. He said that he
+went because he wanted "more elbow room" and a chance to hunt buffalo
+again.</p>
+
+<p>He now begged the state of Kentucky to give him a small piece of land,
+where, as he said, he could "lay his bones." The people of that state
+generously helped him to get nearly a thousand acres; but he appears
+to have soon lost possession of it. If he actually did lose it, then
+this brave old hunter, who had opened up the way for such a multitude
+of emigrants to get farms at the west, died without owning a piece
+of ground big enough for a grave. He is buried in Frankfort, Kentucky,
+within sight of the river on which he built his fort at Boonesboro'.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para155"><b>155. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;Daniel Boone, a famous hunter from North Carolina,
+opened up a road through the forest, from the mountains of Eastern
+Tennessee to the Kentucky River. It was called the "Wilderness Road,"
+and over it thousands of emigrants went into Kentucky to settle.
+Boone, with others, built the fort at Boonesboro', Kentucky, and went
+there to live. That fort protected the settlers against the Indians,
+and so helped that part of the country to grow until it became the
+state of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Tell about Daniel Boone. How did he help his father? Where did he
+go when he became a man? What did he cut on a beech tree? Where did
+he go after that? What is said of the Indians in Kentucky? Tell about
+Indian tricks. Tell about the two owls. Tell about the Wilderness
+Road. What is said of the fort at Boonesboro'? Tell how Boone's
+daughter and the other girls were stolen by the Indians. What
+happened next? Tell how Boone was captured by the Indians and how
+they adopted him. Tell the story of the tobacco dust. What did Boone
+do when he became old? What did Kentucky get for him? Where is he
+buried?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap16">GENERAL JAMES ROBERTSON AND GOVERNOR JOHN SEVIER[1]</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1742-1814; 1745-1815).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para156"><b>156. Who James Robertson was; Governor Tryon; the battle of
+Alamance.[2]</b></a>&mdash;When Daniel Boone first went to Kentucky (1769) he had
+a friend named James Robertson, in North Carolina[3] who was, like
+himself, a mighty hunter. The British governor of North Carolina at
+that time was William Tryon. He lived in a palace built with money
+which he had forced the people to give him. They hated him so for
+his greed and cruelty that they nicknamed him the "Great Wolf of North
+Carolina."</p>
+
+<p>At last many of the settlers vowed that they would not give the
+governor another penny. When he sent tax-collectors to get money,
+they drove them back, and they flogged one of the governor's friends
+with a rawhide till he had to run for his life.</p>
+
+<p>The governor then collected some soldiers and marched against the
+people in the west. A battle was fought near the Alamance River. The
+governor had the most men and had cannon besides, so he gained the
+day. He took seven of the people prisoners and hanged them. They all
+died bravely, as men do who die for liberty.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Sevier (Se-veer'): he was born in Rockingham County,
+Virginia.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Alamance River (Al'a-mance): see map in paragraph <a href="#para150">150</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Robertson was born in Brunswick County, Virginia; he
+emigrated to North Carolina and settled in the neighborhood of
+Raleigh. See map in paragraph <a href="#para150">150</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration102">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="477">
+			<img name="illus102" src="images/102party.jpg" alt="Robertson with Party">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="477" align="center">
+			R<small>OBERTSON WITH HIS</small> P<small>ARTY CROSSING
+			THE</small> M<small>OUNTAINS ON THEIR WAY TO</small> T<small>ENNESSEE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para157"><b>157. James Robertson leaves North Carolina and goes west.</b></a>&mdash;After the
+battle of Alamance James Robertson and his family made up their minds
+that they would not live any longer where Governor Tryon ruled. They
+resolved to go across the mountains into the western wilderness.
+Sixteen other families joined Robertson's and went with them. It was
+a long, hard journey; for they had to climb rocks and find their way
+through deep, tangled woods. The men went ahead with their axes and
+their guns; then the older children followed, driving the cows; last
+of all came the women with the little children, with beds, pots, and
+kettles packed on the backs of horses.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para158"><b>158. The emigrants settle on the Watauga River[4] in
+Tennessee.</b></a>&mdash;When the little party had crossed the mountains into
+what is now the state of Tennessee, they found a delightful valley.
+Through this valley there ran a stream of clear sparkling water
+called the Watauga River; the air of the valley was sweet with the
+smell of wild crab-apples.</p>
+
+<p>On the banks of that stream the emigrants built their new homes. Their
+houses were simply rough log huts, but they were clean and
+comfortable. When the settlers put up these cabins, they chopped down
+every tree near them which was big enough for an Indian to hide behind.
+They knew that they might have to fight the savages; but they had
+rather do that than be robbed by tax-collectors. In the wilderness
+Governor Tryon could not reach them&mdash;they were free; free as the deer
+and the squirrels were: that one thought made them contented and
+happy.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 Watauga River (Wa-taw'ga): see map in paragraph <a href="#para150">150</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration103">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="220">
+			<img name="illus103" src="images/103monument.jpg" alt="Sevier Monument">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para159"><b>159. John Sevier goes to settle at Watauga; what he and Robertson
+did.</b></a>&mdash;The year after this little settlement was made John Sevier went
+from Virginia to Watauga, as it was called. He and Robertson soon
+became fast friends&mdash;for one brave man can always see something to
+respect and like in another brave man. Robertson and Sevier hunted
+together and worked together.</p>
+
+<p>After a while they called a meeting of the settlers and agreed on
+some excellent laws, so that everything in the log village might be
+done decently and in order; for although these people lived in the
+woods, they had no notion of living like savages or wild beasts. In
+course of time President Washington made James Robertson General
+Robertson, in honor of what he had done for his country.</p>
+
+<p>Out of this settlement on the Watauga River grew the state of
+Tennessee. A monument in honor of John Sevier stands in Nashville,
+a city founded by his friend Robertson. Sevier became the first
+governor of the new state.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para160"><b>160. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;James Robertson, of North Carolina, and John Sevier,
+of Virginia, emigrated across the mountains to the western
+wilderness. They settled on the Watauga River, and that settlement,
+with others made later, grew into the state of Tennessee, of which
+John Sevier became the first governor.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>What friend did Boone have in North Carolina? Tell about Governor
+Tryon. What happened on the Alamance River? Where did Robertson and
+others go? Where did they settle? Why did they like to be there? Tell
+about John Sevier. What did he and Robertson do? What did Washington
+do for Robertson? What state grew out of the Watauga settlement? What
+did Sevier become? Where is his monument?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap18">GENERAL GEORGE ROGERS CLARK</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1752-1818).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration104">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="403">
+			<img name="illus104" src="images/104map.jpg" alt="Map of the West">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="403" align="center">
+			Map showing the Forts at Detroit, Kaskaskia, and Vincennes, with the line of Clark's march.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para161"><b>161. The British in the west; their forts; hiring Indians to fight
+the settlers.</b></a>&mdash;While Washington was fighting the battles of the
+Revolution in the east, the British in the west were not sitting still.
+They had a number of forts in the Wilderness,[1] as that part of the
+country was then called. One of these forts was at Detroit,[2] in
+what is now Michigan; another was at Vincennes,[3] in what is now
+Indiana; a third fort was at Kaskaskia,[4] in what is now Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Hamilton, the British commander at Detroit, was determined
+to drive the American settlers out of the west. In the beginning of
+the Revolution the Americans resolved to hire the Indians to fight
+for them, but the British found that they could hire them better than
+we could, and so they got their help. The savages did their work in
+a terribly cruel way. Generally they did not come out and do battle
+openly, but they crept up secretly, by night, and attacked the
+farmers' homes. They killed and scalped the settlers in the west,
+burned their log cabins, and carried off the women and children
+prisoners. The greater part of the people in England hated this sort
+of war. They begged the king not to hire the Indians to do these
+horrible deeds of murder and destruction. George the Third was not
+a bad-hearted man; but he was very set in his way, and he had fully
+made up his mind to conquer the "American rebels," as he called them,
+even if he had to get the savages to help him do it.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 See map in paragraph <a href="#map4">187</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Detroit (De-troit'): for these forts see map in this
+paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Vincennes (Vin-senz').</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 Kaskaskia (Kas-kas'ki-a).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para162"><b>162. George Rogers Clark gets help from Virginia and starts to attack
+Fort Kaskaskia.</b></a>&mdash;Daniel Boone had a friend in Virginia named George
+Rogers Clark,[5] who believed that he could take the British forts
+in the west and drive out the British from all that part of the country.
+Virginia then owned most of the Wilderness. For this reason Clark
+went to Patrick Henry, governor of Virginia, and asked for help. The
+governor liked the plan, and let Clark have money to hire men to go
+with him and try to take Fort Kaskaskia to begin with.</p>
+
+<p>Clark started in the spring of 1778 with about a hundred and fifty
+men. They built boats just above Pittsburg[6] and floated down the
+Ohio River, a distance of over nine hundred miles. Then they landed
+in what is now Illinois, and set out for Fort Kaskaskia.[7]</p>
+
+<p><small>5 George Rogers Clark was born near Monticello, Virginia.
+See map in paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 Pittsburg: see map in paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 Fort Kaskaskia: see map in paragraph <a href="#para161">161</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para163"><b>163. The march to Fort Kaskaskia; how a dance ended.</b></a>&mdash;It was a hundred
+miles to the fort, and half of the way the men had to find their way
+through thick woods, full of underbrush, briers, and vines. The
+British, thinking the fort perfectly safe from attack, had left it
+in the care of a French officer. Clark and his band reached Kaskaskia
+at night. They found no one to stop them. The soldiers in the fort
+were having a dance, and the Americans could hear the merry music
+of a violin and the laughing voices of girls.</p>
+
+<p>Clark left his men just outside the fort, and, finding a door open,
+he walked in. He reached the room where the fun was going on, and
+stopping there, he stood leaning against the door-post, looking on.
+The room was lighted with torches; the light of one of the torches
+happened to fall full on Clark's face; an Indian sitting on the floor
+caught sight of him; he sprang to his feet and gave a terrific
+war-whoop. The dancers stopped as though they had been shot; the
+women screamed; the men ran to the door to get their guns. Clark did
+not move, but said quietly, "Go on; only remember you are dancing
+now under Virginia, and not under Great Britain." The next moment
+the Americans rushed in, and Clark and his "Long Knives," as the
+Indians called his men, had full possession of the fort.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration105">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="749">
+			<img name="illus105" src="images/105dance.jpg" alt="Clark Looking On At the Dance">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="749" align="center">
+			C<small>LARK LOOKING ON AT THE</small> D<small>ANCE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para164"><b>164. How Fort Vincennes was taken; how the British got it back again;
+what Francis Vigo[8] did.</b></a>&mdash;Clark wanted next to march against Fort
+Vincennes, but he had not men enough. There was a French Catholic
+priest[9] at Kaskaskia, and Clark's kindness to him had made him our
+friend. He said, I will go to Vincennes for you, and I will tell the
+French, who hold the fort for the British, that the Americans are
+their real friends, and that in this war they are in the right. He
+went; the French listened to him, then hauled down the British flag
+and ran up the American flag in its place.</p>
+
+<p>The next year the British, led by Colonel Hamilton of Detroit, got
+the fort back again. When Clark heard of it he said, "Either I must
+take Hamilton, or Hamilton will take me." Just then Francis Vigo,
+a trader at St. Louis, came to see Clark at Kaskaskia. Hamilton had
+held Vigo as a prisoner, so he knew all about Fort Vincennes. Vigo
+said to Clark, "Hamilton has only about eighty soldiers; you can take
+the fort, and I will lend you all the money you need to pay your men
+what you owe them."</p>
+
+<p><small>8 Vigo (Vee-go).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>9 The priest was Father Gibault (Zhe-bo').</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para165"><b>165. Clark's march to Fort Vincennes; the "Drowned Lands."</b></a>&mdash;Clark,
+with about two hundred men, started for Vincennes. The distance was
+nearly a hundred and fifty miles. The first week everything went on
+pretty well. It was in the month of February, the weather was cold,
+and it rained a good deal, but the men did not mind that. They would
+get wet through during the day; but at night they built roaring log
+fires, gathered round them, roasted their buffalo meat or venison,
+smoked their pipes, told jolly stories, and sang jolly songs.</p>
+
+<p>But the next week they got to a branch of the Wabash River.[10] Then
+they found that the constant rains had raised the streams so that
+they had overflowed their banks; the whole country was under water
+three or four feet deep. This flooded country was called the "Drowned
+Lands": before Clark and his men had crossed them they were nearly
+drowned themselves.</p>
+
+<p><small>10 See map in paragraph <a href="#para161">161</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para166"><b>166. Wading on to victory.</b></a>&mdash;For about a week the Americans had to
+wade in ice-cold water, sometimes waist deep, sometimes nearly up
+to their chins. While wading, the men were obliged to hold their guns
+and powder-horns above their heads to keep them dry. Now and then
+a man would stub his toe against a root or a stone and would go
+sprawling headfirst into the water. When he came up, puffing and
+blowing from such a dive, he was lucky if he still had his gun. For
+two days no one could get anything to eat; but hungry, wet, and cold,
+they kept moving slowly on.</p>
+
+<p>The last part of the march was the worst of all. They were now near
+the fort, but they still had to wade through a sheet of water four
+miles across. Clark took the lead and plunged in. The rest, shivering,
+followed. A few looked as though their strength and courage had given
+out. Clark saw this, and calling to Captain Bowman,&mdash;one of the
+bravest of his officers,&mdash;he ordered him to kill the first man who
+refused to go forward.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration106">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="528">
+			<img name="illus106" src="images/106wading.jpg" alt="Wading to Victory">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>At last, with numbed hands and chattering teeth, all got across, but
+some of them were so weak and blue with cold that they could not take
+another step, but fell flat on their faces in the mud. These men were
+so nearly dead that no fire seemed to warm them. Clark ordered two
+strong men to lift each of these poor fellows up, hold him between
+them by the arms, and run him up and down until he began to get warm.
+By doing this he saved every one.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para167"><b>167. Clark takes the fort; what we got by his victory; his
+grave.</b></a>&mdash;After a long and desperate fight Clark took Fort Vincennes
+and hoisted the Stars and Stripes over it in triumph. The British
+never got it back again. Most of the Indians were now glad to make
+peace, and to promise to behave themselves.</p>
+
+<p>By Clark's victory the Americans got possession of the whole western
+wilderness up to Detroit. When the Revolutionary War came to an end,
+the British did not want to give us any part of America beyond the
+thirteen states on the Atlantic coast. But we said, The whole west,
+clear to the Mississippi, is ours; we fought for it; we took it; we
+hoisted our flag over its forts, and <i>we mean to keep it</i>. We did
+keep it.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration107">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="215">
+			<img name="illus107" src="images/107grave.jpg" alt="Clark's Grave">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="215" align="center">
+			C<small>LARK'S</small> G<small>RAVE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>There is a grass-grown grave in a burial-ground in Louisville,
+Kentucky, which has a small headstone marked with the letters G. R.
+C., and nothing more; that is the grave of General George Rogers Clark,
+the man who did more than any one else to get the west for us&mdash;or
+what was called the west a hundred years ago.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para168"><b>168. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;During the Revolutionary War George Rogers Clark of
+Virginia, with a small number of men, captured Fort Kaskaskia in
+Illinois, and Fort Vincennes in Indiana. Clark drove out the British
+from that part of the country, and when peace was made, we kept the
+west&mdash;that is, the country as far as the Mississippi River&mdash;as part
+of the United States. Had it not been for him and his brave men, we
+might not have got it.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>What did the British have in the west? Where were three of those
+forts? Who hired the Indians to fight? How did they fight? What did
+most of the people in England think about this? What is said of George
+the Third? What friend did Daniel Boone have in Virginia? What did
+Clark undertake to do? Tell how he went down the Ohio. Tell how he
+marched on Fort Kaskaskia. What happened when he got there? What did
+Clark say to the people in the fort? How was Fort Vincennes taken?
+What did the British do the next year? Tell about Francis Vigo. What
+did Clark and his men start to do? How far off was Fort Vincennes?
+Tell about the first part of the march. What lands did they come to?
+Tell how the men waded. How did Clark save the lives of some of the
+men? Did Clark take the fort? What did the Americans get possession
+of by this victory? What happened at the end of the Revolutionary
+War? What did we say? What is said of the grave at Louisville,
+Kentucky? What did Clark get for us?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap19">GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1738-1824).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para169"><b>169. What General Putnam did for Washington, and what the British
+said of Putnam's work.</b></a>&mdash;When the British had possession of Boston
+in the time of the Revolution, Washington asked Rufus Putnam,[1] who
+was a great builder of forts, to help him drive them out. Putnam set
+to work, one dark, stormy night, and built a fort on some high land[2]
+overlooking Boston Harbor.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration108">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="647">
+			<img name="illus108" src="images/108fort.jpg" alt="Putnam's Fort">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="647" align="center">
+			P<small>UTNAM'S</small> F<small>ORT</small>.<br>
+			<small>General Washington looking at the British Ships in Boston Harbor.</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>When the British commander woke up the next morning, he saw the
+American cannon pointed at his ships. He was so astonished that he
+could scarcely believe his eyes. "Why," said he, "the rebels have
+done more in one night than my whole army could have done in a week."
+Another officer, who had command of the British vessels, said, "If
+the Americans hold that fort, I cannot keep a ship in the harbor."</p>
+
+<p>Well, we know what happened. Our men did hold that fort, and the
+British had to leave Boston. Next to General Washington, General
+Rufus Putnam was the man who made them go; for not many officers in
+the American army could build such a fort as he could.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Rufus Putnam was born in Sutton, Massachusetts.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Dorchester Heights: now South Boston.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para170"><b>170. General Putnam builds the <i>Mayflower</i>; goes down the Ohio River
+and makes the first settlement in Ohio.</b></a>&mdash;After the war was over,
+General Putnam started with a company of people from New England,
+to make a settlement on the Ohio River. In the spring of 1788 he and
+his emigrants built a boat at a place just above Pittsburg.[3] They
+named this boat the <i>Mayflower</i>,[4] because they were Pilgrims going
+west to make their home there.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration109">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="750">
+			<img name="illus109" src="images/109mayflower.jpg" alt="The Mayflower">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>At that time there was not a white settler in what is now the state
+of Ohio. Most of that country was covered with thick woods. There
+were no roads through those woods, and there was not a steamboat or
+a railroad either in America or in the world. If you look on the map[5]
+and follow down the Ohio River from Pittsburg, you will come to a
+place where the Muskingum joins the Ohio. At that place the
+<i>Mayflower</i> stopped, and the emigrants landed and began to build
+their settlement.</p>
+
+<p><small>3 Pittsburg: see map in paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 <i>Mayflower</i>: see paragraph <a href="#para064">64</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 See map in paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para171"><b>171. What the settlers named their town; the first Fourth of July
+celebration; what Washington said of the settlers.</b></a>&mdash;During the
+Revolutionary War the beautiful Queen Mary of France was our firm
+friend, and she was very kind and helpful to Dr. Franklin when he
+went to France for us. A number of the emigrants had fought in the
+Revolution, and so it was decided to name the town Marietta,[6] in
+honor of the queen.</p>
+
+<p>When the Marietta settlers celebrated the Fourth of July, Major Denny,
+who commanded a fort just across the river, came to visit them. He
+said, "These people appear to be the happiest folks in the world."
+President Washington said that he knew many of them and that he
+believed they were just the kind of men to succeed. He was right;
+for these people, with those who came later to build the city of
+Cincinnati, were the ones who laid the foundation of the great and
+rich state of Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><small>6 The queen's full name in French was Marie Antoinette;
+the name Marietta is made up from the first and the last parts of
+her name.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration110">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="394">
+			<img name="illus110" src="images/110rock.jpg" alt="Indian Rock">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="394" align="center">
+			I<small>NDIAN</small> R<small>OCK</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para172"><b>172. Fights with the Indians; how the settlers held their town;
+Indian Rock; the "Miami[7] Slaughter House."</b></a>&mdash;But the people of
+Marietta had hardly begun to feel at home in their little settlement
+before a terrible Indian war broke out. The village of Marietta had
+a high palisade[8] built round it, and if a man ventured outside that
+palisade he went at the risk of his life; for the Indians were always
+hiding in the woods, ready to kill any white man they saw. When the
+settlers worked in the cornfield, they had to carry their guns as
+well as their hoes, and one man always stood on top of a high stump
+in the middle of the field, to keep a bright lookout.</p>
+
+<p>There is a lofty rock on the Ohio River below Marietta, which is still
+called Indian Rock. It got its name because the Indians used to climb
+up to the top and watch for emigrants coming down the river in boats.
+When they saw a boat, they would fire a shower of bullets at it, and
+perhaps leave it full of dead and wounded men to drift down the river.
+In the western part of Ohio, on the Miami River, the Indians killed
+so many people that the settlers called that part of the country by
+the terrible name of the "Miami Slaughter House."</p>
+
+<p><small>7 Miami (Mi-am'i).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>8 See picture of a palisade in paragraph <a href="#para070">70</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para173"><b>173. What General Wayne did.</b></a>&mdash;But President Washington sent a man
+to Ohio who made the Indians beg for peace. This man was General
+Wayne; he had fought in the Revolution, and fought so furiously that
+he was called "Mad Anthony Wayne." The Indians said that he never
+slept, and named him "Black Snake," because that is the quickest and
+boldest snake there is in the woods, and in a fight with any other
+creature of his kind he is pretty sure to win the day. General Wayne
+won, and the Indians agreed to move off and give up a very large part
+of Ohio to the white settlers. After that there was not much trouble,
+and emigrants poured in by thousands.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para174"><b>174. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;In 1788 General Rufus Putnam, with a company of
+emigrants, settled Marietta, Ohio. The town was named in honor of
+Queen Mary of France, who had helped us during the Revolution. It
+was the first town built in what is now the state of Ohio. After
+General Wayne conquered the Indians that part of the country rapidly
+increased in population.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>What did General Rufus Putnam do for Washington? Where did General
+Putnam go in 1788? What is said of Ohio at that time? Where did the
+<i>Mayflower</i> stop? What is said of Queen Mary of France? What did the
+settlers name their town? What did Washington say about the settlers?
+What did these people do? What is said about the Indians? What about
+Indian Rock? What was the country on the Miami River called? What
+is said about General Wayne? What did the Indians call him? Why did
+they give him that name? What did the Indians agree to do? What
+happened after that?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap20">ELI WHITNEY</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1765-1825).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration111">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="286">
+			<img name="illus111" src="images/111door.jpg" alt="Wooden Door">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para175"><b>175. The name cut on a door.</b></a>&mdash;Near Westboro', Massachusetts,[1]
+there is an old farm-house which was built before the war of the
+Revolution. Close to the house is a small wooden building; on the
+door you can read a boy's name, just as he cut it with his pocket-knife
+more than a hundred years ago.[2] Here is the door with the name.
+If the boy had added the date of his birth, he would have cut the
+figures 1765; but perhaps, just as he got to that point, his father
+appeared and said rather sharply: Eli, don't be cutting that door.
+No, sir, said Eli, with a start; and shutting his knife up with a
+snap, he hurried off to get the cows or to do his chores.[3]</p>
+
+<p><small>1 See map in paragraph <a href="#map2">135</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 The house is no longer standing, and the door has
+disappeared.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Chores: getting in wood, feeding cattle, etc.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para176"><b>176. What Eli Whitney used to do in his father's little workshop;
+the fiddle.</b></a>&mdash;Eli Whitney's father used that little wooden building
+as a kind of workshop, where he mended chairs and did many other small
+jobs. Eli liked to go to that workshop and make little things for
+himself, such as water-wheels and windmills; for it was as natural
+for him to use tools as it was to whistle.</p>
+
+<p>Once when Eli's father was gone from home for several days, the boy
+was very busy all the while in the little shop. When Mr. Whitney came
+back he asked his housekeeper, "What has Eli been doing?" "Oh," she
+replied, "he has been making a fiddle." His father shook his head,
+and said that he was afraid Eli would never get on much in the world.
+But Eli's fiddle, though it was rough-looking, was well made. It had
+music in it, and the neighbors liked to hear it: somehow it seemed
+to say through all the tunes played on it, "<i>Whatever is worth doing,
+is worth doing well.</i>"</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para177"><b>177. Eli Whitney begins making nails; he goes to college.</b></a>&mdash;When Eli
+was fifteen, he began making nails. We have machines to-day which
+will make more than a hundred nails a minute; but Eli made his, one
+by one, by pounding them out of a long, slender bar of red-hot iron.
+Whitney's hand-made nails were not handsome, but they were strong
+and tough, and as the Revolutionary War was then going on, he could
+sell all he could make.</p>
+
+<p>After the war was over the demand for nails was not so good. Then
+Whitney threw down his hammer, and said, "I am going to college."
+He had no money; but he worked his way through Yale College, partly
+by teaching and partly by doing little jobs with his tools. A
+carpenter who saw him at work one day, noticed how neatly and
+skilfully he used his tools, and said, "There was one good mechanic
+spoiled when you went to college."</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para178"><b>178. Whitney goes to Georgia; he stops with Mrs. General Greene; the
+embroidery frame.</b></a>&mdash;When the young man had completed his course of
+study he went to Georgia to teach in a gentleman's family. On the
+way to Savannah he became acquainted with Mrs. Greene, the widow of
+the famous General Greene[4] of Rhode Island. General Greene had done
+such excellent fighting in the south during the Revolution that,
+after the war was over, the state of Georgia gave him a large piece
+of land near Savannah.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Greene invited young Whitney to her house; as he had been
+disappointed in getting the place to teach, he was very glad to accept
+her kind invitation. While he was there he made her an embroidery
+frame. It was much better than the old one that she had been using,
+and she thought the maker of it was wonderfully skilful.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 General Greene: see paragraph <a href="#para140">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration112">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="162">
+			<img name="illus112" src="images/112cotton.jpg" alt="Pod of Cotton">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="162" align="center">
+			P<small>OD OF THE</small> C<small>OTTON</small> P<small>LANT WHEN RIPE AND OPEN</small>.<br>
+			<small>On the right a seed with the wool attached; on the left the seed after the
+			wool has been picked off.</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para179"><b>179. A talk about raising cotton, and about cotton seeds.</b></a>&mdash;Not long
+after this, a number of cotton-planters were at Mrs. Greene's house.
+In speaking about raising cotton they said that the man who could
+invent a machine for stripping off the cotton seeds from the plant
+would make his fortune.</p>
+
+<p>For what is called raw cotton or cotton wool, as it grows in the field,
+has a great number of little green seeds clinging to it. Before the
+cotton wool can be spun into thread and woven into cloth, those seeds
+must be pulled off.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration113">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="408">
+			<img name="illus113" src="images/113field.jpg" alt="Gathering Cotton">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="408" align="center">
+			N<small>EGROES GATHERING</small> C<small>OTTON IN THE</small> F<small>IELD</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>At that time the planters set the negroes to do this. When they had
+finished their day's labor of gathering the cotton in the cotton
+field, the men, women, and children would sit down and pick off the
+seeds, which stick so tight that getting them off is no easy task.</p>
+
+<p>After the planters had talked awhile about this work, Mrs. Greene
+said, "If you want a machine to do it, you should apply to my young
+friend, Mr. Whitney; he can make anything." "But," said Mr. Whitney,
+"I have never seen a cotton plant or a cotton seed in my life"; for
+it was not the time of year then to see it growing in the fields.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para180"><b>180. Whitney gets some cotton wool; he invents the cotton-gin; what
+that machine did.</b></a>&mdash;After the planters had gone, Eli Whitney went to
+Savannah and hunted about until he found, in some store or warehouse,
+a little cotton wool with the seeds left on it. He took this back
+with him and set to work to make a machine which would strip off the
+seeds.</p>
+
+<p>He said to himself, If I fasten some upright pieces of wire in a board,
+and have the wires set very close together, like the teeth of a comb,
+and then pull the cotton wool through the wires with my fingers, the
+seeds, being too large to come through, will be torn off and left
+behind. He tried it, and found that the cotton wool came through
+without any seeds on it. Now, said he, if I should make a wheel, and
+cover it with short steel teeth, shaped like hooks, those teeth would
+pull the cotton wool through the wires better than my fingers do,
+and very much faster.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration114">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="409">
+			<img name="illus114" src="images/114firstgin.jpg" alt="Whitney's First Gin">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="409" align="center">
+			W<small>HITNEY'S FIRST</small> C<small>ONTRIVANCE FOR PULLING OFF
+			THE</small> C<small>OTTON</small> S<small>EEDS</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>He made such a wheel; it was turned by a crank; it did the work
+perfectly; so, in the year 1793, he had invented the machine the
+planters wanted.</p>
+
+<p>Before that time it used to take one negro all day to clean a single
+pound of cotton of its seeds by picking them off one by one; now,
+Eli Whitney's cotton-gin,[5] as he called his machine, would clean
+a thousand pounds in a day.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Gin: a shortened form of the word <i>engine</i>, meaning any
+kind of a machine.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para181"><b>181. Price of common cotton cloth to-day; what makes it so cheap;
+"King Cotton."</b></a>&mdash;To-day nothing is much cheaper than common cotton
+cloth. You can buy it for ten or twelve cents a yard, but before
+Whitney invented his cotton-gin it sold for a dollar and a half a
+yard. A hundred years ago the planters at the south raised very little
+cotton, for few people could afford to wear it; but after this
+wonderful machine was made, the planters kept making their fields
+bigger and bigger. At last they raised so much more of this plant
+than of anything else, that they said, "Cotton is king." It was Eli
+Whitney who built the throne for that king; and although he did not
+make a fortune by his machine, yet he received a good deal of money
+for the use of it in some of the southern states.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration115">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="501">
+			<img name="illus115" src="images/115carrying.jpg" alt="Carrying Cotton to the Gin">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="501" align="center">
+			C<small>ARRYING</small> C<small>OTTON TO THE</small> C<small>OTTON-GIN</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration116">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="289">
+			<img name="illus116" src="images/116flag.jpg" alt="The 'Star Spangled Banner.'">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="289" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> "S<small>TAR</small> S<small>PANGLED</small> B<small>ANNER</small>."[6]
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Later, Mr. Whitney built a gun-factory near New Haven, Connecticut,
+at a place now called Whitneyville; at that factory he made thousands
+of the muskets which we used in our second war with England in 1812.</p>
+
+<p><small>6 In the war of 1812 the British war-ships attacked Fort
+McHenry, one of the defences of Baltimore. Francis Scott Key, a
+native of Maryland, who was then detained on board a British
+man-of-war, anxiously watched the battle during the night; before
+dawn the firing ceased. Key had no means of telling whether the
+British had taken the fort until the sun rose; then, to his joy, he
+saw the American flag still floating triumphantly above the
+fort&mdash;that meant that the British had failed in their attack, and
+Key, in his delight, hastily wrote the song of the <i>Star Spangled
+Banner</i> on the back of a letter which he had in his pocket. The song
+was at once printed, and in a few weeks it was known and sung from
+one end of the United States to the other.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para182"><b>182. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;About a hundred years ago (1793), Eli Whitney of
+Westboro', Massachusetts, invented the cotton-gin, a machine for
+pulling off the green seeds from cotton wool, so that it may be easily
+woven into cloth. That machine made thousands of cotton-planters and
+cotton manufacturers rich, and by it cotton cloth became so cheap
+that everybody could afford to use it.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>What name did a boy cut on a door? What did Eli make in that workshop?
+What did he make while his father was away? What did his father say?
+What did Eli's fiddle seem to say? What did Eli make next? How did
+he make his nails? Where did he go after he gave up making nails?
+When he left college where did he go? What lady did he become
+acquainted with? What did he make for her? What did the
+cotton-planters say? What must be done to raw cotton before it can
+be made into cloth? Who did this work? What did Mrs. Greene say to
+the planters? What did Mr. Whitney say? What did he do? Tell how he
+made his machine. What did he call it? How many pounds of cotton would
+his cotton-gin clean in a day? How much could one negro clean? What
+is said about the price of cotton cloth? What did the planters say
+about cotton? Who built the throne for King Cotton? What did Mr.
+Whitney build at Whitneyville? What did he make there?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap21">THOMAS JEFFERSON</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1743-1826)</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para183"><b>183. How much cotton New Orleans sends to Europe; Eli Whitney's work;
+who it was that bought New Orleans and Louisiana for us.</b></a>&mdash;To-day the
+city of New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi River, sends
+more cotton to England and Europe than any other city in America.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration117">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="305">
+			<img name="illus117" src="images/117loading.jpg" alt="Loading Cotton">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="305" align="center">
+			L<small>OADING</small> C<small>OTTON AT</small> N<small>EW</small> O<small>RLEANS</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>If you should visit that city and go down to the riverside, you would
+see thousands of cotton bales[1] piled up, and hundreds of negroes
+loading them on ocean steamers. It would be a sight you would never
+forget.</p>
+
+<p>Before Eli Whitney[2] invented his machine, we sent hardly a bale
+of cotton abroad. Now we send so much in one year that the bales can
+be counted by millions. If they were laid end to end, in a straight
+line, they would reach clear across the American continent from San
+Francisco to New York, and then clear across the ocean from New York
+to Liverpool, England. It was Eli Whitney, more than any other man,
+who helped to build up this great trade. But at the time when he
+invented his cotton-gin, we did not own New Orleans, or, for that
+matter, any part of Louisiana or of the country west of the
+Mississippi River. The man who bought New Orleans and Louisiana for
+us was Thomas Jefferson.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 A bale or bundle of cotton is usually somewhat more than
+five feet long, and it generally weighs from 400 to 550 pounds. The
+cotton crop of this country in 1891 amounted to more than 8,650,000
+bales; laid end to end, in a straight line, these bales would extend
+more than 8000 miles.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 See paragraph <a href="#para180">180</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para184"><b>184. Who Thomas Jefferson was; Monticello;[3] how Jefferson's slaves
+met him when he came home from Europe.</b></a>&mdash;Thomas Jefferson was the son
+of a rich planter who lived near Charlottesville in Virginia.[4] When
+his father died, he came into possession of a plantation of nearly
+two thousand acres of land, with forty or fifty negro slaves on it.</p>
+
+<p>There was a high hill on the plantation, which Jefferson called
+Monticello, or the little mountain. Here he built a fine house. From
+it he could see the mountains and valleys of the Blue Ridge for an
+immense distance. No man in America had a more beautiful home, or
+enjoyed it more, than Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson's slaves thought
+that no one could be better than their master. He was always kind
+to them, and they were ready to do anything for him. Once when he
+came back from France, where he had been staying for a long time,
+the negroes went to meet his carriage. They walked several miles down
+the road; when they caught sight of the carriage, they shouted and
+sang with delight. They would gladly have taken out the horses and
+drawn it up the steep hill. When Jefferson reached Monticello and
+got out, the negroes took him in their arms, and, laughing and crying
+for joy, they carried him into the house. Perhaps no king ever got
+such a welcome as that; for that welcome was not bought with money:
+it came from the heart. Yet Jefferson hoped and prayed that the time
+would come when every slave in the country might be set free.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration118">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="501">
+			<img name="illus118" src="images/118monticello.jpg" alt="Monticello">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="501" align="center">
+			J<small>EFFERSON'S</small> H<small>OME AT</small> M<small>ONTICELLO</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>3 Monticello (Mon-ti-cel'lo).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 See map in paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration119">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="413">
+			<img name="illus119" src="images/119fight.jpg" alt="We Must Fight">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="413" align="center">
+			"W<small>E MUST</small> F<small>IGHT</small>!"
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para185"><b>185. Thomas Jefferson hears Patrick Henry speak at
+Richmond.</b></a>&mdash;Jefferson was educated to be a lawyer; he was not a good
+public speaker, but he liked to hear men who were. Just before the
+beginning of the Revolutionary War (1775), the people of Virginia
+sent men to the city of Richmond to hold a meeting in old St. John's
+Church. They met to see what should be done about defending those
+rights which the king of England had refused to grant the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>One of the speakers at that meeting was a famous Virginian named
+Patrick Henry. When he got up to speak he looked very pale, but his
+eyes shone like coals of fire. He made a great speech. He said, "We
+must fight! I repeat it, sir,&mdash;we must <i>fight!</i>" The other Virginians
+agreed with Patrick Henry, and George Washington and Thomas
+Jefferson, with other noted men who were present at the meeting,
+began at once to make ready to fight.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para186"><b>186. Thomas Jefferson writes the Declaration of Independence; how
+it was sent through the country.</b></a>&mdash;Shortly after this the great war
+began. In a little over a year from the time when the first battle
+was fought, Congress asked Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and
+some others to write the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson
+really wrote almost every word of it. He was called the "Pen of the
+Revolution"; for he could write quite as well as Patrick Henry could
+speak.</p>
+
+<p>The Declaration was printed and carried by men mounted on fast horses
+all over the United States. When men heard it, they rang the church
+bells and sent up cheer after cheer. General Washington had the
+Declaration read to all the soldiers in his army, and if powder had
+not been so scarce, they would have fired off every gun for joy.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration120">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="745">
+			<img name="illus120" src="images/120scroll.jpg" alt="The Declaration of Independence">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para187"><b>187. Jefferson is chosen President of the United States; what he said
+about New Orleans.</b></a>&mdash;A number of years after the war was over
+Jefferson was chosen President of the United States; while he was
+President he did something for the country which will never be
+forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>Louisiana and the city of New Orleans, with the lower part of the
+Mississippi River, then belonged to the French; for at that time the
+United States only reached west as far as the Mississippi River. Now
+as New Orleans stands near the mouth of that river, the French could
+say, if they chose, what vessels should go out to sea, and what should
+come in. So far, then, as that part of America was concerned, we were
+like a man who owns a house while another man owns one of the doors
+to it. The man who has the door could say to the owner of the house,
+I shall stand here on the steps, and you must pay me so many dollars
+every time you go out and every time you come in this way.</p>
+<a name="map4"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration121">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="739">
+			<img name="illus121" src="images/121map.jpg" alt="US Under Jefferson">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="739" align="center">
+			Map showing the extent of the United States at the close of the Revolution,
+			and also when Jefferson became President (1801).
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Jefferson saw that so long as the French held the door of New Orleans,
+we should not be free to send our cotton down the river and across
+the ocean to Europe. He said we must have that door, no matter how
+much it costs.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para188"><b>188. Jefferson buys New Orleans and Louisiana for the United
+States.</b></a>&mdash;Mr. Robert R. Livingston, one of the signers of the
+Declaration of Independence, was in France at that time, and
+Jefferson sent over to him to see if he could buy New Orleans for
+the United States. Napoleon Bonaparte[5] then ruled France. He said,
+I want money to purchase war-ships with, so that I can fight England;
+I will sell not only New Orleans, but all Louisiana besides, for
+fifteen millions of dollars. That was cheap enough, and so in 1803
+President Jefferson bought it.</p>
+<a name="map5"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration122">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="751">
+			<img name="illus122" src="images/122map.jpg" alt="US After Jefferson">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="751" align="center">
+			Map showing how much larger President Jefferson made
+			the United States by buying Louisiana in 1803. (The Oregon country
+			is marked in bars to show that the ownership of it was disputed;
+			England and the United States both claimed it.)
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>If you look on the map[6] you will see that Louisiana then was not
+simply a good-sized state, as it is now, but an immense country
+reaching clear back to the Rocky Mountains. It was really larger than
+the whole United States east of the Mississippi River. So, through
+President Jefferson's purchase, we added so much land that we now
+had more than twice as much as we had before, and we had got the whole
+Mississippi River, the city of New Orleans, and what is now the great
+city of St. Louis besides.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Napoleon Bonaparte (Na-po'le-on Bo'na-part).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 See map in this paragraph, and compare map in paragraph
+<a href="#map4">187</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para189"><b>189. Death of Jefferson; the words cut on his gravestone.</b></a>&mdash;Jefferson
+lived to be an old man. He died at Monticello on the Fourth of July,
+1826, just fifty years, to a day, after he had signed the Declaration
+of Independence. John Adams, who had been President next before
+Jefferson, died a few hours later. So America lost two of her great
+men on the same day.</p>
+
+<p>Jefferson was buried at Monticello. He asked to have these words,
+with some others, cut on his gravestone:&mdash;</p>
+
+<center><p>Here Lies Buried<br>
+THOMAS JEFFERSON,<br>
+Author of the Declaration of American Independence.</p></center>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para190"><b>190. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;Thomas Jefferson of Virginia wrote the Declaration
+of Independence. After he became President of the United States, he
+bought Louisiana for us. The purchase of Louisiana, with New Orleans,
+gave us the right to send our ships to sea by way of the Mississippi
+River, which now belonged to us. Louisiana added so much land that
+it more than doubled the size of the United States.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Before Whitney invented his cotton-gin how much cotton did we send
+abroad? How much do we send from New Orleans now? Did we own New
+Orleans or Louisiana when Whitney invented his cotton-gin? Who
+bought them for us? Who was Thomas Jefferson? What is said about
+Monticello? Tell how Jefferson's slaves welcomed him home. For what
+profession was Jefferson educated? Tell about Patrick Henry. What
+did he say? What did Washington and Jefferson do? What did Jefferson
+write? What was he called? How was the Declaration sent to all parts
+of the country? What was Jefferson chosen to be? To whom did New
+Orleans and Louisiana then belong? How far did the United States then
+extend towards the west? What could the French say? What were we like?
+What did Jefferson say? Did we buy it? How much did we pay? How large
+was Louisiana then? How much land did we get? What else did we get?
+When did Jefferson die? What other great man died on the same day?
+What words did Jefferson have cut on his gravestone at Monticello?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap22">ROBERT FULTON</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1765-1815).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para191"><b>191. What Mr. Livingston said about Louisiana; a small family in a
+big house; settlements in the west; the country beyond the
+Mississippi River.</b></a>&mdash;Even before we bought the great Louisiana
+country, we had more land than we then knew what to do with; after
+we had purchased it, it seemed to some people as though we should
+not want to use what we had bought for more than a hundred years.
+Such people thought that we were like a man with a small family who
+lives in a house much too large for him; but who, not contented with
+that, buys his neighbor's house, which is bigger still, and adds it
+to his own.</p>
+
+<p>If a traveller in those days went across the Alleghany Mountains[1]
+to the west, he found some small settlements in Ohio, Kentucky, and
+Tennessee, but hardly any outside of those. What are now the great
+states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin were then a
+wilderness; and this was also true of what are now the states of
+Alabama and Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>If the same traveller, pushing forward, on foot or on horseback,&mdash;for
+there were no steam cars,&mdash;crossed the Mississippi River, he could
+hardly find a white man outside what was then the little town of St.
+Louis. The country stretched away west for more than a thousand miles,
+with nothing in it but wild beasts and Indians. In much of it there
+were no trees, no houses, no human beings. If you shouted as hard
+as you could in that solitary land, the only reply you would hear
+would be the echo of your own voice; it was like shouting in an empty
+room&mdash;it made it seem lonelier than ever.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 See map in paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para192"><b>192. Emigration to the west, and the man who helped that
+emigration.</b></a>&mdash;But during the last hundred years that great empty land
+of the far west has been filling up with people. Thousands upon
+thousands of emigrants have gone there. They have built towns and
+cities and railroads and telegraph lines. Thousands more are going
+and will go. What has made such a wonderful change? Well, one man
+helped to do a great deal toward it. His name was Robert Fulton. He
+saw how difficult it was for people to get west; for if emigrants
+wanted to go with their families in wagons, they had to chop roads
+through the forest. That was slow, hard work. Fulton found a way that
+was quick, easy, and cheap. Let us see who he was, and how he found
+that way.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para193"><b>193. Robert Fulton's boyhood; the old scow; what Robert did for his
+mother.</b></a>&mdash;Robert Fulton was the son of a poor Irish farmer in
+Pennsylvania.[2] He did not care much for books, but liked to draw
+pictures with pencils which he hammered out of pieces of lead.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration123">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="503">
+			<img name="illus123" src="images/123scow.jpg" alt="Paddle-wheel Scow">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="503" align="center">
+			R<small>OBERT</small> F<small>ULTON'S</small> P<small>ADDLE-WHEEL</small> S<small>COW</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Like most boys, he was fond of fishing. He used to go out in an old
+scow, or flat-bottomed boat, on a river near his home. He and another
+boy would push the scow along with poles. But Robert said, There is
+an easier way to make this boat go. I can put a pair of paddle-wheels
+on her, and then we can sit comfortably on the seat and turn the wheels
+by a crank. He tried it, and found that he was right. The boys now
+had a boat which suited them exactly.</p>
+
+<p>When Robert was seventeen, he went to Philadelphia. His father was
+dead, and he earned his living and helped his mother and sisters,
+by painting pictures. He staid in Philadelphia until he was
+twenty-one. By that time he had saved up money enough to buy a small
+farm for his mother, so that she might have a home of her own.</p>
+
+<p><small>2 Fulton was born in Little Britain (now called Fulton)
+in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. See map in paragraph <a href="#map2">135</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration124">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="397">
+			<img name="illus124" src="images/124boat.jpg" alt="Diving Boat">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="397" align="center">
+			F<small>ULTON'S</small> D<small>IVING-</small>B<small>OAT</small>.<br>
+			<small>(Going under water to fasten a torpedo on the bottom of a vessel.)</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para194"><b>194. Fulton goes to England and to France; his iron bridges; his
+diving-boat, and what he did with it in France.</b></a>&mdash;Soon after buying
+the farm for his mother, young Fulton went to England and then to
+France. He staid in those countries twenty years. In England Fulton
+built some famous iron bridges, but he was more interested in boats
+than in anything else.</p>
+
+<p>While he was in France he made what he called a diving-boat. It would
+go under water nearly as well as it would on top, so that wherever
+a fish could go, Fulton could follow him. His object in building such
+a boat was to make war in a new way. When a swordfish[3] attacks a
+whale, he slips round under him and stabs the monster with his sword.
+Fulton said, 'If an enemy's war-ship should come into the harbor to
+do mischief, I can get into my diving-boat, slip under the ship,
+fasten a torpedo[4] to it, and blow the ship "sky high."'</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon Bonaparte liked nothing so much as war, and he let Fulton
+have an old vessel to see if he could blow it up. He tried it, and
+everything happened as he expected: nothing was left of the vessel
+but the pieces.</p>
+
+<p><small>3 Swordfish: the name given to a large fish which has a
+sword-like weapon, several feet in length, projecting from its upper
+jaw.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 Torpedo: here a can filled with powder, and so
+constructed that it could be fastened to the bottom of a vessel.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration125">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="384">
+			<img name="illus125" src="images/125torpedo.jpg" alt="What the Torpedo Did">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="384" align="center">
+			W<small>HAT THE</small> T<small>ORPEDO DID</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para195"><b>195. What Fulton did in England with his diving-boat; what he said
+about America.</b></a>&mdash;Then Fulton went back to England and tried the same
+thing there. He went out in his diving-boat and fastened a torpedo
+under a vessel, and when the torpedo exploded, the vessel, as he said,
+went up like a "bag of feathers," flying in all directions.</p>
+
+<p>The English people paid Fulton seventy-five thousand dollars for
+showing them what he could do in this way. Then they offered to give
+him a great deal more&mdash;in fact, to make him a very rich man&mdash;if he
+would promise never to let any other country know just how he blew
+vessels up. But Fulton said, 'I am an American; and if America should
+ever want to use my diving-boat in war, she shall have it first of
+all.'</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para196"><b>196. Fulton makes his first steamboat.</b></a>&mdash;But while Fulton was doing
+these things with his diving-boat, he was always thinking of the
+paddle-wheel scow he used to fish in when a boy. I turned those
+paddle-wheels by a crank, said he, but what is to hinder my putting
+a steam engine into such a boat, and making it turn the crank for
+me? that would be a steamboat. Such boats had already been tried,
+but, for one reason or another, they had not got on very well. Robert
+R. Livingston was still in France, and he helped Fulton build his
+first steamboat. It was put on a river there; it moved, and that was
+about all.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para197"><b>197. Robert Fulton and Mr. Livingston go to New York and build a
+steamboat; the trip up the Hudson River.</b></a>&mdash;But Robert Fulton and Mr.
+Livingston both believed that a steamboat could be built that would
+go, and that would keep going. So they went to New York and built
+one there.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration126">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="399">
+			<img name="illus126" src="images/126steamer.jpg" alt="Fulton's Steamer">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="399" align="center">
+			F<small>ULTON'S</small> S<small>TEAMER LEAVING</small> N<small>EW</small> Y<small>ORK
+			FOR</small> A<small>LBANY</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>In the summer of 1807 a great crowd gathered to see the boat start
+on her voyage up the Hudson River. They joked and laughed as crowds
+will at anything new. They called Fulton a fool and Livingston
+another. But when Fulton, standing on the deck of his steamboat,
+waved his hand, and the wheels began to turn, and the vessel began
+to move up the river, then the crowd became silent with astonishment.
+Now it was Fulton's turn to laugh, and in such a case the man who
+laughs last has a right to laugh the loudest.</p>
+
+<p>Up the river Fulton kept going. He passed the Palisades;[5] he passed
+the Highlands;[6] still he kept on, and at last he reached Albany,
+a hundred and fifty miles above New York.</p>
+
+<p>Nobody before had ever seen such a sight as that boat moving up the
+river without the help of oars or sails; but from that time people
+saw it every day. When Fulton got back to New York in his steamboat,
+everybody wanted to shake hands with him&mdash;the crowd, instead of
+shouting fool, now whispered among themselves, He's a great man&mdash;a
+very great man, indeed.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 See map in paragraph <a href="#para055">55</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 See map in paragraph <a href="#para055">55</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para198"><b>198. The first steamboat in the west; the Great Shake.</b></a>&mdash;Four years
+later Fulton built a steamboat for the west. In the autumn of 1811
+it started from Pittsburg[7] to go down the Ohio River, and then down
+the Mississippi to New Orleans. The people of the west had never seen
+a steamboat before, and when the Indians saw the smoke puffing out,
+they called it the "Big Fire Canoe."</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration127">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="220">
+			<img name="illus127" src="images/127tower.jpg" alt="Tower of Trinity Church">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="220" align="center">
+			T<small>OWER OF</small> T<small>RINITY</small> C<small>HURCH</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>On the way down the river there was a terrible earthquake. In some
+places it changed the course of the Ohio so that where there had been
+dry land there was now deep water, and where there had been deep water
+there was now dry land. One evening the captain of the "Big Fire
+Canoe" fastened his vessel to a large tree on the end of an island.
+In the morning the people on the steamboat looked out, but could not
+tell where they were; the island had gone: the earthquake had carried
+it away. The Indians called the earthquake the "Big Shake": it was
+a good name, for it kept on shaking that part of the country, and
+doing all sorts of damage for weeks.</p>
+
+<p><small>7 Pittsburg: see map in paragraph <a href="#map2">135</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para199"><b>199. The "Big Fire Canoe" on the Mississippi; the fight between steam
+and the Great River; what steamboats did; Robert Fulton's
+grave.</b></a>&mdash;When the steamboat reached the Mississippi, the settlers on
+that river said that the boat would never be able to go back, because
+the current is so strong. At one place a crowd had gathered to see
+her as she turned against the current, in order to come up to the
+landing-place. An old negro stood watching the boat. It looked as
+if in spite of all the captain could do she would be carried down
+stream, but at last steam conquered, and the boat came up to the shore.
+Then the old negro could hold in no longer: he threw up his ragged
+straw hat and shouted, 'Hoo-ray! hoo-ray! the old Mississippi's just
+got her master this time, sure!'</p>
+
+<p>Soon steamboats began to run regularly on the Mississippi, and in
+the course of a few years they began to move up and down the Great
+Lakes and the Missouri River. Emigrants could now go to the west and
+the far west quickly and easily: they had to thank Robert Fulton for
+that.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Fulton lies buried in New York, in the shadow of the tower
+of Trinity Church. There is no monument or mark over his grave, but
+he has a monument in every steamboat on every great river and lake
+in America.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para200"><b>200. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;In 1807 Robert Fulton of Pennsylvania built the first
+steamboat which ran on the Hudson River, and four years later he built
+the first one which navigated the rivers of the west. His boats helped
+to fill the whole western country with settlers.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>What did Mr. Livingston say about Louisiana? What did such people
+think we were like? What would a traveller going west then find? What
+is said of the country west of the Mississippi? Who helped emigration
+to the west? What did he find? Tell about Robert Fulton as a boy.
+Tell about his paddle-wheel scow. What did Robert do for his mother?
+Where did he go? How long did he stay abroad? Tell about his
+diving-boat. What did he do with it in France? What in England? What
+did the English people offer him? What did Fulton say? Where did
+Fulton make and try his first steamboat? Tell about the steamboat
+he made in New York. How far up the Hudson did it go? Tell about the
+first steamboat at the west. What did the Indians call it? What
+happened on the way down the Ohio River? Tell about the steamboat
+on the Mississippi River. What is said of steamboats at the west?
+What about emigrants? Where is Fulton buried? Where is his monument?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap23">GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1773-1841).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration128">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="225">
+			<img name="illus128" src="images/128map.jpg" alt="Tippecanoe River">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para201"><b>201. War with the Indians; how the Indians felt about being forced
+to leave their homes; the story of the log.</b></a>&mdash;The year 1811, in which
+the first steamboat went west, a great battle was fought with the
+Indians. The battle-ground was on the Tippecanoe[1] River, in what
+is now the state of Indiana.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration129">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="275">
+			<img name="illus129" src="images/129move.jpg" alt="Move On">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="275" align="center">
+			"M<small>OVE ON</small>."
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The Indians fought because they wanted to keep the west for
+themselves. They felt as an old chief did, who had been forced to
+move many times by the white men. One day a military officer came
+to his wigwam to tell him that he and his tribe must go still further
+west. The chief said, General, let's sit down on this log and talk
+it over. So they both sat down. After they had talked a short time,
+the chief said, Please move a little further that way; I haven't room
+enough. The officer moved along. In a few minutes the chief asked
+him to move again, and he did so. Presently the chief gave him a push
+and said, Do move further on, won't you? I can't, said the general.
+Why not? asked the chief. Because I've got to the end of the log,
+replied the officer. Well, said the Indian, now you see how it is
+with us. You white men have kept pushing us on until you have pushed
+us clear to the end of our country, and yet you come now and say,
+Move on, move on.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Tippecanoe (Tip-pe-ka-noo'): see map in this
+paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para202"><b>202. What Tecumseh[2] and his brother, the "Prophet,"[3] tried to
+do.</b></a>&mdash;A famous Indian warrior named Tecumseh determined to band the
+different Indian tribes together, and drive out the white men from
+the west.</p>
+
+<p>Tecumseh had a brother called the "Prophet," who pretended he could
+tell what would happen in the future. He said, The white traders come
+here, give the Indians whiskey, get them drunk, and then cheat them
+out of their lands. Once we owned this whole country; now, if an
+Indian strips a little bark off of a tree to shelter him when it rains,
+a white man steps up, with a gun in his hand, and says, That's my
+tree; let it alone, or I'll shoot you.</p>
+
+<p>Then the "Prophet" said to the red men, Stop drinking
+"fire-water,"[4] and you will have strength to kill off the
+"pale-faces" and get your land back again. When you have killed them
+off, I will bless the earth. I will make pumpkins[5] grow to be as
+big as wigwams, and the corn shall be so large that one ear will be
+enough for a dinner for a dozen hungry Indians. The Indians liked
+to hear these things; they wanted to taste those pumpkins and that
+corn, and so they got ready to fight.</p>
+
+<p><small>2 Tecumseh (Te-kum'seh).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Prophet (prof'et): one who tells what will happen in
+the future.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 Fire-water: the Indian name for whiskey.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 Pumpkins (pump'kins).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration130">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="401">
+			<img name="illus130" src="images/130talking.jpg" alt="Harrison Talking with the Prophet">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="401" align="center">
+			G<small>OVERNOR</small> H<small>ARRISON TALKING WITH THE</small> "P<small>ROPHET</small>."
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para203"><b>203. Who William Henry Harrison was; the march to Tippecanoe; the
+"Prophet's" sacred beans; the battle of Tippecanoe.</b></a>&mdash;At this time
+William Henry Harrison[6] was governor of Indiana territory. He had
+fought under General Wayne[7] in his war with the Indians in Ohio.
+Everybody knew Governor Harrison's courage, and the Indians all
+respected him; but he tried in vain to prevent the Indians from going
+to war. The "Prophet" urged them on at the north, and Tecumseh had
+gone south to persuade the Indians there to join the northern tribes.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Harrison saw that a battle must soon be fought; so he started
+with his soldiers to meet the Indians. He marched to the Tippecanoe
+River, and there he stopped.</p>
+
+<p>While Harrison's men were asleep in the woods, the "Prophet" told
+the Indians not to wait, but to attack the soldiers at once. In his
+hand he held up a string of beans. These beans, said he to the Indians,
+are sacred.[8] Come and touch them, and you are safe; no white man's
+bullet can hit you. The Indians hurried up in crowds to touch the
+wonderful beans.</p>
+
+<p>Now, said the "Prophet," let each one take his hatchet in one hand
+and his gun in the other, and creep through the tall grass till he
+gets to the edge of the woods. The soldiers lie there fast asleep;
+when you get close to them, spring up and at them like a wild-cat
+at a rabbit.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration131">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="416">
+			<img name="illus131" src="images/131battle.jpg" alt="Battle of Tippecanoe">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="416" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> B<small>ATTLE OF</small> T<small>IPPECANOE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The Indians started to do this, but a soldier on guard saw the tall
+grass moving as though a great snake was gliding through it. He fired
+his gun at the moving grass; with a yell up sprang the whole band
+of Indians, and rushed forward: in a moment the battle began.</p>
+
+<p>Harrison won the victory. He not only killed many of the Indians,
+but he marched against their village, set fire to it, and burned it
+to ashes.</p>
+
+<p>After that the Indians in that part of the country would not listen
+to the "Prophet." They said, He is a liar; his beans didn't save us.</p>
+
+<p>The battle of Tippecanoe did much good, because it prevented the
+Indian tribes from uniting and beginning a great war all through the
+west. Governor Harrison received high praise for what he had done,
+and was made a general in the United States army.</p>
+
+<p><small>6 William Henry Harrison was born in Berkeley, Charles
+City County, Virginia, about twenty-five miles below Richmond. His
+father, Governor Harrison of Virginia, was one of the signers of the
+Declaration of Independence.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 See paragraph <a href="#para173">173</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>8 Sacred: something holy, or set apart for religious
+uses.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para204"><b>204. Tecumseh takes the "Prophet" by the hair; the War of 1812;
+General Harrison's battle in Canada; President Harrison.</b></a>&mdash;When
+Tecumseh came back from the south, he was terribly angry with his
+brother for fighting before he was ready to have him begin. He seized
+the "Prophet" by his long hair, and shook him as a terrier[9] shakes
+a rat. Tecumseh then left the United States and went to Canada to
+help the British, who were getting ready to fight us.</p>
+
+<p>The next year (1812) we began our second war with England. It is
+called the War of 1812. One of the chief reasons why we fought was
+that the British would not let our merchant ships alone; they stopped
+them at sea, took thousands of our sailors out of them, and forced
+the men to serve in their war-ships in their battles against the
+French.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration132">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="550">
+			<img name="illus132" src="images/132flames.jpg" alt="Capitol in Flames">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="550" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> C<small>APITOL AT</small> W<small>ASHINGTON IN</small> F<small>LAMES
+			IN THE</small> W<small>AR OF 1812</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In the course of the War of 1812 the British burned the Capitol at
+Washington; but a grander building rose from its ashes. General
+Harrison fought a battle in Canada in which he defeated the British
+and killed Tecumseh, who was fighting on the side of the English.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration133">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="390">
+			<img name="illus133" src="images/133capitol.jpg" alt="The Capitol Rebuilt">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="390" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> D<small>OME OF THE</small> C<small>APITOL AT</small> W<small>ASHINGTON
+			AS IT NOW APPEARS</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Many years after this battle, the people of the west said, We must
+have the "Hero of Tippecanoe" for President of the United States.
+They went to vote for him with songs and shouts, and he was elected.
+A month after he had gone to Washington, President Harrison died
+(1841), and the whole country was filled with sorrow.</p>
+
+<p><small>9 Terrier (ter'ri-er): a kind of small hunting-dog.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para205"><b>205. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;In 1811 General Harrison gained a great victory over
+the Indians at Tippecanoe, in Indiana. By that victory he saved the
+west from a terrible Indian war. In the War of 1812 with England
+General Harrison beat the British in a battle in Canada, and killed
+Tecumseh, the Indian chief who had made us so much trouble. Many years
+later General Harrison was elected President of the United States.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Where was a great battle fought with the Indians in 1811? How did
+the Indians feel about the west? Tell the story of the log. What did
+Tecumseh determine to do? Tell about the "Prophet." Who was William
+Henry Harrison? Tell about the battle of Tippecanoe. Tell about the
+sacred beans. What did the Indians say about the "Prophet" after the
+battle? What good did the battle of Tippecanoe do? What did Tecumseh
+do when he got back? Where did he then go? What happened in 1812?
+Why did we fight the British? What did General Harrison do in Canada?
+What did the people of the west say? How long did General Harrison
+live after he became President?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap24">GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1767-1845).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para206"><b>206. Andrew Jackson and the War of 1812; his birthplace; his school;
+wrestling-matches;[1] firing off the gun.</b></a>&mdash;The greatest battle of
+our second war with England&mdash;the War of 1812&mdash;was fought by General
+Andrew Jackson.</p>
+
+<p>He was the son of a poor emigrant who came from the North of Ireland
+and settled in North Carolina.[2] When Thomas Jefferson wrote the
+Declaration of Independence in 1776, Andrew was nine years old, and
+his father had long been dead. He was a tall, slender, freckled-faced,
+barefooted boy, with eyes full of fun; the neighbors called him
+"Mischievous little Andy."</p>
+
+<p>He went to school in a log hut in the pine woods; but he learned more
+things from what he saw in the woods than from the books he studied
+in school.</p>
+
+<p>He was not a very strong boy, and in wrestling some of his companions
+could throw him three times out of four; but though they could get
+him down without much trouble, it was quite another thing to keep
+him down. No sooner was he laid flat on his back, than he bounded
+up like a steel spring, and stood ready to try again.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration134">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="300">
+			<img name="illus134" src="images/134gun.jpg" alt="Andy and the Gun">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="300" align="center">
+			A<small>NDY AND THE</small> G<small>UN</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>He had a violent[3] temper, and when, as the boys said, "Andy got
+mad all over," not many cared to face him. Once some of his playmates
+secretly loaded an old gun almost up to the muzzle, and then dared
+him to fire it. They wanted to see what he would say when it kicked
+him over. Andrew fired the gun. It knocked him sprawling; he jumped
+up with eyes blazing with anger, and shaking his fist, cried out,
+"If one of you boys laughs, I'll kill him." He looked as though he
+meant exactly what he said, and the boys thought that perhaps it would
+be just as well to wait and laugh some other day.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Wrestling (res'ling).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 He settled in Union County, North Carolina, very near
+the South Carolina line. See map in paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>. Mecklenburg Court
+House is in the next county west of Union County.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Violent: fierce, furious.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para207"><b>207. Tarleton's[4] attack on the Americans; how Andrew helped his
+mother.</b></a>&mdash;When Andrew was thirteen, he learned what war means. The
+country was then fighting the battles of the Revolution. A British
+officer named Tarleton came suddenly upon some American soldiers
+near the place where young Jackson lived. Tarleton had so many men
+that the Americans saw that it was useless to try to fight, and they
+made no attempt to do so. The British should have taken them all
+prisoners; but, instead of that, they attacked them furiously, and
+hacked and hewed them with their swords. More than a hundred of our
+men were left dead, and a still larger number were so horribly wounded
+that they could not be moved any distance. Such an attack was not
+war, for war means a fair, stand-up fight; it was murder: and when
+the people in England heard what Tarleton had done, many cried Shame!</p>
+
+<p>There was a little log meeting-house near Andrew's home, and it was
+turned into a hospital for the wounded men. Mrs. Jackson, with other
+kind-hearted women, did all she could for the poor fellows who lay
+there groaning and helpless. Andrew carried food and water to them.
+He had forgotten most of the lessons he learned at school, but here
+was something he would never forget.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 Tarleton (Tarl'ton).</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para208"><b>208. Andrew's hatred of the "red-coats";[5] Tarleton's soldiers meet
+their match.</b></a>&mdash;From that time, when young Jackson went to the
+blacksmith's shop to get a hoe or a spade mended, he was sure to come
+back with a rude spear, or with some other weapon, which he had
+hammered out to fight the "red-coats" with.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration135">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="302">
+			<img name="illus135" src="images/135bees.jpg" alt="Bees Beat the Red-Coats">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="302" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> B<small>EES BEAT THE</small> "R<small>ED-</small>C<small>OATS</small>."
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Tarleton said that no people in America hated the British so much
+as those who lived where Andrew Jackson did. The reason was that no
+other British officer was so cruel as "Butcher Tarleton," as he was
+called. Once, however, his men met their match. They were robbing
+a farm of its pigs and chickens and corn and hay. When they got through
+carrying things off, they were going to burn down the farm-house;
+but one of the "red-coats," in his haste, ran against a big hive of
+bees and upset it. The bees were mad enough. They swarmed down on
+the soldiers, got into their ears and eyes, and stung them so terribly
+that at last the robbers were glad to drop everything and run. If
+Andrew could have seen that battle, he would have laughed till he
+cried.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Red-coats: this nickname was given by the Americans to
+the British soldiers because they wore bright red coats.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para209"><b>209. Dangerous state of the country; the roving bands.</b></a>&mdash;Andrew knew
+that he and his mother lived in constant danger. Part of the people
+in his state were in favor of the king, and part were for liberty.
+Bands of armed men, belonging sometimes to one side, and sometimes
+to the other, went roving about the country. When they met a farmer,
+they would stop him and ask, 'Which side are you for?' If he did not
+answer to suit them, the leader of the party would cry out, Hang him
+up! In an instant one of the band would cut down a long piece of wild
+grapevine, twist it into a noose, and throw it over the man's head;
+the next moment he would be dangling from the limb of a tree.
+Sometimes the band would let him down again; sometimes they would
+ride on and leave him hanging there.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para210"><b>210. Playing at battle; what Tarleton heard about himself.</b></a>&mdash;Even the
+children saw and heard so much of the war that was going on that they
+played at war, and fought battles with red and white corn,&mdash;red for
+the British and white for the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>At the battle of Cowpens[6] Colonel William Washington[7] fought on
+the American side, and Tarleton got badly whipped and had to run.
+Not long afterward he happened to see some boys squatting on the
+ground, with a lot of corn instead of marbles. They were playing the
+battle of Cowpens. A red kernel stood for Tarleton, and a white one
+for Colonel Washington. The boys shoved the corn this way and that;
+sometimes the red would win, sometimes the white. At last the white
+kernel gained the victory, and the boys shouted, "Hurrah for
+Washington&mdash;Tarleton runs!"</p>
+
+<p>Tarleton had been quietly looking on without their knowing it. When
+he saw how the game ended, he turned angrily away. He had seen enough
+of "the little rebels,"[8] as he called them.</p>
+
+<p><small>6 Cowpens: see paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 Colonel William Washington was a relative of General
+George Washington.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>8 Rebels: this was the name which the British gave to the
+Americans because we had been forced to take up arms to overthrow
+the authority of the English king, who was still lawfully, but not
+justly, the ruler of this country. Had he been a just and upright
+ruler, there would probably have been no rebellion against his
+authority at that time.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration136">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="395">
+			<img name="illus136" src="images/136boots.jpg" alt="Clean Those Boots">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para211"><b>211. Andrew is taken prisoner by the British; "Here, boy, clean those
+boots"; the two scars.</b></a>&mdash;Not long after our victory at Cowpens, Andrew
+Jackson was taken prisoner by the British. The officer in command
+of the soldiers had just taken off his boots, splashed with mud.
+Pointing to them, he said to Andrew, Here, boy, clean those boots.
+Andrew replied, Sir, I am a prisoner of war, and it is not my place
+to clean boots. The officer, in a great passion, whipped out his sword
+and struck a blow at the boy. It cut a gash on his head and another
+on his hand. Andrew Jackson lived to be an old man, but the marks
+of that blow never disappeared: he carried the scars to his grave.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para212"><b>212. The prisoners in the yard of Camden jail; seeing a battle through
+a knot-hole.</b></a>&mdash;Andrew was sent with other prisoners to Camden, South
+Carolina,[9] and shut up in the jail-yard. There many fell sick and
+died of small-pox.</p>
+
+<p>One day some of the prisoners heard that General Greene&mdash;the greatest
+American general in the Revolution, next to Washington&mdash;was coming
+to fight the British at Camden. Andrew's heart leaped for joy, for
+he knew that if General Greene should win he would set all the
+prisoners at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>General Greene, with his little army, was on a hill in sight Of the
+jail, but there was a high, tight board fence round the jail-yard,
+and the prisoners could not see them. With the help of an old razor
+Andrew managed to dig out a knot from one of the boards. Through that
+knot-hole he watched the battle.</p>
+
+<p>Our men were beaten in the fight, and Andrew saw their horses, with
+empty saddles, running wildly about. Then the boy turned away, sick
+at heart. Soon after that he was seized with the small-pox, and would
+have died of it if his mother had not succeeded in getting him set
+free.</p>
+
+<p><small>9 Camden: see map in paragraph <a href="#map3">140</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para213"><b>213. Mrs. Jackson goes to visit the American prisoners at Charleston;
+Andrew loses his best friend; what he said of her.</b></a>&mdash;In the summer
+Mrs. Jackson made a journey on horseback to Charleston, a hundred
+and sixty miles away. She went to carry some little comforts to the
+poor American prisoners, who were starving and dying of disease in
+the crowded and filthy British prison-ships in the harbor. While
+visiting these unfortunate men she caught the fever which raged among
+them. Two weeks later she was in her grave, and Andrew, then a lad
+of fourteen, stood alone in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Years afterward, when he had risen to be a noted man, people would
+sometimes praise him because he was never afraid to say and do what
+he believed to be right; then Jackson would answer, "<i>That</i> I learned
+from my good old mother."</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para214"><b>214. Andrew begins to learn a trade; he studies law and goes west;
+Judge Jackson; General Jackson.</b></a>&mdash;Andrew set to work to learn the
+saddler's trade, but gave it up and began to study law. After he
+became a lawyer he went across the mountains to Nashville, Tennessee.
+There he was made a judge. There were plenty of rough men in that
+part of the country who meant to have their own way in all things;
+but they soon found that they must respect and obey Judge Jackson.
+They could frighten other judges, but it was no use to try to frighten
+him. Seeing what sort of stuff Jackson was made of, they thought that
+they should like to have such a man to lead them in battle. And so
+Judge Andrew Jackson became General Andrew Jackson. When trouble
+came with the Indians, Jackson proved to be the very man they needed.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para215"><b>215. Tecumseh and the Indians of Alabama; Tecumseh threatens to stamp
+his foot on the ground; the earthquake; war begins.</b></a>&mdash;We have already
+seen how the Indian chief Tecumseh[10] went south to stir up the red
+men to make war on the white settlers in the west. In Alabama he told
+the Indians that if they fought they would gain a great victory. I
+see, said Tecumseh to them, that you don't believe what I say, and
+that you don't mean to fight. Well, I am now going north to Detroit.
+When I get there I shall stamp my foot on the ground, and shake down
+every wigwam you have. It so happened that, shortly after Tecumseh
+had gone north, a sharp shock of earthquake was felt in Alabama, and
+the wigwams were actually shaken down by it. When the terrified
+Indians felt their houses falling to pieces, they ran out of them,
+shouting, "Tecumseh has got to Detroit!"</p>
+
+<p>These Indians now believed all that Tecumseh had said; they began
+to attack the white people, and they killed a great number of them.</p>
+
+<p><small>10 Tecumseh: see paragraph <a href="#para203">203</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration137">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="383">
+			<img name="illus137" src="images/137chief.jpg" alt="Jackson and the Chief">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="383" align="center">
+			G<small>ENERAL</small> J<small>ACKSON AND THE</small> I<small>NDIAN</small> C<small>HIEF</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para216"><b>216. Jackson conquers the Indians; the "Holy Ground"; Weathersford
+and Jackson; feeding the starving.</b></a>&mdash;General Jackson marched against
+the Indians and beat them in battle. The Indians that escaped fled
+to a place they called the "Holy Ground.", They believed that if a
+white man dared to set his foot on that ground he would be struck
+dead as if by a flash of lightning. General Jackson and his men
+marched on to the "Holy Ground," and the Indians found that unless
+they made peace they would be the ones who would be struck dead by
+his bullets.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after this, a noted leader of the Indians, named
+Weathersford, rode boldly up to Jackson's tent. "Kill him! kill him!"
+cried Jackson's men; but the general asked Weathersford into his tent.
+"You can kill me if you want to," said he to Jackson, "but I came
+to tell you that the Indian women and children are starving in the
+woods, and to ask you to help them, for they never did you any harm."
