initial commit of ebook 18012HEADmain

1 files changed, 773 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/18012.txt b/18012.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..413e2f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/18012.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,773 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Transactions of the American Society of
+Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910, by E. B. Temple
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910
+       The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
+       Meadows Division and Harrison Transfer Yard. Paper No. 1153
+
+Author: E. B. Temple
+
+Release Date: March 18, 2006 [EBook #18012]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
+
+INSTITUTED 1852
+
+
+TRANSACTIONS
+
+Paper No. 1153
+
+
+THE NEW YORK TUNNEL EXTENSION OF THE
+PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.
+
+MEADOWS DIVISION AND HARRISON TRANSFER
+YARD.[A]
+
+BY E. B. TEMPLE, M. AM. SOC. C. E.
+
+
+
+The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad diverges from
+the New York Division in the Town of Harrison, N. J., and, ascending on
+a 0.5% grade, crosses over the tracks of the New York Division and the
+main line of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. Thence it
+continues, with light undulating grades, across the Hackensack Meadows
+to a point just east of the Northern Railroad of New Jersey and the New
+York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad, where it descends to the tunnels
+under Bergen Hill and the North River. (Plate XVI.)
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI.--Plan and Profile of the Pennsylvania Tunnel &
+Terminal R. R., from Harrison, N. J., to the Hudson River]
+
+That portion of the line lying west of the portals of the Bergen Hill
+Tunnels has been divided into two sections: First, the most westerly,
+known as the Harrison Transfer Station and Yard (Plate XVII), which is
+located on the southern side of the New York Division, Pennsylvania
+Railroad, and extends from the connection with the New York Division
+tracks at grade up to the point of crossing the same, where the
+Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad has its beginning; second, the
+Meadows Division of the Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad, which
+is a double-track railroad, 5.08 miles long, extending from a point just
+west of the bridge over the New York Division to a point 300 ft. west of
+the western portals of the Bergen Hill Tunnels.
+
+_Harrison Transfer Station and Yard._--The necessities for the Harrison
+improvements are two-fold: First, as a place to change motive power from
+steam to electric, and _vice versa_; second, as a transfer for
+passengers from trains destined to the new Station at Seventh Avenue and
+33d Street, New York City, to steam or rapid transit trains destined to
+the present Jersey City Station, or to the lower part of New York City
+_via_ the Hudson and Manhattan Tunnels, and _vice versa_.
+
+All steam trains from Philadelphia, the South, and the West, from New
+Jersey seashore resorts, and local trains on the New York Division bound
+for the new Pennsylvania Station, will change their motive power from
+steam to electric engines at the Harrison Transfer Station. Likewise,
+all trains from the Tunnel Line will change from electric to steam
+motive power there, and passengers coming from Jersey City and the
+southern section of New York City can take through trains at the
+Harrison Transfer platforms. It is estimated that the time required to
+make this change of motive power, or to transfer passengers, will not
+exceed 3-1/2 min.
+
+The plan at Harrison provides at present for two platforms, each 1,100
+ft. long and 28 ft. wide, and having ample shelters and waiting rooms,
+connected by a 12-ft. tunnel under the tracks, provision being made for
+two additional platforms when necessity requires their construction. The
+platforms are supported on walls of reinforced concrete, with an
+overhang to provide a refuge for employees from passing trains. The
+concrete walls are supported on wooden piles, prevented from spreading
+by 7/8-in. tie-rods at 10-ft. intervals, and embedded in concrete under
+the paving of the platform. As the elevation of the top of the platform
+is +21.83, and the top of the piles is +14.54 above mean tide, the piles
+will, of course, decay; but, as the embankment has been completed for
+some time and is well packed and settled, the concrete being deposited
+directly on the embankment, very little trouble from settlement is
+anticipated when the piles decay. The surface of the platforms, with the
+exception of the edges, is to be of brick, on a concrete base; and, if
+settlement occurs, the bricks can be taken up and re-surfaced. The tops
+of the platforms are 3 ft. 10 in. above the top of the rail and on a
+level with the floors of the cars, so that passengers may enter or leave
+trains without using steps, as all cars which will enter the
+Pennsylvania Station, New York City, are to be provided with vestibules
+having trap-doors in the floor to give access to either high or low
+platforms. Details of the platforms are shown on Plates XVIII and XIX.
