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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Young Peoples' History of the War with Spain, by 
+Prescott Holmes
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Young Peoples' History of the War with Spain
+
+Author: Prescott Holmes
+
+Release Date: March 15, 2006 [EBook #17993]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YOUNG PEOPLES' HISTORY OF ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+  YOUNG PEOPLES' HISTORY
+  OF THE
+  WAR WITH SPAIN
+
+
+  BY
+  PRESCOTT HOLMES
+
+
+  WITH EIGHTY-SIX ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  ALTEMUS' YOUNG PEOPLE'S LIBRARY
+
+
+  Copyright 1900 by Henry Altemus Company
+
+  PHILADELPHIA
+  HENRY ALTEMUS COMPANY
+
+
+  [Illustration: (Decorative Frame)]
+
+
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE OF MANILA FROM THE DECK OF THE PETREL.]
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY.
+
+[Illustration: (Battle at sea)]
+
+
+The brief war between the United States and Spain was the outgrowth of
+the humanity of the American people and their love of fair play. They
+did not stand idly by when Spain was literally starving the people of
+Cuba into subjection to her will, but freely and generously sent food,
+medicine and clothing to the sufferers.
+
+When Spain's cruelty to the Cubans became intolerable to the civilized
+world, the United States intervened in the name of humanity and right,
+and demanded that the oppression should cease. Spain resented this,
+and the war followed.
+
+Much has been said and written regarding our conduct of the war, and
+the grave scandals that arose from it; but it is not the purpose of
+this volume to discuss these other than to say that, the work of the
+navy was clean and beyond question, while it is clear to every one
+that there was gross mismanagement on the part of army officials.
+
+The army performed as splendid achievements as the navy, but did it
+under much greater difficulties. Regulars and volunteers fought side
+by side, and equally deserve our praise; but they were corralled in
+filthy camps, stowed between the dirty decks of crowded transports,
+and despatched to Cuba in a manner of which a cattle shipper would be
+ashamed. They were flung against the ingenious defences of the
+Spaniards, cold, wet and hungry, and to their indomitable spirit alone
+we owe the victories in Cuba.
+
+The boys and girls of America cannot fail to be deeply interested in
+the story of the splendid deeds of our army and navy in the year of
+our Lord 1898, and it is for them that this history has been prepared.
+
+[Illustration: (Soldiers encampment)]
+
+
+
+YOUNG PEOPLES' HISTORY OF THE WAR WITH SPAIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE CAUSE OF THE WAR.
+
+[Illustration: (Battle at sea)]
+
+
+On April 21st, 1898, a war began between the United States and Spain.
+All the other countries of the world felt an interest in it, but did
+not take any part in it. They were what we call "neutral"--that is,
+they did not help either side.
+
+As soon as the war was proclaimed a great wave of excitement swept
+through the United States, from shore to shore. Flags were hung out in
+every city and town; thousands of men offered to serve in the
+army--volunteers they were called; and many persons offered to help in
+other ways. The people were not glad that war had begun, but they felt
+that their country was doing right, and that they ought to support her
+efforts.
+
+And what was the cause of the war? Spain, a large country across the
+Atlantic Ocean, in the southwestern part of Europe, owned some of the
+islands, called "West Indies," near the United States. Spain had been
+unjust and cruel to the people living in one of these islands, for
+many years. Several times the unhappy islanders tried to drive the
+Spanish from the island, and set up a government of their own, but
+Spain sent so many soldiers there that they could not get their
+freedom. They fought bravely, however, but matters kept getting worse
+and worse, and at last Spain sent a very cruel general to take charge
+of affairs in the island. His name was Weyler, and he determined to
+conquer the islanders. After a while he found he could not do it by
+fighting them, so he sent his soldiers to drive those who were not
+fighting away from their homes and farms and make them live in or near
+the large cities. When he had done this, the people had no way to earn
+money to buy food for themselves and their families, and soon they
+began to get sick and to die of starvation. The cruel Weyler would not
+give them anything to eat, and so they died by thousands.
+
+[Illustration: Cuban Flag.]
+
+When this dreadful state of affairs became known in the United
+States, kind people sent several ship-loads of food and medicines and
+clothing to the sufferers. This did a great deal of good, but all the
+poor people could not be reached and they continued to die. Finally,
+the United States told Spain that she ought not to have such a cruel
+man at the head of affairs, and after a while Spain sent another
+general to take his place. This new governor's name was Blanco, and he
+really tried to help the poor people, but Spain had very little money
+to send him to buy food for them, and so they went on dying. The
+soldiers, too, were in a very bad condition; they had not been paid
+for a great many months; they did not have enough to eat, and so they
+too sickened and died by thousands. You can see that unless something
+was done to help the poor people, they would all die and their
+beautiful island would become a wilderness.
+
+Besides being very proud, Spain was very poor. She had spent millions
+of dollars trying to conquer the islanders, and had no money to buy
+food for the sufferers that she had driven from their homes and
+huddled like cattle in yards and gloomy inclosures. So she asked the
+United States to help feed them, and the Red Cross Society, of which I
+will tell you later, sent hundreds of tons of food, medicines and
+clothing to them. These supplies were distributed by competent
+persons, and the relief was very great, but very soon some of the
+Spaniards began to say that the United States had no business to
+interfere in the affairs of the island, and to stir up the people.
+The feeling became so strong that our representative, Consul-General
+Lee, notified the authorities in the United States that, the lives and
+property of American citizens living in the island were not safe. It
+was for this reason that the battleship Maine was sent to Havana, the
+chief city of the island. I will tell you about this ship later.
+
+[Illustration: President McKinley.]
+
+Well, in spite of all that the United States had done to help Spain,
+matters grew worse, and finally the United States was obliged to tell
+Spain that, unless she took her soldiers away from the island and let
+the people govern themselves, she would help them to become a free and
+independent nation. When Spain received this message, she regarded it
+as a declaration of war, and both sides prepared for the conflict.
+
+But before telling you about the war, shall I tell you something about
+the island and the group to which it belongs?
+
+[Illustration: Map of the West Indies.]
+
+The island is called Cuba. It belongs to a large group of islands
+known as the West Indies; a changed form of the old name, West Indias,
+given by Christopher Columbus, who thought that by sailing westward he
+had reached islands off the shore of India. If you look on a map of
+the Western Hemisphere, you will find the West Indies between the
+Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
+
+Most of these islands are high and rocky, seeming like a chain of
+mountains in the ocean, with their tops above the waves. They are in
+the tropical regions, and the climate is very hot in the lowlands and
+on the coasts, but is delightful in the high parts all the year round.
+There are only two seasons--wet and dry. The rainy season begins in
+the spring or early summer, and lasts about six months.
+
+What grows in these islands? Delicious fruits: mangoes, oranges,
+cocoanuts, limes, pineapples, and bananas; many other valuable crops:
+coffee, tobacco, maize, rice, sugar-cane, and cotton; immense forests
+of mahogany and other valuable trees. This beautiful vegetation makes
+these lands fair to look upon. Then, too, there are many birds with
+gorgeous plumage. The islands have gold, silver, copper, and iron
+mines; there are quarries of marble; and some kinds of precious stones
+are found.
+
+But this region is not a paradise. Snakes and other horrid things
+crawl among the beautiful trees and foliage, and poisonous insects
+swarm in every place. Earthquake shocks are often felt, and fearful
+hurricanes sweep over the islands nearly every year, doing much
+damage.
+
+A gentle race of Indians dwelt in these islands at the time of their
+discovery, but the Spanish settlers treated the natives so cruelly
+that after a few years they had ceased to exist. Many of the Indians
+were sent to Spain and other countries and sold as slaves; the rest
+were made to work in the mines, and as the Indians had never been used
+to such work, they died from the hard labor. In later times some of
+the islands were bought from Spain, others were captured, others were
+gained by treaty, by the nations to whom they now belong.
+
+At the beginning of the war between the United States and Spain, in
+1898, Cuba, as I have already said, belonged to Spain. Spain owned
+another large island, Puerto Rico, which we call Porto Rico, a name
+meaning "rich port." But I need not say anything more about Porto Rico
+at present.
+
+[Illustration: King Alfonso.]
+
+Cuba is the largest and most valuable of the West India Islands. It
+was discovered by Columbus about two weeks after his first landing at
+San Salvador. According to his custom, he gave it a Spanish name, but
+somehow the old name clung to it, and to-day the whole world knows the
+island by its native Indian name, Cuba. On account of its position, it
+is often called the "Key to the Gulf of Mexico;" and Havana, the
+capital, has a key upon its coat of arms. Cuba looks very small upon
+our maps, yet it contains nearly as much land as the State of
+Pennsylvania.
+
+[Illustration: Queen Regent of Spain.]