+General Jackson sent away Weathersford in safety, and ordered that
+corn should be given to feed the starving women and children. That
+act showed that he was as merciful as he was brave.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para217"><b>217. The British send war-ships to take New Orleans; the great battle
+and the great victory.</b></a>&mdash;These things happened during our second war
+with England, or the War of 1812. About a year after Jackson's victory
+over the Indians the British sent an army in ships to take New
+Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>General Jackson now went to New Orleans, to prevent the enemy from
+getting possession of the city.</p>
+
+<p>About four miles below the city, which stands on the Mississippi
+River,[11] there was a broad, deep ditch, running from the river into
+a swamp. Jackson saw that the British would have to cross that ditch
+when they marched against the city. For that reason he built a high
+bank on the upper side of the ditch, and placed cannon along the top
+of the bank.</p>
+
+<p>Early on Sunday morning, January 8th, 1815, the British sent a rocket
+whizzing up into the sky; a few minutes afterward they sent up a
+second one. It was the signal that they were about to march to attack
+us.</p>
+<a name="ill4"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration138">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="800">
+			<img name="illus138" src="images/138battle.jpg" alt="Battle of New Orleans">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="800" align="center">
+			B<small>ATTLE OF</small> N<small>EW</small> O<small>RLEANS</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration139">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="320">
+			<img name="illus139" src="images/139monument.jpg" alt="Monument to Jackson">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="320" align="center">
+			M<small>ONUMENT TO</small> G<small>ENERAL</small> J<small>ACKSON
+			AT</small> N<small>EW</small> O<small>RLEANS</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Just before the fight began General Jackson walked along among his
+men, who were getting ready to defend the ditch. He said to them,
+"Stand to your guns; see that every shot tells: give it to them,
+boys!" The "boys" did give it to them. The British soldiers were brave
+men; they had been in many terrible battles, and they were not afraid
+to die. They fought desperately; they tried again and again to cross
+that ditch and climb the bank, but they could not do it. The fire
+of our guns cut them down just as a mower cuts down the tall grain
+with his scythe.[12] In less than half an hour the great battle was
+over; Jackson had won the victory and saved New Orleans. We lost only
+eight killed; the enemy lost over two thousand.[13] We have never
+had a battle since with England; it is to be hoped that we never shall
+have another, for two great nations[14] like England and America,
+that speak the same language, ought to be firm and true friends.</p>
+
+<p><small>11 See map in paragraph <a href="#map6">218</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>12 Scythe (sithe).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>13 Killed and wounded.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>14 Nations: a nation is a people born in the same country
+and living under the same government; as the American nation, the
+French nation, the English nation.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para218"><b>218. We buy Florida; General Jackson made President of the United
+States; the first railroad.</b></a>&mdash;After the battle of New Orleans General
+Jackson conquered the Indians in Florida, and in 1819 we bought that
+country of Spain, and so made the United States much larger on the
+south.[15] This was our second great land purchase.[16]</p>
+<a name="map6"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration140">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="684">
+			<img name="illus140" src="images/140map.jpg" alt="US in 1819">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="684" align="center">
+			The light parts of this map show the extent of the
+			United States in 1819, after we had bought and added Florida. The
+			black and white bars in the northwest show that the ownership of the
+			Oregon country was still in dispute between the United States and
+			Great Britain.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Ten years after we got Florida General Jackson became President of
+the United States. He had fought his way up. Here are the four steps:
+first the boy, "Andy Jackson"; then "Judge Jackson"; then "General
+Jackson"; last of all, "President Jackson."</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration141">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="744">
+			<img name="illus141" src="images/141bridge.jpg" alt="Bridge at St. Louis">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="744" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> G<small>REAT</small> S<small>TEEL</small> R<small>AILROAD</small> B<small>RIDGE
+			ACROSS THE</small> M<small>ISSISSIPPI</small> R<small>IVER
+			AT</small> S<small>T.</small> L<small>OUIS</small>.<br>
+			<small>(Built by Captain Eads, and completed in 1874.)</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Shortly after he became the chief ruler of the nation the first steam
+railroad in the United States was built (1830). From that time such
+roads kept creeping further and further west. The Indians had
+frightened the white settlers with their terrible war-whoop. Now it
+was their turn to be frightened, for the locomotive whistle[17] could
+beat their wildest yell. They saw that the white man was coming as
+fast as steam could carry him, and that he was determined to get
+possession of the whole land. The greater part of the Indians moved
+across the Mississippi; but the white man kept following them and
+following the buffalo further and further across the country, toward
+the Pacific Ocean; and the railroad followed in the white man's
+track.</p>
+<a name="ill5"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration142">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="512">
+			<img name="illus142" src="images/142bridge.jpg" alt="Niagara Suspension Bridge">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="512" align="center">
+			N<small>IAGARA</small> S<small>USPENSION</small> B<small>RIDGE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>15 See map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>16 For our first land purchase see paragraph <a href="#map5">188</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>17 The first steam railroad built in the United States
+extended from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, a distance
+of twelve miles. It was opened in 1830. It forms a part of the
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para219"><b>219. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;Andrew Jackson of North Carolina gained a great
+victory over the Indians in Alabama and also in Florida. In 1815,
+in our second war with England, General Jackson whipped the British
+at New Orleans, and so prevented their getting possession of that
+city. A few years later we bought Florida of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>After General Jackson became President of the United States the first
+steam-railroad was built in this country. Railroads helped to settle
+the west and build up states beyond the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Who fought the greatest battle of the War of 1812? Tell about Andrew
+Jackson's boyhood. Tell the story of the gun. Tell about Tarleton.
+What did Mrs. Jackson do? What did Andrew do? What did Andrew use
+to do at the blacksmith shop?</small></p>
+
+<p><small>Tell about Tarleton's men and the bees. What did bands of armed men
+use to do in the country where Andrew lived? Tell about playing at
+battle. What did Tarleton say? Tell about Andrew and the boots. Tell
+how he saw a battle through a knot-hole. Tell how Andrew's mother
+died. What did he say about her? Tell about Andrew Jackson as a judge.
+Why was he made a general? Tell about Tecumseh and the Alabama Indians.
+After General Jackson had beaten the Indians, where did they go? What
+is said about the "Holy Ground." What about Jackson and Weathersford?
+Tell about the great battle of New Orleans. Who gained the victory?
+When did we buy Florida? What were the four steps in Andrew Jackson's
+life? What is said about railroads?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap25">PROFESSOR MORSE</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1791-1872).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para220"><b>220. How they sent the news of the completion of the Erie Canal to
+New York City; Franklin and Morse.</b></a>&mdash;The Erie Canal, in the state of
+New York, connects the Hudson River at Albany with Lake Erie at
+Buffalo. It is the greatest work of the kind in America, and was
+completed many years ago. When the water was let into the canal from
+the lake, the news was flashed from Buffalo to New York City by a
+row of cannon, about five miles apart, which were fired as rapidly
+as possible one after the other. The first cannon was fired at Buffalo
+at ten o'clock in the morning; the last was fired at New York at
+half-past eleven. In an hour and a half the sound had travelled over
+five hundred miles. Everybody said that was wonderfully quick work;
+but to-day we could send the news in less than a minute. The man who
+found out how to do this was Samuel F. B. Morse.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration143">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="719">
+			<img name="illus143" src="images/143news.jpg" alt="News of Erie Canal">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="719" align="center">
+			H<small>OW THEY FLASHED THE</small> N<small>EWS OF THE</small> C<small>OMPLETION
+			OF THE</small> E<small>RIE</small> C<small>ANAL IN 1825</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>We have seen how Benjamin Franklin[1] discovered, by means of his
+kite, that lightning and electricity are the same. Samuel Morse was
+born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, about a mile from Franklin's
+birthplace, the year after that great man died. He began his work
+where Franklin left off. He said to himself, Dr. Franklin found out
+what lightning is; I will find out how to harness it and make it carry
+news and deliver messages.[2]</p>
+
+<p><small>1 See paragraph <a href="#para119">119</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Messages: a message is any word sent by one person to
+another.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para221"><b>221. Morse becomes a painter; what he thought might be done about
+sending messages.</b></a>&mdash;When Samuel Morse was a little boy, he was fond
+of drawing pictures, particularly faces; if he could not get a pencil,
+he would scratch them with a pin on the furniture at school: the only
+pay he got for making such pictures was some smart raps from the
+teacher. After he became a man he learned to paint. At one time he
+lived in France with several other American artists. One day they
+were talking of how long it took to get letters from America, and
+they were wishing the time could be shortened. Somebody spoke of how
+cannon had been used at the time of the opening of the Erie Canal.
+Morse was familiar with all that; he had been educated at Yale College,
+and he knew that the sound of a gun will travel a mile while you are
+counting five; but quick as that is, he wanted to find something
+better and quicker still. He said, Why not try lightning or
+electricity? That will beat sound, for that will go more than a
+thousand miles while you are counting <i>one</i>.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para222"><b>222. What a telegraph[3] is; a wire telegraph; Professor Morse
+invents the electric telegraph.</b></a>&mdash;Some time after that, Mr. Morse set
+sail for America. On the way across the Atlantic he was constantly
+talking about electricity and how a telegraph&mdash;that is, a machine
+which would write at a distance&mdash;might be invented. He thought about
+this so much that he could not sleep nights. At last he believed that
+he saw how he could make such a machine.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration144">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="711">
+			<img name="illus144" src="images/144telegraph.jpg" alt="One Kind of Telegraph">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="711" align="center">
+			O<small>NE KIND OF</small> T<small>ELEGRAPH</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration145">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="445">
+			<img name="illus145" src="images/145morse.jpg" alt="Morse at Work">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="445" align="center">
+			P<small>ROFESSOR</small> M<small>ORSE AT WORK MAKING HIS</small> T<small>ELEGRAPH</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Suppose you take a straight and stiff piece of wire as long as your
+desk and fasten it in the middle so that the ends will swing easily.
+Next tie a pencil tight to each end; then put a sheet of paper under
+the point of each pencil. Now, if you make a mark with the pencil
+nearest to you, you will find that the pencil at the other end of
+the wire will make the same kind of mark. Such a wire would be a kind
+of telegraph, because it would make marks or signs at a distance.
+Mr. Morse said: I will have a wire a mile long with a pencil, or
+something sharp-pointed like a pencil, fastened to the further end;
+the wire itself shall not move at all, but the pencil shall, for I
+will make electricity run along the wire and move it. Mr. Morse was
+then a professor or teacher in the University of the City of New York.
+He put up such a wire in one of the rooms of the building, sent the
+electricity through it, and found that it made the pencil make just
+the marks he wanted it should; that meant that he had invented the
+<i>electric telegraph</i>; for if he could do this over a mile of wire,
+then what was to hinder his doing it over a hundred or even a thousand
+miles?</p>
+
+<p><small>3 Telegraph (tel'e-graf): this name is made up of two
+Greek words, the first of which means <i>far off</i>, and the second <i>to
+write</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration146">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="314">
+			<img name="illus146" src="images/146first.jpg" alt="First Photograph in America">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="314" align="center">
+			A C<small>OPY OF THE</small> F<small>IRST</small> P<small>HOTOGRAPH MADE
+			IN</small> A<small>MERICA</small>.<br>
+			<small> (The tower of the Church of the Messiah, in New York. The church is no
+			longer standing.)</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para223"><b>223. How Professor Morse lived while he was making his
+telegraph.</b></a>&mdash;But all this was not done in a day, for this invention
+cost years of patient labor. At first, Mr. Morse lived in a little
+room by himself: there he worked and ate, when he could get anything
+to eat; and slept, if he wasn't too tired to sleep. Later, he had
+a room in the university. While he was there he painted pictures to
+get money enough to buy food; there, too (1839), he took the first
+photograph ever made in America. Yet with all his hard work there
+were times when he had to go hungry, and once he told a young man
+that if he did not get some money he should be dead in a week&mdash;dead
+of starvation.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para224"><b>224. Professor Morse gets help about his telegraph; what Alfred Vail
+did.</b></a>&mdash;But better times were coming. A young man named Alfred Vail[4]
+happened to see Professor Morse's telegraph. He believed it would
+be successful. He persuaded his father, Judge Vail, to lend him two
+thousand dollars, and he became Professor Morse's partner in the work.
+Mr. Vail was an excellent mechanic, and he made many improvements
+in the telegraph. He then made a model[5] of it at his own expense,
+and took it to Washington and got a patent[6] for it in Professor
+Morse's name. The invention was now safe in one way, for no one else
+had the right to make a telegraph like his. Yet, though he had this
+help, Professor Morse did not get on very fast, for a few years later
+he said, "I have not a cent in the world; I am crushed for want of
+means."</p>
+
+<p><small>4 Alfred Vail: he was the son of Stephen Vail (commonly
+known as Judge Vail), owner of the Speedwell iron-works, near
+Morristown, New Jersey. Judge Vail built the engines of the
+<i>Savannah</i>, the first steamship which crossed the Atlantic.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 Model: a small copy or representation of something.
+Professor Morse made a small telegraph and sent it to Washington,
+to show what his large telegraph would be like.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 Patent: a written or printed right given by the
+government at Washington to an inventor to make something; as, for
+instance, a telegraph or a sewing-machine. The patent forbids any
+one except the inventor, or holder of the patent, from making such
+a machine, and so he gets whatever money comes from his work. In order
+to get a patent, a man must send a model of his invention to be placed
+in the Patent Office at Washington.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para225"><b>225. Professor Morse asks Congress to help him build a telegraph
+line; what Congress thought.</b></a>&mdash;Professor Morse now asked Congress to
+let him have thirty thousand dollars to construct a telegraph line
+from Washington to Baltimore. He felt sure that business men would
+be glad to send messages by telegraph, and to pay him for his work.
+But many members of Congress laughed at it, and said they might as
+well give Professor Morse the money to build "a railroad to the moon."</p>
+
+<p>Week after week went by, and the last day that Congress would sit
+was reached, but still no money had been granted. Then came the last
+night of the last day (March 3d, 1843). Professor Morse stayed in
+the Senate Chamber[7] of Congress until after ten o'clock; then,
+tired and disappointed he went back to his hotel, thinking that he
+must give up trying to build his telegraph line.</p>
+
+<p><small>7 Senate Chamber: Congress (or the body of persons chosen
+to make the laws of the United States) is divided into two
+classes,&mdash;Representatives and Senators; they meet in different
+rooms or chambers in the Capitol at Washington.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para226"><b>226. Miss Annie Ellsworth brings good news.</b></a>&mdash;The next morning Miss
+Annie G. Ellsworth met him as he was coming down to breakfast. She
+was the daughter of his friend who had charge of the Patent Office
+in Washington. She came forward with a smile, grasped his hand, and
+said that she had good news for him, that Congress had decided to
+let him have the money. Surely you must be mistaken, said the
+professor, for I waited last night until nearly midnight, and came
+away because nothing had been done. But, said the young lady, my
+father stayed until it was quite midnight, and a few minutes before
+the clock struck twelve Congress voted[8] the money; it was the very
+last thing that was done.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Morse was then a gray-haired man over fifty. He had worked
+hard for years and got nothing for his labor. This was his first great
+success. He doesn't say whether he laughed or cried&mdash;perhaps he felt
+a little like doing both.</p>
+
+<p><small>8 Voted: here this word means given or granted.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration147">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="227">
+			<img name="illus147" src="images/147birds.jpg" alt="What Birds Think">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="227" align="center">
+			W<small>HAT THE</small> B<small>IRDS THINK</small> T<small>ELEGRAPH</small> W<small>IRES
+			WERE PUT UP FOR</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para227"><b>227. The first telegraph line built; the first message sent; the
+telegraph and the telephone[9] now.</b></a>&mdash;When, at length, Professor
+Morse did speak, he said to Miss Ellsworth, "Now, Annie, when my line
+is built from Washington to Baltimore, you shall send the first
+message over it." In the spring of 1844 the line was completed, and
+Miss Ellsworth sent these words over it (they are words taken from
+the Bible): "<i>What hath God wrought!</i>"[10]</p>
+
+<p>For nearly a year after that the telegraph was free to all who wished
+to use it; then a small charge was made, a very short message costing
+only one cent. On the first of April, 1845, a man came into the office
+and bought a cent's worth of telegraphing. That was all the money
+which was taken that day for the use of forty miles of wire. Now there
+are about two hundred thousand miles of telegraph line in the United
+States, or more than enough to reach eight times round the earth,
+and the messages sent bring in over seventy thousand dollars every
+day; and we can telegraph not only clear across America, but clear
+across the Atlantic Ocean by a line laid under the sea. Professor
+Morse's invention made it possible for people to write by
+electricity; but now, by means of the telephone, a man in New York
+can talk with his friend in Philadelphia, Boston, and many other
+large cities, and his friend listening at the other end of the wire
+can hear every word he says. Professor Morse did not live long enough
+to see this wonderful invention, which, in some ways, is an
+improvement even on his telegraph.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration148">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="728">
+			<img name="illus148" src="images/148message.jpg" alt="How a Message is Sent">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="728" align="center">
+			H<small>OW A</small> M<small>ESSAGE BY</small> T<small>ELEGRAPH IS SENT</small>.[11]
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>9 Telephone (tel'e-fone): this name is made up of two
+Greek words, the first of which means <i>far off</i>, and the second, <i>a
+voice or sound</i>. The telephone was invented by Professor Alexander
+G. Bell of Boston; he completed it in 1876. Professor Bell now lives
+in Washington.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>10 See Num. xxiii. 23.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>11 When the button at Chicago is pressed down, the
+electricity passing over the wire to Denver presses the point there
+down on the paper, and so makes a dot or dash which stands for a letter
+on the roll of paper as it passes under it. In this way words and
+messages are spelled out. The message on the strip of paper above
+is the question, <i>How is trade?</i></small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para228"><b>228. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;Professor Morse invented the Electric Telegraph. He
+received much help from Mr. Alfred Vail. In 1844 Professor Morse and
+Mr. Vail built the first line of telegraph in the United States, or
+in the world. It extended from Washington to Baltimore. The telegraph
+makes it possible for us to send a written message thousands of miles
+in a moment; by the telephone, which was invented after Professor
+Morse's death, we can talk with people who are several hundreds of
+miles away and hear what they say in reply.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Tell how they sent the news of the completion of the Erie Canal. What
+did Samuel Morse say to himself? Tell about Morse as a painter. What
+did he want to find? What was he talking about on his voyage back
+to America? What is a telegraph? How can you make a small wire
+telegraph? What did Professor Morse make? How did he live? What did
+he do in 1839? How did he get help about his telegraph? What did he
+ask Congress to do? What did some men in Congress say? What news did
+Miss Annie Ellsworth bring him? What was the first message sent by
+telegraph in 1844? How many miles of telegraph are there now in the
+United States? Is there a telegraph line under the sea? What is said
+about the telephone?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap26">GENERAL SAM HOUSTON</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1793-1863)</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para229"><b>229. Sam Houston and the Indians; Houston goes to live with the
+Indians.</b></a>&mdash;When General Jackson whipped the Indians in Alabama,[1]
+a young man named Sam Houston[2] fought under Jackson and was
+terribly wounded. It was thought that the brave fellow would
+certainly die, but his strong will carried him through, and he lived
+to make himself a great name in the southwest.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration149">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="241">
+			<img name="illus149" src="images/149houston.jpg" alt="Sam Houston">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="241" align="center">
+			S<small>AM</small> H<small>OUSTON</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Although Houston fought the Indians, yet, when a boy, he was very
+fond of them, and spent much of his time with them in the woods of
+Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p>Long after he became a man, this love of the wild life led by the
+red men in the forest came back to him. While Houston was governor
+of Tennessee (1829) he suddenly made up his mind to leave his home
+and his friends, go across the Mississippi River, and take up his
+abode with an Indian tribe in that part of the country. The chief,
+who had known him as a boy, gave him a hearty welcome. "Rest with
+us," he said; "my wigwam is yours." Houston stayed with the tribe
+three years.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 See paragraph <a href="#para216">216</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Sam Houston (Hew'ston): he always wrote his name Sam
+Houston; he was born near Lexington in Rockbridge County, Virginia.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para230"><b>230. Houston goes to Texas; what he said he would do; the murders
+at Alamo[3]; the flag with one star; what Houston did; Texas added
+to the United States; our war with Mexico.</b></a>&mdash;At the end of that time
+he said to a friend, "I am going to Texas, and in that new country
+I will make a man of myself." Texas then belonged to Mexico; and
+President Andrew Jackson had tried in vain to buy it as Jefferson
+bought Louisiana. Houston said, "I will make it part of the United
+States." About twenty thousand Americans had already moved into
+Texas, and they felt as he did.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration150">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="255">
+			<img name="illus150" src="images/150flag.jpg" alt="Lone Star Flag">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="255" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> "L<small>ONE</small> S<small>TAR</small>" F<small>LAG</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>War broke out between Texas and Mexico, and General Sam Houston led
+the Texan soldiers in their fight for independence. He had many noted
+American pioneers[4] and hunters in his little army: one of them was
+the brave Colonel Travis[5] of Alabama; another was Colonel Bowie[6]
+of Louisiana, the inventor of the "bowie knife"; still another was
+Colonel David Crockett of Tennessee, whose motto is a good one for
+every young American&mdash;"Be sure you're right, then&mdash;<i>go ahead</i>."
+These men were all taken prisoners by the Mexicans at Fort Alamo&mdash;an
+old Spanish church in San Antonio&mdash;and were cruelly murdered.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after that General Houston fought a great battle near the
+city which is now called by his name.[7] The Mexicans had more than
+two men to every one of Houston's; but the Americans and Texans went
+into battle shouting the terrible cry "<i>Remember the Alamo!</i>" and
+the Mexicans fled before them like frightened sheep. Texas then
+became an independent state, and elected General Houston its
+president. The people of Texas raised a flag having on it a single
+star. For this reason it was sometimes called, as it still is, the
+"Lone Star State."</p>
+
+<p>Texas was not contented to stand alone; she begged the United States
+to add her to its great and growing family of states. This was done[8]
+in 1845. But, as we shall presently see, a war soon broke out (1846)
+between the United States and Mexico, and when that war was ended
+we obtained a great deal more land at the west.</p>
+<a name="map7"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration151">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="686">
+			<img name="illus151" src="images/151map.jpg" alt="US in 1845">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="686" align="center">
+			Map showing the extent of the United States after we
+			added Texas in 1845. The black and white bars show that the ownership
+			of the Oregon country was still in dispute between the United States
+			and Great Britain.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>3 Alamo (Al'a-mo).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 Pioneers: those who go before to prepare the way for
+others; the first settlers in a country are its pioneers.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 Travis (Tra'vis).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 Bowie (Bow'e).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 See map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>8 See map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para231"><b>231. General Sam Houston in the great war between the North and the
+South; what he said.</b></a>&mdash;We have seen the part which General Sam Houston
+took in getting new country to add to the United States. He lived
+in Texas for many years after that. When, in 1861, the great war broke
+out between the North and the South, General Houston was governor
+of the state. He withdrew from office and went home to his log cabin
+in Huntsville. He refused to take any part in the war, for he loved
+the Union,&mdash;that is, the whole country, North and South
+together,&mdash;and he said to his wife, "My heart is broken." Before the
+war ended he was laid in his grave.[9]</p>
+
+<p><small>9 General Houston was buried at Huntsville, about eighty
+miles northwest of the city of Houston, Texas.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para232"><b>232. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;General Sam Houston of Tennessee led the people of
+Texas in their war against Mexico. The Texans gained the victory,
+and made their country an independent state with General Houston as
+its president. After a time Texas was added to the United States.
+We then had a war with Mexico, and added a great deal more land at
+the west. General Houston died during the war between the North and
+the South.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Tell about Sam Houston and the Indians. Where did Houston go after
+he became governor of Tennessee? Where did Houston go next? What did
+he say he would do about Texas? What was David Crockett's motto? What
+is said about Fort Alamo? What about the battle with the Mexicans?
+What did Texas become? To what office was Houston elected? What is
+said of the Texas flag? When was Texas added to the United States?
+What war then broke out? What did we get by that war? What is said
+of General Houston in the great war between the North and the South?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap27">CAPTAIN ROBERT GRAY</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1755-1806).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para233"><b>233. Captain Gray goes to the Pacific coast to buy furs; he first
+carries the Stars and Stripes round the globe.</b></a>&mdash;Not long after the
+war of the Revolution had come to an end some merchants of Boston
+sent out two vessels to Vancouver[1] Island, on the northwest coast
+of America. The names of the vessels were the <i>Columbia</i> and the <i>Lady
+Washington</i>, and they sailed round Cape Horn into the Pacific.
+Captain Robert Gray went out as commander of one of these vessels.[2]
+He was born in Rhode Island[3] and he had fought in one of our
+war-ships in the Revolution.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration152">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="345">
+			<img name="illus152" src="images/152otter.jpg" alt="Sea Otter">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="345" align="center">
+			A S<small>EA-</small>O<small>TTER</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Captain Gray was sent out by the Boston merchants to buy furs from
+the Indians on the Pacific coast. He had no difficulty in getting
+all he wanted, for the savages were glad to sell them for very little.
+In one case a chief let the captain have two hundred sea-otter skins
+such as are used for ladies' sacks, and which were worth about eight
+thousand dollars, for an old iron chisel. After getting a valuable
+cargo of furs, Captain Gray sailed in the <i>Columbia</i> for China, where
+he bought a quantity of tea. He then went to the south, round the
+Cape of Good Hope, and keeping on toward the west he reached Boston
+in the summer of 1790. He had been gone about three years, and he
+was the first man who carried the American flag clear round the globe.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Vancouver (Van-koo'ver): part of it is seen north of
+Portland, Or., paragraph <a href="#map8">235</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 He commanded the <i>Lady Washington</i> at first, and
+afterward the <i>Columbia</i>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 Tiverton, Rhode Island.</small></p>
+<a name="ill6"></a>
+<br>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration154">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="800">
+			<img name="illus154" src="images/154hood.jpg" alt="Mount Hood">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="800" align="center">
+			M<small>OUNT</small> H<small>OOD,</small> O<small>REGON</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration153">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="350">
+			<img name="illus153" src="images/153columbia.jpg" alt="Gray on the Columbia">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="350" align="center">
+			C<small>APTAIN</small> G<small>RAY EXPLORING
+			THE</small> C<small>OLUMBIA</small> R<small>IVER,</small> O<small>REGON</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para234"><b>234. Captain Gray's second voyage to the Pacific coast; he enters
+a great river and names it the Columbia; the United States claims
+the Oregon country; we get Oregon in 1846.</b></a>&mdash;Captain Gray did not stay
+long at Boston, for he sailed again that autumn in the <i>Columbia</i>
+for the Pacific coast, to buy more furs. He stayed on that coast a
+long time. In the spring of 1792 he entered a great river and sailed
+up it a distance of nearly thirty miles. He seems to have been the
+first white man who had ever actually entered it. He named the vast
+stream the Columbia River, from the name of his vessel. It is the
+largest American river which empties into the Pacific Ocean south
+of Alaska.[4]</p>
+
+<p>Captain Gray returned to Boston and gave an account of his voyage
+of exploration; this led Congress to claim the country through which
+the Columbia flows[5] as part of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>After Captain Gray had been dead for forty years we came into
+possession, in 1846, of the immense territory then called the Oregon
+Country. It was through what he had done that we got our first claim
+to that country which now forms the states of Oregon and Washington.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 The Yukon River in Alaska is larger than the Columbia.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 The discovery and exploration of a river usually gives
+the right to a claim to the country watered by that river, on the
+part of the nation to which the discoverer or explorer belongs.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para235"><b>235. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;A little over a hundred years ago (1790) Captain
+Robert Gray of Rhode Island first carried the American flag round
+the world. In 1792 he entered and named the Columbia River. Because
+he did that the United States claimed the country&mdash;called the Oregon
+Country&mdash;through which that river runs. In 1846 we added the Oregon
+Country to our possessions; it now forms the two states of Oregon
+and Washington.</p>
+<a name="map8"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration155">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="687">
+			<img name="illus155" src="images/155map.jpg" alt="US in 1846">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="687" align="center">
+			Map showing the extent of the United States after we
+			added the Oregon Country in 1846.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration156">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="722">
+			<img name="illus156" src="images/156emigrants.jpg" alt="Emigrants To Oregon">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="722" align="center">
+			E<small>MIGRANTS ON THEIR</small> W<small>AY
+			TO</small> O<small>REGON</small> F<small>IFTY</small> Y<small>EARS AGO</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Tell about Captain Gray's voyage to the Pacific coast. What did he
+buy there? What did he first carry round the globe? Tell about his
+second voyage. What did he do in 1792? What happened after Captain
+Gray returned to Boston? What happened in 1846? What two states were
+made out of the Oregon Country?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap28">CAPTAIN SUTTER[1]</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1803-1880).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration157">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="300">
+			<img name="illus157" src="images/157map.jpg" alt="Sutter's Fort Area">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para236"><b>236. Captain Sutter and his fort; how the captain lived.</b></a>&mdash;At the time
+when Professor Morse sent his first message by telegraph from
+Washington to Baltimore (1844), Captain J. A. Sutter, an emigrant
+from Switzerland, was living near the Sacramento River in California.
+California then belonged to Mexico. The governor of that part of the
+country had given Captain Sutter an immense piece of land; and the
+captain had built a fort at a point where a stream which he named
+the American River joins the Sacramento River.[2] People then called
+the place Sutter's Fort, but to-day it is Sacramento City, the
+capital of the great and rich state of California.</p>
+
+<p>In his fort Captain Sutter lived like a king. He owned land enough
+to make a thousand fair-sized farms; he had twelve thousand head of
+cattle, more than ten thousand sheep, and over two thousand horses
+and mules. Hundreds of laborers worked for him in his wheat-fields,
+and fifty well-armed soldiers guarded his fort. Quite a number of
+Americans had built houses near the fort. They thought that the time
+was coming when all that country would become part of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Sutter (Soo'ter).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 See map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para237"><b>237. Captain Sutter builds a saw-mill at Coloma;[3] a man finds some
+sparkling dust.</b></a>&mdash;About forty miles up the American River was a place
+which the Mexicans called Coloma, or the beautiful valley. There was
+a good fall of water there and plenty of big trees to saw into boards,
+so Captain Sutter sent a man named Marshall to build a saw-mill at
+that place. The captain needed such a mill very much, for he wanted
+lumber to build with and to fence his fields.</p>
+
+<p>Marshall set to work, and before the end of January, 1848, he had
+built a dam across the river and got the saw-mill half done. One day
+as he was walking along the bank of a ditch, which had been dug back
+of the mill to carry off the water, he saw some bright yellow specks
+shining in the dirt. He gathered a little of the sparkling dust,
+washed it clean, and carried it to the house. That evening after the
+men had come in from their work on the mill, Marshall said to them,
+"Boys, I believe I've found a gold mine." They laughed, and one of
+them said, "I reckon not; no such luck."</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration158">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="600">
+			<img name="illus158" src="images/158sawmill.jpg" alt="Sutter's Saw Mill">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="600" align="center">
+			C<small>APTAIN</small> S<small>UTTER'S</small> S<small>AW-MILL AT</small> C<small>OLOMA,
+			WHERE</small> G<small>OLD WAS FIRST FOUND</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>3 Coloma (Ko-lo'ma): see map in paragraph <a href="#para236">236</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para238"><b>238. Marshall takes the shining dust to Captain Sutter; what he did
+with it, and how he felt about the discovery.</b></a>&mdash;A few days after that
+Marshall went down to the fort to see Captain Sutter. Are you alone?
+he asked when he saw the captain. Yes, he answered. Well, won't you
+oblige me by locking the door; I've something I want to show you.
+The captain locked the door, and Marshall taking a little parcel out
+of his pocket, opened it and poured some glittering dust on a paper
+he had spread out. "See here," said he, "I believe this is gold, but
+the people at the mill laugh at me and call me crazy."</p>
+
+<p>Captain Sutter examined it carefully. He weighed it; he pounded it
+flat; he poured some strong acid on it. There are three very
+interesting things about gold. In the first place, it is very heavy,
+heavier even than lead. Next, it is very tough. If you hammer a piece
+of iron long enough, it will break to pieces, but you can hammer a
+piece of gold until it is thinner than the thinnest tissue paper,
+so that if you hold it up you can see the light shining through it.
+Last of all, if you pour strong acids on gold, such acids as will
+eat into other metals and change their color, they will have no more
+effect on gold than an acid like vinegar has on a piece of glass.</p>
+
+<p>For these and other reasons most people think that gold is a very
+handsome metal, and the more they see of it, especially if it is their
+own, the better they are pleased with it.</p>
+
+<p>Well, the shining dust stood all these tests.[4] It was very heavy,
+it was very tough, and the sharp acid did not hurt it. Captain Sutter
+and Marshall both felt sure that it was <i>gold</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But, strange to say, the captain was not pleased. He wished to build
+up an American settlement and have it called by his name. He did not
+care for a gold mine&mdash;why should he? for he had everything he wanted
+without it. He was afraid, too, that if gold should be discovered
+in any quantity, thousands of people would rush in; they would dig
+up his land, and quite likely take it all away from him. We shall
+see presently whether he was right or not.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 Tests: here experiments or trials made to find out what
+a thing is.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para239"><b>239. War with Mexico; Mexico lets us have California and New Mexico;
+"gold! gold! gold!" what happened at Coloma; how California was
+settled; what happened to Captain Sutter and to Marshall.</b></a>&mdash;While
+these things were happening we had been at war with Mexico for two
+years (1846-1848), because Texas and Mexico could not agree about
+the western boundary line[5] of the new state. Texas wanted to push
+that line as far west as possible so as to have more land; Mexico
+wanted to push it as far east as possible so as to give as little
+land as she could. This dispute soon brought on a war between the
+United States and Mexico. Soon after gold was discovered at Coloma,
+the war ended (1848); and we got not only all the land the people
+of Texas had asked for, but an immense deal more; for we obtained
+the great territory of California and New Mexico, out of which a
+number of states and territories have since been made.[6]</p>
+<a name="map9"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration159">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="684">
+			<img name="illus159" src="images/159map.jpg" alt="US in 1848">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="684" align="center">
+			Map showing the extent of the United States in 1848,
+			after Mexico let us have California and New Mexico.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration160">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="450">
+			<img name="illus160" src="images/160washing.jpg" alt="Washing Dirt">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="450" align="center">
+			W<small>ASHING</small> D<small>IRT TO GET OUT THE</small> G<small>OLD-DUST</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>In May, 1848, a man came to San Francisco holding up a bottle full
+of gold-dust in one hand and swinging his hat with the other. As he
+walked through the streets he shouted with all his might, "Gold!
+gold! gold! from the American River."</p>
+
+<p>Then the rush for Coloma began. Every man had a spade and a pick-axe.
+In a little while the beautiful valley was dug so full of holes that
+it looked like an empty honeycomb. The next year a hundred thousand
+people poured into California from all parts of the United States;
+so the discovery of gold filled up that part of the country with
+emigrants years before they would have gone if no gold had been found
+there.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Sutter lost all his property. He would have died poor if the
+people of California had not given him money to live on.</p>
+
+<p>Marshall was still more to be pitied. He got nothing by his discovery.
+Years after he had found the shining dust, some one wrote to him and
+asked him for his photograph. He refused to send it. He said, "My
+likeness ... is, in fact, all I have that I can call my own; and I
+feel like any other poor wretch:[7] I want <i>something</i> for self."</p>
+<a name="ill7"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration161">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="405">
+			<img name="illus161" src="images/161mirrorlake.jpg" alt="Mirror Lake">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="405" align="center">
+			M<small>IRROR</small> L<small>AKE,</small> Y<small>OSEMITE</small>
+			V<small>ALLEY,</small> C<small>ALIFORNIA</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>5 Western boundary line: the people of Texas held that
+their state extended west as far as the Rio Grande River, but Mexico
+insisted that the boundary line was at the Nueces River, which is
+much further east.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 Namely: California, Nevada, Utah, and part of Wyoming,
+Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 Wretch: here a very unhappy and miserable person.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para240"><b>240. How we bought more land; our growth since the Revolution.</b></a>&mdash;Long
+before Captain Sutter died, the United States bought from Mexico
+another great piece of land (1853), marked on the map by the name
+of the Gadsden Purchase.[8] A number of years later (1867) we bought
+the territory of Alaska[9] from Russia.</p>
+<a name="map10"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration162">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="685">
+			<img name="illus162" src="images/162map.jpg" alt="US in 1853">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="685" align="center">
+			This map shows the extent of the United States in 1853
+			after we had added the land called the Gadsden Purchase, bought from
+			Mexico; the land is marked on the map, 1853.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Revolution ended something over a hundred years ago; if you look
+on the map in paragraph <a href="#map4">187</a>, and compare it with the maps which follow,
+you will see how we have grown during that time. Then we had just
+thirteen states[10] which stretched along the Atlantic, and, with
+the country west of them, extended as far as the Mississippi River.</p>
+
+<p>Next (1803) we bought the great territory of Louisiana (see map in
+paragraph <a href="#map5">188</a>), which has since been divided into many states; then
+(1819) we bought Florida (see map in paragraph <a href="#map6">218</a>); then (1845) we
+added Texas (see map in paragraph <a href="#map7">230</a>); the next year (1846) we added
+Oregon territory, since cut up into two great states (see map in
+paragraph <a href="#map8">235</a>); then (1848) we obtained California and New Mexico
+(see map in paragraph <a href="#map9">239</a>). Five years after that (1853) we bought
+the land then known as the Gadsden Purchase (see first map in this
+paragraph); last of all (1867) we bought Alaska (see second map in
+this paragraph).</p>
+<a name="map11"></a>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration163">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="416">
+			<img name="illus163" src="images/163map.jpg" alt="US in 1867">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="416" align="center">
+			This map shows the territorial growth of the United
+			States from the time of the Revolution to the present day.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration164">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="642">
+			<img name="illus164" src="images/164alaska.jpg" alt="Coast of Alaska">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="642" align="center">
+			S<small>CENE ON THE</small> C<small>OAST OF</small> A<small>LASKA</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><small>8 See first map in this paragraph. It was called the Gadsden
+Purchase, because General James Gadsden of South Carolina bought it
+from Mexico for the United States, in 1853. It included what is now
+part of Southern Arizona and N. Mexico.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>9 Alaska: see second map in this paragraph.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>10 Thirteen states: see footnote 4 in paragraph <a href="#para102">102</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para241"><b>241. "Brother Jonathan's"[11] seven steps.</b></a>&mdash;If you count up these
+additions, you will see that, beginning with Louisiana in 1803, and
+ending with Alaska in 1867, they make just seven in all. There is
+a story of a giant who was so tall that at one long step he could
+go more than twenty miles; but "Brother Jonathan" can beat that, for
+in the seven steps he has taken since the Revolution he has gone over
+three thousand miles. He stands now with one foot on the coast of
+the Atlantic and with the other on that of the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p><small>11 "Brother Jonathan": a name given in fun to the people
+of the United States, just as "John Bull" is to the people of England.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>One explanation of the origin of the name is this: General Washington
+had a very high opinion of the good sense and sound judgment of
+Governor Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut. At the beginning of the
+Revolutionary War, when no one seemed to know where to get a supply
+of powder, General Washington said to his officers, "We must consult
+Brother Jonathan on this subject." Afterwards when any serious
+difficulty arose it became a common saying in the army that "We must
+consult Brother Jonathan," and in time the name came to stand for
+the American people.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para242"><b>242. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;In January, 1848, gold was discovered at Captain
+Sutter's saw-mill at Coloma, California. Soon after that, Mexico let
+us have California and New Mexico, and they were added to the United
+States. Thousands of people, from all parts of the country, hurried
+to California to dig gold, and so that state grew more rapidly in
+population than any other new part of the United States ever had in
+the same length of time. Before Captain Sutter died we added the
+Gadsden Purchase and Alaska.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>Who was Captain Sutter? Where did he live? Tell how he lived. What
+did he begin to build at Coloma? Tell what Marshall found there, and
+what was said about it. Tell how Marshall took the shining dust to
+Captain Sutter, and what the captain did. What made them both certain
+that the dust was gold? Was the captain pleased with the discovery?
+What did he think would happen? What is said about our war with
+Mexico? What did we fight about? What did we get at the end of the
+war? What happened in May, 1848? Then what happened? How many people
+went to California? What happened to Captain Sutter? What is said
+about Marshall? What land did we buy in 1853? What in 1867?</small></p>
+
+<p><small>How long ago did the Revolution end? How many states did we have then?
+[Can any one in the class tell how many we have now?] What land did
+we buy in 1803? In 1819? What did we add in 1845? In 1846? In 1848?
+What did we buy in 1853? In 1867? How many such additions have we
+made in all? What could the giant do? What has "Brother Jonathan"
+done? Where is one foot? Where is the other?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="chap29">ABRAHAM LINCOLN</a></h4></div>
+<center><small>(1809-1865).</small></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para243"><b>243. The tall man from Illinois making his first speech in Congress;
+how he wrote his name; what the people called him.</b></a>&mdash;Not many days
+before gold was found at Sutter's saw-mill in California (1848), a
+tall, awkward-looking man from Illinois was making his first speech
+in Congress. At that time he generally wrote his name </p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration165">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="332">
+			<img name="illus165" src="images/165signature.jpg" alt="Lincoln's Signature">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>but after he had become President of the United States, he often wrote
+it out in full,&mdash;</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration166">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="553">
+			<img name="illus166" src="images/166signature.jpg" alt="Lincoln's Full Signature">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The plain country people of Illinois, who knew all about him, liked
+best to call him by the title they had first given him,&mdash;"<i>Honest
+Abe Lincoln</i>," or, for short, "<i>Honest Abe</i>." Let us see how he got
+that name.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para244"><b>244. The Lincoln family move to Indiana; "Abe" helps his father build
+a new home; what it was like.</b></a>&mdash;Abraham Lincoln was born on February
+12th, 1809, in a log shanty on a lonely little farm in Kentucky.[1]
+When "Abe," as he was called, was seven years old, his father, Thomas
+Lincoln, moved, with his family, to Indiana;[2] there the boy and
+his mother worked in the woods and helped him build a new home. That
+new home was not so good or so comfortable as some of our cow-sheds
+are. It was simply a hut made of rough logs and limbs of trees. It
+had no door and no windows. One side of it was left entirely open;
+and if a roving Indian or a bear wanted to walk in to dinner, there
+was nothing whatever to stop him. In winter "Abe's" mother used to
+hang up some buffalo skins before this wide entrance, to keep out
+the cold, but in summer the skins were taken down, so that living
+in such a cabin was the next thing to living out-of-doors.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Kentucky: Abraham Lincoln was born on the banks of the
+Big South Fork (or branch) of Nolin Creek in Hardin (now La Rue)
+County, Kentucky.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Indiana: the Lincoln family moved to a farm on Little
+Pigeon Creek, near Gentryville, in what is now Spencer County,
+Indiana.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration167">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="395">
+			<img name="illus167" src="images/167furniture.jpg" alt="Home-Made Furniture">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="395" align="center">
+			H<small>OME-MADE</small> F<small>URNITURE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para245"><b>245. The new log cabin with four sides to it; how the furniture was
+made; "Abe's" bed in the loft.</b></a>&mdash;The Lincoln family stayed in that
+shed for about a year; then they moved into a new log cabin which
+had four sides to it. They seem to have made a new set of furniture
+for the new house. "Abe's" father got a large log, split it in two,
+smoothed off the flat side, bored holes in the under side and drove
+in four stout sticks for legs: that made the table. They had no
+chairs,&mdash;it would have been too much trouble to make the backs,&mdash;but
+they had three-legged stools, which Thomas Lincoln made with an axe,
+just as he did the table; perhaps "Abe" helped him drive in the legs.</p>
+
+<p>In one corner of the loft of this cabin the boy had a big bag of dry
+leaves for his bed. Whenever he felt like having a new bed, all that
+he had to do was to go out in the woods and gather more leaves.</p>
+
+<p>He worked about the place during the day, helping his father and
+mother. For his supper he had a piece of cornbread. After he had
+eaten it, he climbed up to his loft in the dark, by a kind of ladder
+of wooden pins driven into the logs. Five minutes after that he was
+fast asleep on his bed of sweet-smelling leaves, and was dreaming
+of hunting coons, or of building big bonfires out of brush.[3]</p>
+
+<p><small>3 Brush: bushes and limbs of trees.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration168">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="340">
+			<img name="illus168" src="images/168axe.jpg" alt="Learning to use Axe">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="340" align="center">
+			"A<small>BE</small>" <small>LEARNING TO USE HIS</small> A<small>XE</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para246"><b>246. Death of "Abe's" mother; the lonely grave in the woods; what
+Abraham Lincoln said of his mother after he had grown to be a man;
+what "Abe's" new mother said of him.</b></a>&mdash;"Abe's" mother was not strong,
+and before they had been in their new log cabin a year she fell sick
+and died. She was buried on the farm. "Abe" used to go out and sit
+by her lonely grave in the forest and cry. It was the first great
+sorrow that had ever touched the boy's heart. After he had grown to
+be a man, he said with eyes full of tears to a friend with whom he
+was talking: "God bless my mother; all that I am or ever hope to be
+I owe to her."</p>
+
+<p>At the end of a year Thomas Lincoln married again. The new wife that
+he brought home was a kind-hearted and excellent woman. She did all
+she could to make the poor, ragged, barefooted boy happy. After he
+had grown up and become famous, she said: "Abe never gave me a cross
+word or look, and never refused to do anything I asked him: Abe was
+the best boy I ever saw."</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para247"><b>247. The school in the woods; the new teacher; reading by the open
+fire; how "Abe" used the fire-shovel.</b></a>&mdash;There was a log schoolhouse
+in the woods quite a distance off, and there "Abe" went for a short
+time. At the school he learned to read and write a little, but after
+a while he found a new teacher, that was&mdash;himself. When the rest of
+the family had gone to bed, he would sit up and read his favorite
+books by the light of the great blazing logs heaped up on the open
+fire. He had not more than half a dozen books in all. They were
+"Robinson Crusoe," "Pilgrim's Progress," &AElig;sop's[4] Fables, the
+Bible, a Life of Washington, and a small History of the United States.
+The boy read these books over and over till he knew a great deal of
+them by heart and could repeat whole pages from them.</p>
+
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration169">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="460">
+			<img name="illus169" src="images/169writing.jpg" alt="Writing by the Fire">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Part of his evenings he spent in writing and ciphering. Thomas
+Lincoln was so poor that he could seldom afford to buy paper and pens
+for his son, so the boy had to get on without them. He used to take
+the back of the broad wooden fire-shovel to write on and a piece of
+charcoal for a pencil. When he had covered the shovel with words or
+with sums in arithmetic, he would shave it off clean and begin over
+again. If "Abe's" father complained that the shovel was getting thin,
+the boy would go out into the woods, cut down a tree, and make a new
+one; for as long as the woods lasted, fire-shovels and furniture were
+cheap.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 &AElig;sop (E'sop): the name of a noted writer of fables.
+Here is one of &AElig;sop's fables: An old frog thought that he could blow
+himself up to be as big as an ox. So he drew in his breath and puffed
+himself out prodigiously. "Am I big enough now?" he asked his son.
+"No," said his son; "you don't begin to be as big as an ox yet." Then
+he tried again, and swelled himself out still more. "How's that?"
+he asked. "Oh, it's no use trying," said his son, "you can't do it."
+"But I will," said the old frog. With that he drew in his breath with
+all his might and puffed himself up to such an enormous size that
+he suddenly burst.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>Moral: Don't try to be bigger than you can.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para248"><b>248. What Lincoln could do at seventeen; what he was at nineteen;
+his strength.</b></a>&mdash;By the time the lad was seventeen he could write a
+good hand, do hard examples in long division, and spell better than
+any one else in the county. Once in a while he wrote a little piece
+of his own about something which interested him; when the neighbors
+heard it read, they would say, "The world can't beat it."</p>
+
+<p>At nineteen Abraham Lincoln had reached his full height. He stood
+nearly six feet four inches, barefooted. He was a kind of
+good-natured giant. No one in the neighborhood could strike an axe
+as deep into a tree as he could, and few, if any, were equal to him
+in strength. It takes a powerful man to put a barrel of flour into
+a wagon without help, and there is not one in a hundred who can lift
+a barrel of cider off the ground; but it is said that young Lincoln
+could stoop down, lift a barrel on to his knees, and drink from the
+bung-hole.</p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration170">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="404">
+			<img name="illus170" src="images/170flatboat.jpg" alt="On the Flat-Boat">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="404" align="center">
+			L<small>INCOLN ON THE</small> F<small>LAT-</small>B<small>OAT GOING
+			DOWN THE</small> M<small>ISSISSIPPI</small> R<small>IVER</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para249"><b>249. Young Lincoln makes a voyage to New Orleans; how he handled the
+robbers.</b></a>&mdash;At this time a neighbor hired Abraham to go with his son
+to New Orleans. The two young men were to take a flat-boat loaded
+with corn and other produce down the Ohio and the Mississippi. It
+was called a voyage of about eighteen hundred miles, and it would
+take between three and four weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Young Lincoln was greatly pleased with the thought of making such
+a trip. He had never been away any distance from home, and, as he
+told his father, he felt that he wanted to see something more of the
+world. His father made no objection, but, as he bade his son good
+by, he said, Take care that in trying to see the world you don't see
+the bottom of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>The two young men managed to get the boat through safely. But one
+night a gang of negroes came on board, intending to rob them of part
+of their cargo. Lincoln soon showed the robbers he could handle a
+club as vigorously as he could an axe, and the rascals, bruised and
+bleeding, were glad to get off with their lives.</p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="right" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration171">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="474">
+			<img name="illus171" src="images/171logcabin.jpg" alt="Lincoln Log Cabin">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="474" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> L<small>OG</small> C<small>ABIN IN</small> I<small>LLINOIS
+			WHICH</small> L<small>INCOLN HELPED HIS</small> F<small>ATHER BUILD</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para250"><b>250. The Lincolns move to Illinois; what Abraham did; hunting
+frolics; how Abraham chopped; how he bought his clothes.</b></a>&mdash;Not long
+after young Lincoln's return, his father moved to Illinois.[5] It
+was a two weeks' journey through the woods with ox-teams. Abraham
+helped his father build a comfortable log cabin; then he and a man
+named John Hanks split walnut rails, and fenced in fifteen acres of
+land for a cornfield.</p>
+
+<p>That part of the country had but few settlers, and it was still full
+of wild beasts. When the men got tired of work and wanted a frolic,
+they had a grand wolf-hunt. First, a tall pole was set up in a
+clearing;[6] next, the hunters in the woods formed a great circle
+of perhaps ten miles in extent. Then they began to move nearer and
+nearer together, beating the bushes and yelling with all their might.
+The frightened wolves, deer, and other wild creatures inside of the
+circle of hunters were driven to the pole in the clearing; there they
+were shot down in heaps.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration172">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="320">
+			<img name="illus172" src="images/172lincoln.jpg" alt="Lincoln Splitting Logs for Rails">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="320" align="center">
+			L<small>INCOLN SPLITTING</small> L<small>OGS FOR</small> R<small>AILS</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Young Lincoln was not much of a hunter, but he always tried to do
+his part. Yet, after all, he liked the axe better than he did the
+rifle. He would start off before light in the morning and walk to
+his work in the woods, five or six miles away. There he would chop
+steadily all day. The neighbors knew, when they hired him, that he
+wouldn't sit down on the first log he came to and fall asleep. Once
+when he needed a new pair of trousers, he made a bargain for them
+with a Mrs. Nancy Miller. She agreed to make him a certain number
+of yards of tow cloth,[7] and dye it brown with walnut bark. For every
+yard she made, Lincoln bound himself to split four hundred good
+fence-rails for her. In this way he made his axe pay for all his
+clothes.</p>
+
+<p><small>5 Illinois: he moved to a farm on the North Fork (or
+branch) of the Sangamon River, Macon County, Illinois. Springfield,
+the capital of the state, is in the next county west.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 Clearing: an open space made in a forest.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 Tow cloth: a kind of coarse, cheap, but very strong cloth,
+made of flax or hemp.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para251"><b>251. Lincoln hires out to tend store; the gang of ruffians in New
+Salem; Jack Armstrong and "Tall Abe."</b></a>&mdash;The year after young Lincoln
+came of age he hired out to tend a grocery and variety store in New
+Salem, Illinois.[8] There was a gang of young ruffians in that
+neighborhood who made it a point to pick a fight with every stranger.
+Sometimes they mauled him black and blue; sometimes they amused
+themselves with nailing him up in a hogshead and rolling him down
+a hill. The leader of this gang was a fellow named Jack Armstrong.
+He made up his mind that he would try his hand on "Tall Abe," as
+Lincoln was called. He attacked Lincoln, and he was so astonished
+at what happened to him that he never wanted to try it again. From
+that time Abraham Lincoln had no better friends than young Armstrong
+and the Armstrong family. Later on we shall see what he was able to
+do for them.</p>
+
+<p><small>8 New Salem is on the Sangamon River, in Menard County,
+about twenty miles northwest of Springfield, the capital of
+Illinois.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para252"><b>252. Lincoln's faithfulness in little things; the six cents; "Honest
+Abe."</b></a>&mdash;In his work in the store Lincoln soon won everybody's respect
+and confidence. He was faithful in little things, and in that way
+he made himself able to deal with great ones.</p>
+
+<p>Once a woman made a mistake in paying for something she had bought,
+and gave the young man six cents too much. He did not notice it at
+the time, but after his customer had gone he saw that she had overpaid
+him. That night, after the store was closed, Lincoln walked to the
+woman's house, some five or six miles out of the village, and paid
+her back the six cents. It was such things as this that first made
+the people give him the name of "Honest Abe."</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para253"><b>253. The Black Hawk War; the Indian's handful of dry leaves; what
+Lincoln did in the war.</b></a>&mdash;The next year Lincoln went to fight the
+Indians in what was called the Black Hawk War. The people in that
+part of the country had been expecting the war; for, some time before,
+an Indian had walked up to a settler's cabin and said, "Too much white
+man." He then threw a handful of dry leaves into the air, to show
+how he and his warriors were coming to scatter the white men. He never
+came, but a noted chief named Black Hawk, who had been a friend of
+Tecumseh's,[9] made an attempt to drive out the settlers, and get
+back the lands which certain Indians had sold them.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln said that the only battles he fought in this war were with
+the mosquitoes. He never killed a single Indian, but he saved the
+life of one old savage. He seems to have felt just as well satisfied
+with himself for doing that as though he had shot him through the
+head.</p>
+
+<p><small>9 Tecumseh: See paragraph <a href="#para202">202</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration173">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="288">
+			<img name="illus173" src="images/173lincoln.jpg" alt="Lincoln Reading Law">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="288" align="center">
+			L<small>INCOLN READING</small> L<small>AW</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para254"><b>254. Lincoln becomes postmaster and surveyor; how he studied law;
+what the people thought of him as a lawyer.</b></a>&mdash;After Lincoln returned
+from the war he was made postmaster of New Salem. He also found time
+to do some surveying and to begin the study of law. On hot summer
+mornings he might be seen lying on his back, on the grass, under a
+big tree, reading a law-book; as the shade moved round, Lincoln would
+move with it, so that by sundown he had travelled nearly round the
+tree.</p>
+
+<p>When he began to practise law, everybody who knew him had confidence
+in him. Other men might be admired because they were smart, but
+Lincoln was respected because he was honest. When he said a thing,
+people knew that it was because he believed it, and they knew, too,
+that he could not be hired to say what he did not believe. That gave
+him immense influence.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para255"><b>255. The Armstrong murder trial; how Lincoln saved young Armstrong
+from being hanged.</b></a>&mdash;But Lincoln was as keen as he was truthful and
+honest. A man was killed in a fight near where Lincoln had lived,
+and one of Jack Armstrong's[10] brothers was arrested for the murder.
+Everybody thought that he was guilty, and felt sure that he would
+be hanged. Lincoln made some inquiry about the case, and made up his
+mind that the prisoner did not kill the man.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Armstrong was too poor to hire a lawyer to defend her son, but
+Lincoln wrote to her that he would gladly do it for nothing.</p>
+
+<p>When the day of the trial came, the chief witness was sure that he
+saw young Armstrong strike the man dead. Lincoln questioned him
+closely. He asked him when it was that he saw the murder committed.
+The witness said that it was in the evening, at a certain hour, and
+that he saw it all clearly because there was a bright moon. Are you
+sure? asked Lincoln. Yes, replied the witness. Do you swear to it?
+I do, answered the witness. Then Lincoln took an almanac out of his
+pocket, turned to the day of the month on which the murder had been
+committed, and said to the court: The almanac shows that there was
+no moon shining at the time at which the witness says he saw the
+murder.[11] The jury was convinced that the witness had not spoken
+the truth; they declared the prisoner "Not guilty," and he was at
+once set free.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln was a man who always paid his debts. Mrs. Armstrong had been
+very kind to him when he was poor and friendless. Now he had paid
+that debt.</p>
+
+<p><small>10 See Jack Armstrong, in paragraph <a href="#para251">251</a>.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>11 The almanac usually gives the time when the moon rises;
+and so by looking at any particular day of the month, one can tell
+whether there was a moon on that evening.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para256"><b>256. Lincoln and the pig.</b></a>&mdash;Some men have hearts big enough to be kind
+to their fellow-men when they are in trouble, but not to a dumb animal.
+Lincoln's heart was big enough for both.</p>
+
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration174">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="296">
+			<img name="illus174" src="images/174pig.jpg" alt="Lincoln and the Pig">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="296" align="center">
+			L<small>INCOLN AND THE</small> P<small>IG</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>One morning just after he had bought a new suit of clothes he started
+to drive to the court-house, a number of miles distant. On the way
+he saw a pig that was making desperate efforts to climb out of a deep
+mud-hole. The creature would get part way up the slippery bank, and
+then slide back again over his head in mire and water. Lincoln said
+to himself: I suppose that I ought to get out and help that pig; for
+if he's left there, he'll smother in the mud. Then he gave a look
+at his glossy new clothes. He felt that he really couldn't afford
+to spoil them for the sake of any pig, so he whipped up his horse
+and drove on. But the pig was in his mind, and he could think of
+nothing else. After he had gone about two miles, he said to himself,
+I've no right to leave that poor creature there to die in the mud,
+and what is more, I won't leave him. Turning his horse, he drove back
+to the spot. He got out and carried half a dozen fence-rails to the
+edge of the hole, and placed them so that he could get to it without
+falling in himself. Then, kneeling down, he bent over, seized the
+pig firmly by the fore legs and drew him up on to the solid ground,
+where he was safe. The pig grunted out his best thanks, and Lincoln,
+plastered with mud, but with a light heart, drove on to the
+court-house.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para257"><b>257. Lincoln is elected to the state legislature; he goes to
+Springfield to live; he is elected to Congress.</b></a>&mdash;Many people in
+Illinois thought that they would like to see such a man in the state
+legislature[12] helping to make their laws. They elected him; and
+as he was too poor at that time to pay so much horse-hire, he walked
+from New Salem, a distance of over a hundred miles, to Vandalia,[13]
+which was then the capital of the state.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln was elected to the legislature many times; later, he moved
+to Springfield, Illinois, and made that place his home for the rest
+of his life.</p>
+
+<p>The next time the people elected him to office, they sent him to
+Congress to help make laws, not for his state only, but for the whole
+country. He had got a long way up since the time when he worked with
+John Hanks[14] fencing the cornfield round his father's cabin; but
+he was going higher still,&mdash;he was going to the top.</p>
+
+<p><small>12 Legislature: persons chosen by the people of a state
+or country to make its laws.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>13 Vandalia (Van-da'li-a).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>14 John Hanks: see paragraph <a href="#para250">250</a>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para258"><b>258. The meeting for choosing a candidate[15] for President of the
+United States; the two fence-rails; the Chicago meeting; Abraham
+Lincoln elected President of the United States.</b></a>&mdash;In the spring of
+1860 a great convention, or meeting, was held in one of the towns
+of Illinois. Lincoln was present at that convention. The object of
+the people who had gathered there was to choose a candidate that they
+would like to see elected President of the United States. A number
+of speeches had been made, when a member of the convention rose and
+said that a person asked the privilege of making the meeting a present.
+It was voted to receive it. Then John Hanks and one of his neighbors
+brought in two old fence-rails and a banner with these words painted
+on it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table width="80%" align="center" border="1" summary="Lincoln Banner">
+	<tr>
+		<td align="center">
+			<br><b>ABRAHAM LINCOLN,<br>
+			THE RAIL CANDIDATE FOR THE PRESIDENCY<br>
+			IN 1860.<br>
+			TWO RAILS FROM A LOT OF 3000<br>
+			MADE IN 1830<br>
+			BY JOHN HANKS AND ABE LINCOLN.</b><br>&nbsp;
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The rails were received with cheer after cheer, and Lincoln was
+chosen candidate. About a week after that a much greater meeting was
+held in Chicago, and he was chosen there in the same way. The next
+November Abraham Lincoln, "the Illinois rail-splitter," was elected
+President of the United States. He had reached the top. There he was
+to die.</p>
+
+<p><small>15 Candidate (can'di-date): a person who seeks some
+office, such as that of governor or president, or a person who is
+recommended by a party for such an office. The people in favor of
+the candidate vote for him; and if he gets a sufficient number of
+votes, he is elected.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para259"><b>259. The great war between the North and the South; why a large part
+of the people of the South wished to leave the Union.</b></a>&mdash;In less than
+six weeks after Lincoln actually became President, in the spring of
+1861, a terrible war broke out between the North and the South. The
+people of South Carolina fired the first gun in that war. They,
+together with a great part of the people of ten other southern states,
+resolved to leave the Union.[16] They set up an independent
+government called the Confederate States of America, and made
+Jefferson Davis its president.</p>
+
+<p>The main reason why so many of the people of the South wished to
+withdraw from the United States was that little by little the North
+and the South had become like two different countries.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the Revolution, when we broke away from the rule of
+England, every one of the states held negro slaves; but in the course
+of eighty years a great change had taken place. The negroes at the
+North had become free, but those of the South still remained slaves.
+Now this difference in the way of doing work made it impossible for
+the North and the South to agree about many things.</p>
+
+<p>They had come to be like two boys in a boat who want to go in opposite
+directions. One pulls one way with his oars, the other pulls another
+way, and so the boat does not get ahead.</p>
+
+<p>At the South most of the people thought that slavery was right, and
+that it helped the whole country; at the North the greater part of
+the people were convinced that it was wrong, and that it did harm
+to the whole country.</p>
+
+<p>But this was not all. The people who held slaves at the South wanted
+to add to the number. They hoped to get more of the new country west
+of the Mississippi River for slave states, so that there might always
+be at least as many slave states in the Union as there were free states.
+But Abraham Lincoln like most of the people at the North believed
+that slavery did no good to any one. He and his party were fully
+determined that no slaves whatever should be taken into the
+territories west of the Mississippi River, and that every new state
+which should be added should be entirely free.</p>
+
+<p>For this reason it happened that when Lincoln became President most
+of the slave states resolved to leave the Union, and, if necessary,
+to make war rather than be compelled to stay in it.</p>
+
+<p><small>16 Union: several years after the close of the
+Revolutionary War, by which we gained our independence of Great
+Britain, the people of the thirteen states formed a new government.
+That new government bound all the states together more strongly than
+before, thus making, as was then said, "a more <i>perfect union</i>."</small></p>
+
+<p><small>In 1861 eleven of the southern states endeavored to withdraw from
+the Union; this attempt brought on the war.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para260"><b>260. The North and the South in the war; President Lincoln frees the
+slaves; General Grant and General Lee; peace is made.</b></a>&mdash;The North had
+the most men and the most money to fight with, but the people of the
+South had the advantage of being able to stay at home and fight on
+their own ground.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration175">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="588">
+			<img name="illus175" src="images/175lincoln.jpg" alt="Lincoln Writing the Emancipation Proclamation">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="588" align="center">
+			S<small>TATUE OF</small> L<small>INCOLN WRITING
+			THE</small> E<small>MANCIPATION</small> P<small>ROCLAMATION WHICH GAVE
+			THE</small> S<small>LAVES THEIR</small> F<small>REEDOM, IN</small>
+			F<small>AIRMOUNT</small> P<small>ARK,</small> P<small>HILADELPHIA</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The war lasted four years (1861-1865). Many terrible battles were
+fought; thousands of brave men were killed on both sides. During the
+war President Lincoln gave the slaves their freedom in all the states
+which were fighting against the Union, and those in the other slave
+states got their freedom later. After a time General Grant obtained
+the command of all the armies of the North, and General Lee became
+the chief defender of the South.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration176">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="475">
+			<img name="illus176" src="images/176grant.jpg" alt="Statue of Grant">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="475" align="center">
+			M<small>ONUMENT TO</small> G<small>ENERAL</small> G<small>RANT
+			IN</small> L<small>INCOLN</small> P<small>ARK,</small> C<small>HICAGO</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration177">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="399">
+			<img name="illus177" src="images/177lee.jpg" alt="Statue of Lee">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="399" align="center">
+			M<small>ONUMENT TO</small> G<small>ENERAL</small> L<small>EE,</small>
+			R<small>ICHMOND</small> V<small>IRGINIA</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p>The last battles were fought around Richmond, Virginia, between
+these two great generals. When the Southern soldiers saw that it was
+useless to attempt to fight longer, they laid down their arms, and
+peace was made&mdash;a peace honorable to both sides.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para261"><b>261. The success of the North preserves the Union and makes all slaves
+free; the North and the South shake hands; murder of President
+Lincoln.</b></a>&mdash;The success of the North in the war preserved the Union,
+and as all negro laborers were now free, there was no longer any
+dispute about slavery. The North and the South could shake hands and
+be friends, for both were now ready to pull in the same direction.</p>
+
+<p>The saddest thing at the close of the war was the murder of President
+Lincoln by a madman named Booth. Not only the people of the North
+but many of those at the South shed tears at his death, because they
+felt that they had an equal place in his great heart. He loved both,
+as a true American must ever love his whole country.</p>
+
+<br>
+<p><a name="para262"><b>262. Summary.</b></a>&mdash;Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, became President of the
+United States in 1861. He was elected by a party in the North that
+was determined that slaves should not be taken into free states or
+territories, and that no more slave states should be made. On this
+account most of the slave-holding states of the South resolved to
+withdraw from the Union. A great war followed, and President Lincoln
+gave the slaves their freedom. The North succeeded in the war, and
+the Union was made stronger than ever, because the North and the South
+could no longer have any dispute over slavery. Both sides now shook
+hands and became friends.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration178">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="517">
+			<img name="illus178" src="images/178monument.jpg" alt="Lincoln's Grave">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="517" align="center">
+			M<small>ONUMENT OVER THE</small> G<small>RAVE
+			OF</small> P<small>RESIDENT</small> L<small>INCOLN, AT</small>
+			S<small>PRINGFIELD,</small> I<small>LLINOIS</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><small>Who was the tall man in Congress from Illinois? What did the people
+of his state like to call him? When was Abraham Lincoln born? Where
+was he born? To what state did his father move? Tell about "Abe's"
+new home. Tell about the new cabin and its furniture. Tell about
+"Abe's" bed. What is said about the boy's mother? What did "Abe" do?
+What did he say after he became a man? What did Thomas Lincoln's new
+wife say about "Abe"? Tell about "Abe's" going to school; about his
+new teacher; about his books. What did he use to write on? What is
+said of Abraham Lincoln at seventeen? What about him when he was
+nineteen? Tell about his voyage to New Orleans.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>Tell about his moving to Illinois. What did Abraham Lincoln and John
+Hanks do? Tell about the hunting frolics. Tell how Lincoln chopped
+in the woods. What kind of a bargain did he make for a new pair of
+trousers? What did Abraham Lincoln hire out to do in New Salem? Tell
+about the gang of ruffians. What is said of Jack Armstrong? Why did
+Lincoln get the name of "Honest Abe"? Tell about the Black Hawk War.
+What did Lincoln do in that war.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>After he returned from the Black Hawk War, what did Lincoln do? Tell
+how he used to read law. What did people think of him after he began
+to practise law? Tell about the Armstrong murder trial. Tell about
+Lincoln and the pig. To what did the people of Illinois elect Lincoln?
+Did they ever elect him to the state legislature again? Then where
+did they send him? Was he going any higher?</small></p>
+
+<p><small>Tell about the great meeting in one of the towns of Illinois in 1860.
+Can any one in the class repeat what was on the banner? What happened
+at Chicago? What the next November? What happened in the spring of
+1861? Who fired the first gun in the war? What was done then?</small></p>
+
+<p><small>Tell why so many people in the South wished to leave the Union? What
+is said about negro slaves at the time of the Revolution? What
+happened in the course of eighty years? What had the North and the
+South come to be like? How did most of the people at the South feel
+about slavery? How did most of the people at the North feel about
+it? What did the people who held slaves at the South want to do? What
+did most of the people at the North think about this? What is said
+about Abraham Lincoln and his party? How did most of the people of
+the slave states feel when Lincoln became President?</small></p>
+
+<p><small>What is said about the North and the South in the war? How long did
+the war last? What is said about it? What did President Lincoln do
+for the slaves? After a time what general got the command of all the
+armies of the North? Who became the chief defender of the South? Where
+were the last battles fought? What did the South do at last? What
+happened then? What did the success of the North do? What is said
+about slavery? What could the North and the South do? What was the
+saddest thing which happened at the close of the war? How did the
+North and the South feel about President Lincoln?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h4>SINCE THE WAR.</h4>
+<br>
+<br>
+<table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration180">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="305">
+			<img name="illus180" src="images/180bricks.jpg" alt="Piling Silver Bricks">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="305" align="center">
+			P<small>ILING</small> S<small>ILVER</small> B<small>RICKS</small>.<br>
+			<small>(From the silver mines in Colorado.)</small>
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<p><a name="para263"><b>263. How the North and the South have grown since the war; the great
+West.</b></a>&mdash;Since the war the united North and South have grown and
+prospered[1] as never before. At the South many new and flourishing
+towns and cities have sprung up. Mines of coal and iron have been
+opened, hundreds of cotton-mills and factories have been built, and
+long lines of railroads have been constructed.</p>
+
+<p>At the West changes equally great have taken place. Cities have risen
+up in the wilderness, mines of silver and gold have been opened, and
+immense farms and cattle ranches[2] produce food enough to feed all
+America. Three great lines of railroads have been built which connect
+with railroads at the East, and stretch across the continent from
+the Atlantic to the Pacific. Into that vast country beyond the
+Mississippi hundreds of thousands of industrious people are moving
+from all parts of the earth, and are building homes for themselves
+and for their children.</p>
+
+<p><small>1 Prospered: to prosper is to succeed, to get on in life,
+to grow rich.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 Ranches (ran'chez): farms at the West for raising
+horses and cattle, or sheep.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 The last spikes (one of gold from California, one of
+silver from Nevada, and one made of gold, silver, and iron from
+Arizona) were driven just as the clock struck twelve (noon) on May
+10th, 1869, at Promontory Point, near Salt Lake, Utah. Every blow
+of the hammer was telegraphed throughout the United States.</small></p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration179">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="723">
+			<img name="illus179" src="images/179meeting.jpg" alt="First Railroad to the Pacific">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="723" align="center">
+			T<small>HE</small> M<small>EETING OF THE</small> E<small>NGINES FROM
+			THE</small> E<small>AST AND THE</small> W<small>EST AFTER THE LAST</small> S<small>PIKE
+			WAS</small> D<small>RIVEN[3] ON THE</small> C<small>OMPLETION OF
+			THE</small> F<small>IRST</small> R<small>AILROAD TO THE</small> P<small>ACIFIC IN 1869</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration181">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="555">
+			<img name="illus181" src="images/181buffalo.jpg" alt="Shooting Buffalo">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="555" align="center">
+			H<small>OW THEY USED TO SHOOT</small> B<small>UFFALO IN THE</small>
+			F<small>AR</small> W<small>EST</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration182">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="736">
+			<img name="illus182" src="images/182indians.jpg" alt="Indians Attacking Stage-Coach">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td width="736" align="center">
+			I<small>NDIANS ATTACKING A</small> S<small>TAGE-</small>C<small>OACH IN
+			THE</small> F<small>AR</small> W<small>EST</small> F<small>ORTY</small> Y<small>EARS</small> A<small>GO;
+			BEFORE THE</small> F<small>IRST</small> P<small>ACIFIC</small> R<small>AILROAD WAS BUILT</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><a name="para264"><b>264. Celebration of the discovery of America by Columbus; the
+unfinished pyramid; making history.</b></a>&mdash;Four hundred years have gone
+by since the first civilized man crossed the ocean and found this
+new world which we call America. We are now about to celebrate that
+discovery made by Columbus, not only in the schools throughout the
+country, but by a great fair&mdash;called the "World's Columbian
+Exposition"&mdash;to be held at Chicago; and we shall invite all who will
+to come from all parts of the globe and join us in the celebration.</p>
+
+<table align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="12" summary="Illustration183">
+	<tr>
+		<td width="50%" align="center">
+			<img name="illus183" src="images/183seal1.jpg" alt="First Great Seal">
+		</td>
+		<td align="center">
+			<img name="illus184" src="images/184seal2.jpg" alt="Second Great Seal">
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td align="center">
+			F<small>IRST</small> G<small>REAT</small> S<small>EAL OF
+			THE</small> U<small>NITED</small> S<small>TATES</small>.
+		</td>
+		<td align="center">
+			S<small>ECOND</small> G<small>REAT</small> S<small>EAL OF
+			THE</small> U<small>NITED</small> S<small>TATES</small>.
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>On one of the two great seals[4] of the United States a pyramid is
+represented partly finished. That pyramid stands for our country.
+It shows how much has been done and how much still remains to be done.
+The men whose lives we have read in this little book were all builders.
+Little by little they added stone to stone, and so the good work grew.
+Now they have gone, and it is for us to do our part and make sure
+that the pyramid, as it rises, shall continue to stand square, and
+strong, and true.</p>
+
+<p><small>4 Seals: the first great seal, having the eagle and the
+Latin motto "<i>E Pluribus Unum</i>," meaning "<i>Many in One</i>,"&mdash;or one
+nation made up of many states,&mdash;was adopted June 20, 1782. The spread
+eagle signifies strength; the thirteen stars above his head, and the
+thirteen stripes on the shield on his breast, represent the thirteen
+original states; the olive branch, held in the eagle's right talon,
+shows that America seeks peace, while the bundle of arrows in his
+left talon shows that we are prepared for war. This seal is used in
+stamping agreements or treaties made by the United States with other
+nations, and also for other important papers.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>The second great seal, adopted at the same time, was never used. It
+was intended for stamping the wax on a ribbon attached to a treaty
+or other important paper, thus making a hanging seal. The Latin motto
+"<i>Annuit C&oelig;ptis</i>," above the all-seeing eye looking down with favor
+on the unfinished pyramid, means "<i>God has favored the Work</i>." The
+date MDCCLXXVI, or 1776, marks the Declaration of Independence. The
+Latin motto at the bottom, "<i>Novus Ordo Seclorum</i>," means "<i>A New
+Order of Ages</i>"&mdash;or a new order of things, such as we have in this
+New World of America.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><small>What is said about the North and the South since the war? Tell about
+the growth of the South. What is said about the West? What about
+railroads? What about people going west?</small></p>
+
+<p><small>How long is it since Columbus discovered America? What is said about
+the celebration of that discovery? What is said about one of the great
+seals of the United States? What does the unfinished pyramid stand
+for? What does it show us? What is said of the men whose lives we
+have read in this book? Is anything left for us to do?</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h4><a name="books">A SHORT LIST OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE</a></h4></div>
+<center>(<i>For the Use of Teachers.</i>)</center>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><small>This brief list is arranged alphabetically. It consists, with a few
+exceptions, of small, one-volume biographies; all of which are
+believed to be of acknowledged merit.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>A much fuller reference list will be found in the appendix to the
+author's larger work, entitled <i>The Leading Facts of American
+History</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<p><b>Balboa</b>: Irving's Companions of Columbus, and Winsor's America, Vol.