+
+As planned at present, there will be four main running tracks, one
+adjacent to each side of the two platforms, providing standing room for
+four of the longest trains, two in each direction, or double the number
+of trains of ordinary length, so that passengers having to transfer from
+a train destined to the Pennsylvania Station at 33d Street to a train
+destined for the Jersey City Station or the Hudson and Manhattan Tunnels
+will merely cross the platform. Between the two interior main tracks are
+two shifting tracks, so that between the platforms there will be two
+passenger tracks on which trains will stop to change motive power and
+transfer passengers, and two shifting tracks for rapid despatching of
+the empty engines and motors, each of the four tracks being 15 ft. from
+center to center to allow for uncoupling and inspection of cars.
+
+An efficient system of connections and cross-overs is provided for all
+tracks, and there is ample storage capacity for 10 steam engines at the
+western end of the platforms and 20 electric motors at the eastern end,
+both of which are conveniently located for quick movement, with
+provision for additional storage tracks, if required. Steam engines,
+upon being disconnected, can be quickly sent to the main engine storage
+yard, and by the use of a loop track no turntable is required. The main
+engine storage yard is located south of the running tracks adjoining the
+bulkhead along the Passaic River, where provision is made for the
+storage of 20 engines. There are two 50,000-gal. water tanks, an
+ash-pit, inspection-pit, work-pit, sand-hopper, and the necessary
+buildings. Water is brought from the city water main in the Meadows
+Yard, on the New York Division, about 8,200 ft. eastward from the center
+of this yard.
+
+It was at first planned to locate a power-house and car and engine
+repair shops in the yard, but as the ultimate extent of the
+electrification of the New York Division cannot now be determined, the
+facilities in the large power-house in Long Island City, and in the shop
+and round-house in the Meadows Yard of the New York Division, were
+increased to provide for the power and repairs necessary for the next
+few years. In order to reach the Meadows shops and round-house without
+interfering with the present passenger and freight tracks, it was
+necessary to build track connections with the Meadows Yard. Twelve
+stalls of the existing round-house were extended to accommodate the
+motive power; a large transfer table and pit were increased in size, and
+an additional ash-pit and engine storage tracks were constructed.
+
+Any extensive repairs to the electric engines will be made for the
+present in the Jamaica Shops, Long Island; and the large shops at
+Trenton, on the New York Division, as well as the Meadows Shops, will be
+available for repairs to the steam locomotives. There is ample room at
+Harrison, and plans have been prepared providing for storage and light
+repair of cars, locomotives, electric motors, and rapid transit trains,
+if the future demands require such construction at this place.
+
+The rapid transit line will extend from Park Place, Newark, to Harrison,
+and thence over the present line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which
+will be electrified, to a junction with the Hudson and Manhattan
+Railroad Company's tunnel tracks at Prior Street, Jersey City. It will
+be constructed and owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. A joint
+and frequent through service will be conducted by both companies between
+Park Place, Newark, and the terminal of the Hudson and Manhattan
+Railroad, in New York City, by the use of multiple-unit trains similar
+to those now being operated in the Hudson and Manhattan tunnels. These
+trains will pick up and discharge Pennsylvania Railroad passengers at
+the Harrison Transfer Station, so that all passengers bound for lower
+New York City, who desire to use the tunnel service, will make the
+change at Harrison instead of at Jersey City as at present. Provision is
+made for two additional platforms, each 1,100 ft. long, to accommodate
+the rapid transit trains when the present platforms prove inadequate.
+The existing passenger tracks between the Harrison Transfer Yard and
+Summit Avenue, Jersey City, where a new local passenger station will be
+constructed, will be used jointly by steam and electric trains.
+
+The embankment for the Harrison Yard was made, under contract dated July
+21st, 1906, with Henry Steers, Incorporated, of New York City, of cellar
+earth from New York City, and with rock and earth excavated from the
+Pennsylvania Station and cross-town tunnels. It was necessary to
+construct 1,000 ft. of stone and crib bulkhead along the bank of the
+Passaic River. The plan of the yard was prepared by a committee of
+operating, electrical, and engineering officers, consisting of Mr. F. L.
+Sheppard, General Superintendent, New Jersey Division, Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company; George Gibbs, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Chief Engineer,
+Electric Traction and Terminal Station Construction, Pennsylvania Tunnel
+and Terminal Railroad Company; Mr. J. A. McCrea, General Superintendent,
+Long Island Railroad Company; Mr. C. S. Krick, Superintendent,
+Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad Company; Mr. A. M. Parker,
+then Principal Assistant Engineer, New Jersey Division, Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company, now Superintendent, Hudson Division; and approved by
+Mr. A. C. Shand, Chief Engineer, Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and
+Chief Engineer, Meadows Division, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal
+Railroad Company.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII.--Plan of Harrison Yard]
+
+_Meadows Division, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad._--The two
+main tracks ascending through the Harrison Yard continue on an
+embankment to a point 500 ft. west of the west abutment of the bridge
+over the New York Division tracks, which is the point of beginning of
+the Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad. From this point the line
+extends in a general northeasterly direction, crossing the Hackensack
+River, skirting the base of Snake Hill, and thence to the approach cut
+to Bergen Hill Tunnels. The embankment varies in height from 25 to 30
+ft. above the surface of the meadows.