+
+Perhaps I should tell you just here that Spain is a kingdom. Its
+ruler, King Alfonso XII., died in 1885. His widow, Queen Christina,
+has ruled since then, but her son will be crowned king as soon as he
+is old enough. The "little king," as he is often called, was twelve
+years old when this war began. Christina is a good and noble woman,
+and it is not her fault that the people in distant islands have been
+badly treated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE "MAINE."
+
+
+Before the United States joined in the war, the Cubans had succeeded
+in driving the Spaniards out of many places in the eastern part of the
+island, but could not get possession of the western part and the chief
+harbors. We have seen that the war between the United States and Spain
+began in April, 1898. But, two months before that time something
+happened in the harbor of Havana, the capital of Cuba, which caused
+terrible excitement in our country. You must understand that many
+persons belonging to the United States have business in Cuba, own
+property there, and even live there. Though these Americans did not
+take part with the Cubans against Spain, yet it seemed sometimes as if
+they were in danger on account of the disturbance in the island. So
+our country decided to send one of our battleships--a man-of-war--to
+stay awhile in the chief harbor of Cuba, so that the Americans might
+feel safer by having such a ship to help them if they should need
+help, as I have told you. Spain made no objections to this plan, and
+said she would send a ship in return to visit New York. The ship
+chosen from our navy was the Maine, commanded by Captain Sigsbee. On
+January 25th, early in the morning of a bright warm day, the Maine,
+with all her colors flying, and with all her men dressed in their best
+clothes, drew near the harbor of Havana. A Spanish pilot went out to
+meet her, took her carefully through the narrow entrance to the fine
+harbor, and anchored her near some other ships. Though the entrance is
+narrow, yet the harbor itself is large enough to accommodate a
+thousand ships. The entrance is guarded by several fortresses, one of
+which, called "Morro Castle," is nearly three hundred years old. It
+stands on a high point of land, and for this reason is called "Morro,"
+a name that means in Spanish, headland, or promontory.
+
+[Illustration: U.S. Battleship "Maine."]
+
+[Illustration: Morro Castle, Havana.]
+
+No doubt the place seemed very attractive to the men on board the
+Maine that bright sunny morning. The new part of Havana is pretty, the
+old part is quaint and interesting. There are a number of famous
+buildings, one of which is the Cathedral, where the remains of
+Columbus were treasured at that time, but they have since been removed
+to Spain. All the buildings are low, for low buildings are the fashion
+in countries that are subject to earthquakes; they are built of
+stone, and generally adorned with bright colors. There are wide
+avenues, and large parks and gardens.
+
+If you should visit Havana, you would see many curious sights. All the
+houses, hotels and stores have iron-barred windows, which gives one
+the impression that the inmates are confined there. Many houses have
+large gates which open into beautiful gardens and court yards. Some of
+the streets have very funny names, such as "Ladies' Delight," and "Fat
+Stick," when the Spanish names are translated into our language; and
+they have bright-colored awnings stretched across, from side to side.
+
+The fish market is one of the most noted buildings in the city. It has
+one long marble table running the entire length of the building, which
+has one end open to the harbor. Poultry and fruits are brought to the
+doors of the houses in baskets which are carried on donkeys or the
+little horses of the country. Often you can see what looks like a
+large bunch of grass, slowly moving over the pavements, but as it gets
+nearer you will see the head of a donkey sticking out of one side,
+while his tail alone is visible on the other side. This is the way
+that food for horses and mules is brought into the city; no hay is
+used, only green feed. The milkman does not call at the house, as with
+us, but instead drives his cow up to the door and supplies you direct
+from her with as much milk as you wish to buy. Charcoal is almost the
+only fuel used in cooking, and the ranges look like benches placed
+against the walls with holes in the tops of them. But we must return
+to the battleship Maine.
+
+[Illustration: Columbus Chapel, Havana.]
+
+There was no special work for the Maine to do; she was simply to stay
+in the harbor till further orders. The Spanish officers called on
+Captain Sigsbee, and he returned their visits, according to the rules
+that naval officers of all countries are bound to observe. Yet it was
+easy for the men of the Maine to see that they were not welcome
+guests. The Maine had twenty-six officers, and a crew of three hundred
+and twenty-eight men. With her guns, ammunition, and other valuable
+stores, she was worth $5,000,000. She had been three years in service,
+having left the Brooklyn navy-yard in November, 1895.
+
+The evening of February 10th, 1898, was dark and sultry. At eight
+o'clock Captain Sigsbee received the reports from the different
+officers of the ship that every thing was secure for the night. At ten
+minutes after nine the bugler sounded "taps," the signal for "turning
+in," and soon the ship was quiet. At forty minutes after nine a sharp
+explosion was heard, then a loud, long, roaring sound, mingled with
+the noise of falling timbers; the electric lights went out, the ship
+was lifted up, and then she began to sink. The Captain and some of the
+other officers groped their way to the deck, hardly knowing what had
+happened. They could do nothing; the ship was sinking fast, and was on
+fire in several places.
+
+The force of the explosion was so great that it threw Captain Sigsbee
+out of his cabin, where he sat writing a letter, and against William
+Anthony, a marine who was on duty as a sentry. As coolly as though
+nothing had happened, Anthony saluted the Captain and then said:
+
+"Sir, I have the honor to inform you that the ship has been blown up
+and is sinking."
+
+[Illustration: Captain Charles D. Sigsbee.]
+
+Small boats came out from the other ships, and rescued many men from
+the Maine. The Spaniards helped the sufferers in every possible way,
+taking them to the hospitals in Havana, where they received the best
+care that the hospitals could give.
+
+In that awful destruction of the Maine, two officers and two hundred
+and fifty-four of the crew were lost. Several of those who were
+rescued, died afterward.
+
+The next day divers went down into the water to see what they could
+find in the wreck, and nineteen dead bodies were brought up. The
+Spanish officers of Havana asked Captain Sigsbee to permit the city to
+give the a public funeral; and a plot of ground in Colón Cemetery,
+outside the city, was given to the United States free of expense
+forever. The day of the funeral all the flags were put at "half mast,"
+as a sign of mourning, and the stores were closed. Crowds of people
+joined the long funeral procession.
+
+In the latter part of the year 1899, however, the Maine dead were
+brought from Havana by the battleship Texas, then commanded by Captain
+Sigsbee, formerly of the Maine. They were laid away in Arlington
+Cemetery, near Washington, on December 28th, with simple religious
+services and the honors of war, in the presence of the President of
+the United States and his Cabinet, officers of the army and navy, and
+many other spectators.
+
+Besides Captain Sigsbee and Father Chidwick, who was chaplain of the
+Maine at the time she was blown up, three others who lived through
+that awful night were present. They were Lieutenant Commander
+Wainwright, who was the executive officer of the Maine and who
+afterwards sank the Furor and Pluton at Santiago; Lieutenant F.C.
+Bowers, formerly assistant engineer of the Maine; and Jeremiah Shea, a
+fireman of the Maine, who was blown out of the stoke-hole of the ship
+through the wreckage.
+
+[Illustration: Wreck of the "Maine."]
+
+After three volleys had been fired over the dead, and the bugles had
+rung out the soldiers' and sailors' last good night, Captain Sigsbee
+introduced Shea to President McKinley. Being asked for an explanation
+of his escape, he responded, as he had done to Father Chidwick when
+he visited him in the hospital in Havana, where he lay covered with
+wounds and bruises, and with nearly every bone in his body broken:
+
+"I don't know how I got through. I was blown out. I guess I must have
+been an armor-piercing projectile!"
+
+The work of saving the guns and other valuable things on the Maine was
+carried on for some time. Among other things that the divers recovered
+was a splendid silver service that had been presented to the ship by
+the state of Maine. The keys to the magazines were found in their
+proper places in the captain's cabin, and his money and papers were
+also recovered. Finally, it was found that the hull of the great ship
+could not be raised, and in April the United States flag, that had
+been kept flying above the wreck since the night of the fatal
+explosion, was hauled down and the ship formally declared out of
+commission.
+
+Of course, the awful disaster caused deep sorrow in the United States.
+There was great excitement also, for many persons thought that some of
+the Spaniards had wrecked the Maine on purpose. The harbor was full of
+"mines" or immense iron shells filled with stuff that will explode.
+All countries at war protect their harbors in this way.
+
+President McKinley appointed men to examine the wreck and find out all
+they could about the explosion. They found that the ship was destroyed
+by a "mine," but could not prove that the Spaniards had purposely
+caused the "mine" to explode.
+
+[Illustration: Captain-General's Palace, Havana.]
+
+So there will always be a mystery connected with the horrible
+destruction of the Maine.