+II.</p>
+
+<p><b>Baltimore, Lord</b>: William H. Browne's Lords Baltimore;[3] G. W.
+Burnap's Baltimore.[1]</p>
+
+<p><b>Boone, Daniel</b>: C. B. Hartley's Boone (including Boone's
+autobiography); J. M. Peck's Boone;[1] and see the excellent sketch
+of Boone's life in Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, Vol.
+I.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cabot (John and Sebastian)</b>: J. F. Nicholls's Cabot; C. Hayward's
+Cabot.[1]</p>
+
+<p><b>Clark, George Rogers</b>: see Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the
+West, Vol. II.</p>
+
+<p><b>Columbus</b>: Irving's Columbus, abridged edition; Charles K. Adams's
+Columbus;[3] Edward Everett Hale's Columbus.</p>
+
+<p><b>De Leon</b>: Irving's Companions of Columbus, and Winsor's America, Vol.
+II.</p>
+
+<p><b>De Soto</b>: see Winsor's America, Vol. II.</p>
+
+<p><b>Franklin, Benjamin</b>: D. H. Montgomery's Franklin (autobiography and
+continuation of life);[2] John T. Morse's Franklin.[7]</p>
+
+<p><b>Fulton, Robert</b>: J. Renwick's Fulton;[1] R. H. Thurston's Fulton;[3]
+Thos. W. Knox's Fulton.[4]</p>
+
+<p><b>Gray, Robert</b>: see H. H. Bancroft's Pacific States, Vol. XXII.</p>
+
+<p><b>Harrison, William Henry</b>: H. Montgomery's Harrison; S. J. Burr's
+Harrison.</p>
+
+<p><b>Houston, Sam</b>: Henry Bruce's Houston;[3] C. E. Lester's Houston.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hudson, Henry</b>: H. R. Cleveland's Hudson.[1]</p>
+
+<p><b>Jackson, Andrew</b>: James Parton's Jackson; W. G. Sumner's Jackson.[7]</p>
+
+<p><b>Jefferson, Thomas</b>: James Schouler's Jefferson;[3] John T. Morse,
+Jr.'s Jefferson.[7]</p>
+
+<p><b>Lincoln, Abraham</b>: Carl Schurz's Lincoln; Isaac N. Arnold's Lincoln;
+Noah Brooks's Lincoln;[4] J. G. Holland's Lincoln; F. B. Carpenter's
+Six Months at the White House with Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p><b>Morse, Samuel F. B.</b>: S. I. Prime's Morse; Denslow and Parke's Morse
+(Cassell).</p>
+
+<p><b>Oglethorpe, James Edward</b>: Bruce's Oglethorpe;[3] W. B. O. Peabody's
+Oglethorpe.[1]</p>
+
+<p><b>Penn, William</b>: G. E. Ellis's Penn;[1] W. H. Dixon's Penn; J.
+Stoughton's Penn.</p>
+
+<p><b>Philip, King</b>: H. M. Dexter's edition of Church's King Philip's War
+(2 vols.); Richard Markham's King Philip's War.</p>
+
+<p><a name="note1"></a><small>NOTE.&mdash;The story of Colonel Goffe's appearance at Hadley during the
+Indian attack on that town rests on tradition. Some authorities
+reject it; but Bryant and Gay say (History of the United States, II.,
+410): "There is no reason for doubting its essential truth."</small></p>
+
+<p><b>Putnam, Rufus</b>: see H. B. Carrington's Battles of the Revolution,
+Rufus King's History of Ohio, and Bancroft's United States.</p>
+
+<p><b>Raleigh, Walter</b>: L. Creighton's Raleigh; E. Gosse's Raleigh; W. M.
+Towle's Raleigh.[8]</p>
+
+<p><b>Robertson, James</b>: see Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West,
+Vol. I.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sevier John</b>: see Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, Vol.
+I.</p>
+
+<p><b>Smith, John</b>: G. S. Hillard's Captain John Smith;[1] C. D. Warner's
+Smith.[6]</p>
+
+<p><a name="note2"></a><small>NOTE.&mdash;The truth of the story of Pocahontas has been denied by Mr.
+Charles Deane and some other recent writers; but it appears never
+to have been questioned until Mr. Deane attacked it in 1866 in his
+notes to his reprint of Captain John Smith's <i>True Relation or Newes
+from Virginia</i>. Professor Edward Arber discusses the question in his
+Introduction (pp. cxv.-cxviii.) to his excellent edition of Smith's
+writings. He says, "To deny the truth of this Pocahontas incident
+is to create more difficulties than are involved in its acceptance."
+See, too, his sketch of the life of Captain Smith in the
+<i>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica</i>.</small></p>
+
+<p><b>Standish, Myles</b>: see J. A. Goodwin's Pilgrim Republic, and Alexander
+Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sutter, John A.</b>: see H. H. Bancroft's Pacific States, Vol. XVIII.</p>
+
+<p><b>Washington, George</b>: John Fiske's Irving's Washington and his
+Country;[2] E. E. Hale's Washington;[4] Horace E. Scudder's
+Washington.[5]</p>
+
+<p><b>Whitney, Eli</b>: Denison Olmsted's Whitney.</p>
+
+<p><b>Williams, Roger</b>: W. R. Gammell's Williams;[1] H. M. Dexter's
+Williams.</p>
+
+<p><b>Winthrop, John</b>: Joseph H. Twichell's Winthrop.[3]</p>
+
+<p><small>1 In Sparks's <i>Library of American Biography</i>: Little,
+Brown &amp; Co., Boston.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>2 In <i>Classics for Children Series</i>: Ginn &amp; Co., Boston.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>3 In <i>Makers of America Series</i>: Dodd, Mead &amp; Co., New
+York.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>4 In <i>Boys' and Girls' Library of American Biography</i>:
+G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>5 In the <i>Riverside Library for Young People</i>: Houghton,
+Mifflin &amp; Co., Boston.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>6 In <i>Lives of American Worthies</i>: Henry Holt &amp; Co., New
+York.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>7 In <i>The American Statesmen Series</i>: Houghton, Mifflin
+&amp; Co., Boston.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>8 In <i>The Heroes of History Series</i>: Lee &amp; Shepard,
+Boston.</small></p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div><h3><a name="index">INDEX.</a></h3></div>
+<center>(<i>With pronunciation of difficult words.</i>)</center>
+<br>
+<center><b>The numbers refer to paragraphs.</b></center>
+<br>
+<br>
+Admiral (Ad'mi-ral) (note), <a href="#para007">7</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Alamance (Al'a-mance), battle of, <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Alamo (Al'a-mo), battle of, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Alaska purchased, <a href="#para240">240</a>.<br>
+<br>
+America, Northmen discover (note), <a href="#para021">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Columbus discovers, <a href="#para012">12</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cabot's voyage to, <a href="#para021">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;name of, given, <a href="#para026">26</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Spaniards settle in, <a href="#para030">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;English settle in, <a href="#para033">33</a>, <a href="#para037">37</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;independence of, declared, <a href="#para137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See United States.<br>
+<br>
+Americans, name of, <a href="#para133">133</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Amerigo (A-ma-ree'go), see Vespucci, <a href="#para026">26</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Apprentice (note), <a href="#para111">111</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Armstrong, Jack, <a href="#para251">251</a>, <a href="#para255">255</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;murder trial, <a href="#para255">255</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Arnold, Benedict, <a href="#para141">141</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Atlantic called the "Sea of Darkness," <a href="#para008">8</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;crossed by the Northmen (note), <a href="#para021">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;crossed by Columbus, <a href="#para008">8</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Augustine, St. (Aw'gus-teen'), founded, <a href="#para030">30</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Bacon's war in Virginia, <a href="#para049">49</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Balboa (Bal-bo'ah) discovers the Pacific, <a href="#para028">28</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Baltimore founded, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Baltimore, Lord, in Newfoundland, <a href="#para076">76</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Maryland granted to, <a href="#para077">77</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;power of, <a href="#para077">77</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;son of, settles Maryland, <a href="#para078">78</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grants religious liberty in Maryland, <a href="#para079">79</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is persecuted, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para081">81</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Battle, playing at, <a href="#para210">210</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Battle of Alamance (Al'a-mance), <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Alamo (Al'a-mo), <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bunker Hill, <a href="#para134">134</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Camden, <a href="#para212">212</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Concord, <a href="#para134">134</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cowpens, <a href="#para140">140</a>, <a href="#para210">210</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fort Moultrie, <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lexington, <a href="#para134">134</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long Island, <a href="#para137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Orleans, <a href="#para217">217</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Princeton, <a href="#para139">139</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Saratoga, <a href="#para139">139</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tippecanoe, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Trenton, <a href="#para138">138</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vincennes (Vin-senz'), <a href="#para167">167</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yorktown, <a href="#para142">142</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Battles of the Civil War, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Indians, see Indians and War.<br>
+<br>
+Bees, the, and the "Red-Coats," <a href="#para208">208</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Berkeley, governor of Virginia, <a href="#para049">49</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Black Hawk War, <a href="#para253">253</a>.<br>
+<br>
+"Blazing" trees, <a href="#para105">105</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Boone, Daniel, birth and boyhood of, <a href="#para146">146</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how he could handle a gun, <a href="#para147">147</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his bear tree, <a href="#para147">147</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Kentucky, <a href="#para148">148</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes the "Wilderness Road," <a href="#para150">150</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds a fort, <a href="#para150">150</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his daughter stolen by Indians, <a href="#para151">151</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he is captured and adopted by Indians, <a href="#para152">152</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his escape, <a href="#para153">153</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how he used tobacco dust, <a href="#para153">153</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his old age, <a href="#para154">154</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Missouri, <a href="#para154">154</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kentucky helps him, <a href="#para154">154</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grave of, <a href="#para154">154</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para155">155</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Boston founded, <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;name of, <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Tea Party," <a href="#para132">132</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;port of, closed, <a href="#para133">133</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;British driven from, <a href="#para136">136</a>, <a href="#para169">169</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Bowie (Bow'e), Colonel, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Braddock's defeat, <a href="#para130">130</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Bradford, William, caught in trap, <a href="#para065">65</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Bradford, Governor, <a href="#para065">65</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Canonicus, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Brewster, Elder, <a href="#para067">67</a>.<br>
+<br>
+British, the name, <a href="#para133">133</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Brookfield burnt by Indians, <a href="#para090">90</a>.<br>
+<br>
+"Brother Jonathan," <a href="#para241">241</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;origin of name (note), <a href="#para241">241</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Brush (note), <a href="#para245">245</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Cabot (Cab'ot), John and Sebastian, <a href="#para021">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;discover continent of America, <a href="#para021">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;take possession of, for England, <a href="#para022">22</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;return to Bristol, <a href="#para023">23</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what they carried back, <a href="#para024">24</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;second voyage of, <a href="#para025">25</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how much of America they discovered, <a href="#para025">25</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para027">27</a>.<br>
+<br>
+California, Captain Sutter in, <a href="#para236">236</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gold discovered in, <a href="#para237">237</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effects of discovery of gold, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquisition of, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;emigration to, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Camden, battle of, <a href="#para212">212</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Canal, Erie, opened, <a href="#para220">220</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Candidate (note), <a href="#para258">258</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Canonchet (Ka-non'chet) braves death, <a href="#para093">93</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Canonicus (Ka-non'i-kus) sends challenge to Bradford, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Roger Williams, <a href="#para084">84</a>, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Cape Cod, arrival of Pilgrims at, <a href="#para064">64</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;explored by Pilgrims, <a href="#para065">65</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Capitol, the, burned, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rebuilt, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Carolina, North, Governor Tryon in, <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;battle of Alamance in, <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Revolution in, <a href="#para207">207</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;South, see Charleston.<br>
+<br>
+Carver chosen governor, <a href="#para064">64</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his kindness to the sick, <a href="#para067">67</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes treaty with Massasoit, <a href="#para069">69</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Catholics cruelly treated in England, <a href="#para076">76</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;colony of, in Newfoundland, <a href="#para076">76</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;colony of, in Maryland, <a href="#para077">77</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;give equal religious rights to Protestants, <a href="#para078">78</a>,
+ <a href="#para079">79</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;persecuted in Maryland, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first English Church of, in America, <a href="#para078">78</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Charles II. and Penn, <a href="#para096">96</a>, <a href="#para098">98</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Charleston helps Georgia, <a href="#para104">104</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;secedes, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;begins the Civil War, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Chicago, Columbian Exposition at, <a href="#para264">264</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Church, Captain Benjamin, <a href="#para093">93</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Church, the first English Protestant, in America, <a href="#para039">39</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first English Catholic, in America, <a href="#para078">78</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Civil War, the, <a href="#para259">259</a>, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;causes of the, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;battles of the, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grant and Lee in the, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lincoln in the, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;result of the, <a href="#para261">261</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Clark, George Rogers, birth of (note), <a href="#para162">162</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;expedition against Fort Kaskaskia, <a href="#para162">162</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;march against, <a href="#para163">163</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes the fort, <a href="#para163">163</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is helped by a Catholic priest, <a href="#para164">164</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gets Fort Vincennes, <a href="#para164">164</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;loses the fort, <a href="#para164">164</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vigo offers help to, <a href="#para164">164</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marches against Fort Vincennes, <a href="#para165">165</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the "Drowned Lands," <a href="#para165">165</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wading to victory, <a href="#para166">166</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes Fort Vincennes, <a href="#para167">167</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;results of the victory, <a href="#para167">167</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grave of, <a href="#para167">167</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para168">168</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Clearing (note), <a href="#para250">250</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Coloma (Ko-lo'ma), gold discovered at, <a href="#para237">237</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Colonel (kur'nel) (note), <a href="#para091">91</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Colonies, the thirteen (note), <a href="#para102">102</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Colony (note), <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Columbian Exposition, the, <a href="#para264">264</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Columbus, birth and boyhood of, <a href="#para001">1</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;becomes a sailor, <a href="#para002">2</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has a sea-fight, <a href="#para003">3</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Lisbon, <a href="#para003">3</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his maps of the world, <a href="#para004">4</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plan for reaching Indies, <a href="#para005">5</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Spain for help, <a href="#para007">7</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his reception at the convent, <a href="#para006">6</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leaves his son at the convent, <a href="#para007">7</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gets help for his voyage, <a href="#para007">7</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sails from Palos, <a href="#para008">8</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;voyage of, <a href="#para009">9-11</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;discovers land, <a href="#para012">12</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;names it, <a href="#para013">13</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;discovers large islands, <a href="#para015">15</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns to Spain, <a href="#para016">16</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his reception in Spain, <a href="#para016">16</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;last voyages of, <a href="#para017">17</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his sorrowful old age, <a href="#para018">18</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sent back to Spain in chains, <a href="#para018">18</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, <a href="#para018">18</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death and burial, <a href="#para019">19</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para020">20</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;celebration of his discovery of America, <a href="#para264">264</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Compass, Smith's use of the, <a href="#para041">41</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Roger Williams', <a href="#para084">84</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington's use of, <a href="#para129">129</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Concord, battle of, <a href="#para134">134</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Congress, meeting of the first, <a href="#para100">100</a>, <a href="#para133">133</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes Washington commander-in-chief, <a href="#para135">135</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;declares independence, <a href="#para100">100</a>, <a href="#para137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;meaning of word (note), <a href="#para133">133</a>, <a href="#para225">225</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;votes money for first telegraph lines, <a href="#para226">226</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Convent of St. Mary at Palos, <a href="#para006">6</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Convent (note), <a href="#para006">6</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Cornwallis, Lord, in the Revolution, <a href="#para137">137-142</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his pursuit of Washington, <a href="#para137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Arnold, <a href="#para141">141</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;surrender of, <a href="#para142">142</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Cotton, how it grows, <a href="#para179">179</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seeds of, <a href="#para179">179</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;price of, <a href="#para181">181</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effect of cotton-gin on, <a href="#para181">181</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;export of, <a href="#para183">183</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;size of bales (note), <a href="#para183">183</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Cotton-gin, invention of, <a href="#para180">180</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effect of the, <a href="#para181">181</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Cowpens, battle of, <a href="#para140">140</a>, <a href="#para210">210</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Crockett, David, motto of, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Declaration of Independence made, <a href="#para100">100</a>, <a href="#para137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;written by Jefferson, <a href="#para186">186</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Franklin has part in, <a href="#para121">121</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sent throughout the country, <a href="#para186">186</a>.<br>
+<br>
+De Leon, pronunciation of name (note), <a href="#para028">28</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;discovers Florida, <a href="#para028">28</a>.<br>
+<br>
+De Soto, pronunciation of name (note), <a href="#para028">28</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;discovers the Mississippi, <a href="#para029">29</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Detroit, Fort, <a href="#para161">161</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Discovery, right of (note), <a href="#para234">234</a>.<br>
+<br>
+"Drowned Lands," the, <a href="#para165">165</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Earthquake, great, of 1811, <a href="#para198">198</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Ebenezer (Eb-e-ne'zer), settlement of, <a href="#para105">105</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;name of, <a href="#para105">105</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Electricity, Franklin's experiments in, <a href="#para118">118</a>, <a href="#para119">119</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Eliot, Rev. John, <a href="#para089">89</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Elizabeth, Queen, names Virginia, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Ellsworth, Miss Annie, <a href="#para226">226</a>, <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Elm, the treaty, at Philadelphia, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Washington, at Cambridge, <a href="#para135">135</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Emigrants (note), <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Experiments (note), <a href="#para118">118</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Explorer (note), <a href="#para002">2</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Fable of the Frog (note), <a href="#para247">247</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Fairfax estate, <a href="#para126">126</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lord, and Washington, <a href="#para126">126</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his land, <a href="#para127">127</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hires Washington to survey, <a href="#para127">127</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death of, <a href="#para143">143</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Father Gibault (Zhe-bo'), <a href="#para164">164</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;White, <a href="#para078">78</a>, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Ferdinand and Isabella, <a href="#para006">6</a>, <a href="#para007">7</a>, <a href="#para016">16</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Flag, first American, <a href="#para135">135</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the British (note), <a href="#para142">142</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;torn down at New York, <a href="#para144">144</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.S., origin of (note), <a href="#para142">142</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;carried round the world, <a href="#para233">233</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Star Spangled Banner" (note), <a href="#para181">181</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Texas, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jasper saves the, <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Flint and steel, <a href="#para084">84</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Florida, discovery of, <a href="#para028">28</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;name of (note), <a href="#para028">28</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settlement of, <a href="#para030">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indian war in, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;purchase of, <a href="#para030">30</a>, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Fort, Boone's, <a href="#para150">150</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Detroit, <a href="#para161">161</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indian, <a href="#para093">93</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jamestown, <a href="#para038">38</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kaskaskia, <a href="#para161">161-163</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Manhattan, <a href="#para059">59</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;McHenry (note), <a href="#para181">181</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Moultrie, <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Necessity, <a href="#para130">130</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plymouth, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;St. Augustine, <a href="#para030">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sutter's, <a href="#para236">236</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vincennes, <a href="#para161">161</a>, <a href="#para164">164-167</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Fortifications on Dorchester Heights, <a href="#para169">169</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at New Orleans, <a href="#para217">217</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Forts, British, at the West, <a href="#para161">161</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;French, at the West, <a href="#para128">128</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Founds (note), <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Fountain, the magic, <a href="#para028">28</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Franklin, Benjamin, boyhood of, <a href="#para111">111</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;works for his father, <a href="#para111">111</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is apprenticed to his brother, <a href="#para111">111</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;boards himself, <a href="#para111">111</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is badly treated, <a href="#para111">111</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;runs away, <a href="#para112">112</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his walk across New Jersey, <a href="#para112">112</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lands in Philadelphia, <a href="#para113">113</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;buys some rolls, <a href="#para113">113</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sees Miss Read, <a href="#para113">113</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to a Quaker meeting, <a href="#para113">113</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gets work in a printing-office, <a href="#para114">114</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Boston on a visit, <a href="#para114">114</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;learns to stoop, <a href="#para114">114</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns to Philadelphia, <a href="#para115">115</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to London, <a href="#para115">115</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;called the "Water American," <a href="#para115">115</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns to Philadelphia, <a href="#para116">116</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sets up a newspaper, <a href="#para110">110</a>, <a href="#para116">116</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his "sawdust pudding," <a href="#para116">116</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his almanac, <a href="#para110">110</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his sayings, <a href="#para110">110</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his plan of life, <a href="#para117">117</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he did for Philadelphia, <a href="#para109">109</a>, <a href="#para117">117</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;experiments with electricity, <a href="#para118">118</a>, <a href="#para119">119</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his electrical picture, <a href="#para118">118</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his electrical kite, <a href="#para119">119</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his discoveries in electricity, <a href="#para119">119</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;invents the lightning-rod, <a href="#para120">120</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives title of Doctor, <a href="#para120">120</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;services in the Revolution, <a href="#para121">121</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thinks we must fight with bows and arrows, <a href="#para136">136</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gets help for us from France, <a href="#para121">121</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his funeral, <a href="#para121">121</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;counties named for him, <a href="#para121">121</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para122">122</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Friends (or Quakers), religion of, <a href="#para097">97</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;persecuted in England, <a href="#para097">97</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go to Pennsylvania, <a href="#para098">98</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friendly relations with the Indians, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See William Penn.<br>
+<br>
+Fulton, Robert, birth and boyhood of, <a href="#para193">193</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his paddle-wheel scow, <a href="#para193">193</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;care of his mother, <a href="#para193">193</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to England and France, <a href="#para194">194</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds iron bridges, <a href="#para194">194</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his diving-boat, <a href="#para194">194</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;torpedo experiments in France, <a href="#para194">194</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;torpedo experiments in England, <a href="#para195">195</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;England's offer of money, <a href="#para195">195</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his reply, <a href="#para195">195</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds his first steamboat, <a href="#para196">196</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns to America, <a href="#para197">197</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds steamboat here, <a href="#para197">197</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;trip up the Hudson, <a href="#para197">197</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds steamboat for the West, <a href="#para198">198</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he did for Western emigration, <a href="#para199">199</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his grave, <a href="#para199">199</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para200">200</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Gadsden Purchase, the, <a href="#para240">240</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Gage, General, in Boston, <a href="#para133">133</a>, <a href="#para134">134</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his nose, <a href="#para136">136</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leaves Boston, <a href="#para136">136</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Genoa (Jen'o-ah) (note), <a href="#para001">1</a>.<br>
+<br>
+George II. and Georgia, <a href="#para102">102</a>.<br>
+<br>
+George III., resolves to tax Americans, <a href="#para131">131</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sends over taxed tea, <a href="#para132">132</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;closes port of Boston, <a href="#para133">133</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hires German soldiers, <a href="#para134">134</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his statue pulled down, <a href="#para137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his character, <a href="#para161">161</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Georgia, name of, <a href="#para102">102</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settlement of, <a href="#para102">102</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Savannah, <a href="#para104">104</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ebenezer, <a href="#para105">105</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;silk raised in, <a href="#para106">106</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;keeps out Spaniards, <a href="#para107">107</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para107">107</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para108">108</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Gibault (Zhe-bo'), Father, <a href="#para164">164</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Gin, the cotton, <a href="#para180">180</a>, <a href="#para181">181</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;name of (note), <a href="#para180">180</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Goffe, Colonel, at Hadley, <a href="#para091">91</a>, and <a href="#note1">note in A Short List of Books</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Gold, discovered in California, <a href="#para237">237</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tested by Sutter, <a href="#para238">238</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;carried to San Francisco, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;excitement over, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effect of discovery of, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Grant, General, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Gray, Captain, voyage to the Pacific, <a href="#para233">233</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;carries American flag around the world, <a href="#para233">233</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;names the Columbia River, <a href="#para234">234</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;helps us to get Oregon, <a href="#para234">234</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para235">235</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Greene, General (Revolution), <a href="#para140">140</a>, <a href="#para178">178</a>, <a href="#para212">212</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Greene, Mrs. General, <a href="#para178">178</a>, <a href="#para179">179</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Hadley, Indian attack on, <a href="#para091">91</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Goffe at, <a href="#para091">91</a>, and <a href="#note1">note in A Short List of Books</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Hamilton, Colonel, <a href="#para161">161</a>, <a href="#para164">164</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Hanks, John, and Lincoln, <a href="#para250">250</a>, <a href="#para257">257</a>, <a href="#para258">258</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Harrison, General, birthplace of (note), <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;governor of Indiana Territory, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marches against the Indians, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gains victory of Tippecanoe, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;beats the British, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;elected President, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death of, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para205">205</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Henry, Patrick, speech of, <a href="#para185">185</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sends Clark to take British forts, <a href="#para162">162</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Henry VII., sends Cabot on voyage of discovery, <a href="#para021">21</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;claims part of North America, <a href="#para022">22</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Holland, gives Pilgrims a refuge, <a href="#para062">62</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes possession of the country on the Hudson, <a href="#para059">59</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Houston (Hew'ston), Sam, birthplace of (note), <a href="#para229">229</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in war with Indians, <a href="#para229">229</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;governor of Tennessee, <a href="#para229">229</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to live with the Indians, <a href="#para229">229</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Texas, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fights for Texas, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is made president of Texas, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Civil War, <a href="#para231">231</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death of, <a href="#para231">231</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para232">232</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Howe, General, driven from Boston, <a href="#para136">136</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Hudson, Henry, first voyage of, <a href="#para052">52</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hired by the Dutch, <a href="#para053">53</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sails for America, <a href="#para053">53</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;discovers the "Great River," <a href="#para054">54</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he said about the country, <a href="#para055">55</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;voyage up the river, <a href="#para056">56</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is feasted by the Indians, <a href="#para056">56</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what the Indians thought of him, <a href="#para056">56</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has fight with Indians, <a href="#para057">57</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sails for Europe, <a href="#para058">58</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hudson River is named for him, <a href="#para058">58</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death of, in Hudson Bay, <a href="#para058">58</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he would think of New York now, <a href="#para060">60</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para061">61</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Hudson River described, <a href="#para055">55</a>, <a href="#para056">56</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;named, <a href="#para058">58</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dutch settle on the, <a href="#para059">59</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Illinois, Clark's conquest of, <a href="#para162">162</a>, <a href="#para163">163</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Independence, see Declaration of Independence.<br>
+<br>
+Indians, Columbus names the, <a href="#para014">14</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;described, <a href="#para013">13</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;welcome the English, <a href="#para032">32</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Virginia, <a href="#para040">40</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how they lived, <a href="#para040">40</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Captain Smith, <a href="#para041">41</a>, <a href="#para042">42</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feast Henry Hudson, <a href="#para056">56</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make treaty with Pilgrims, <a href="#para069">69</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;help the Pilgrims, <a href="#para069">69</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;challenge Pilgrims to fight, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Standish's fight with the, <a href="#para071">71</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;help the settlers of Maryland, <a href="#para078">78</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Roger Williams defends rights of, <a href="#para083">83</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how they helped Williams, <a href="#para084">84</a>, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;great war with, in N. E., <a href="#para090">90-94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Penn defends rights of, to land, <a href="#para098">98</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make treaty with Penn, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friendly to the Quakers, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;war dance of, <a href="#para127">127</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Daniel Boone, <a href="#para148">148-153</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;their tricks and stratagems, <a href="#para149">149</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;capture Boone's daughter, <a href="#para151">151</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;capture Boone and adopt him, <a href="#para152">152</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para161">161</a>, <a href="#para167">167</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;war in Ohio, <a href="#para172">172</a>, <a href="#para173">173</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what they called the steamboat, <a href="#para198">198</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forced to move West, <a href="#para201">201</a>, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;story of the log, "move on," <a href="#para201">201</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;victory of Harrison over, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;victory of Jackson over, <a href="#para216">216</a>, <a href="#para229">229</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sam Houston goes to live with the, <a href="#para229">229</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;move west of the Mississippi, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See Canonchet, Canonicus, Black Hawk, King Philip,
+ Massasoit, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Samoset, Squanto, Tecumseh, "The Prophet," Wamsutta, Weathersford.<br>
+<br>
+Indian treaty with Pilgrims, <a href="#para069">69</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Penn, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Indian wars, King Philip's War, <a href="#para090">90-94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Kentucky, <a href="#para148">148</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the West, in the Revolution, <a href="#para161">161</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Ohio, <a href="#para172">172</a>, <a href="#para173">173</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Illinois, <a href="#para253">253</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Indiana, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Alabama, <a href="#para215">215</a>, <a href="#para216">216</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Florida, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Black Hawk War, <a href="#para253">253</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Jackson, Andrew, birth and boyhood of, <a href="#para206">206</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the gun, <a href="#para206">206</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Tarleton, <a href="#para207">207</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his mother, <a href="#para207">207</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his hatred of the British, <a href="#para208">208</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dangers exposed to, <a href="#para209">209</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;taken prisoner, <a href="#para211">211</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the boots, <a href="#para211">211</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sees a battle through a knot-hole, <a href="#para212">212</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death of his mother, <a href="#para213">213</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he said of her, <a href="#para213">213</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;begins to learn a trade, <a href="#para214">214</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studies law, <a href="#para214">214</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Tennessee, <a href="#para214">214</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;becomes judge, <a href="#para214">214</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;becomes general, <a href="#para214">214</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fights the Indians, <a href="#para216">216</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interview with Weathersford, <a href="#para216">216</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wins the great battle of New Orleans, <a href="#para217">217</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;conquers Indians in Florida, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;elected President, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;four steps in life of, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para219">219</a>.<br>
+<br>
+James I., Jamestown named for, <a href="#para038">38</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;denies religious liberty to his subjects, <a href="#para062">62</a>, <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Jamestown settled, <a href="#para038">38</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;burned, <a href="#para049">49</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Jasper, Sergeant, how he saved the flag, <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Jefferson, Thomas, birth of, <a href="#para184">184</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;home at Monticello, <a href="#para184">184</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;beloved by his slaves, <a href="#para184">184</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;desires to free, <a href="#para184">184</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hears Patrick Henry speak, <a href="#para185">185</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;writes Declaration of Independence, <a href="#para186">186</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;elected President, <a href="#para187">187</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he said about New Orleans and Louisiana, <a href="#para187">187</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;buys Louisiana, <a href="#para188">188</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his death, <a href="#para189">189</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;inscription on his tombstone, <a href="#para189">189</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para190">190</a>.<br>
+<br>
+"Jonathan, Brother," <a href="#para241">241</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;origin of name (note), <a href="#para241">241</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Jury trial, first in America, <a href="#para039">39</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Jury (note), <a href="#para039">39</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Kaskaskia (Kas-kas'ki-a) Fort, <a href="#para161">161-163</a>.<br>
+<br>
+King Philip, son of Massasoit, <a href="#para087">87</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;becomes chief, <a href="#para088">88</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how he dressed and lived, <a href="#para088">88</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his hatred of the whites, <a href="#para088">88</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;determines to make war <a href="#para089">89</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indians attack Swansea, <a href="#para090">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attack other towns, <a href="#para090">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;burn Brookfield, <a href="#para090">90</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attack Hadley <a href="#para091">91</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bravery shown by a woman <a href="#para092">92</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the great swamp fight, <a href="#para093">93</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canonchet taken, <a href="#para093">93</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philip's wife and son taken, <a href="#para094">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wife and son sold into slavery, <a href="#para094">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philip shot, <a href="#para094">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;destruction caused by the war, <a href="#para094">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cost of the war, <a href="#para094">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indian power broken, <a href="#para094">94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para095">95</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Lafayette (Lah-fay-et'), helps us in the Revolution, <a href="#para141">141</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pursues Cornwallis, <a href="#para141">141</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the tomb of Washington, <a href="#para144">144</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Land acquired by the United States, see Territory and United States.<br>
+<br>
+Lee, General, in the Civil War, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Legislature (note), <a href="#para257">257</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Lexington, battle of, <a href="#para134">134</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Leyden (Li'den), Holland, <a href="#para062">62</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Leyden jar, <a href="#para118">118</a>, <a href="#para119">119</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Liberty, religious, in Maryland, <a href="#para078">78-80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;religious, in Rhode Island, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;religious, none formerly in England, <a href="#para062">62</a>,
+ <a href="#para076">76</a>, <a href="#para097">97</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Liberty, Sons of, in the Revolution, <a href="#para060">60</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Liberty, statue of, <a href="#para060">60</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Lincoln, Abraham, birth and boyhood of, <a href="#para244">244</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how he lived, <a href="#para244">244</a>, <a href="#para245">245</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death of his mother, <a href="#para246">246</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he said of her, <a href="#para246">246</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what his step-mother said of him, <a href="#para246">246</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at school, <a href="#para247">247</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teaches himself at home, <a href="#para247">247</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he read, <a href="#para247">247</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how he used the fire-shovel, <a href="#para247">247</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;description of, at seventeen, <a href="#para248">248</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his strength, <a href="#para248">248</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to New Orleans, <a href="#para249">249</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;moves to Illinois, <a href="#para250">250</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;splits rails, <a href="#para250">250</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hunting frolics, <a href="#para250">250</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tends store at New Salem, <a href="#para251">251</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is attacked by Jack Armstrong, <a href="#para251">251</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his faithfulness in little things, <a href="#para252">252</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;called "Honest Abe," <a href="#para243">243</a>, <a href="#para252">252</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Black Hawk War, <a href="#para253">253</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;becomes postmaster and surveyor, <a href="#para254">254</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studies law, <a href="#para254">254</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;begins to practise law, <a href="#para254">254</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;respected by all men, <a href="#para254">254</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Armstrong murder trial, <a href="#para255">255</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how he saved the pig, <a href="#para256">256</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to the Legislature, <a href="#para257">257</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Congress, <a href="#para243">243</a>, <a href="#para257">257</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chosen candidate for President, <a href="#para258">258</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;elected President, <a href="#para258">258</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his election brings on the Civil War, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;emancipates the slaves, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;murdered by Booth, <a href="#para261">261</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grief of the nation at his death, <a href="#para261">261</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para262">262</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Louisiana, purchase of, <a href="#para188">188</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;original extent of, <a href="#para188">188</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Major (note), <a href="#para128">128</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Manhattan Island, <a href="#para054">54</a>, <a href="#para059">59</a>, <a href="#para060">60</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Marietta, Ohio, settled, <a href="#para170">170</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;name of, <a href="#para171">171</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what Washington said of, <a href="#para171">171</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the Indians, <a href="#para172">172</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para174">174</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Marshall finds gold in California, <a href="#para237">237</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his poverty, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Maryland, name of, <a href="#para077">77</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;granted to Lord Baltimore, <a href="#para077">77</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rent of, <a href="#para077">77</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settlement of, <a href="#para078">78</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first Catholic church in America in, <a href="#para078">78</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;home of religious liberty, <a href="#para079">79</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;trouble with Virginia, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Catholics of, badly treated, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Baltimore city founded, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para081">81</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Massachusetts, name of, <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settlement of, <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para074">74</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Massasoit (Mas-sa-soit'), makes treaty with the Pilgrims, <a href="#para069">69</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kindness of, to Roger Williams, <a href="#para084">84</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;King Philip, his son, <a href="#para087">87</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<i>Mayflower</i>, voyage of the, <a href="#para064">64</a>, <a href="#para066">66</a>, <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ohio boat so named, <a href="#para170">170</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Messages (note), <a href="#para220">220</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Mexico, war with, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;territory obtained from, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Miami (Mi-am'i), Ohio, <a href="#para172">172</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Mississippi, De Soto discovers the, <a href="#para029">29</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;belonged to France, <a href="#para187">187</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we get possession of the, <a href="#para188">188</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first steamboat on the, <a href="#para198">198</a>, <a href="#para199">199</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Moccasins (note), <a href="#para136">136</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Model (note), <a href="#para224">224</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Monticello, described, <a href="#para184">184</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Morgan's sharpshooters, <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Morse, Samuel F. B., birth and boyhood of, <a href="#para220">220</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;becomes a painter, <a href="#para221">221</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to France, <a href="#para221">221</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thinks of using electricity to send messages, <a href="#para221">221</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns to America, <a href="#para222">222</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;invents electric telegraph, <a href="#para222">222</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his poverty, <a href="#para223">223</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes the first photograph in America, <a href="#para223">223</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gets assistance from Mr. Vail, <a href="#para224">224</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;obtains patent for the telegraph, <a href="#para224">224</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives help from Congress, <a href="#para225">225</a>, <a href="#para226">226</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Miss Annie Ellsworth, <a href="#para226">226</a>, <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds line of telegraph, <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first message sent, <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how a message is sent (note), <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first year of telegraphy, <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para228">228</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Moultrie, Colonel, <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fort, <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Mount Vernon, Washington at, <a href="#para126">126</a>, <a href="#para135">135</a>, <a href="#para144">144</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Nation (note), <a href="#para217">217</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Negroes, see Slaves.<br>
+<br>
+New Amsterdam, <a href="#para059">59</a>.<br>
+<br>
+New England, name of, <a href="#para046">46</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first settlements in, <a href="#para066">66</a>, <a href="#para073">73</a>,
+ <a href="#para074">74</a>.<br>
+<br>
+New Netherland, name of, <a href="#para059">59</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seized by the English, <a href="#para059">59</a>.<br>
+<br>
+New Orleans, owned by the French, <a href="#para187">187</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;purchase of, <a href="#para188">188</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;battle of, <a href="#para217">217</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cotton exported from, <a href="#para183">183</a>.<br>
+<br>
+New Salem, Illinois, <a href="#para251">251</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Newspaper, Franklin's, <a href="#para110">110</a>, <a href="#para116">116</a>.<br>
+<br>
+New York, name of, <a href="#para059">59</a>.<br>
+<br>
+New York City, name, <a href="#para059">59</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para060">60</a>, <a href="#para137">137</a>,
+ <a href="#para144">144</a>.<br>
+<br>
+North and South in the Civil War, <a href="#para259">259</a>, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Northmen discover America (note), <a href="#para021">21</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Oglethorpe (O'gel-thorp), General, who he was, <a href="#para102">102</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and prisoners for debt, <a href="#para103">103</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gets grant of Georgia, <a href="#para102">102</a>, <a href="#para103">103</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;object of settling Georgia, <a href="#para103">103</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds Savannah, <a href="#para104">104</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;welcomes German settlers, <a href="#para105">105</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attempts to produce silk, <a href="#para106">106</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sends silk as present to the queen of England, <a href="#para106">106</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;keeps out the Spaniards, <a href="#para107">107</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in his old age, <a href="#para107">107</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para108">108</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Ohio, first settlement in, <a href="#para170">170</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indian wars in, <a href="#para172">172</a>, <a href="#para173">173</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Ohio River, first steamboat on, <a href="#para198">198</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Oregon, how we got our claim to, <a href="#para234">234</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;added to the United States, <a href="#para234">234</a>, <a href="#para240">240</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Pacific, Balboa discovers the, <a href="#para028">28</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Pacific Railroad completed (note), <a href="#para263">263</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Pacific railroads, the three, <a href="#para263">263</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Palisade, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Palisades of the Hudson (note), <a href="#para056">56</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Palmetto logs (note), <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Palos, convent at, <a href="#para006">6</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Columbus sails from, <a href="#para008">8</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reception at, <a href="#para016">16</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Parker, Captain, at Lexington, <a href="#para134">134</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Patent (note), <a href="#para224">224</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Penn, William, receives grant of Pennsylvania, <a href="#para096">96</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;belongs to the Society of Friends or Quakers, <a href="#para097">97</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his religion, <a href="#para097">97</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sends emigrants to Pennsylvania, <a href="#para098">98</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his conversation with Charles II., <a href="#para098">98</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;founds Philadelphia, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his treaty with the Indians, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visits the Indians, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his treaty elm protected by a British officer, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;said the people should make their own laws, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes back to England, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the victim of a dishonest agent, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to prison for debt, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death of, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;love of the Indians for him, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indians send a present to his widow, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grave of, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para101">101</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Pennsylvania, named by Charles II., <a href="#para096">96</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;granted to William Penn, <a href="#para096">96</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;natural wealth of, <a href="#para096">96</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Philadelphia, founded, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;name of, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;prosperity of, <a href="#para100">100</a>, <a href="#para109">109</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what Franklin did for, <a href="#para117">117</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first Continental Congress meets in, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Declaration of Independence made in, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Philip, King, see King Philip.<br>
+<br>
+Photograph, first, in America, <a href="#para223">223</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Pilgrims, the, in Holland, <a href="#para062">62</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;name of, <a href="#para062">62</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;persecuted in England, <a href="#para062">62</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;why they wished to leave Holland, <a href="#para063">63</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sail for America, <a href="#para064">64</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Captain Myles Standish goes with them, <a href="#para064">64</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;number of the, <a href="#para064">64</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make a compact of government, <a href="#para064">64</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;elect John Carver first governor, <a href="#para064">64</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;land on the Cape, <a href="#para065">65</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;washing-day, <a href="#para065">65</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;explore the Cape, <a href="#para065">65</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;land on Plymouth Rock, <a href="#para066">66</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settle in Plymouth, <a href="#para066">66</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;why they chose that place, <a href="#para066">66</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;name of, <a href="#para066">66</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sickness and death, <a href="#para067">67</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;meet Indians, <a href="#para068">68</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make treaty with Massasoit, <a href="#para069">69</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;their first Thanksgiving, <a href="#para069">69</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canonicus dares them to fight, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Governor Bradford's reply, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;build a fort, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;build a palisade, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fight the Indians at Weymouth, <a href="#para071">71</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what Myles Standish did for the Pilgrims, <a href="#para071">71</a>, <a href="#para072">72</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para075">75</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See Myles Standish.<br>
+<br>
+Pioneers (note), <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Pittsburg, <a href="#para162">162</a>, <a href="#para170">170</a>, <a href="#para198">198</a>,
+ and see map, <a href="#map1">127</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Plantation (note), <a href="#para123">123</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Planter (note), <a href="#para048">48</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Plymouth, the Pilgrims settle, <a href="#para066">66</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;natural advantages of, <a href="#para066">66</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;name of, <a href="#para066">66</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See Pilgrims.<br>
+<br>
+Plymouth Rock, Pilgrims land on, <a href="#para066">66</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Pocahontas (Po-ka-hon'tas), saves Smith's life, <a href="#para042">42</a>, and <a href="#note2">note in A
+ Short List of Books</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marries Rolfe, <a href="#para042">42</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her descendants, <a href="#para042">42</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Ponce de Leon, see De Leon.<br>
+<br>
+Potato, the, sent to England, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Raleigh plants it in Ireland, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Powder, lack of, in Revolution, <a href="#para136">136</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sent from Savannah to Bunker Hill, <a href="#para107">107</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Powhatan (Pow-ha-tan') and Captain John Smith, <a href="#para042">42</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Prison-ships, British, <a href="#para213">213</a>.<br>
+<br>
+"Prophet," the, and Tecumseh, <a href="#para202">202</a>, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the battle of Tippecanoe, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his sacred beans, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Indians say he is a liar, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tecumseh takes him by the hair, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Prophet (note), <a href="#para202">202</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Providence, name of, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settled, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;religious liberty in, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Puritans (note), <a href="#para062">62</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settle Boston, <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Putnam, General Rufus, services in the Revolution, <a href="#para169">169</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds fortifications at Dorchester Heights, <a href="#para169">169</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds the <i>Mayflower</i>, <a href="#para170">170</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settles Marietta, Ohio, <a href="#para170">170</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para174">174</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Quakers, see Friends.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Railroad, the first, in America, <a href="#para218">218</a>, and note, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;growth of railroads, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first Pacific (note), <a href="#para263">263</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the three Pacific railroads, <a href="#para263">263</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Raleigh (Raw'li), Sir Walter, a favorite of Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#para032">32</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sends exploring expedition to America, <a href="#para032">32</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives title of honor, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sends settlers to Virginia, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives tobacco and potato plants from Virginia, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plants them in Ireland, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;spends a great deal of money on his Virginia colony, <a href="#para034">34</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fails to establish a settlement, <a href="#para034">34</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;last days of, <a href="#para035">35</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is beheaded, <a href="#para035">35</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;power of his example, <a href="#para035">35</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para036">36</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Ranches (note), <a href="#para263">263</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Rebels (note), <a href="#para210">210</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Red-coats (note), <a href="#para208">208</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Religious liberty, none in England, <a href="#para062">62</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Maryland, <a href="#para079">79</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Rhode Island, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Religious persecution in England, <a href="#para062">62</a>, <a href="#para076">76</a>, <a href="#para097">97</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Catholics, <a href="#para076">76</a>, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Pilgrims, <a href="#para062">62</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Puritans, <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Quakers, <a href="#para097">97</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Revere's (Re-veer'), Paul, ride, <a href="#para134">134</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Revolution, the, cause of, <a href="#para131">131</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first blood shed in, <a href="#para134">134</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;progress of, <a href="#para132">132-143</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Declaration of Independence, <a href="#para137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;battles of, see Battles.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;end of, <a href="#para144">144</a>, <a href="#para145">145</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See Washington.<br>
+<br>
+Revolution, the, in Delaware, <a href="#para100">100</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Georgia, <a href="#para107">107</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Maryland, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Massachusetts, <a href="#para074">74</a>, <a href="#para134">134-136</a>,
+ <a href="#para169">169</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New England, <a href="#para074">74</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Jersey, <a href="#para100">100</a>, <a href="#para138">138</a>, <a href="#para139">139</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New York, <a href="#para060">60</a>, <a href="#para137">137</a>,
+ <a href="#para139">139</a>, <a href="#para144">144</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;North Carolina, <a href="#para107">107</a>, <a href="#para140">140</a>,
+ <a href="#para156">156</a>, <a href="#para207">207-213</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pennsylvania, <a href="#para100">100</a>, <a href="#para139">139</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rhode Island, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;South Carolina, <a href="#para107">107</a>, <a href="#para140">140</a>,
+ <a href="#para207">207-213</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Virginia, <a href="#para050">50</a>, <a href="#para141">141</a>,
+ <a href="#para142">142</a>, <a href="#para185">185</a>, <a href="#para186">186</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the West, <a href="#para161">161-167</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Rhode Island settled, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;religious liberty in, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Robertson, James, birthplace of (note), <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his home in North Carolina, <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;emigrates to Watauga, Tennessee, <a href="#para158">158</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Sevier, <a href="#para159">159</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he did for the new settlement, <a href="#para159">159</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington makes him general, <a href="#para159">159</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para160">160</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Sacramento, Sutter's Fort at, <a href="#para236">236</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Sacred (note), <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Salem, Roger Williams' church at, <a href="#para082">82</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Samoset (Sam'o-set) and the Pilgrims, <a href="#para068">68</a>.<br>
+<br>
+San Salvador (Sal'va-dor), Columbus names, <a href="#para013">13</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Saratoga, battle of, <a href="#para139">139</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Savannah settled, <a href="#para104">104</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, <a href="#para107">107</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Seal, great, of United States, <a href="#para264">264</a> and note.<br>
+<br>
+Seekonk, Roger Williams at, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Senate Chamber (note), <a href="#para225">225</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Sergeant (Sar'jent) (note), <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Sevier (Se-veer'), John, born in Virginia (note), <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;emigrates to Watauga, Tennessee, <a href="#para159">159</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Robertson, <a href="#para159">159</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he did for Watauga, <a href="#para159">159</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;becomes first governor of Tennessee, <a href="#para159">159</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para160">160</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Sharpshooters in the Revolution, <a href="#para136">136</a>, <a href="#para140">140</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Silk, attempt to produce, in Georgia, <a href="#para106">106</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sent to England, <a href="#para106">106</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Queen has a dress made of it, <a href="#para106">106</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Silkworm (note), <a href="#para106">106</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Slaves, negro, first brought to Virginia, <a href="#para048">48</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;employed in raising tobacco, <a href="#para048">48</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;planters grow rich by, <a href="#para048">48</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all the colonies buy, <a href="#para048">48</a>, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington's, <a href="#para135">135</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jefferson beloved by his, <a href="#para184">184</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jefferson's feeling in regard to, <a href="#para184">184</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how employed on cotton, <a href="#para179">179</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the cotton-gin, <a href="#para180">180</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gradually freed at the North, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;their condition unchanged at the South, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feeling at the South about, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feeling at the North about, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;question of holding, divides the states, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lincoln in regard to increasing number of, <a href="#para259">259</a>,
+ <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the Civil War, <a href="#para259">259</a>, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;freed by President Lincoln, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effect of emancipation of, on the Union, <a href="#para261">261</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Smith, John, early life and adventures of, <a href="#para037">37</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sold as a slave, <a href="#para037">37</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;starts for Virginia, <a href="#para037">37</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arrested on the voyage on a false charge, <a href="#para038">38</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is tried and acquitted, <a href="#para039">39</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;court grants him damages, <a href="#para039">39</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he hoped to do in Virginia, <a href="#para038">38</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he did for the sick, <a href="#para039">39</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;prevents desertion, <a href="#para039">39</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes in search of the Pacific, <a href="#para041">41</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is captured by Indians, <a href="#para041">41</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how he used his pocket compass, <a href="#para041">41</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brought before Powhatan, <a href="#para041">41</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pocahontas saves his life, <a href="#para042">42</a>,
+ and <a href="#note2">note in A Short List of Books</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;made governor of Jamestown, <a href="#para043">43</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his opinion of the gold-diggers, <a href="#para043">43</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;compels Indians to let settlers have corn, <a href="#para043">43</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes all the settlers work, <a href="#para044">44</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his cold-water cure for swearing, <a href="#para045">45</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;meets with a terrible accident, <a href="#para046">46</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes back to England, <a href="#para046">46</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;returns and explores country north of Virginia, <a href="#para046">46</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;names it New England, <a href="#para046">46</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death and burial of, <a href="#para046">46</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he did for Virginia, <a href="#para047">47</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his books and maps, <a href="#para047">47</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is called the "Father of Virginia," <a href="#para047">47</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;writes Captain Henry Hudson, <a href="#para053">53</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para051">51</a>.<br>
+<br>
+South, the, in the Civil War, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;great progress of, since the war, <a href="#para263">263</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Spaniards settle Florida, <a href="#para030">30</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;are kept out of Georgia, <a href="#para107">107</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Squanto (Skwon'to), how he helped the Pilgrims, <a href="#para068">68</a>, <a href="#para069">69</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Squaws (note), <a href="#para152">152</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Standish, Myles, an English soldier in Holland, <a href="#para064">64</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to America with the Pilgrims, <a href="#para064">64</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;explores Cape Cod, <a href="#para065">65</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lands at Plymouth Rock, <a href="#para066">66</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was nurse as well as soldier, <a href="#para067">67</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to meet Massasoit, <a href="#para069">69</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feared by the Indians, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;escorts the Pilgrims to church, <a href="#para070">70</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has a fight with the Indians, <a href="#para071">71</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saves Plymouth from attack by Indians, <a href="#para071">71</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what else he did for the Pilgrims, <a href="#para072">72</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he left at his death, <a href="#para072">72</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his monument, <a href="#para072">72</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para075">75</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Steamboat, Fulton's, on the Hudson, <a href="#para197">197</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first at the West, <a href="#para198">198</a>, <a href="#para199">199</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effect of, on emigration, <a href="#para199">199</a>.<br>
+<br>
+St. Mary's, settlement at, <a href="#para078">78</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Survey (note), <a href="#para127">127</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Sutter (Soo'ter), John A., his fort in California, <a href="#para236">236</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;founds Sacramento, <a href="#para236">236</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lives like a king, <a href="#para236">236</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;begins to build saw-mill at Colona, <a href="#para237">237</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marshall brings him gold-dust to test, <a href="#para238">238</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is convinced that gold has been found, <a href="#para238">238</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how he felt at the discovery, <a href="#para238">238</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;loses his property, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is pensioned by California, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para242">242</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Swansea (Swon'ze) attacked by Indians, <a href="#para090">90</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Swordfish (note), <a href="#para194">194</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Tarleton (Tarl'ton), cruelty of, <a href="#para207">207</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;called "Butcher Tarleton," <a href="#para208">208</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his soldiers and the bees, <a href="#para208">208</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is beaten at Cowpens, <a href="#para210">210</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he hears from the children, <a href="#para210">210</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Taxation of America by George III., <a href="#para131">131</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chief cause of the Revolution, <a href="#para131">131</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Tea, taxed, sent to America, <a href="#para132">132</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;destruction of, <a href="#para132">132</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Boston Tea Party," <a href="#para132">132</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Tecumseh (Te-kum'seh) excites the Indians to war, <a href="#para202">202</a>, <a href="#para215">215</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes the "Prophet" by the hair, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fights for the British in Canada, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is killed, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Telegraph, meaning of the word (note), <a href="#para222">222</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what it is, <a href="#para222">222</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;electric, invented by Morse, <a href="#para222">222</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vail's work on, <a href="#para224">224</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;patented by Morse, <a href="#para224">224</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Congress grants money to build line, <a href="#para225">225</a>, <a href="#para226">226</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first message over, <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;business of, in 1845, <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;business of, to-day, <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how messages are sent by (note), <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Atlantic, <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See Samuel F. B. Morse.<br>
+<br>
+Telephone, meaning of the word (note), <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what it is, <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when invented (note), <a href="#para227">227</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;use of, to-day, <a href="#para228">228</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Tennessee, first settlement of, <a href="#para158">158</a>, <a href="#para159">159</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See James Robertson and John Sevier.<br>
+<br>
+Terrier (note), <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Territory added to the United States since the Revolution, <a href="#para240">240</a>; and see United States.<br>
+<br>
+Tests (note), <a href="#para238">238</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Texas, forms part of Mexico, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we try to buy it, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Houston goes to, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;massacre of Americans at Fort Alamo, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;war of independence, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;flag of, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;annexed, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dispute with Mexico about boundary, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mexican war and, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the Civil War, <a href="#para231">231</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para232">232</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Tippecanoe, battle of, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Tobacco sent from Virginia to Sir Walter Raleigh, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he plants it in Ireland, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;value of, to Virginia, <a href="#para048">48</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Torpedo (note), <a href="#para194">194</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fulton's experiments with torpedoes, <a href="#para194">194</a>, <a href="#para195">195</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Tow cloth (note), <a href="#para250">250</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Travis (Tra'vis), Colonel, in Texas, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Treaty, Indian, with Pilgrims, <a href="#para069">69</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with William Penn, <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(note), <a href="#para099">99</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Tryon, Governor, in North Carolina, <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;oppression by, <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;called the "Great Wolf of North Carolina," <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at battle of Alamance, <a href="#para156">156</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Union (note), <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the South resolves to withdraw from the, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;strengthened by result of the Civil War, <a href="#para261">261</a>.<br>
+<br>
+United States, independence of, declared, <a href="#para186">186</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;War of the Revolution, see Revolution.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more perfect Union formed (note), <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;extent of, at the close of the Revolution, <a href="#map4">187</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquires Louisiana (1803), <a href="#map5">188</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquires Florida (1819), <a href="#map6">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquires Texas (1845), <a href="#map7">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquires Oregon (1846), <a href="#map8">235</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquires California and New Mexico (1848), <a href="#map9">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquires Gadsden Purchase (1853), <a href="#map10">240</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquires Alaska (1867), <a href="#map11">240</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;extent of, to-day, <a href="#map11">240</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;War of 1812, <a href="#para204">204</a>, <a href="#para217">217</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;War of, with Mexico, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Civil War, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;growth since the War, <a href="#para263">263</a>, <a href="#para264">264</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and "World's Columbian Exposition," <a href="#para264">264</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;great seal of, <a href="#para264">264</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what we can do for, <a href="#para264">264</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Vail, Alfred, and Morse's telegraph, <a href="#para224">224</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Venison (note), <a href="#para032">32</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Vespucci, Amerigo (A-ma-ree'go Ves-poot'chee), <a href="#para026">26</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and name America, <a href="#para026">26</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Vigo (Vee'go) helps Clark, <a href="#para164">164</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Vincennes (Vin-senz'), Fort, <a href="#para161">161</a>, <a href="#para164">164-167</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Virginia, Raleigh's expedition to, <a href="#para032">32</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;named by Elizabeth, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first settlement in, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first English child in America born in, <a href="#para034">34</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;failure of first settlement, <a href="#para034">34</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tobacco and potato sent from, <a href="#para033">33</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;permanently settled at Jamestown, <a href="#para038">38</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first English church in, <a href="#para039">39</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first jury trial in, <a href="#para039">39</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Captain Smith made governor of, <a href="#para043">43</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;books about, <a href="#para047">47</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;slaves sent to, <a href="#para048">48</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tobacco, cultivation of, <a href="#para048">48</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;prosperity of, <a href="#para048">48</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Berkeley and Bacon's war in, <a href="#para049">49</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jamestown burned, <a href="#para049">49</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;growth of, <a href="#para050">50</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes ready to fight for its rights, <a href="#para185">185</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first demands independence of America, <a href="#para050">50</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Revolution, see Revolution.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;owns extensive western possessions, <a href="#para162">162</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;George Washington and, <a href="#para050">50</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the "Mother of Presidents," <a href="#para050">50</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para051">51</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the Civil War, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Virginia Dare, birth of, <a href="#para034">34</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Voted (note), <a href="#para226">226</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+Wamsutta, death of, <a href="#para087">87</a>.<br>
+<br>
+War, Bacon's, in Virginia, <a href="#para049">49</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;King Philip's, in New England, <a href="#para089">89-94</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of the Revolution, see Revolution.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with the British in the West, <a href="#para161">161-167</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Indians in the West, <a href="#para161">161</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Indians in Ohio, <a href="#para173">173</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Indians in Indiana, <a href="#para203">203</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Indians in Illinois, <a href="#para253">253</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Black Hawk, <a href="#para253">253</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Indians in Alabama, <a href="#para215">215</a>, <a href="#para216">216</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Indians in Florida, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of 1812 (note), <a href="#para181">181</a>, <a href="#para204">204</a>,
+ <a href="#para217">217</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cause of, of 1812, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Texan independence, <a href="#para230">230</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with Mexico, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cause of Mexican, <a href="#para239">239</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Civil, <a href="#para259">259</a>, <a href="#para260">260</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cause of the Civil, <a href="#para259">259</a>.<br>
+<br>
+War-whoop (war-hoop) (note), <a href="#para091">91</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Washington, George, birth and boyhood of, <a href="#para123">123-125</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at school, <a href="#para123">123</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;playing at war, <a href="#para124">124</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;battle with the colt, <a href="#para125">125</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he owed to his mother, <a href="#para123">123</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visits Mount Vernon, <a href="#para126">126</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes acquaintance of Lord Fairfax, <a href="#para126">126</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;surveys Lord Fairfax's land, <a href="#para127">127</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;life in the woods, <a href="#para127">127</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sees an Indian war-dance, <a href="#para127">127</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is made public surveyor, <a href="#para127">127</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;appearance of, at twenty-one, <a href="#para128">128</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives title of major, <a href="#para128">128</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;governor of Virginia sends him to order off the French, <a href="#para128">128</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;journey through the wilderness, <a href="#para128">128</a>, <a href="#para129">129</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;narrow escape of, <a href="#para129">129</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receives title of colonel, <a href="#para130">130</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes with Braddock's expedition, <a href="#para130">130</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tries to hold Fort Necessity, <a href="#para130">130</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Mount Vernon to live, <a href="#para135">135</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his slaves, <a href="#para135">135</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;made commander-in-chief in the Revolution, <a href="#para135">135</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes command of army, <a href="#para135">135</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;raises first American flag, <a href="#para135">135</a> and (note) <a href="#para142">142</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;drives British from Boston, <a href="#para136">136</a>, <a href="#para169">169</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to New York, <a href="#para137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chased by Cornwallis, <a href="#para137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;retreats across the Delaware, <a href="#para137">137</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;victory of Trenton, <a href="#para138">138</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;victory of Princeton, <a href="#para139">139</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at Valley Forge, <a href="#para139">139</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;enters Philadelphia, <a href="#para139">139</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marches against Yorktown, <a href="#para142">142</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes Yorktown, <a href="#para142">142</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his coat-of-arms (note), <a href="#para142">142</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes back to Mount Vernon, <a href="#para144">144</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;elected President, <a href="#para144">144</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes oath of office, <a href="#para144">144</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lafayette visits his tomb, <a href="#para144">144</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para145">145</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Washington, Lawrence, at Mount Vernon, <a href="#para126">126</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death of, <a href="#para135">135</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Colonel William, <a href="#para210">210</a> and note.<br>
+<br>
+Washington, the Capitol at, burned, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rebuilt, <a href="#para204">204</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Watauga (Wa-taw'ga), settlement of, <a href="#para158">158</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Wayne, General, in Ohio, <a href="#para173">173</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Weathersford and General Jackson, <a href="#para216">216</a>.<br>
+<br>
+West, the, in the Revolution, <a href="#para161">161</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;conquest of, <a href="#para161">161-167</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at treaty of peace with England, <a href="#para167">167</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settlement of, <a href="#para150">150</a>, <a href="#para157">157</a>,
+ <a href="#para170">170</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquisition of country west of the Mississippi, see United States.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effects of steamboat navigation on, <a href="#para199">199</a>, <a href="#para200">200</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effects of railroads on, <a href="#para218">218</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rapid growth of, <a href="#para263">263</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See Boone, Clark, Robertson, Sevier, Jefferson, Houston, Gray, Sutter.<br>
+<br>
+Weymouth, Standish fights Indians at, <a href="#para071">71</a>.<br>
+<br>
+What Cheer Rock, Providence, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+<br>
+White, Father, in Maryland, <a href="#para078">78</a>, <a href="#para080">80</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Whitney, Eli, birth and boyhood of, <a href="#para175">175</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cuts his name on a door, <a href="#para175">175</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes a fiddle, <a href="#para176">176</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes nails, <a href="#para177">177</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Yale College, <a href="#para177">177</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his skill with tools, <a href="#para177">177</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;goes to Georgia, <a href="#para178">178</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stops with Mrs. General Greene, <a href="#para178">178</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes her an embroidery frame, <a href="#para178">178</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has a talk about cotton and cotton-seeds, <a href="#para179">179</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;invents the cotton-gin, <a href="#para180">180</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effect of his invention, <a href="#para181">181</a>, <a href="#para183">183</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds a gun-factory, <a href="#para181">181</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes muskets for War of 1812, <a href="#para181">181</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para182">182</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Wilderness, the Great, <a href="#para161">161</a>.<br>
+<br>
+"Wilderness Road," Boone makes the, <a href="#para150">150</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Williams, Roger, comes to Boston, <a href="#para082">82</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;preaches in Salem and Plymouth, <a href="#para082">82</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is very friendly to the Indians, <a href="#para082">82</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;declares that they own the land, <a href="#para083">83</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Boston authorities attempt to arrest, <a href="#para084">84</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;escapes and goes to Massasoit, <a href="#para084">84</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his journey through the wilderness, <a href="#para084">84</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reception by Massasoit, <a href="#para084">84</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds a cabin at Seekonk, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leaves Seekonk, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;greeted by the Indians, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canonicus lets him have land, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settles Providence, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grants religious liberty to all settlers, <a href="#para085">85</a>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summary of, <a href="#para086">86</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Winthrop, Governor John, settles Boston, <a href="#para073">73</a>.<br>
+<br>
+Wool-comber (note), <a href="#para001">1</a>.<br>
+<br>
+World, knowledge of, before Columbus discovered America, <a href="#para004">4</a>.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<hr width="100%">
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>ADVERTISEMENTS.</h3>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h2>MONTGOMERY'S</h2>
+<h4>LEADING FACTS OF</h4>
+<h2>American History.</h2>
+
+<p>Within the first fifteen months after issue, the publishers were
+obliged to go to press with the</p>
+<h4>... 295,000th copy ...</h4>
+
+<p>It was almost immediately adopted for exclusive use in the State of
+Indiana, and by such cities as Chicago, Ill., Philadelphia, Pa.,
+Boston, Mass., Providence, R.I., Hartford, Conn., Columbus and
+Cleveland, O., Burlington, Vt., Nashua, N.H., Lynn, Mass., and
+numberless others.</p>
+
+<h4>IT IS CERTAINLY THE BEST.</h4>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h4>LEADING FACTS OF HISTORY SERIES.</h4>
+<center><small>By D. H. MONTGOMERY.</small></center>
+<br>
+<center><hr width="10%"></center>
+<br>
+<p>THE LEADING FACTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY.<br>
+With numerous Illustrations, Maps, and Tables. Mailing Price, $1.10;
+Introduction Price, $1.00.</p>
+
+<p>THE LEADING FACTS OF ENGLISH HISTORY.<br>
+(Revised Edition.) With numerous Maps and Tables. Mailing Price,
+$1.25; Introduction Price, $1.12.</p>
+
+<p>THE LEADING FACTS OF FRENCH HISTORY.<br>
+With numerous Maps and Tables. Mailing Price, $1.25; Introduction
+Price, $1.12.</p>
+
+<p>BEGINNER'S AMERICAN HISTORY.<br>
+With numerous Maps and Illustrations. Mailing Price, $.70;
+Introduction Price, $.60.</p>
+<br>
+<center><hr width="10%"></center>
+<br>
+<h4>GINN &amp; COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.</h4>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h4><u><i>The Leading Facts of American History</i>.</u></h4>
+<blockquote>By D. H. M<small>ONTGOMERY</small>, author of <i>The Leading Facts of History Series</i>.
+12mo. Half morocco. xii + 359 pages, besides colored maps and
+full-page illustrations, with an Appendix of 67 pages. Mailing price,
+$1.15; for introduction, $1.00.</blockquote>
+
+<p>Few text-books have met with such immediate recognition as this.
+Though published late in the summer of 1890, it was, within a few
+months, adopted by such cities as Philadelphia, Chicago, Providence,
+R.I., Burlington, Vt., Lynn, Mass., by counties, and by numberless
+institutions. It seems to be regarded by the best judges as, on the
+whole, the best school history of the United States yet published.
+It was written and not simply compiled. The author did not take it
+for granted that a history of our country must be a perfunctory work
+made up from previous histories and merely iterating an old set of
+facts, ideas, and stories. The book is a panorama of the leading
+events of our history, with their causes and results clearly traced.
+Attention has been given to all the departments of American life and
+activity. It describes the development of the American people. The
+author's broad and liberal sympathies saved him from sectarian,
+sectional, or partisan views. The style is full of life, and the words
+can all be understood by the pupils for whom the book is designed.</p>
+
+<p><b>P. V. N. Myers</b>, <i>author of General History, etc.</i>: I have read it
+carefully, and with great interest. It is in every way admirable.</p>
+
+<p><b>George A. Walton</b>, <i>Agent Mass. State Board of Education</i>: It is as
+interesting as romance. It is instructive, especially on matters
+pertaining to the customs of the people, and to their methods of
+advancing their welfare. With these excellences, it must prove also
+a book that will teach.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h4><u><i>The Beginner's American History</i>.</u></h4>
+<blockquote>By D. H. M<small>ONTGOMERY</small>, author of <i>The Leading Facts of History Series</i>.
+12mo. Cloth. 220 pages. Fully illustrated with new maps and pictures.
+Mailing price, 70 cents; for introduction, 60 cents.</blockquote>
+
+<p>This book tells the story of the nation in thirty biographies of its
+most representative men. It is entirely free from sectional or other
+bias, and its beautiful make-up renders it doubly attractive to its
+young students. (See <i>Common School Catalogue</i>.)</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h4><u><i>The Leading Facts of English History</i>.</u></h4>
+<blockquote>By D. H. M<small>ONTGOMERY</small>. New edition. Rewritten and enlarged, with Maps
+and Tables. 12mo. Cloth. 478 pages. Mailing Price, $1.25;
+Introduction Price, $1.12.</blockquote>
+
+<p>The former edition has been rewritten, as it had become evident that
+a work on the same plan, but more comprehensive, and better suited
+to prevailing courses and methods of class-work, would be still more
+heartily welcomed.</p>
+
+<p>Important events are treated with greater fulness, and the relation
+of English History to that of Europe and the world is carefully shown.
+References for further study are added.</p>
+
+<p>The text is in short paragraphs, each with a topical heading in bold
+type for the student's use. The headings may be made to serve the
+purpose of questions. By simply passing them over, the reader has
+a clear, continuous narrative.</p>
+
+<p>The treatment of each reign is closed with a brief summary of its
+principal points. Likewise, at the end of each period there is a
+section showing the condition of the country, and its progress in
+Government, Religion, Military Affairs, Learning and Art, General
+Industry, Manners and Customs. These summaries will be found of the
+greatest value for reference, review, and fuller study; but when the
+book is used for a brief course, or for general reading, they may
+be omitted. An appendix gives a Constitutional Summary.</p>
+
+<p>No pains have been spared to make the execution of the work equal
+to its plan. Vivid touches here and there betray the author's mastery
+of details. Thorough investigation has been made of all points where
+there was reason to doubt traditional statements. The proof-sheets
+have been carefully read by two experienced high-school teachers,
+and also by two college professors of history.</p>
+
+<p>The text is illustrated with fourteen maps, and supplemented
+with full genealogical and chronological tables.</p>
+
+<p>It is believed that this book will be acknowledged <b>superior</b>&mdash;<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. In <i>interest</i>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. In <i>accuracy</i>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. In judicious selection of <i>matter</i>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. In <i>conciseness</i> combined with <i>adequacy</i>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. In <i>philosophical</i> insight free from speculation or theorizing.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6. In <i>completeness</i>.<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7. In <i>availability</i> as a practical class-room book.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<center>A FEW REPRESENTATIVE OPINIONS.</center>
+<br>
+<p><b>Hon. E. J. Phelps</b>, <i>recently United States Minister to Great
+Britain</i>: In my opinion, the author has done extremely well a
+much-needed work, in presenting in so terse, clear, and available
+form the principal points in that greatest of all histories, the
+common property and most useful study of the English-speaking race.</p>
+
+<p><b>Professor Goldwin Smith</b>: The book, besides being very attractive in
+appearance, seems to be very suitable for the purpose in view, viz.,
+to present school pupils with a clear and intelligent idea of the
+main facts of English history in connection with the social and
+industrial development of the nation.</p>
+
+<p><b>Elisha B. Andrews</b>, <i>President of Brown University</i>: I do not
+remember to have seen any book before which sets forth the leading
+facts of English History so succinctly, and at the same time so
+interestingly and clearly.</p>
+
+<p><b>A. L. Perry</b>, <i>Prof. of Political Economy, Williams College</i>: I have
+never seen anything at all equal to it for the niche it was intended
+to fill.</p>
+
+<p><b>J. B. Clark</b>, <i>Prof. of History, Smith College</i>: I especially like
+its introduction of matter relating to the life of the people, in
+a way that seems to make the narrative less dry, rather than more
+so, as so often happens.</p>
+
+<p><b>Jas. F. Colby</b>, <i>Prof. of Law and Political Science, Dartmouth
+College</i>: Its title is a true description of its contents. Its author
+shows sense of proportion, and wisely gives prominence to economic
+facts and the development of constitutional principles.</p>
+
+<p><b>P. V. N. Myers</b>, <i>Prof. in Univ. of Cincinnati</i>: The book was an
+admirable one as first issued, but the careful revision and the
+addition of maps and tables have added greatly to its value. In my
+judgment it is by far the best English History for schoolroom use
+now before the public.</p>
+
+<p><b>W. F. Allen</b>, <i>late Prof. of History, University of Wis., Madison</i>:
+As I have said in relation to the earlier edition, the author has
+succeeded in an unusual degree in telling the story of English
+History in an interesting and suggestive manner, keeping clear of
+the prevailing fault of loading his pages with unessential names and
+dates.</p>
+
+<p><b>F. B. Palmer</b>, <i>Principal of State Normal School, Fredonia, N.Y.</i>: I
+have not examined anything that seems to me equal to it for a class
+in English History.</p>
+
+<p><b>John Fiske</b>, <i>Prof. of History, Washington University</i>: It seems to
+me excellent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Frances A. Cooke</b>, <i>Teacher of History, Penn Charter School,
+Philadelphia, Pa.</i>: My verdict on Montgomery's History is
+unqualified approval. I have not seen a text-book upon English
+History so well adapted to school use.</p>
+
+<p><b>C. B. Gilbert</b>, <i>Supt. Pub. Schools, St. Paul, Minn.</i>: In many
+respects I consider it the best text-book on English History for high
+schools that I have seen. Its arrangement is excellent, its style
+clear and very attractive.</p>
+
+<p><b>Frank E. Plummer</b>, <i>Prin. of High School, Des Moines, Ia.</i>: I examined
+it very carefully, and pronounce it the best English History for
+high-school use of any with which I am familiar.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h4><u><i>The Leading Facts of French History</i>.</u></h4>
+<blockquote>By D. H. M<small>ONTGOMERY</small>, Author of <i>The Leading Facts of English History</i>,
+<i>English History Reader</i>, etc. 12mo. Cloth. vi + 321 pages, with
+fourteen black and colored maps, and full tables. Mailing Price,
+$1.25; for Introduction, $1.12.</blockquote>
+
+<p>The object of this volume is to present, within the moderate compass
+of two hundred and ninety-two pages, the most important events of
+the history of France, selected, arranged, and treated according to
+the soundest principles of historical study, and set forth in a clear
+and attractive narrative.</p>
+
+<p>The respective influences of the Celtic race, and of the Roman and
+the German conquest and occupation of Gaul are clearly shown.</p>
+
+<p>Charlemagne's work and the subsequent growth of feudal institutions
+are next considered.</p>
+
+<p>The breaking up of the feudal system, with the gradual consolidation
+of the provinces into one kingdom, and the development of the
+sentiment of nationality, are traced and illustrated.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of the absolutism of the crown, the interesting and
+important relations of France to America, and the causes of the
+French Revolution, are fully presented.</p>
+
+<p>The career of Napoleon and its effects on France and Europe are
+carefully examined.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, a sketch is given of the stages of the historical progress
+of France in connection with the state of the Republic to-day.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><b>G. W. Knight</b>, <i>Prof. of History, Ohio State University</i>: I do not
+know another book which, in anything like the same space, conveys
+for youthful students so good a notion of French events.</p>
+
+<p><b>A. H. Fetterolf</b>, <i>Pres. of Girard College</i>: I like it very much. It
+is an excellent book and I trust soon to have it used in Girard
+College.</p>
+
+<p><b>Edward G. Bourne</b>, <i>Prof. of History, Adelbert College</i>: I have no
+hesitation in pronouncing it the best French history of its scope
+that I have seen. It is clear and accurate, and shows unusual skill
+in the selection of matter as well as judgment in emphasizing the
+political significance of events.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Nation</b>, <i>New York</i>: It is a marked advance on any available work
+of its scope. The author has shown competent judgment in the choice
+of his facts and his style is clear and interesting. The proportions
+are well observed, and the political significance of events is given
+due prominence in his treatment. So far as we have noticed, unusual
+accuracy has been achieved.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h4><u><i>Reference History of the United States</i>.</u></h4>
+<blockquote>By H<small>ANNAH</small> A. D<small>AVIDSON</small>, M.A., Teacher of History, Belmont School,
+California. 12mo. Cloth. xii + 190 pages. By mail, 90 cents; for
+introduction, 80 cents.</blockquote>
+
+<p>This book, which is designed expressly for schools of advanced
+grade, high schools, academies, and seminaries, is an attempt to
+connect history teaching more closely in method and matter with the
+teaching and study of history in the college and the university. In
+the best institutions the study of history is no longer the study
+of a text-book. The library is the workshop, the best books that have
+been written are the tools; the teacher is the guide, and the pupil's
+mind must do the work.</p>
+
+<p>The objects of the method of instruction outlined in this book are
+two: First, to help the pupil acquire discipline, and to train him
+in those methods of work which he ought to use throughout his college
+course; second, to give the pupil a sufficiently broad and reliable
+knowledge of facts to serve as a basis for his future study of
+constitutional history, politics, etc., and to put these facts into
+such due relation to each other and to commonly accepted opinions
+that they will not have to be re-adjusted when broader knowledge has
+been acquired.</p>
+
+<p>The subject is divided into a series of topics; under each topic
+questions are asked; and after each question references to the best
+accessible authorities are given in abbreviated form, though in such
+a way as to be immediately understood. A space is left after each
+set of references for additional ones to be inserted by the student.</p>
+
+<p>The work was used for three years in manuscript by boys in the fourth
+year below the Freshman class of our best universities; that is to
+say, at the same time with Latin and Geometry or Algebra.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p><b>Oliver Emerson Bennett</b>, <i>Chauncy Hall School, Boston</i>: I consider
+it a valuable and useful addition to my library, and a great
+assistance in my daily work.</p>
+
+<p><b>New York Independent</b>: This is a first-rate guide for the student of
+United States History. It puts him on the right lines, shows him what
+to read, and gives him intelligent guidance and direction all through.