+
+In this Division the following bridges were necessary:
+
+     Pennsylvania Railroad, New York Division, Passenger and Newark
+     Freight Tracks;
+
+     Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, Morris and Essex
+     Division;
+
+     Newark and Jersey City Turnpike;
+
+     Public Service Corporation Right of Way;
+
+     Erie Railroad, Newark and Paterson Branch;
+
+     Belleville Road, and Jersey City Water Company's Pipe Line;
+
+     Greenwood Lake Railroad (Erie Railroad), Arlington Branch;
+
+     Hackensack River;
+
+     Greenwood Lake Railroad (Erie Railroad), Reconstructed Line;
+
+     Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, Boonton Branch;
+
+     Erie Railroad, Passenger Tracks;
+
+     Bridge of 11 spans over proposed yard tracks, Erie Railroad;
+
+     County Road;
+
+     Secaucus Road;
+
+     New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad;
+
+     Northern Railroad of New Jersey.
+
+The alignment for this distance consists of 3.57 miles of tangent and
+three curves, two of which are 0 deg. 30' each, one of the latter being at
+the western end of the Division, and the other adjoining Snake Hill; the
+third is a regular curve of 1 deg. 54' on the east-bound track, and a
+compound curve with a maximum of 2 deg. on the west-bound track, the
+variation being due to the track spacing of 37 ft. from center to center
+in the Bergen Hill Tunnels, while on the Meadows Division it is 13 ft.
+from center to center.
+
+The profile was adopted to give 18 ft. of clearance from the under side
+of the bridges to the top of the rail of the Erie Railroad branches, 21
+ft. to the top of the rail of its main line, 19 ft. to the top of the
+rail of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, and a clearance
+of 24 ft. above high water in the Hackensack River. With the exception
+of that portion of the line adjoining the Bergen Hill Tunnels, where it
+was necessary to continue the 1.3% grade up to the bridge over the
+Northern Railroad of New Jersey, and the east-bound ascending grade of
+0.5% from the Harrison platforms to the bridge over the New York
+Division tracks, the grades do not exceed 0.3 per cent.
+
+When the construction of the embankment was commenced, it was expected
+that there would be considerable trouble by settlement due to the
+displacement of the soft material underlying the surface of the meadows
+to a depth of from 10 to 15 ft.; but, with the exception of the trouble
+the contractors had in maintaining their temporary trestles, the
+embankment as completed has settled very little. The section east of the
+Hackensack River was made, in great part, of rock excavated from a
+borrow-pit in the Town of Secaucus, north of the eastern end of the
+Division. The embankment was built under two contracts, one for the work
+east of the crossing of the Boonton Branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna
+and Western Railroad, under contract dated January 15th, 1907, with
+H. S. Kerbaugh, Incorporated, the material being taken from the
+borrow-pit in narrow-gauge cars and dumped from a strong pile trestle
+along the total length of the section, the same being completed in 19
+months; the other for the embankment west of the Boonton Branch,
+Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, under contract dated April
+10th, 1906, with Henry Steers, Incorporated, of New York City, the
+material, consisting partly of cellar earth, and partly of rock and
+earth excavated from other sections of the Pennsylvania Tunnel and
+Terminal Railroad, being brought on scows up the Hackensack and Passaic
+Rivers from New York City. The material was handled expeditiously from
+the scows by orange-peel buckets operated from the shore, deposited in
+standard-gauge dump-cars, and transported by locomotives at one time
+used on the elevated railroads in New York City. No excavation whatever
+was required on the Meadows Division or in the Harrison Yard.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.--Details of Shelters and Platforms, Harrison
+Transfer Station.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX.--Details of Shelters and Platforms, Harrison
+Transfer Station.]
+
+The substructures for all the bridges, except the Hackensack River
+Draw-bridge, are of concrete, without reinforcement, heavy enough to
+withstand the ordinary earth pressure for the exposed height. With the
+exception of three bridges, foundations were built on clay and sand;
+these three, on account of excessive depth of soft material, were built
+on piles. In some cases loose stone was deposited back of the
+foundations for a width of 10 or 12 ft. after the mud had been removed.