+
+On April 10th, Consul-General Lee and such Americans as wished to do
+so, left Havana and returned to the United States. From that time on,
+it seemed to the people of the United States that war with Spain was
+inevitable, and preparations for it were carried on rapidly. On April
+19th--which, by the way, was the anniversary of the first battle of
+the war of the Revolution and also of the Civil War--Congress declared
+that the United States must interfere in the affairs of Cuba and help
+the Cubans to become a free and prosperous people. This declaration
+was signed by President McKinley on the following day, and then our
+minister to Spain, Mr. Woodford, was instructed to tell the Spanish
+government what had been done, and also what would be done, if Spain
+did not promise before the 23d to withdraw her soldiers from Cuba and
+give up the island to the Cubans.
+
+The message was sent by one of the submarine cables which connects
+America with Europe, and the operator who received it told the Spanish
+officials about it before sending it to its destination. So, before
+Mr. Woodford could deliver his message, the Spanish government sent
+him his passports, which was a polite hint to leave the country, and
+he did so, at once. This action on the part of Spain was virtually a
+declaration of war, and was so regarded by the President and the
+people of this country. On the 22d, a blockade of Cuban ports was
+established by the navy, and a Spanish ship was captured.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE BLOCKADE.
+
+
+I have already told you that the Cubans, in their rebellion, had
+driven the Spaniards out of many places in Cuba, but had not been able
+to get possession of the chief harbors. So now it was thought best
+that our ships should blockade the large harbors of Cuba. Do you know
+what blockade means? It means to surround a place held by the enemy,
+and stay there, doing any damage that can be done, cutting the enemy
+off from outside help, and so, in time, if he is not strong enough to
+break the blockade, he must surrender, as his supply of food will give
+out.
+
+[Illustration: Rear-Admiral Sampson.]
+
+On the morning of April 22d, a squadron under the command of Acting
+Rear-Admiral Sampson sailed from Key West to establish a blockade of
+the most important Cuban ports. The ships which were to be stationed
+off Havana reached that port on the same day; others were sent to
+different ports along the coast, and so the blockade was begun.
+
+All kinds of vessels were employed in this blockading service. There
+were huge battleships, splendid cruisers, and gunboats that could go
+into shallower waters than the large ships. There were also
+monitors--immense fighting machines with decks but a little height
+above the water and big guns in circular turrets. Then there were
+torpedo boats--very swift vessels armed with deadly torpedoes, any one
+of which could sink the largest ship afloat.
+
+Some of our large passenger steamships had been appropriated by the
+Government for war service, and did good work for the blockade, as
+they can move very fast. They flew about from place to place as
+"scouts" or "spies"; they carried messages; they cut the Spanish
+cables under water, and were useful in other ways.
+
+The gunboat Nashville sailed from Key West with the squadron, and
+before the sun had fairly risen she saw the smoke of a steamer away
+off to the westward. She gave chase at once, and, as the vessels drew
+near, the stranger was flying the flag of Spain. The Nashville fired a
+shot across her bows, and this was the first shot in the war between
+the United States and Spain. The Spaniard was not inclined to stop,
+and it required another shot before she would stop her engines. The
+Nashville sent an officer in a boat to inform the steamer that she was
+a prize to the United States. She was found to be a Spanish
+merchantman, the Buena Ventura, and was sent in charge of a prize-crew
+to Key West. During the next thirty days, many other Spanish ships,
+with cargoes worth millions of dollars, were captured by different
+vessels of the navy. A few were released, but the larger part were
+condemned by a prize-court and sold.
+
+The first action of the war was a small affair, but I shall mention
+it, as it was much talked about at the time. It took place on April
+27th, a few days after our ships had begun the blockade. The Spaniards
+were building new forts at Matanzas, a port about sixty miles east of
+Havana. With the exception of Havana, Matanzas has the finest harbor
+on the northern coast of Cuba. The city itself lies between two small
+rivers and contains many beautiful homes. The houses are often
+decorated with colored tiles, and with their luxuriant gardens make a
+charming picture against the background of hills that rise beyond the
+beautiful valley of the Yumurri, which is one of the loveliest spots
+in Cuba. In times of peace the exports of sugar and molasses from
+Matanzas have been very large, but the Cuban army burned many of the
+finest plantations in the district.
+
+The ships that engaged the new forts that the Spaniards were adding to
+the castle of San Severino and other defences of Matanzas, were the
+flagship New York, the monitor Puritan, and the cruiser Cincinnati.
+The Spaniards fired the first gun, and then the New York took up a
+position between two batteries and delivered broadsides right and
+left. Then the Puritan's big guns came into play, and then the
+Cincinnati poured a stream of shells into the forts. It did not take
+long to knock the Spanish defences into sand-heaps--only about half an
+hour--and then the American ships stood out to sea. As they were doing
+so, the Spaniards fired one more shot. The Puritan had the range and
+sent a twelve-inch shell in reply. It was one of the best shots of the
+war. It struck the Spanish gun fairly, dismounted it, and then burst,
+throwing the sand high in the air. The Spanish account of the
+engagement stated that no damage whatever was done, except the killing
+of one mule!
+
+Great excitement and great anxiety were caused by the news that a
+large and powerful fleet was coming from Spain. Our Government could
+not tell whether these ships would come to a Spanish port in the West
+Indies, or whether they would attack one of our large cities on the
+Atlantic coast. We had not ships enough to protect all our ports as
+well as to blockade Cuba, so much care was needed to make good plans,
+and our naval officers were kept busy. It was most important to watch
+for the Spanish ships.
+
+[Illustration: The "Cape Verde" Fleet.]
+
+The "Cape Verde" fleet, as the Spanish ships were called, troubled the
+Navy Department of the United States day and night. They knew that it
+sailed from the Cape Verde Islands in the latter part of April, but
+that was about all they did know regarding it. At last it was seen off
+the Island of Martinique and then it was lost again. It was next heard
+from at Curacoa, an island in the Caribbean Sea, off the north coast
+of Venezuela, but before the American ships could reach it, the
+Spanish admiral had coaled and provisioned his ships at Willemstad,
+the chief city on the island, and was off again to sea.
+
+[Illustration: U.S. Battleship "Oregon."]
+
+There was some reason to think that the Spanish fleet might catch our
+great battleship Oregon, coming as fast as it could to the Eastern
+Coast. I must take time to tell you about the Oregon. Shortly before
+the war began, the Oregon was in the Pacific Ocean; but when she
+received a message to come to an Atlantic port, to be ready for war
+with Spain, she took coal at San Francisco and started--March 19th--on
+her long voyage. She went south through the Pacific Ocean, east
+through the Strait of Magellan, and then turned northward into the
+Atlantic Ocean. Then the closest watch was kept for the enemy; the
+guns were always ready, the lights were covered every night. Though
+Captain Clark did not know that war had really begun before that time,
+still he knew that there was danger. On May 24th the Oregon arrived at
+a port in Florida, having come 14,000 miles, through all kinds of
+weather, in two months' time, without breaking anything about the
+ship. So the Spaniards did not catch the Oregon, but later in the year
+she helped to catch them.
+
+[Illustration: Captain Charles E. Clark.]
+
+When the Oregon arrived at. Jupiter Inlet, Florida, she was as able
+to fight or to run as on the day she was put into commission. When she
+left San Francisco she had nine hundred tons of coal on board. During
+the voyage she consumed almost four thousand tons. Callao was the
+first port where the Oregon stopped. From there she ran down the
+Pacific coast, and after passing through the straits sailed up the
+eastern coast of South America to Rio Janeiro, where she was notified
+by the American consul that the United States and Spain were really at
+war. There were now two other American warships at Rio. The gunboat
+Marietta had joined the Oregon near the straits, and the Buffalo,
+which the United States had bought from Brazil, was waiting for them
+at Rio. I will let Captain Clark tell you the story of the remainder
+of the voyage, in his own way:
+
+"Several long cablegrams were exchanged between the Government and
+myself. Nothing whatever in the way of instructions was issued that
+would hamper me or in any way abridge my responsibility for bringing
+the Oregon home. We sailed from Rio on May 4. I decided, when we had
+been at sea a little while, to leave the Buffalo and the Marietta to
+shift for themselves. They were so slow that I feared the Oregon might
+be late in arriving where she was most needed. I left these ships off
+Cape Frio, one hundred miles above Rio, after signaling them, 'Come to
+Bahia, or run ashore if attacked by overwhelming force.' I reached
+Bahia on the 8th, but we were told to 'Come on.' We sailed next
+morning, and this run to Barbadoes was the most thrilling of the
+entire voyage. We steamed absolutely without a light.
+
+"Indeed, the entire trip from Sandy Point to Jupiter Inlet was a
+lightless voyage. In pitchlike darkness we drove along at our highest
+speed--seeing lights many times, but always avoiding the ships that
+bore them. We were out of court. We had no right of way without a
+light. Even if we met a vessel on our port, we gave way.