+It is hardly possible that a student following this guide should fail
+to come out with a broad and critical command of the subject.</p>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h3>THE BEST HISTORIES.</h3>
+<center><hr width="10%"></center>
+<br>
+<h4>MYERS'S</h4>
+<p><b>Eastern Nations and Greece</b>.&mdash;Introduction price, $1.00. With full
+maps, illustrations, and chronological summaries.</p>
+
+<p><small>"Far more interesting and useful than any other epitome of the kind
+which I have seen."&mdash;<i>Professor Beckwith, Trinity College</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<h4>ALLEN'S</h4>
+<p><b>Short History of the Roman People</b>.&mdash;Introduction price, $1.00. With
+full maps, illustrations, and chronological synopsis.</p>
+
+<p><small>"An admirable piece of work."&mdash;<i>Professor Bourne, Adelbert
+College</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<h4>MYERS AND ALLEN'S</h4>
+<p><b>Ancient History for Schools and Colleges</b>.&mdash;Introduction price,
+$1.50. This consists of Myers's Eastern Nations and Greece and
+Allen's Rome bound together.</p>
+
+<br>
+<h4>MYERS'S</h4>
+<p><b>History of Rome</b>.&mdash;Introd. price, $1.00. With full maps,
+illustrations, tables, and chronological summaries. This, bound
+with Myers's Eastern Nations and Greece, is M<small>YERS'S</small> <b>Ancient History</b>.
+Price, $1.50.</p>
+
+<br>
+<h4>MYERS'S</h4>
+<p><b>Medi&aelig;val and Modern History</b>.&mdash;Introduction price, $1.50. With a
+full series of colored maps.</p>
+
+<p><small>"Sure to be liked by teachers and pupils and by the general
+reader."&mdash;<i>Professor Snow, Washington University</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<h4>MYERS'S</h4>
+<p><b>General History</b>.&mdash;Introduction price, $1.50. With full maps,
+illustrations, tables, and summaries.</p>
+
+<p><small>"The best text-book in universal history for beginners that we are
+acquainted with."&mdash;<i>Professor Stearns, University of Wisconsin</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<h4>MONTGOMERY'S</h4>
+<p><b>Leading Facts of English History</b>.&mdash;Introduction price, $1.12. With
+full maps and tables.</p>
+
+<p><small>"I have never seen anything at all equal to it for the niche it was
+intended to fill."&mdash;<i>Professor Perry, Williams College</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<h4>MONTGOMERY'S</h4>
+<p><b>Leading Facts of French History</b>.&mdash;Introduction price, $1.12. With
+full maps and tables.</p>
+
+<p><small>"It is a marked advance an any available work of its scope."&mdash;<i>The
+Nation</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<h4>MONTGOMERY'S</h4>
+<p><b>Leading Facts of American History</b>. With full maps, illustrations,
+summaries of dates, topical analyses, tables, etc.</p>
+
+<p><small>"The best school history that has yet appeared."&mdash;<i>Principal Rupert,
+Boys' High School, Pottstown, Pa</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<h4>EMERTON'S</h4>
+<p><b>Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages</b>.&mdash;Introduction price,
+$1.12. With colored maps, original and adapted.</p>
+
+<p><small>"An admirable guide to both teachers and pupils in the tangled period
+of which it treats."&mdash;<i>Professor Fisher, Yale College</i>.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<center>And many other valuable historical books.</center>
+<br>
+<center><hr width="10%"></center>
+<br>
+<h4>GINN &amp; COMPANY, Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago, and London.</h4>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<hr class="full" noshade>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEGINNER'S AMERICAN HISTORY***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 18127-h.txt or 18127-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/1/2/18127">http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/1/2/18127</a></p>
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@@ -0,0 +1,9645 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Beginner's American History, by D. H.
+Montgomery
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Beginner's American History
+
+
+Author: D. H. Montgomery
+
+
+
+Release Date: April 5, 2006  [eBook #18127]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEGINNER'S AMERICAN HISTORY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Ron Swanson
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 18127-h.htm or 18127-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/1/2/18127/18127-h/18127-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/8/1/2/18127/18127-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BEGINNER'S AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+by
+
+D. H. MONTGOMERY
+
+Author of the Leading Facts of History Series
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Frontispiece: LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD. A Statue in the
+Harbor of New York City, given to the American People by the People
+of France. (Copyright by Charles T. Root.)]
+
+
+
+
+Boston. U.S.A.
+Published by Ginn & Company
+1893
+Copyright, 1892,
+by D. H. Montgomery
+All Rights Reserved.
+Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A.
+Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+
+D.H.M.
+TO
+S.K.K.
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+This little book is intended by the writer as an introduction to his
+larger work entitled _The Leading Facts of American History_.
+
+It is in no sense an abridgment of the larger history, but is
+practically an entirely new and distinct work.
+
+Its object is to present clearly and accurately those facts and
+principles in the lives of some of the chief founders and builders
+of America which would be of interest and value to pupils beginning
+the study of our history. Throughout the book great care has been
+taken to relate only such incidents and anecdotes as are believed
+to rest on unexceptionable authority.
+
+The numerous illustrations in the text are, in nearly every case,
+from drawings and designs made by Miss C. S. King of Boston.
+
+In the preparation of this work for the press--as in that of the
+entire _Leading Facts of History Series_--the author has been
+especially indebted to the valuable assistance rendered in
+proofreading by Mr. George W. Cushing of Boston.
+
+DAVID H. MONTGOMERY,
+CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+                                           PARAGRAPH
+     I. COLUMBUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1
+    II. JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT . . . . . . . .  21
+   III. BALBOA, PONCE DE LEON, and DE SOTO . . .  28
+    IV. SIR WALTER RALEIGH . . . . . . . . . . .  32
+     V. CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH . . . . . . . . . . .  37
+    VI. CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON . . . . . . . . . .  52
+   VII. CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH . . . . . . . . .  62
+  VIII. LORD BALTIMORE . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
+    IX. ROGER WILLIAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
+     X. KING PHILIP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87
+    XI. WILLIAM PENN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
+   XII. GENERAL JAMES OGLETHORPE . . . . . . . . 102
+  XIII. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN  . . . . . . . . . . . 109
+   XIV. GEORGE WASHINGTON  . . . . . . . . . . . 123
+    XV. DANIEL BOONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
+   XVI. GENERAL JAMES ROBERTSON  . . . . . . . . 156
+  XVII. GOVERNOR JOHN SEVIER . . . . . . . . . . 156
+ XVIII. GENERAL GEORGE ROGERS CLARK  . . . . . . 161
+   XIX. GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM . . . . . . . . . . 169
+    XX. ELI WHITNEY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
+   XXI. THOMAS JEFFERSON . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
+  XXII. ROBERT FULTON  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
+ XXIII. GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON . . . . . 201
+  XXIV. GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON . . . . . . . . . 206
+   XXV. PROFESSOR SAMUEL F. B. MORSE . . . . . . 220
+  XXVI. GENERAL SAM HOUSTON  . . . . . . . . . . 229
+ XXVII. CAPTAIN ROBERT GRAY  . . . . . . . . . . 233
+XXVIII. CAPTAIN J. A. SUTTER . . . . . . . . . . 236
+  XXIX. ABRAHAM LINCOLN  . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
+
+A SHORT LIST OF BOOKS
+INDEX
+
+
+LIST OF LARGE MAPS.
+                                                          PARAGRAPH
+   I. Map Illustrating the Early Life of Washington . . . . . . 127
+  II. Map of the Revolution (northern states) . . . . . . . . . 135
+ III. Map of the Revolution (southern states) . . . . . . . . . 140
+  IV. The United States at the close of the Revolution  . . . . 187
+   V. The United States after the Purchase of Louisiana (1803)  188
+  VI. The United States after the Purchase of Florida (1819)  . 218
+ VII. The United States after the Acquisition of Texas (1845) . 230
+VIII. The United States after the Acquisition of Oregon (1846)  235
+  IX. The United States after the Acquisition of California
+        and New Mexico (1848) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
+   X. The United States after the Gadsden Purchase (1853) . . . 240
+  XI. The United States after the Purchase of Alaska (1867)
+        See Map of North America (giving a summary of the
+        territorial growth of the United States)  . . . . . . . 240
+
+NOTE.--In these maps it has been thought best to give the boundaries
+of the thirteen original states as they now exist; and to show the
+outlines of other states before they were organized and admitted.
+
+
+LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.
+                                                          PARAGRAPH
+  I. The Statue of Liberty  . . . . . . . . . . . . ._Frontispiece_
+ II. An Indian Attack on a Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
+III. Paul Revere's Ride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
+ IV. Battle of New Orleans  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
+  V. Niagara Suspension Bridge  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
+ VI. Mount Hood, Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
+VII. Mirror Lake, California  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
+
+
+
+
+THE BEGINNER'S AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+
+
+
+_The paragraph headings, following the paragraph numbers, will be
+found useful for topical reference, and, if desired, as questions;
+by simply omitting these headings, the book may be used as a reader._
+
+_Teachers who wish a regular set of questions on each section will
+find them at the end of the section. Difficult words are defined or
+pronounced at the end of the numbered paragraph where they first
+occur; reference to them will be found in the index._
+
+
+
+
+CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
+(1436-1506).[1]
+
+
+1. Birth and boyhood of Columbus.--Christopher Columbus,[2] the
+discoverer of America, was born at Genoa,[3] a seaport of Italy, more
+than four hundred and fifty years ago. His father was a
+wool-comber.[4] Christopher did not care to learn that trade, but
+wanted to become a sailor. Seeing the boy's strong liking for the
+sea, his father sent him to a school where he could learn geography,
+map-drawing, and whatever else might help him to become some day
+commander of a vessel.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBUS AS A BOY. (From the statue in the Museum of
+Fine Arts, Boston.)]
+
+[Footnote 1: These enclosed dates under a name show, except when
+otherwise stated, the year of birth and death.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Christopher Columbus (Kris'tof-er Ko-lum'bus).]
+
+[Footnote 3: Genoa (Jen'o-ah); see map in paragraph 21.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Wool-comber: before wool can be spun into thread and
+woven into cloth the tangled locks must be combed out straight and
+smooth; once this was all done by hand.]
+
+
+2. Columbus becomes a sailor.--When he was fourteen Columbus went
+to sea. In those days the Mediterranean[5] Sea swarmed with war-ships
+and pirates. Every sailor, no matter if he was but a boy, had to stand
+ready to fight his way from port to port.
+
+In this exciting life, full of adventure and of danger, Columbus grew
+to manhood. The rough experiences he then had did much toward making
+him the brave, determined captain and explorer[6] that he afterwards
+became.
+
+[Footnote 5: Mediterranean (Med'i-ter-ra'ne-an).]
+
+[Footnote 6: Explorer: one who explores or discovers new countries.]
+
+
+3. Columbus has a sea-fight; he goes to Lisbon.--According to some
+accounts, Columbus once had a desperate battle with a vessel off the
+coast of Portugal. The fight lasted, it is said, all day. At length
+both vessels were found to be on fire. Columbus jumped from his
+blazing ship into the sea, and catching hold of a floating oar,
+managed, with its help, to swim to the shore, about six miles away.
+
+He then went to the port of Lisbon.[7] There he married the daughter
+of a famous sea-captain. For a long time after his marriage Columbus
+earned his living partly by drawing maps, which he sold to commanders
+of vessels visiting Lisbon, and partly by making voyages to Africa,
+Iceland, and other countries.
+
+[Footnote 7: Lisbon: see map in paragraph 21.]
+
+
+4. What men then knew about the world.--The maps which Columbus made
+and sold were very different from those we now have. At that time
+not half of the world had been discovered.[8] Europe, Asia, and a
+small part of Africa were the chief countries known. The maps of
+Columbus may have shown the earth shaped like a ball, but he supposed
+it to be much smaller than it really is. No one then had sailed round
+the globe. No one then knew what lands lay west of the broad Atlantic;
+for this reason we should look in vain, on one of the maps drawn by
+Columbus, for the great continents of North and South America or for
+Australia or the Pacific Ocean.
+
+[Illustration: The light parts of this map show how much of the world
+was then well-known; the white crosses show those countries of
+Eastern Asia of which something was known.]
+
+[Footnote 8: See map in this paragraph.]
+
+
+5. The plan of Columbus for reaching the Indies by sailing
+west.--While living in Lisbon, Columbus made up his mind to try to
+do what no other man, at that time, dared attempt,--that was to cross
+the Atlantic Ocean. He thought that by doing so he could get directly
+to Asia and the Indies, which, he believed, were opposite Portugal
+and Spain. If successful, he could open up a very profitable trade
+with the rich countries of the East, from which spices, drugs, and
+silk were brought to Europe. The people of Europe could not reach
+those countries directly by ships, because they had not then found
+their way round the southern point of Africa.
+
+[Illustration: This map shows how Columbus (not knowing that America
+lay in the way) hoped to reach Asia and the East Indies by sailing
+west.]
+
+
+6. Columbus tries to get help in carrying out his plans.--Columbus
+was too poor to fit out even a single ship to undertake such a voyage
+as he had planned. He asked the king of Portugal to furnish some money
+or vessels toward it, but he received no encouragement. At length
+he determined to go to Spain and see if he could get help there.
+
+On the southern coast of Spain there is a small port named Palos.[9]
+Within sight of the village of Palos, and also within plain sight
+of the ocean, there was a convent,[10]--which is still
+standing,--called the Convent of Saint Mary.
+
+One morning a tall, fine-looking man, leading a little boy by the
+hand, knocked at the door of this convent and begged for a piece of
+bread and a cup of water for the child. The man was Columbus,--whose
+wife was now dead,--and the boy was his son.
+
+It chanced that the guardian of the convent noticed Columbus standing
+at the door. He liked his appearance, and coming up, began to talk
+with him. Columbus frankly told him what he was trying to do. The
+guardian of the convent listened with great interest; then he gave
+him a letter to a friend who he thought would help him to lay his
+plans before Ferdinand and Isabella,[11] the king and queen of Spain.
+
+[Footnote 9: Palos (Pa'los); see map in paragraph 12.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Convent: a house in which a number of people live who
+devote themselves to a religious life.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Isabella (Iz-ah-bel'ah).]
+
+
+7. Columbus gets help for his great voyage.--Columbus left his son
+at the convent, and set forward on his journey full of bright hopes.
+But Ferdinand and Isabella could not then see him; and after waiting
+a long time, the traveller was told that he might go before a number
+of learned men and tell them about his proposed voyage across the
+Atlantic.
+
+After hearing what Columbus had to say, these men thought that it
+would be foolish to spend money in trying to reach the other side
+of the ocean.
+
+People who heard what this captain from Lisbon wanted to do began
+to think that he had lost his reason, and the boys in the streets
+laughed at him and called him crazy. Columbus waited for help seven
+years; he then made up his mind that he would wait no longer. Just
+as he was about leaving Spain, Queen Isabella, who had always felt
+interested in the brave sailor, resolved to aid him. Two rich
+sea-captains who lived in Palos also decided to take part in the
+voyage. With the assistance which Columbus now got he was able to
+fit out three small vessels. He went in the largest of the
+vessels--the only one which had an entire deck--as admiral[12] or
+commander of the fleet.
+
+[Footnote 12: Admiral (ad'mi-ral).]
+
+
+8. Columbus sails.--Early on Friday morning, August 3d, 1492,
+Columbus started from Palos to attempt to cross that ocean which men
+then called the "Sea of Darkness,"--a name which showed how little
+they knew of it, and how much they dreaded it.
+
+We may be pretty sure that the guardian of the convent was one of
+those who watched the sailing of the little fleet. From the upper
+windows of the convent he could plainly see the vessels as they left
+the harbor of Palos.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBUS LEAVING PALOS, AUGUST 3D, 1492.]
+
+
+9. What happened on the first part of the voyage.--Columbus sailed
+first for the Canary Islands, because from there it would be a
+straight line, as he thought, across to Japan and Asia. He was obliged
+to stop at the Canaries[13] more than three weeks, in order to make
+a new rudder for one of his vessels and to alter the sails of another.
+
+At length all was ready, and he again set out on his voyage toward
+the west. When the sailors got so far out on the ocean that they could
+no longer see any of the islands, they were overcome with fear. They
+made up their minds that they should never be able to get back to
+Palos again. They were rough men, used to the sea, but now they bowed
+down their heads and cried like children. Columbus had hard work to
+quiet their fears and to encourage them to go forward with the voyage
+which they already wanted to give up.
+
+[Footnote 13: Canaries (Ka-na'rez); see map in paragraph 12.]
+
+
+10. What happened after they had been at sea many days.--For more
+than thirty days the three ships kept on their way toward the west.
+To the crew every day seemed a year. From sunrise to sunset nothing
+was to be seen but water and sky. At last the men began to think that
+they were sailing on an ocean which had no end. They whispered among
+themselves that Columbus had gone mad, and that if they kept on with
+him in command they should all be lost.
+
+Twice, indeed, there was a joyful cry of Land! Land! but when they
+got nearer they saw that what they had thought was land was nothing
+but banks of clouds. Then some of the sailors said, Let us go to the
+admiral and tell him that we must turn back. What if he will not listen
+to us? asked others; Then we will throw him overboard and say when
+we reach Palos that he fell into the sea and was drowned.
+
+But when the crew went to Columbus and told him that they would go
+no further, he sternly ordered them to their work, declaring that
+whatever might happen, he would not now give up the voyage.
+
+
+11. Signs of land.--The very next day such certain signs of land were
+seen that the most faint-hearted took courage. The men had already
+noticed great flocks of land-birds flying toward the west, as if to
+guide them. Now some of the men on one vessel saw a branch of a
+thorn-bush float by. It was plain that it had not long been broken
+off from the bush, and it was full of red berries.
+
+But one of the crew on the other vessel found something better even
+than the thorn-branch; for he drew out of the water a carved
+walking-stick. Every one saw that such a stick must have been cut
+and carved by human hands. These two signs could not be doubted. The
+men now felt sure that they were approaching the shore, and what was
+more, that there were people living in that strange country.
+
+
+12. Discovery of land.--That evening Columbus begged his crew to keep
+a sharp lookout, and he promised a velvet coat to the one who should
+first see land. All was now excitement; and no man closed his eyes
+in sleep that night.
+
+Columbus himself stood on a high part of his ship, looking steadily
+toward the west. About ten o'clock he saw a moving light; it seemed
+like a torch carried in a man's hand. He called to a companion and
+asked him if he could see anything of the kind; yes, he, too, plainly
+saw the moving light, but presently it disappeared.
+
+Two hours after midnight a cannon was fired from the foremost vessel.
+It was the glad signal that the long-looked-for land was actually
+in sight. There it lay directly ahead, about six miles away.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the direction in which Columbus sailed
+on his great voyage across the ocean.]
+
+Then Columbus gave the order to furl sails, and the three vessels
+came to a stop and waited for the dawn. When the sun rose on Friday,
+October 12th, 1492, Columbus saw a beautiful island with many trees
+growing on it. That was his first sight of the New World.
+
+
+13. Columbus lands on the island and names it; who lived on the
+island.--Attended by the captains of the other two vessels, and by
+their crews, Columbus set out in a boat for the island. When they
+landed, all fell on their knees, kissed the ground for joy, and gave
+thanks to God. Columbus named the island San Salvador[14] and took
+possession of it, by right of discovery, for the king and queen of
+Spain.
+
+[Illustration: LANDING OF COLUMBUS.]
+
+He found that it was inhabited by a copper-colored people who spoke
+a language he could not understand. These people had never seen a
+ship or a white man before. They wore no clothing, but painted their
+bodies with bright colors. The Spaniards made them presents of
+strings of glass beads and red caps. In return they gave the Spaniards
+skeins of cotton yarn, tame parrots, and small ornaments of gold.
+
+After staying here a short time Columbus set sail toward the south,
+in search of more land and in the hope of finding out where these
+people got their gold.
+
+[Footnote 14: San Salvador (San Sal-va-dor'): meaning the Holy
+Redeemer or Saviour.]
+
+
+14. Columbus names the group of islands and their people.--As
+Columbus sailed on, he saw many islands in every direction. He
+thought that they must be a part of the Indies which he was seeking.
+Since he had reached them by coming west from Spain, he called them
+the West Indies, and to the red men who lived on them he gave the
+name of Indians.
+
+
+15. Columbus discovers two very large islands; his vessel is wrecked,
+and he returns to Spain in another.--In the course of the next six
+weeks Columbus discovered the island of Cuba. At first he thought
+that it must be Japan, but afterward he came to the conclusion that
+it was not an island at all, but part of the mainland of Asia.
+
+Next, he came to the island of Hayti,[15] or San Domingo.[16] Here
+his ship was wrecked. He took the timber of the wreck and built a
+fort on the shore. Leaving about forty of his crew in this fort,
+Columbus set sail for Palos in one of the two remaining vessels.
+
+[Footnote 15: Hayti (Ha'ti).]
+
+[Footnote 16: San Domingo (San Do-min'go); see map in paragraph 17.]
+
+
+16. Columbus arrives at Palos; joy of the people; how Ferdinand and
+Isabella received him.--When the vessel of Columbus was seen
+entering the harbor of Palos, the whole village was wild with
+excitement. More than seven months had gone by since he sailed away
+from that port, and as nothing had been heard from him, many supposed
+that the vessels and all on board were lost. Now that they saw their
+friends and neighbors coming back, all was joy. The bells of the
+churches rang a merry peal of welcome; the people thronged the
+streets, shouting to each other that Columbus, the great navigator,
+had crossed the "Sea of Darkness" and had returned in safety.
+
+The king and queen were then in the city of Barcelona,[17] a long
+distance from Palos. To that city Columbus now went. He entered it
+on horseback, attended by the proudest and richest noblemen of Spain.
+He brought with him six Indians from the West Indies. They were gaily
+painted and wore bright feathers in their hair. Then a number of men
+followed, carrying rare birds and plants, with gold and silver
+ornaments, all found in the New World. These were presents for the
+king and queen. Ferdinand and Isabella received Columbus with great
+honor. When he had told them the story of his wonderful voyage, they
+sank on their knees and gave praise to God; all who were present
+followed their example.
+
+[Illustration: COLUMBUS RECEIVED BY THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Barcelona (Bar-se-lo'na); see map in paragraph 12.]
+
+
+17. The last voyages of Columbus.--Columbus made three more voyages
+across the Atlantic. He discovered more islands near the coast of
+America, and he touched the coast of Central America and of South
+America, but that was all. He never set foot on any part of what is
+now the United States, and he always thought that the land he had
+reached was part of Asia. He had found a new world, but he did not
+know it: all that he knew was how to get to it and how to show others
+the way.
+
+[Illustration: The light parts of this map show how much of America
+Columbus discovered. (The long island is Cuba; the large one to the
+right is San Domingo.)]
+
+
+18. Columbus in his old age.--The last days of this great man were
+very sorrowful. The king was disappointed because he brought back
+no gold to amount to anything. The Spanish governor of San Domingo
+hated Columbus, and when he landed at that island on one of his
+voyages, he arrested him and sent him back to Spain in chains. He
+was at once set at liberty; but he could not forget the insult. He
+kept the chains hanging on the wall of his room, and asked to have
+them buried with him.
+
+Columbus was now an old man; his health was broken, he was poor, in
+debt, and without a home. Once he wrote to the king and queen, saying,
+"I have not a hair upon me that is not gray, my body is weak, and
+all that was left to me ... has been taken away and sold, even to
+the coat which I wore."
+
+Not long after he had come back to Spain to stay, the queen died.
+Then Columbus felt that he had lost his best friend. He gave up hope,
+and said, "I have done all that I could do: I leave the rest to God."
+
+
+19. His death and burial.--Columbus died full of disappointment and
+sorrow--perhaps it would not be too much to say that he died of a
+broken heart.
+
+He was at first buried in Spain; then his body was taken up and carried
+to San Domingo, where he had wished to be buried. Whether it rests
+there to-day, or whether it was carried to Havana[18] and deposited
+in the cathedral or great church of that city, no one can positively
+say. But wherever the grave of the great sailor may be, his memory
+will live in every heart capable of respecting a brave man; for he
+first dared to cross the "Sea of Darkness," and he discovered
+America.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO COLUMBUS. (In the Cathedral of Havana,
+Cuba.)]
+
+[Footnote 18: Havana (Ha-van'ah): a city of Cuba.]
+
+
+20. Summary.--In 1492 Christopher Columbus set sail from Spain to
+find a direct way across the Atlantic to Asia and the Indies. He did
+not get to Asia; but he did better; he discovered America. He died
+thinking that the new lands he had found were part of Asia; but by
+his daring voyage he first showed the people of Europe how to get
+to the New World.
+
+
+When and where was Columbus born? What did he do when he was fourteen?
+What about his sea-fight? What did he do in Lisbon? How much of the
+world was then known? How did Columbus think he could reach Asia and
+the Indies? Why did he want to go there? What did he try to do in
+Portugal? Why did he go to Spain? Where did he first go in Spain?
+How did Columbus get help at last? When did he sail? What happened
+on the first part of the voyage? What happened after that? What is
+said about signs of land? What about the discovery of land? What did
+Columbus name the island? What did he find on it? What is said of
+other islands? What is said of the return of Columbus to Spain? What
+about the last voyages of Columbus? Did he ever land on any part of
+what is now the United States? What about his old age? What is said
+of his death and burial?
+
+
+
+
+JOHN CABOT[1]
+(Lived in England from 1472-1498).
+
+
+21. John Cabot discovers the _continent_ of North America.--At the
+time that Columbus set out on his first voyage across the Atlantic
+in 1492, John Cabot, an Italian merchant, was living in the city of
+Bristol,[2] England. When the news reached that city that Columbus
+had discovered the West Indies, Cabot begged Henry the Seventh, king
+of England, to let him see if he could not find a shorter way to the
+Indies than that of Columbus. The king gave his consent, and in the
+spring of 1497 John Cabot, with his son Sebastian,[3] who seems to
+have been born in Bristol, sailed from that port. They headed their
+vessels toward the northwest; by going in that direction they hoped
+to get to those parts of Asia and the Spice Islands which were known
+to Europe, and which Columbus had failed to reach.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the city of Venice, Italy, where John
+Cabot had lived.]
+
+Early one bright morning toward the last of June, 1497, they saw land
+in the west. It was probably Cape Breton[4] Island, a part of Nova
+Scotia.[5] John Cabot named it "The Land First Seen." Up to this time
+Columbus had discovered nothing but the West India Islands, but John
+Cabot now saw the continent of North America; no civilized man[6]
+had ever seen it before. There it lay, a great, lonely land, shaggy
+with forests, with not a house or a human being in sight.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing Nova Scotia.]
+
+[Footnote 1: Cabot (Cab'ot).]
+
+[Footnote 2: See map in paragraph 62.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Sebastian (Se-bast'yan).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Breton (Bret'on).]
+
+[Footnote 5: Nova Scotia (No'vah Sko'she-a).]
+
+[Footnote 6: The Northmen: an uncivilized people of Norway and
+Denmark discovered the continent of North America about five hundred
+years before Cabot did. Nothing came of this discovery, and when
+Cabot sailed, no one seems to have known anything about what the
+Northmen had done so long before.]
+
+
+22. John Cabot takes possession of the country for the king of
+England.--Cabot went on shore with his son and some of his crew. In
+the vast, silent wilderness they set up a large cross. Near to it
+they planted two flag-poles, and hoisted the English flag on one and
+the flag of Venice,[7] the city where John Cabot had lived in Italy,
+on the other. Then they took possession of the land for Henry the
+Seventh. It was in this way that the English came to consider that
+the eastern coast of North America was their property, although they
+did not begin to make settlements here until nearly a hundred years
+later.
+
+[Illustration: LANDING OF THE CABOTS.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Venice (Ven'is).]
+
+
+23. John Cabot and his son return to Bristol.--After sailing about
+the Gulf of St. Lawrence without finding the passage through to Asia
+for which they were looking, the voyagers returned to England.
+
+The king was so pleased with what John Cabot had discovered that he
+made him a handsome present; and when the captain, richly dressed
+in silk, appeared in the street, the people of Bristol would "run
+after him like mad" and hurrah for the "Great Admiral," as they called
+him.
+
+
+24. What the Cabots carried back to England from America.--The Cabots
+carried back to England some Indian traps for catching game and
+perhaps some wild turkeys--an American bird the English had then
+never seen, but whose acquaintance they were not sorry to make. They
+also carried over the rib of a whale which they had found on the beach
+in Nova Scotia.
+
+Near where the Cabots probably lived in Bristol there is a famous
+old church.[8] It was built long before the discovery of America,
+and Queen Elizabeth said that it was the most beautiful building of
+its kind in all England. In that church hangs the rib of a whale.
+It is believed to be the one the Cabots brought home with them. It
+reminds all who see it of that voyage in 1497 by which England got
+possession of a very large part of the continent of North America.
+
+[Footnote 8: The church of St. Mary Redcliffe.]
+
+
+25. The second voyage of the Cabots; how they sailed along the eastern
+shores of North America.--About a year later the Cabots set out on
+a second voyage to the west. They reached the gloomy cliffs of
+Labrador[9] on the northeastern coast of America, and they passed
+many immense icebergs. They saw numbers of Indians dressed in the
+skins of wild beasts, and polar bears white as snow. These bears were
+great swimmers, and would dive into the sea and come up with a large
+fish in their claws. As it did not look to the Cabots as if the polar
+bears and the icebergs would guide them to the warm countries of Asia
+and the Spice Islands, they turned about and went south. They sailed
+along what is now the eastern coast of the United States for a very
+long distance; but not finding any passage through to the countries
+they were seeking, they returned to England.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing how much of the continent of North America
+was discovered by the Cabots.]
+
+The English now began to see what an immense extent of land they had
+found beyond the Atlantic. They could not tell, however, whether it
+was a continent by itself or a part of Asia. Like everybody in Europe,
+they called it the New World, but all that name really meant then
+was simply the New Lands across the sea.
+
+[Footnote 9: Labrador (Lab'ra-dor).]
+
+
+26. How the New World came to be called America.--But not many years
+after this the New World received the name by which we now call it.
+An Italian navigator whose first name was Amerigo[10] made a voyage
+to it after it had been discovered by Columbus and the Cabots. He
+wrote an account of what he saw, and as this was the first printed
+description of the continent, it was named from him, AMERICA.
+
+[Footnote 10: Amerigo (A-ma-ree'go): his full name was Amerigo
+Vespucci (A-ma-ree'go Ves-poot'chee), or, as he wrote it in Latin,
+Americus Vespucius.]
+
+
+27. Summary.--In 1497 John Cabot and his son, from Bristol, England,
+discovered the mainland or continent of North America, and took
+possession of it for England. The next year they came over and sailed
+along the eastern coast of what is now the United States.
+
+An Italian whose first name was Amerigo visited the New World
+afterward and wrote the first account of the mainland which was
+printed. For this reason the whole continent was named after him,
+AMERICA.
+
+
+Who was John Cabot? What did he try to do? Who sailed with him?
+What land did they see? Had Columbus ever seen it? What did Cabot
+do when he went on shore? What is said of his return to Bristol? What
+did the Cabots carry back to England? What is said about the second
+voyage of the Cabots? How did the New World come to be called America?
+
+
+
+
+PONCE DE LEON,[1] BALBOA,[2] AND DE SOTO[3]
+(Period of Discovery, 1513-1542).
+
+
+28. The magic fountain; Ponce de Leon discovers Florida; Balboa
+discovers the Pacific Ocean.--The Indians on the West India Islands
+believed that there was a wonderful fountain in a land to the west
+of them. They said that if an old man should bathe in its waters,
+they would make him a boy again. Ponce de Leon, a Spanish soldier
+who was getting gray and wrinkled, set out to find this magic fountain,
+for he thought that there was more fun in being a boy than in growing
+old.
+
+He did not find the fountain, and so his hair grew grayer than ever
+and his wrinkles grew deeper. But in 1513 he discovered a land bright
+with flowers, which he named Florida.[4] He took possession of it
+for Spain.
+
+The same year another Spaniard, named Balboa, set out to explore the
+Isthmus of Panama.[5] One day he climbed to the top of a very high
+hill, and discovered that vast ocean--the greatest of all the oceans
+of the globe--which we call the Pacific.
+
+[Footnote 1: Ponce de Leon (Pon'thay day La-on') or, in English, Pons
+de Lee'on. Many persons now prefer the English pronunciation of all
+these Spanish names.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Balboa (Bal-bo'ah).]
+
+[Footnote 3: De Soto (Da So'to).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Florida: this word means flowery; the name was given
+by the Spaniards because they discovered the country on Easter Sunday,
+which they call Flowery Easter.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Panama (Pan-a-mah').]
+
+
+29. De Soto discovers the Mississippi.--Long after Balboa and Ponce
+de Leon were dead, a Spaniard named De Soto landed in Florida and
+marched through the country in search of gold mines.
+
+In the course of his long and weary wanderings, he came to a river
+more than a mile across. The Indians told him it was the Mississippi,
+or the Great River. In discovering it, De Soto had found the largest
+river in North America; he had also found his own grave, for he died
+shortly after, and was secretly buried at midnight in its muddy
+waters.
+
+[Illustration: BURIAL OF DE SOTO.]
+
+
+30. The Spaniards build St. Augustine;[6] we buy Florida in
+1819.--More than twenty years after the burial of De Soto, a Spanish
+soldier named Menendez[7] went to Florida and built a fort on the
+eastern coast. This was in 1565. The fort became the centre of a
+settlement named St. Augustine. It is the oldest city built by white
+men, not only in what is now the United States, but in all North
+America.
+
+[Illustration: OLD SPANISH GATEWAY AT ST. AUGUSTINE. (Called the
+"City Gate.")]
+
+In 1819, or more than two hundred and fifty years after St. Augustine
+was begun, Spain sold Florida to the United States.
+
+[Footnote 6: St. Augustine (Sant Aw'gus-teen').]
+
+[Footnote 7: Menendez (Ma-nen'deth).]
+
+
+31. Summary.--Ponce de Leon discovered Florida; another Spaniard,
+named Balboa, discovered the Pacific; still another, named De Soto,
+discovered the Mississippi. In 1565 the Spaniards began to build St.
+Augustine in Florida. It is the oldest city built by white men in
+the United States or in all North America.
+
+
+What is said about a magic fountain? What did Ponce De Leon do? What
+is said about Balboa? What about De Soto? What did Menendez do in
+Florida? What is said of St. Augustine?
+
+
+
+
+SIR WALTER RALEIGH[1]
+(1552-1618).
+
+
+32. Walter Raleigh sends two ships to America; how the Indians
+received the Englishmen.--Although John Cabot discovered the
+continent of North America in 1497 and took possession of the land
+for the English,[2] yet the English themselves did not try to settle
+here until nearly a hundred years later.
+
+Then (1584) a young man named Walter Raleigh, who was a great favorite
+of Queen Elizabeth's, sent out two ships to America. The captains
+of these vessels landed on Roanoke[3] Island, on the coast of what
+is now the state of North Carolina. They found the island covered
+with tall red cedars and with vines thick with clusters of wild grapes.
+The Indians called this place the "Good Land." They were pleased to
+see the Englishmen, and they invited them to a great feast of roast
+turkey, venison,[4] melons, and nuts.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing Roanoke Island.]
+
+[Footnote 1: Raleigh (Raw'li).]
+
+[Footnote 2: See paragraph 22.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Roanoke (Ro-a-nok').]
+
+[Footnote 4: Venison (ven'i-zon or ven'zon): deer meat.]
+
+
+33. Queen Elizabeth names the country Virginia; first settlers; what
+they sent Walter Raleigh.--When the two captains returned to England,
+Queen Elizabeth--the "Virgin Queen," as she was called--was
+delighted with what she heard of the "Good Land." She named it
+Virginia in honor of herself. She also gave Raleigh a title of honor.
+From that time he was no longer called plain Walter Raleigh or Mr.
+Raleigh, but Sir Walter Raleigh.
+
+Sir Walter now (1585) shipped over emigrants[5] to settle in Virginia.
+They sent back to him as a present two famous American plants--one
+called Tobacco, the other the Potato. The queen had given Sir Walter
+a fine estate in Ireland, and he set out both the plants in his garden.
+The tobacco plant did not grow very well there, but the potato did;
+and after a time thousands of farmers began to raise that vegetable,
+not only in Ireland, but in England too. As far back then as that
+time--or more than three hundred years ago--America was beginning
+to feed the people of the Old World.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST PIPE OF TOBACCO. (Raleigh's servant thought
+his master was on fire.)]
+
+[Footnote 5: Emigrants: persons who leave one country to go and
+settle in another. Thousands of emigrants from Europe now land in
+this country every month.]
+
+
+34. The Virginia settlement destroyed.--Sir Walter spent immense
+sums of money on his settlement in Virginia, but it did not succeed.
+One of the settlers, named Dare, had a daughter born there. He named
+her Virginia Dare. She was the first English child born in America.
+But the little girl, with her father and mother and all the rest of
+the settlers, disappeared. It is supposed that they were either
+killed by the Indians or that they wandered away and starved to death;
+but all that we really know is that not one of them was ever seen
+again.
+
+
+35. Last days of Sir Walter Raleigh.--After Queen Elizabeth died,
+King James the First became ruler of England. He accused Sir Walter
+of trying to take away his crown so as to make some one else ruler
+over the country. Sir Walter was sent to prison and kept there for
+many years. At last King James released him in order to send him to
+South America to get gold. When Sir Walter returned to London without
+any gold, the greedy king accused him of having disobeyed him because
+he had fought with some Spaniards. Raleigh was condemned to death
+and beheaded.
+
+But Sir Walter's attempt to settle Virginia led other Englishmen to
+try. Before he died they built a town, called Jamestown, on the coast.
+We shall presently read the history of that town. The English held
+Virginia from that time until it became part of the United States.
+
+
+36. Summary.--Sir Walter Raleigh sent over men from England to
+explore the coast of America. Queen Elizabeth named the country they
+visited Virginia. Raleigh then shipped emigrants over to make a
+settlement. These emigrants sent him two American plants, Tobacco
+and the Potato; and in that way the people of Great Britain and
+Ireland came to like both. Sir Walter's settlement failed, but his
+example led other Englishmen to try to make one. Before he was
+beheaded they succeeded.
+
+
+What is said about Walter Raleigh? What is said about the Indians?
+What name did Queen Elizabeth give to the country? What did she do
+for Walter Raleigh? What did Sir Walter then do? What American plants
+did the emigrants send him? What did he do with those plants? What
+happened to the Virginia settlement? What is said of the last days
+of Sir Walter Raleigh? Did Sir Walter's attempt to settle Virginia
+do any good?
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH
+(1579-1631).
+
+
+37. New and successful attempt to make a settlement in Virginia;
+Captain John Smith.--One of the leaders in the new expedition sent
+out to make a settlement in Virginia, while Raleigh was in prison,
+was Captain John Smith. He began life as a clerk in England. Not
+liking his work, he ran away and turned soldier. After many strange
+adventures, he was captured by the Turks and sold as a slave. His
+master, who was a Turk, riveted a heavy iron collar around his neck
+and set him to thrashing grain with a big wooden bat like a ball-club.
+One day the Turk rode up and struck his slave with his riding-whip.
+This was more than Smith could bear; he rushed at his master, and
+with one blow of his bat knocked his brains out. He then mounted the
+dead man's horse and escaped. After a time he got back to England;
+but as England seemed a little dull to Captain Smith, he resolved
+to join some emigrants who were going to Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.]
+
+
+38. What happened to Captain Smith on the voyage; the landing at
+Jamestown; what the settlers wanted to do; Smith's plan.--On the way
+to America, Smith was accused of plotting to murder the chief men
+among the settlers so that he might make himself "King of Virginia."
+The accusation was false, but he was put in irons and kept a prisoner
+for the rest of the voyage.
+
+In the spring of 1607 the emigrants reached Chesapeake[1] Bay, and
+sailed up a river which they named the James in honor of King James
+of England; when they landed they named the settlement Jamestown for
+the same reason. Here they built a log fort, and placed three or four
+small cannon on its walls. Most of the men who settled Jamestown came
+hoping to find mines of gold in Virginia, or else a way through to
+the Pacific Ocean and to the Indies, which they thought could not
+be very far away. But Captain Smith wanted to help his countrymen
+to make homes here for themselves and their children.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing Jamestown.]
+
+[Footnote 1: Chesapeake (Ches'a-peek).]
+
+
+39. Smith's trial and what came of it; how the settlers lived; the
+first English church; sickness; attempted desertion.--As soon as
+Captain Smith landed, he demanded to be tried by a jury[2] of twelve
+men. The trial took place. It was the first English court and the
+first English jury that ever sat in America. The captain proved his
+innocence and was set free. His chief accuser was condemned to pay
+him a large sum of money for damages. Smith generously gave this money
+to help the settlement.
+
+As the weather was warm, the emigrants did not begin building log
+cabins at once, but slept on the ground, sheltered by boughs of trees.
+For a church they had an old tent, in which they met on Sunday. They
+were all members of the Church of England, or the Episcopal Church,
+and that tent was the first place of worship that we know of which
+was opened by Englishmen in America.
+
+When the hot weather came, many fell sick. Soon the whole settlement
+was like a hospital. Sometimes three or four would die in one night.
+Captain Smith, though not well himself, did everything he could for
+those who needed his help.
+
+When the sickness was over, some of the settlers were so discontented
+that they determined to seize the only vessel there was at Jamestown
+and go back to England. Captain Smith turned the cannon of the fort
+against them. The deserters saw that if they tried to leave the harbor
+he would knock their vessel to pieces, so they came back. One of the
+leaders of these men was tried and shot; the other was sent to England
+in disgrace.
+
+[Footnote 2: Jury: a number of men, generally twelve, selected
+according to law to try a case in a court of law; in criminal cases
+they declare the person accused to be either guilty or not guilty.]
+
+
+40. The Indians of Virginia.--When the Indians of America first met
+the white men, they were very friendly to them; but this did not last
+long, because often the whites treated the Indians very badly; in
+fact, the Spaniards made slaves of them and whipped many of them to
+death. But these were the Indians of the south; some of the northern
+tribes were terribly fierce and a match for the Spaniards in cruelty.
+
+The Indians at the east did not build cities, but lived in small
+villages. These villages were made up of huts, covered with the bark
+of trees. Such huts were called wigwams. The women did nearly all
+the work, such as building the wigwams and hoeing corn and tobacco.
+The men hunted and made war. Instead of guns the Indians had bows
+and arrows. With these they could bring down a deer or a squirrel
+quite as well as a white man could now with a rifle. They had no iron,
+but made hatchets and knives out of sharp, flat stones. They never
+built roads, for they had no wagons, and at the east they did not
+use horses; but they could find their way with ease through the
+thickest forest. When they came to a river they swam across it, so
+they had no need of bridges. For boats they made canoes of birch bark.
+These canoes were almost as light as paper, yet they were very strong
+and handsome, and they
+
+      "floated on the river
+  Like a yellow leaf in autumn,
+  Like a yellow water-lily."[3]
+
+In them they could go hundreds of miles quickly and silently. So every
+river and stream became a roadway to the Indian.
+
+[Illustration: BUILDING A WIGWAM.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Longfellow's _Hiawatha_ (Hiawatha's Sailing).]
+
+
+41. Captain Smith goes in search of the Pacific; he is captured by
+Indians.--After that first long, hot summer was over, some of the
+settlers wished to explore the country and see if they could not find
+a short way through to the Pacific Ocean. Captain Smith led the
+expedition. The Indians attacked them, killed three of the men, and
+took the captain prisoner. To amuse the Indians, Smith showed them
+his pocket compass. When the savages saw that the needle always
+pointed toward the north they were greatly astonished, and instead
+of killing their prisoner they decided to take him to their chief.
+This chief was named Powhatan.[4] He was a tall, grim-looking old
+man, and he hated the settlers at Jamestown, because he believed that
+they had come to steal the land from the Indians.
+
+[Illustration: POCKET COMPASS.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Powhatan (Pow-ha-tan').]
+
+
+42. Smith's life is saved by Pocahontas;[5] her marriage to John
+Rolfe.[6]--Smith was dragged into the chief's wigwam; his head was
+laid on a large, flat stone, and a tall savage with a big club stood
+ready to dash out his brains. Just as Powhatan was about to cry
+"strike!" his daughter Pocahontas, a girl of twelve or thirteen, ran
+up, and, putting her arms round the prisoner's head, she laid her
+own head on his--now let the Indian with his uplifted club strike
+if he dare.[7]
+
+Instead of being angry with his daughter, Powhatan promised her that
+he would spare Smith's life. When an Indian made such a promise as
+that he kept it, so the captain knew that his head was safe. Powhatan
+released his prisoner and soon sent him back to Jamestown, and
+Pocahontas, followed by a number of Indians, carried to the settlers
+presents of corn and venison.
+
+Some years after this the Indian maiden married John Rolfe, an
+Englishman who had come to Virginia. They went to London, and
+Pocahontas died not far from that city. She left a son; from that
+son came some noted Virginians. One of them was John Randolph. He
+was a famous man in his day, and he always spoke with pride of the
+Indian princess, as he called her.
+
+[Footnote 5: Pocahontas (Po-ka-hon'tas).]
+
+[Footnote 6: Rolfe (Rolf).]
+
+[Footnote 7: On Pocahontas, see List of Books at the end of this
+book.]
+
+
+43. Captain Smith is made governor of Jamestown; the gold-diggers;
+"Corn, or your life."--More emigrants came over from England, and
+Captain Smith was now made governor of Jamestown. Some of the
+emigrants found some glittering earth which they thought was gold.
+Soon nearly every one was hard at work digging it. Smith laughed at
+them; but they insisted on loading a ship with the worthless stuff
+and sending it to London. That was the last that was heard of it.
+
+The people had wasted their time digging this shining dirt when they
+should have been hoeing their gardens. Soon they began to be in great
+want of food. The captain started off with a party of men to buy corn
+of the Indians. The Indians contrived a cunning plot to kill the whole
+party. Smith luckily found it out; seizing the chief by the hair,
+he pressed the muzzle of a pistol against his heart and gave him his
+choice,--"Corn, or your life!" He got the corn, and plenty of it.
+
+[Illustration: "CORN, OR YOUR LIFE!"]
+
+
+44. "He who will not work shall not eat."--Captain Smith then set
+part of the men to planting corn, so that they might raise what they
+needed. The rest of the settlers he took with him into the woods to
+chop down trees and saw them into boards to send to England. Many
+tried to escape from this labor; but Smith said, Men who are able
+to dig for gold are able to chop; then he made this rule: "He who
+will not work shall not eat." Rather than lose his dinner, the laziest
+man now took his axe and set off for the woods.
+
+
+45. Captain Smith's cold-water cure.--But though the choppers worked,
+they grumbled. They liked to see the chips fly and to hear the great
+trees "thunder as they fell," but the axe-handles raised blisters
+on their fingers. These blisters made the men swear, so that often
+one would hear an oath for every stroke of the axe. Smith said the
+swearing must be stopped. He had each man's oaths set down in a book.
+When the day's work was done, every offender was called up; his oaths
+were counted; then he was told to hold up his right hand, and a can
+of cold water was poured down his sleeve for each oath. This new style
+of water cure did wonders; in a short time not an oath was heard:
+it was just chop, chop, chop, and the madder the men got, the more
+the chips would fly.
+
+
+46. Captain Smith meets with an accident and goes back to England;
+his return to America; his death.--Captain Smith had not been
+governor very long when he met with a terrible accident. He was out
+in a boat, and a bag of gunpowder he had with him exploded. He was
+so badly hurt that he had to go back to England to get proper treatment
+for his wounds.
+
+He returned to America a number of years later, explored the coast
+north of Virginia, and gave it the name of New England, but he never
+went back to Jamestown again. He died in London, and was buried in
+a famous old church in that city.[8]
+
+[Footnote 8: The church of St. Sepulchre: it is not very far from
+St. Paul's Cathedral.]
+
+
+47. What Captain Smith did for Virginia.--Captain John Smith was in
+Virginia less than three years, yet in that short time he did a great
+deal. First, he saved the settlers from starving, by making the
+Indians sell them corn. Next, by his courage, he saved them from the
+attacks of the savages. Lastly, he taught them how to work. Had it
+not been for him the people of Jamestown would probably have lost
+all heart and gone back to England. He insisted on their staying,
+and so, through him, the English got their first real foothold in
+America. But this was not all; he wrote two books on Virginia,
+describing the soil, the trees, the animals, and the Indians. He also
+made some excellent maps of Virginia and of New England. These books
+and maps taught the English people many things about this country,
+and helped those who wished to emigrate. For these reasons Captain
+Smith has rightfully been called the "Father of Virginia."
+
+[Illustration: A SETTLER'S LOG CABIN.]
+
+
+48. Negro slaves sent to Virginia; tobacco.--About ten years after
+Captain Smith left Jamestown, the commander of a Dutch ship brought
+a number of negro slaves to Virginia (1619), and sold them to the
+settlers. That was the beginning of slavery in this country. Later,
+when other English settlements had been made, they bought slaves,
+and so, after a time, every settlement north as well as south owned
+more or less negroes. The people of Virginia employed most of their
+slaves in raising tobacco. They sold this in England, and, as it
+generally brought a good price, many of the planters[9] became quite
+rich.
+
+[Footnote 9: Planter: a person who owns a plantation or large farm
+at the South; it is cultivated by laborers living on it; once these
+laborers were generally negro slaves.]
+
+
+49. Bacon's war against Governor Berkeley;[10] Jamestown
+burned.--Long after Captain Smith was in his grave, Sir William
+Berkeley was made governor of Virginia by the king of England. He
+treated the people very badly. At last a young planter named Bacon
+raised a small army and marched against the governor, who was in
+Jamestown. The governor, finding that he had few friends to fight
+for him, made haste to get out of the place. Bacon then entered it
+with his men; but as he knew that, if necessary, the king would send
+soldiers from England to aid the governor in getting it back, he set
+fire to the place and burned it. It was never built up again, and
+so only a crumbling church-tower and a few gravestones can now be
+seen where Jamestown once stood. Those ruins mark the first English
+town settled in America.
+
+[Illustration: THE BURNING OF JAMESTOWN.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Berkeley (Berk'li).]
+
+
+50. What happened later in Virginia; the Revolution; Washington;
+four presidents.--But though Jamestown was destroyed, Virginia kept
+growing in strength and wealth. What was better still, the country
+grew in the number of its great men. The king of England continued
+to rule America until, in 1776, the people of Virginia demanded that
+independence should be declared. The great war of the Revolution
+overthrew the king's power and made us free. The military leader of
+that war was a Virginia planter named George Washington.
+
+After we had gained the victory and peace was made, we chose
+presidents to govern the country. Four out of six of our first
+presidents, beginning with Washington, came from Virginia. For this
+reason that state has sometimes been called the "Mother of
+Presidents."
+
+
+51. Summary.--In 1607 Captain John Smith, with others, made the first
+lasting settlement built up by Englishmen in America. Through
+Captain Smith's energy and courage, Jamestown, Virginia, took firm
+root. Virginia was the first state to demand the independence of
+America, and Washington, who was a Virginian, led the war of the
+Revolution by which that independence was gained.
+
+
+What can you tell about Captain John Smith before he went to Virginia?
+What happened to him on his way to Virginia? What is said about the
+landing of the settlers in Virginia? What did they want to do? What
+did Captain Smith want to do? What about Captain Smith's trial? What
+is said about the church in Jamestown? What happened to the settlers?
+What did some of them try to do? Who stopped them? Tell what you can
+about the Indians. What kind of houses did they live in? Did they
+have guns? Did they have iron hatchets and knives? Did they have
+horses and wagons? What kind of boats did they have? What happened
+to Captain Smith when he went in search of the Pacific? What did
+Pocahontas do? What is said about her afterward? What about the
+gold-diggers? How did Captain Smith get corn? What did he make the
+settlers do? What is said about Captain Smith's cold-water cure? Why
+did Captain Smith go back to England? What three things did he do
+for Virginia? What about his books and maps? What is said of negro
+slaves? What about tobacco? What about Governor Berkeley and Mr.
+Bacon? What happened to Jamestown? What did the war of the Revolution
+do? Who was its great military leader? Why is Virginia sometimes
+called the "Mother of Presidents"?
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON
+(Voyages from 1607 to 1611).
+
+
+52. Captain Hudson tries to find a northwest passage to China and
+the Indies.--When Captain John Smith sailed for Virginia, he left
+a friend, named Henry Hudson, in London, who had the name of being
+one of the best sea-captains in England.
+
+While Smith was in Jamestown, a company of London merchants sent out
+Captain Hudson to try to discover a passage to China and the Indies.
+When he left England, he sailed to the northwest, hoping that he could
+find a way open to the Pacific across the North Pole or not far below
+it.
+
+If he found such a passage, he knew that it would be much shorter
+than a voyage round the globe further south; because, as any one can
+see, it is not nearly so far round the top of an apple, near the stem,
+as it is round the middle.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing how Captain Hudson hoped to reach Asia
+by sailing northwest from England.]
+
+Hudson could not find the passage he was looking for; but he saw
+mountains of ice, and he went nearer to the North Pole than any one
+had ever done before.
+
+
+53. The Dutch hire Captain Hudson; he sails for America.--The Dutch
+people in Holland had heard of Hudson's voyage, and a company of
+merchants of that country hired the brave sailor to see if he could
+find a passage to Asia by sailing to the northeast.
+
+He set out from the port of Amsterdam,[1] in 1609, in a vessel named
+the _Half Moon_. After he had gone quite a long distance, the sailors
+got so tired of seeing nothing but fog and ice that they refused to
+go any further.
+
+Then Captain Hudson turned his ship about and sailed for the coast
+of North America. He did that because his friend, Captain Smith of
+Virginia, had sent him a letter, with a map, which made him think
+that he could find such a passage as he wanted north of Chesapeake
+Bay.
+
+[Footnote 1: See map in paragraph 62.]
+
+
+54. Captain Hudson reaches America and finds the "Great
+River."--Hudson got to Chesapeake Bay, but the weather was so stormy
+that he thought it would not be safe to enter it. He therefore sailed
+northward along the coast. In September, 1609, he entered a beautiful
+bay, formed by the spreading out of a noble river. At that point the
+stream is more than a mile wide, and he called it the "Great River."
+On the eastern side of it, not far from its mouth, there is a long
+narrow island: the Indians of that day called it Manhattan Island.
+
+
+55. The tides in the "Great River"; Captain Hudson begins to sail
+up the stream.--One of the remarkable things about the river which
+Hudson had discovered is that it has hardly any current, and the tide
+from the ocean moves up for more than a hundred and fifty miles. If
+no fresh water ran in from the hills, still the sea would fill the
+channel for a long distance, and so make a kind of salt-water river
+of it. Hudson noticed how salt it was, and that, perhaps, made him
+think that he had at last actually found a passage which would lead
+him through from the Atlantic to the Pacific. He was delighted with
+all he saw, and said, "This is as beautiful a land as one can tread
+upon." Soon he began to sail up the stream, wondering what he should
+see and whether he should come out on an ocean which would take him
+to Asia.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the Great River.]
+
+
+56. Hudson's voyage on the "Great River"; his feast with the
+Indians.--At first he drifted along, carried by the tide, under the
+shadow of a great natural wall of rock. That wall, which we now call
+the Palisades,[2] is from four hundred to six hundred feet high; it
+extends for nearly twenty miles along the western shore of the river.
+
+[Illustration: THE PALISADES.]
+
+Then, some distance further up, Captain Hudson came to a place where
+the river breaks through great forest-covered hills, called the
+Highlands. At the end of the fifth day he came to a point on the
+eastern bank above the Highlands, where the city of Hudson now stands.
+Here an old Indian chief invited him to go ashore. Hudson had found
+the Indians, as he says, "very loving," so he thought he would accept
+the invitation. The savages made a great feast for the captain. They
+gave him not only roast pigeons, but also a roast dog, which they
+cooked specially for him: they wanted he should have the very best.
+
+These Indians had never seen a white man before. They thought that
+the English captain, in his bright scarlet coat trimmed with gold
+lace, had come down from the sky to visit them. What puzzled them,
+however, was that he had such a pale face instead of having a red
+one like themselves.
+
+At the end of the feast Hudson rose to go, but the Indians begged
+him to stay all night. Then one of them got up, gathered all the arrows,
+broke them to pieces, and threw them into the fire, in order to show
+the captain that he need not be afraid to stop with them.
+
+[Footnote 2: Palisades: this name is given to the wall of rock on
+the Hudson, because, when seen near by, it somewhat resembles a
+palisade, or high fence made of stakes or posts set close together,
+upright in the ground.]
+
+
+57. Captain Hudson reaches the end of his voyage and turns back;
+trouble with the Indians.--But Captain Hudson made up his mind that
+he must now go on with his voyage. He went back to his ship and kept
+on up the river until he had reached a point about a hundred and fifty
+miles from its mouth. Here the city of Albany now stands. He found
+that the water was growing shallow, and he feared that if the _Half
+Moon_ went further she would get aground. It was clear to him, too,
+that wherever the river might lead, he was not likely to find it a
+short road to China.
+
+On the way down stream a thievish Indian, who had come out in a canoe,
+managed to steal something from the ship. One of the crew chanced
+to see the Indian as he was slyly slipping off, and picking up a gun
+he fired and killed him. After that Hudson's men had several fights
+with the Indians.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN HUDSON ON THE GREAT RIVER.]
+
+
+58. Hudson returns to Europe; the "Great River" is called by his name;
+his death.--Early in October the captain set sail for Europe. Ever
+since that time the beautiful river which he explored has been called
+the Hudson in his honor.
+
+The next year Captain Hudson made another voyage, and entered that
+immense bay in the northern part of America which we now know as
+Hudson Bay. There he got into trouble with his men. Some of them
+seized him and set him adrift with a few others in an open boat.
+Nothing more was ever heard of the brave English sailor. The bay which
+bears his name is probably his grave.
+
+
+59. The Dutch take possession of the land on the Hudson and call it
+New Netherland; how New Netherland became New York.--As soon as the
+Dutch in Holland heard that Captain Hudson had found a country where
+the Indians had plenty of rich furs to sell, they sent out people
+to trade with them. Holland is sometimes called the Netherlands; that
+is, the Low Lands. When the Dutch took possession of the country on
+the Hudson (1614), they gave it the name of New Netherland,[3] for
+the same reason that the English called one part of their possessions
+in America New England. In the course of a few years the Dutch built
+(1615) a fort and some log cabins on the lower end of Manhattan Island.
+After a time they named this little settlement New Amsterdam, in
+remembrance of the port of Amsterdam in Holland from which Hudson
+sailed.
+
+After the Dutch had held the country of New Netherland about fifty
+years, the English (1664) seized it. They changed its name to New
+York, in honor of the Duke of York, who was brother to the king. The
+English also changed the name of New Amsterdam to that of New York
+City.
+
+[Footnote 3: New Netherland: this is often incorrectly printed New
+Netherlands.]
+
+
+60. The New York "Sons of Liberty" in the Revolution; what Henry
+Hudson would say of the city now.--More than a hundred years after
+this the young men of New York, the "Sons of Liberty," as they called
+themselves, made ready with the "Sons of Liberty" in other states
+to do their full part, under the lead of General Washington, in the
+great war of the Revolution,--that war by which we gained our freedom
+from the rule of the king of England, and became the United States
+of America.
+
+The silent harbor where Henry Hudson saw a few Indian canoes is now
+one of the busiest seaports in the world. The great statue of Liberty
+stands at its entrance.[4] To it a fleet of ships and steamers is
+constantly coming from all parts of the globe; from it another fleet
+is constantly going. If Captain Hudson could see the river which
+bears his name, and Manhattan Island now covered with miles of
+buildings which make the largest and wealthiest city in America, he
+would say: There is no need of my looking any further for the riches
+of China and the Indies, for I have found them here.
+
+[Footnote 4: In her right hand Liberty holds a torch to guide vessels
+at night.]
+
+
+61. Summary.--In 1609 Henry Hudson, an English sea-captain, then in
+the employ of the Dutch, discovered the river now called by his name.
+The Dutch took possession of the country on the river, named it New
+Netherland, and built a small settlement on Manhattan Island. Many
+years later the English seized the country and named it New York.
+The settlement on Manhattan Island then became New York City; it is
+now the largest and wealthiest city in the United States.
+
+
+Who was Henry Hudson? What did he try to find? What did the Dutch
+hire him to do? Where did he go? What did he call the river he
+discovered? What is said about that river? Tell what you can of
+Hudson's voyage up the river. What is said about the Indians? Why
+did Hudson turn back? What did he do then? What is the river he
+discovered called now? What happened to Captain Hudson the next year?
+What did the Dutch do? What did they name the country? Why? What did
+they build there on Manhattan Island? Who seized New Netherland? What
+name did they give it? What is said of the "Sons of Liberty"? What
+would Hudson say if he could see New York City now?
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN MYLES[1] STANDISH
+(1584-1656).
+
+
+62. The English Pilgrims in Holland; why they left England.--When
+the news of Henry Hudson's discovery of the Hudson River reached
+Holland, many Englishmen were living in the Dutch city of Leyden.[2]
+These people were mostly farmers who had fled from Scrooby[3] and
+neighboring villages in the northeast of England. They called
+themselves Pilgrims, because they were wanderers from their old
+homes.
+
+The Pilgrims left England because King James would not let them hold
+their religious meetings in peace. He thought, as all kings then did,
+that everybody in England should belong to the same church and
+worship God in the same way that he did.[4] He was afraid that if
+people were allowed to go to whatever church they thought best that
+it would lead to disputes and quarrels, which would end by breaking
+his kingdom to pieces. Quite a number of Englishmen, seeing that they
+could not have religious liberty at home, escaped with their wives
+and children to Holland; for there the Dutch were willing to let them
+have such a church as they wanted.
+
+[Illustration: Map of England and Holland]
+
+[Footnote 1: Myles (Miles): Standish himself wrote it Myles.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Leyden (Li'den): see map in this paragraph.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Scrooby (Skroo'bi): see map in this paragraph.]
+
+[Footnote 4: There were some people in England who thought much as
+the Pilgrims did in regard to religion, but who did not then leave
+the Church of England (as the Pilgrims did). They were called
+Puritans because they insisted on making certain changes in the
+English mode of worship, or, as they said, they wished to _purify_
+it. Many Puritans came to New England with Governor Winthrop in 1630;
+after they settled in America they established independent churches
+like the Pilgrims.]
+
+
+63. Why the Pilgrims wished to leave Holland and go to America.--But
+the Pilgrims were not contented in Holland. They saw that if they
+staid in that country their children would grow up to be more Dutch
+than English. They saw, too, that they could not hope to get land
+in Holland. They resolved therefore to go to America, where they
+could get farms for nothing, and where their children would never
+forget the English language or the good old English customs and laws.
+In the wilderness they would not only enjoy entire religious freedom,
+but they could build up a settlement which would be certainly their
+own.
+
+
+64. The Pilgrims, with Captain Myles Standish, sail for England and
+then for America; they reach Cape Cod, and choose a governor
+there.--In 1620 a company of Pilgrims sailed for England on their
+way to America. Captain Myles Standish, an English soldier, who had
+fought in Holland, joined them. He did not belong to the Pilgrim
+church, but he had become a great friend to those who did.
+
+About a hundred of these people sailed from Plymouth,[5] England,
+for the New World, in the ship _Mayflower_. Many of those who went
+were children and young people. The Pilgrims had a long, rough
+passage across the Atlantic. Toward the last of November (1620) they
+saw land. It was Cape Cod, that narrow strip of sand, more than sixty
+miles long, which looks like an arm bent at the elbow, with a hand
+like a half-shut fist.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Cape Cod and part of New England.]
+
+Finding that it would be difficult to go further, the Pilgrims
+decided to land and explore the cape; so the _Mayflower_ entered Cape
+Cod Harbor, inside the half-shut fist, and then came to anchor.
+
+Before they landed, the Pilgrims held a meeting in the cabin, and
+drew up an agreement in writing for the government of the settlement.
+They signed the agreement, and then chose John Carver for governor.
+
+[Footnote 5: Plymouth (Plim'uth).]
+
+
+65. Washing-day; what Standish and his men found on the Cape.--On
+the first Monday after they had reached the cape, all the women went
+on shore to wash, and so Monday has been kept as washing-day in New
+England ever since. Shortly after that, Captain Myles Standish, with
+a number of men, started off to see the country. They found some
+Indian corn buried in the sand; and a little further on a young man
+named William Bradford, who afterward became governor, stepped into
+an Indian deer-trap. It jerked him up by the leg in a way that must
+have made even the Pilgrims smile.
+
+[Illustration: AN INDIAN DEER-TRAP.]
+
+[Illustration: BRADFORD CAUGHT.]
+
+
+66. Captain Standish and his men set sail in a boat for a blue hill
+in the west, and find Plymouth Rock; Plymouth Harbor; landing from
+the _Mayflower_.--On clear days the people on board the _Mayflower_,
+anchored in Cape Cod Harbor, could see a blue hill, on the mainland,
+in the west, about forty miles away. To that blue hill Standish and
+some others determined to go. Taking a sail-boat, they started off.
+A few days later they passed the hill which the Indians called
+Manomet,[6] and entered a fine harbor. There, on December 21st,
+1620,--the shortest day in the year,--they landed on that famous
+stone which is now known all over the world as Plymouth Rock.
+
+Standish, with the others, went back to the _Mayflower_ with a good
+report. They had found just what they wanted,--an excellent harbor
+where ships from England could come in; a brook of nice
+drinking-water; and last of all, a piece of land that was nearly free
+from trees, so that nothing would hinder their planting corn early
+in the spring. Captain John Smith of Virginia[7] had been there
+before them, and had named the place Plymouth on his map of New
+England. The Pilgrims liked the name, and so made up their minds to
+keep it. The _Mayflower_ soon sailed for Plymouth, and the Pilgrims
+set to work to build the log cabins of their little settlement.
+
+[Illustration: THE _Mayflower_ IN PLYMOUTH HARBOR.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Manomet (Man'o-met).]
+
+[Footnote 7: See paragraph 46.]
+
+
+67. Sickness and death.--During that winter nearly half the Pilgrims
+died. Captain Standish showed himself to be as good a nurse as he
+was a soldier. He, with Governor Carver and their minister, Elder
+Brewster, cooked, washed, waited on the sick, and did everything that
+kind hearts and willing hands could to help their suffering friends.
+But the men who had begun to build houses had to stop that work to
+dig graves. When these graves were filled, they were smoothed down
+flat so that no prowling Indian should count them and see how few
+white men there were left.
+
+
+68. Samoset,[8] Squanto,[9] and Massasoit[10] visit the
+Pilgrims.--One day in the spring the Pilgrims were startled at seeing
+an Indian walk boldly into their little settlement. He cried out in
+good English, "Welcome! Welcome!" This visitor was named Samoset;
+he had met some sailors years before, and had learned a few English
+words from them.
+
+The next time Samoset came he brought with him another Indian, whose
+name was Squanto. Squanto was the only one left of the tribe that
+had once lived at Plymouth. All the rest had died of a dreadful
+sickness, or plague. He had been stolen by some sailors and carried
+to England; there he had learned the language. After his return he
+had joined an Indian tribe that lived about thirty miles further west.
+The chief of that tribe was named Massasoit, and Squanto said that
+he was coming directly to visit the Pilgrims.
+
+In about an hour Massasoit, with some sixty warriors, appeared on
+a hill just outside the settlement. The Indians had painted their
+faces in their very gayest style--black, red, and yellow. If paint
+could make them handsome, they were determined to look their best.
+
+[Footnote 8: Samoset (Sam'o-set).]
+
+[Footnote 9: Squanto (Skwon'to).]
+
+[Footnote 10: Massasoit (Mas'sa-soit').]
+
+
+69. Massasoit and Governor Carver make a treaty of friendship; how
+Thanksgiving was kept; what Squanto did for the Pilgrims.--Captain
+Standish, attended by a guard of honor, went out and brought the chief
+to Governor Carver. Then Massasoit and the governor made a solemn
+promise or treaty, in which they agreed that the Indians of his tribe
+and the Pilgrims should live like friends and brothers, doing all
+they could to help each other. That promise was kept for more than
+fifty years; it was never broken until long after the two men who
+made it were in their graves.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN STANDISH AND MASSASOIT.]
+
+When the Pilgrims had their first Thanksgiving, they invited
+Massasoit and his men to come and share it. The Indians brought
+venison and other good things; there were plenty of wild turkeys
+roasted; and so they all sat down together to a great dinner, and
+had a merry time in the wilderness.
+
+Squanto was of great help to the Pilgrims. He showed them how to catch
+eels, where to go fishing, when to plant their corn, and how to put
+a fish in every hill to make it grow fast.
+
+After a while he came to live with the Pilgrims. He liked them so
+much that when the poor fellow died he begged Governor Bradford to
+pray that he might go to the white man's heaven.
+
+
+70. Canonicus[11] dares Governor Bradford to fight; the palisade;
+the fort and meeting-house.--West of where Massasoit lived, there
+were some Indians on the shore of Narragansett Bay,[12] in what is
+now Rhode Island. Their chief was named Canonicus, and he was no
+friend to Massasoit or to the Pilgrims. Canonicus thought he could
+frighten the white men away, so he sent a bundle of sharp, new arrows,
+tied round with a rattlesnake skin, to Governor Bradford: that meant
+that he dared the governor and his men to come out and fight. Governor
+Bradford threw away the arrows, and then filled the snake-skin up
+to the mouth with powder and ball. This was sent back to Canonicus.
+When he saw it, he was afraid to touch it, for he knew that Myles
+Standish's bullets would whistle louder and cut deeper than his
+Indian arrows.
+
+[Illustration: ARROWS BOUND WITH SNAKE-SKIN.]
+
+But though the Pilgrims did not believe that Canonicus would attack
+them, they thought it best to build a very high, strong fence, called
+a palisade, round the town.
+
+[Illustration: THE PALISADE BUILT ROUND PLYMOUTH.]
+
+They also built a log fort on one of the hills, and used the lower
+part of the fort for a church. Every Sunday all the people, with
+Captain Standish at the head, marched to their meeting-house, where
+a man stood on guard outside. Each Pilgrim carried his gun, and set
+it down near him. With one ear he listened sharply to the preacher;
+with the other he listened just as sharply for the cry, Indians!
+Indians! But the Indians never came.
+
+[Footnote 11: Canonicus (Ka-non'i-kus).]
+
+[Footnote 12: Narragansett (Nar'a-gan'set): see map, paragraph 84.]
+
+
+71. The new settlers; trouble with the Indians in their neighborhood;
+Captain Standish's fight with the savages.--By and by more emigrants
+came from England and settled about twenty-five miles north of
+Plymouth, at what is now called Weymouth. The Indians in that
+neighborhood did not like these new settlers, and they made up their
+minds to come upon them suddenly and murder them.
+
+Governor Bradford sent Captain Standish with a few men, to see how
+great the danger was. He found the Indians very bold. One of them
+came up to him, whetting a long knife. He held it up, to show how
+sharp it was, and then patting it, he said, "By and by, it shall eat,
+but not speak." Presently another Indian came up. He was a big fellow,
+much larger and stronger than Standish. He, too, had a long knife,
+as keen as a razor. "Ah," said he to Standish, "so this is the mighty
+captain the white men have sent to destroy us! He is a little man;
+let him go and work with the women."[13]
+
+The captain's blood was on fire with rage; but he said not a word.
+His time had not yet come. The next day the Pilgrims and the Indians
+met in a log cabin. Standish made a sign to one of his men, and he
+shut the door fast. Then the captain sprang like a tiger at the big
+savage who had laughed at him, and snatching his long knife from him,
+he plunged it into his heart. A hand-to-hand fight followed between
+the white men and the Indians. The Pilgrims gained the victory, and
+carried back the head of the Indian chief in triumph to Plymouth.
+Captain Standish's bold action saved both of the English settlements
+from destruction.
+
+[Footnote 13: See Longfellow's _The Courtship of Miles Standish_.
+This quotation is truthful in its rendering of the _spirit_ of the
+words used by the Indian in his insulting speech to Standish; it
+should be understood, however, that the poem does not always adhere
+closely either to the chronology, or to the exact facts, of history.]
+
+
+72. What else Myles Standish did; his death.--But Standish did more
+things for the Pilgrims than fight for them; for he went to England,
+bought goods for them, and borrowed money to help them.