+This precaution has prevented trouble due to the thrust of the high
+embankments on the saturated material. Masonry for all these bridges was
+constructed under contract dated August 21st, 1905, with McMullen and
+McDermott, of New York City. The superstructure consisted principally of
+half-through girders, floor of I-beams, filled solid with concrete, on
+top of which were placed five layers of Hydrex felt, and water-proofing
+compound, protected by a layer of sand and grouted brick from the stone
+ballast.
+
+The bridges over the New York Division passenger and Newark freight
+tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the main-line tracks of the
+Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, at the west end of the
+Meadows Division, are separated by 300 ft. of embankment. The skew angle
+is 9 deg., the total length of each bridge being about 450 ft. The floors
+consist of I-beams embedded in concrete.
+
+The Hackensack River Draw-bridge consists of six spans of deck plate
+girders, each 110 ft. long, and a draw-span 300 ft. long, operated by
+two 70-h.p. electric motors. The masonry was constructed under contract
+dated August 25th, 1905, with the Drake and Stratton Company, of
+Philadelphia; and the steelwork was furnished and erected by the
+Pennsylvania Steel Company, of Steelton, Pa. An important and
+interesting feature of the draw-bridge is the lift rail, and new
+rail-locking device. Mitered rails are used, with sufficient opening
+between the ends to prevent binding at times of expansion. It was deemed
+advisable that the mitered joint should occur on the abutment, or fixed
+span, instead of at the opening at the end of the draw. The lift rail,
+therefore, was a necessity; and the design, as shown on Plate XX, was
+perfected. It consists of lift-rails, 8 ft. 4 in. long, moving
+vertically 8 in. at the free end, reinforced on both sides by sliding
+steel castings, which are lifted with the rail; when the latter is
+dropped in place, the wedges on the castings engage at the abutment and
+heel joints and at one intermediate point in dove-tailed wedge seats,
+insuring tight contact with the rail, and absolute fastening to the deck
+of the bridge. The objection to the ordinary lift-rail, which in
+lowering must make its own joint by seating in tight boxes, has been
+that any slight deviation from a true line would prevent the rail from
+seating itself properly. This objection has been entirely overcome in
+this design, by allowing liberal clearance on all seats, and securing
+rigidity by the sliding bars and wedges which are connected with the
+inter-locking system, so that it is impossible for a clear signal to be
+given unless the lift-rails and wedges are in their proper positions.
+This device has been operated successfully on the New York and Long
+Branch Railroad bridge over Raritan Bay for the last 18 months.
+
+Each of the two main tracks on the Meadows Division, and all the main
+tracks in the Harrison Transfer Yard, are of standard construction, with
+Pennsylvania Section, 1909, 100-lb., open-hearth steel rails, and stone
+ballast. Every fifth tie is made 9 ft. 5 in. long, to carry the third
+rail for the electric current, and all joints of the running rails are
+bonded for the same purpose. Track-laying on the Meadows, and in
+Harrison Transfer Yard, has been done under contract dated April 26th,
+1909, with Henry Steers, Incorporated, of New York City.
+
+Samuel Rea, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Second Vice-President, Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company, is the executive officer under whose direction the
+work has been carried on. Mr. William H. Brown, Chief Engineer,
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and Chief Engineer of the Meadows
+Division, also a Member of the Board of Consulting Engineers for the
+tunnel extension, until his retirement by age limit on February 28th,
+1906, located and started the construction of the line from Harrison to
+the western portals of the Bergen Hill Tunnels, which latter point was
+the westernmost limit of authority of the Board of Consulting Engineers.
+Mr. A. C. Shand succeeded Mr. Brown as Chief Engineer of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and as Chief Engineer of the Meadows
+Division, with the writer, who was Assistant Chief Engineer of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and had been closely associated with Mr.
+Brown at the time of the location of the line and its earlier period of
+construction. H. E. Leonard, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Engineer of Bridges and
+Buildings, Pennsylvania Railroad Company, designed the Hackensack River
+Bridge, the superstructures of the other bridges, and the rail-locking
+device on the Hackensack River Draw-bridge. The surveys and construction
+of the Meadows Division and of the Harrison Transfer Yard have been in
+charge of Mr. William C. Bowles, Engineer of Construction.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XX, FIG. 1.--LIFT RAIL AND LOCKING DEVICE, DRAW
+PARTLY OPEN.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XX, FIG. 2.--LIFT RAIL AND LOCKING DEVICE, DRAW
+CLOSED.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote A: Presented at the meeting of June 1st, 1910.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Transactions of the American Society
+of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910, by E. B. Temple
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18012.txt or 18012.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/0/1/18012/
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Sigal Alon and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+