+
+"Night and day the men stood at the guns. Not for a single moment was
+vigilance relaxed. The strain on the men was terrible. For four days
+at a time hammocks were never strung. Watch and watch about, the men
+lay beside the guns, sound asleep, while the men on duty stood
+silently above them. All the lookouts were doubled and changed with
+unusual frequency.
+
+"Barbadoes was reached just before daylight, May 18, and after rushing
+two hundred and fifty tons of coal aboard, we sailed the same evening.
+Still the orders read, 'Come on.' From our consul I learned that
+Cervera's fleet was at Martinique, just to the north of us. This fleet
+had been extolled for speed and fighting qualities. I am not a rash
+man. I was not looking for that fleet. The situation seemed critical.
+Sailing just before dark, I headed northwest, apparently into the
+heart of the Caribbean Sea. This information, I have no doubt, was
+promptly communicated to Admiral Cervera. But as soon as the darkness
+of a moonless night had thoroughly set in, I changed the course to due
+south; and ran below Barbadoes and thence far to the eastward before
+I took the Oregon to the northward. We thus passed far to sea east of
+Martinique, and eventually turned into the north Atlantic beyond St.
+Thomas. I carefully avoided the Windward Channel and the shallow
+waters of the Bahamas.
+
+"I didn't know where the Department wanted to use me. I was in the
+dark as to the location of the two fleets. I knew one had been at
+Hampton Roads and another at Key West, and the charts told me that
+Jupiter Inlet was in telegraphic reach of all points on the coast.
+From that place I had coal enough to make the run to either of the two
+fleets."
+
+With scarcely a day's delay, the Oregon joined the North Atlantic
+Squadron, in Cuban waters, and was one of the vessels under Commodore
+Schley when that officer trapped the Spanish fleet in the harbor of
+Santiago.
+
+When we think of the officers and men on the decks of a warship, we
+must not forget the force of men below the decks. The engineers,
+firemen and stokers do as good work, and are entitled to as much
+praise, as the fighting force above. In battle they are kept under the
+hatches, and, as a rule, never know of the progress or the result of a
+fight until it closes. They work in a temperature of from one hundred
+to one hundred and fifty degrees, by half-hour stretches. The roaring
+furnaces make the fire-rooms almost beyond a man's power to endure,
+and we should give a great deal of our praise to the brave fellows who
+make the power that moves the ship.
+
+[Illustration: The Men Who Make the Power.]
+
+You know that we saw in the first chapter, that Spain owned another
+large island some miles east of Cuba--an island called Porto Rico.
+
+This island was sighted by Columbus on November 16, 1493, and, three
+days later, he anchored in one of its bays. In 1510, and again a year
+later, Ponce de Leon visited the island and established a settlement,
+to which he gave the name of San Juan Bautista. Spain did not always
+hold it peaceably, however, for at different times the Dutch and the
+English tried to take it from her. The people of the island used to be
+terribly annoyed by pirates and buccaneers, but that was a long time
+ago.
+
+The Spanish used to call San Juan the "Rich Port of John the Baptist,"
+and it was a great source of profit to them for nearly four hundred
+years. Ponce is the largest city in the island, but San Juan has the
+advantage of a large, protected harbor. Like Havana and Santiago, San
+Juan has its Morro Castle, and within its walls are the buildings of a
+small military town,--houses for troops, a chapel, bake-house, and
+guard-room, with dungeons down by the sea, and underneath it.
+
+[Illustration: Palace and Sea-wall, San Juan, Porto Rico.]
+
+The city of San Juan lies upon an island connected with the mainland
+by a bridge and a causeway. The streets are narrow, the houses are
+low, mostly of a single story, and are built in the old-fashioned
+Spanish style, with thick walls around the courtyard. The fronts are
+ugly and are painted all sorts of brilliant colors--pink, blue,
+purple and yellow. There are heavy shutters in the windows for
+protection, but there are no panes of glass in the town. Behind the
+gloomy walls are splendid gardens and courtyards, with splashing
+fountains, shaded by palms. The city contains a cathedral, a theatre,
+a city hall, the Governor-General's palace, and several fine churches,
+and in the center is quite a large park, with concrete walks and
+seats, as with us. There is no turf, however. All around this park the
+market women gather every morning, selling poultry, eggs, vegetables
+and flowers, and in the evening there is music by a military band.
+
+It was thought that the Spanish fleet, which had caused our Government
+so much anxiety, might go to San Juan, the capital of the island, and
+so, before the Oregon arrived, and before any of the Spanish ships had
+been seen, Admiral Sampson took some of his vessels from Cuba to Porto
+Rico in hope of meeting Admiral Cervera, the Spanish commander, and
+his fleet. Our ships reached San Juan in the evening of May 11th, but
+could see nothing of the Spanish ships. Next morning our ships fired
+upon the forts guarding the harbor, to try the strength of the enemy.
+But finding the forts stronger than he thought they were, Admiral
+Sampson drew off his fleet. He could not spare the time, or spend his
+powder and shells, upon San Juan then. The important thing to do was
+to find the Spanish fleet. So Admiral Sampson again sailed toward
+Havana.
+
+The two ports on the northern coast of Cuba that seemed most likely to
+attract the Spanish fleet were Havana and Matanzas. There was one port
+on the southern coast that seemed to be a good one for the Spanish
+fleet--the port of Cienfuegos. So our ships continued the blockade of
+Havana and Matanzas, and now Commodore Schley was sent with several
+vessels to watch Cienfuegos.
+
+The city of Cienfuegos is situated some distance back from the sea, in
+a harbor which winds and twists about between high hills, completely
+obscuring it from ships a little distance from the shore. The word
+Cienfuegos means "a hundred fires." Close by the water's edge there
+stood a cable-house, where one end of a submarine cable, which reached
+to Santiago, some three hundred miles to the eastward, was secured. On
+one side of the cable-house was an old fort or lookout, such as the
+Spaniards used to have all along the coast. On the other side was a
+light-house. The Americans wished to destroy communication between
+Cienfuegos and Santiago, so they sent an expedition to cut the cable
+and destroy anything that would be of use to the Spaniards.
+
+The ships that were sent to do this work were the Marblehead, the
+Nashville and the Windom. You will remember that the Nashville fired
+the first gun in the war with Spain. She is not a pretty boat at all.
+She is built differently from other vessels of her class, and her two
+tall funnels, or smokestacks, give her an ungainly appearance. Her
+commander was a splendid officer, though, and her crew were the
+bravest of the brave. I must tell you a little of her work after she
+captured the first prize of the war.
+
+One day, while in company with the Marblehead and the Eagle, she saw a
+big Spanish mail steamer leave the harbor of Cienfuegos and put to
+sea, followed by nine Spanish gunboats. The Nashville started in
+pursuit of the big steamer, leaving the other American ships to attend
+to the gunboats. She soon overhauled the steamer, which proved to be
+the Argonata, and took possession of her. Her cargo was a very rich
+one, and among the passengers were twenty-nine Spanish soldiers and
+officers. These were taken on board the Nashville. Meanwhile, the
+Marblehead and the Eagle had disposed of the gunboats. It only took
+them half an hour to drive them back into the harbor, with their
+smokestacks shot off, and several of them in a sinking condition. The
+Nashville then turned over her prize to the Marblehead and started for
+Havana.
+
+On her way she discovered a big gunboat, and, as the two ships drew
+near, the Spanish officers, who had been allowed on deck, saw that she
+was not an American vessel, and danced for joy. An instant later they
+were shoved down a hatchway and placed in the hold. As the stranger
+came closer it was plainly seen that she was nearly twice as large as
+the Nashville and more heavily armed, but the commander of the
+American vessel did not hesitate an instant. He cleared his ship for
+action and trained his guns on her. Just then she hoisted English
+colors and dipped them in salute to the stars and stripes that were
+floating above the Nashville. She proved to be the Talbot, an English
+ship cruising in those waters. The whole affair was a splendid display
+of courage on the part of the Nashville in clearing ship and showing
+fight to the big English gunboat. Every man on the American ship knew
+that if the stranger proved to be a Spanish war vessel the chances
+were ten to one against the Nashville; but none of them stopped to
+think of that, but made ready to fight her. Now we will return to
+Cienfuegos and see how our splendid seamen cut the Spanish cables in
+the very face of death.
+
+Volunteers from the Marblehead and the Nashville manned the boats that
+were sent into the shallow waters to grapple for the cable. Each ship
+furnished a cutter and a launch, under the command of a lieutenant.