+
+He lived to be an old man. At his death he left, among other things,
+three well-worn Bibles and three good guns. In those days, the men
+who read the Bible most were those who fought the hardest.
+
+Near Plymouth there is a high hill called Captain's Hill. That was
+where Standish made his home during the last of his life. A granite
+monument, over a hundred feet high, stands on top of the hill. On
+it is a statue of the brave captain looking toward the sea. He was
+one of the makers of America.
+
+[Illustration: MYLES STANDISH'S KETTLE, SWORD, AND PEWTER DISH.]
+
+[Illustration: COPY OF MYLES STANDISH'S SIGNATURE.]
+
+
+73. Governor John Winthrop founds[14] Boston.--Ten years after the
+Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, a large company of English people under
+the leadership of Governor John Winthrop came to New England. They
+were called Puritans,[15] and they, too, were seeking that religious
+freedom which was denied them in the old country. One of the vessels
+which brought over these new settlers was named the _Mayflower_. She
+may have been the very ship which in 1620 brought the Pilgrims to
+these shores.
+
+Governor Winthrop's company named the place where they settled
+Boston, in grateful remembrance of the beautiful old city of
+Boston,[16] England, from which some of the chief emigrants came.
+The new settlement was called the Massachusetts Bay[17] Colony,[18]
+Massachusetts being the Indian name for the Blue Hills, near Boston.
+The Plymouth Colony was now often called the Old Colony, because it
+had been settled first. After many years, these two colonies were
+united, and still later they became the state of Massachusetts.
+
+[Footnote 14: Founds: begins to build.]
+
+[Footnote 15: See footnote 4 in paragraph 62.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Boston, England; see map in paragraph 62.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Massachusetts Bay; see map in paragraph 84.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Colony: here a company of settlers who came to America
+from England, and who were subject to the king of England, as all
+the English settlers of America were until the Revolution.]
+
+
+74. How other New England colonies grew up; the Revolution.--By the
+time Governor Winthrop arrived, English settlements had been made
+in Maine, New Hampshire, and later (1724), in the country which
+afterward became the state of Vermont. Connecticut and Rhode Island
+were first settled by emigrants who went from Massachusetts.
+
+When the Revolution broke out, the people throughout New England took
+up arms in defence of their rights. The first blood of the war was
+shed on the soil of Massachusetts, near Boston.
+
+
+75. Summary.--The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, New England, in 1620.
+One of the chief men who came with them was Captain Myles Standish.
+Had it not been for his help, the Indians might have destroyed the
+settlement. In 1630, Governor John Winthrop, with a large company
+of emigrants from England, settled Boston. Near Boston the first
+battle of the Revolution was fought.
+
+
+Why did some Englishmen in Holland call themselves Pilgrims? Why had
+they left England? Why did they now wish to go to America? Who was
+Myles Standish? From what place in England, and in what ship, did
+the Pilgrims sail? What land did they first see in America? What did
+they do at Cape Cod Harbor? What did the Pilgrims do on the Cape?
+Where did they land on December 21st, 1620? What happened during the
+winter? What is said of Samoset? What about Squanto? What about
+Massasoit? What did Massasoit and Governor Carver do? What about the
+first Thanksgiving? What is said about Canonicus and Governor
+Bradford? What did the Pilgrims build to protect them from the
+Indians? What is said about Weymouth? What did Myles Standish do
+there? What else did Myles Standish do besides fight? What is said
+of his death? What did Governor John Winthrop do? What did the people
+of New England do in the Revolution? Where was the first blood shed?
+
+
+
+
+LORD BALTIMORE
+(1580-1632).
+
+
+76. Lord Baltimore's settlement in Newfoundland; how Catholics were
+then treated in England.--While Captain Myles Standish was helping
+build up Plymouth, Lord Baltimore, an English nobleman, was trying
+to make a settlement on the cold, foggy island of Newfoundland.
+
+Lord Baltimore had been brought up a Protestant, but had become a
+Catholic. At that time, Catholics were treated very cruelly in
+England. They were ordered by law to attend the Church of England.
+They did not like that church any better than the Pilgrims did; but
+if they failed to attend it, they had to take their choice between
+paying a large sum of money or going to prison.
+
+Lord Baltimore hoped to make a home for himself and for other English
+Catholics in the wilderness of Newfoundland, where there would be
+no one to trouble them. But the unfortunate settlers were fairly
+frozen out. They had winter a good share of the year, and fog all
+of it. They could raise nothing, because, as one man said, the soil
+was either rock or swamp: the rock was as hard as iron; the swamp
+was so deep that you could not touch bottom with a ten-foot pole.
+
+
+77. The king of England gives Lord Baltimore part of Virginia, and
+names it Maryland; what Lord Baltimore paid for it.--King Charles
+the First of England was a good friend to Lord Baltimore; and when
+the settlement in Newfoundland was given up, he made him a present
+of an immense three-cornered piece of land in America. This piece
+was cut out of Virginia, north of the Potomac[1] River.
+
+The king's wife, who was called Queen Mary, was a French Catholic.
+In her honor, Charles named the country he had given Lord Baltimore,
+Mary Land, or Maryland. He could not have chosen a better name,
+because Maryland was to be a shelter for many English people who
+believed in the same religion that the queen did.
+
+[Illustration: TWO INDIAN ARROWS.]
+
+All that Lord Baltimore was to pay for Maryland, with its twelve
+thousand square miles of land and water, was two Indian arrows. These
+he agreed to send every spring to the royal palace of Windsor[2]
+Castle, near London.
+
+[Illustration: PART OF WINDSOR CASTLE.]
+
+The arrows would be worth nothing whatever to the king; but they were
+sent as a kind of yearly rent. They showed that, though Lord Baltimore
+had the use of Maryland, and could do pretty much as he pleased with
+it, still the king did not give up all control of it. In Virginia
+and in New England the king had granted all land to companies of
+persons, and he had been particular to tell them just what they must
+or must not do; but he gave Maryland to one man only. More than this,
+he promised to let Lord Baltimore have his own way in everything,
+so long as he made no laws in Maryland which should be contrary to
+the laws of England. So Lord Baltimore had greater privileges than
+any other holder of land in America at that time.
+
+[Footnote 1: Potomac (Po-to'mak): see map, paragraph 140.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Windsor (Win'zor).]
+
+
+78. Lord Baltimore dies; his son sends emigrants to Maryland; the
+landing; the Indians; St. Mary's.--Lord Baltimore died before he
+could get ready to come to America. His eldest son then became Lord
+Baltimore. He sent over a number of emigrants; part of them were
+Catholics, and part were Protestants: all of them were to have equal
+rights in Maryland. In the spring of 1634, these people landed on
+a little island near the mouth of the Potomac River. There they cut
+down a tree, and made a large cross of it; then, kneeling round that
+cross, they all joined in prayer to God for their safe journey.
+
+[Illustration: THE LANDING IN MARYLAND.]
+
+A little later, they landed on the shore of the river. There they
+met Indians. Under a huge mulberry-tree they bargained with the
+Indians for a place to build a town, and paid for the land in hatchets,
+knives, and beads.
+
+The Indians were greatly astonished at the size of the ship in which
+the white men came. They thought that it was made like their canoes,
+out of the trunk of a tree hollowed out, and they wondered where the
+English could have found a tree big enough to make it.
+
+The emigrants named their settlement St. Mary's, because they had
+landed on a day kept sacred to the Virgin Mary.[3] The Indians gave
+up one of their largest wigwams to Father White, one of the priests
+who had come over, and he made a church of it. It was the first English
+Catholic Church which was opened in America.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Maryland and Virginia.]
+
+The Indians and the settlers lived and worked together side by side.
+The red men showed the emigrants how to hunt in the forest, and the
+Indian women taught the white women how to make hominy, and to bake
+johnny-cake before the open fire.
+
+[Footnote 3: March 25th: Annunciation or Lady Day.]
+
+
+79. Maryland the home of religious liberty.--Maryland was different
+from the other English colonies in America, because there, and there
+only, every Christian, whether Catholic or Protestant, had the right
+to worship God in his own way. In that humble little village of St.
+Mary's, made up of thirty or forty log huts and wigwams in the woods,
+"religious liberty had its only home in the wide world."
+
+But more than this, Lord Baltimore generously invited people who had
+been driven out of the other settlements on account of their religion
+to come and live in Maryland. He gave a hearty welcome to all, whether
+they thought as he did or not. Thus he showed that he was a noble
+man by nature as well as a nobleman by name.
+
+
+80. Maryland falls into trouble; the city of Baltimore built.--But
+this happy state of things did not last long. Some of the people of
+Virginia were very angry because the king had given Lord Baltimore
+part of what they thought was their land. They quarrelled with the
+new settlers and made them a great deal of trouble.
+
+Then worse things happened. Men went to Maryland and undertook to
+drive out the Catholics. In some cases they acted in a very shameful
+manner toward Lord Baltimore and his friends; among other things,
+they put Father White in irons and sent him back to England as a
+prisoner. Lord Baltimore had spent a great deal of money in building
+up the settlement, but his right to the land was taken away from him
+for a time, and all who dared to defend him were badly treated.
+
+St. Mary's never grew to be much of a place, but not quite a hundred
+years after the English landed there a new and beautiful city was
+begun (1729) in Maryland. It was named Baltimore, in honor of that
+Lord Baltimore who sent out the first emigrants. When the
+Revolutionary War broke out, the citizens of Baltimore showed that
+they were not a bit behind the other colonies of America in their
+spirit of independence.
+
+
+81. Summary.--King Charles the First of England gave Lord Baltimore,
+an English Catholic, a part of Virginia and named it Maryland, in
+honor of his wife, Queen Mary. A company of emigrants came out to
+Maryland in 1634. It was the first settlement in America in which
+all Christian people had entire liberty to worship God in whatever
+way they thought right. That liberty they owed to Lord Baltimore.
+
+
+Who was Lord Baltimore, and what did he try to do in Newfoundland?
+How were Catholics then treated in England? What did the king of
+England give Lord Baltimore in America? What did the king name the
+country? What was Lord Baltimore to pay for Maryland? What did the
+king promise Lord Baltimore? What did Lord Baltimore's son do? When
+and where did the emigrants land? What did they call the place? What
+is said about the Indians? Of what was Maryland the home? Why did
+some of the people of Virginia trouble them? What is said of the city
+of Baltimore? What is said of the Revolution?
+
+
+
+
+ROGER WILLIAMS
+(1600-1684).
+
+
+82. Roger Williams comes to Boston; he preaches in Salem and in
+Plymouth; his friendship for the Indians.--Shortly after Governor
+John Winthrop and his company settled Boston,[1] a young minister
+named Roger Williams came over from England to join them.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHURCH IN WHICH ROGER WILLIAMS PREACHED IN SALEM.
+IT IS STILL STANDING.]
+
+Mr. Williams soon became a great friend to the Indians and while he
+preached at Salem,[2] near Boston, and at Plymouth, he came to know
+many of them. He took pains to learn their language, and he spent
+a great deal of time talking with the chief Massasoit[3] and his men,
+in their dirty, smoky wigwams. He made the savages feel that, as he
+said, his whole heart's desire was to do them good. For this reason
+they were always glad to see him and ready to help him. A time came,
+as we shall presently see, when they were able to do quite as much
+for him as he could for them.
+
+[Footnote 1: See paragraph 73.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Salem (Sa'lem).]
+
+[Footnote 3: See paragraph 68.]
+
+
+83. Who owned the greater part of America? what the king of England
+thought; what Roger Williams thought and said.--The company that had
+settled Boston held the land by permission of the king of England.
+He considered that most of the land in America belonged to him,
+because John Cabot[4] had discovered it.
+
+But Roger Williams said that the king had no right to the land unless
+he bought it of the Indians, who were living here when the English
+came.
+
+Now the people of Massachusetts were always quite willing to pay the
+Indians a fair price for whatever land they wanted; but many of them
+were afraid to have Mr. Williams preach and write as he did. They
+believed that if they allowed him to go on speaking out so boldly
+against the king that the English monarch would get so angry that
+he would take away Massachusetts from them and give it to a new
+company. In that case, those who had settled here would lose
+everything. For this reason the people of Boston tried to make the
+young minister agree to keep silent on this subject.
+
+[Footnote 4: See paragraph 22.]
+
+
+84. A constable is sent to arrest Roger Williams; he escapes to the
+woods, and goes to Mount Hope.--But Mr. Williams was not one of the
+kind to keep silent. Then the chief men of Boston sent a constable
+down to Salem with orders to seize him and send him back to England.
+When he heard that the constable was after him, Mr. Williams slipped
+quietly out of his house and escaped to the woods.
+
+There was a heavy depth of snow on the ground, but the young man made
+up his mind that he would go to his old friend Massasoit, and ask
+him to help him in his trouble.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing Roger Williams's route from Salem to
+Mount Hope.]
+
+Massasoit lived near Mount Hope, in what is now Rhode Island, about
+eighty miles southwest from Salem. There were no roads through the
+woods, and it was a long, dreary journey to make on foot, but Mr.
+Williams did not hesitate. He took a hatchet to chop fire-wood, a
+flint and steel to strike fire with,--for in those days people had
+no matches,--and, last of all, a pocket-compass to aid him in finding
+his way through the thick forest.
+
+[Illustration: Striking fire with flint and steel. The sparks were
+caught on some old, half-burnt rag, and were then blown to a blaze.]
+
+All day he waded wearily on through the deep snow, only stopping now
+and then to rest or to look at his compass and make sure that he was
+going in the right direction. At night he would gather wood enough
+to make a little fire to warm himself or to melt some snow for drink.
+Then he would cut down a few boughs for a bed, or, if he was lucky
+enough to find a large, hollow tree, he would creep into that. There
+he would fall asleep, while listening to the howling of the wind or
+to the fiercer howling of the hungry wolves prowling about the woods.
+
+[Illustration: ROGER WILLIAMS WADING THROUGH THE SNOW.]
+
+At length, after much suffering from cold and want of food, he managed
+to reach Massasoit's wigwam. There the big-hearted Indian chief gave
+him a warm welcome. He took him into his poor cabin and kept him till
+spring--there was no board bill to pay. All the Indians liked the
+young minister, and even Canonicus,[5] that savage chief of a
+neighboring tribe, who had dared Governor Bradford to fight, said
+that he "loved him as his own son."
+
+[Footnote 5: Canonicus: see paragraph 70.]
+
+
+85. Roger Williams at Seekonk;[6] "What cheer, friend?"--When the
+warm days came, in the spring of 1636, Mr. Williams began building
+a log hut for himself at Seekonk, on the east bank of the Seekonk
+River. But he was told that his cabin stood on ground owned by the
+people of Massachusetts; so he, with a few friends who had joined
+him, took a canoe and paddled down stream to find a new place to build.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Rhode Island.]
+
+"What cheer, friend? what cheer?" shouted some Indians who were
+standing on a rock on the western bank of the river. That was the
+Indian way of saying How do you do, and just then Roger Williams was
+right glad to hear it. He landed on what is now called "What Cheer
+Rock,"[7] and had a talk with the red men. They told him that there
+was a fine spring of water round the point of land a little further
+down. He went there, and liked the spot so much that he decided to
+stop. His friend Canonicus owned the land, and he gladly let him have
+what he needed. Roger Williams believed that a kind Providence had
+guided him to this pleasant place, and for this reason he named it
+PROVIDENCE.
+
+Providence was the first settlement made in America which set its
+doors wide open to every one who wished to come and live there. Not
+only all Christians, but Jews, and even men who went to no church
+whatever, could go there and be at peace. This great and good work
+was done by Roger Williams. Providence grew in time to be the chief
+city in the state of Rhode Island. When the Revolution began, every
+man and boy in the state, from sixteen to sixty, stood ready to fight
+for liberty.
+
+[Footnote 6: Seekonk (See'konk).]
+
+[Footnote 7: "What Cheer Rock" is on the east side of the city of
+Providence.]
+
+
+86. Summary.--Roger Williams, a young minister of Salem,
+Massachusetts, declared that the Indians, and not the king of England,
+owned the land in America. The governor of Massachusetts was afraid
+that if Mr. Williams kept on saying these things the king would hear
+of it and would take away the land held by the people of Boston and
+the other settlements. He therefore sent a constable to arrest the
+young minister and put him on board a ship going back to England.
+When Mr. Williams knew this, he fled to the Indian chief, Massasoit.
+In 1636 Roger Williams began building Providence. Providence was the
+first settlement in America which offered a home to all men without
+asking them anything whatever about their religious belief.
+
+
+Who was Roger Williams? What is said about him and the Indians? Who
+did Mr. Williams think first owned the land in America? How did many
+of the people of Massachusetts feel about Mr. Williams? What did the
+chief men of Boston do? What did Mr. Williams do? Describe his journey
+to Mount Hope. What did Massasoit do for Mr. Williams? What did Mr.
+Williams do at Seekonk? What happened after that? Why did he name
+the settlement Providence? What is said of Providence? What about
+the Revolution?
+
+
+
+
+KING PHILIP
+(Time of the Indian War, 1675-1676).
+
+
+87. Death of Massasoit; Wamsutta[1] and Philip; Wamsutta's sudden
+death.--When the Indian chief Massasoit[2] died, the people of
+Plymouth lost one of their best friends. Massasoit left two sons,
+one named Wamsutta, who became chief in his father's place, and the
+other called Philip. They both lived near Mount Hope, in Rhode
+Island.
+
+The governor of Plymouth heard that Wamsutta was stirring up the
+Indians to make war on the whites, and he sent for the Indian chief
+to come to him and give an account of himself. Wamsutta went, but
+on his way back he suddenly fell sick, and soon after he reached home
+he died. His young wife was a woman who was thought a great deal of
+by her tribe, and she told them that she felt sure the white people
+had poisoned her husband in order to get rid of him. This was not
+true, but the Indians believed it.
+
+[Footnote 1: Wamsutta (Wam-sut'ta).]
+
+[Footnote 2: Massasoit: see paragraph 68.]
+
+
+88. Philip becomes chief; why he hated the white men; how the white
+men had got possession of the Indian lands.--Philip now became chief.
+He called himself "King Philip." His palace was a wigwam made of bark.
+On great occasions he wore a bright red blanket and a kind of crown
+made of a broad belt ornamented with shells. King Philip hated the
+white people because, in the first place, he believed that they had
+murdered his brother; and next, because he saw that they were growing
+stronger in numbers every year, while the Indians were becoming
+weaker.
+
+[Illustration: THE BELT WHICH KING PHILIP WORE FOR A CROWN.]
+
+When the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massasoit, Philip's father,
+held all the country from Cape Cod back to the eastern shores of
+Narragansett Bay; that is, a strip about thirty miles wide. The white
+settlers bought a small piece of this land. After a while they bought
+more, and so they kept on until in about fifty years they got nearly
+all of what Massasoit's tribe had once owned. The Indians had nothing
+left but two little necks of land, which were nearly surrounded by
+the waters of Narragansett Bay. Here they felt that they were shut
+up almost like prisoners, and that the white men watched everything
+that they did.
+
+
+89. How King Philip felt; signs of the coming war; the "Praying
+Indians"; the murder.--King Philip was a very proud man--quite as
+proud, in fact, as the king of England. He could not bear to see his
+people losing power. He said to himself, if the Indians do not rise
+and drive out the white men, then the white men will certainly drive
+out the Indians. Most of the Indians now had guns, and could use them
+quite as well as the whites could; so Philip thought that it was best
+to fight.
+
+The settlers felt that the war was coming. Some of them fancied that
+they saw the figure of an Indian bow in the clouds. Others said that
+they heard sounds like guns fired off in the air, and horsemen riding
+furiously up and down in the sky, as if getting ready for battle.
+
+But though many Indians now hated the white settlers, this was not
+true of all. A minister, named John Eliot, had persuaded some of the
+red men near Boston to give up their religion, and to try to live
+like the white people. These were called "Praying Indians." One of
+them who knew King Philip well told the settlers that Philip's
+warriors were grinding their hatchets sharp for war. Soon after, this
+"Praying Indian" was found murdered. The white people accused three
+of Philip's men of having killed him. They were tried, found guilty,
+and hanged.
+
+
+90. Beginning of the war at Swansea;[3] burning of Brookfield.--Then
+Philip's warriors began the war in the summer of 1675. Some white
+settlers were going home from church in the town of Swansea,
+Massachusetts; they had been to pray that there might be no fighting.
+As they walked along, talking together, two guns were fired out of
+the bushes. One of the white men fell dead in the road, and another
+was badly hurt.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Massachusetts and Rhode Island.]
+
+The shots were fired by Indians. This was the way they always fought
+when they could. They were not cowards, but they did not come out
+boldly, but would fire from behind trees and rocks. Often a white
+man would be killed without even seeing who shot him.
+
+At first the fighting was mainly in those villages of Plymouth Colony
+which were nearest Narragansett Bay; then it spread to the valley
+of the Connecticut River and the neighborhood. Deerfield,
+Springfield, Brookfield,[4] Groton,[5] and many other places in
+Massachusetts were attacked. The Indians would creep up stealthily
+in the night, burn the houses, carry off the women and children
+prisoners if they could, kill the rest of the inhabitants, take their
+scalps home and hang them up in their wigwams.
+
+[Illustration: AN ATTACKING INDIAN.]
+
+At Brookfield the settlers left their houses, and gathered in one
+strong house for defence. The Indians burned all the houses but that
+one, and did their best to burn that, too. They dipped rags in
+brimstone, such as we make matches of, fastened them to the points
+of their arrows, set fire to them, and then shot the blazing arrows
+into the shingles of the roof. When the Indians saw that the shingles
+had caught, and were beginning to flame up, they danced for joy, and
+roared like wild bulls. But the men in the house managed to put out
+the fire on the roof. Then the savages got a cart, filled it with
+hay, set it on fire, and pushed it up against the house. This time
+they thought that they should certainly burn the white people out;
+but just then a heavy shower came up, and put out the fire. A little
+later, some white soldiers marched into the village, and saved the
+people in the house.
+
+[Footnote 3: Swansea (Swon'ze).]
+
+[Footnote 4: See map in this paragraph.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Groton (Graw'ton).]
+
+
+91. The fight at Hadley; what Colonel[6] Goffe[7] did.--At Hadley,
+the people were in the meeting-house when the terrible Indian
+war-whoop[8] rang through the village. The savages drove back those
+who dared to go out against them, and it seemed as if the village
+must be destroyed. Suddenly a white-haired old man, sword in hand,
+appeared among the settlers. No one knew who he was; but he called
+to them to follow him, as a captain calls to his men, and they obeyed
+him. The astonished Indians turned and ran. When, after all was over,
+the whites looked for their brave leader, he had gone; they never
+saw him again. Many thought that he was an angel who had been sent
+to save them. But the angel was Colonel Goffe, an Englishman, who
+was one of the judges who had sentenced King Charles the First to
+death during a great war in England. He had escaped to America; and,
+luckily for the people of Hadley, he was hiding in the house of a
+friend in that village when the Indians attacked it.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN ATTACK ON A SETTLEMENT. The building on the
+right is a block-house, or fort made of hewn logs. These block-houses
+were built as places of refuge for the settlers, in case of an attack
+on the town by the Indians.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Colonel (kur'nel): the chief officer of a regiment of
+soldiers.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Goffe (Gof): and see List of Books at the end of this
+book.]
+
+[Footnote 8: War-whoop (war-hoop): a very loud, shrill cry made by
+the Indians when engaged in war, or as a shout of alarm.]
+
+
+92. How a woman drove off an Indian.--In this dreadful war with the
+savages there were times when even the women had to fight for their
+lives. In one case, a woman had been left in a house with two young
+children. She heard a noise at the window, and looking up, saw an
+Indian trying to raise the sash. Quick as thought, she clapped the
+two little children under two large brass kettles which stood near.
+Then, seizing a shovel-full of red-hot coals from the open fire, she
+stood ready, and just as the Indian thrust his head into the room,
+she dashed the coals right into his face and eyes. With a yell of
+agony the Indian let go his hold, dropped to the ground as though
+he had been shot, and ran howling to the woods.
+
+[Illustration: WOMAN THROWING COALS.]
+
+
+93. The great swamp fight; burning the Indian wigwams; what the Chief
+Canonchet[9] said.--During the summer and autumn of 1675 the Indians
+on the west side of Narragansett Bay[10]took no open part in King
+Philip's War. But the next winter the white people found that these
+Indians were secretly receiving and sheltering the savages who had
+been wounded in fighting for that noted chief. For that reason, the
+settlers determined to raise a large force and attack them. The
+Indians had gathered in a fort on an island in a swamp. This fort
+was a very difficult place to reach. It was built of the trunks of
+trees set upright in the ground. It was so strong that the savages
+felt quite safe.
+
+Starting very early in the morning, the attacking party waded fifteen
+miles through deep snow. Many of them had their hands and feet badly
+frozen. One of the chief men in leading the attack was Captain
+Benjamin Church of Plymouth; he was a very brave soldier, and knew
+all about Indian life and Indian fighting. In the battle, he was
+struck by two bullets, and so badly wounded that he could not move
+a step further; but he made one of his men hold him up, and he shouted
+to his soldiers to go ahead. The fight was a desperate one, but at
+length the fort was taken. The attacking party lost more than two
+hundred and fifty men in killed and wounded; the Indians lost as many
+as a thousand.
+
+After the battle was over, Captain Church begged the men not to burn
+the wigwams inside the fort, for there were a great number of old
+men and women and little Indian children in the wigwams. But the men
+were very mad against the savages, and would not listen to him. They
+set the wigwams on fire, and burned many of these poor creatures to
+death.
+
+Canonchet, the chief of the tribe, was taken prisoner. The settlers
+told him they would spare his life if he would try to make peace.
+"No," said he, "we will all fight to the last man rather than become
+slaves to the white men." He was then told that he must be shot. "I
+like it well," said he. "I wish to die before my heart becomes soft,
+or I say anything unworthy of myself."
+
+[Footnote 9: Canonchet (Ka-non'chet).]
+
+[Footnote 10: See map in paragraph 90.]
+
+
+94. Philip's wife and son are taken prisoners; Philip is shot; end
+of the war.--The next summer Captain Church, with a lot of "brisk
+Bridgewater lads" chased King Philip and his men, and took many of
+the Indians prisoners. Among those then taken captive were King
+Philip's wife and his little boy. When Philip heard of it, he cried
+out, "My heart breaks; now I am ready to die." He had good reason
+for saying so. It was the custom in England to sell such prisoners
+of war as slaves. Following this custom, the settlers here took this
+boy, the grandson of that Massasoit[11] who had helped them when they
+were poor and weak, and sold him with his mother. They were sent to
+the Bermuda Islands,[12] and there worked to death under the hot sun
+and the lash of the slave-driver's whip.
+
+Not long after that, King Philip himself was shot. He had been hunted
+like a wild beast from place to place. At last he had come back to
+see his old home at Mount Hope[13] once more. There Captain Church
+found him; there the Indian warrior was shot. His head and hands were
+cut off,--as was then done in England in such cases,--and his head
+was carried to Plymouth and set up on a pole. It stood there twenty
+years.
+
+King Philip's death brought the war to an end. It had lasted a little
+over a year; that is, from the early summer of 1675 to the latter
+part of the summer of 1676. In that short time the Indians had killed
+between five and six hundred white settlers, and had burned thirteen
+villages to ashes, besides partly burning a great many more. The war
+cost so much money that many people were made poor by it; but the
+strength of the Indians was broken, and they never dared to trouble
+the people of Southern New England again.
+
+[Footnote 11: See paragraph 68.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Bermuda (Ber-mu'dah): the Bermuda Islands are in the
+Atlantic, north of the West India Islands and east of South Carolina;
+they belong to Great Britain.]
+
+[Footnote 13: See map in paragraph 84.]
+
+
+95. Summary.--In 1675 King Philip began a great Indian war against
+the people of Southeastern New England. His object was to kill off
+the white settlers, and get back the land for the Indians. He did
+kill a large number, and he destroyed many villages, but in the end
+the white men gained the victory. Philip's wife and child were sold
+as slaves, and he was shot. The Indians never attempted another war
+in this part of the country.
+
+
+Who was Wamsutta? What happened to him? Who was "King Philip"? Why
+did he hate the white men? What did he say to himself? What is said
+about the "Praying Indians"? What happened to one of them? What was
+done with three of Philip's men? Where and how did the war begin?
+To what part of the country did it spread? Tell about the Indian
+attack on Brookfield. What happened at Hadley? Tell how a woman drove
+off an Indian. Tell all you can about the Great Swamp Fight. What
+is said about Canonchet? What is said of King Philip's wife and son?
+What happened to King Philip himself? What is said about the war?
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM PENN
+(1644-1718).
+
+
+96. King Charles the Second gives William Penn a great piece of land,
+and names it Pennsylvania.--King Charles the Second of England owed
+a large sum of money to a young Englishman named William Penn. The
+king was fond of pleasure, and he spent so much money on himself and
+his friends that he had none left to pay his just debts. Penn knew
+this; so he told His Majesty that if he would give him a piece of
+wild land in America, he would ask nothing more.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM PENN AT THE AGE OF 22.]
+
+Charles was very glad to settle the account so easily. He therefore
+gave Penn a great territory[1] north of Maryland[2] and west of the
+Delaware River. This territory was nearly as large as England. The
+king named it Pennsylvania, a word which means Penn's Woods. At that
+time the land was not thought to be worth much. No one then had
+discovered the fact that beneath Penn's Woods there were immense
+mines of coal and iron, which would one day be of greater value than
+all the riches of the king of England.
+
+[Footnote 1: Territory: any very large extent of land.]
+
+[Footnote 2: See map in paragraph 97.]
+
+
+97. William Penn's religion; what he wanted to do with his American
+land.--Penn belonged to a religious society called the Society of
+Friends; to-day they are generally spoken of as Quakers. They are
+a people who try to find out what is right by asking their own hearts.
+They believe in showing no more signs of respect to one man than to
+another, and at that time they would not take off their hats even
+to the king himself.
+
+[Illustration: Map of eastern Pennsylvania and surroundings.]
+
+Penn wanted the land which had been given him here as a place where
+the Friends or Quakers might go and settle. A little later the whole
+of what is now the state of New Jersey was bought by Penn and other
+Quakers for the same purpose. We have seen[3] that neither the
+Pilgrims nor the Catholics had any real peace in England. The Quakers
+suffered even more still; for oftentimes they were cruelly whipped,
+thrown into dark and dirty prisons where many died of the bad
+treatment they received. William Penn himself had been shut up in
+jail four times on account of his religion; and though he was no
+longer in such danger, because the king was his friend, yet he wanted
+to provide a safe place for others who were not so well off as he
+was.
+
+[Footnote 3: See paragraphs 62 and 76.]
+
+
+98. Penn sends out emigrants to Pennsylvania; he gets ready to go
+himself; his conversation with the king.--Penn accordingly sent out
+a number of people who were anxious to settle in Pennsylvania. The
+next year, 1682, he made ready to sail, himself with a hundred more
+emigrants. Just before he started, he called on the king in his palace
+in London. The king was fond of joking, and he said to him that he
+should never expect to see him again, for he thought that the Indians
+would be sure to catch such a good-looking young man as Penn was and
+eat him. 'But, Friend Charles,' said Penn, 'I mean to buy the land
+of the Indians, so they will rather keep on good terms with me than
+eat me.' 'Buy their lands!' exclaimed the king. 'Why, is not the whole
+of America mine?' 'Certainly not,' answered Penn. 'What!' replied
+the king; 'didn't my people discover it?[4] and so haven't I the right
+to it?' 'Well, Friend Charles,' said Penn, 'suppose a canoe full of
+Indians should cross the sea and should discover England, would that
+make it theirs? Would you give up the country to them?' The king did
+not know what to say to this; it was a new way of looking at the matter.
+He probably said to himself, These Quakers are a strange people; they
+seem to think that even American savages have rights which should
+be respected.
+
+[Footnote 4: Referring to the discovery of the American continent
+by the Cabots, sent out by Henry the Seventh of England, see paragraph
+22.]
+
+
+99. Penn founds[5] the city of Philadelphia; his treaty[6] with the
+Indians; his visit to them; how the Indians and the Quakers got on
+together.--When William Penn reached America, in 1682, he sailed up
+the broad and beautiful Delaware River for nearly twenty miles. There
+he stopped, and resolved to build a city on its banks. He gave the
+place the Bible name of Philadelphia,[7] or the City of Brotherly
+Love, because he hoped that all of its citizens would live together
+like brothers. The streets were named from the trees then growing
+on the land, and so to-day many are still called Walnut, Pine, Cedar,
+Vine, and so on.
+
+Penn said, "We intend to sit down lovingly among the Indians." On
+that account, he held a great meeting with them under a
+wide-spreading elm. The tree stood in what is now a part of
+Philadelphia. Here Penn and the red men made a treaty or agreement
+by which they promised each other that they would live together as
+friends as long as the water should run in the rivers, or the sun
+shine in the sky.
+
+[Illustration: PENN MAKING THE TREATY WITH THE INDIANS.]
+
+Nearly a hundred years later, while the Revolutionary War was going
+on, the British army took possession of the city. It was cold, winter
+weather, and the men wanted fire-wood; but the English general
+thought so much of William Penn that he set a guard of soldiers round
+the great elm, to prevent any one from chopping it down.
+
+Not long after the great meeting under the elm, Penn visited some
+of the savages in their wigwams. They treated him to a dinner--or
+shall we say a lunch?--of roasted acorns. After their feast, some
+of the young savages began to run and leap about, to show the
+Englishman what they could do. When Penn was in college at Oxford
+he had been fond of doing such things himself. The sight of the Indian
+boys made him feel like a boy again; so he sprang up from the ground,
+and beat them all at hop, skip, and jump. This completely won the
+hearts of the red men.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF WILLIAM PENN. (On the Tower of the new City
+Hall, Philadelphia.)]
+
+From that time, for sixty years, the Pennsylvania settlers and the
+Indians were fast friends. The Indians said, "The Quakers are honest
+men; they do no harm; they are welcome to come here." In New England
+there had been, as we have seen,[8] a terrible war with the savages,
+but in Pennsylvania, no Indian ever shed a drop of Quaker blood.
+
+[Footnote 5: Founds: begins to build.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Treaty: an agreement; and see paragraph 69.]
+
+[Footnote 7: See Rev. i. 11 and iii. 7.]
+
+[Footnote 8: See paragraph 90.]
+
+
+100. How Philadelphia grew; what was done there in the Revolution;
+William Penn's last years and death.--Philadelphia grew quite fast.
+William Penn let the people have land very cheap, and he said to them,
+"You shall be governed by laws of your own making." Even after
+Philadelphia became quite a good-sized town, it had no poor-house,
+for none was needed; everybody seemed to be able to take care of
+himself.
+
+When the Revolution began, the people of Pennsylvania and of the
+country north and south of it sent men to Philadelphia to decide what
+should be done. This meeting was called the Congress. It was held
+in the old State House, a building which is still standing, and in
+1776 Congress declared the United States of America independent of
+England. In the war, the people of Delaware and New Jersey fought
+side by side with those of Pennsylvania.
+
+William Penn spent a great deal of money in helping Philadelphia and
+other settlements. After he returned to England he was put in prison
+for debt by a rascally fellow he had employed. He did not owe the
+money, and proved that the man who said that he did was no better
+than a thief. Penn was released from prison; but his long confinement
+in jail had broken his health down. When he died, the Indians of
+Pennsylvania sent his widow some beautiful furs, in remembrance of
+their "Brother Penn," as they called him. They said that the furs
+were to make her a cloak, "to protect her while passing through this
+thorny wilderness without her guide."
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM PENN'S GRAVE AT JORDANS'S MEETING-HOUSE,
+ENGLAND.]
+
+About twenty-five miles west of London, on a country road within
+sight of the towers of Windsor Castle,[9] there stands a Friends'
+meeting-house, or Quaker church. In the yard back of the
+meeting-house William Penn lies buried. For a hundred years or more
+there was no mark of any kind to show where he rests; but now a small
+stone bearing his name points out the grave of the founder of the
+great state of Pennsylvania.
+
+[Footnote 9: Windsor Castle: see paragraph 77.]
+
+
+101. Summary.--Charles the Second, king of England, owed William
+Penn, a young English Quaker, a large sum of money. In order to settle
+the debt, the king gave him a great piece of land in America, and
+named it Pennsylvania, or Penn's Woods. Penn wished to make a home
+for Quakers in America; and in 1682 he came over, and began building
+the city of Philadelphia. When the Revolution broke out, men were
+sent from all parts of the country to Philadelphia, to hold a meeting
+called the Congress. In 1776, Congress declared the United States
+independent.
+
+
+To whom did King Charles the Second owe a large sum of money? How
+did he pay his debt? What did the king name the country? What does
+the name mean? What has been found there? What is said about the
+Friends or Quakers? What did Penn want the land here for? How were
+the Quakers then treated in England? What did Penn do in 1682? Tell
+what the king said to Penn and what Penn replied. What city did Penn
+begin to build here? What does Philadelphia mean? What did Penn and
+the Indians do? What did the English general do about the great elm
+in the Revolution? Tell about Penn's dinner with the Indians. Did
+the Indians trouble the Quakers? What is said of the growth of
+Philadelphia? What was done there in the Revolution? Tell what you
+can about Penn's last days. Where is he buried?
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL JAMES OGLETHORPE[1]
+(1696-1785).
+
+
+102. The twelve English colonies in America; General Oglethorpe
+makes a settlement in Georgia.--We have seen[2] that the first real
+colony or settlement made in America by the English was in Virginia
+in 1607. By the beginning of 1733, or in about a hundred and
+twenty-five years, eleven more had been made, or twelve in all. They
+stretched along the seacoast, from the farthest coast of Maine to
+the northern boundary of Florida, which was then owned by the
+Spaniards.[3]
+
+The two colonies farthest south were North Carolina and South
+Carolina. In 1733 James Oglethorpe, a brave English soldier, who
+afterward became General Oglethorpe, came over here to make a new
+settlement. This new one, which made just thirteen[4] in all, was
+called Georgia in honor of King George the Second, who gave a piece
+of land for it, on the seacoast, below South Carolina.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina.]
+
+[Footnote 1: Oglethorpe (O'gel-thorp).]
+
+[Footnote 2: See paragraph 37.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Because the Spaniards had settled it in 1565; see
+paragraph 30.]
+
+[Footnote 4: These thirteen colonies or settlements were: First, the
+four New England colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
+Connecticut, and Rhode island; Maine was then part of Massachusetts,
+and Vermont was claimed by both New Hampshire and New York). Secondly,
+four middle colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, with
+Delaware). Thirdly, five southern colonies (Maryland, Virginia,
+North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia).]
+
+
+103. What it was that led General Oglethorpe to make this new
+settlement.--General Oglethorpe had a friend in England who was cast
+into prison for debt. There the unfortunate man was so cruelly
+treated that he fell sick and died, leaving his family in great
+distress.
+
+The General felt the death of his friend so much that he set to work
+to find out how other poor debtors lived in the London prisons. He
+soon saw that great numbers of them suffered terribly. The prisons
+were crowded and filthy. The men shut up in them were ragged and
+dirty; some of them were fastened with heavy chains, and a good many
+actually died of starvation.
+
+General Oglethorpe could not bear to see strong men killed off in
+this manner. He thought that if the best of them--those who were
+honest and willing to work--could have the chance given them of
+earning their living, that they would soon do as well as any men.
+It was to help them that he persuaded the king to give the land of
+Georgia.
+
+
+104. Building the city of Savannah; what the people of Charleston,
+South Carolina, did; a busy settlement; the alligators.--General
+Oglethorpe took over thirty-five families to America in 1733. They
+settled on a high bank of the Savannah[5] River, about twenty miles
+from the sea. The general laid out a town with broad, straight,
+handsome streets, and with many small squares or parks. He called
+the settlement Savannah from the Indian name of the river on which
+it stands.
+
+[Illustration: SAVANNAH, AS GENERAL OGLETHORPE LAID IT OUT IN 1733.]
+
+The people of Charleston, South Carolina, were glad to have some
+English neighbors south of them that would help them fight the
+Spaniards of Florida, who hated the English, and wanted to drive them
+out. They gave the newcomers a hundred head of cattle, a drove of
+hogs, and twenty barrels of rice.
+
+The emigrants set to work with a will, cutting down the forest trees,
+building houses, and planting gardens. There were no idlers to be
+seen at Savannah: even the children found something to do that was
+helpful.
+
+Nothing disturbed the people but the alligators. They climbed up the
+bank from the river to see what was going on. But the boys soon taught
+them not to be too curious. When one monster was found impudently
+prowling round the town, they thumped him with sticks till they
+fairly beat the life out of him. After that, the alligators paid no
+more visits to the settlers.
+
+[Footnote 5: Savannah (Sa-van'ah).]
+
+
+105. Arrival of some German emigrants; "Ebenezer";[6] "blazing"
+trees.--After a time, some German Protestants, who had been cruelly
+driven out of their native land on account of their religion, came
+to Georgia. General Oglethorpe gave them a hearty welcome. He had
+bought land of the Indians, and so there was plenty of room for all.
+The Germans went up the river, and then went back a number of miles
+into the woods; there they picked out a place for a town. They called
+their settlement by the Bible name of Ebenezer,[7] which means "The
+Lord hath helped us."
+
+There were no roads through the forests, so the new settlers "blazed"
+the trees; that is, they chopped a piece of bark off, so that they
+could find their way through the thick woods when they wanted to go
+to Savannah. Every tree so marked stood like a guide-post; it showed
+the traveller which way to go until he came in sight of the next one.
+
+[Illustration: THE "BLAZED" TREES.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Ebenezer (Eb-e-ne'zer).]
+
+[Footnote 7: See I Sam. vii. 12.]
+
+
+106. Trying to make silk; the queen's American dress.--The settlers
+hoped to be able to get large quantities of silk to send to England,
+because the mulberry-tree grows wild in Georgia, and its leaves are
+the favorite food of the silkworm.[8] At first it seemed as if the
+plan would be successful, and General Oglethorpe took over some
+Georgia silk as a present to the queen of England. She had a handsome
+dress made of it for her birthday; it was the first American silk
+dress ever worn by an English queen. But after a while it was found
+that silk could not be produced in Georgia as well as it could in
+Italy and France, and so in time cotton came to be raised instead.
+
+[Footnote 8: Silkworm: a kind of caterpillar which spins a fine, soft
+thread of which silk is made.]
+
+
+107. Keeping out the Spaniards; Georgia powder at Bunker Hill;
+General Oglethorpe in his old age.--The people of Georgia did a good
+work in keeping out the Spaniards, who were trying to get possession
+of the part of the country north of Florida. Later, like the settlers
+in North Carolina and South Carolina, they did their part in helping
+to make America independent of the rule of the king of England. When
+the war of the Revolution began, the king had a lot of powder stored
+in Savannah. The people broke into the building, rolled out the kegs,
+and carried them off. Part of the powder they kept for themselves,
+and part they seem to have sent to Massachusetts; so that it is quite
+likely that the men who fought at Bunker Hill may have loaded their
+guns with some of the powder given them by their friends in Savannah.
+In that case the king got it back, but in a somewhat different way
+from what he expected.
+
+General Oglethorpe spent the last of his life in England. He lived
+to a very great age. Up to the last he had eyes as bright and keen
+as a boy's. After the Revolution was over, the king made a treaty
+or agreement, by which he promised to let the United States of America
+live in peace. General Oglethorpe was able to read that treaty
+without spectacles. He had lived to see the colony of Georgia which
+he had settled become a free and independent state.
+
+
+108. Summary.--In 1733 General James Oglethorpe brought over a
+number of emigrants from England, and settled Savannah, Georgia.
+Georgia was the thirteenth English colony; it was the last one
+established in this country. General Oglethorpe lived to see it
+become one of the United States of America.
+
+
+At the beginning of 1733 how many English colonies were there in
+America? Who was General Oglethorpe? What did he do? Why was the new
+settlement called Georgia? Tell what happened to a friend of General
+Oglethorpe's. What did he wish to do for the poor debtors? What is
+said about the settlement of Savannah? What about the German
+emigrants and Ebenezer? What about raising silk? What good work did
+the people of Georgia do? What about Georgia powder in the
+Revolution? What is said of General Oglethorpe in old age?
+
+
+
+
+BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
+(1706-1790).
+
+
+109. Growth of Philadelphia; what a young printer was doing for
+it.--By the year 1733, when the people of Savannah[1] were building
+their first log cabins, Philadelphia[2] had grown to be the largest
+city in this country,--though it would take more than seventy such
+cities to make one as great as Philadelphia now is.
+
+Next to William Penn,[3] the person who did the most for Philadelphia
+was a young man who had gone from Boston to make his home among the
+Quakers. He lived in a small house near the market. On a board over
+the door he had painted his name and business; here it is:
+
+[Illustration: "BENJAMIN FRANKLIN PRINTER" BUSINESS SIGN.]
+
+[Footnote 1: See paragraph 104.]
+
+[Footnote 2: See paragraph 99.]
+
+[Footnote 3: See paragraph 96.]
+
+
+110. Franklin's newspaper and almanac;[4] how he worked; standing
+before kings.--Franklin was then publishing a small newspaper,
+called the _Pennsylvania Gazette_.[5] To-day we print newspapers by
+steam at the rate of two or three hundred a minute; but Franklin,
+standing in his shirtsleeves at a little press, printed his with his
+own hands. It was hard work, as you could see by the drops of sweat
+that stood on his forehead; and it was slow as well as hard. The young
+man not only wrote himself most of what he printed in his paper, but
+he often made his own ink; sometimes he even made his own type.[6]
+When he got out of paper he would take a wheelbarrow, go out and buy
+a load, and wheel it home. To-day there are more than three hundred
+newspapers printed in Philadelphia; then there were only two, and
+Franklin's was the better of those two.
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN AT A PRINTING PRESS.]
+
+[Illustration: A TYPE. (The Letter B.)]
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN WHEELING A LOAD OF PAPER.]
+
+Besides this paper he published an almanac, which thousands of people
+bought. In it he printed such sayings as these: "_He who would
+thrive[7] must rise at five_," and "_If you want a thing well done,
+do it yourself._" But Franklin was not contented with simply printing
+these sayings, for he practised them as well.
+
+Sometimes his friends would ask him why he began work so early in
+the morning, and kept at it so many hours. He would laugh, and tell
+them that his father used to repeat to him this saying of Solomon's:
+"_Seest thou a man diligent in his business? he shall stand before
+kings; he shall not stand before mean men._"[8]
+
+At that time the young printer never actually expected to stand in
+the presence of a king, but years later he met with five; and one
+of them, his friend the king of France, gave him his picture set round
+with diamonds.
+
+[Footnote 4: Almanac (al'ma-nak).]
+
+[Footnote 5: Gazette (ga-zet'): a newspaper.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Type: the raised metal letters used in printing are made
+by melting lead and some other metals together and pouring the
+mixture into molds.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Thrive: to get on in business, to prosper.]
+
+[Footnote 8: See Prov. xxii. 29.]
+
+
+111. Franklin's boyhood; making tallow candles; he is apprenticed[9]
+to his brother; how he managed to save money to buy books.--Franklin's
+father was a poor man with a large family. He lived in Boston, and made
+soap and candles. Benjamin went to school two years; then, when he was
+ten years old, his father set him to work in his factory, and he never
+went to school again. He was now kept busy filling the candle-molds
+with melted grease, cutting off the ends of the wicks, and running
+errands. But the boy did not like this kind of work; and, as he was
+very fond of books, his father put him in a printing-office. This
+office was carried on by James Franklin, one of Benjamin's brothers.
+James Franklin paid a small sum of money each week for Benjamin's
+board; but the boy told him that if he would let him have half the
+money to use as he liked, he would board himself. James was glad to do
+this. Benjamin then gave up eating meat, and, while the others went out
+to dinner, he would stay in the printing-office and eat a boiled
+potato, or perhaps a handful of raisins. In this way, he saved up a
+number of coppers every week; and when he got enough laid by, he would
+buy a book.
+
+But James Franklin was not only a mean man, but a hot-tempered one;
+and when he got angry with his young apprentice,[10] he would beat
+and knock him about. At length the lad, who was now seventeen, made
+up his mind that he would run away, and go to New York.
+
+[Footnote 9: Apprenticed: bound by a written agreement to learn a
+trade of a master, who is bound by the same agreement to teach the
+trade.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Apprentice: one who is apprenticed to a master to learn
+a trade. See footnote 9.]
+
+
+112. Young Franklin runs away; he goes to New York, and then to
+Philadelphia.--Young Franklin sold some of his books, and with the
+money paid his passage to New York by a sailing-vessel--for in those
+days there were no steamboats or railroads in America. When he got
+to New York, he could not find work, so he decided to go on to
+Philadelphia.
+
+He started to walk across New Jersey to Burlington, on the Delaware
+River, a distance of about fifty miles; there he hoped to get a
+sail-boat going down the river to Philadelphia. Shortly after he set
+out, it began to rain hard, and the lad was soon wet to the skin and
+splashed all over with red mud; but he kept on until noon, then took
+a rest, and on the third day he reached Burlington and got passage
+down the river.
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN WALKING IN THE RAIN.]
+
+
+113. Franklin's Sunday walk in Philadelphia; the rolls; Miss Read;
+the Quaker meeting-house.--Franklin landed in Philadelphia on
+Sunday morning (1723). He was tired and hungry; he had but a single
+dollar in the world. As he walked along, he saw a bake-shop open.
+He went in and bought three great, puffy rolls for a penny[11] each.
+Then he started up Market Street, where he was one day to have his
+newspaper office. He had a roll like a small loaf of bread tucked
+under each arm, and he was eating the other as though it tasted good
+to him. As he passed a house, he noticed a nice-looking young woman
+at the door. She seemed to want to laugh; and well she might, for
+Franklin appeared like a youthful tramp who had been robbing a
+baker's shop. The young woman was Miss Deborah[12] Read. A number
+of years later Franklin married her. He always said that he could
+not have got a better wife.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Franklin's route from Boston to Philadelphia.]
+
+Franklin kept on in his walk until he came to the Delaware. He took
+a hearty drink of river water to settle his breakfast, and then gave
+away the two rolls he had under his arm to a poor woman with a child.
+On his way back from the river he followed a number of people to a
+Quaker meeting-house. At the meeting no one spoke. Franklin was tired
+out, and, not having any preacher to keep him awake, he soon fell
+asleep, and slept till the meeting was over. He says, "This was the
+first house I was in, or slept in, in Philadelphia."
+
+[Footnote 11: Penny: an English coin worth two cents.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Deborah (Deb'o-rah).]
+
+
+114. Franklin finds work; he goes back to Boston on a visit; he learns
+to stoop.--The next day the young man found some work in a
+printing-office. Six months afterward he decided to go back to Boston
+to see his friends. He started on his journey with a good suit of
+clothes, a silver watch, and a well-filled purse.
+
+While in Boston, Franklin went to call on a minister who had written
+a little book[13] which he had been very fond of reading. As he was
+coming away from the minister's house, he had to go through a low
+passage-way under a large beam. "Stoop! Stoop!" cried out the
+gentleman; but Franklin did not understand him, and so hit his head
+a sharp knock against the beam. "Ah," said his friend, as he saw him
+rubbing his head, "you are young, and have the world before you;
+_stoop_ as you go through it, and you will miss many hard thumps."
+Franklin says that this sensible advice, which was thus beat into
+his head, was of great use afterward; in fact, he learned then how
+to stoop to conquer.
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN LEARNING TO STOOP.]
+
+[Footnote 13: The name of this book, written by the Rev. Cotton Mather,
+was _Essays to do Good_.]
+
+
+115. Franklin returns to Philadelphia; he goes to London; water
+against beer.--Franklin soon went back to Philadelphia. The governor
+of Pennsylvania then persuaded him to go to London, telling him that
+he would help him to get a printing-press and type to start a
+newspaper in Philadelphia.
+
+When Franklin reached London, he found that the governor was one of
+those men who promise great things, but do nothing. Instead of buying
+a press, he had to go to work in a printing-office to earn his bread.
+He stayed in London more than a year. At the office where he worked
+the men were great beer-drinkers. One of his companions bought six
+pints a day. He began with a pint before breakfast, then took another
+pint at breakfast, then a pint between breakfast and dinner, then
+a pint at dinner, then a pint in the afternoon, and, last of all,
+a pint after he had done work. Franklin drank nothing but water. The
+others laughed at him, and nicknamed him the "Water-American"; but
+after a while they had to confess that he was stronger than they were
+who drank so much strong beer.
+
+The fact was that Franklin could beat them both at work and at play.
+When they went out for a bath in the Thames,[14] they found that their
+"Water-American" could swim like a fish; and he so astonished them
+that a rich Londoner tried to persuade him to start a swimming-school
+to teach his sons, but Franklin had stayed in England long enough,
+and he now decided to go back to Philadelphia.
+
+[Footnote 14: Thames (Tems). London is on the river Thames.]
+
+
+116. Franklin sets up his newspaper; "sawdust pudding."--After his
+return to America, Franklin labored so diligently that he was soon
+able to set up a newspaper of his own. He tried to make it a good
+one. But some people thought that he spoke his mind too freely. They
+complained of this to him, and gave him to understand that if he did
+not make his paper to please them, they would stop taking it or
+advertising in it.
+
+Franklin heard what they had to say, and then invited them all to
+come and have supper with him. They went, expecting a feast, but they
+found nothing on the table but two dishes of corn-meal mush and a
+big pitcher of cold water. That kind of mush was then eaten only by
+very poor people; and because it was yellow and coarse, it was
+nicknamed "sawdust pudding."
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN EATING "SAWDUST PUDDING."]
+
+Franklin gave everybody a heaping plateful, and then, filling his
+own, he made a hearty supper of it. The others tried to eat, but could
+not. After Franklin had finished his supper, he looked up, and said
+quietly, "My friends, any one who can live on 'sawdust pudding' and
+cold water, as I can, does not need much help from others." After
+that, no one went to the young printer with complaints about his paper.
+Franklin, as we have seen,[15] had learned to stoop; but he certainly
+did not mean to go stooping through life.
+
+[Footnote 15: See paragraph 114.]
+
+
+117. Franklin's plan of life; what he did for Philadelphia.--Not many
+young men can see their own faults, but Franklin could. More than
+that, he tried hard to get rid of them. He kept a little book in which
+he wrote down his faults. If he wasted half an hour of time or a
+shilling of money, or said anything that he had better not have said,
+he wrote it down in his book. He carried that book in his pocket all
+his life, and he studied it as a boy at school studies a hard lesson.
+By it he learned three things,--first, to do the right thing; next,
+to do it at the right time; last of all, to do it in the right way.
+
+As he was never tired of helping himself to get upward and onward,
+so, too, he was never tired of helping others. He started the first
+public library in Philadelphia, which was also the first in America.
+He set on foot the first fire-engine company and the first military
+company in that city. He got the people to pave the muddy streets
+with stone; he helped to build the first academy,--now called the
+University of Pennsylvania,--and he also helped to build the first
+hospital.
+
+
+118. Franklin's experiments[16] with electricity; the wonderful
+bottle; the picture of the king of England.--While doing these things
+and publishing his paper besides, Franklin found time to make
+experiments with electricity. Very little was then known about this
+wonderful power, but a Dutchman, living in the city of Leyden[17]
+in Holland, had discovered a way of bottling it up in what is called
+a Leyden Jar. Franklin had one of these jars, and he was never tired
+of seeing what new and strange thing he could do with it.
+
+He contrived a picture of the king of England with a movable gilt
+crown on his head. Then he connected the crown by a long wire with
+the Leyden Jar. When he wanted some fun he would dare any one to go
+up to the picture and take off the king's crown. Why that's easy
+enough, a man would say, and would walk up and seize the crown. But
+no sooner had he touched it than he would get an electric shock which
+would make his fingers tingle as they never tingled before. With a
+loud Oh! Oh! he would let go of the crown, and start back in utter
+astonishment, not knowing what had hurt him.
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN PLAYING A JOKE WITH THE KING'S CROWN.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Experiments: here an experiment is a trial made to
+discover something unknown. Franklin made these experiments or
+trials with electricity and with thunder clouds in order to find out
+what he could about them.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Leyden: see map in paragraph 62.]
+
+
+119. The electrical kite.--But Franklin's greatest experiment was
+made one day in sober earnest with a kite. He believed that the
+electricity in the bottle, or Leyden Jar, was the same thing as the
+lightning we see in a thunder-storm. He knew well enough how to get
+an electric spark from the jar, for he had once killed a turkey with
+it for dinner; but how could he get a spark from a cloud in the sky?
+
+He thought about it for a long time; then he made a kite out of a
+silk handkerchief, and fastened a sharp iron point to the upright
+stick of the kite. One day, when a thunder-storm was seen coming up,
+Franklin and his son went out to the fields. The kite was raised;
+then Franklin tied an iron key to the lower end of the string. After
+waiting some time, he saw the little hair-like threads of the string
+begin to stand up like the bristles of a brush. He felt certain that
+the electricity was coming down the string. He put his knuckle close
+to the key, and a spark flew out. Next, he took his Leyden Jar and
+collected the electricity in that. He had made two great discoveries,
+for he had found out that electricity and lightning are the same thing
+and he had also found how to fill his bottle directly from the clouds:
+that was something that no one had ever done before.
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN FLYING A KITE.]
+
+
+120. Franklin invents the lightning-rod; _Doctor_ Franklin.--But
+Franklin did not stop at that. He said, If I can draw down electricity
+from the sky with a kite-string, I can draw it still better with a
+tall, sharp-pointed iron rod. He put up such a rod on his house in
+Philadelphia; it was the first lightning-rod in the world. Soon other
+people began to put them up: so this was another gift of his to the
+city which he loved. Every good lightning-rod which has since been
+erected to protect buildings has been a copy of that invented by
+Franklin.
+
+People now began to talk, not only in this country but in Europe,
+about his electrical experiments and discoveries. The oldest college
+in Scotland[18] gave him a title of honor and called him Doctor--a
+word which means a learned man. From this time, Franklin the printer
+was no longer plain Mr. Franklin, but Dr. Franklin.
+
+Dr. Franklin did not think that he had found out all that could be
+found out about electricity; he believed that he had simply made a
+beginning, and that other men would discover still greater things
+that could be done with it. Do you think he was mistaken about that?
+
+[Footnote 18: The University of St. Andrews.]
+
+
+121. Franklin in the Revolutionary War; Franklin and the map of the
+United States.--When the war of the Revolution broke out, Dr.
+Franklin did a great work for his country. He did not fight battles
+like Washington, but he did something just as useful. First, he
+helped write the Declaration of Independence, by which we declared
+ourselves free from the rule of the king of England; next, he went
+to France to get aid for us. We were then too poor to pay our soldiers;
+he got the king of France to let us have money to give them.
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN'S CANE AND WASHINGTON'S REVOLUTIONARY SWORD.
+(Preserved in the Patent Office, Washington.)]
+
+Franklin lived to see the Revolution ended and America free. When
+he died, full of years and of honors, he was buried in Philadelphia.
+Twenty thousand people went to his funeral.
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN'S GRAVE IN CHRIST CHURCH BURIAL-GROUND,
+PHILADELPHIA.]
+
+If you wish to see what the country thinks of him, you have only to
+look at a large map of the United States, and count up how many times
+you find his name on it. You will find that more than two hundred
+counties and towns are called FRANKLIN.
+
+
+122. Summary.--Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston nearly two
+hundred years ago. He went to Philadelphia when he was seventeen.
+He started a newspaper there, opened the first public library, and
+did many other things to help the city. He discovered that lightning
+and electricity are the same thing, and he invented the lightning-rod
+to protect buildings. In the Revolution, he got large sums of money
+from the king of France to pay our soldiers and to help Washington
+fight the battles which ended in making America free.
+
+
+What had Philadelphia grown to be by 1733? Who did a great deal for
+Philadelphia? Tell what you can about Franklin's newspaper. What
+else did he publish? What sayings did he print in his almanac? What
+saying of Solomon's did Franklin's father use to repeat to him? Did
+he ever stand in the presence of any kings? Tell what you can about
+Franklin as a boy. Where did he live? What did he do? How did he save
+money to buy books? Why did he run away? Where did he go? Tell what
+you can about Franklin's landing in Philadelphia? How did Franklin
+look to Miss Read? Where did Franklin find work? What happened to
+him when he went back to Boston on a visit? Why did Franklin go to
+London? What did he do there? What did they nickname him in the
+printing-office? What did Franklin do after he returned to
+Philadelphia? Tell the story of the "sawdust pudding." Tell about
+Franklin's plan of life. What did he do for Philadelphia? What
+experiments did Franklin make? What about the picture of the king?
+Tell the story of the kite. What two things did he find out by means
+of this kite? What did he invent? What title did a college in Scotland
+now give him? Did Franklin think that anything more would be
+discovered about electricity? What two things did Franklin do in the
+Revolution? What is said of his funeral? How many counties and towns
+in the United States are now called by his name?
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE WASHINGTON
+(1732-1799).
+
+
+123. A Virginia boy; what he became; what he learned at school; his
+writing-books.--In 1732, when Franklin was at work on his newspaper,
+a boy was born on a plantation[1] in Virginia who was one day to stand
+higher even than the Philadelphia printer.
+
+[Illustration: STONE MARKING WASHINGTON'S BIRTHPLACE; THE HOUSE IS
+NO LONGER STANDING.]
+
+That boy when he grew up was to be chosen leader of the armies of
+the Revolution; he was to be elected the first president of the United
+States; and before he died he was to be known and honored all over
+the world. The name of that boy was George Washington.
+
+Washington's father died when George was only eleven years old,
+leaving him, with his brothers and sisters, to the care of a most
+excellent and sensible mother. It was that mother's influence more
+than anything else which made George the man he became.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON'S SIGNATURE AT THE AGE OF 12.]
+
+George went to a little country school, where he learned to read,
+write, and cipher. By the time he was twelve, he could write a clear,
+bold hand. In one of his writing-books he copied many good rules or
+sayings. Here is one:--
+
+[Illustration: "Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark
+of celestial fire called conscience."[2]]
+
+[Footnote 1: Plantation: George Washington was born on a plantation
+(or large estate cultivated by slaves) on Bridges Creek, a small
+stream emptying into the Potomac. See map in paragraph 127. Not long
+after George's birth (February 22, 1732), his father moved to an
+estate on the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg. See map
+in paragraph 127 for this place and Mount Vernon.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Celestial: heavenly, divine.]
+
+
+124. Washington's sports and games; playing at war; "Captain
+George."--But young Washington was not always copying good sayings;
+for he was a tall, strong boy, fond of all out-door sports and games.
+He was a well-meaning boy, but he had a hot temper, and at times his
+blue eyes flashed fire. In all trials of strength and in all deeds
+of daring, George took the lead; he could run faster, jump further,
+and throw a stone higher than any one in the school.
+
+When the boys played "soldier," they liked to have "Captain George"
+as commander. When he drew his wooden sword, and shouted Come on!
+they would all rush into battle with a wild hurrah. Years afterward,
+when the real war came, and George Washington drew his sword in
+earnest, some of his school companions may have fought under their
+old leader.
+
+
+125. The great battle with the colt, and what came of it.--Once,
+however, Washington had a battle of a different kind. It was with
+a high-spirited colt which belonged to his mother. Nobody had ever
+been able to do anything with that colt, and most people were afraid
+of him. Early one morning, George and some of his brothers were out
+in the pasture. George looked at the colt prancing about and kicking
+up his heels. Then he said: "Boys, if you'll help me put a bridle
+on him, I'll ride him." The boys managed to get the colt into a corner
+and to slip on the bridle. With a leap, George seated himself firmly
+on his back. Then the fun began. The colt, wild with rage, ran, jumped,
+plunged, and reared straight up on his hind legs, hoping to throw
+his rider off. It was all useless; he might as well have tried to
+throw off his own skin, for the boy stuck to his back as though he
+had grown there. Then, making a last desperate bound into the air,
+the animal burst a blood-vessel and fell dead. The battle was over,
+George was victor, but it had cost the life of Mrs. Washington's
+favorite colt.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON'S HOME WHEN A BOY.]
+
+When the boys went in to breakfast, their mother, knowing that they
+had just come from the pasture, asked how the colt was getting on.
+"He is dead, madam," said George; "I killed him." "Dead!" exclaimed
+his mother. "Yes, madam, dead," replied her son. Then he told her
+just how it happened. When Mrs. Washington heard the story, her face
+flushed with anger. Then, waiting a moment, she looked steadily at
+George, and said quietly, "While I regret the loss of my favorite,
+I rejoice in my son, who always speaks the truth."
+
+
+126. Washington goes on a visit to Mount Vernon; he makes the
+acquaintance of Lord Fairfax.--George's eldest brother, Lawrence
+Washington, had married the daughter of a gentleman named
+Fairfax,[3] who lived on the banks of the Potomac. Lawrence had a
+fine estate a few miles above, on the same river; he called his place
+Mount Vernon. When he was fourteen, George went to Mount Vernon to
+visit his brother.
+
+Lawrence Washington took George down the river to call on the
+Fairfaxes. There the lad made the acquaintance of Lord Fairfax, an
+English nobleman who had come over from London. He owned an immense
+piece of land in Virginia. Lord Fairfax and George soon became great
+friends. He was a gray-haired man nearly sixty, but he enjoyed having
+this boy of fourteen as a companion. They spent weeks together on
+horseback in the fields and woods, hunting deer and foxes.
+
+[Footnote 3: Fairfax. This was the Hon. William Fairfax; he was
+cousin to Lord Fairfax, and he had the care of Lord Fairfax's land.]
+
+
+127. Lord Fairfax hires Washington to survey[4] his land; how
+Washington lived in the woods; the Indian war-dance.--Lord Fairfax's
+land extended westward more than a hundred miles. It had never been
+very carefully surveyed; and he was told that settlers were moving
+in beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains,[5] and were building log-cabins
+on his property without asking leave. By the time Washington was
+sixteen, he had learned surveying; and so Lord Fairfax hired him to
+measure his land for him. Washington was glad to undertake the work;
+for he needed the money, and he could earn in this way from five to
+ten dollars a day.
+
+[Illustration: Map illustrating Washington's early life.]
+
+Early in the spring, Washington, in company with another young man,
+started off on foot to do this business. They crossed the Blue Ridge
+Mountains, and entered the Valley of Virginia, one of the most
+beautiful valleys in America.
+
+The two young men would work all day in the woods with a long chain,
+measuring the land. When evening came, Washington would make a map
+of what they had measured. Then they would wrap themselves up in their
+blankets, stretch themselves on the ground at the foot of a tree,
+and go to sleep under the stars.
+
+Every day they shot some game--squirrels or wild turkeys, or perhaps
+a deer. They kindled a fire with flint and steel,[6] and roasted the
+meat on sticks held over the coals. For plates they had clean chips;
+and as clean chips could always be got by a few blows with an axe,
+they never washed any dishes, but just threw them away, and had a
+new set for each meal.
+
+While in the Valley they met a band of Indians, who stopped and danced
+a war-dance for them. The music was not remarkable,--for most of it
+was made by drumming on a deer-skin stretched across the top of an
+old iron pot,--but the dancing itself could not be beat. The savages
+leaped into the air, swung their hatchets, gashed the trees, and
+yelled till the woods rang.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON SEES AN INDIAN WAR-DANCE.]
+
+When Washington returned from his surveying trip, Lord Fairfax was
+greatly pleased with his work; and the governor of Virginia made him
+one of the public surveyors. By this means he was able to get work
+which paid him handsomely.
+
+[Footnote 4: Survey: to find out the form, size, and position of a
+piece of land by measuring it in certain ways.]
+
+[Footnote 5: See map in this paragraph.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Flint and steel: see picture in paragraph 84.]
+
+
+128. Washington at the age of twenty-one; the French in the west;
+the governor of Virginia sends Washington to see the French
+commander.--By the time Washington was twenty-one he had grown to
+be over six feet in height. He was straight as an arrow and tough
+as a whip-lash. He had keen blue eyes that seemed to look into the
+very heart of things, and his fist was like a blacksmith's
+sledgehammer. He knew all about the woods, all about Indians, and
+he could take care of himself anywhere.
+
+At this time the English settlers held the country along the seashore
+as far back as the Alleghany Mountains.[7] West of those mountains
+the French from Canada were trying to get possession of the land.
+They had made friends with many of the Indians, and they hoped, with
+their help, to be able to drive out the English and get the whole
+country for themselves.
+
+In order to hold this land in the west, the French had built several
+forts[8] south of Lake Erie, and they were getting ready to build
+some on the Ohio River. The governor of Virginia was determined to
+put a stop to this. He had given young Washington the military title
+of major;[9] he now sent Major Washington to see the French commander
+at one of the forts near Lake Erie. Washington was to tell the
+Frenchman that he had built his forts on land belonging to the English,
+and that he and his men must either leave or fight.
+
+Major Washington dressed himself like an Indian, and attended by
+several friendly Indians and by a white man named Gist,[10] who knew
+the country well, he set out on his journey through what was called
+the Great Woods.
+
+The entire distance to the farthest fort and back was about a thousand
+miles. Washington could go on horseback part of the way, but there
+were no regular roads, and he had to climb mountains and swim rivers.
+After several weeks' travel he reached the fort, but the French
+commander refused to give up the land. He said that he and his men
+had come to stay, and that if the English did not like it, they must
+fight.
+
+[Footnote 7: Alleghany (Al'le-ga'ni): see map in paragraph 127. (It
+is also spelled Allegheny.)]
+
+[Footnote 8: Forts: see map in paragraph 127.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Major (ma'jer): an officer in the army next above a
+captain, but below a colonel.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Gist (Jist).]
+
+
+129. The journey back; the Indian guide; how Washington found his
+way through the woods; the adventure with the raft.--On the way back,
+Washington had to leave his horses and come on foot with Gist and
+an Indian guide sent from the fort. This Indian guide was in the pay
+of the French, and he intended to murder Washington in the woods.
+One day he shot at him from behind a tree, but luckily did not hit
+him. Then Washington and Gist managed to get away from him, and set
+out to go back to Virginia by themselves. There were no paths through
+the thick forest; but Washington had his compass with him, and with
+that he could find his way just as the captain of a ship finds his
+at sea. When they reached the Alleghany River they found it full of
+floating ice. They worked all day and made a raft of logs. As they
+were pushing their way across with poles, Washington's pole was
+struck by a big piece of ice which he says jerked him out into water
+ten feet deep. At length the two men managed to get to a little island,
+but as there was no wood on it, they could not make a fire. The weather
+was bitterly cold, and Washington, who was soaked to the skin, had
+to take his choice between walking about all night, or trying to sleep
+on the frozen ground in his wet clothes.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON AND GIST ON THE RAFT.]
+
+
+130. Major Washington becomes Colonel Washington; Fort Necessity;
+Braddock's defeat.--When Major Washington got back to Virginia, the
+governor made him colonel. With a hundred and fifty men, Colonel
+Washington was ordered to set out for the west. He was to "make
+prisoners, kill or destroy," all Frenchmen who should try to get
+possession of land on the Ohio River. He built a small log fort, which
+he named Fort Necessity.[11] Here the French attacked him. They had
+five men to his one. Colonel Washington fought like a man who liked
+to hear the bullets whistle past his ears,--as he said he did,--but
+in the end he had to give up the fort.
+
+Then General Braddock, a noted English soldier, was sent over to
+Virginia by the king to drive the French out of the country. He
+started with a fine army, and Washington went with him.[12] He told
+General Braddock that the French and the Indians would hide in the
+woods and fire at his men from behind trees. But Braddock paid no
+attention to the warning. On his way through the forest, the brave
+English general was suddenly struck down by the enemy, half of his
+army were killed or wounded, and the rest put to flight. Washington
+had two horses shot under him, and four bullets went through his coat.
+It was a narrow escape for the young man. One of those who fought
+in the battle said, "I expected every moment to see him fall"--but
+he was to live for greater work.
+
+[Illustration: FALL OF GENERAL BRADDOCK ON THE BATTLE-FIELD.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Fort Necessity: see map in paragraph 127.]
+
+[Footnote 12: See map of Braddock's march in paragraph 127.]
+
+
+131. End of the war with the French; what the king of England wanted
+to do; how the people here felt toward him.--The war with the French
+lasted a number of years. It ended by the English getting possession
+of the whole of America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi
+River. All this part of America was ruled by George the Third, king
+of England. The king now determined to send over more soldiers, and
+keep them here to prevent the French in Canada from trying to get
+back the country they had lost. He wanted the people here in the
+thirteen colonies[13] to pay the cost of keeping these soldiers. But
+this the people were not willing to do, because they felt that they
+were able to protect themselves without help of any kind. Then the
+king said, If the Americans will not give the money, I will take it
+from them by force,--for pay it they must and shall. This was more
+than the king would have dared say about England; for there, if he
+wanted money to spend on his army, he had to ask the people for it,
+and they could give it or not as they thought best. The Americans
+said, We have the same rights as our brothers in England, and the
+king cannot force us to give a single copper against our will. If
+he tries to take it from us, we will fight. Some of the greatest men
+in England agreed with us, and said that they would fight, too, if
+they were in our place.
+
+[Footnote 13: Thirteen colonies: see footnote 4 at the end of
+paragraph 102.]
+
+
+132. The king determines to have the money; the tea-ships, and the
+"Boston tea-party."--But George the Third did not know the Americans,
+and he did not think that they meant what they said. He tried to make
+them pay the money, but they would not. From Maine to Georgia, all
+the people were of one mind. Then the king thought that he would try
+a different way. Shiploads of tea were sent over to New York, Boston,
+Philadelphia, and Charleston, If the tea should be landed and sold,
+then every man who bought a pound of it would have to pay six cents
+more than the regular price. That six cents was a tax, and it went
+into the king's pocket. The people said, We won't pay that six cents.
+When the tea reached New York, the citizens sent it back again to
+England. They did the same thing at Philadelphia. At Charleston they
+let it be landed, but it was stored in damp cellars. People would
+not buy any of it any more than they would buy so much poison, so
+it all rotted and spoiled. At Boston they had a grand "tea-party."
+A number of men dressed themselves up like Indians, went on board
+the tea-ships at night, broke open all the chests, and emptied the
+tea into the harbor.
+
+[Illustration: THE BOSTON "TEA-PARTY."]
+
+
+133. The king closes the port of Boston; Congress meets at
+Philadelphia; the names American and British; what General Gage
+tried to do.--The king was terribly angry; and orders were given that
+the port of Boston should be closed, so that no ships, except the
+king's war-ships, should come in or go out. Nearly all trade stopped
+in Boston. Many of the inhabitants began to suffer for want of food,
+but throughout the colonies the people tried their best to help them.