+The men who were to do the work were in the cutters, and each of the
+launches carried a small rapid-fire gun to protect the workers as much
+as possible. The Nashville shelled the shore and then the boats were
+ordered in. They went within one hundred yards of the shore and then
+began to grapple for the cable. As calmly as though they were fishing,
+the men worked with their hooks. At last the cable was caught, and
+soon it was brought to view. It proved not to be the Santiago cable,
+but about a hundred feet of its length were cut out of it, and the
+brave fellows grappled for another. They found it, hauled it up, and,
+with what tools they had, hacked it in two.
+
+They were not unmolested, however, for Spaniards began to show
+themselves on the shore, and a perfect hail of bullets dimpled the
+water around the Americans as they worked. When a man in the boats was
+hit, another took his place. Sturdy arms at the oars held the boats
+against the strong current, while others hacked away the tough wires.
+
+Then the guns of the ships sent an iron storm among the rocks and
+trees and the soft sands. They drove the Spaniards to shelter, and
+then they knocked the cable-house, the fort and the light-house to
+bits. It was not intended at first to destroy the light-house, but
+when it was discovered that the Spaniards used it for a shelter while
+firing upon the Americans, the gunners were ordered to cut it down,
+and in a short time nothing remained of it but a heap of ruins.
+
+The personal bravery of the men in the boats was wonderful. Although
+untried in warfare, they conducted themselves like veterans in the
+hour of trial. Cable cutting is one of the new features of modern
+warfare, but that made no difference to the brave jackies and marines
+that volunteered for the work. One of their number was killed and
+several were wounded, but officers and men performed their work with
+the utmost coolness and bravery.
+
+[Illustration: Cutting the Cables Under Fire.]
+
+Before we leave the subject of cutting an enemy's cables, and thus
+destroying one of their best means of communication, I will tell you
+of another exploit. The St. Louis, which was one of the big ocean
+steamships that the Government hired during the war, was the vessel
+that performed it. A few days after the cables were cut at Cienfuegos,
+the St. Louis was ordered to Santiago to cut the cables at that point.
+One very dark night the boats left the big ship and began to grapple
+for the cables. About three o'clock in the morning they returned with
+a long piece which they had cut out of one of the cables. About eight
+o'clock the St. Louis went to work to find the other cable, and after
+working for three hours, the batteries on shore opened fire on her.
+They kept up a furious fire for three-quarters of an hour, but the St.
+Louis replied so vigorously that the batteries were silenced and the
+garrisons sent running in all directions. Then they found the cable,
+hauled it on board and cut it. Afterwards the St. Louis cut another
+cable at San Juan, the capital of Porto Rico.
+
+Do you wonder why these three ports were thought to be the best for
+the Spanish fleet to enter? You know that Havana is the capital of
+Cuba; most of the citizens were Spaniards; thousands of Spanish
+soldiers were there; all the chief officers also. So it was thought
+that the Spanish Navy would try to unite with the Spanish Army. From
+Matanzas and from Cienfuegos the troops from the Spanish ships could
+go easily by railroad to Havana, through a part of the country still
+in the hands of the Spaniards. I may have told you more than you care
+to hear about the coming of the enemy's fleet, but I want to give you
+an idea of the great anxiety felt by our Government at this time, and
+to help you to understand what follows. You must remember that we had
+not vessels enough to blockade every port, so we blockaded the ports
+that seemed most dangerous.
+
+Where was the Spanish fleet all this time, while our Navy was so
+troubled? If you look at a map of Cuba you will find that the eastern
+end of the island--the eastern province--is called Santiago de Cuba.
+The chief city of the province is on the southern coast, and bears the
+same name. The city of Santiago is next in importance to Havana, and
+is said to be the oldest city in the Western Hemisphere.
+
+Santiago is a picturesque city, five miles from the coast. It was
+founded by Don Diego de Velasquez, who named it for the patron saint
+of Spain. Santiago, San Diego and St. Jago are really one name, which
+is translated St. James in our language. The city is built along a
+sloping hillside, and its massive buildings are tinted pink, blue,
+green and purple. There are plenty of red-tiled roofs, among which
+rise towers, steeples and palms. The houses are low and built around
+courtyards, where flowers and palms grow in profusion. The floors are
+of brick or marble. There is a plaza, or central square, and a great
+cathedral. The streets are narrow and dirty, and in the quarters
+where the poorer class live, babies and pigs roll together in the
+gutters, and boys and girls without a rag of clothing on them hold out
+their hands for alms.
+
+The first impression of Santiago is one of filth and poverty,
+dilapidated buildings and general decay; but if you climb the hills
+that encircle the city and look over the red-topped buildings to the
+glistening bay, the prospect is lovely.
+
+As you approach the mouth of the harbor from the coast, you can at
+first see nothing but a break in the hills; but soon you discover,
+perhaps, the most picturesque fort in the western hemisphere. It is
+the Morro Castle, one hundred years older than its namesake at Havana,
+perched on a rock at the entrance to the channel. This channel is very
+narrow, but it winds and twists about until it opens into a broad,
+land-locked bay--the famous harbor of Santiago--with houses running
+down to the water's edge.
+
+Into this beautiful harbor, while our ships were watching other ports
+and looking in other directions, Admiral Cervera and his fine Spanish
+ships quietly sailed at daybreak on the 19th of May. It was a strange
+port for the Spaniards to seek, and it was a fatal one.
+
+[Illustration: Morro Castle, Santiago.]
+
+While Sampson was looking in one direction for Admiral Cervera's
+ships, Commodore Schley, with another squadron, was close upon their
+track. For awhile he thought they were in Cienfuegos, but when he
+found they were not there, he kept on up the coast. His flagship was
+the splendid cruiser Brooklyn, and among his ships were the
+Massachusetts, the Texas and the Iowa--all immense battleships. He
+also had a number of smaller vessels, and the swift St. Paul, another
+of the famous ships hired by the Government. The St. Paul was
+commanded by Captain Sigsbee, who, you will remember, was in command
+of the Maine when she was blown up in Havana harbor.
+
+At last Commodore Schley became satisfied that the long-looked-for
+fleet was in the harbor of Santiago. On the morning of May 29, Captain
+Sigsbee, in the St. Paul, ran close enough to the mouth of the harbor
+to see some of the Spanish ships inside, and the long game of
+hide-and-seek was over. Commodore Schley at once established a strict
+blockade, and then sent word to Admiral Sampson that the Spanish ships
+had been found and that he had them safe. He very shrewdly said:
+
+"We have bottled them up, and they will never get home!" A few days
+later, the two squadrons were consolidated, with Commodore Schley the
+second in command.
+
+I want to tell you a little about Commodore Schley--one of the finest
+officers of the navy. He graduated from the Naval Academy at
+Annapolis, at the head of his class, and from that time entered upon a
+career in which he served his country in nearly every quarter of the
+globe. When the Civil War broke out, he staid by the old flag when
+many of his brother officers went with the Confederacy, and during the
+war performed many gallant and meritorious services. He had seen all
+kinds of naval service, and was at home among conditions that required
+dash and courage, zeal and persistency, before he was given the
+command of the "Flying Squadron," and sent to find the Spanish ships.
+
+He had done such things as to rescue seven men who were starving to
+death in the Arctic regions. He had been sent by the Government to do
+this, and, realizing that it must be done quickly, he pushed on so
+fast that he found the seven men alive. If he had been slower in his
+movements they would have been dead, for they were in the last stages
+of starvation and exhaustion. At another time, some of his sailors
+were stoned in the city of Valparaiso, and one of them was killed.
+Schley trained his guns upon the city and kept them there until the
+murderers were given up to justice. He was the right kind of a man to
+have around the coasts of Cuba, wasn't he?
+
+[Illustration: Rear-Admiral W.S. Schley.]
+
+Now I am going to tell you the names of the Spanish vessels, and give
+you an idea of the blockade.
+
+Within the harbor were four large Spanish ships and two new, fast
+torpedo-boat destroyers, all commanded by Admiral Cervera. The ships
+were the Infanta Maria Teresa, named for a Spanish princess; the
+Vizcaya, named for a province in Spain; the Cristóbol Colón, which is
+the Spanish name for Christopher Columbus; and the Almirante Oquendo.
+Many years ago Spain had a famous admiral whose name was Oquendo, and
+in recognition of his services the Spanish Government made a law that
+there should always be a ship in their navy bearing his name. That is
+how they had the Almirante Oquendo, which means Admiral Oquendo. The
+names of the torpedo-boat destroyers were the Furor and the Pluton.
+All these warships were splendid vessels, and were commanded by brave
+men. We shall hear about them later.
+
+Our ships were outside the harbor--a few miles from its mouth, in a
+line like a half-circle. Our big ships were the New York, the
+Brooklyn, the Texas, the Iowa, the Oregon, the Indiana, and the
+Massachusetts. There were a number of smaller vessels, and one of
+them, the Gloucester, afterwards gained great fame. Our ships could
+not anchor, as the water was too deep, so they were always moving back
+and forth.
+
+As I have told you, between the sea and the harbor, or bay, is a long,
+narrow channel with high cliffs on each side, and on these cliffs are
+forts, which guard the entrance to the harbor.
+
+Our men could not see the Spanish ships in the harbor, but could see
+only the narrow channel and the hills and forts above it. Our men
+watched carefully, to see that no Spanish ship came out. For the
+first few nights of the blockade a bright moon lighted up the channel,
+but after the moon failed, the place was wonderfully lighted by the
+great "search-lights" of our ships. Four battleships took turns of two
+hours each in standing at the entrance of the channel and moving the
+"searchlights." The ships were always headed toward the shore, and
+steam was kept up.
+
+And so our great gray vessels, grim monsters of the sea, waited and
+watched near the harbor of Santiago de Cuba.
+
+Blockading work is very hard upon officers and men. It requires
+ceaseless vigilance at all hours of the day and night. Besides
+preventing an enemy's ships from coming out of a blockaded port, it is
+very important to prevent vessels with supplies from running in.
+During the Cuban blockade our vessels captured at least one large ship
+loaded with coal that was intended for Admiral Cervera's fleet. When
+nations are at war, they do not allow other nations to supply their
+enemies with anything that will help them. There are international
+laws about this, and if a warship belonging to a nation which is at
+war with another, puts into a neutral port for coal or provisions, it
+is only allowed to buy enough to last it to its nearest home port. It
+is not allowed to remain in a neutral port more than twenty-four
+hours, either.
+
+The purpose of a blockade is to cut off supplies and stop all
+communication with the enemy by sea. When this is done, merchant
+vessels of all nations are therefore forbidden to pass or even to
+approach the line, and the penalty for disobedience is the
+confiscation of both ship and cargo, whether the latter is contraband
+or not. If a ship does not stop when hailed, she may be fired upon,
+and if she is sunk while endeavoring to escape, it is her own fault.
+Blockade running is perilous business, and is usually attempted under
+cover of night, or in stormy weather, and it is as full of excitement
+and adventure as war itself. The motive is usually either to take
+advantage of famine prices, or to aid the enemy by bringing supplies
+or carrying despatches. Neutral ships are entitled to some sort of
+warning that a blockade exists, and in the case of Cuba, the United
+States notified neutral Governments, announcing the fact, and stating
+exactly the extent of coast covered.
+
+Before we were at war with Spain, the Government restrained and
+punished those who organized expeditions to help the Cubans. We were
+obliged to do this because we were a neutral nation. But after our war
+with Spain began, we sent all kinds of war material to the Cubans, so
+as to help them to fight Spain. I will tell you about one of these
+expeditions.
+
+About the middle of May, the steamer Florida sailed from a port in the
+State for which she was named, with supplies for the Cuban army. In
+addition to a great quantity of provisions, clothing, shoes and
+medicines, she carried several thousand rifles and an immense amount
+of ammunition. Down in the hold were a hundred horses and mules, and
+among the passengers were several hundred recruits for the Cuban army.
+
+The Florida reached the Cuban coast in safety, and was met at the
+appointed place by more than a thousand Cubans. It required three days
+and one night to unload the cargo. Small boats conveyed the stores to
+the eager hands that hurried them inland. The mules and horses swam
+ashore. Women and children flocked to the scene, bringing fruit and
+vegetables to exchange for coffee and meat--the first they had tasted
+for a long time.
+
+[Illustration: Searching for Contraband.]
+
+When the cargo was all ashore, the Florida prepared to return to the
+United States. Then the Cuban soldiers ranged themselves along the
+shore; women and children grouped behind the ranks, and a Cuban
+marching song burst from happy hearts as the Florida steamed away.
+
+A great deal of blockading duty was done by the small vessels of the
+fleets, the torpedo-boats and the armed tugboats. Many strange
+encounters took place during those nights when these little craft
+rolled about in the Caribbean swells, or moved along in hostile waters
+without a light visible on board.
+
+The tug-boat Leyden had one of these. With her two or three small guns
+she held up a big ship one night, firing across her bow, and
+demanding, "What ship is that?" It was the same vessel that had the
+encounter with the Nashville, the story of which I have told you; and
+so the answer came back:
+
+"This is Her Majesty's ship, Talbot."
+
+The idea of a tug-boat like the Leyden halting a warship in this
+fashion was not particularly pleasing to the British Captain. Neither
+was he better pleased when some one on the tug-boat called out, "Good
+night, Talbot!" But he took it as a new experience, and solemnly
+replied:
+
+"You may go, Leyden."
+
+The spirit that animated the officers of our navy in these trying
+times was well expressed by Lieutenant Fremont, who commanded the
+torpedo-boat Porter. Fremont was the son of John C. Fremont, whom you
+may possibly remember as a noted explorer and pioneer in the western
+part of the United States, and a general during the Civil War; and he
+possessed the bravery and daring of his father. Some one said to him:
+
+"Those Spanish destroyers have heavier batteries than yours. What
+would you do if you ran across one of them out here?"
+
+"Well," replied Fremont, "it's my business to keep them from getting
+in among the fleet. I'd try to do it. I'd engage a destroyer, and if I
+found his battery was too heavy for me I'd close in. If a chance
+offered, I'd torpedo him. If not--well, this boat has made twenty-six
+knots. I'd go at him full speed. I think the Porter would go half way
+through him before we stopped."
+
+"And then?"
+
+"And then, I think, there would be a swimming match. It saves time to
+have your mind made up in advance in such matters."
+
+[Illustration: Lieutenant John C. Fremont.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.
+
+
+The greatest event of the war between the United States and Spain took
+place in a strange part of the world, far from both of those
+countries. If you look on a map of Asia, you will find a large group
+of islands in the Pacific Ocean, east of the China Sea. They are
+called the Philippine Islands. The largest of them is called Luzon,
+and its chief city is Manila, on a large bay of the same name.
+
+These islands were discovered nearly four hundred years ago, by
+Magellan, as we call him in English, a famous sailor and explorer. He
+was the first to sail through the strait that is south of South
+America; and so that strait is still called by his name. After passing
+through that strait he led his fleet on, farther west, northwest, over
+the Pacific Ocean, till he came to the islands east of the China Sea.
+Magellan took possession of them in the name of the King of Spain;
+for, though not a Spaniard, he was working in the interests of Spain.
+He gave the islands a name, but the name did not cling to them; and
+some time after, they were named Islas Filipinas--or, as we say in
+English, Philippine Islands in honor of King Philip II., of Spain.
+But the savage tribes dwelling in the islands did not submit tamely to
+Magellan's conquest, and in a fight with them he was killed. Still,
+the Spaniards held the islands, and established towns there, some of
+which have become very important. It is said that there are people
+from all parts of the world living in Manila.
+
+Have you ever heard any one speak of the Filipinos? They are natives
+of the islands, descendants of the Spanish settlers; besides these
+there are the native savage tribes, still living in many places. The
+Filipinos had often tried to gain their independence, but had not been
+successful. When they heard of the rebellion in Cuba, they thought
+they would make another attempt against Spain, and so began a new
+rebellion. And this is just how matters stood when the war began
+between the United States and Spain.
+
+The United States, having some ships in one of the ports of China,
+sent word to their commander, Commodore Dewey, to turn his attention
+to the Philippine Islands. So Commodore Dewey prepared his fleet in
+the best way possible and started for Manila. The ships sailed
+Wednesday afternoon, April 27th.
+
+You must not think that Commodore Dewey had big battleships in his
+fleet. He had only what we call "cruisers," not big battleships. The
+ship on which the commander of a whole fleet sails is always the
+"flagship." Then, of course, each ship has its own captain and other
+officers. Would you like to know the names of the ships that won such
+fame in Manila Bay? The "flagship" was the Olympia; then there were
+five other cruisers: the Baltimore, the Boston, the Raleigh, the
+Concord, the Petrel; and a small vessel called the Hugh McCulloch.
+There were also two steamers carrying coal and provisions. All the
+fleet had been newly painted gray, to match our other vessels in this
+war.
+
+During the voyage, the men were very busy getting ready for a battle,
+for they knew that the Spaniards had ships in Manila Bay, and that
+they would fire upon the new comers. Everything made of wood that
+might be shot and splintered, was thrown overboard; for flying
+splinters are very dangerous on shipboard. Tables, benches, chests,
+and rails were thrown into the sea. The men were told what to do in
+time of battle, and how to help the wounded, and the doctors arranged
+the rooms to be used as hospitals, so that every thing would be handy.
+
+We have seen that the fleet sailed Wednesday afternoon, and the next
+Saturday morning land was sighted--the island of Luzon. On, on, the
+ships sped, and that evening they reached the entrance to Manila Bay.