+The New England towns sent droves of sheep and cattle, New York sent
+wheat, South Carolina gave two hundred barrels of rice; the other
+colonies gave liberally in money and provisions. Even in England much
+sympathy was felt for the distressed people of Boston, and in London
+a large sum of money was raised to help those whom the king was
+determined to starve into submission.
+
+The colonies now sent some of their best men to Philadelphia to
+consider what should be done. As this meeting was made up of those
+who had come from all parts of the country, it took the name of the
+General or Continental Congress.[14]
+
+About this time, too, a great change took place; for the people
+throughout the country began to call themselves Americans, and to
+speak of the English troops that the king sent over here as British
+soldiers.
+
+In Boston General Gage had command of these soldiers. He knew that
+the Americans were getting ready to fight, and that they had stored
+up powder and ball at Concord,[15] about twenty miles from Boston.
+One night he secretly sent out a lot of soldiers to march to Concord
+and destroy what they found there.
+
+[Footnote 14: Congress: this word means a meeting or assembly of
+persons. The General or Continental Congress was an assembly of
+certain persons sent usually by all of the thirteen American colonies
+to meet at Philadelphia or Baltimore, to decide what should be done
+by the whole country. The first Congress met in 1774, or shortly
+before the Revolution began, and after that from time to time until
+near the close of the Revolution.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Concord (Con'cord).]
+
+
+134. Paul Revere;[16] the fight at Lexington and Concord; Bunker
+Hill.--But Paul Revere, a Boston man, was on the watch; and as soon
+as he found out which way the British were going, he set off at a
+gallop for Lexington, on the road to Concord. All the way out, he
+roused people from their sleep, with the cry, "The British are
+coming!"
+
+[Illustration: PAUL REVERE'S RIDE.]
+
+When the king's soldiers reached Lexington, they found the Americans,
+under Captain Parker, ready for them. Captain Parker said to his men,
+"Don't fire unless you are fired on; but if they want a war, _let
+it begin here_." The fighting did begin there, April 19th, 1775; and
+when the British left the town on their way to Concord, seven
+Americans lay dead on the grass in front of the village church. At
+Concord, that same day, there was still harder fighting; and on the
+way back to Boston, a large number of the British were killed.
+
+The next month, June 17th, 1775 a battle was fought on Bunker Hill
+in Charlestown, just outside of Boston. General Gage thought the
+Yankees wouldn't fight, but they did fight, in a way that General
+Gage never forgot; and though they had at last to retreat because
+their powder gave out, yet the British lost more than a thousand men.
+The contest at Bunker Hill was the first great battle of the
+Revolution; that is, of that war which overturned the British power
+in America, and made us a free people. Many Englishmen thought the
+king was wrong. They would not fight against us, and he was obliged
+to hire a large number of German soldiers to send to America. These
+Germans had to fight us whether they wanted to or not, for their king
+forced them to come.
+
+[Footnote 16: Revere (Re-veer').]
+
+
+135. Colonel Washington at Mount Vernon; Congress makes him General
+Washington, and sends him to take command of the American army.--At
+the time the battle of Bunker Hill was fought, Colonel George
+Washington was living very quietly at Mount Vernon. His brother
+Lawrence had died, and Mount Vernon was now his home. Washington was
+very well off: he had a fine estate and plenty of slaves to do the
+work on it; but when he died, many years later, he took good care
+to leave orders that all of his slaves should be set free as soon
+as it could be done.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON AT MOUNT VERNON.]
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON TAKING COMMAND OF THE AMERICAN ARMY AT
+CAMBRIDGE.]
+
+Congress now made Colonel Washington general, and sent him to
+Cambridge, a town just outside of Boston, to take command of the
+American army. It was called the Continental Army because it was
+raised, not to fight for the people of Massachusetts, but for all
+the Americans on the continent, north and south. Washington took
+command of the army under a great elm, which is still standing. There,
+six months later, he raised the first American flag.[17]
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTHERN STATES IN THE REVOLUTION.]
+
+[Footnote 17: See a picture of this and the other flags of the
+Revolution in paragraph 142.]
+
+
+136. American sharpshooters;[18] Washington's need of cannon and
+powder; the attack on Canada; the British driven out of Boston.--Men
+now came from all parts of the country to join the Continental Army.
+Many of them were sharpshooters. In one case an officer set up a board
+with the figure of a man's nose chalked on it, for a mark. A hundred
+men fired at it at long distance, and sixty hit the nose. The
+newspapers gave them great praise for their skill and said, "Now,
+General Gage, look out for _your_ nose."
+
+[Illustration: "NOW, GENERAL GAGE, LOOK OUT FOR _your_ NOSE."]
+
+Washington wanted to drive General Gage and the British soldiers out
+of Boston, but for months he could not get either cannon or powder.
+Benjamin Franklin said that we should have to fight as the Indians
+used to, with bows and arrows.
+
+While Washington was waiting, a number of Americans marched against
+the British in Canada; but the cold weather came on, and they nearly
+starved to death: our men would sometimes take off their
+moccasins[19] and gnaw them, while they danced in the snow to keep
+their bare feet from freezing.
+
+At last Washington got both cannon and powder. He dragged the cannon
+up to the top of some high land overlooking Boston harbor. He then
+sent word to General Howe, for Gage had gone, that if he did not leave
+Boston he would knock his ships to pieces. The British saw that they
+could not help themselves, so they made haste to get on board their
+vessels and sail away. They never came back to Boston again, but went
+to New York.
+
+[Footnote 18: Sharpshooters: men who can fire and hit a small mark
+with a bullet at a long distance.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Moccasins (mok'ka-sins): Indian shoes made of
+deerskin.]
+
+
+137. The Declaration of Independence; "Down with the king!"
+Washington is driven from New York and across the Delaware
+River.--Washington got to New York first. While he was there,
+Congress,[20] on the 4th of July, 1776, declared the United States
+_independent_--that is, entirely free from the rule of the king of
+England. There was a gilded lead statue of King George the Third on
+horseback in New York. When the news of what Congress had done reached
+that city, there was a great cry of "Down with the king!" That night
+some of our men pulled down the statue, melted it up, and cast it
+into bullets.
+
+[Illustration: "DOWN WITH THE KING!"]
+
+The next month there was a battle on Long Island,[21] just across
+from New York City; the British gained the victory. Washington had
+to leave New York, and Lord Cornwallis, one of the British generals,
+chased him and his little army clear across the state of New Jersey.
+It looked at one time as though our men would all be taken prisoners,
+but Washington managed to seize a lot of small boats on the Delaware
+River[22] and get across into Pennsylvania: as the British had no
+boats, they could not follow.
+
+[Footnote 20: Congress: see footnote 14 in paragraph 133.]
+
+[Footnote 21: See map in paragraph 135.]
+
+[Footnote 22: See map in paragraph 135.]
+
+
+138. Washington's victory at Trenton, New Jersey.--Lord Cornwallis
+left fifteen hundred German soldiers at Trenton on the Delaware. He
+intended, as soon as the river froze over, to cross on the ice and
+attack Washington's army. But Washington did not wait for him. On
+Christmas night (1776) he took a large number of boats, filled them
+with soldiers, and secretly crossed over to New Jersey.[23] The
+weather was intensely cold, the river was full of floating ice, and
+a furious snow-storm set in. Many of our men were ragged and had only
+old broken shoes. They suffered terribly, and two of them were frozen
+to death.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARE RIVER.]
+
+The Germans at Trenton had been having a jolly Christmas, and had
+gone to bed, suspecting no danger. Suddenly Washington, with his men,
+rushed into the little town, and almost before they knew what had
+happened, a thousand Germans were made prisoners. The rest escaped
+to tell Lord Cornwallis how the Americans had beaten them. When
+Washington was driven out of New York, many Americans thought he
+would be captured. Now they were filled with joy. The battle of
+Trenton was the first battle won by the Continental Army.
+
+[Footnote 23: See map in paragraph 135.]
+
+
+139. Our victory at Princeton, New Jersey; the British take
+Philadelphia; winter at Valley Forge; Burgoyne beaten; the king of
+France agrees to help us.--Washington took his thousand prisoners
+over into Pennsylvania. A few days later he again crossed the
+Delaware into New Jersey. While Cornwallis was fast asleep in his
+tent, he slipped round him, got to Princeton,[24] and there beat a
+part of the British army. Cornwallis woke up and heard Washington's
+cannon. "That's thunder," he said. He was right; it was the thunder
+of another American victory.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON ON HORSEBACK.]
+
+But before the next winter set in, the British had taken the city
+of Philadelphia, then the capital of the United States. Washington's
+army was freezing and starving on the hillsides of Valley Forge,[25]
+about twenty miles northwest of Philadelphia.
+
+But good news was coming. The Americans had won a great victory at
+Saratoga, New York,[26] over the British general, Burgoyne.[27] Dr.
+Franklin was then in Paris. When he heard that Burgoyne was beaten,
+he hurried off to the palace of the French king to tell him about
+it. The king of France hated the British, and he agreed to send money,
+ships, and soldiers to help us. When our men heard that at Valley
+Forge, they leaped and hurrahed for joy. Not long after that the
+British left Philadelphia, and we entered it in triumph.
+
+[Footnote 24: Princeton: see map in paragraph 135.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Valley Forge: see map in paragraph 135.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Saratoga: see map in paragraph 135.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Burgoyne (Bur'goin).]
+
+
+140. The war at the South; Jasper; Cowpens; Greene and
+Cornwallis.--While these things were happening at the north, the
+British sent a fleet of vessels to take Charleston, South Carolina.
+They hammered away with their big guns at a little log fort under
+command of Colonel Moultrie. In the battle a cannon-ball struck the
+flag-pole on the fort, and cut it in two. The South Carolina flag
+fell to the ground outside the fort. Sergeant[28] William Jasper
+leaped down, and, while the British shot were striking all around
+him, seized the flag, climbed back, fastened it to a short staff,
+and raised it to its place, to show that the Americans would never
+give up the fort. The British, after fighting all day, saw that they
+could do nothing against palmetto logs[29] when defended by such men
+as Moultrie and Jasper; so they sailed away with such of their ships
+as had not been destroyed.
+
+[Illustration: SERGEANT JASPER AND THE FLAG.]
+
+Several years later, Charleston was taken. Lord Cornwallis then took
+command of the British army in South Carolina. General Greene, of
+Rhode Island, had command of the Americans. He sent Daniel Morgan
+with his sharpshooters to meet part of the British army at
+Cowpens;[30] they did meet them, and sent them flying. Then
+Cornwallis determined to either whip General Greene or drive him out
+of the state. But General Greene worried Cornwallis so that at last
+he was glad enough to get into Virginia. He had found North and South
+Carolina like two hornets' nests, and the further he got away from
+those hornets, the better he was pleased.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTHERN STATES IN THE REVOLUTION.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Sergeant (sar'jent): a military officer of low rank.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Palmetto logs: the wood of the palmetto tree is very
+soft and spongy; the cannon-balls, when they struck, would bury
+themselves in the logs, but would neither break them to pieces nor
+go through them.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Cowpens: see map in this paragraph.]
+
+
+141. Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold; Lafayette; Cornwallis shuts
+himself up in Yorktown.--When Lord Cornwallis got into Virginia he
+found Benedict Arnold waiting to help him. Arnold had been a general
+in the American army; Washington gave him the command of the fort
+at West Point, on the Hudson River,[31] and trusted him as though
+he was his brother. Arnold deceived him, and secretly offered to give
+up the fort to the British. We call a man who is false to his friends
+and to his country a traitor: it is the most shameful name we can
+fasten on him. Arnold was a traitor; and if we could have caught him,
+we should have hanged him; but he was cunning enough to run away and
+escape to the British. Now he was burning houses and towns in Virginia,
+and doing all that he could--as a traitor always will--to destroy
+those who had once been his best friends. He wanted to stay in
+Virginia and assist Cornwallis; but that general was a brave and
+honorable man: he despised Arnold, and did not want to have anything
+to do with him.
+
+A young nobleman named Lafayette[32] had come over from France on
+purpose to help us against the British. Cornwallis laughed at him
+and called him a "boy"; but he found that General Lafayette was a
+"boy" who knew how to fight. The British commander moved toward the
+seacoast; Lafayette followed him; at length Cornwallis shut himself
+up with his army in Yorktown.[33]
+
+[Footnote 31: West Point: see map in paragraph 135.]
+
+[Footnote 32: Lafayette (Lah-fay-et').]
+
+[Footnote 33: Yorktown: see map in paragraph 140.]
+
+
+142. Washington marches against Yorktown, and takes it and the army
+of Cornwallis.--Washington, with his army, was then near New York
+City, watching the British there. The French king had done as he
+agreed, and had sent over warships and soldiers to help us; but so
+far they had never been able to do much. Now was the chance. Before
+the British knew what Washington was about, he had sent the French
+war-ships down to Yorktown to prevent Cornwallis from getting away
+by sea. Then, with his own army and some French soldiers besides,
+Washington quickly marched south to attack Yorktown by land.
+
+When he got there he placed his cannon round the town, and began
+battering it to pieces. For more than a week he kept firing night
+and day. One house had over a thousand balls go through it. Its walls
+looked like a sieve. At last Cornwallis could not hold out any longer,
+and on October 19th, 1781, his army came out and gave themselves up
+as prisoners.
+
+The Americans formed a line more than a mile long on one side of the
+road, and the French stood facing them on the other side. The French
+had on gay clothes, and looked very handsome; the clothes of
+Washington's men were patched and faded, but their eyes shone with
+a wonderful light--the light of victory. The British marched out
+slowly, between the two lines: somehow they found it pleasanter to
+look at the bright uniforms of the French, than to look at the eyes
+of the Americans.
+
+[Illustration: THE FLAGS OF THE REVOLUTION.[34]]
+
+[Footnote 34: The flag with the large crosses on it, on the left,
+is the English flag at the time of the American Revolution. The flag
+on the right is that which Washington raised at Cambridge,
+Massachusetts, January 2d, 1776. He simply took the English flag,
+and added thirteen stripes to represent the union of the thirteen
+English colonies. The flag in the centre, with its thirteen stars
+and thirteen stripes representing the thirteen states, is the first
+American _national_ flag. It was adopted by Congress June 14th, 1777,
+not quite a year after we had declared ourselves independent of Great
+Britain. Beneath this flag is Washington's coat of arms with a Latin
+motto, meaning "The event justifies the deed." It is possible that
+the stars and stripes on our national flag came from the stars and
+stripes (or bars) on this ancient coat of arms, which may be seen
+on the tombstone of one of the Washington family, buried in 1583,
+in the parish church at Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, England.]
+
+
+143. How the news of the taking of Yorktown was carried to
+Philadelphia; Lord Fairfax.--People at a distance noticed that the
+cannon had suddenly stopped firing. They looked at each other, and
+asked, "What does it mean?" All at once a man appears on horseback.
+He is riding with all his might toward Philadelphia, where Congress
+is. As he dashes past, he rises in his stirrups, swings his cap, and
+shouts with all his might, "Cornwallis is taken! Cornwallis is
+taken!" Then it was the people's turn to shout; and they made the
+hills ring with, "Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah!"
+
+[Illustration: "CORNWALLIS IS TAKEN!"]
+
+Poor Lord Fairfax,[35] Washington's old friend, had always stood by
+the king. He was now over ninety. When he heard the cry, "Cornwallis
+is taken!" it was too much for the old man. He said to his negro
+servant, "Come, Joe; carry me to bed, for I'm sure it's high time
+for me to die."
+
+[Footnote 35: See paragraph 126.]
+
+
+144. Tearing down the British flag at New York; Washington goes back
+to Mount Vernon; he is elected President; his death; Lafayette visits
+his tomb.--The Revolutionary War had lasted seven years,--terrible
+years they were, years of sorrow, suffering, and death,--but now the
+end had come, and America was free. When the British left New York
+City, they nailed the British flag to a high pole on the wharf; but
+a Yankee sailor soon climbed the pole, tore down the flag of England,
+and hoisted the stars and stripes in its place. That was more than
+a hundred years ago. Now the English and the Americans have become
+good friends, and the English people see that the Revolution ended
+in the way that was best for both of us.
+
+[Illustration: HOISTING THE STARS AND STRIPES AT NEW YORK.]
+
+When it was clear that there would be no more fighting, Washington
+went back to Mount Vernon. He hoped to spend the rest of his life
+there. But the country needed him, and a few years later it chose
+him the first President of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: PRESIDENT WASHINGTON'S COACH.]
+
+Washington was made President in New York City, which was the capital
+of the United States at that time. A French gentleman who was there
+tells us how Washington, standing in the presence of thousands of
+people, placed his hand on the Bible, and solemnly swore that with
+the help of God he would protect and defend the United States of
+America.
+
+[Illustration: PRESIDENT WASHINGTON TAKING THE OATH.]
+
+Washington was elected President twice. When he died many of the
+people in England and France joined America in mourning for him; for
+all men honored his memory.
+
+Lafayette came over to visit us many years afterward. He went to Mount
+Vernon, where Washington was buried. There he went down into the
+vault, and, kneeling by the side of the coffin, covered his face with
+his hands, and shed tears of gratitude to think that he had known
+such a man as Washington, and that Washington had been his friend.
+
+[Illustration: LAFAYETTE AT WASHINGTON'S COFFIN.]
+
+
+145. Summary.--George Washington, the son of a Virginia planter,
+became the leader of the armies of the United States in the war of
+the Revolution. At the close of the war, after he had made America
+free, he was elected our first President. His name stands to-day
+among those of the greatest men in the history of the world.
+
+
+When and where was George Washington born? What did he learn at
+school? What did he write in one of his writing-books? Tell about
+his sports and games at school. What is said of "Captain George"?
+Tell the story about the colt. What did George's mother say? Tell
+about George's visit to his brother and to the Fairfaxes. What is
+said of Lord Fairfax? What did he hire Washington to do? Tell about
+his surveying and his life in the woods. Tell about the Indian
+war-dance. What did the governor of Virginia do when Washington
+returned? What is said of Washington at the age of twenty-one? Tell
+about his journey to the French forts and his return. What is said
+about the Indian guide? What about the raft? What did the governor
+of Virginia do when Washington returned? What did the governor order
+him to do? What about Fort Necessity? Tell about General Braddock,
+and about what happened to Washington. What is said about the end
+of the war? What did King George the Third determine to do? What did
+the king want the Americans to do? How did they feel? What did the
+king say? What did the Americans say to that? What did some of the
+greatest men in England say? What did the king then try to do? Tell
+about the tea-ships. What happened in Boston? What was done to
+Boston? What help did the people of Boston get? What did the colonies
+now do? What did the people now begin to call themselves? What did
+they call the English troops?
+
+Who commanded the British soldiers in Boston? What did he do? What
+about Paul Revere? What did Captain Parker of Lexington say to his
+men? What happened at Lexington and at Concord? Tell about the battle
+of Bunker Hill. What did many Englishmen refuse to do? Where was
+Colonel Washington living? What did Congress do? Where did
+Washington take command of the army? Tell about the sharpshooters.
+Tell about the march to Canada. How did Washington take Boston? Where
+did the British go? Where did Washington go? What did Congress do
+on July 4th, 1776? What happened in New York? What about the battle
+of Long Island? What did Cornwallis do? Tell about the victory at
+Trenton. What happened at Princeton? What city did the British take?
+Where was Washington's army? What happened at Saratoga? What did the
+king of France do? What happened at the south? Tell about Sergeant
+Jasper. What is said about General Greene? What did Cornwallis do?
+Where did he go? What is said about Benedict Arnold? What about
+Lafayette? Where did Cornwallis shut himself up with his army? What
+did Washington do? Tell about the surrender of Cornwallis. How was
+the news carried to Philadelphia? What is said of Lord Fairfax? How
+long had the war lasted? What was done at New York? What is said of
+General Washington after the war? Tell how he was made President.
+What happened when he died? What is said of Lafayette?
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL BOONE
+(1734-1820).
+
+
+146. Daniel Boone; what the hunters of the west did; Boone's life
+in North Carolina.--Before Washington began to fight the battles of
+the Revolution in the east, Daniel Boone and other famous hunters
+were fighting bears and Indians in what was then called the west.
+By that war in the woods, these brave and hardy men helped us to get
+possession of that part of the country.
+
+Daniel Boone was born in Pennsylvania.[1] His father moved to North
+Carolina,[2] and Daniel helped him cut down the trees round their
+log cabin in the forest. He ploughed the land, which was thick with
+stumps, hoed the corn that grew up among those stumps, and then,--as
+there was no mill near,--he pounded it into meal for "johnny-cake."
+He learned how to handle a gun quite as soon as he did a hoe. The
+unfortunate deer or coon that saw young Boone coming toward him knew
+that he had seen his best days, and that he would soon have the whole
+Boone family sitting round him at the dinner-table.
+
+[Illustration: BOONE POUNDING CORN.]
+
+[Footnote 1: He was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.]
+
+[Footnote 2: He settled near Wilkesboro, on the banks of the Yadkin
+River. See map in paragraph 150.]
+
+
+147. Boone's wanderings in the western forests; his bear tree.--When
+Daniel had grown to manhood, he wandered off with his gun on his
+shoulder, and crossing the mountains, entered what is now the state
+of Tennessee. That whole country was then a wilderness, full of
+savage beasts and still more savage Indians; and Boone had many a
+sharp fight with both.
+
+More than a hundred and thirty years ago, he cut these words on a
+beech-tree, still standing in Eastern Tennessee,[3]--"D. Boon
+killed a bar on (this) tree in the year 1760." You will see if you
+examine the tree, on which the words can still be read, that Boone
+could not spell very well; but he could do what the bear minded a
+good deal more,--he could shoot to kill.
+
+[Illustration: BOONE'S BEAR TREE.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The tree is still standing on the banks of Boone's Creek,
+near Jonesboro, Washington County, Tennessee.]
+
+
+148. Boone goes hunting in Kentucky; what kind of game he found there;
+the Indians; the "Dark and Bloody Ground."--Nine years after he cut
+his name on that tree, Boone, with a few companions, went to a new
+part of the country. The Indians called it Kentucky. There he saw
+buffalo, deer, bears, and wolves enough to satisfy the best hunter
+in America.
+
+This region was a kind of No Man's Land, because, though many tribes
+of Indians roamed over it, none of them pretended to own it. These
+bands of Indians were always fighting and trying to drive each other
+out, so Kentucky was often called the "Dark and Bloody Ground." But,
+much as the savages hated each other, they hated the white men, or
+the "pale-faces," as they called them, still more.
+
+
+149. Indian tricks; the owls.--The hunters were on the lookout for
+these Indians, but the savages practised all kinds of tricks to get
+the hunters near enough to shoot them. Sometimes Boone would hear
+the gobble of a wild turkey. He would listen a moment, then he would
+say, That is not a wild turkey, but an Indian, imitating that bird;
+but he won't fool me and get me to come near enough to put a bullet
+through my head.
+
+One evening an old hunter, on his way to his cabin, heard what seemed
+to be two young owls calling to each other. But his quick ear noticed
+that there was something not quite natural in their calls, and what
+was stranger still, that the owls seemed to be on the ground instead
+of being perched on trees, as all well-behaved owls would be. He crept
+cautiously along through the bushes till he saw something ahead which
+looked like a stump. He didn't altogether like the looks of the stump.
+He aimed his rifle at it, and fired. The stump, or what seemed to
+be one, fell over backward with a groan. He had killed an Indian,
+who had been waiting to kill him.
+
+
+150. Boone makes the "Wilderness Road," and builds the fort at
+Boonesboro'.--In 1775 Boone, with a party of thirty men, chopped a
+path through the forest from the mountains of Eastern Tennessee to
+the Kentucky River,[4] a distance of about two hundred miles. This
+was the first path in that part of the country leading to the great
+west. It was called the "_Wilderness Road_." Over that road, which
+thousands of emigrants travelled afterward, Boone took his family,
+with other settlers, to the Kentucky River. There they built a fort
+called Boonesboro'. That fort was a great protection to all the first
+settlers in Kentucky. In fact, it is hard to see how the state could
+have grown up without it. So in one way, we can say with truth that
+Daniel Boone, the hunter, fighter, and road-maker, was a
+state-builder besides.
+
+[Illustration: MAP SHOWING BOONE'S "WILDERNESS ROAD."]
+
+[Footnote 4: See map in this paragraph.]
+
+
+151. Boone's daughter is stolen by the Indians; how he found
+her.--One day Boone's young daughter was out, with two other girls,
+in a canoe on the river. Suddenly some Indians pounced on them and
+carried them off.
+
+One of the girls, as she went along, broke off twigs from the bushes,
+so that her friends might be able to follow her track through the
+woods. An Indian caught her doing it, and told her that he would kill
+her if she did not instantly stop. Then she slyly tore off small bits
+of her dress, and dropped a piece from time to time.
+
+Boone and his men followed the Indians like bloodhounds. They picked
+up the bits of dress, and so easily found which way the savages had
+gone. They came up with the Indians just as they were sitting down
+round a fire to eat their supper. Creeping toward them behind the
+trees as softly as a cat creeps up behind a mouse, Boone and his men
+aimed their rifles and fired. Two of the Indians fell dead, the rest
+ran for their lives, and the girls were carried back in safety to
+the fort.
+
+
+152. Boone is captured by Indians; they adopt him as a son.--Later,
+Boone himself was caught and carried off by the Indians. They
+respected his courage so much that they would not kill him, but
+decided to adopt him; that is, take him into the tribe as one of their
+own people, or make an Indian of him.
+
+They pulled out all his hair except one long lock, called the
+"scalp-lock," which they left to grow in Indian fashion. The
+squaws[5] and girls braided bright feathers in this lock, so that
+Boone looked quite gay. Then the Indians took him down to a river.
+There they stripped him, and scrubbed him with all their might, to
+get his white blood out, as they said. Next, they painted his face
+in stripes with red and yellow clay, so that he looked, as they
+thought, handsomer than he ever had before in his life. When all had
+been done, and they were satisfied with the appearance of their new
+Indian, they sat down to a great feast, and made merry.
+
+[Footnote 5: Squaws: Indian women.]
+
+
+153. Boone escapes, but the Indians find him again; what a handful
+of tobacco dust did.--After a time Boone managed to escape, but the
+Indians were so fond of him that they could not rest till they found
+him again. One day he was at work in a kind of shed drying some tobacco
+leaves. He heard a slight noise, and turning round saw four Indians
+with their guns pointed at him. "Now, Boone," said they, "we got you.
+You no get away this time." "How are you?" said Boone, pleasantly;
+"glad to see you; just wait a minute till I get you some of my
+tobacco." He gathered two large handfuls of the leaves: they were
+as dry as powder and crumbled to dust in his hands. Coming forward,
+as if to give the welcome present to the Indians, he suddenly sprang
+on them and filled their eyes, mouths, and noses with the stinging
+tobacco dust. The savages were half choked and nearly blinded. While
+they were dancing about, coughing, sneezing, and rubbing their eyes,
+Boone slipped out of the shed and got to a place of safety. The Indians
+were mad as they could be, yet they could hardly help laughing at
+Boone's trick; for cunning as the red men were, he was more cunning
+still.
+
+[Illustration: BOONE'S FORT, AT BOONESBORO', KENTUCKY.]
+
+
+154. Boone's old age; he moves to Missouri; he begs for a piece of
+land; his grave.--Boone lived to be a very old man. He had owned a
+good deal of land in the west, but he had lost possession of it. When
+Kentucky began to fill up with people and the game was killed off,
+Boone moved across the Mississippi into Missouri. He said that he
+went because he wanted "more elbow room" and a chance to hunt buffalo
+again.
+
+He now begged the state of Kentucky to give him a small piece of land,
+where, as he said, he could "lay his bones." The people of that state
+generously helped him to get nearly a thousand acres; but he appears
+to have soon lost possession of it. If he actually did lose it, then
+this brave old hunter, who had opened up the way for such a multitude
+of emigrants to get farms at the west, died without owning a piece
+of ground big enough for a grave. He is buried in Frankfort, Kentucky,
+within sight of the river on which he built his fort at Boonesboro'.
+
+
+155. Summary.--Daniel Boone, a famous hunter from North Carolina,
+opened up a road through the forest, from the mountains of Eastern
+Tennessee to the Kentucky River. It was called the "Wilderness Road,"
+and over it thousands of emigrants went into Kentucky to settle.
+Boone, with others, built the fort at Boonesboro', Kentucky, and went
+there to live. That fort protected the settlers against the Indians,
+and so helped that part of the country to grow until it became the
+state of Kentucky.
+
+
+Tell about Daniel Boone. How did he help his father? Where did he
+go when he became a man? What did he cut on a beech tree? Where did
+he go after that? What is said of the Indians in Kentucky? Tell about
+Indian tricks. Tell about the two owls. Tell about the Wilderness
+Road. What is said of the fort at Boonesboro'? Tell how Boone's
+daughter and the other girls were stolen by the Indians. What
+happened next? Tell how Boone was captured by the Indians and how
+they adopted him. Tell the story of the tobacco dust. What did Boone
+do when he became old? What did Kentucky get for him? Where is he
+buried?
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL JAMES ROBERTSON AND GOVERNOR JOHN SEVIER[1]
+(1742-1814; 1745-1815).
+
+
+156. Who James Robertson was; Governor Tryon; the battle of
+Alamance.[2]--When Daniel Boone first went to Kentucky (1769) he had
+a friend named James Robertson, in North Carolina[3] who was, like
+himself, a mighty hunter. The British governor of North Carolina at
+that time was William Tryon. He lived in a palace built with money
+which he had forced the people to give him. They hated him so for
+his greed and cruelty that they nicknamed him the "Great Wolf of North
+Carolina."
+
+At last many of the settlers vowed that they would not give the
+governor another penny. When he sent tax-collectors to get money,
+they drove them back, and they flogged one of the governor's friends
+with a rawhide till he had to run for his life.
+
+The governor then collected some soldiers and marched against the
+people in the west. A battle was fought near the Alamance River. The
+governor had the most men and had cannon besides, so he gained the
+day. He took seven of the people prisoners and hanged them. They all
+died bravely, as men do who die for liberty.
+
+[Footnote 1: Sevier (Se-veer'): he was born in Rockingham County,
+Virginia.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Alamance River (Al'a-mance): see map in paragraph 150.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Robertson was born in Brunswick County, Virginia; he
+emigrated to North Carolina and settled in the neighborhood of
+Raleigh. See map in paragraph 150.]
+
+
+157. James Robertson leaves North Carolina and goes west.--After the
+battle of Alamance James Robertson and his family made up their minds
+that they would not live any longer where Governor Tryon ruled. They
+resolved to go across the mountains into the western wilderness.
+Sixteen other families joined Robertson's and went with them. It was
+a long, hard journey; for they had to climb rocks and find their way
+through deep, tangled woods. The men went ahead with their axes and
+their guns; then the older children followed, driving the cows; last
+of all came the women with the little children, with beds, pots, and
+kettles packed on the backs of horses.
+
+[Illustration: ROBERTSON WITH HIS PARTY CROSSING THE MOUNTAINS
+ON THEIR WAY TO TENNESSEE.]
+
+
+158. The emigrants settle on the Watauga River[4] in
+Tennessee.--When the little party had crossed the mountains into
+what is now the state of Tennessee, they found a delightful valley.
+Through this valley there ran a stream of clear sparkling water
+called the Watauga River; the air of the valley was sweet with the
+smell of wild crab-apples.
+
+On the banks of that stream the emigrants built their new homes. Their
+houses were simply rough log huts, but they were clean and
+comfortable. When the settlers put up these cabins, they chopped down
+every tree near them which was big enough for an Indian to hide behind.
+They knew that they might have to fight the savages; but they had
+rather do that than be robbed by tax-collectors. In the wilderness
+Governor Tryon could not reach them--they were free; free as the deer
+and the squirrels were: that one thought made them contented and
+happy.
+
+[Footnote 4: Watauga River (Wa-taw'ga): see map in paragraph 150.]
+
+
+159. John Sevier goes to settle at Watauga; what he and Robertson
+did.--The year after this little settlement was made John Sevier went
+from Virginia to Watauga, as it was called. He and Robertson soon
+became fast friends--for one brave man can always see something to
+respect and like in another brave man. Robertson and Sevier hunted
+together and worked together.
+
+After a while they called a meeting of the settlers and agreed on
+some excellent laws, so that everything in the log village might be
+done decently and in order; for although these people lived in the
+woods, they had no notion of living like savages or wild beasts. In
+course of time President Washington made James Robertson General
+Robertson, in honor of what he had done for his country.
+
+Out of this settlement on the Watauga River grew the state of
+Tennessee. A monument in honor of John Sevier stands in Nashville,
+a city founded by his friend Robertson. Sevier became the first
+governor of the new state.
+
+[Illustration: THE SEVIER MONUMENT.]
+
+
+160. Summary.--James Robertson, of North Carolina, and John Sevier,
+of Virginia, emigrated across the mountains to the western
+wilderness. They settled on the Watauga River, and that settlement,
+with others made later, grew into the state of Tennessee, of which
+John Sevier became the first governor.
+
+
+What friend did Boone have in North Carolina? Tell about Governor
+Tryon. What happened on the Alamance River? Where did Robertson and
+others go? Where did they settle? Why did they like to be there? Tell
+about John Sevier. What did he and Robertson do? What did Washington
+do for Robertson? What state grew out of the Watauga settlement? What
+did Sevier become? Where is his monument?
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL GEORGE ROGERS CLARK
+(1752-1818).
+
+
+161. The British in the west; their forts; hiring Indians to fight
+the settlers.--While Washington was fighting the battles of the
+Revolution in the east, the British in the west were not sitting still.
+They had a number of forts in the Wilderness,[1] as that part of the
+country was then called. One of these forts was at Detroit,[2] in
+what is now Michigan; another was at Vincennes,[3] in what is now
+Indiana; a third fort was at Kaskaskia,[4] in what is now Illinois.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the Forts at Detroit, Kaskaskia, and
+Vincennes, with the line of Clark's march.]
+
+Colonel Hamilton, the British commander at Detroit, was determined
+to drive the American settlers out of the west. In the beginning of
+the Revolution the Americans resolved to hire the Indians to fight
+for them, but the British found that they could hire them better than
+we could, and so they got their help. The savages did their work in
+a terribly cruel way. Generally they did not come out and do battle
+openly, but they crept up secretly, by night, and attacked the
+farmers' homes. They killed and scalped the settlers in the west,
+burned their log cabins, and carried off the women and children
+prisoners. The greater part of the people in England hated this sort
+of war. They begged the king not to hire the Indians to do these
+horrible deeds of murder and destruction. George the Third was not
+a bad-hearted man; but he was very set in his way, and he had fully
+made up his mind to conquer the "American rebels," as he called them,
+even if he had to get the savages to help him do it.
+
+[Footnote 1: See map in paragraph 187.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Detroit (De-troit'): for these forts see map in this
+paragraph.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Vincennes (Vin-senz').]
+
+[Footnote 4: Kaskaskia (Kas-kas'ki-a).]
+
+
+162. George Rogers Clark gets help from Virginia and starts to attack
+Fort Kaskaskia.--Daniel Boone had a friend in Virginia named George
+Rogers Clark,[5] who believed that he could take the British forts
+in the west and drive out the British from all that part of the country.
+Virginia then owned most of the Wilderness. For this reason Clark
+went to Patrick Henry, governor of Virginia, and asked for help. The
+governor liked the plan, and let Clark have money to hire men to go
+with him and try to take Fort Kaskaskia to begin with.
+
+Clark started in the spring of 1778 with about a hundred and fifty
+men. They built boats just above Pittsburg[6] and floated down the
+Ohio River, a distance of over nine hundred miles. Then they landed
+in what is now Illinois, and set out for Fort Kaskaskia.[7]
+
+[Footnote 5: George Rogers Clark was born near Monticello, Virginia.
+See map in paragraph 140.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Pittsburg: see map in paragraph 140.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Fort Kaskaskia: see map in paragraph 161.]
+
+
+163. The march to Fort Kaskaskia; how a dance ended.--It was a hundred
+miles to the fort, and half of the way the men had to find their way
+through thick woods, full of underbrush, briers, and vines. The
+British, thinking the fort perfectly safe from attack, had left it
+in the care of a French officer. Clark and his band reached Kaskaskia
+at night. They found no one to stop them. The soldiers in the fort
+were having a dance, and the Americans could hear the merry music
+of a violin and the laughing voices of girls.
+
+Clark left his men just outside the fort, and, finding a door open,
+he walked in. He reached the room where the fun was going on, and
+stopping there, he stood leaning against the door-post, looking on.
+The room was lighted with torches; the light of one of the torches
+happened to fall full on Clark's face; an Indian sitting on the floor
+caught sight of him; he sprang to his feet and gave a terrific
+war-whoop. The dancers stopped as though they had been shot; the
+women screamed; the men ran to the door to get their guns. Clark did
+not move, but said quietly, "Go on; only remember you are dancing
+now under Virginia, and not under Great Britain." The next moment
+the Americans rushed in, and Clark and his "Long Knives," as the
+Indians called his men, had full possession of the fort.
+
+[Illustration: CLARK LOOKING ON AT THE DANCE.]
+
+
+164. How Fort Vincennes was taken; how the British got it back again;
+what Francis Vigo[8] did.--Clark wanted next to march against Fort
+Vincennes, but he had not men enough. There was a French Catholic
+priest[9] at Kaskaskia, and Clark's kindness to him had made him our
+friend. He said, I will go to Vincennes for you, and I will tell the
+French, who hold the fort for the British, that the Americans are
+their real friends, and that in this war they are in the right. He
+went; the French listened to him, then hauled down the British flag
+and ran up the American flag in its place.
+
+The next year the British, led by Colonel Hamilton of Detroit, got
+the fort back again. When Clark heard of it he said, "Either I must
+take Hamilton, or Hamilton will take me." Just then Francis Vigo,
+a trader at St. Louis, came to see Clark at Kaskaskia. Hamilton had
+held Vigo as a prisoner, so he knew all about Fort Vincennes. Vigo
+said to Clark, "Hamilton has only about eighty soldiers; you can take
+the fort, and I will lend you all the money you need to pay your men
+what you owe them."
+
+[Footnote 8: Vigo (Vee-go).]
+
+[Footnote 9: The priest was Father Gibault (Zhe-bo').]
+
+
+165. Clark's march to Fort Vincennes; the "Drowned Lands."--Clark,
+with about two hundred men, started for Vincennes. The distance was
+nearly a hundred and fifty miles. The first week everything went on
+pretty well. It was in the month of February, the weather was cold,
+and it rained a good deal, but the men did not mind that. They would
+get wet through during the day; but at night they built roaring log
+fires, gathered round them, roasted their buffalo meat or venison,
+smoked their pipes, told jolly stories, and sang jolly songs.
+
+But the next week they got to a branch of the Wabash River.[10] Then
+they found that the constant rains had raised the streams so that
+they had overflowed their banks; the whole country was under water
+three or four feet deep. This flooded country was called the "Drowned
+Lands": before Clark and his men had crossed them they were nearly
+drowned themselves.
+
+[Footnote 10: See map in paragraph 161.]
+
+
+166. Wading on to victory.--For about a week the Americans had to
+wade in ice-cold water, sometimes waist deep, sometimes nearly up
+to their chins. While wading, the men were obliged to hold their guns
+and powder-horns above their heads to keep them dry. Now and then
+a man would stub his toe against a root or a stone and would go
+sprawling headfirst into the water. When he came up, puffing and
+blowing from such a dive, he was lucky if he still had his gun. For
+two days no one could get anything to eat; but hungry, wet, and cold,
+they kept moving slowly on.
+
+[Illustration: MEN WADING WITH GUNS OVER THEIR HEADS.]
+
+The last part of the march was the worst of all. They were now near
+the fort, but they still had to wade through a sheet of water four
+miles across. Clark took the lead and plunged in. The rest, shivering,
+followed. A few looked as though their strength and courage had given
+out. Clark saw this, and calling to Captain Bowman,--one of the
+bravest of his officers,--he ordered him to kill the first man who
+refused to go forward.
+
+At last, with numbed hands and chattering teeth, all got across, but
+some of them were so weak and blue with cold that they could not take
+another step, but fell flat on their faces in the mud. These men were
+so nearly dead that no fire seemed to warm them. Clark ordered two
+strong men to lift each of these poor fellows up, hold him between
+them by the arms, and run him up and down until he began to get warm.
+By doing this he saved every one.
+
+
+167. Clark takes the fort; what we got by his victory; his
+grave.--After a long and desperate fight Clark took Fort Vincennes
+and hoisted the Stars and Stripes over it in triumph. The British
+never got it back again. Most of the Indians were now glad to make
+peace, and to promise to behave themselves.
+
+By Clark's victory the Americans got possession of the whole western
+wilderness up to Detroit. When the Revolutionary War came to an end,
+the British did not want to give us any part of America beyond the
+thirteen states on the Atlantic coast. But we said, The whole west,
+clear to the Mississippi, is ours; we fought for it; we took it; we
+hoisted our flag over its forts, and _we mean to keep it_. We did
+keep it.
+
+There is a grass-grown grave in a burial-ground in Louisville,
+Kentucky, which has a small headstone marked with the letters G. R.
+C., and nothing more; that is the grave of General George Rogers Clark,
+the man who did more than any one else to get the west for us--or
+what was called the west a hundred years ago.
+
+[Illustration: CLARK'S GRAVE.]
+
+
+168. Summary.--During the Revolutionary War George Rogers Clark of
+Virginia, with a small number of men, captured Fort Kaskaskia in
+Illinois, and Fort Vincennes in Indiana. Clark drove out the British
+from that part of the country, and when peace was made, we kept the
+west--that is, the country as far as the Mississippi River--as part
+of the United States. Had it not been for him and his brave men, we
+might not have got it.
+
+
+What did the British have in the west? Where were three of those
+forts? Who hired the Indians to fight? How did they fight? What did
+most of the people in England think about this? What is said of George
+the Third? What friend did Daniel Boone have in Virginia? What did
+Clark undertake to do? Tell how he went down the Ohio. Tell how he
+marched on Fort Kaskaskia. What happened when he got there? What did
+Clark say to the people in the fort? How was Fort Vincennes taken?
+What did the British do the next year? Tell about Francis Vigo. What
+did Clark and his men start to do? How far off was Fort Vincennes?
+Tell about the first part of the march. What lands did they come to?
+Tell how the men waded. How did Clark save the lives of some of the
+men? Did Clark take the fort? What did the Americans get possession
+of by this victory? What happened at the end of the Revolutionary
+War? What did we say? What is said of the grave at Louisville,
+Kentucky? What did Clark get for us?
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL RUFUS PUTNAM
+(1738-1824).
+
+
+169. What General Putnam did for Washington, and what the British
+said of Putnam's work.--When the British had possession of Boston
+in the time of the Revolution, Washington asked Rufus Putnam,[1] who
+was a great builder of forts, to help him drive them out. Putnam set
+to work, one dark, stormy night, and built a fort on some high land[2]
+overlooking Boston Harbor.
+
+[Illustration: PUTNAM'S FORT. General Washington looking at the
+British Ships in Boston Harbor.]
+
+When the British commander woke up the next morning, he saw the
+American cannon pointed at his ships. He was so astonished that he
+could scarcely believe his eyes. "Why," said he, "the rebels have
+done more in one night than my whole army could have done in a week."
+Another officer, who had command of the British vessels, said, "If
+the Americans hold that fort, I cannot keep a ship in the harbor."
+
+Well, we know what happened. Our men did hold that fort, and the
+British had to leave Boston. Next to General Washington, General
+Rufus Putnam was the man who made them go; for not many officers in
+the American army could build such a fort as he could.
+
+[Footnote 1: Rufus Putnam was born in Sutton, Massachusetts.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dorchester Heights: now South Boston.]
+
+
+170. General Putnam builds the _Mayflower_; goes down the Ohio River
+and makes the first settlement in Ohio.--After the war was over,
+General Putnam started with a company of people from New England,
+to make a settlement on the Ohio River. In the spring of 1788 he and
+his emigrants built a boat at a place just above Pittsburg.[3] They
+named this boat the _Mayflower_,[4] because they were Pilgrims going
+west to make their home there.
+
+[Illustration: EMIGRANTS IN THE _Mayflower_.]
+
+At that time there was not a white settler in what is now the state
+of Ohio. Most of that country was covered with thick woods. There
+were no roads through those woods, and there was not a steamboat or
+a railroad either in America or in the world. If you look on the map[5]
+and follow down the Ohio River from Pittsburg, you will come to a
+place where the Muskingum joins the Ohio. At that place the
+_Mayflower_ stopped, and the emigrants landed and began to build
+their settlement.
+
+[Footnote 3: Pittsburg: see map in paragraph 140.]
+
+[Footnote 4: _Mayflower_: see paragraph 64.]
+
+[Footnote 5: See map in paragraph 140.]
+
+
+171. What the settlers named their town; the first Fourth of July
+celebration; what Washington said of the settlers.--During the
+Revolutionary War the beautiful Queen Mary of France was our firm
+friend, and she was very kind and helpful to Dr. Franklin when he
+went to France for us. A number of the emigrants had fought in the
+Revolution, and so it was decided to name the town Marietta,[6] in
+honor of the queen.
+
+When the Marietta settlers celebrated the Fourth of July, Major Denny,
+who commanded a fort just across the river, came to visit them. He
+said, "These people appear to be the happiest folks in the world."
+President Washington said that he knew many of them and that he
+believed they were just the kind of men to succeed. He was right;
+for these people, with those who came later to build the city of
+Cincinnati, were the ones who laid the foundation of the great and
+rich state of Ohio.
+
+[Footnote 6: The queen's full name in French was Marie Antoinette;
+the name Marietta is made up from the first and the last parts of
+her name.]
+
+
+172. Fights with the Indians; how the settlers held their town;
+Indian Rock; the "Miami[7] Slaughter House."--But the people of
+Marietta had hardly begun to feel at home in their little settlement
+before a terrible Indian war broke out. The village of Marietta had
+a high palisade[8] built round it, and if a man ventured outside that
+palisade he went at the risk of his life; for the Indians were always
+hiding in the woods, ready to kill any white man they saw. When the
+settlers worked in the cornfield, they had to carry their guns as
+well as their hoes, and one man always stood on top of a high stump
+in the middle of the field, to keep a bright lookout.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN ROCK.]
+
+There is a lofty rock on the Ohio River below Marietta, which is still
+called Indian Rock. It got its name because the Indians used to climb
+up to the top and watch for emigrants coming down the river in boats.
+When they saw a boat, they would fire a shower of bullets at it, and
+perhaps leave it full of dead and wounded men to drift down the river.
+In the western part of Ohio, on the Miami River, the Indians killed
+so many people that the settlers called that part of the country by
+the terrible name of the "Miami Slaughter House."
+
+[Footnote 7: Miami (Mi-am'i).]
+
+[Footnote 8: See picture of a palisade in paragraph 70.]
+
+
+173. What General Wayne did.--But President Washington sent a man
+to Ohio who made the Indians beg for peace. This man was General
+Wayne; he had fought in the Revolution, and fought so furiously that
+he was called "Mad Anthony Wayne." The Indians said that he never
+slept, and named him "Black Snake," because that is the quickest and
+boldest snake there is in the woods, and in a fight with any other
+creature of his kind he is pretty sure to win the day. General Wayne
+won, and the Indians agreed to move off and give up a very large part
+of Ohio to the white settlers. After that there was not much trouble,
+and emigrants poured in by thousands.
+
+
+174. Summary.--In 1788 General Rufus Putnam, with a company of
+emigrants, settled Marietta, Ohio. The town was named in honor of
+Queen Mary of France, who had helped us during the Revolution. It
+was the first town built in what is now the state of Ohio. After
+General Wayne conquered the Indians that part of the country rapidly
+increased in population.
+
+
+What did General Rufus Putnam do for Washington? Where did General
+Putnam go in 1788? What is said of Ohio at that time? Where did the
+_Mayflower_ stop? What is said of Queen Mary of France? What did the
+settlers name their town? What did Washington say about the settlers?
+What did these people do? What is said about the Indians? What about
+Indian Rock? What was the country on the Miami River called? What
+is said about General Wayne? What did the Indians call him? Why did
+they give him that name? What did the Indians agree to do? What
+happened after that?
+
+
+
+
+ELI WHITNEY
+(1765-1825).
+
+
+175. The name cut on a door.--Near Westboro', Massachusetts,[1]
+there is an old farm-house which was built before the war of the
+Revolution. Close to the house is a small wooden building; on the
+door you can read a boy's name, just as he cut it with his pocket-knife
+more than a hundred years ago.[2] Here is the door with the name.
+If the boy had added the date of his birth, he would have cut the
+figures 1765; but perhaps, just as he got to that point, his father
+appeared and said rather sharply: Eli, don't be cutting that door.
+No, sir, said Eli, with a start; and shutting his knife up with a
+snap, he hurried off to get the cows or to do his chores.[3]
+
+[Illustration: WOODEN DOOR CARVED WITH "ELI WHITNEY."]
+
+[Footnote 1: See map in paragraph 135.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The house is no longer standing, and the door has
+disappeared.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Chores: getting in wood, feeding cattle, etc.]
+
+
+176. What Eli Whitney used to do in his father's little workshop;
+the fiddle.--Eli Whitney's father used that little wooden building
+as a kind of workshop, where he mended chairs and did many other small
+jobs. Eli liked to go to that workshop and make little things for
+himself, such as water-wheels and windmills; for it was as natural
+for him to use tools as it was to whistle.
+
+Once when Eli's father was gone from home for several days, the boy
+was very busy all the while in the little shop. When Mr. Whitney came
+back he asked his housekeeper, "What has Eli been doing?" "Oh," she
+replied, "he has been making a fiddle." His father shook his head,
+and said that he was afraid Eli would never get on much in the world.
+But Eli's fiddle, though it was rough-looking, was well made. It had
+music in it, and the neighbors liked to hear it: somehow it seemed
+to say through all the tunes played on it, "_Whatever is worth doing,
+is worth doing well._"
+
+
+177. Eli Whitney begins making nails; he goes to college.--When Eli
+was fifteen, he began making nails. We have machines to-day which
+will make more than a hundred nails a minute; but Eli made his, one
+by one, by pounding them out of a long, slender bar of red-hot iron.
+Whitney's hand-made nails were not handsome, but they were strong
+and tough, and as the Revolutionary War was then going on, he could
+sell all he could make.
+
+After the war was over the demand for nails was not so good. Then
+Whitney threw down his hammer, and said, "I am going to college."
+He had no money; but he worked his way through Yale College, partly
+by teaching and partly by doing little jobs with his tools. A
+carpenter who saw him at work one day, noticed how neatly and
+skilfully he used his tools, and said, "There was one good mechanic
+spoiled when you went to college."
+
+
+178. Whitney goes to Georgia; he stops with Mrs. General Greene; the
+embroidery frame.--When the young man had completed his course of
+study he went to Georgia to teach in a gentleman's family. On the
+way to Savannah he became acquainted with Mrs. Greene, the widow of
+the famous General Greene[4] of Rhode Island. General Greene had done
+such excellent fighting in the south during the Revolution that,
+after the war was over, the state of Georgia gave him a large piece
+of land near Savannah.
+
+Mrs. Greene invited young Whitney to her house; as he had been
+disappointed in getting the place to teach, he was very glad to accept
+her kind invitation. While he was there he made her an embroidery
+frame. It was much better than the old one that she had been using,
+and she thought the maker of it was wonderfully skilful.
+
+[Footnote 4: General Greene: see paragraph 140.]
+
+
+179. A talk about raising cotton, and about cotton seeds.--Not long
+after this, a number of cotton-planters were at Mrs. Greene's house.
+In speaking about raising cotton they said that the man who could
+invent a machine for stripping off the cotton seeds from the plant
+would make his fortune.
+
+For what is called raw cotton or cotton wool, as it grows in the field,
+has a great number of little green seeds clinging to it. Before the
+cotton wool can be spun into thread and woven into cloth, those seeds
+must be pulled off.
+
+[Illustration: POD OF THE COTTON PLANT WHEN RIPE AND OPEN. On the
+right a seed with the wool attached; on the left the seed after the
+wool has been picked off.]
+
+At that time the planters set the negroes to do this. When they had
+finished their day's labor of gathering the cotton in the cotton
+field, the men, women, and children would sit down and pick off the
+seeds, which stick so tight that getting them off is no easy task.
+
+[Illustration: NEGROES GATHERING COTTON IN THE FIELD.]
+
+After the planters had talked awhile about this work, Mrs. Greene
+said, "If you want a machine to do it, you should apply to my young
+friend, Mr. Whitney; he can make anything." "But," said Mr. Whitney,
+"I have never seen a cotton plant or a cotton seed in my life"; for
+it was not the time of year then to see it growing in the fields.
+
+
+180. Whitney gets some cotton wool; he invents the cotton-gin; what
+that machine did.--After the planters had gone, Eli Whitney went to
+Savannah and hunted about until he found, in some store or warehouse,
+a little cotton wool with the seeds left on it. He took this back
+with him and set to work to make a machine which would strip off the
+seeds.
+
+He said to himself, If I fasten some upright pieces of wire in a board,
+and have the wires set very close together, like the teeth of a comb,
+and then pull the cotton wool through the wires with my fingers, the
+seeds, being too large to come through, will be torn off and left
+behind. He tried it, and found that the cotton wool came through
+without any seeds on it. Now, said he, if I should make a wheel, and
+cover it with short steel teeth, shaped like hooks, those teeth would
+pull the cotton wool through the wires better than my fingers do,
+and very much faster.
+
+[Illustration: WHITNEY'S FIRST CONTRIVANCE FOR PULLING OFF THE
+COTTON SEEDS.]
+
+He made such a wheel; it was turned by a crank; it did the work
+perfectly; so, in the year 1793, he had invented the machine the
+planters wanted.
+
+Before that time it used to take one negro all day to clean a single
+pound of cotton of its seeds by picking them off one by one; now,
+Eli Whitney's cotton-gin,[5] as he called his machine, would clean
+a thousand pounds in a day.
+
+[Footnote 5: Gin: a shortened form of the word _engine_, meaning any
+kind of a machine.]
+
+
+181. Price of common cotton cloth to-day; what makes it so cheap;
+"King Cotton."--To-day nothing is much cheaper than common cotton
+cloth. You can buy it for ten or twelve cents a yard, but before
+Whitney invented his cotton-gin it sold for a dollar and a half a
+yard. A hundred years ago the planters at the south raised very little
+cotton, for few people could afford to wear it; but after this
+wonderful machine was made, the planters kept making their fields
+bigger and bigger. At last they raised so much more of this plant
+than of anything else, that they said, "Cotton is king." It was Eli
+Whitney who built the throne for that king; and although he did not
+make a fortune by his machine, yet he received a good deal of money
+for the use of it in some of the southern states.
+
+[Illustration: CARRYING COTTON TO THE COTTON-GIN.]
+
+Later, Mr. Whitney built a gun-factory near New Haven, Connecticut,
+at a place now called Whitneyville; at that factory he made thousands
+of the muskets which we used in our second war with England in 1812.
+
+[Illustration: THE "STAR SPANGLED BANNER."[6]]
+
+[Footnote 6: In the war of 1812 the British war-ships attacked Fort
+McHenry, one of the defences of Baltimore. Francis Scott Key, a
+native of Maryland, who was then detained on board a British
+man-of-war, anxiously watched the battle during the night; before
+dawn the firing ceased. Key had no means of telling whether the
+British had taken the fort until the sun rose; then, to his joy, he
+saw the American flag still floating triumphantly above the
+fort--that meant that the British had failed in their attack, and
+Key, in his delight, hastily wrote the song of the _Star Spangled
+Banner_ on the back of a letter which he had in his pocket. The song
+was at once printed, and in a few weeks it was known and sung from
+one end of the United States to the other.]
+
+
+182. Summary.--About a hundred years ago (1793), Eli Whitney of
+Westboro', Massachusetts, invented the cotton-gin, a machine for
+pulling off the green seeds from cotton wool, so that it may be easily
+woven into cloth. That machine made thousands of cotton-planters and
+cotton manufacturers rich, and by it cotton cloth became so cheap
+that everybody could afford to use it.
+
+
+What name did a boy cut on a door? What did Eli make in that workshop?
+What did he make while his father was away? What did his father say?
+What did Eli's fiddle seem to say? What did Eli make next? How did
+he make his nails? Where did he go after he gave up making nails?
+When he left college where did he go? What lady did he become
+acquainted with? What did he make for her? What did the
+cotton-planters say? What must be done to raw cotton before it can
+be made into cloth? Who did this work? What did Mrs. Greene say to
+the planters? What did Mr. Whitney say? What did he do? Tell how he
+made his machine. What did he call it? How many pounds of cotton would
+his cotton-gin clean in a day? How much could one negro clean? What
+is said about the price of cotton cloth? What did the planters say
+about cotton? Who built the throne for King Cotton? What did Mr.
+Whitney build at Whitneyville? What did he make there?
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS JEFFERSON
+(1743-1826)
+
+
+183. How much cotton New Orleans sends to Europe; Eli Whitney's work;
+who it was that bought New Orleans and Louisiana for us.--To-day the
+city of New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi River, sends
+more cotton to England and Europe than any other city in America.
+
+If you should visit that city and go down to the riverside, you would
+see thousands of cotton bales[1] piled up, and hundreds of negroes
+loading them on ocean steamers. It would be a sight you would never
+forget.
+
+[Illustration: LOADING COTTON AT NEW ORLEANS.]
+
+Before Eli Whitney[2] invented his machine, we sent hardly a bale
+of cotton abroad. Now we send so much in one year that the bales can
+be counted by millions. If they were laid end to end, in a straight
+line, they would reach clear across the American continent from San
+Francisco to New York, and then clear across the ocean from New York
+to Liverpool, England. It was Eli Whitney, more than any other man,
+who helped to build up this great trade. But at the time when he
+invented his cotton-gin, we did not own New Orleans, or, for that
+matter, any part of Louisiana or of the country west of the
+Mississippi River. The man who bought New Orleans and Louisiana for
+us was Thomas Jefferson.
+
+[Footnote 1: A bale or bundle of cotton is usually somewhat more than
+five feet long, and it generally weighs from 400 to 550 pounds. The
+cotton crop of this country in 1891 amounted to more than 8,650,000
+bales; laid end to end, in a straight line, these bales would extend
+more than 8000 miles.]
+
+[Footnote 2: 2 See paragraph 180.]
+
+
+184. Who Thomas Jefferson was; Monticello;[3] how Jefferson's slaves
+met him when he came home from Europe.--Thomas Jefferson was the son
+of a rich planter who lived near Charlottesville in Virginia.[4] When
+his father died, he came into possession of a plantation of nearly
+two thousand acres of land, with forty or fifty negro slaves on it.
+
+There was a high hill on the plantation, which Jefferson called
+Monticello, or the little mountain. Here he built a fine house. From
+it he could see the mountains and valleys of the Blue Ridge for an
+immense distance. No man in America had a more beautiful home, or
+enjoyed it more, than Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson's slaves thought
+that no one could be better than their master. He was always kind
+to them, and they were ready to do anything for him. Once when he
+came back from France, where he had been staying for a long time,
+the negroes went to meet his carriage. They walked several miles down
+the road; when they caught sight of the carriage, they shouted and
+sang with delight. They would gladly have taken out the horses and
+drawn it up the steep hill. When Jefferson reached Monticello and
+got out, the negroes took him in their arms, and, laughing and crying
+for joy, they carried him into the house. Perhaps no king ever got
+such a welcome as that; for that welcome was not bought with money:
+it came from the heart. Yet Jefferson hoped and prayed that the time
+would come when every slave in the country might be set free.
+
+[Illustration: JEFFERSON'S HOME AT MONTICELLO.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Monticello (Mon-ti-cel'lo).]
+
+[Footnote 4: See map in paragraph 140.]
+
+
+185. Thomas Jefferson hears Patrick Henry speak at
+Richmond.--Jefferson was educated to be a lawyer; he was not a good
+public speaker, but he liked to hear men who were. Just before the
+beginning of the Revolutionary War (1775), the people of Virginia
+sent men to the city of Richmond to hold a meeting in old St. John's
+Church. They met to see what should be done about defending those
+rights which the king of England had refused to grant the Americans.
+
+One of the speakers at that meeting was a famous Virginian named
+Patrick Henry. When he got up to speak he looked very pale, but his
+eyes shone like coals of fire. He made a great speech. He said, "We
+must fight! I repeat it, sir,--we must _fight!_" The other Virginians
+agreed with Patrick Henry, and George Washington and Thomas
+Jefferson, with other noted men who were present at the meeting,
+began at once to make ready to fight.
+
+[Illustration: "WE MUST FIGHT!"]
+
+
+186. Thomas Jefferson writes the Declaration of Independence; how
+it was sent through the country.--Shortly after this the great war
+began. In a little over a year from the time when the first battle
+was fought, Congress asked Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and
+some others to write the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson
+really wrote almost every word of it. He was called the "Pen of the
+Revolution"; for he could write quite as well as Patrick Henry could
+speak.
+
+The Declaration was printed and carried by men mounted on fast horses
+all over the United States. When men heard it, they rang the church
+bells and sent up cheer after cheer. General Washington had the
+Declaration read to all the soldiers in his army, and if powder had
+not been so scarce, they would have fired off every gun for joy.
+
+[Illustration: THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.]
+
+
+187. Jefferson is chosen President of the United States; what he said
+about New Orleans.--A number of years after the war was over
+Jefferson was chosen President of the United States; while he was
+President he did something for the country which will never be
+forgotten.
+
+Louisiana and the city of New Orleans, with the lower part of the
+Mississippi River, then belonged to the French; for at that time the
+United States only reached west as far as the Mississippi River. Now
+as New Orleans stands near the mouth of that river, the French could
+say, if they chose, what vessels should go out to sea, and what should
+come in. So far, then, as that part of America was concerned, we were
+like a man who owns a house while another man owns one of the doors
+to it. The man who has the door could say to the owner of the house,
+I shall stand here on the steps, and you must pay me so many dollars
+every time you go out and every time you come in this way.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the extent of the United States at the
+close of the Revolution, and also when Jefferson became President
+(1801).]
+
+Jefferson saw that so long as the French held the door of New Orleans,
+we should not be free to send our cotton down the river and across
+the ocean to Europe. He said we must have that door, no matter how
+much it costs.
+
+
+188. Jefferson buys New Orleans and Louisiana for the United
+States.--Mr. Robert R. Livingston, one of the signers of the
+Declaration of Independence, was in France at that time, and
+Jefferson sent over to him to see if he could buy New Orleans for
+the United States. Napoleon Bonaparte[5] then ruled France. He said,
+I want money to purchase war-ships with, so that I can fight England;
+I will sell not only New Orleans, but all Louisiana besides, for
+fifteen millions of dollars. That was cheap enough, and so in 1803
+President Jefferson bought it.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing how much larger President Jefferson made
+the United States by buying Louisiana in 1803. (The Oregon country
+is marked in bars to show that the ownership of it was disputed;
+England and the United States both claimed it.)]
+
+If you look on the map[6] you will see that Louisiana then was not
+simply a good-sized state, as it is now, but an immense country
+reaching clear back to the Rocky Mountains. It was really larger than
+the whole United States east of the Mississippi River. So, through
+President Jefferson's purchase, we added so much land that we now
+had more than twice as much as we had before, and we had got the whole
+Mississippi River, the city of New Orleans, and what is now the great
+city of St. Louis besides.
+
+[Footnote 5: Napoleon Bonaparte (Na-po'le-on Bo'na-part).]
+
+[Footnote 6: See map in this paragraph, and compare map in paragraph
+187.]
+
+
+189. Death of Jefferson; the words cut on his gravestone.--Jefferson
+lived to be an old man. He died at Monticello on the Fourth of July,
+1826, just fifty years, to a day, after he had signed the Declaration
+of Independence. John Adams, who had been President next before
+Jefferson, died a few hours later. So America lost two of her great
+men on the same day.
+
+Jefferson was buried at Monticello. He asked to have these words,
+with some others, cut on his gravestone:--
+
+Here Lies Buried
+THOMAS JEFFERSON,
+Author of the Declaration of American Independence.
+
+
+190. Summary.--Thomas Jefferson of Virginia wrote the Declaration
+of Independence. After he became President of the United States, he
+bought Louisiana for us. The purchase of Louisiana, with New Orleans,
+gave us the right to send our ships to sea by way of the Mississippi
+River, which now belonged to us. Louisiana added so much land that
+it more than doubled the size of the United States.
+
+
+Before Whitney invented his cotton-gin how much cotton did we send
+abroad? How much do we send from New Orleans now? Did we own New
+Orleans or Louisiana when Whitney invented his cotton-gin? Who
+bought them for us? Who was Thomas Jefferson? What is said about
+Monticello? Tell how Jefferson's slaves welcomed him home. For what
+profession was Jefferson educated? Tell about Patrick Henry. What
+did he say? What did Washington and Jefferson do? What did Jefferson
+write? What was he called? How was the Declaration sent to all parts
+of the country? What was Jefferson chosen to be? To whom did New
+Orleans and Louisiana then belong? How far did the United States then
+extend towards the west? What could the French say? What were we like?
+What did Jefferson say? Did we buy it? How much did we pay? How large
+was Louisiana then? How much land did we get? What else did we get?
+When did Jefferson die? What other great man died on the same day?
+What words did Jefferson have cut on his gravestone at Monticello?
+
+
+
+
+ROBERT FULTON
+(1765-1815).
+
+
+191. What Mr. Livingston said about Louisiana; a small family in a
+big house; settlements in the west; the country beyond the
+Mississippi River.--Even before we bought the great Louisiana
+country, we had more land than we then knew what to do with; after
+we had purchased it, it seemed to some people as though we should
+not want to use what we had bought for more than a hundred years.
+Such people thought that we were like a man with a small family who
+lives in a house much too large for him; but who, not contented with
+that, buys his neighbor's house, which is bigger still, and adds it
+to his own.
+
+If a traveller in those days went across the Alleghany Mountains[1]
+to the west, he found some small settlements in Ohio, Kentucky, and
+Tennessee, but hardly any outside of those. What are now the great
+states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin were then a
+wilderness; and this was also true of what are now the states of
+Alabama and Mississippi.
+
+If the same traveller, pushing forward, on foot or on horseback,--for
+there were no steam cars,--crossed the Mississippi River, he could
+hardly find a white man outside what was then the little town of St.
+Louis. The country stretched away west for more than a thousand miles,
+with nothing in it but wild beasts and Indians. In much of it there
+were no trees, no houses, no human beings. If you shouted as hard
+as you could in that solitary land, the only reply you would hear
+would be the echo of your own voice; it was like shouting in an empty
+room--it made it seem lonelier than ever.
+
+[Footnote 1: See map in paragraph 140.]
+
+
+192. Emigration to the west, and the man who helped that
+emigration.--But during the last hundred years that great empty land
+of the far west has been filling up with people. Thousands upon
+thousands of emigrants have gone there. They have built towns and
+cities and railroads and telegraph lines. Thousands more are going
+and will go. What has made such a wonderful change? Well, one man
+helped to do a great deal toward it. His name was Robert Fulton. He
+saw how difficult it was for people to get west; for if emigrants
+wanted to go with their families in wagons, they had to chop roads
+through the forest. That was slow, hard work. Fulton found a way that
+was quick, easy, and cheap. Let us see who he was, and how he found
+that way.
+
+
+193. Robert Fulton's boyhood; the old scow; what Robert did for his
+mother.--Robert Fulton was the son of a poor Irish farmer in
+Pennsylvania.[2] He did not care much for books, but liked to draw
+pictures with pencils which he hammered out of pieces of lead.
+
+Like most boys, he was fond of fishing. He used to go out in an old
+scow, or flat-bottomed boat, on a river near his home. He and another
+boy would push the scow along with poles. But Robert said, There is
+an easier way to make this boat go. I can put a pair of paddle-wheels
+on her, and then we can sit comfortably on the seat and turn the wheels
+by a crank. He tried it, and found that he was right. The boys now
+had a boat which suited them exactly.
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT FULTON'S PADDLE-WHEEL SCOW.]
+
+When Robert was seventeen, he went to Philadelphia. His father was
+dead, and he earned his living and helped his mother and sisters,
+by painting pictures. He staid in Philadelphia until he was
+twenty-one. By that time he had saved up money enough to buy a small
+farm for his mother, so that she might have a home of her own.
+
+[Footnote 2: Fulton was born in Little Britain (now called Fulton)
+in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. See map in paragraph 135.]
+
+
+194. Fulton goes to England and to France; his iron bridges; his
+diving-boat, and what he did with it in France.--Soon after buying
+the farm for his mother, young Fulton went to England and then to
+France. He staid in those countries twenty years. In England Fulton
+built some famous iron bridges, but he was more interested in boats
+than in anything else.
+
+While he was in France he made what he called a diving-boat. It would
+go under water nearly as well as it would on top, so that wherever
+a fish could go, Fulton could follow him. His object in building such
+a boat was to make war in a new way. When a swordfish[3] attacks a
+whale, he slips round under him and stabs the monster with his sword.
+Fulton said, 'If an enemy's war-ship should come into the harbor to
+do mischief, I can get into my diving-boat, slip under the ship,
+fasten a torpedo[4] to it, and blow the ship "sky high."'
+
+[Illustration: FULTON'S DIVING-BOAT. (Going under water to fasten
+a torpedo on the bottom of a vessel.)]
+
+Napoleon Bonaparte liked nothing so much as war, and he let Fulton
+have an old vessel to see if he could blow it up. He tried it, and
+everything happened as he expected: nothing was left of the vessel
+but the pieces.
+
+[Footnote 3: Swordfish: the name given to a large fish which has a
+sword-like weapon, several feet in length, projecting from its upper
+jaw.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Torpedo: here a can filled with powder, and so
+constructed that it could be fastened to the bottom of a vessel.]
+
+
+195. What Fulton did in England with his diving-boat; what he said
+about America.--Then Fulton went back to England and tried the same
+thing there. He went out in his diving-boat and fastened a torpedo
+under a vessel, and when the torpedo exploded, the vessel, as he said,
+went up like a "bag of feathers," flying in all directions.
+
+[Illustration: WHAT THE TORPEDO DID.]
+
+The English people paid Fulton seventy-five thousand dollars for
+showing them what he could do in this way. Then they offered to give
+him a great deal more--in fact, to make him a very rich man--if he
+would promise never to let any other country know just how he blew
+vessels up. But Fulton said, 'I am an American; and if America should
+ever want to use my diving-boat in war, she shall have it first of
+all.'
+
+
+196. Fulton makes his first steamboat.--But while Fulton was doing
+these things with his diving-boat, he was always thinking of the
+paddle-wheel scow he used to fish in when a boy. I turned those
+paddle-wheels by a crank, said he, but what is to hinder my putting
+a steam engine into such a boat, and making it turn the crank for
+me? that would be a steamboat. Such boats had already been tried,
+but, for one reason or another, they had not got on very well. Robert
+R. Livingston was still in France, and he helped Fulton build his
+first steamboat. It was put on a river there; it moved, and that was
+about all.
+
+
+197. Robert Fulton and Mr. Livingston go to New York and build a
+steamboat; the trip up the Hudson River.--But Robert Fulton and Mr.
+Livingston both believed that a steamboat could be built that would
+go, and that would keep going. So they went to New York and built
+one there.
+
+In the summer of 1807 a great crowd gathered to see the boat start
+on her voyage up the Hudson River. They joked and laughed as crowds
+will at anything new. They called Fulton a fool and Livingston
+another. But when Fulton, standing on the deck of his steamboat,
+waved his hand, and the wheels began to turn, and the vessel began
+to move up the river, then the crowd became silent with astonishment.
+Now it was Fulton's turn to laugh, and in such a case the man who
+laughs last has a right to laugh the loudest.
+
+[Illustration: FULTON'S STEAMER LEAVING NEW YORK FOR ALBANY.]
+
+Up the river Fulton kept going. He passed the Palisades;[5] he passed
+the Highlands;[6] still he kept on, and at last he reached Albany,
+a hundred and fifty miles above New York.
+
+Nobody before had ever seen such a sight as that boat moving up the
+river without the help of oars or sails; but from that time people
+saw it every day. When Fulton got back to New York in his steamboat,
+everybody wanted to shake hands with him--the crowd, instead of
+shouting fool, now whispered among themselves, He's a great man--a
+very great man, indeed.
+
+[Footnote 5: See map in paragraph 55.]
+
+[Footnote 6: See map in paragraph 55.]
+
+
+198. The first steamboat in the west; the Great Shake.--Four years
+later Fulton built a steamboat for the west. In the autumn of 1811
+it started from Pittsburg[7] to go down the Ohio River, and then down
+the Mississippi to New Orleans. The people of the west had never seen
+a steamboat before, and when the Indians saw the smoke puffing out,
+they called it the "Big Fire Canoe."
+
+On the way down the river there was a terrible earthquake. In some
+places it changed the course of the Ohio so that where there had been
+dry land there was now deep water, and where there had been deep water
+there was now dry land. One evening the captain of the "Big Fire
+Canoe" fastened his vessel to a large tree on the end of an island.
+In the morning the people on the steamboat looked out, but could not
+tell where they were; the island had gone: the earthquake had carried
+it away. The Indians called the earthquake the "Big Shake": it was
+a good name, for it kept on shaking that part of the country, and
+doing all sorts of damage for weeks.
+
+[Footnote 7: Pittsburg: see map in paragraph 135.]
+
+
+199. The "Big Fire Canoe" on the Mississippi; the fight between steam
+and the Great River; what steamboats did; Robert Fulton's
+grave.--When the steamboat reached the Mississippi, the settlers on
+that river said that the boat would never be able to go back, because
+the current is so strong. At one place a crowd had gathered to see
+her as she turned against the current, in order to come up to the
+landing-place. An old negro stood watching the boat. It looked as
+if in spite of all the captain could do she would be carried down
+stream, but at last steam conquered, and the boat came up to the shore.
+Then the old negro could hold in no longer: he threw up his ragged
+straw hat and shouted, 'Hoo-ray! hoo-ray! the old Mississippi's just
+got her master this time, sure!'
+
+Soon steamboats began to run regularly on the Mississippi, and in
+the course of a few years they began to move up and down the Great
+Lakes and the Missouri River. Emigrants could now go to the west and
+the far west quickly and easily: they had to thank Robert Fulton for
+that.
+
+Robert Fulton lies buried in New York, in the shadow of the tower
+of Trinity Church. There is no monument or mark over his grave, but
+he has a monument in every steamboat on every great river and lake
+in America.
+
+[Illustration: TOWER OF TRINITY CHURCH.]
+
+
+200. Summary.--In 1807 Robert Fulton of Pennsylvania built the first
+steamboat which ran on the Hudson River, and four years later he built
+the first one which navigated the rivers of the west. His boats helped
+to fill the whole western country with settlers.
+
+
+What did Mr. Livingston say about Louisiana? What did such people
+think we were like? What would a traveller going west then find? What
+is said of the country west of the Mississippi? Who helped emigration
+to the west? What did he find? Tell about Robert Fulton as a boy.
+Tell about his paddle-wheel scow. What did Robert do for his mother?
+Where did he go? How long did he stay abroad? Tell about his
+diving-boat. What did he do with it in France? What in England? What
+did the English people offer him? What did Fulton say? Where did
+Fulton make and try his first steamboat? Tell about the steamboat
+he made in New York. How far up the Hudson did it go? Tell about the
+first steamboat at the west. What did the Indians call it? What
+happened on the way down the Ohio River? Tell about the steamboat
+on the Mississippi River. What is said of steamboats at the west?
+What about emigrants? Where is Fulton buried? Where is his monument?
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
+(1773-1841).
+
+
+201. War with the Indians; how the Indians felt about being forced
+to leave their homes; the story of the log.--The year 1811, in which
+the first steamboat went west, a great battle was fought with the
+Indians. The battle-ground was on the Tippecanoe[1] River, in what
+is now the state of Indiana.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Indiana and the Tippecanoe River.]
+
+The Indians fought because they wanted to keep the west for
+themselves. They felt as an old chief did, who had been forced to
+move many times by the white men. One day a military officer came
+to his wigwam to tell him that he and his tribe must go still further
+west. The chief said, General, let's sit down on this log and talk
+it over. So they both sat down. After they had talked a short time,
+the chief said, Please move a little further that way; I haven't room
+enough. The officer moved along. In a few minutes the chief asked
+him to move again, and he did so. Presently the chief gave him a push
+and said, Do move further on, won't you? I can't, said the general.
+Why not? asked the chief. Because I've got to the end of the log,
+replied the officer. Well, said the Indian, now you see how it is
+with us. You white men have kept pushing us on until you have pushed
+us clear to the end of our country, and yet you come now and say,
+Move on, move on.
+
+[Illustration: "MOVE ON."]
+
+[Footnote 1: Tippecanoe (Tip-pe-ka-noo'): see map in this
+paragraph.]
+
+
+202. What Tecumseh[2] and his brother, the "Prophet,"[3] tried to
+do.--A famous Indian warrior named Tecumseh determined to band the
+different Indian tribes together, and drive out the white men from
+the west.
+
+Tecumseh had a brother called the "Prophet," who pretended he could
+tell what would happen in the future. He said, The white traders come
+here, give the Indians whiskey, get them drunk, and then cheat them
+out of their lands. Once we owned this whole country; now, if an
+Indian strips a little bark off of a tree to shelter him when it rains,
+a white man steps up, with a gun in his hand, and says, That's my
+tree; let it alone, or I'll shoot you.
+
+Then the "Prophet" said to the red men, Stop drinking
+"fire-water,"[4] and you will have strength to kill off the
+"pale-faces" and get your land back again. When you have killed them
+off, I will bless the earth. I will make pumpkins[5] grow to be as
+big as wigwams, and the corn shall be so large that one ear will be
+enough for a dinner for a dozen hungry Indians. The Indians liked
+to hear these things; they wanted to taste those pumpkins and that
+corn, and so they got ready to fight.
+
+[Footnote 2: Tecumseh (Te-kum'seh).]
+
+[Footnote 3: Prophet (prof'et): one who tells what will happen in
+the future.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Fire-water: the Indian name for whiskey.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Pumpkins (pump'kins).]
+
+
+203. Who William Henry Harrison was; the march to Tippecanoe; the
+"Prophet's" sacred beans; the battle of Tippecanoe.--At this time
+William Henry Harrison[6] was governor of Indiana territory. He had
+fought under General Wayne[7] in his war with the Indians in Ohio.
+Everybody knew Governor Harrison's courage, and the Indians all
+respected him; but he tried in vain to prevent the Indians from going
+to war. The "Prophet" urged them on at the north, and Tecumseh had
+gone south to persuade the Indians there to join the northern tribes.
+
+[Illustration: GOVERNOR HARRISON TALKING WITH THE "PROPHET."]
+
+Governor Harrison saw that a battle must soon be fought; so he started
+with his soldiers to meet the Indians. He marched to the Tippecanoe
+River, and there he stopped.
+
+While Harrison's men were asleep in the woods, the "Prophet" told
+the Indians not to wait, but to attack the soldiers at once. In his
+hand he held up a string of beans. These beans, said he to the Indians,
+are sacred.[8] Come and touch them, and you are safe; no white man's
+bullet can hit you. The Indians hurried up in crowds to touch the
+wonderful beans.
+
+Now, said the "Prophet," let each one take his hatchet in one hand
+and his gun in the other, and creep through the tall grass till he
+gets to the edge of the woods. The soldiers lie there fast asleep;
+when you get close to them, spring up and at them like a wild-cat
+at a rabbit.
+
+The Indians started to do this, but a soldier on guard saw the tall
+grass moving as though a great snake was gliding through it. He fired
+his gun at the moving grass; with a yell up sprang the whole band
+of Indians, and rushed forward: in a moment the battle began.
+
+Harrison won the victory. He not only killed many of the Indians,
+but he marched against their village, set fire to it, and burned it
+to ashes.
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE.]
+
+After that the Indians in that part of the country would not listen
+to the "Prophet." They said, He is a liar; his beans didn't save us.
+
+The battle of Tippecanoe did much good, because it prevented the
+Indian tribes from uniting and beginning a great war all through the
+west. Governor Harrison received high praise for what he had done,
+and was made a general in the United States army.
+
+[Footnote 6: William Henry Harrison was born in Berkeley, Charles
+City County, Virginia, about twenty-five miles below Richmond. His
+father, Governor Harrison of Virginia, was one of the signers of the
+Declaration of Independence.]
+
+[Footnote 7: See paragraph 173.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Sacred: something holy, or set apart for religious
+uses.]
+
+
+204. Tecumseh takes the "Prophet" by the hair; the War of 1812;
+General Harrison's battle in Canada; President Harrison.--When
+Tecumseh came back from the south, he was terribly angry with his
+brother for fighting before he was ready to have him begin. He seized
+the "Prophet" by his long hair, and shook him as a terrier[9] shakes
+a rat. Tecumseh then left the United States and went to Canada to
+help the British, who were getting ready to fight us.
+
+The next year (1812) we began our second war with England. It is
+called the War of 1812. One of the chief reasons why we fought was
+that the British would not let our merchant ships alone; they stopped
+them at sea, took thousands of our sailors out of them, and forced
+the men to serve in their war-ships in their battles against the
+French.
+
+[Illustration: THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON IN FLAMES IN THE WAR OF
+1812.]
+
+In the course of the War of 1812 the British burned the Capitol at
+Washington; but a grander building rose from its ashes. General
+Harrison fought a battle in Canada in which he defeated the British
+and killed Tecumseh, who was fighting on the side of the English.
+
+[Illustration: THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON AS IT NOW
+APPEARS.]
+
+Many years after this battle, the people of the west said, We must
+have the "Hero of Tippecanoe" for President of the United States.
+They went to vote for him with songs and shouts, and he was elected.
+A month after he had gone to Washington, President Harrison died
+(1841), and the whole country was filled with sorrow.
+
+[Footnote 9: Terrier (ter'ri-er): a kind of small hunting-dog.]
+
+
+205. Summary.--In 1811 General Harrison gained a great victory over
+the Indians at Tippecanoe, in Indiana. By that victory he saved the
+west from a terrible Indian war. In the War of 1812 with England
+General Harrison beat the British in a battle in Canada, and killed
+Tecumseh, the Indian chief who had made us so much trouble. Many years
+later General Harrison was elected President of the United States.
+
+
+Where was a great battle fought with the Indians in 1811? How did
+the Indians feel about the west? Tell the story of the log. What did
+Tecumseh determine to do? Tell about the "Prophet." Who was William
+Henry Harrison? Tell about the battle of Tippecanoe. Tell about the
+sacred beans. What did the Indians say about the "Prophet" after the
+battle? What good did the battle of Tippecanoe do? What did Tecumseh
+do when he got back? Where did he then go? What happened in 1812?
+Why did we fight the British? What did General Harrison do in Canada?
+What did the people of the west say? How long did General Harrison
+live after he became President?
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON
+(1767-1845).
+
+
+206. Andrew Jackson and the War of 1812; his birthplace; his school;
+wrestling-matches;[1] firing off the gun.--The greatest battle of
+our second war with England--the War of 1812--was fought by General
+Andrew Jackson.
+
+He was the son of a poor emigrant who came from the North of Ireland
+and settled in North Carolina.[2] When Thomas Jefferson wrote the
+Declaration of Independence in 1776, Andrew was nine years old, and
+his father had long been dead. He was a tall, slender, freckled-faced,
+barefooted boy, with eyes full of fun; the neighbors called him
+"Mischievous little Andy."
+
+He went to school in a log hut in the pine woods; but he learned more
+things from what he saw in the woods than from the books he studied
+in school.
+
+He was not a very strong boy, and in wrestling some of his companions
+could throw him three times out of four; but though they could get
+him down without much trouble, it was quite another thing to keep
+him down. No sooner was he laid flat on his back, than he bounded
+up like a steel spring, and stood ready to try again.
+
+He had a violent[3] temper, and when, as the boys said, "Andy got
+mad all over," not many cared to face him. Once some of his playmates
+secretly loaded an old gun almost up to the muzzle, and then dared
+him to fire it. They wanted to see what he would say when it kicked
+him over. Andrew fired the gun. It knocked him sprawling; he jumped
+up with eyes blazing with anger, and shaking his fist, cried out,
+"If one of you boys laughs, I'll kill him." He looked as though he
+meant exactly what he said, and the boys thought that perhaps it would
+be just as well to wait and laugh some other day.
+
+[Illustration: ANDY AND THE GUN.]
+
+[Footnote 1: Wrestling (res'ling).]
+
+[Footnote 2: He settled in Union County, North Carolina, very near
+the South Carolina line. See map in paragraph 140. Mecklenburg Court
+House is in the next county west of Union County.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Violent: fierce, furious.]
+
+
+207. Tarleton's[4] attack on the Americans; how Andrew helped his
+mother.--When Andrew was thirteen, he learned what war means. The
+country was then fighting the battles of the Revolution. A British
+officer named Tarleton came suddenly upon some American soldiers
+near the place where young Jackson lived. Tarleton had so many men
+that the Americans saw that it was useless to try to fight, and they
+made no attempt to do so. The British should have taken them all
+prisoners; but, instead of that, they attacked them furiously, and
+hacked and hewed them with their swords. More than a hundred of our
+men were left dead, and a still larger number were so horribly wounded
+that they could not be moved any distance. Such an attack was not
+war, for war means a fair, stand-up fight; it was murder: and when
+the people in England heard what Tarleton had done, many cried Shame!
+
+There was a little log meeting-house near Andrew's home, and it was
+turned into a hospital for the wounded men. Mrs. Jackson, with other
+kind-hearted women, did all she could for the poor fellows who lay
+there groaning and helpless. Andrew carried food and water to them.
+He had forgotten most of the lessons he learned at school, but here
+was something he would never forget.
+
+[Footnote 4: Tarleton (Tarl'ton).]
+
+
+208. Andrew's hatred of the "red-coats";[5] Tarleton's soldiers meet
+their match.--From that time, when young Jackson went to the
+blacksmith's shop to get a hoe or a spade mended, he was sure to come
+back with a rude spear, or with some other weapon, which he had
+hammered out to fight the "red-coats" with.
+
+Tarleton said that no people in America hated the British so much
+as those who lived where Andrew Jackson did. The reason was that no
+other British officer was so cruel as "Butcher Tarleton," as he was
+called. Once, however, his men met their match. They were robbing
+a farm of its pigs and chickens and corn and hay. When they got through
+carrying things off, they were going to burn down the farm-house;
+but one of the "red-coats," in his haste, ran against a big hive of
+bees and upset it. The bees were mad enough. They swarmed down on
+the soldiers, got into their ears and eyes, and stung them so terribly
+that at last the robbers were glad to drop everything and run. If
+Andrew could have seen that battle, he would have laughed till he
+cried.
+
+[Illustration: THE BEES BEAT THE "RED-COATS."]
+
+[Footnote 5: Red-coats: this nickname was given by the Americans to
+the British soldiers because they wore bright red coats.]
+
+
+209. Dangerous state of the country; the roving bands.--Andrew knew
+that he and his mother lived in constant danger. Part of the people
+in his state were in favor of the king, and part were for liberty.
+Bands of armed men, belonging sometimes to one side, and sometimes
+to the other, went roving about the country. When they met a farmer,
+they would stop him and ask, 'Which side are you for?' If he did not
+answer to suit them, the leader of the party would cry out, Hang him
+up! In an instant one of the band would cut down a long piece of wild
+grapevine, twist it into a noose, and throw it over the man's head;
+the next moment he would be dangling from the limb of a tree.
+Sometimes the band would let him down again; sometimes they would
+ride on and leave him hanging there.
+
+
+210. Playing at battle; what Tarleton heard about himself.--Even the
+children saw and heard so much of the war that was going on that they
+played at war, and fought battles with red and white corn,--red for
+the British and white for the Americans.
+
+At the battle of Cowpens[6] Colonel William Washington[7] fought on
+the American side, and Tarleton got badly whipped and had to run.
+Not long afterward he happened to see some boys squatting on the
+ground, with a lot of corn instead of marbles. They were playing the
+battle of Cowpens. A red kernel stood for Tarleton, and a white one
+for Colonel Washington. The boys shoved the corn this way and that;
+sometimes the red would win, sometimes the white. At last the white
+kernel gained the victory, and the boys shouted, "Hurrah for
+Washington--Tarleton runs!"
+
+Tarleton had been quietly looking on without their knowing it. When
+he saw how the game ended, he turned angrily away. He had seen enough
+of "the little rebels,"[8] as he called them.
+
+[Footnote 6: Cowpens: see paragraph 140.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Colonel William Washington was a relative of General
+George Washington.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Rebels: this was the name which the British gave to the
+Americans because we had been forced to take up arms to overthrow
+the authority of the English king, who was still lawfully, but not
+justly, the ruler of this country. Had he been a just and upright
+ruler, there would probably have been no rebellion against his
+authority at that time.]
+
+
+211. Andrew is taken prisoner by the British; "Here, boy, clean those
+boots"; the two scars.--Not long after our victory at Cowpens, Andrew
+Jackson was taken prisoner by the British. The officer in command
+of the soldiers had just taken off his boots, splashed with mud.
+Pointing to them, he said to Andrew, Here, boy, clean those boots.
+Andrew replied, Sir, I am a prisoner of war, and it is not my place
+to clean boots. The officer, in a great passion, whipped out his sword
+and struck a blow at the boy. It cut a gash on his head and another
+on his hand. Andrew Jackson lived to be an old man, but the marks
+of that blow never disappeared: he carried the scars to his grave.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW JACKSON AND THE OFFICER'S BOOTS.]
+
+
+212. The prisoners in the yard of Camden jail; seeing a battle through
+a knot-hole.--Andrew was sent with other prisoners to Camden, South
+Carolina,[9] and shut up in the jail-yard. There many fell sick and
+died of small-pox.
+
+One day some of the prisoners heard that General Greene--the greatest
+American general in the Revolution, next to Washington--was coming
+to fight the British at Camden. Andrew's heart leaped for joy, for
+he knew that if General Greene should win he would set all the
+prisoners at liberty.
+
+General Greene, with his little army, was on a hill in sight Of the
+jail, but there was a high, tight board fence round the jail-yard,
+and the prisoners could not see them. With the help of an old razor
+Andrew managed to dig out a knot from one of the boards. Through that
+knot-hole he watched the battle.
+
+Our men were beaten in the fight, and Andrew saw their horses, with
+empty saddles, running wildly about. Then the boy turned away, sick
+at heart. Soon after that he was seized with the small-pox, and would
+have died of it if his mother had not succeeded in getting him set
+free.
+
+[Footnote 9: Camden: see map in paragraph 140.]
+
+
+213. Mrs. Jackson goes to visit the American prisoners at Charleston;
+Andrew loses his best friend; what he said of her.--In the summer
+Mrs. Jackson made a journey on horseback to Charleston, a hundred
+and sixty miles away. She went to carry some little comforts to the
+poor American prisoners, who were starving and dying of disease in
+the crowded and filthy British prison-ships in the harbor. While
+visiting these unfortunate men she caught the fever which raged among
+them. Two weeks later she was in her grave, and Andrew, then a lad
+of fourteen, stood alone in the world.
+
+Years afterward, when he had risen to be a noted man, people would
+sometimes praise him because he was never afraid to say and do what
+he believed to be right; then Jackson would answer, "_That_ I learned
+from my good old mother."
+
+
+214. Andrew begins to learn a trade; he studies law and goes west;
+Judge Jackson; General Jackson.--Andrew set to work to learn the
+saddler's trade, but gave it up and began to study law. After he
+became a lawyer he went across the mountains to Nashville, Tennessee.
+There he was made a judge. There were plenty of rough men in that
+part of the country who meant to have their own way in all things;
+but they soon found that they must respect and obey Judge Jackson.
+They could frighten other judges, but it was no use to try to frighten
+him. Seeing what sort of stuff Jackson was made of, they thought that
+they should like to have such a man to lead them in battle. And so
+Judge Andrew Jackson became General Andrew Jackson. When trouble
+came with the Indians, Jackson proved to be the very man they needed.
+
+
+215. Tecumseh and the Indians of Alabama; Tecumseh threatens to stamp
+his foot on the ground; the earthquake; war begins.--We have already
+seen how the Indian chief Tecumseh[10] went south to stir up the red
+men to make war on the white settlers in the west. In Alabama he told
+the Indians that if they fought they would gain a great victory. I
+see, said Tecumseh to them, that you don't believe what I say, and
+that you don't mean to fight. Well, I am now going north to Detroit.
+When I get there I shall stamp my foot on the ground, and shake down
+every wigwam you have. It so happened that, shortly after Tecumseh
+had gone north, a sharp shock of earthquake was felt in Alabama, and
+the wigwams were actually shaken down by it. When the terrified
+Indians felt their houses falling to pieces, they ran out of them,
+shouting, "Tecumseh has got to Detroit!"
+
+These Indians now believed all that Tecumseh had said; they began
+to attack the white people, and they killed a great number of them.
+
+[Footnote 10: Tecumseh: see paragraph 203.]
+
+
+216. Jackson conquers the Indians; the "Holy Ground"; Weathersford
+and Jackson; feeding the starving.--General Jackson marched against
+the Indians and beat them in battle. The Indians that escaped fled
+to a place they called the "Holy Ground.", They believed that if a
+white man dared to set his foot on that ground he would be struck
+dead as if by a flash of lightning. General Jackson and his men
+marched on to the "Holy Ground," and the Indians found that unless
+they made peace they would be the ones who would be struck dead by
+his bullets.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL JACKSON AND THE INDIAN CHIEF.]
+
+Not long after this, a noted leader of the Indians, named
+Weathersford, rode boldly up to Jackson's tent. "Kill him! kill him!"
+cried Jackson's men; but the general asked Weathersford into his tent.
+"You can kill me if you want to," said he to Jackson, "but I came
+to tell you that the Indian women and children are starving in the
+woods, and to ask you to help them, for they never did you any harm."
+General Jackson sent away Weathersford in safety, and ordered that
+corn should be given to feed the starving women and children. That
+act showed that he was as merciful as he was brave.
+
+
+217. The British send war-ships to take New Orleans; the great battle
+and the great victory.--These things happened during our second war
+with England, or the War of 1812. About a year after Jackson's victory
+over the Indians the British sent an army in ships to take New
+Orleans.
+
+General Jackson now went to New Orleans, to prevent the enemy from
+getting possession of the city.
+
+About four miles below the city, which stands on the Mississippi
+River,[11] there was a broad, deep ditch, running from the river into
+a swamp. Jackson saw that the British would have to cross that ditch
+when they marched against the city. For that reason he built a high
+bank on the upper side of the ditch, and placed cannon along the top
+of the bank.
+
+Early on Sunday morning, January 8th, 1815, the British sent a rocket
+whizzing up into the sky; a few minutes afterward they sent up a
+second one. It was the signal that they were about to march to attack
+us.
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS.]
+
+Just before the fight began General Jackson walked along among his
+men, who were getting ready to defend the ditch. He said to them,
+"Stand to your guns; see that every shot tells: give it to them,
+boys!" The "boys" did give it to them. The British soldiers were brave
+men; they had been in many terrible battles, and they were not afraid
+to die. They fought desperately; they tried again and again to cross
+that ditch and climb the bank, but they could not do it. The fire
+of our guns cut them down just as a mower cuts down the tall grain
+with his scythe.[12] In less than half an hour the great battle was
+over; Jackson had won the victory and saved New Orleans. We lost only
+eight killed; the enemy lost over two thousand.[13] We have never
+had a battle since with England; it is to be hoped that we never shall
+have another, for two great nations[14] like England and America,
+that speak the same language, ought to be firm and true friends.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO GENERAL JACKSON AT NEW ORLEANS.]
+
+[Footnote 11: See map in paragraph 218.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Scythe (sithe).]
+
+[Footnote 13: Killed and wounded.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Nations: a nation is a people born in the same country
+and living under the same government; as the American nation, the
+French nation, the English nation.]
+
+
+218. We buy Florida; General Jackson made President of the United
+States; the first railroad.--After the battle of New Orleans General
+Jackson conquered the Indians in Florida, and in 1819 we bought that
+country of Spain, and so made the United States much larger on the
+south.[15] This was our second great land purchase.[16]
+
+[Illustration: The light parts of this map show the extent of the
+United States in 1819, after we had bought and added Florida. The
+black and white bars in the northwest show that the ownership of the
+Oregon country was still in dispute between the United States and
+Great Britain.]
+
+Ten years after we got Florida General Jackson became President of
+the United States. He had fought his way up. Here are the four steps:
+first the boy, "Andy Jackson"; then "Judge Jackson"; then "General
+Jackson"; last of all, "President Jackson."
+
+Shortly after he became the chief ruler of the nation the first steam
+railroad in the United States was built (1830). From that time such
+roads kept creeping further and further west. The Indians had
+frightened the white settlers with their terrible war-whoop. Now it
+was their turn to be frightened, for the locomotive whistle[17] could
+beat their wildest yell. They saw that the white man was coming as
+fast as steam could carry him, and that he was determined to get
+possession of the whole land. The greater part of the Indians moved
+across the Mississippi; but the white man kept following them and
+following the buffalo further and further across the country, toward
+the Pacific Ocean; and the railroad followed in the white man's
+track.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT STEEL RAILROAD BRIDGE ACROSS THE
+MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT ST. LOUIS. (Built by Captain Eads, and completed
+in 1874.)]
+
+[Illustration: NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE.]
+
+[Footnote 15: See map in this paragraph.]
+
+[Footnote 16: For our first land purchase see paragraph 188.]
+
+[Footnote 17: The first steam railroad built in the United States
+extended from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, a distance
+of twelve miles. It was opened in 1830. It forms a part of the
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.]
+
+
+219. Summary.--Andrew Jackson of North Carolina gained a great
+victory over the Indians in Alabama and also in Florida. In 1815,
+in our second war with England, General Jackson whipped the British
+at New Orleans, and so prevented their getting possession of that
+city. A few years later we bought Florida of Spain.
+
+After General Jackson became President of the United States the first
+steam-railroad was built in this country. Railroads helped to settle
+the west and build up states beyond the Mississippi.
+
+
+Who fought the greatest battle of the War of 1812? Tell about Andrew
+Jackson's boyhood. Tell the story of the gun. Tell about Tarleton.
+What did Mrs. Jackson do? What did Andrew do? What did Andrew use
+to do at the blacksmith shop?
+
+Tell about Tarleton's men and the bees. What did bands of armed men
+use to do in the country where Andrew lived? Tell about playing at
+battle. What did Tarleton say? Tell about Andrew and the boots. Tell
+how he saw a battle through a knot-hole. Tell how Andrew's mother
+died. What did he say about her? Tell about Andrew Jackson as a judge.
+Why was he made a general? Tell about Tecumseh and the Alabama Indians.
+After General Jackson had beaten the Indians, where did they go? What
+is said about the "Holy Ground." What about Jackson and Weathersford?
+Tell about the great battle of New Orleans. Who gained the victory?
+When did we buy Florida? What were the four steps in Andrew Jackson's
+life? What is said about railroads?
+
+
+
+
+PROFESSOR MORSE
+(1791-1872).
+
+
+220. How they sent the news of the completion of the Erie Canal to
+New York City; Franklin and Morse.--The Erie Canal, in the state of
+New York, connects the Hudson River at Albany with Lake Erie at
+Buffalo. It is the greatest work of the kind in America, and was
+completed many years ago. When the water was let into the canal from
+the lake, the news was flashed from Buffalo to New York City by a
+row of cannon, about five miles apart, which were fired as rapidly
+as possible one after the other. The first cannon was fired at Buffalo
+at ten o'clock in the morning; the last was fired at New York at
+half-past eleven. In an hour and a half the sound had travelled over
+five hundred miles. Everybody said that was wonderfully quick work;
+but to-day we could send the news in less than a minute. The man who
+found out how to do this was Samuel F. B. Morse.
+
+[Illustration: HOW THEY FLASHED THE NEWS OF THE COMPLETION OF THE
+ERIE CANAL IN 1825.]
+
+We have seen how Benjamin Franklin[1] discovered, by means of his
+kite, that lightning and electricity are the same. Samuel Morse was
+born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, about a mile from Franklin's
+birthplace, the year after that great man died. He began his work
+where Franklin left off. He said to himself, Dr. Franklin found out
+what lightning is; I will find out how to harness it and make it carry
+news and deliver messages.[2]
+
+[Footnote 1: See paragraph 119.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Messages: a message is any word sent by one person to
+another.]
+
+
+221. Morse becomes a painter; what he thought might be done about
+sending messages.--When Samuel Morse was a little boy, he was fond
+of drawing pictures, particularly faces; if he could not get a pencil,
+he would scratch them with a pin on the furniture at school: the only
+pay he got for making such pictures was some smart raps from the
+teacher. After he became a man he learned to paint. At one time he
+lived in France with several other American artists. One day they
+were talking of how long it took to get letters from America, and
+they were wishing the time could be shortened. Somebody spoke of how
+cannon had been used at the time of the opening of the Erie Canal.
+Morse was familiar with all that; he had been educated at Yale College,
+and he knew that the sound of a gun will travel a mile while you are
+counting five; but quick as that is, he wanted to find something
+better and quicker still. He said, Why not try lightning or
+electricity? That will beat sound, for that will go more than a
+thousand miles while you are counting _one_.
+
+
+222. What a telegraph[3] is; a wire telegraph; Professor Morse
+invents the electric telegraph.--Some time after that, Mr. Morse set
+sail for America. On the way across the Atlantic he was constantly
+talking about electricity and how a telegraph--that is, a machine
+which would write at a distance--might be invented. He thought about
+this so much that he could not sleep nights. At last he believed that
+he saw how he could make such a machine.
+
+[Illustration: ONE KIND OF TELEGRAPH.]
+
+Suppose you take a straight and stiff piece of wire as long as your
+desk and fasten it in the middle so that the ends will swing easily.
+Next tie a pencil tight to each end; then put a sheet of paper under
+the point of each pencil. Now, if you make a mark with the pencil
+nearest to you, you will find that the pencil at the other end of
+the wire will make the same kind of mark. Such a wire would be a kind
+of telegraph, because it would make marks or signs at a distance.
+Mr. Morse said: I will have a wire a mile long with a pencil, or
+something sharp-pointed like a pencil, fastened to the further end;
+the wire itself shall not move at all, but the pencil shall, for I
+will make electricity run along the wire and move it. Mr. Morse was
+then a professor or teacher in the University of the City of New York.
+He put up such a wire in one of the rooms of the building, sent the
+electricity through it, and found that it made the pencil make just
+the marks he wanted it should; that meant that he had invented the
+_electric telegraph_; for if he could do this over a mile of wire,
+then what was to hinder his doing it over a hundred or even a thousand
+miles?
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR MORSE AT WORK MAKING HIS TELEGRAPH.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Telegraph (tel'e-graf): this name is made up of two
+Greek words, the first of which means _far off_, and the second _to
+write_.]
+
+
+223. How Professor Morse lived while he was making his
+telegraph.--But all this was not done in a day, for this invention
+cost years of patient labor. At first, Mr. Morse lived in a little
+room by himself: there he worked and ate, when he could get anything
+to eat; and slept, if he wasn't too tired to sleep. Later, he had
+a room in the university. While he was there he painted pictures to
+get money enough to buy food; there, too (1839), he took the first
+photograph ever made in America. Yet with all his hard work there
+were times when he had to go hungry, and once he told a young man
+that if he did not get some money he should be dead in a week--dead
+of starvation.
+
+[Illustration: A COPY OF THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPH MADE IN AMERICA. (The
+tower of the Church of the Messiah, in New York. The church is no
+longer standing.)]
+
+
+224. Professor Morse gets help about his telegraph; what Alfred Vail
+did.--But better times were coming. A young man named Alfred Vail[4]
+happened to see Professor Morse's telegraph. He believed it would
+be successful. He persuaded his father, Judge Vail, to lend him two
+thousand dollars, and he became Professor Morse's partner in the work.
+Mr. Vail was an excellent mechanic, and he made many improvements
+in the telegraph. He then made a model[5] of it at his own expense,
+and took it to Washington and got a patent[6] for it in Professor
+Morse's name. The invention was now safe in one way, for no one else
+had the right to make a telegraph like his. Yet, though he had this
+help, Professor Morse did not get on very fast, for a few years later
+he said, "I have not a cent in the world; I am crushed for want of
+means."
+
+[Footnote 4: Alfred Vail: he was the son of Stephen Vail (commonly
+known as Judge Vail), owner of the Speedwell iron-works, near
+Morristown, New Jersey. Judge Vail built the engines of the
+_Savannah_, the first steamship which crossed the Atlantic.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Model: a small copy or representation of something.
+Professor Morse made a small telegraph and sent it to Washington,
+to show what his large telegraph would be like.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Patent: a written or printed right given by the
+government at Washington to an inventor to make something; as, for
+instance, a telegraph or a sewing-machine. The patent forbids any
+one except the inventor, or holder of the patent, from making such
+a machine, and so he gets whatever money comes from his work. In order
+to get a patent, a man must send a model of his invention to be placed
+in the Patent Office at Washington.]
+
+
+225. Professor Morse asks Congress to help him build a telegraph
+line; what Congress thought.--Professor Morse now asked Congress to
+let him have thirty thousand dollars to construct a telegraph line
+from Washington to Baltimore. He felt sure that business men would
+be glad to send messages by telegraph, and to pay him for his work.
+But many members of Congress laughed at it, and said they might as
+well give Professor Morse the money to build "a railroad to the moon."
+
+Week after week went by, and the last day that Congress would sit
+was reached, but still no money had been granted. Then came the last
+night of the last day (March 3d, 1843). Professor Morse stayed in
+the Senate Chamber[7] of Congress until after ten o'clock; then,
+tired and disappointed he went back to his hotel, thinking that he
+must give up trying to build his telegraph line.
+
+[Footnote 7: Senate Chamber: Congress (or the body of persons chosen
+to make the laws of the United States) is divided into two
+classes,--Representatives and Senators; they meet in different
+rooms or chambers in the Capitol at Washington.]
+
+
+226. Miss Annie Ellsworth brings good news.--The next morning Miss
+Annie G. Ellsworth met him as he was coming down to breakfast. She
+was the daughter of his friend who had charge of the Patent Office
+in Washington. She came forward with a smile, grasped his hand, and
+said that she had good news for him, that Congress had decided to
+let him have the money. Surely you must be mistaken, said the
+professor, for I waited last night until nearly midnight, and came
+away because nothing had been done. But, said the young lady, my
+father stayed until it was quite midnight, and a few minutes before
+the clock struck twelve Congress voted[8] the money; it was the very
+last thing that was done.
+
+Professor Morse was then a gray-haired man over fifty. He had worked
+hard for years and got nothing for his labor. This was his first great
+success. He doesn't say whether he laughed or cried--perhaps he felt
+a little like doing both.
+
+[Footnote 8: Voted: here this word means given or granted.]
+
+
+227. The first telegraph line built; the first message sent; the
+telegraph and the telephone[9] now.--When, at length, Professor
+Morse did speak, he said to Miss Ellsworth, "Now, Annie, when my line
+is built from Washington to Baltimore, you shall send the first
+message over it." In the spring of 1844 the line was completed, and
+Miss Ellsworth sent these words over it (they are words taken from
+the Bible): "_What hath God wrought!_"[10]
+
+[Illustration: WHAT THE BIRDS THINK TELEGRAPH WIRES WERE PUT UP FOR.]
+
+For nearly a year after that the telegraph was free to all who wished
+to use it; then a small charge was made, a very short message costing
+only one cent. On the first of April, 1845, a man came into the office
+and bought a cent's worth of telegraphing. That was all the money
+which was taken that day for the use of forty miles of wire. Now there
+are about two hundred thousand miles of telegraph line in the United
+States, or more than enough to reach eight times round the earth,
+and the messages sent bring in over seventy thousand dollars every
+day; and we can telegraph not only clear across America, but clear
+across the Atlantic Ocean by a line laid under the sea. Professor
+Morse's invention made it possible for people to write by
+electricity; but now, by means of the telephone, a man in New York
+can talk with his friend in Philadelphia, Boston, and many other
+large cities, and his friend listening at the other end of the wire
+can hear every word he says. Professor Morse did not live long enough
+to see this wonderful invention, which, in some ways, is an
+improvement even on his telegraph.
+
+[Illustration: HOW A MESSAGE BY TELEGRAPH IS SENT.[11]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Telephone (tel'e-fone): this name is made up of two
+Greek words, the first of which means _far off_, and the second, _a
+voice or sound_. The telephone was invented by Professor Alexander
+G. Bell of Boston; he completed it in 1876. Professor Bell now lives
+in Washington.]
+
+[Footnote 10: See Num. xxiii. 23.]
+
+[Footnote 11: When the button at Chicago is pressed down, the
+electricity passing over the wire to Denver presses the point there
+down on the paper, and so makes a dot or dash which stands for a letter
+on the roll of paper as it passes under it. In this way words and
+messages are spelled out. The message on the strip of paper above
+is the question, _How is trade?_]
+
+
+228. Summary.--Professor Morse invented the Electric Telegraph. He
+received much help from Mr. Alfred Vail. In 1844 Professor Morse and
+Mr. Vail built the first line of telegraph in the United States, or
+in the world. It extended from Washington to Baltimore. The telegraph
+makes it possible for us to send a written message thousands of miles
+in a moment; by the telephone, which was invented after Professor
+Morse's death, we can talk with people who are several hundreds of
+miles away and hear what they say in reply.
+
+
+Tell how they sent the news of the completion of the Erie Canal. What
+did Samuel Morse say to himself? Tell about Morse as a painter. What
+did he want to find? What was he talking about on his voyage back
+to America? What is a telegraph? How can you make a small wire
+telegraph? What did Professor Morse make? How did he live? What did
+he do in 1839? How did he get help about his telegraph? What did he
+ask Congress to do? What did some men in Congress say? What news did
+Miss Annie Ellsworth bring him? What was the first message sent by
+telegraph in 1844? How many miles of telegraph are there now in the
+United States? Is there a telegraph line under the sea? What is said
+about the telephone?
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL SAM HOUSTON
+(1793-1863)
+
+
+229. Sam Houston and the Indians; Houston goes to live with the
+Indians.--When General Jackson whipped the Indians in Alabama,[1]
+a young man named Sam Houston[2] fought under Jackson and was
+terribly wounded. It was thought that the brave fellow would
+certainly die, but his strong will carried him through, and he lived
+to make himself a great name in the southwest.
+
+Although Houston fought the Indians, yet, when a boy, he was very
+fond of them, and spent much of his time with them in the woods of
+Tennessee.
+
+Long after he became a man, this love of the wild life led by the
+red men in the forest came back to him. While Houston was governor
+of Tennessee (1829) he suddenly made up his mind to leave his home
+and his friends, go across the Mississippi River, and take up his
+abode with an Indian tribe in that part of the country. The chief,
+who had known him as a boy, gave him a hearty welcome. "Rest with
+us," he said; "my wigwam is yours." Houston stayed with the tribe
+three years.
+
+[Illustration: SAM HOUSTON.]
+
+[Footnote 1: See paragraph 216.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Sam Houston (Hew'ston): he always wrote his name Sam
+Houston; he was born near Lexington in Rockbridge County, Virginia.]
+
+
+230. Houston goes to Texas; what he said he would do; the murders
+at Alamo[3]; the flag with one star; what Houston did; Texas added
+to the United States; our war with Mexico.--At the end of that time
+he said to a friend, "I am going to Texas, and in that new country
+I will make a man of myself." Texas then belonged to Mexico; and
+President Andrew Jackson had tried in vain to buy it as Jefferson
+bought Louisiana. Houston said, "I will make it part of the United
+States." About twenty thousand Americans had already moved into
+Texas, and they felt as he did.
+
+War broke out between Texas and Mexico, and General Sam Houston led
+the Texan soldiers in their fight for independence. He had many noted
+American pioneers[4] and hunters in his little army: one of them was
+the brave Colonel Travis[5] of Alabama; another was Colonel Bowie[6]
+of Louisiana, the inventor of the "bowie knife"; still another was
+Colonel David Crockett of Tennessee, whose motto is a good one for
+every young American--"Be sure you're right, then--_go ahead_."
+These men were all taken prisoners by the Mexicans at Fort Alamo--an
+old Spanish church in San Antonio--and were cruelly murdered.
+
+Not long after that General Houston fought a great battle near the
+city which is now called by his name.[7] The Mexicans had more than
+two men to every one of Houston's; but the Americans and Texans went
+into battle shouting the terrible cry "_Remember the Alamo!_" and
+the Mexicans fled before them like frightened sheep. Texas then
+became an independent state, and elected General Houston its
+president. The people of Texas raised a flag having on it a single
+star. For this reason it was sometimes called, as it still is, the
+"Lone Star State."
+
+[Illustration: THE "LONE STAR" FLAG.]
+
+Texas was not contented to stand alone; she begged the United States
+to add her to its great and growing family of states. This was done[8]
+in 1845. But, as we shall presently see, a war soon broke out (1846)
+between the United States and Mexico, and when that war was ended
+we obtained a great deal more land at the west.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the extent of the United States after we
+added Texas in 1845. The black and white bars show that the ownership
+of the Oregon country was still in dispute between the United States
+and Great Britain.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Alamo (Al'a-mo).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Pioneers: those who go before to prepare the way for
+others; the first settlers in a country are its pioneers.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Travis (Tra'vis).]
+
+[Footnote 6: Bowie (Bow'e).]
+
+[Footnote 7: See map in this paragraph.]
+
+[Footnote 8: See map in this paragraph.]
+
+
+231. General Sam Houston in the great war between the North and the
+South; what he said.--We have seen the part which General Sam Houston
+took in getting new country to add to the United States. He lived
+in Texas for many years after that. When, in 1861, the great war broke
+out between the North and the South, General Houston was governor
+of the state. He withdrew from office and went home to his log cabin
+in Huntsville. He refused to take any part in the war, for he loved
+the Union,--that is, the whole country, North and South
+together,--and he said to his wife, "My heart is broken." Before the
+war ended he was laid in his grave.[9]
+
+[Footnote 9: General Houston was buried at Huntsville, about eighty
+miles northwest of the city of Houston, Texas.]
+
+
+232. Summary.--General Sam Houston of Tennessee led the people of
+Texas in their war against Mexico. The Texans gained the victory,
+and made their country an independent state with General Houston as
+its president. After a time Texas was added to the United States.
+We then had a war with Mexico, and added a great deal more land at
+the west. General Houston died during the war between the North and
+the South.
+
+
+Tell about Sam Houston and the Indians. Where did Houston go after
+he became governor of Tennessee? Where did Houston go next? What did
+he say he would do about Texas? What was David Crockett's motto? What
+is said about Fort Alamo? What about the battle with the Mexicans?
+What did Texas become? To what office was Houston elected? What is
+said of the Texas flag? When was Texas added to the United States?
+What war then broke out? What did we get by that war? What is said
+of General Houston in the great war between the North and the South?
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN ROBERT GRAY
+(1755-1806).
+
+
+233. Captain Gray goes to the Pacific coast to buy furs; he first
+carries the Stars and Stripes round the globe.--Not long after the
+war of the Revolution had come to an end some merchants of Boston
+sent out two vessels to Vancouver[1] Island, on the northwest coast
+of America. The names of the vessels were the _Columbia_ and the _Lady
+Washington_, and they sailed round Cape Horn into the Pacific.
+Captain Robert Gray went out as commander of one of these vessels.[2]
+He was born in Rhode Island[3] and he had fought in one of our
+war-ships in the Revolution.
+
+Captain Gray was sent out by the Boston merchants to buy furs from
+the Indians on the Pacific coast. He had no difficulty in getting
+all he wanted, for the savages were glad to sell them for very little.
+In one case a chief let the captain have two hundred sea-otter skins
+such as are used for ladies' sacks, and which were worth about eight
+thousand dollars, for an old iron chisel. After getting a valuable
+cargo of furs, Captain Gray sailed in the _Columbia_ for China, where
+he bought a quantity of tea. He then went to the south, round the
+Cape of Good Hope, and keeping on toward the west he reached Boston
+in the summer of 1790. He had been gone about three years, and he
+was the first man who carried the American flag clear round the globe.
+
+[Illustration: A SEA-OTTER.]
+
+[Footnote 1: Vancouver (Van-koo'ver): part of it is seen north of
+Portland, Or., paragraph 234.]
+
+[Footnote 2: He commanded the _Lady Washington_ at first, and
+afterward the _Columbia_.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Tiverton, Rhode Island.]
+
+
+234. Captain Gray's second voyage to the Pacific coast; he enters
+a great river and names it the Columbia; the United States claims
+the Oregon country; we get Oregon in 1846.--Captain Gray did not stay
+long at Boston, for he sailed again that autumn in the _Columbia_
+for the Pacific coast, to buy more furs. He stayed on that coast a
+long time. In the spring of 1792 he entered a great river and sailed
+up it a distance of nearly thirty miles. He seems to have been the
+first white man who had ever actually entered it. He named the vast
+stream the Columbia River, from the name of his vessel. It is the
+largest American river which empties into the Pacific Ocean south
+of Alaska.[4]
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN GRAY EXPLORING THE COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON.]
+
+Captain Gray returned to Boston and gave an account of his voyage
+of exploration; this led Congress to claim the country through which
+the Columbia flows[5] as part of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT HOOD, OREGON.]
+
+After Captain Gray had been dead for forty years we came into
+possession, in 1846, of the immense territory then called the Oregon
+Country. It was through what he had done that we got our first claim
+to that country which now forms the states of Oregon and Washington.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the extent of the United States after we
+added the Oregon Country in 1846.]
+
+[Illustration: EMIGRANTS ON THEIR WAY TO OREGON FIFTY YEARS AGO.]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Yukon River in Alaska is larger than the Columbia.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The discovery and exploration of a river usually gives
+the right to a claim to the country watered by that river, on the
+part of the nation to which the discoverer or explorer belongs.]
+
+
+235. Summary.--A little over a hundred years ago (1790) Captain
+Robert Gray of Rhode Island first carried the American flag round
+the world. In 1792 he entered and named the Columbia River. Because
+he did that the United States claimed the country--called the Oregon
+Country--through which that river runs. In 1846 we added the Oregon
+Country to our possessions; it now forms the two states of Oregon
+and Washington.
+
+
+Tell about Captain Gray's voyage to the Pacific coast. What did he
+buy there? What did he first carry round the globe? Tell about his
+second voyage. What did he do in 1792? What happened after Captain
+Gray returned to Boston? What happened in 1846? What two states were
+made out of the Oregon Country?
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN SUTTER[1]
+(1803-1880).
+
+
+236. Captain Sutter and his fort; how the captain lived.--At the time
+when Professor Morse sent his first message by telegraph from
+Washington to Baltimore (1844), Captain J. A. Sutter, an emigrant
+from Switzerland, was living near the Sacramento River in California.
+California then belonged to Mexico. The governor of that part of the
+country had given Captain Sutter an immense piece of land; and the
+captain had built a fort at a point where a stream which he named
+the American River joins the Sacramento River.[2] People then called
+the place Sutter's Fort, but to-day it is Sacramento City, the
+capital of the great and rich state of California.
+
+In his fort Captain Sutter lived like a king. He owned land enough
+to make a thousand fair-sized farms; he had twelve thousand head of
+cattle, more than ten thousand sheep, and over two thousand horses
+and mules. Hundreds of laborers worked for him in his wheat-fields,
+and fifty well-armed soldiers guarded his fort. Quite a number of
+Americans had built houses near the fort. They thought that the time
+was coming when all that country would become part of the United
+States.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Sutter's Fort area.]
+
+[Footnote 1: Sutter (Soo'ter).]
+
+[Footnote 2: See map in this paragraph.]
+
+
+237. Captain Sutter builds a saw-mill at Coloma;[3] a man finds some
+sparkling dust.--About forty miles up the American River was a place
+which the Mexicans called Coloma, or the beautiful valley. There was
+a good fall of water there and plenty of big trees to saw into boards,
+so Captain Sutter sent a man named Marshall to build a saw-mill at
+that place. The captain needed such a mill very much, for he wanted
+lumber to build with and to fence his fields.
+
+Marshall set to work, and before the end of January, 1848, he had
+built a dam across the river and got the saw-mill half done. One day
+as he was walking along the bank of a ditch, which had been dug back
+of the mill to carry off the water, he saw some bright yellow specks
+shining in the dirt. He gathered a little of the sparkling dust,
+washed it clean, and carried it to the house. That evening after the
+men had come in from their work on the mill, Marshall said to them,
+"Boys, I believe I've found a gold mine." They laughed, and one of
+them said, "I reckon not; no such luck."
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN SUTTER'S SAW-MILL AT COLOMA, WHERE GOLD WAS
+FIRST FOUND.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Coloma (Ko-lo'ma): see map in paragraph 236.]
+
+
+238. Marshall takes the shining dust to Captain Sutter; what he did
+with it, and how he felt about the discovery.--A few days after that
+Marshall went down to the fort to see Captain Sutter. Are you alone?
+he asked when he saw the captain. Yes, he answered. Well, won't you
+oblige me by locking the door; I've something I want to show you.
+The captain locked the door, and Marshall taking a little parcel out
+of his pocket, opened it and poured some glittering dust on a paper
+he had spread out. "See here," said he, "I believe this is gold, but
+the people at the mill laugh at me and call me crazy."
+
+Captain Sutter examined it carefully. He weighed it; he pounded it
+flat; he poured some strong acid on it. There are three very
+interesting things about gold. In the first place, it is very heavy,
+heavier even than lead. Next, it is very tough. If you hammer a piece
+of iron long enough, it will break to pieces, but you can hammer a
+piece of gold until it is thinner than the thinnest tissue paper,
+so that if you hold it up you can see the light shining through it.
+Last of all, if you pour strong acids on gold, such acids as will
+eat into other metals and change their color, they will have no more
+effect on gold than an acid like vinegar has on a piece of glass.
+
+For these and other reasons most people think that gold is a very
+handsome metal, and the more they see of it, especially if it is their
+own, the better they are pleased with it.
+
+Well, the shining dust stood all these tests.[4] It was very heavy,
+it was very tough, and the sharp acid did not hurt it. Captain Sutter
+and Marshall both felt sure that it was _gold_.
+
+But, strange to say, the captain was not pleased. He wished to build
+up an American settlement and have it called by his name. He did not
+care for a gold mine--why should he? for he had everything he wanted
+without it. He was afraid, too, that if gold should be discovered
+in any quantity, thousands of people would rush in; they would dig
+up his land, and quite likely take it all away from him. We shall
+see presently whether he was right or not.
+
+[Footnote 4: Tests: here experiments or trials made to find out what
+a thing is.]
+
+
+239. War with Mexico; Mexico lets us have California and New Mexico;
+"gold! gold! gold!" what happened at Coloma; how California was
+settled; what happened to Captain Sutter and to Marshall.--While
+these things were happening we had been at war with Mexico for two
+years (1846-1848), because Texas and Mexico could not agree about
+the western boundary line[5] of the new state. Texas wanted to push
+that line as far west as possible so as to have more land; Mexico
+wanted to push it as far east as possible so as to give as little
+land as she could. This dispute soon brought on a war between the
+United States and Mexico. Soon after gold was discovered at Coloma,
+the war ended (1848); and we got not only all the land the people
+of Texas had asked for, but an immense deal more; for we obtained
+the great territory of California and New Mexico, out of which a
+number of states and territories have since been made.[6]
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the extent of the United States in 1848,
+after Mexico let us have California and New Mexico.]
+
+In May, 1848, a man came to San Francisco holding up a bottle full
+of gold-dust in one hand and swinging his hat with the other. As he
+walked through the streets he shouted with all his might, "Gold!
+gold! gold! from the American River."
+
+Then the rush for Coloma began. Every man had a spade and a pick-axe.
+In a little while the beautiful valley was dug so full of holes that
+it looked like an empty honeycomb. The next year a hundred thousand
+people poured into California from all parts of the United States;
+so the discovery of gold filled up that part of the country with
+emigrants years before they would have gone if no gold had been found
+there.
+
+[Illustration: WASHING DIRT TO GET OUT THE GOLD-DUST.]
+
+Captain Sutter lost all his property. He would have died poor if the
+people of California had not given him money to live on.
+
+Marshall was still more to be pitied. He got nothing by his discovery.
+Years after he had found the shining dust, some one wrote to him and
+asked him for his photograph. He refused to send it. He said, "My
+likeness ... is, in fact, all I have that I can call my own; and I
+feel like any other poor wretch:[7] I want _something_ for self."
+
+[Illustration: MIRROR LAKE, YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Western boundary line: the people of Texas held that
+their state extended west as far as the Rio Grande River, but Mexico
+insisted that the boundary line was at the Nueces River, which is
+much further east.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Namely: California, Nevada, Utah, and part of Wyoming,
+Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Wretch: here a very unhappy and miserable person.]
+
+
+240. How we bought more land; our growth since the Revolution.--Long
+before Captain Sutter died, the United States bought from Mexico
+another great piece of land (1853), marked on the map by the name
+of the Gadsden Purchase.[8] A number of years later (1867) we bought
+the territory of Alaska[9] from Russia.
+
+[Illustration: This map shows the extent of the United States in 1853
+after we had added the land called the Gadsden Purchase, bought from
+Mexico; the land is marked on the map, 1853.]
+
+The Revolution ended something over a hundred years ago; if you look
+on the map in paragraph 187, and compare it with the maps which follow,
+you will see how we have grown during that time. Then we had just
+thirteen states[10] which stretched along the Atlantic, and, with
+the country west of them, extended as far as the Mississippi River.
+
+Next (1803) we bought the great territory of Louisiana (see map in
+paragraph 188), which has since been divided into many states; then
+(1819) we bought Florida (see map in paragraph 218); then (1845) we
+added Texas (see map in paragraph 230); the next year (1846) we added
+Oregon territory, since cut up into two great states (see map in
+paragraph 234); then (1848) we obtained California and New Mexico
+(see map in paragraph 239). Five years after that (1853) we bought
+the land then known as the Gadsden Purchase (see first map in this
+paragraph); last of all (1867) we bought Alaska (see second map in
+this paragraph).
+
+[Illustration: This map shows the territorial growth of the United
+States from the time of the Revolution to the present day.]
+
+[Illustration: SCENE ON THE COAST OF ALASKA.]
+
+[Footnote 8: See maps in this paragraph. It was called the Gadsden
+Purchase, because General James Gadsden of South Carolina bought it
+from Mexico for the United States, in 1853. It included what is now
+part of Southern Arizona and N. Mexico.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Alaska: see second map in this paragraph.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Thirteen states: see footnote 4 in paragraph 102.]
+
+
+241. "Brother Jonathan's"[11] seven steps.--If you count up these
+additions, you will see that, beginning with Louisiana in 1803, and
+ending with Alaska in 1867, they make just seven in all. There is
+a story of a giant who was so tall that at one long step he could
+go more than twenty miles; but "Brother Jonathan" can beat that, for
+in the seven steps he has taken since the Revolution he has gone over
+three thousand miles. He stands now with one foot on the coast of
+the Atlantic and with the other on that of the Pacific.
+
+[Footnote 11: "Brother Jonathan": a name given in fun to the people
+of the United States, just as "John Bull" is to the people of England.
+
+One explanation of the origin of the name is this: General Washington
+had a very high opinion of the good sense and sound judgment of
+Governor Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut. At the beginning of the
+Revolutionary War, when no one seemed to know where to get a supply
+of powder, General Washington said to his officers, "We must consult
+Brother Jonathan on this subject." Afterwards when any serious
+difficulty arose it became a common saying in the army that "We must
+consult Brother Jonathan," and in time the name came to stand for
+the American people.]
+
+
+242. Summary.--In January, 1848, gold was discovered at Captain
+Sutter's saw-mill at Coloma, California. Soon after that, Mexico let
+us have California and New Mexico, and they were added to the United
+States. Thousands of people, from all parts of the country, hurried
+to California to dig gold, and so that state grew more rapidly in
+population than any other new part of the United States ever had in
+the same length of time. Before Captain Sutter died we added the
+Gadsden Purchase and Alaska.
+
+
+Who was Captain Sutter? Where did he live? Tell how he lived. What
+did he begin to build at Coloma? Tell what Marshall found there, and
+what was said about it. Tell how Marshall took the shining dust to
+Captain Sutter, and what the captain did. What made them both certain
+that the dust was gold? Was the captain pleased with the discovery?
+What did he think would happen? What is said about our war with
+Mexico? What did we fight about? What did we get at the end of the
+war? What happened in May, 1848? Then what happened? How many people
+went to California? What happened to Captain Sutter? What is said
+about Marshall? What land did we buy in 1853? What in 1867?
+
+How long ago did the Revolution end? How many states did we have then?
+[Can any one in the class tell how many we have now?] What land did
+we buy in 1803? In 1819? What did we add in 1845? In 1846? In 1848?
+What did we buy in 1853? In 1867? How many such additions have we
+made in all? What could the giant do? What has "Brother Jonathan"
+done? Where is one foot? Where is the other?
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+(1809-1865).
+
+
+243. The tall man from Illinois making his first speech in Congress;
+how he wrote his name; what the people called him.--Not many days
+before gold was found at Sutter's saw-mill in California (1848), a
+tall, awkward-looking man from Illinois was making his first speech
+in Congress. At that time he generally wrote his name
+
+[Illustration: A. Lincoln.]
+
+but after he had become President of the United States, he often wrote
+it out in full,--
+
+[Illustration: Abraham Lincoln.]
+
+The plain country people of Illinois, who knew all about him, liked
+best to call him by the title they had first given him,--"_Honest
+Abe Lincoln_," or, for short, "_Honest Abe_." Let us see how he got
+that name.
+
+
+244. The Lincoln family move to Indiana; "Abe" helps his father build
+a new home; what it was like.--Abraham Lincoln was born on February
+12th, 1809, in a log shanty on a lonely little farm in Kentucky.[1]
+When "Abe," as he was called, was seven years old, his father, Thomas
+Lincoln, moved, with his family, to Indiana;[2] there the boy and
+his mother worked in the woods and helped him build a new home. That
+new home was not so good or so comfortable as some of our cow-sheds
+are. It was simply a hut made of rough logs and limbs of trees. It
+had no door and no windows. One side of it was left entirely open;
+and if a roving Indian or a bear wanted to walk in to dinner, there
+was nothing whatever to stop him. In winter "Abe's" mother used to
+hang up some buffalo skins before this wide entrance, to keep out
+the cold, but in summer the skins were taken down, so that living
+in such a cabin was the next thing to living out-of-doors.
+
+[Footnote 1: Kentucky: Abraham Lincoln was born on the banks of the
+Big South Fork (or branch) of Nolin Creek in Hardin (now La Rue)
+County, Kentucky.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Indiana: the Lincoln family moved to a farm on Little
+Pigeon Creek, near Gentryville, in what is now Spencer County,
+Indiana.]
+
+
+245. The new log cabin with four sides to it; how the furniture was
+made; "Abe's" bed in the loft.--The Lincoln family stayed in that
+shed for about a year; then they moved into a new log cabin which
+had four sides to it. They seem to have made a new set of furniture
+for the new house. "Abe's" father got a large log, split it in two,
+smoothed off the flat side, bored holes in the under side and drove
+in four stout sticks for legs: that made the table. They had no
+chairs,--it would have been too much trouble to make the backs,--but
+they had three-legged stools, which Thomas Lincoln made with an axe,
+just as he did the table; perhaps "Abe" helped him drive in the legs.
+
+[Illustration: HOME-MADE FURNITURE.]
+
+In one corner of the loft of this cabin the boy had a big bag of dry
+leaves for his bed. Whenever he felt like having a new bed, all that
+he had to do was to go out in the woods and gather more leaves.
+
+He worked about the place during the day, helping his father and
+mother. For his supper he had a piece of cornbread. After he had eaten
+it, he climbed up to his loft in the dark, by a kind of ladder of
+wooden pins driven into the logs. Five minutes after that he was fast
+asleep on his bed of sweet-smelling leaves, and was dreaming of
+hunting coons, or of building big bonfires out of brush.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: Brush: bushes and limbs of trees.]
+
+
+246. Death of "Abe's" mother; the lonely grave in the woods; what
+Abraham Lincoln said of his mother after he had grown to be a man;
+what "Abe's" new mother said of him.--"Abe's" mother was not strong,
+and before they had been in their new log cabin a year she fell sick
+and died. She was buried on the farm. "Abe" used to go out and sit
+by her lonely grave in the forest and cry. It was the first great
+sorrow that had ever touched the boy's heart. After he had grown to
+be a man, he said with eyes full of tears to a friend with whom he
+was talking: "God bless my mother; all that I am or ever hope to be
+I owe to her."
+
+[Illustration: "ABE" LEARNING TO USE HIS AXE.]
+
+At the end of a year Thomas Lincoln married again. The new wife that
+he brought home was a kind-hearted and excellent woman. She did all
+she could to make the poor, ragged, barefooted boy happy. After he
+had grown up and become famous, she said: "Abe never gave me a cross
+word or look, and never refused to do anything I asked him: Abe was
+the best boy I ever saw."
+
+
+247. The school in the woods; the new teacher; reading by the open
+fire; how "Abe" used the fire-shovel.--There was a log schoolhouse
+in the woods quite a distance off, and there "Abe" went for a short
+time. At the school he learned to read and write a little, but after
+a while he found a new teacher, that was--himself. When the rest of
+the family had gone to bed, he would sit up and read his favorite
+books by the light of the great blazing logs heaped up on the open
+fire. He had not more than half a dozen books in all. They were
+"Robinson Crusoe," "Pilgrim's Progress," AEsop's[4] Fables, the
+Bible, a Life of Washington, and a small History of the United States.
+The boy read these books over and over till he knew a great deal of
+them by heart and could repeat whole pages from them.
+
+[Illustration: WRITING BY THE FIRE.]
+
+Part of his evenings he spent in writing and ciphering. Thomas
+Lincoln was so poor that he could seldom afford to buy paper and pens
+for his son, so the boy had to get on without them. He used to take
+the back of the broad wooden fire-shovel to write on and a piece of
+charcoal for a pencil. When he had covered the shovel with words or
+with sums in arithmetic, he would shave it off clean and begin over
+again. If "Abe's" father complained that the shovel was getting thin,
+the boy would go out into the woods, cut down a tree, and make a new
+one; for as long as the woods lasted, fire-shovels and furniture were
+cheap.
+
+[Footnote 4: AEsop (E'sop): the name of a noted writer of fables.
+Here is one of AEsop's fables: An old frog thought that he could blow
+himself up to be as big as an ox. So he drew in his breath and puffed
+himself out prodigiously. "Am I big enough now?" he asked his son.
+"No," said his son; "you don't begin to be as big as an ox yet." Then
+he tried again, and swelled himself out still more. "How's that?"
+he asked. "Oh, it's no use trying," said his son, "you can't do it."
+"But I will," said the old frog. With that he drew in his breath with
+all his might and puffed himself up to such an enormous size that
+he suddenly burst.
+
+Moral: Don't try to be bigger than you can.]
+
+
+248. What Lincoln could do at seventeen; what he was at nineteen;
+his strength.--By the time the lad was seventeen he could write a
+good hand, do hard examples in long division, and spell better than
+any one else in the county. Once in a while he wrote a little piece
+of his own about something which interested him; when the neighbors
+heard it read, they would say, "The world can't beat it."
+
+At nineteen Abraham Lincoln had reached his full height. He stood
+nearly six feet four inches, barefooted. He was a kind of
+good-natured giant. No one in the neighborhood could strike an axe
+as deep into a tree as he could, and few, if any, were equal to him
+in strength. It takes a powerful man to put a barrel of flour into
+a wagon without help, and there is not one in a hundred who can lift
+a barrel of cider off the ground; but it is said that young Lincoln
+could stoop down, lift a barrel on to his knees, and drink from the
+bung-hole.
+
+
+249. Young Lincoln makes a voyage to New Orleans; how he handled the
+robbers.--At this time a neighbor hired Abraham to go with his son
+to New Orleans. The two young men were to take a flat-boat loaded
+with corn and other produce down the Ohio and the Mississippi. It
+was called a voyage of about eighteen hundred miles, and it would
+take between three and four weeks.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN ON THE FLAT-BOAT GOING DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI
+RIVER.]
+
+Young Lincoln was greatly pleased with the thought of making such
+a trip. He had never been away any distance from home, and, as he
+told his father, he felt that he wanted to see something more of the
+world. His father made no objection, but, as he bade his son good
+by, he said, Take care that in trying to see the world you don't see
+the bottom of the Mississippi.
+
+The two young men managed to get the boat through safely. But one
+night a gang of negroes came on board, intending to rob them of part
+of their cargo. Lincoln soon showed the robbers he could handle a
+club as vigorously as he could an axe, and the rascals, bruised and
+bleeding, were glad to get off with their lives.
+
+
+250. The Lincolns move to Illinois; what Abraham did; hunting
+frolics; how Abraham chopped; how he bought his clothes.--Not long
+after young Lincoln's return, his father moved to Illinois.[5] It
+was a two weeks' journey through the woods with ox-teams. Abraham
+helped his father build a comfortable log cabin; then he and a man
+named John Hanks split walnut rails, and fenced in fifteen acres of
+land for a cornfield.
+
+[Illustration: THE LOG CABIN IN ILLINOIS WHICH LINCOLN HELPED HIS
+FATHER BUILD.]
+
+That part of the country had but few settlers, and it was still full
+of wild beasts. When the men got tired of work and wanted a frolic,
+they had a grand wolf-hunt. First, a tall pole was set up in a
+clearing;[6] next, the hunters in the woods formed a great circle
+of perhaps ten miles in extent. Then they began to move nearer and
+nearer together, beating the bushes and yelling with all their might.
+The frightened wolves, deer, and other wild creatures inside of the
+circle of hunters were driven to the pole in the clearing; there they
+were shot down in heaps.
+
+Young Lincoln was not much of a hunter, but he always tried to do
+his part. Yet, after all, he liked the axe better than he did the
+rifle. He would start off before light in the morning and walk to
+his work in the woods, five or six miles away. There he would chop
+steadily all day. The neighbors knew, when they hired him, that he
+wouldn't sit down on the first log he came to and fall asleep. Once
+when he needed a new pair of trousers, he made a bargain for them
+with a Mrs. Nancy Miller. She agreed to make him a certain number
+of yards of tow cloth,[7] and dye it brown with walnut bark. For every
+yard she made, Lincoln bound himself to split four hundred good
+fence-rails for her. In this way he made his axe pay for all his
+clothes.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN SPLITTING LOGS FOR RAILS.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Illinois: he moved to a farm on the North Fork (or
+branch) of the Sangamon River, Macon County, Illinois. Springfield,
+the capital of the state, is in the next county west.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Clearing: an open space made in a forest.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Tow cloth: a kind of coarse, cheap, but very strong cloth,
+made of flax or hemp.]
+
+
+251. Lincoln hires out to tend store; the gang of ruffians in New
+Salem; Jack Armstrong and "Tall Abe."--The year after young Lincoln
+came of age he hired out to tend a grocery and variety store in New
+Salem, Illinois.[8] There was a gang of young ruffians in that
+neighborhood who made it a point to pick a fight with every stranger.
+Sometimes they mauled him black and blue; sometimes they amused
+themselves with nailing him up in a hogshead and rolling him down
+a hill. The leader of this gang was a fellow named Jack Armstrong.
+He made up his mind that he would try his hand on "Tall Abe," as
+Lincoln was called. He attacked Lincoln, and he was so astonished
+at what happened to him that he never wanted to try it again. From
+that time Abraham Lincoln had no better friends than young Armstrong
+and the Armstrong family. Later on we shall see what he was able to
+do for them.
+
+[Footnote 8: New Salem is on the Sangamon River, in Menard County,
+about twenty miles northwest of Springfield, the capital of
+Illinois.]
+
+
+252. Lincoln's faithfulness in little things; the six cents; "Honest
+Abe."--In his work in the store Lincoln soon won everybody's respect
+and confidence. He was faithful in little things, and in that way
+he made himself able to deal with great ones.
+
+Once a woman made a mistake in paying for something she had bought,
+and gave the young man six cents too much. He did not notice it at
+the time, but after his customer had gone he saw that she had overpaid
+him. That night, after the store was closed, Lincoln walked to the
+woman's house, some five or six miles out of the village, and paid
+her back the six cents. It was such things as this that first made
+the people give him the name of "Honest Abe."
+
+
+253. The Black Hawk War; the Indian's handful of dry leaves; what
+Lincoln did in the war.--The next year Lincoln went to fight the
+Indians in what was called the Black Hawk War. The people in that
+part of the country had been expecting the war; for, some time before,
+an Indian had walked up to a settler's cabin and said, "Too much white
+man." He then threw a handful of dry leaves into the air, to show
+how he and his warriors were coming to scatter the white men. He never
+came, but a noted chief named Black Hawk, who had been a friend of
+Tecumseh's,[9] made an attempt to drive out the settlers, and get
+back the lands which certain Indians had sold them.
+
+Lincoln said that the only battles he fought in this war were with
+the mosquitoes. He never killed a single Indian, but he saved the
+life of one old savage. He seems to have felt just as well satisfied
+with himself for doing that as though he had shot him through the
+head.
+
+[Footnote 9: Tecumseh: See paragraph 202.]
+
+
+254. Lincoln becomes postmaster and surveyor; how he studied law;
+what the people thought of him as a lawyer.--After Lincoln returned
+from the war he was made postmaster of New Salem. He also found time
+to do some surveying and to begin the study of law. On hot summer
+mornings he might be seen lying on his back, on the grass, under a
+big tree, reading a law-book; as the shade moved round, Lincoln would
+move with it, so that by sundown he had travelled nearly round the
+tree.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN READING LAW.]
+
+When he began to practise law, everybody who knew him had confidence
+in him. Other men might be admired because they were smart, but
+Lincoln was respected because he was honest. When he said a thing,
+people knew that it was because he believed it, and they knew, too,
+that he could not be hired to say what he did not believe. That gave
+him immense influence.
+
+
+255. The Armstrong murder trial; how Lincoln saved young Armstrong
+from being hanged.--But Lincoln was as keen as he was truthful and
+honest. A man was killed in a fight near where Lincoln had lived,
+and one of Jack Armstrong's[10] brothers was arrested for the murder.
+Everybody thought that he was guilty, and felt sure that he would
+be hanged. Lincoln made some inquiry about the case, and made up his
+mind that the prisoner did not kill the man.
+
+Mrs. Armstrong was too poor to hire a lawyer to defend her son, but
+Lincoln wrote to her that he would gladly do it for nothing.
+
+When the day of the trial came, the chief witness was sure that he
+saw young Armstrong strike the man dead. Lincoln questioned him
+closely. He asked him when it was that he saw the murder committed.
+The witness said that it was in the evening, at a certain hour, and
+that he saw it all clearly because there was a bright moon. Are you
+sure? asked Lincoln. Yes, replied the witness. Do you swear to it?
+I do, answered the witness. Then Lincoln took an almanac out of his
+pocket, turned to the day of the month on which the murder had been
+committed, and said to the court: The almanac shows that there was
+no moon shining at the time at which the witness says he saw the
+murder.[11] The jury was convinced that the witness had not spoken
+the truth; they declared the prisoner "Not guilty," and he was at
+once set free.
+
+Lincoln was a man who always paid his debts. Mrs. Armstrong had been
+very kind to him when he was poor and friendless. Now he had paid
+that debt.
+
+[Footnote 10: See Jack Armstrong, in paragraph 251.]
+
+[Footnote 11: The almanac usually gives the time when the moon rises;
+and so by looking at any particular day of the month, one can tell
+whether there was a moon on that evening.]
+
+
+256. Lincoln and the pig.--Some men have hearts big enough to be kind
+to their fellow-men when they are in trouble, but not to a dumb animal.
+Lincoln's heart was big enough for both.
+
+One morning just after he had bought a new suit of clothes he started
+to drive to the court-house, a number of miles distant. On the way
+he saw a pig that was making desperate efforts to climb out of a deep
+mud-hole. The creature would get part way up the slippery bank, and
+then slide back again over his head in mire and water. Lincoln said
+to himself: I suppose that I ought to get out and help that pig; for
+if he's left there, he'll smother in the mud. Then he gave a look
+at his glossy new clothes. He felt that he really couldn't afford
+to spoil them for the sake of any pig, so he whipped up his horse
+and drove on. But the pig was in his mind, and he could think of
+nothing else. After he had gone about two miles, he said to himself,
+I've no right to leave that poor creature there to die in the mud,
+and what is more, I won't leave him. Turning his horse, he drove back
+to the spot. He got out and carried half a dozen fence-rails to the
+edge of the hole, and placed them so that he could get to it without
+falling in himself. Then, kneeling down, he bent over, seized the
+pig firmly by the fore legs and drew him up on to the solid ground,
+where he was safe. The pig grunted out his best thanks, and Lincoln,
+plastered with mud, but with a light heart, drove on to the
+court-house.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN AND THE PIG.]
+
+
+257. Lincoln is elected to the state legislature; he goes to
+Springfield to live; he is elected to Congress.--Many people in
+Illinois thought that they would like to see such a man in the state
+legislature[12] helping to make their laws. They elected him; and
+as he was too poor at that time to pay so much horse-hire, he walked
+from New Salem, a distance of over a hundred miles, to Vandalia,[13]
+which was then the capital of the state.
+
+Lincoln was elected to the legislature many times; later, he moved
+to Springfield, Illinois, and made that place his home for the rest
+of his life.
+
+The next time the people elected him to office, they sent him to
+Congress to help make laws, not for his state only, but for the whole
+country. He had got a long way up since the time when he worked with
+John Hanks[14] fencing the cornfield round his father's cabin; but
+he was going higher still,--he was going to the top.
+
+[Footnote 12: Legislature: persons chosen by the people of a state
+or country to make its laws.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Vandalia (Van-da'li-a).]
+
+[Footnote 14: John Hanks: see paragraph 250.]
+
+
+258. The meeting for choosing a candidate[15] for President of the
+United States; the two fence-rails; the Chicago meeting; Abraham
+Lincoln elected President of the United States.--In the spring of
+1860 a great convention, or meeting, was held in one of the towns
+of Illinois. Lincoln was present at that convention. The object of
+the people who had gathered there was to choose a candidate that they
+would like to see elected President of the United States. A number
+of speeches had been made, when a member of the convention rose and
+said that a person asked the privilege of making the meeting a present.
+It was voted to receive it. Then John Hanks and one of his neighbors
+brought in two old fence-rails and a banner with these words painted
+on it:--
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN,
+THE RAIL CANDIDATE FOR THE PRESIDENCY
+IN 1860.
+TWO RAILS FROM A LOT OF 3000
+MADE IN 1830
+BY JOHN HANKS AND ABE LINCOLN.
+
+The rails were received with cheer after cheer, and Lincoln was
+chosen candidate. About a week after that a much greater meeting was
+held in Chicago, and he was chosen there in the same way. The next
+November Abraham Lincoln, "the Illinois rail-splitter," was elected
+President of the United States. He had reached the top. There he was
+to die.
+
+[Footnote 15: Candidate (can'di-date): a person who seeks some
+office, such as that of governor or president, or a person who is
+recommended by a party for such an office. The people in favor of
+the candidate vote for him; and if he gets a sufficient number of
+votes, he is elected.]
+
+
+259. The great war between the North and the South; why a large part
+of the people of the South wished to leave the Union.--In less than
+six weeks after Lincoln actually became President, in the spring of
+1861, a terrible war broke out between the North and the South. The
+people of South Carolina fired the first gun in that war. They,
+together with a great part of the people of ten other southern states,
+resolved to leave the Union.[16] They set up an independent
+government called the Confederate States of America, and made
+Jefferson Davis its president.
+
+The main reason why so many of the people of the South wished to
+withdraw from the United States was that little by little the North
+and the South had become like two different countries.
+
+At the time of the Revolution, when we broke away from the rule of
+England, every one of the states held negro slaves; but in the course
+of eighty years a great change had taken place. The negroes at the
+North had become free, but those of the South still remained slaves.
+Now this difference in the way of doing work made it impossible for
+the North and the South to agree about many things.
+
+They had come to be like two boys in a boat who want to go in opposite
+directions. One pulls one way with his oars, the other pulls another
+way, and so the boat does not get ahead.
+
+At the South most of the people thought that slavery was right, and
+that it helped the whole country; at the North the greater part of
+the people were convinced that it was wrong, and that it did harm
+to the whole country.
+
+But this was not all. The people who held slaves at the South wanted
+to add to the number. They hoped to get more of the new country west
+of the Mississippi River for slave states, so that there might always
+be at least as many slave states in the Union as there were free states.
+But Abraham Lincoln like most of the people at the North believed
+that slavery did no good to any one. He and his party were fully
+determined that no slaves whatever should be taken into the
+territories west of the Mississippi River, and that every new state
+which should be added should be entirely free.