+Then they stole along in the darkness, with their lights covered, so
+that the Spaniards might not see them. Our men were doing a daring
+deed. They were entering a strange bay, by night, where not one of
+them had ever been before; they did not know the soundings, they had
+no harbor pilot. The entrance to the bay was guarded by fortresses
+containing big Krupp guns, and there was good reason to think that
+there were "mines" in the water, which might blow the ships to pieces.
+Still, every man was ready to do his duty.
+
+[Illustration: The "Olympia," Admiral Dewey's Flagship.]
+
+Some of the forts did discover our ships, and fired a few shots; but
+no harm was done, and our ships steamed on. At daybreak they drew near
+the city of Manila. The Spaniards were expecting them, having had
+notice of their approach. The Spanish ships, under Admiral Montojo,
+were waiting at a place called Cavité, seven miles from Manila. They
+were protected by batteries on the shore. Having steady guns on the
+shore should have been a great help to the Spaniards, as it is easier
+to fire a steady gun than to fire a gun on a ship that is riding up
+and down on the waves.
+
+[Illustration: Battle of Manila Bay.]
+
+The battle began a little after five o'clock, Sunday morning, May 1st,
+1898. The Spaniards fired the first shot. All the vessels of our fleet
+were out in the bay, but, as soon as the Spaniards began to fire, our
+fighting ships started forward. They did not answer the Spanish fire
+at first, but steamed up the bay, in a wide circle, toward the city of
+Manila, then turned and came back toward Cavité. The Olympia led the
+way. After her came the Baltimore, Raleigh, Concord, Petrel, and
+Boston. All had their battle-flags flying.
+
+[Illustration: Admiral Montojo.]
+
+Uninjured by the enemy's shots, the Olympia and her train drew near
+the Spanish forts and ships. At a distance of a little more than four
+thousand yards, the Olympia fired, and the roar of her first gun was
+the signal to her companions to open fire. Then the firing from both
+sides became fast and furious. Our ships moved rapidly about, up and
+down, past Cavité five times. Admiral Montojo came out in his
+flagship, the Reina Christina, to attack the Olympia. The Olympia
+poured such a storm of shot at her that she was compelled to turn back
+toward the harbor. But the Reina Christina had met her doom. As she
+turned, a huge shell from the Olympia struck her, set her on fire, and
+killed her captain and many of her men. Admiral Montojo changed his
+flag to another ship and came forward again, but soon had to turn
+back. But a moment of great peril came to the Olympia. Two fierce
+little torpedo-boats came toward her, ready to hurl her to
+destruction. The gunners of the Olympia instantly opened such a shower
+of shells from the smaller guns that the surface of the water was
+covered with foam. The little boats, without having had time to send
+forth a torpedo, were overcome. One of them blew up, then sank, with
+her crew, beneath the waves. The other, pierced with shots, turned
+toward the shore and ran upon the beach, a wreck.
+
+[Illustration: The "Olympia" Leading the Way.]
+
+After more than two hours of fierce fighting, Commodore Dewey led his
+ships out into the center of the bay, and the battle ceased for a
+time. The true reason for this movement was known only to some of the
+officers. The men were told that they were to haul off to get a little
+rest and some breakfast. The men believed that they had done great
+damage to the Spaniards, and were eager to finish the battle at once.
+In fact, no one really knew then how much damage had been done to the
+Spanish fleet. The results were not known till afterward. Though the
+men were hopeful and in good spirits, Commodore Dewey and his staff
+thought the situation serious. Three of the Spanish ships were on
+fire, and the Boston had also broken out in flames. The Olympia had
+not enough ammunition to continue the fight two hours longer. Our
+ships were far from home, and could not get a supply of ammunition in
+less than a month's time. There was good reason to think that the
+Spanish forts were well supplied.
+
+The Spaniards thought, when our ships drew away from the shore, that
+the Americans had been overcome and were leaving in order to bury
+their dead. They found themselves sadly mistaken.
+
+Our men, strengthened by the rest and a breakfast of bread and cold
+meat, started again to battle a little before eleven o'clock. Soon
+several of the Spanish ships were on fire, and some of them sank.
+After the Spanish fleet had been destroyed, some of our ships attacked
+the forts on the shore and made them surrender. At five minutes after
+one o'clock the Spaniards hauled down their flag.
+
+The Spaniards did many brave things that day, and fought desperately,
+but they were not good marksmen. They did not aim their guns well.
+They lost eleven ships, and had many men killed and wounded. Our ships
+were not much injured, only seven of our men were wounded, and none
+were killed.
+
+When our ships drew together after the battle, and our men found that
+they had suffered so little, and that no one had been killed, they
+knew not how to control their feelings. Some of them cried like little
+children. But such tears are not childish. It is said that when the
+Spanish forts gave the signal of surrender, Commodore Dewey turned
+to his officers near him, and said: "I've the prettiest lot of men
+that ever stepped on shipboard, and their hearts are as stout as the
+ships."
+
+[Illustration: The Destroyed Spanish Fleet.]
+
+You must notice that the city of Manila had not been taken in this
+battle. We shall see later about its surrender. But the battle of
+Manila Bay was one of the most remarkable naval battles ever fought.
+
+When Commodore Dewey received his orders to "capture or destroy" the
+Spanish fleet, that was known to be somewhere about the Philippine
+Islands, the Asiatic squadron, as his ships were called, was lying in
+the harbor of Hong Kong, which is an English port. After the blowing
+up of the Maine, which occurred in February, you will remember, he
+began to put his ships in the very best possible condition for a war
+with Spain, which he and his officers now thought inevitable. Every
+emergency was provided for; all the vessels were in complete fighting
+trim.
+
+Because of the neutrality laws, of which I have told you, after war
+was declared Dewey's ships could not stay at Hong Kong more than
+twenty-four hours, so he moved them to Mirs Bay, a Chinese port, and
+from there set out to find the Spanish fleet.
+
+A naval officer, now retired from the service, told me not long ago,
+the words "capture or destroy" have been used in instructions to naval
+officers for three hundred years. He also spoke of his acquaintance
+with Dewey during the Civil War, and upon long cruises when they were
+shipmates; and particularly dwelt upon the ability and good judgment
+that characterized him as a naval officer.
+
+When Dewey received his orders to "capture or destroy" the Spanish
+fleet, he is said to have remarked: "Thank the Lord! at last I've got
+the chance, and I'll wipe them off the Pacific Ocean." He did not know
+what he was to meet in the way of resistance, but there was not a man
+in the fleet that doubted the outcome of the encounter. He found the
+Spanish fleet, fought it until not a ship was left to fly the flag of
+Spain, and then sent word to the Spanish Governor-general that if
+another shot was fired at his ships he would lay the city of Manila in
+ashes.
+
+[Illustration: Admiral George Dewey.]
+
+The Island of Corregidor guards the entrance to Manila Bay, but it
+seemed to be asleep as Dewey's gray ships stole silently by. Once a
+shell screamed over the Raleigh, followed by another; but the Raleigh,
+the Concord and the Boston answered the challenge and soon all was
+silent. At daybreak the fleet was about five miles from Manila, the
+American flag flying from each ship.
+
+[Illustration: Church of the Friars, Manila.]
+
+Day breaks quickly in the tropics, and as the sun flashed his beams
+above the horizon, a beautiful picture revealed itself to the men of
+Dewey's fleet. Before them lay the metropolis of the Philippines,
+walled in part like a medićval town; the jangle of church bells came
+from lofty towers. To the right, and below the city, lay the Spanish
+fleet for which they had been searching.
+
+[Illustration: Dewey on the Bridge.]
+
+The Spaniards fired the first gun from a powerful battery in front of
+the city, and the Concord sent two shells in reply, as the American
+fleet swept grandly past. Before them were the Spanish ships-of-war
+and the fortifications at Cavité; between, were shallow waters where
+they dared not go. Still they swept on, preserving their distances as
+though performing evolutions in time of peace, the Olympia in the van,
+drawing nearer and nearer to the ships that flew the red and yellow
+flag of Spain. The shore batteries again roared defiance to the
+invaders, but Dewey stood quietly on the bridge of the Olympia,
+surrounded by the members of his staff. He wore the usual white
+uniform of the service, and a gray cap such as travelers and bicyclers
+wear. A huge jet of water now sprang from the peaceful sea, showing
+that the Spaniards had fired a submarine mine, but no harm was done.
+Then Dewey gave the quiet order to Captain Gridley, who was in the
+conning tower:
+
+"Gridley, you may fire when you are ready."
+
+Then the guns of the Olympia spoke, and those of the other ships
+followed her example. During the five times they passed and repassed
+the Spanish ships and forts, their courses resembled a gigantic figure
+8.