+
+For this reason it happened that when Lincoln became President most
+of the slave states resolved to leave the Union, and, if necessary,
+to make war rather than be compelled to stay in it.
+
+[Footnote 16: Union: several years after the close of the
+Revolutionary War, by which we gained our independence of Great
+Britain, the people of the thirteen states formed a new government.
+That new government bound all the states together more strongly than
+before, thus making, as was then said, "a more _perfect union_."
+
+In 1861 eleven of the southern states endeavored to withdraw from
+the Union; this attempt brought on the war.]
+
+
+260. The North and the South in the war; President Lincoln frees the
+slaves; General Grant and General Lee; peace is made.--The North had
+the most men and the most money to fight with, but the people of the
+South had the advantage of being able to stay at home and fight on
+their own ground.
+
+The war lasted four years (1861-1865). Many terrible battles were
+fought; thousands of brave men were killed on both sides. During the
+war President Lincoln gave the slaves their freedom in all the states
+which were fighting against the Union, and those in the other slave
+states got their freedom later. After a time General Grant obtained
+the command of all the armies of the North, and General Lee became
+the chief defender of the South.
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF LINCOLN WRITING THE EMANCIPATION
+PROCLAMATION WHICH GAVE THE SLAVES THEIR FREEDOM, IN FAIRMOUNT PARK,
+PHILADELPHIA.]
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO GENERAL GRANT IN LINCOLN PARK, CHICAGO.]
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO GENERAL LEE, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.]
+
+The last battles were fought around Richmond, Virginia, between
+these two great generals. When the Southern soldiers saw that it was
+useless to attempt to fight longer, they laid down their arms, and
+peace was made--a peace honorable to both sides.
+
+
+261. The success of the North preserves the Union and makes all slaves
+free; the North and the South shake hands; murder of President
+Lincoln.--The success of the North in the war preserved the Union,
+and as all negro laborers were now free, there was no longer any
+dispute about slavery. The North and the South could shake hands and
+be friends, for both were now ready to pull in the same direction.
+
+The saddest thing at the close of the war was the murder of President
+Lincoln by a madman named Booth. Not only the people of the North
+but many of those at the South shed tears at his death, because they
+felt that they had an equal place in his great heart. He loved both,
+as a true American must ever love his whole country.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT OVER THE GRAVE OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN, AT
+SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.]
+
+
+262. Summary.--Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, became President of the
+United States in 1861. He was elected by a party in the North that
+was determined that slaves should not be taken into free states or
+territories, and that no more slave states should be made. On this
+account most of the slave-holding states of the South resolved to
+withdraw from the Union. A great war followed, and President Lincoln
+gave the slaves their freedom. The North succeeded in the war, and
+the Union was made stronger than ever, because the North and the South
+could no longer have any dispute over slavery. Both sides now shook
+hands and became friends.
+
+
+Who was the tall man in Congress from Illinois? What did the people
+of his state like to call him? When was Abraham Lincoln born? Where
+was he born? To what state did his father move? Tell about "Abe's"
+new home. Tell about the new cabin and its furniture. Tell about
+"Abe's" bed. What is said about the boy's mother? What did "Abe" do?
+What did he say after he became a man? What did Thomas Lincoln's new
+wife say about "Abe"? Tell about "Abe's" going to school; about his
+new teacher; about his books. What did he use to write on? What is
+said of Abraham Lincoln at seventeen? What about him when he was
+nineteen? Tell about his voyage to New Orleans.
+
+Tell about his moving to Illinois. What did Abraham Lincoln and John
+Hanks do? Tell about the hunting frolics. Tell how Lincoln chopped
+in the woods. What kind of a bargain did he make for a new pair of
+trousers? What did Abraham Lincoln hire out to do in New Salem? Tell
+about the gang of ruffians. What is said of Jack Armstrong? Why did
+Lincoln get the name of "Honest Abe"? Tell about the Black Hawk War.
+What did Lincoln do in that war.
+
+After he returned from the Black Hawk War, what did Lincoln do? Tell
+how he used to read law. What did people think of him after he began
+to practise law? Tell about the Armstrong murder trial. Tell about
+Lincoln and the pig. To what did the people of Illinois elect Lincoln?
+Did they ever elect him to the state legislature again? Then where
+did they send him? Was he going any higher?
+
+Tell about the great meeting in one of the towns of Illinois in 1860.
+Can any one in the class repeat what was on the banner? What happened
+at Chicago? What the next November? What happened in the spring of
+1861? Who fired the first gun in the war? What was done then?
+
+Tell why so many people in the South wished to leave the Union? What
+is said about negro slaves at the time of the Revolution? What
+happened in the course of eighty years? What had the North and the
+South come to be like? How did most of the people at the South feel
+about slavery? How did most of the people at the North feel about
+it? What did the people who held slaves at the South want to do? What
+did most of the people at the North think about this? What is said
+about Abraham Lincoln and his party? How did most of the people of
+the slave states feel when Lincoln became President?
+
+What is said about the North and the South in the war? How long did
+the war last? What is said about it? What did President Lincoln do
+for the slaves? After a time what general got the command of all the
+armies of the North? Who became the chief defender of the South? Where
+were the last battles fought? What did the South do at last? What
+happened then? What did the success of the North do? What is said
+about slavery? What could the North and the South do? What was the
+saddest thing which happened at the close of the war? How did the
+North and the South feel about President Lincoln?
+
+
+
+
+SINCE THE WAR.
+
+
+263. How the North and the South have grown since the war; the great
+West.--Since the war the united North and South have grown and
+prospered[1] as never before. At the South many new and flourishing
+towns and cities have sprung up. Mines of coal and iron have been
+opened, hundreds of cotton-mills and factories have been built, and
+long lines of railroads have been constructed.
+
+At the West changes equally great have taken place. Cities have risen
+up in the wilderness, mines of silver and gold have been opened, and
+immense farms and cattle ranches[2] produce food enough to feed all
+America. Three great lines of railroads have been built which connect
+with railroads at the East, and stretch across the continent from
+the Atlantic to the Pacific. Into that vast country beyond the
+Mississippi hundreds of thousands of industrious people are moving
+from all parts of the earth, and are building homes for themselves
+and for their children.
+
+[Illustration: THE MEETING OF THE ENGINES FROM THE EAST AND THE WEST
+AFTER THE LAST SPIKE WAS DRIVEN[3] ON THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST
+RAILROAD TO THE PACIFIC IN 1869.]
+
+[Illustration: PILING SILVER BRICKS. (From the silver mines in
+Colorado.)]
+
+[Illustration: HOW THEY USED TO SHOOT BUFFALO IN THE FAR WEST.]
+
+[Illustration: INDIANS ATTACKING A STAGE-COACH IN THE FAR WEST FORTY
+YEARS AGO; BEFORE THE FIRST PACIFIC RAILROAD WAS BUILT.]
+
+[Footnote 1: Prospered: to prosper is to succeed, to get on in life,
+to grow rich.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Ranches (ran'chez): farms at the West for raising horses
+and cattle, or sheep.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The last spikes (one of gold from California, one of
+silver from Nevada, and one made of gold, silver, and iron from
+Arizona) were driven just as the clock struck twelve (noon) on May
+10th, 1869, at Promontory Point, near Salt Lake, Utah. Every blow
+of the hammer was telegraphed throughout the United States.]
+
+
+264. Celebration of the discovery of America by Columbus; the
+unfinished pyramid; making history.--Four hundred years have gone
+by since the first civilized man crossed the ocean and found this
+new world which we call America. We are now about to celebrate that
+discovery made by Columbus, not only in the schools throughout the
+country, but by a great fair--called the "World's Columbian
+Exposition"--to be held at Chicago; and we shall invite all who will
+to come from all parts of the globe and join us in the celebration.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES.]
+
+[Illustration: SECOND GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES.]
+
+On one of the two great seals[4] of the United States a pyramid is
+represented partly finished. That pyramid stands for our country.
+It shows how much has been done and how much still remains to be done.
+The men whose lives we have read in this little book were all builders.
+Little by little they added stone to stone, and so the good work grew.
+Now they have gone, and it is for us to do our part and make sure
+that the pyramid, as it rises, shall continue to stand square, and
+strong, and true.
+
+[Footnote 4: Seals: the first great seal, having the eagle and the
+Latin motto "_E Pluribus Unum_," meaning "_Many in One_,"--or one
+nation made up of many states,--was adopted June 20, 1782. The spread
+eagle signifies strength; the thirteen stars above his head, and the
+thirteen stripes on the shield on his breast, represent the thirteen
+original states; the olive branch, held in the eagle's right talon,
+shows that America seeks peace, while the bundle of arrows in his
+left talon shows that we are prepared for war. This seal is used in
+stamping agreements or treaties made by the United States with other
+nations, and also for other important papers.
+
+The second great seal, adopted at the same time, was never used. It
+was intended for stamping the wax on a ribbon attached to a treaty
+or other important paper, thus making a hanging seal. The Latin motto
+"_Annuit Coeptis_," above the all-seeing eye looking down with favor
+on the unfinished pyramid, means "_God has favored the Work_." The
+date MDCCLXXVI, or 1776, marks the Declaration of Independence. The
+Latin motto at the bottom, "_Novus Ordo Seclorum_," means "_A New
+Order of Ages_"--or a new order of things, such as we have in this
+New World of America.]
+
+
+What is said about the North and the South since the war? Tell about
+the growth of the South. What is said about the West? What about
+railroads? What about people going west?
+
+How long is it since Columbus discovered America? What is said about
+the celebration of that discovery? What is said about one of the great
+seals of the United States? What does the unfinished pyramid stand
+for? What does it show us? What is said of the men whose lives we
+have read in this book? Is anything left for us to do?
+
+
+
+
+A SHORT LIST OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE
+(_For the Use of Teachers._)
+
+
+This brief list is arranged alphabetically. It consists, with a few
+exceptions, of small, one-volume biographies; all of which are
+believed to be of acknowledged merit.
+
+A much fuller reference list will be found in the appendix to the
+author's larger work, entitled _The Leading Facts of American
+History_.
+
+
+Balboa: Irving's Companions of Columbus, and Winsor's America, Vol.
+II.
+
+Baltimore, Lord: William H. Browne's Lords Baltimore;[3] G. W.
+Burnap's Baltimore.[1]
+
+Boone, Daniel: C. B. Hartley's Boone (including Boone's
+autobiography); J. M. Peck's Boone;[1] and see the excellent sketch
+of Boone's life in Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, Vol.
+I.
+
+Cabot (John and Sebastian): J. F. Nicholls's Cabot; C. Hayward's
+Cabot.[1]
+
+Clark, George Rogers: see Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the
+West, Vol. II.
+
+Columbus: Irving's Columbus, abridged edition; Charles K. Adams's
+Columbus;[3] Edward Everett Hale's Columbus.
+
+De Leon: Irving's Companions of Columbus, and Winsor's America, Vol.
+II.
+
+De Soto: see Winsor's America, Vol. II.
+
+Franklin, Benjamin: D. H. Montgomery's Franklin (autobiography and
+continuation of life);[2] John T. Morse's Franklin.[7]
+
+Fulton, Robert: J. Renwick's Fulton;[1] R. H. Thurston's Fulton;[3]
+Thos. W. Knox's Fulton.[4]
+
+Gray, Robert: see H. H. Bancroft's Pacific States, Vol. XXII.
+
+Harrison, William Henry: H. Montgomery's Harrison; S. J. Burr's
+Harrison.
+
+Houston, Sam: Henry Bruce's Houston;[3] C. E. Lester's Houston.
+
+Hudson, Henry: H. R. Cleveland's Hudson.[1]
+
+Jackson, Andrew: James Parton's Jackson; W. G. Sumner's Jackson.[7]
+
+Jefferson, Thomas: James Schouler's Jefferson;[3] John T. Morse,
+Jr.'s Jefferson.[7]
+
+Lincoln, Abraham: Carl Schurz's Lincoln; Isaac N. Arnold's Lincoln;
+Noah Brooks's Lincoln;[4] J. G. Holland's Lincoln; F. B. Carpenter's
+Six Months at the White House with Lincoln.
+
+Morse, Samuel F. B.: S. I. Prime's Morse; Denslow and Parke's Morse
+(Cassell).
+
+Oglethorpe, James Edward: Bruce's Oglethorpe;[3] W. B. O. Peabody's
+Oglethorpe.[1]
+
+Penn, William: G. E. Ellis's Penn;[1] W. H. Dixon's Penn; J.
+Stoughton's Penn.
+
+Philip, King: H. M. Dexter's edition of Church's King Philip's War
+(2 vols.); Richard Markham's King Philip's War.
+
+NOTE.--The story of Colonel Goffe's appearance at Hadley during the
+Indian attack on that town rests on tradition. Some authorities
+reject it; but Bryant and Gay say (History of the United States, II.,
+410): "There is no reason for doubting its essential truth."
+
+Putnam, Rufus: see H. B. Carrington's Battles of the Revolution,
+Rufus King's History of Ohio, and Bancroft's United States.
+
+Raleigh, Walter: L. Creighton's Raleigh; E. Gosse's Raleigh; W. M.
+Towle's Raleigh.[8]
+
+Robertson, James: see Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West,
+Vol. I.
+
+Sevier John: see Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, Vol.
+I.
+
+Smith, John: G. S. Hillard's Captain John Smith;[1] C. D. Warner's
+Smith.[6]
+
+NOTE.--The truth of the story of Pocahontas has been denied by Mr.
+Charles Deane and some other recent writers; but it appears never
+to have been questioned until Mr. Deane attacked it in 1866 in his
+notes to his reprint of Captain John Smith's _True Relation or Newes
+from Virginia_. Professor Edward Arber discusses the question in his
+Introduction (pp. cxv.-cxviii.) to his excellent edition of Smith's
+writings. He says, "To deny the truth of this Pocahontas incident
+is to create more difficulties than are involved in its acceptance."
+See, too, his sketch of the life of Captain Smith in the
+_Encyclopaedia Britannica_.
+
+Standish, Myles: see J. A. Goodwin's Pilgrim Republic, and Alexander
+Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims.
+
+Sutter, John A.: see H. H. Bancroft's Pacific States, Vol. XVIII.
+
+Washington, George: John Fiske's Irving's Washington and his
+Country;[2] E. E. Hale's Washington;[4] Horace E. Scudder's
+Washington.[5]
+
+Whitney, Eli: Denison Olmsted's Whitney.
+
+Williams, Roger: W. R. Gammell's Williams;[1] H. M. Dexter's
+Williams.
+
+Winthrop, John: Joseph H. Twichell's Winthrop.[3]
+
+[Footnote 1: In Sparks's _Library of American Biography_: Little,
+Brown & Co., Boston.]
+
+[Footnote 2: In _Classics for Children Series_: Ginn & Co., Boston.]
+
+[Footnote 3: In _Makers of America Series_: Dodd, Mead & Co., New
+York.]
+
+[Footnote 4: In _Boys' and Girls' Library of American Biography_:
+G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.]
+
+[Footnote 5: In the _Riverside Library for Young People_: Houghton,
+Mifflin & Co., Boston.]
+
+[Footnote 6: In _Lives of American Worthies_: Henry Holt & Co., New
+York.]
+
+[Footnote 7: In _The American Statesmen Series_: Houghton, Mifflin
+& Co., Boston.]
+
+[Footnote 8: In _The Heroes of History Series_: Lee & Shepard,
+Boston.]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+(_With pronunciation of difficult words._)
+The numbers refer to paragraphs.
+
+
+Admiral (Ad'mi-ral) (note), 7.
+
+Alamance (Al'a-mance), battle of, 156.
+
+Alamo (Al'a-mo), battle of, 230.
+
+Alaska purchased, 240.
+
+America, Northmen discover (note), 21.
+  Columbus discovers, 12.
+  Cabot's voyage to, 21.
+  name of, given, 26.
+  Spaniards settle in, 30.
+  English settle in, 33, 37.
+  independence of, declared, 137.
+  See United States.
+
+Americans, name of, 133.
+
+Amerigo (A-ma-ree'go), see Vespucci, 26.
+
+Apprentice (note), 111.
+
+Armstrong, Jack, 251, 255.
+  murder trial, 255.
+
+Arnold, Benedict, 141.
+
+Atlantic called the "Sea of Darkness," 8.
+  crossed by the Northmen (note), 21.
+  crossed by Columbus, 8.
+
+Augustine, St. (Aw'gus-teen'), founded, 30.
+
+
+Bacon's war in Virginia, 49.
+
+Balboa (Bal-bo'ah) discovers the Pacific, 28.
+
+Baltimore founded, 80.
+  in the Revolution, 80.
+
+Baltimore, Lord, in Newfoundland, 76.
+  Maryland granted to, 77.
+  power of, 77.
+  son of, settles Maryland, 78.
+  grants religious liberty in Maryland, 79.
+  is persecuted, 80.
+  summary of, 81.
+
+Battle, playing at, 210.
+
+Battle of Alamance (Al'a-mance), 156.
+  Alamo (Al'a-mo), 230.
+  Bunker Hill, 134.
+  Camden, 212.
+  Concord, 134.
+  Cowpens, 140, 210.
+  Fort Moultrie, 140.
+  Lexington, 134.
+  Long Island, 137.
+  New Orleans, 217.
+  Princeton, 139.
+  Saratoga, 139.
+  Tippecanoe, 203.
+  Trenton, 138.
+  Vincennes (Vin-senz'), 167.
+  Yorktown, 142.
+
+Battles of the Civil War, 260.
+  with Indians, see Indians and War.
+
+Bees, the, and the "Red-Coats," 208.
+
+Berkeley, governor of Virginia, 49.
+
+Black Hawk War, 253.
+
+"Blazing" trees, 105.
+
+Boone, Daniel, birth and boyhood of, 146.
+  how he could handle a gun, 147.
+  his bear tree, 147.
+  goes to Kentucky, 148.
+  makes the "Wilderness Road," 150.
+  builds a fort, 150.
+  his daughter stolen by Indians, 151.
+  he is captured and adopted by Indians, 152.
+  his escape, 153.
+  how he used tobacco dust, 153.
+  his old age, 154.
+  goes to Missouri, 154.
+  Kentucky helps him, 154.
+  grave of, 154.
+  summary of, 155.
+
+Boston founded, 73.
+  name of, 73.
+  "Tea Party," 132.
+  port of, closed, 133.
+  British driven from, 136, 169.
+
+Bowie (Bow'e), Colonel, 230.
+
+Braddock's defeat, 130.
+
+Bradford, William, caught in trap, 65.
+
+Bradford, Governor, 65.
+  and Canonicus, 70.
+
+Brewster, Elder, 67.
+
+British, the name, 133.
+
+Brookfield burnt by Indians, 90.
+
+"Brother Jonathan," 241.
+  origin of name (note), 241.
+
+Brush (note), 245.
+
+
+Cabot (Cab'ot), John and Sebastian, 21.
+  discover continent of America, 21.
+  take possession of, for England, 22.
+  return to Bristol, 23.
+  what they carried back, 24.
+  second voyage of, 25.
+  how much of America they discovered, 25.
+  summary of, 27.
+
+California, Captain Sutter in, 236.
+  gold discovered in, 237.
+  effects of discovery of gold, 239.
+  acquisition of, 239.
+  emigration to, 239.
+
+Camden, battle of, 212.
+
+Canal, Erie, opened, 220.
+
+Candidate (note), 258.
+
+Canonchet (Ka-non'chet) braves death, 93.
+
+Canonicus (Ka-non'i-kus) sends challenge to Bradford, 70.
+  and Roger Williams, 84, 85.
+
+Cape Cod, arrival of Pilgrims at, 64.
+  explored by Pilgrims, 65.
+
+Capitol, the, burned, 204.
+  rebuilt, 204.
+
+Carolina, North, Governor Tryon in, 156.
+  battle of Alamance in, 156.
+  the Revolution in, 207.
+  South, see Charleston.
+
+Carver chosen governor, 64.
+  his kindness to the sick, 67.
+  makes treaty with Massasoit, 69.
+
+Catholics cruelly treated in England, 76.
+  colony of, in Newfoundland, 76.
+  colony of, in Maryland, 77.
+  give equal religious rights to Protestants, 78, 79.
+  persecuted in Maryland, 80.
+  first English Church of, in America, 78.
+
+Charles II. and Penn, 96, 98.
+
+Charleston helps Georgia, 104.
+  in the Revolution, 140.
+  secedes, 259.
+  begins the Civil War, 259.
+
+Chicago, Columbian Exposition at, 264.
+
+Church, Captain Benjamin, 93.
+
+Church, the first English Protestant, in America, 39.
+  first English Catholic, in America, 78.
+
+Civil War, the, 259, 260.
+  causes of the, 259.
+  battles of the, 260.
+  Grant and Lee in the, 260.
+  Lincoln in the, 260.
+  result of the, 261.
+
+Clark, George Rogers, birth of (note), 162.
+  expedition against Fort Kaskaskia, 162.
+  march against, 163.
+  takes the fort, 163.
+  is helped by a Catholic priest, 164.
+  gets Fort Vincennes, 164.
+  loses the fort, 164.
+  Vigo offers help to, 164.
+  marches against Fort Vincennes, 165.
+  in the "Drowned Lands," 165.
+  wading to victory, 166.
+  takes Fort Vincennes, 167.
+  results of the victory, 167.
+  grave of, 167.
+  summary of, 168.
+
+Clearing (note), 250.
+
+Coloma (Ko-lo'ma), gold discovered at, 237.
+
+Colonel (kur'nel) (note), 91.
+
+Colonies, the thirteen (note), 102.
+
+Colony (note), 73.
+
+Columbian Exposition, the, 264.
+
+Columbus, birth and boyhood of, 1.
+  becomes a sailor, 2.
+  has a sea-fight, 3.
+  goes to Lisbon, 3.
+  his maps of the world, 4.
+  plan for reaching Indies, 5.
+  goes to Spain for help, 7.
+  his reception at the convent, 6.
+  leaves his son at the convent, 7.
+  gets help for his voyage, 7.
+  sails from Palos, 8.
+  voyage of, 9-11.
+  discovers land, 12.
+  names it, 13.
+  discovers large islands, 15.
+  returns to Spain, 16.
+  his reception in Spain, 16.
+  last voyages of, 17.
+  his sorrowful old age, 18.
+  sent back to Spain in chains, 18.
+  his letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, 18.
+  death and burial, 19.
+  summary of, 20.
+  celebration of his discovery of America, 264.
+
+Compass, Smith's use of the, 41.
+  Roger Williams', 84.
+  Washington's use of, 129.
+
+Concord, battle of, 134.
+
+Congress, meeting of the first, 100, 133.
+  makes Washington commander-in-chief, 135.
+  declares independence, 100, 137.
+  meaning of word (note), 133, 225.
+  votes money for first telegraph lines, 226.
+
+Convent of St. Mary at Palos, 6.
+
+Convent (note), 6.
+
+Cornwallis, Lord, in the Revolution, 137-142.
+  his pursuit of Washington, 137.
+  and Arnold, 141.
+  surrender of, 142.
+
+Cotton, how it grows, 179.
+  seeds of, 179.
+  price of, 181.
+  effect of cotton-gin on, 181.
+  export of, 183.
+  size of bales (note), 183.
+
+Cotton-gin, invention of, 180.
+  effect of the, 181.
+
+Cowpens, battle of, 140, 210.
+
+Crockett, David, motto of, 230.
+
+
+Declaration of Independence made, 100, 137.
+  written by Jefferson, 186.
+  Franklin has part in, 121.
+  sent throughout the country, 186.
+
+De Leon, pronunciation of name (note), 28.
+  discovers Florida, 28.
+
+De Soto, pronunciation of name (note), 28.
+  discovers the Mississippi, 29.
+
+Detroit, Fort, 161.
+
+Discovery, right of (note), 234.
+
+"Drowned Lands," the, 165.
+
+
+Earthquake, great, of 1811, 198.
+
+Ebenezer (Eb-e-ne'zer), settlement of, 105.
+  name of, 105.
+
+Electricity, Franklin's experiments in, 118, 119.
+
+Eliot, Rev. John, 89.
+
+Elizabeth, Queen, names Virginia, 33.
+
+Ellsworth, Miss Annie, 226, 227.
+
+Elm, the treaty, at Philadelphia, 99.
+  the Washington, at Cambridge, 135.
+
+Emigrants (note), 33.
+
+Experiments (note), 118.
+
+Explorer (note), 2.
+
+
+Fable of the Frog (note), 247.
+
+Fairfax estate, 126.
+  Lord, and Washington, 126.
+  his land, 127.
+  hires Washington to survey, 127.
+  death of, 143.
+
+Father Gibault (Zhe-bo'), 164.
+  White, 78, 80.
+
+Ferdinand and Isabella, 6, 7, 16.
+
+Flag, first American, 135.
+  the British (note), 142.
+  torn down at New York, 144.
+  U.S., origin of (note), 142.
+  carried round the world, 233.
+  "Star Spangled Banner" (note), 181.
+  of Texas, 230.
+  Jasper saves the, 140.
+
+Flint and steel, 84.
+
+Florida, discovery of, 28.
+  name of (note), 28.
+  settlement of, 30.
+  Indian war in, 218.
+  purchase of, 30, 218.
+
+Fort, Boone's, 150.
+  Detroit, 161.
+  Indian, 93.
+  Jamestown, 38.
+  Kaskaskia, 161-163.
+  Manhattan, 59.
+  McHenry (note), 181.
+  Moultrie, 140.
+  Necessity, 130.
+  Plymouth, 70.
+  St. Augustine, 30.
+  Sutter's, 236.
+  Vincennes, 161, 164-167.
+
+Fortifications on Dorchester Heights, 169.
+  at New Orleans, 217.
+
+Forts, British, at the West, 161.
+  French, at the West, 128.
+
+Founds (note), 73.
+
+Fountain, the magic, 28.
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, boyhood of, 111.
+  works for his father, 111.
+  is apprenticed to his brother, 111.
+  boards himself, 111.
+  is badly treated, 111.
+  runs away, 112.
+  his walk across New Jersey, 112.
+  lands in Philadelphia, 113.
+  buys some rolls, 113.
+  sees Miss Read, 113.
+  goes to a Quaker meeting, 113.
+  gets work in a printing-office, 114.
+  goes to Boston on a visit, 114.
+  learns to stoop, 114.
+  returns to Philadelphia, 115.
+  goes to London, 115.
+  called the "Water American," 115.
+  returns to Philadelphia, 116.
+  sets up a newspaper, 110, 116.
+  his "sawdust pudding," 116.
+  his almanac, 110.
+  his sayings, 110.
+  his plan of life, 117.
+  what he did for Philadelphia, 109, 117.
+  experiments with electricity, 118, 119.
+  his electrical picture, 118.
+  his electrical kite, 119.
+  his discoveries in electricity, 119.
+  invents the lightning-rod, 120.
+  receives title of Doctor, 120.
+  services in the Revolution, 121.
+  thinks we must fight with bows and arrows, 136.
+  gets help for us from France, 121.
+  his funeral, 121.
+  counties named for him, 121.
+  summary of, 122.
+
+Friends (or Quakers), religion of, 97.
+  persecuted in England, 97.
+  go to Pennsylvania, 98.
+  friendly relations with the Indians, 99.
+  See William Penn.
+
+Fulton, Robert, birth and boyhood of, 193.
+  his paddle-wheel scow, 193.
+  care of his mother, 193.
+  goes to England and France, 194.
+  builds iron bridges, 194.
+  his diving-boat, 194.
+  torpedo experiments in France, 194.
+  torpedo experiments in England, 195.
+  England's offer of money, 195.
+  his reply, 195.
+  builds his first steamboat, 196.
+  returns to America, 197.
+  builds steamboat here, 197.
+  trip up the Hudson, 197.
+  builds steamboat for the West, 198.
+  what he did for Western emigration, 199.
+  his grave, 199.
+  summary of, 200.
+
+
+Gadsden Purchase, the, 240.
+
+Gage, General, in Boston, 133, 134.
+  his nose, 136.
+  leaves Boston, 136.
+
+Genoa (Jen'o-ah) (note), 1.
+
+George II. and Georgia, 102.
+
+George III., resolves to tax Americans, 131.
+  sends over taxed tea, 132.
+  closes port of Boston, 133.
+  hires German soldiers, 134.
+  his statue pulled down, 137.
+  his character, 161.
+
+Georgia, name of, 102.
+  settlement of, 102.
+  Savannah, 104.
+  Ebenezer, 105.
+  silk raised in, 106.
+  keeps out Spaniards, 107.
+  in the Revolution, 107.
+  summary of, 108.
+
+Gibault (Zhe-bo'), Father, 164.
+
+Gin, the cotton, 180, 181.
+  name of (note), 180.
+
+Goffe, Colonel, at Hadley, 91, and note in A Short List of Books.
+
+Gold, discovered in California, 237.
+  tested by Sutter, 238.
+  carried to San Francisco, 239.
+  excitement over, 239.
+  effect of discovery of, 239.
+
+Grant, General, 260.
+
+Gray, Captain, voyage to the Pacific, 233.
+  carries American flag around the world, 233.
+  names the Columbia River, 234.
+  helps us to get Oregon, 234.
+  summary of, 235.
+
+Greene, General (Revolution), 140, 178, 212.
+
+Greene, Mrs. General, 178, 179.
+
+
+Hadley, Indian attack on, 91.
+  Goffe at, 91, and note in A Short List of Books.
+
+Hamilton, Colonel, 161, 164.
+
+Hanks, John, and Lincoln, 250, 257, 258.
+
+Harrison, General, birthplace of (note), 203.
+  governor of Indiana Territory, 203.
+  marches against the Indians, 203.
+  gains victory of Tippecanoe, 203.
+  beats the British, 204.
+  elected President, 204.
+  death of, 204.
+  summary of, 205.
+
+Henry, Patrick, speech of, 185.
+  sends Clark to take British forts, 162.
+
+Henry VII., sends Cabot on voyage of discovery, 21.
+  claims part of North America, 22.
+
+Holland, gives Pilgrims a refuge, 62.
+  takes possession of the country on the Hudson, 59.
+
+Houston (Hew'ston), Sam, birthplace of (note), 229.
+  in war with Indians, 229.
+  governor of Tennessee, 229.
+  goes to live with the Indians, 229.
+  goes to Texas, 230.
+  fights for Texas, 230.
+  is made president of Texas, 230.
+  in the Civil War, 231.
+  death of, 231.
+  summary of, 232.
+
+Howe, General, driven from Boston, 136.
+
+Hudson, Henry, first voyage of, 52.
+  hired by the Dutch, 53.
+  sails for America, 53.
+  discovers the "Great River," 54.
+  what he said about the country, 55.
+  voyage up the river, 56.
+  is feasted by the Indians, 56.
+  what the Indians thought of him, 56.
+  has fight with Indians, 57.
+  sails for Europe, 58.
+  Hudson River is named for him, 58.
+  death of, in Hudson Bay, 58.
+  what he would think of New York now, 60.
+  summary of, 61.
+
+Hudson River described, 55, 56.
+  named, 58.
+  Dutch settle on the, 59.
+
+
+Illinois, Clark's conquest of, 162, 163.
+
+Independence, see Declaration of Independence.
+
+Indians, Columbus names the, 14.
+  described, 13.
+  welcome the English, 32.
+  of Virginia, 40.
+  how they lived, 40.
+  and Captain Smith, 41, 42.
+  feast Henry Hudson, 56.
+  make treaty with Pilgrims, 69.
+  help the Pilgrims, 69.
+  challenge Pilgrims to fight, 70.
+  Standish's fight with the, 71.
+  help the settlers of Maryland, 78.
+  Roger Williams defends rights of, 83.
+  how they helped Williams, 84, 85.
+  great war with, in N. E., 90-94.
+  Penn defends rights of, to land, 98.
+  make treaty with Penn, 99.
+  friendly to the Quakers, 99.
+  war dance of, 127.
+  and Daniel Boone, 148-153.
+  their tricks and stratagems, 149.
+  capture Boone's daughter, 151.
+  capture Boone and adopt him, 152.
+  in the Revolution, 161, 167.
+  war in Ohio, 172, 173.
+  what they called the steamboat, 198.
+  forced to move West, 201, 218.
+  story of the log, "move on," 201.
+  victory of Harrison over, 203.
+  victory of Jackson over, 216, 229.
+  Sam Houston goes to live with the, 229.
+  move west of the Mississippi, 218.
+  See Canonchet, Canonicus, Black Hawk, King Philip, Massasoit,
+    Pocahontas, Powhatan, Samoset, Squanto, Tecumseh, "The
+    Prophet," Wamsutta, Weathersford.
+
+Indian treaty with Pilgrims, 69.
+  with Penn, 99.
+
+Indian wars, King Philip's War, 90-94.
+  in Kentucky, 148.
+  at the West, in the Revolution, 161.
+  in Ohio, 172, 173.
+  in Illinois, 253.
+  in Indiana, 203.
+  in Alabama, 215, 216.
+  in Florida, 218.
+  Black Hawk War, 253.
+
+
+Jackson, Andrew, birth and boyhood of, 206.
+  and the gun, 206.
+  and Tarleton, 207.
+  his mother, 207.
+  his hatred of the British, 208.
+  dangers exposed to, 209.
+  taken prisoner, 211.
+  and the boots, 211.
+  sees a battle through a knot-hole, 212.
+  death of his mother, 213.
+  what he said of her, 213.
+  begins to learn a trade, 214.
+  studies law, 214.
+  goes to Tennessee, 214.
+  becomes judge, 214.
+  becomes general, 214.
+  fights the Indians, 216.
+  interview with Weathersford, 216.
+  wins the great battle of New Orleans, 217.
+  conquers Indians in Florida, 218.
+  elected President, 218.
+  four steps in life of, 218.
+  summary of, 219.
+
+James I., Jamestown named for, 38.
+  denies religious liberty to his subjects, 62, 73.
+
+Jamestown settled, 38.
+  burned, 49.
+
+Jasper, Sergeant, how he saved the flag, 140.
+
+Jefferson, Thomas, birth of, 184.
+  home at Monticello, 184.
+  beloved by his slaves, 184.
+  desires to free, 184.
+  hears Patrick Henry speak, 185.
+  writes Declaration of Independence, 186.
+  elected President, 187.
+  what he said about New Orleans and Louisiana, 187.
+  buys Louisiana, 188.
+  his death, 189.
+  inscription on his tombstone, 189.
+  summary of, 190.
+
+"Jonathan, Brother," 241.
+  origin of name (note), 241.
+
+Jury trial, first in America, 39.
+
+Jury (note), 39.
+
+
+Kaskaskia (Kas-kas'ki-a) Fort, 161-163.
+
+King Philip, son of Massasoit, 87.
+  becomes chief, 88.
+  how he dressed and lived, 88.
+  his hatred of the whites, 88.
+  determines to make war 89.
+  Indians attack Swansea, 90.
+  attack other towns, 90.
+  burn Brookfield, 90.
+  attack Hadley 91.
+  bravery shown by a woman 92.
+  the great swamp fight, 93.
+  Canonchet taken, 93.
+  Philip's wife and son taken, 94.
+  wife and son sold into slavery, 94.
+  Philip shot, 94.
+  destruction caused by the war, 94.
+  cost of the war, 94.
+  Indian power broken, 94.
+  summary of, 95.
+
+
+Lafayette (Lah-fay-et'), helps us in the Revolution, 141.
+  pursues Cornwallis, 141.
+  at the tomb of Washington, 144.
+
+Land acquired by the United States, see Territory and United States.
+
+Lee, General, in the Civil War, 260.
+
+Legislature (note), 257.
+
+Lexington, battle of, 134.
+
+Leyden (Li'den), Holland, 62.
+
+Leyden jar, 118, 119.
+
+Liberty, religious, in Maryland, 78-80.
+  religious, in Rhode Island, 85.
+  religious, none formerly in England, 62, 76, 97.
+
+Liberty, Sons of, in the Revolution, 60.
+
+Liberty, statue of, 60.
+
+Lincoln, Abraham, birth and boyhood of, 244.
+  how he lived, 244, 245.
+  death of his mother, 246.
+  what he said of her, 246.
+  what his step-mother said of him, 246.
+  at school, 247.
+  teaches himself at home, 247.
+  what he read, 247.
+  how he used the fire-shovel, 247.
+  description of, at seventeen, 248.
+  his strength, 248.
+  goes to New Orleans, 249.
+  moves to Illinois, 250.
+  splits rails, 250.
+  hunting frolics, 250.
+  tends store at New Salem, 251.
+  is attacked by Jack Armstrong, 251.
+  his faithfulness in little things, 252.
+  called "Honest Abe," 243, 252.
+  in the Black Hawk War, 253.
+  becomes postmaster and surveyor, 254.
+  studies law, 254.
+  begins to practise law, 254.
+  respected by all men, 254.
+  in Armstrong murder trial, 255.
+  how he saved the pig, 256.
+  goes to the Legislature, 257.
+  goes to Congress, 243, 257.
+  chosen candidate for President, 258.
+  elected President, 258.
+  his election brings on the Civil War, 259.
+  emancipates the slaves, 260.
+  murdered by Booth, 261.
+  grief of the nation at his death, 261.
+  summary of, 262.
+
+Louisiana, purchase of, 188.
+  original extent of, 188.
+
+
+Major (note), 128.
+
+Manhattan Island, 54, 59, 60.
+
+Marietta, Ohio, settled, 170.
+  name of, 171.
+  what Washington said of, 171.
+  and the Indians, 172.
+  summary of, 174.
+
+Marshall finds gold in California, 237.
+  his poverty, 239.
+
+Maryland, name of, 77.
+  granted to Lord Baltimore, 77.
+  rent of, 77.
+  settlement of, 78.
+  first Catholic church in America in, 78.
+  home of religious liberty, 79.
+  trouble with Virginia, 80.
+  Catholics of, badly treated, 80.
+  Baltimore city founded, 80.
+  in the Revolution, 80.
+  summary of, 81.
+
+Massachusetts, name of, 73.
+  settlement of, 73.
+  in the Revolution, 74.
+
+Massasoit (Mas-sa-soit'), makes treaty with the Pilgrims, 69.
+  kindness of, to Roger Williams, 84.
+  King Philip, his son, 87.
+
+_Mayflower_, voyage of the, 64, 66, 73.
+  Ohio boat so named, 170.
+
+Messages (note), 220.
+
+Mexico, war with, 239.
+  territory obtained from, 239.
+
+Miami (Mi-am'i), Ohio, 172.
+
+Mississippi, De Soto discovers the, 29.
+  belonged to France, 187.
+  we get possession of the, 188.
+  first steamboat on the, 198, 199.
+
+Moccasins (note), 136.
+
+Model (note), 224.
+
+Monticello, described, 184.
+
+Morgan's sharpshooters, 140.
+
+Morse, Samuel F. B., birth and boyhood of, 220.
+  becomes a painter, 221.
+  goes to France, 221.
+  thinks of using electricity to send messages, 221.
+  returns to America, 222.
+  invents electric telegraph, 222.
+  his poverty, 223.
+  takes the first photograph in America, 223.
+  gets assistance from Mr. Vail, 224.
+  obtains patent for the telegraph, 224.
+  receives help from Congress, 225, 226.
+  and Miss Annie Ellsworth, 226, 227.
+  builds line of telegraph, 227.
+  the first message sent, 227.
+  how a message is sent (note), 227.
+  the first year of telegraphy, 227.
+  summary of, 228.
+
+Moultrie, Colonel, 140.
+  Fort, 140.
+
+Mount Vernon, Washington at, 126, 135, 144.
+
+
+Nation (note), 217.
+
+Negroes, see Slaves.
+
+New Amsterdam, 59.
+
+New England, name of, 46.
+  first settlements in, 66, 73, 74.
+
+New Netherland, name of, 59.
+  seized by the English, 59.
+
+New Orleans, owned by the French, 187.
+  purchase of, 188.
+  battle of, 217.
+  cotton exported from, 183.
+
+New Salem, Illinois, 251.
+
+Newspaper, Franklin's, 110, 116.
+
+New York, name of, 59.
+
+New York City, name, 59.
+  in the Revolution, 60, 137, 144.
+
+North and South in the Civil War, 259, 260.
+
+Northmen discover America (note), 21.
+
+
+Oglethorpe (O'gel-thorp), General, who he was, 102.
+  and prisoners for debt, 103.
+  gets grant of Georgia, 102, 103.
+  object of settling Georgia, 103.
+  builds Savannah, 104.
+  welcomes German settlers, 105.
+  attempts to produce silk, 106.
+  sends silk as present to the queen of England, 106.
+  keeps out the Spaniards, 107.
+  in his old age, 107.
+  summary of, 108.
+
+Ohio, first settlement in, 170.
+  Indian wars in, 172, 173.
+
+Ohio River, first steamboat on, 198.
+
+Oregon, how we got our claim to, 234.
+  added to the United States, 234, 240.
+
+
+Pacific, Balboa discovers the, 28.
+
+Pacific Railroad completed (note), 263.
+
+Pacific railroads, the three, 263.
+
+Palisade, 70.
+
+Palisades of the Hudson (note), 56.
+
+Palmetto logs (note), 140.
+
+Palos, convent at, 6.
+  Columbus sails from, 8.
+  reception at, 16.
+
+Parker, Captain, at Lexington, 134.
+
+Patent (note), 224.
+
+Penn, William, receives grant of Pennsylvania, 96.
+  belongs to the Society of Friends or Quakers, 97.
+  his religion, 97.
+  sends emigrants to Pennsylvania, 98.
+  his conversation with Charles II., 98.
+  founds Philadelphia, 99.
+  his treaty with the Indians, 99.
+  visits the Indians, 99.
+  his treaty elm protected by a British officer, 99.
+  said the people should make their own laws, 100.
+  goes back to England, 100.
+  the victim of a dishonest agent, 100.
+  goes to prison for debt, 100.
+  death of, 100.
+  love of the Indians for him, 100.
+  Indians send a present to his widow, 100.
+  grave of, 100.
+  summary of, 101.
+
+Pennsylvania, named by Charles II., 96.
+  granted to William Penn, 96.
+  natural wealth of, 96.
+  in the Revolution, 100.
+
+Philadelphia, founded, 99.
+  name of, 99.
+  prosperity of, 100, 109.
+  what Franklin did for, 117.
+  in the Revolution, 100.
+  first Continental Congress meets in, 100.
+  Declaration of Independence made in, 100.
+
+Philip, King, see King Philip.
+
+Photograph, first, in America, 223.
+
+Pilgrims, the, in Holland, 62.
+  name of, 62.
+  persecuted in England, 62.
+  why they wished to leave Holland, 63.
+  sail for America, 64.
+  Captain Myles Standish goes with them, 64.
+  number of the, 64.
+  make a compact of government, 64.
+  elect John Carver first governor, 64.
+  land on the Cape, 65.
+  washing-day, 65.
+  explore the Cape, 65.
+  land on Plymouth Rock, 66.
+  settle in Plymouth, 66.
+  why they chose that place, 66.
+  name of, 66.
+  sickness and death, 67.
+  meet Indians, 68.
+  make treaty with Massasoit, 69.
+  their first Thanksgiving, 69.
+  Canonicus dares them to fight, 70.
+  Governor Bradford's reply, 70.
+  build a fort, 70.
+  build a palisade, 70.
+  fight the Indians at Weymouth, 71.
+  what Myles Standish did for the Pilgrims, 71, 72.
+  summary of, 75.
+  See Myles Standish.
+
+Pioneers (note), 230.
+
+Pittsburg, 162, 170, 198, and see map, 127.
+
+Plantation (note), 123.
+
+Planter (note), 48.
+
+Plymouth, the Pilgrims settle, 66.
+  natural advantages of, 66.
+  name of, 66.
+  See Pilgrims.
+
+Plymouth Rock, Pilgrims land on, 66.
+
+Pocahontas (Po-ka-hon'tas), saves Smith's life, 42, and note in A
+  Short List of Books.
+  marries Rolfe, 42.
+  her descendants, 42.
+
+Ponce de Leon, see De Leon.
+
+Potato, the, sent to England, 33.
+  Raleigh plants it in Ireland, 33.
+
+Powder, lack of, in Revolution, 136.
+  sent from Savannah to Bunker Hill, 107.
+
+Powhatan (Pow-ha-tan') and Captain John Smith, 42.
+
+Prison-ships, British, 213.
+
+"Prophet," the, and Tecumseh, 202, 204.
+  at the battle of Tippecanoe, 203.
+  his sacred beans, 203.
+  Indians say he is a liar, 203.
+  Tecumseh takes him by the hair, 204.
+
+Prophet (note), 202.
+
+Providence, name of, 85.
+  settled, 85.
+  religious liberty in, 85.
+
+Puritans (note), 62.
+  settle Boston, 73.
+
+Putnam, General Rufus, services in the Revolution, 169.
+  builds fortifications at Dorchester Heights, 169.
+  builds the _Mayflower_, 170.
+  settles Marietta, Ohio, 170.
+  summary of, 174.
+
+
+Quakers, see Friends.
+
+
+Railroad, the first, in America, 218, and note, 218.
+  growth of railroads, 218.
+  first Pacific (note), 263.
+  the three Pacific railroads, 263.
+
+Raleigh (Raw'li), Sir Walter, a favorite of Queen Elizabeth, 32.
+  sends exploring expedition to America, 32.
+  receives title of honor, 33.
+  sends settlers to Virginia, 33.
+  receives tobacco and potato plants from Virginia, 33.
+  plants them in Ireland, 33.
+  spends a great deal of money on his Virginia colony, 34.
+  fails to establish a settlement, 34.
+  last days of, 35.
+  is beheaded, 35.
+  power of his example, 35.
+  summary of, 36.
+
+Ranches (note), 263.
+
+Rebels (note), 210.
+
+Red-coats (note), 208.
+
+Religious liberty, none in England, 62.
+  in Maryland, 79.
+  in Rhode Island, 85.
+
+Religious persecution in England, 62, 76, 97.
+  of Catholics, 76, 80.
+  of Pilgrims, 62.
+  of Puritans, 73.
+  of Quakers, 97.
+
+Revere's (Re-veer'), Paul, ride, 134.
+
+Revolution, the, cause of, 131.
+  first blood shed in, 134.
+  progress of, 132-143.
+  Declaration of Independence, 137.
+  battles of, see Battles.
+  end of, 144, 145.
+  See Washington.
+
+Revolution, the, in Delaware, 100.
+  Georgia, 107.
+  Maryland, 80.
+  Massachusetts, 74, 134-136, 169.
+  New England, 74.
+  New Jersey, 100, 138, 139.
+  New York, 60, 137, 139, 144.
+  North Carolina, 107, 140, 156, 207-213.
+  Pennsylvania, 100, 139.
+  Rhode Island, 85.
+  South Carolina, 107, 140, 207-213.
+  Virginia, 50, 141, 142, 185, 186.
+  in the West, 161-167.
+
+Rhode Island settled, 85.
+  religious liberty in, 85.
+  in the Revolution, 85.
+
+Robertson, James, birthplace of (note), 156.
+  his home in North Carolina, 156.
+  emigrates to Watauga, Tennessee, 158.
+  and Sevier, 159.
+  what he did for the new settlement, 159.
+  Washington makes him general, 159.
+  summary of, 160.
+
+
+Sacramento, Sutter's Fort at, 236.
+
+Sacred (note), 203.
+
+Salem, Roger Williams' church at, 82.
+
+Samoset (Sam'o-set) and the Pilgrims, 68.
+
+San Salvador (Sal'va-dor), Columbus names, 13.
+
+Saratoga, battle of, 139.
+
+Savannah settled, 104.
+  in the Revolution, 107.
+
+Seal, great, of United States, 264 and note.
+
+Seekonk, Roger Williams at, 85.
+
+Senate Chamber (note), 225.
+
+Sergeant (Sar'jent) (note), 140.
+
+Sevier (Se-veer'), John, born in Virginia (note), 156.
+  emigrates to Watauga, Tennessee, 159.
+  and Robertson, 159.
+  what he did for Watauga, 159.
+  becomes first governor of Tennessee, 159.
+  summary of, 160.
+
+Sharpshooters in the Revolution, 136, 140.
+
+Silk, attempt to produce, in Georgia, 106.
+  sent to England, 106.
+  the Queen has a dress made of it, 106.
+
+Silkworm (note), 106.
+
+Slaves, negro, first brought to Virginia, 48.
+  employed in raising tobacco, 48.
+  planters grow rich by, 48.
+  all the colonies buy, 48, 259.
+  Washington's, 135.
+  Jefferson beloved by his, 184.
+  Jefferson's feeling in regard to, 184.
+  how employed on cotton, 179.
+  and the cotton-gin, 180.
+  gradually freed at the North, 259.
+  their condition unchanged at the South, 259.
+  feeling at the South about, 259.
+  feeling at the North about, 259.
+  question of holding, divides the states, 259.
+  Lincoln in regard to increasing number of, 259, 260.
+  and the Civil War, 259, 260.
+  freed by President Lincoln, 260.
+  effect of emancipation of, on the Union, 261.
+
+Smith, John, early life and adventures of, 37.
+  sold as a slave, 37.
+  starts for Virginia, 37.
+  arrested on the voyage on a false charge, 38.
+  is tried and acquitted, 39.
+  court grants him damages, 39.
+  what he hoped to do in Virginia, 38.
+  what he did for the sick, 39.
+  prevents desertion, 39.
+  goes in search of the Pacific, 41.
+  is captured by Indians, 41.
+  how he used his pocket compass, 41.
+  brought before Powhatan, 41.
+  Pocahontas saves his life, 42, and note in A Short List of Books.
+  made governor of Jamestown, 43.
+  his opinion of the gold-diggers, 43.
+  compels Indians to let settlers have corn, 43.
+  makes all the settlers work, 44.
+  his cold-water cure for swearing, 45.
+  meets with a terrible accident, 46.
+  goes back to England, 46.
+  returns and explores country north of Virginia, 46.
+  names it New England, 46.
+  death and burial of, 46.
+  what he did for Virginia, 47.
+  his books and maps, 47.
+  is called the "Father of Virginia," 47.
+  writes Captain Henry Hudson, 53.
+  summary of, 51.
+
+South, the, in the Civil War, 260.
+  great progress of, since the war, 263.
+
+Spaniards settle Florida, 30.
+  are kept out of Georgia, 107.
+
+Squanto (Skwon'to), how he helped the Pilgrims, 68, 69.
+
+Squaws (note), 152.
+
+Standish, Myles, an English soldier in Holland, 64.
+  goes to America with the Pilgrims, 64.
+  explores Cape Cod, 65.
+  lands at Plymouth Rock, 66.
+  was nurse as well as soldier, 67.
+  goes to meet Massasoit, 69.
+  feared by the Indians, 70.
+  escorts the Pilgrims to church, 70.
+  has a fight with the Indians, 71.
+  saves Plymouth from attack by Indians, 71.
+  what else he did for the Pilgrims, 72.
+  what he left at his death, 72.
+  his monument, 72.
+  summary of, 75.
+
+Steamboat, Fulton's, on the Hudson, 197.
+  first at the West, 198, 199.
+  effect of, on emigration, 199.
+
+St. Mary's, settlement at, 78.
+
+Survey (note), 127.
+
+Sutter (Soo'ter), John A., his fort in California, 236.
+  founds Sacramento, 236.
+  lives like a king, 236.
+  begins to build saw-mill at Colona, 237.
+  Marshall brings him gold-dust to test, 238.
+  is convinced that gold has been found, 238.
+  how he felt at the discovery, 238.
+  loses his property, 239.
+  is pensioned by California, 239.
+  summary of, 242.
+
+Swansea (Swon'ze) attacked by Indians, 90.
+
+Swordfish (note), 194.
+
+
+Tarleton (Tarl'ton), cruelty of, 207.
+  called "Butcher Tarleton," 208.
+  his soldiers and the bees, 208.
+  is beaten at Cowpens, 210.
+  what he hears from the children, 210.
+
+Taxation of America by George III., 131.
+  chief cause of the Revolution, 131.
+
+Tea, taxed, sent to America, 132.
+  destruction of, 132.
+  "Boston Tea Party," 132.
+
+Tecumseh (Te-kum'seh) excites the Indians to war, 202, 215.
+  takes the "Prophet" by the hair, 204.
+  fights for the British in Canada, 204.
+  is killed, 204.
+
+Telegraph, meaning of the word (note), 222.
+  what it is, 222.
+  electric, invented by Morse, 222.
+  Vail's work on, 224.
+  patented by Morse, 224.
+  Congress grants money to build line, 225, 226.
+  first message over, 227.
+  business of, in 1845, 227.
+  business of, to-day, 227.
+  how messages are sent by (note), 227.
+  Atlantic, 227.
+  See Samuel F. B. Morse.
+
+Telephone, meaning of the word (note), 227.
+  what it is, 227.
+  when invented (note), 227.
+  use of, to-day, 228.
+
+Tennessee, first settlement of, 158, 159.
+  See James Robertson and John Sevier.
+
+Terrier (note), 204.
+
+Territory added to the United States since the Revolution, 240; and
+  see United States.
+
+Tests (note), 238.
+
+Texas, forms part of Mexico, 230.
+  we try to buy it, 230.
+  Houston goes to, 230.
+  massacre of Americans at Fort Alamo, 230.
+  war of independence, 230.
+  flag of, 230.
+  annexed, 230.
+  dispute with Mexico about boundary, 239.
+  Mexican war and, 239.
+  and the Civil War, 231.
+  summary of, 232.
+
+Tippecanoe, battle of, 203.
+
+Tobacco sent from Virginia to Sir Walter Raleigh, 33.
+  he plants it in Ireland, 33.
+  value of, to Virginia, 48.
+
+Torpedo (note), 194.
+  Fulton's experiments with torpedoes, 194, 195.
+
+Tow cloth (note), 250.
+
+Travis (Tra'vis), Colonel, in Texas, 230.
+
+Treaty, Indian, with Pilgrims, 69.
+  with William Penn, 99.
+  (note), 99.
+
+Tryon, Governor, in North Carolina, 156.
+  oppression by, 156.
+  called the "Great Wolf of North Carolina," 156.
+  at battle of Alamance, 156.
+
+
+Union (note), 259.
+  the South resolves to withdraw from the, 259.
+  strengthened by result of the Civil War, 261.
+
+United States, independence of, declared, 186.
+  War of the Revolution, see Revolution.
+  more perfect Union formed (note), 259.
+  extent of, at the close of the Revolution, 187.
+  acquires Louisiana (1803), 188.
+  acquires Florida (1819), 218.
+  acquires Texas (1845), 230.
+  acquires Oregon (1846), 234.
+  acquires California and New Mexico (1848), 239.
+  acquires Gadsden Purchase (1853), 240.
+  acquires Alaska (1867), 240.
+  extent of, to-day, 240.
+  War of 1812, 204, 217.
+  War of, with Mexico, 239.
+  the Civil War, 259.
+  growth since the War, 263, 264.
+  and "World's Columbian Exposition," 264.
+  great seal of, 264.
+  what we can do for, 264.
+
+
+Vail, Alfred, and Morse's telegraph, 224.
+
+Venison (note), 32.
+
+Vespucci, Amerigo (A-ma-ree'go Ves-poot'chee), 26.
+  and name America, 26.
+
+Vigo (Vee'go) helps Clark, 164.
+
+Vincennes (Vin-senz'), Fort, 161, 164-167.
+
+Virginia, Raleigh's expedition to, 32.
+  named by Elizabeth, 33.
+  first settlement in, 33.
+  first English child in America born in, 34.
+  failure of first settlement, 34.
+  tobacco and potato sent from, 33.
+  permanently settled at Jamestown, 38.
+  first English church in, 39.
+  first jury trial in, 39.
+  Captain Smith made governor of, 43.
+  books about, 47.
+  slaves sent to, 48.
+  tobacco, cultivation of, 48.
+  prosperity of, 48.
+  Berkeley and Bacon's war in, 49.
+  Jamestown burned, 49.
+  growth of, 50.
+  makes ready to fight for its rights, 185.
+  first demands independence of America, 50.
+  in the Revolution, see Revolution.
+  owns extensive western possessions, 162.
+  George Washington and, 50.
+  the "Mother of Presidents," 50.
+  summary of, 51.
+  in the Civil War, 260.
+
+Virginia Dare, birth of, 34.
+
+Voted (note), 226.
+
+
+Wamsutta, death of, 87.
+
+War, Bacon's, in Virginia, 49.
+  King Philip's, in New England, 89-94.
+  of the Revolution, see Revolution.
+  with the British in the West, 161-167.
+  with Indians in the West, 161.
+  with Indians in Ohio, 173.
+  with Indians in Indiana, 203.
+  with Indians in Illinois, 253.
+  the Black Hawk, 253.
+  with Indians in Alabama, 215, 216.
+  with Indians in Florida, 218.
+  of 1812 (note), 181, 204, 217.
+  cause of, of 1812, 204.
+  of Texan independence, 230.
+  with Mexico, 239.
+  cause of Mexican, 239.
+  the Civil, 259, 260.
+  cause of the Civil, 259.
+
+War-whoop (war-hoop) (note), 91.
+
+Washington, George, birth and boyhood of, 123-125.
+  at school, 123.
+  playing at war, 124.
+  battle with the colt, 125.
+  what he owed to his mother, 123.
+  visits Mount Vernon, 126.
+  makes acquaintance of Lord Fairfax, 126.
+  surveys Lord Fairfax's land, 127.
+  life in the woods, 127.
+  sees an Indian war-dance, 127.
+  is made public surveyor, 127.
+  appearance of, at twenty-one, 128.
+  receives title of major, 128.
+  governor of Virginia sends him to order off the French, 128.
+  journey through the wilderness, 128, 129.
+  narrow escape of, 129.
+  receives title of colonel, 130.
+  goes with Braddock's expedition, 130.
+  tries to hold Fort Necessity, 130.
+  goes to Mount Vernon to live, 135.
+  his slaves, 135.
+  made commander-in-chief in the Revolution, 135.
+  takes command of army, 135.
+  raises first American flag, 135 and (note) 142.
+  drives British from Boston, 136, 169.
+  goes to New York, 137.
+  chased by Cornwallis, 137.
+  retreats across the Delaware, 137.
+  victory of Trenton, 138.
+  victory of Princeton, 139.
+  at Valley Forge, 139.
+  enters Philadelphia, 139.
+  marches against Yorktown, 142.
+  takes Yorktown, 142.
+  his coat-of-arms (note), 142.
+  goes back to Mount Vernon, 144.
+  elected President, 144.
+  takes oath of office, 144.
+  Lafayette visits his tomb, 144.
+  summary of, 145.
+
+Washington, Lawrence, at Mount Vernon, 126.
+  death of, 135.
+  Colonel William, 210 and note.
+
+Washington, the Capitol at, burned, 204.
+  rebuilt, 204.
+
+Watauga (Wa-taw'ga), settlement of, 158.
+
+Wayne, General, in Ohio, 173.
+
+Weathersford and General Jackson, 216.
+
+West, the, in the Revolution, 161.
+  conquest of, 161-167.
+  at treaty of peace with England, 167.
+  settlement of, 150, 157, 170.
+  acquisition of country west of the Mississippi, see United States.
+  effects of steamboat navigation on, 199, 200.
+  effects of railroads on, 218.
+  rapid growth of, 263.
+  See Boone, Clark, Robertson, Sevier, Jefferson, Houston, Gray,
+    Sutter.
+
+Weymouth, Standish fights Indians at, 71.
+
+What Cheer Rock, Providence, 85.
+
+White, Father, in Maryland, 78, 80.
+
+Whitney, Eli, birth and boyhood of, 175.
+  cuts his name on a door, 175.
+  makes a fiddle, 176.
+  makes nails, 177.
+  goes to Yale College, 177.
+  his skill with tools, 177.
+  goes to Georgia, 178.
+  stops with Mrs. General Greene, 178.
+  makes her an embroidery frame, 178.
+  has a talk about cotton and cotton-seeds, 179.
+  invents the cotton-gin, 180.
+  effect of his invention, 181, 183.
+  builds a gun-factory, 181.
+  makes muskets for War of 1812, 181.
+  summary of, 182.
+
+Wilderness, the Great, 161.
+
+"Wilderness Road," Boone makes the, 150.
+
+Williams, Roger, comes to Boston, 82.
+  preaches in Salem and Plymouth, 82.
+  is very friendly to the Indians, 82.
+  declares that they own the land, 83.
+  Boston authorities attempt to arrest, 84.
+  escapes and goes to Massasoit, 84.
+  his journey through the wilderness, 84.
+  reception by Massasoit, 84.
+  builds a cabin at Seekonk, 85.
+  leaves Seekonk, 85.
+  greeted by the Indians, 85.
+  Canonicus lets him have land, 85.
+  settles Providence, 85.
+  grants religious liberty to all settlers, 85.
+  summary of, 86.
+
+Winthrop, Governor John, settles Boston, 73.
+
+Wool-comber (note), 1.
+
+World, knowledge of, before Columbus discovered America, 4.
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+
+MONTGOMERY'S
+LEADING FACTS OF American History.
+
+Within the first fifteen months after issue, the publishers were
+obliged to go to press with the
+... 295,000th copy ...
+
+It was almost immediately adopted for exclusive use in the State of
+Indiana, and by such cities as Chicago, Ill., Philadelphia, Pa.,
+Boston, Mass., Providence, R.I., Hartford, Conn., Columbus and
+Cleveland, O., Burlington, Vt., Nashua, N.H., Lynn, Mass., and
+numberless others.
+
+IT IS CERTAINLY THE BEST.
+
+
+
+
+LEADING FACTS OF HISTORY SERIES.
+By D. H. MONTGOMERY.
+
+THE LEADING FACTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY.
+With numerous Illustrations, Maps, and Tables. Mailing Price, $1.10;
+Introduction Price, $1.00.
+
+THE LEADING FACTS OF ENGLISH HISTORY.
+(Revised Edition.) With numerous Maps and Tables. Mailing Price,
+$1.25; Introduction Price, $1.12.
+
+THE LEADING FACTS OF FRENCH HISTORY.
+With numerous Maps and Tables. Mailing Price, $1.25; Introduction
+Price, $1.12.
+
+BEGINNER'S AMERICAN HISTORY.
+With numerous Maps and Illustrations. Mailing Price, $.70;
+Introduction Price, $.60.
+
+GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
+
+
+
+
+_The Leading Facts of American History_.
+By D. H. MONTGOMERY, author of _The Leading Facts of History Series_.
+12mo. Half morocco. xii + 359 pages, besides colored maps and
+full-page illustrations, with an Appendix of 67 pages. Mailing price,
+$1.15; for introduction, $1.00.
+
+Few text-books have met with such immediate recognition as this.
+Though published late in the summer of 1890, it was, within a few
+months, adopted by such cities as Philadelphia, Chicago, Providence,
+R.I., Burlington, Vt., Lynn, Mass., by counties, and by numberless
+institutions. It seems to be regarded by the best judges as, on the
+whole, the best school history of the United States yet published.
+It was written and not simply compiled. The author did not take it
+for granted that a history of our country must be a perfunctory work
+made up from previous histories and merely iterating an old set of
+facts, ideas, and stories. The book is a panorama of the leading
+events of our history, with their causes and results clearly traced.
+Attention has been given to all the departments of American life and
+activity. It describes the development of the American people. The
+author's broad and liberal sympathies saved him from sectarian,
+sectional, or partisan views. The style is full of life, and the words
+can all be understood by the pupils for whom the book is designed.
+
+P. V. N. Myers, _author of General History, etc._: I have read it
+carefully, and with great interest. It is in every way admirable.
+
+George A. Walton, _Agent Mass. State Board of Education_: It is as
+interesting as romance. It is instructive, especially on matters
+pertaining to the customs of the people, and to their methods of
+advancing their welfare. With these excellences, it must prove also
+a book that will teach.
+
+
+_The Beginner's American History_.
+By D. H. MONTGOMERY, author of _The Leading Facts of History Series_.
+12mo. Cloth. 220 pages. Fully illustrated with new maps and pictures.
+Mailing price, 70 cents; for introduction, 60 cents.
+
+This book tells the story of the nation in thirty biographies of its
+most representative men. It is entirely free from sectional or other
+bias, and its beautiful make-up renders it doubly attractive to its
+young students. (See _Common School Catalogue_.)
+
+
+_The Leading Facts of English History_.
+By D. H. MONTGOMERY. New edition. Rewritten and enlarged, with Maps
+and Tables. 12mo. Cloth. 478 pages. Mailing Price, $1.25;
+Introduction Price, $1.12.
+
+The former edition has been rewritten, as it had become evident that
+a work on the same plan, but more comprehensive, and better suited
+to prevailing courses and methods of class-work, would be still more
+heartily welcomed.
+
+Important events are treated with greater fulness, and the relation
+of English History to that of Europe and the world is carefully shown.
+References for further study are added.
+
+The text is in short paragraphs, each with a topical heading in bold
+type for the student's use. The headings may be made to serve the
+purpose of questions. By simply passing them over, the reader has
+a clear, continuous narrative.
+
+The treatment of each reign is closed with a brief summary of its
+principal points. Likewise, at the end of each period there is a
+section showing the condition of the country, and its progress in
+Government, Religion, Military Affairs, Learning and Art, General
+Industry, Manners and Customs. These summaries will be found of the
+greatest value for reference, review, and fuller study; but when the
+book is used for a brief course, or for general reading, they may
+be omitted. An appendix gives a Constitutional Summary.
+
+No pains have been spared to make the execution of the work equal
+to its plan. Vivid touches here and there betray the author's mastery
+of details. Thorough investigation has been made of all points where
+there was reason to doubt traditional statements. The proof-sheets
+have been carefully read by two experienced high-school teachers,
+and also by two college professors of history.
+
+The text is illustrated with fourteen maps, and supplemented
+with full genealogical and chronological tables.
+
+It is believed that this book will be acknowledged superior--
+1. In _interest_.
+2. In _accuracy_.
+3. In judicious selection of _matter_.
+4. In _conciseness_ combined with _adequacy_.
+5. In _philosophical_ insight free from speculation or theorizing.
+6. In _completeness_.
+7. In _availability_ as a practical class-room book.
+
+A FEW REPRESENTATIVE OPINIONS.
+
+Hon. E. J. Phelps, _recently United States Minister to Great
+Britain_: In my opinion, the author has done extremely well a
+much-needed work, in presenting in so terse, clear, and available
+form the principal points in that greatest of all histories, the
+common property and most useful study of the English-speaking race.
+
+Professor Goldwin Smith: The book, besides being very attractive in
+appearance, seems to be very suitable for the purpose in view, viz.,
+to present school pupils with a clear and intelligent idea of the
+main facts of English history in connection with the social and
+industrial development of the nation.
+
+Elisha B. Andrews, _President of Brown University_: I do not remember
+to have seen any book before which sets forth the leading facts of
+English History so succinctly, and at the same time so interestingly
+and clearly.
+
+A. L. Perry, _Prof. of Political Economy, Williams College_: I have
+never seen anything at all equal to it for the niche it was intended
+to fill.
+
+J. B. Clark, _Prof. of History, Smith College_: I especially like
+its introduction of matter relating to the life of the people, in
+a way that seems to make the narrative less dry, rather than more
+so, as so often happens.
+
+Jas. F. Colby, _Prof. of Law and Political Science, Dartmouth
+College_: Its title is a true description of its contents. Its author
+shows sense of proportion, and wisely gives prominence to economic
+facts and the development of constitutional principles.
+
+P. V. N. Myers, _Prof. in Univ. of Cincinnati_: The book was an
+admirable one as first issued, but the careful revision and the
+addition of maps and tables have added greatly to its value. In my
+judgment it is by far the best English History for schoolroom use
+now before the public.
+
+W. F. Allen, _late Prof. of History, University of Wis., Madison_:
+As I have said in relation to the earlier edition, the author has
+succeeded in an unusual degree in telling the story of English
+History in an interesting and suggestive manner, keeping clear of
+the prevailing fault of loading his pages with unessential names and
+dates.
+
+F. B. Palmer, _Principal of State Normal School, Fredonia, N.Y._:
+I have not examined anything that seems to me equal to it for a class
+in English History.
+
+John Fiske, _Prof. of History, Washington University_: It seems to
+me excellent.
+
+Frances A. Cooke, _Teacher of History, Penn Charter School,
+Philadelphia, Pa._: My verdict on Montgomery's History is
+unqualified approval. I have not seen a text-book upon English
+History so well adapted to school use.
+
+C. B. Gilbert, _Supt. Pub. Schools, St. Paul, Minn._: In many
+respects I consider it the best text-book on English History for high
+schools that I have seen. Its arrangement is excellent, its style
+clear and very attractive.
+
+Frank E. Plummer, _Prin. of High School, Des Moines, Ia._: I examined
+it very carefully, and pronounce it the best English History for
+high-school use of any with which I am familiar.
+
+
+_The Leading Facts of French History_.
+By D. H. MONTGOMERY, Author of _The Leading Facts of English History_,
+_English History Reader_, etc. 12mo. Cloth. vi + 321 pages, with
+fourteen black and colored maps, and full tables. Mailing Price,
+$1.25; for Introduction, $1.12.
+
+The object of this volume is to present, within the moderate compass
+of two hundred and ninety-two pages, the most important events of
+the history of France, selected, arranged, and treated according to
+the soundest principles of historical study, and set forth in a clear
+and attractive narrative.
+
+The respective influences of the Celtic race, and of the Roman and
+the German conquest and occupation of Gaul are clearly shown.
+
+Charlemagne's work and the subsequent growth of feudal institutions
+are next considered.
+
+The breaking up of the feudal system, with the gradual consolidation
+of the provinces into one kingdom, and the development of the
+sentiment of nationality, are traced and illustrated.
+
+The growth of the absolutism of the crown, the interesting and
+important relations of France to America, and the causes of the
+French Revolution, are fully presented.
+
+The career of Napoleon and its effects on France and Europe are
+carefully examined.
+
+Finally, a sketch is given of the stages of the historical progress
+of France in connection with the state of the Republic to-day.
+
+G. W. Knight, _Prof. of History, Ohio State University_: I do not
+know another book which, in anything like the same space, conveys
+for youthful students so good a notion of French events.
+
+A. H. Fetterolf, _Pres. of Girard College_: I like it very much. It
+is an excellent book and I trust soon to have it used in Girard
+College.
+
+Edward G. Bourne, _Prof. of History, Adelbert College_: I have no
+hesitation in pronouncing it the best French history of its scope
+that I have seen. It is clear and accurate, and shows unusual skill
+in the selection of matter as well as judgment in emphasizing the
+political significance of events.
+
+The Nation, _New York_: It is a marked advance on any available work
+of its scope. The author has shown competent judgment in the choice
+of his facts and his style is clear and interesting. The proportions
+are well observed, and the political significance of events is given
+due prominence in his treatment. So far as we have noticed, unusual
+accuracy has been achieved.
+
+
+_Reference History of the United States_.
+By HANNAH A. DAVIDSON, M.A., Teacher of History, Belmont School,
+California. 12mo. Cloth. xii + 190 pages. By mail, 90 cents; for
+introduction, 80 cents.
+
+This book, which is designed expressly for schools of advanced
+grade, high schools, academies, and seminaries, is an attempt to
+connect history teaching more closely in method and matter with the
+teaching and study of history in the college and the university. In
+the best institutions the study of history is no longer the study
+of a text-book. The library is the workshop, the best books that have
+been written are the tools; the teacher is the guide, and the pupil's
+mind must do the work.
+
+The objects of the method of instruction outlined in this book are
+two: First, to help the pupil acquire discipline, and to train him
+in those methods of work which he ought to use throughout his college
+course; second, to give the pupil a sufficiently broad and reliable
+knowledge of facts to serve as a basis for his future study of
+constitutional history, politics, etc., and to put these facts into
+such due relation to each other and to commonly accepted opinions
+that they will not have to be re-adjusted when broader knowledge has
+been acquired.
+
+The subject is divided into a series of topics; under each topic
+questions are asked; and after each question references to the best
+accessible authorities are given in abbreviated form, though in such
+a way as to be immediately understood. A space is left after each
+set of references for additional ones to be inserted by the student.
+
+The work was used for three years in manuscript by boys in the fourth
+year below the Freshman class of our best universities; that is to
+say, at the same time with Latin and Geometry or Algebra.
+
+Oliver Emerson Bennett, _Chauncy Hall School, Boston_: I consider
+it a valuable and useful addition to my library, and a great
+assistance in my daily work.
+
+New York Independent: This is a first-rate guide for the student of
+United States History. It puts him on the right lines, shows him what
+to read, and gives him intelligent guidance and direction all through.
+It is hardly possible that a student following this guide should fail
+to come out with a broad and critical command of the subject.
+
+
+
+
+THE BEST HISTORIES.
+
+
+MYERS'S
+Eastern Nations and Greece.--Introduction price, $1.00. With full
+maps, illustrations, and chronological summaries.
+
+"Far more interesting and useful than any other epitome of the kind
+which I have seen."--_Professor Beckwith, Trinity College_.
+
+
+ALLEN'S
+Short History of the Roman People.--Introduction price, $1.00. With
+full maps, illustrations, and chronological synopsis.
+
+"An admirable piece of work."--_Professor Bourne, Adelbert
+College_.
+
+
+MYERS AND ALLEN'S
+Ancient History for Schools and Colleges.--Introduction price,
+$1.50. This consists of Myers's Eastern Nations and Greece and
+Allen's Rome bound together.
+
+
+MYERS'S
+History of Rome.--Introd. price, $1.00. With full maps,
+illustrations, tables, and chronological summaries. This, bound
+with Myers's Eastern Nations and Greece, is MYERS'S Ancient History.
+Price, $1.50.
+
+
+MYERS'S
+Mediaeval and Modern History.--Introduction price, $1.50. With a
+full series of colored maps.
+
+"Sure to be liked by teachers and pupils and by the general
+reader."--_Professor Snow, Washington University_.
+
+
+MYERS'S
+General History.--Introduction price, $1.50. With full maps,
+illustrations, tables, and summaries.
+
+"The best text-book in universal history for beginners that we are
+acquainted with."--_Professor Stearns, University of Wisconsin_.
+
+
+MONTGOMERY'S
+Leading Facts of English History.--Introduction price, $1.12. With
+full maps and tables.
+
+"I have never seen anything at all equal to it for the niche it was
+intended to fill."--_Professor Perry, Williams College_.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:52:38 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:52:38 -0700
commit	12f9132fb070f228eeff8205319d2e57c1cc5ce8 (patch)
tree	22798a426a4bc4d687455d7666517d1dd92f81a7