+
+Between the entrance to the bay and the city of Manila is an arm of
+land or promontory, pointing upwards and towards the city. It is on
+the right hand side of the bay and is called Cavité. The word means a
+fishhook, and the promontory looks something like one. Behind Cavité
+and in the bay of the same name, the Spanish ships were stationed, and
+at the little town of Cavité was an arsenal and quite a respectable
+navy-yard.
+
+[Illustration: Landing the Marines at Cavité.]
+
+When Dewey withdrew his ships to ascertain what damage the Spaniards
+had inflicted upon them, the Spaniards thought they had driven them
+off, and so they sent a dispatch from Manila to Spain saying that they
+had won a great victory over the Americans; but when Dewey made the
+second attack, after breakfast, there was not much more for him to do,
+for the Spaniards were well whipped. Dewey had met a foreign foe in
+its own waters, and added another victory to the glorious record of
+the navy of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: Signaling.]
+
+After the battle, one of the signal boys on the flagship wrote a very
+interesting letter to his friends at home:
+
+"... We are all nearly wild with the effects of victory. The pride of
+Spain is here under our feet. No doubt before this letter reaches you,
+you will read full accounts of the battle--a battle that was hard
+fought and bloodless for the victorious. Not a man in our fleet was
+killed. Six men were slightly wounded on the Baltimore.
+
+"Say, it was grand! We left Mirs Bay, in China, at two a.m.,
+Wednesday, April 27th. Saturday afternoon we sighted Subig Bay. The
+Boston and the Concord were sent ahead of the fleet as scouts. We
+expected to find the Spanish fleet and have our first engagement. We
+could not find them there, so the Commodore and Captains held a
+council of war and decided to run past the forts at night.
+
+"It was nine-thirty that night when we sighted the entrance. We went
+quietly to quarters, loaded our guns, shook hands with each other and
+trusted to luck. I was on signal watch on the aft bridge and could see
+everything. Not a sound was heard. At twelve o'clock we were under the
+guns of the first fort. It was an island called Corregidor. I tell you
+I felt uneasy. The moon was well up, but not a light could be seen.
+
+"There were two signal officers and three other boys with me. We were
+laughing and joking with one another to steady our nerves. When we
+were well under the guns a rocket was fired, and every man braced
+himself. Then you could hear the breech blocks closing and the
+officers telling the men to aim steady and to kill.
+
+"Well, all the ships passed that fort, but there were twenty-six miles
+to go yet, and God and the Spaniards alone knew how many batteries,
+mines and torpedoes were ready to send us all to eternity.
+
+"The Olympia passed two more forts The Baltimore was next to us. She
+passed all right, but when the Raleigh came under the guns of the
+second fort, there was a flash and I heard the shriek of the first
+shell. Then almost before the shell struck, there was a spout of
+flame from the Raleigh, and her shell killed forty men, as we learned
+yesterday. Two more shells were fired at us, but we were well past
+them. Then the men were told to lie down.
+
+[Illustration: Rapid-fire Gun.]
+
+"Now, commenced the signal corps work. Soon our signal lights were
+flashing the order to close up. At four o'clock I was told by the
+signal officer to lie down and catch a nap.
+
+"At four, coffee was given to all the men and at fifteen minutes to
+five, the shore batteries had shells dropping all around, but we did
+not fire until sixteen minutes past five. The Spanish fleet was in
+sight off the navy yard. Then the fight started in earnest. For a
+while I thought my time had come. After we made the signal 'commence
+firing,' we had nothing to do but watch the fight. The shells flew
+over our heads so quick I paid no attention to them.
+
+[Illustration: The Olympiads Military Mast.]
+
+"After an hour and fifteen minutes, the Spanish admiral had two ships
+sunk under turn. We withdrew for a short time, not knowing we had them
+whipped. As we were leaving, three ships were burning. At
+nine-twenty-five, we started again. In a short time the arsenal went
+up and the Government buildings were in flames.
+
+"The battle lasted altogether three hours and some minutes. At
+eleven-fifteen the white flag was shown, and you might hear us cheer.
+The ship was hit about six times. The Spaniards lost terribly. The
+rebels attacked the enemy. It is something wonderful when you consider
+the advantage they had over us. They had eleven ships to our six.
+Their ships could run behind a neck of land near the navy yard. The
+shore batteries were firing on us from three points. But our
+marksmanship was too much for them; our fire was so rapid they could
+not stand it. They lost about two thousand men, so the rumor says. We
+sank four ships and burned seven. It was a grand, beautiful sight to
+see those ships burn.
+
+"I was ashore yesterday, and we destroyed all the guns. I managed to
+get a few souvenirs. Two torpedo boats attempted to blow us up, but
+one was sunk and one was beached. I saw her. She was full of holes and
+blood was all over her bow ...
+
+"I hope the ships at home have as good luck as us. I wrote this on
+captured paper with a Spanish officer's pen."
+
+Like many other vessels in the navy, the Olympia has a complete
+printing outfit on board, and issues, at intervals, a very creditable
+sheet called the "Bounding Billow." This is its account of a Spanish
+shot:
+
+"One shot struck the Baltimore in the starboard waist, just abaft one
+of the six-inch guns. It passed through the hammock nettings, exploded
+a couple of three-pounder shells, wounding six men, then across the
+deck, striking the cylinder of a gun, making it temporarily useless,
+then running around the shield it spent itself between two
+ventilators, just forward of the engine-room hatch. The shell is in
+possession of the captain."
+
+[Illustration: Strange course of a Spanish Shell.]
+
+When the news of the glorious victory in Manila Bay reached the United
+States, the people went wild with joy. Commodore Dewey was thanked by
+Congress, and afterwards was made a rear-admiral. In December,
+Congress revived the grade and rank of admiral and conferred it upon
+Rear-Admiral Dewey, and he and all of his men were presented with
+medals of honor made expressly for the purpose. The raising of Admiral
+Dewey's new flag on the Olympia was an interesting ceremony. As the
+blue bunting with its four white stars fluttered to the peak of the
+flagship, the crews of all the vessels in the fleet were at quarters;
+the officers in full dress for the occasion. The marines paraded; the
+drums gave four "ruffles" as the Admiral stepped upon the deck; the
+Olympiads band struck up "Hail to the Chief," and an admiral's salute
+of seventeen guns echoed across Manila Bay from every American ship;
+followed by salutes of the same number of guns from each foreign war
+vessel in the harbor.
+
+[Illustration: The Dewey Medal of Honor.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE MERRIMAC.
+
+
+While Admiral Sampson had been fixing the blockade he had also been
+forming plans to close the channel, and so keep any large ship from
+stealing out of the bay. For, although our men watched closely, there
+was always a chance that in a fog or storm the Spanish ships might
+slip out without being seen. Admiral Sampson knew that the Spaniards
+could remove anything that might be sunk to close the channel, but the
+work would take time, and meanwhile our Army might arrive on the land
+back of Santiago, and then our Army and Navy could help each other.
+Time was what was needed in order to have all things ready for
+forcing the Spaniards out of Santiago and taking possession of the
+city.
+
+[Illustration: Lieut. Richmond P. Hobson.]
+
+So, plans were made for sinking a coal steamer across the narrowest
+part of the channel, and thus blocking the way. Now you shall hear of
+one of the bravest deeds ever done in war.
+
+The work of closing the channel was put into the hands of Lieutenant
+Hobson. The collier Merrimac was chosen as the vessel to be sunk. You
+have no idea how much had to be done before the Merrimac was ready.
+There were hours and hours of work. The crew had to take off all the
+things that were not to be sunk, the machinery had to be fixed in
+certain ways, the heavy anchors had to be placed in the right parts,
+and the torpedoes, which Lieutenant Hobson made for blowing holes in
+the vessel at the right moment, had to be fitted into their places.
+More than two thousand tons of coal had to be shoveled away from
+certain places in the hold to make room for the torpedoes and to leave
+spaces for the water to rush in and sink the vessel. So, much hard
+work was done before the good collier was ready to be forced under the
+waves.
+
+There was only a small chance that the men who took the Merrimac into
+the channel would ever see their friends again. Death in the waves, or
+death in the hands of the Spaniards, was the prospect. Lieutenant
+Hobson said that he would not take one man more than was needed. A
+signal was put up on all the ships, to find out the men who were
+willing to go in the Merrimac. Hundreds of brave fellows sent in their
+names, begged to go, gave good reasons why they thought they ought to
+go, and were grieved to be refused. Lieutenant Hobson chose only six,
+but at the last minute a seventh man got his chance; so, counting
+Lieutenant Hobson, there were eight men going to almost certain death.
+
+After the passing away of the old wooden ships of the navy, and before
+our war with Spain, it was often said that opportunities for
+individual bravery and daring had departed from the navy; but this was
+disproved in the case of Lieutenant Hobson and his men, and in many
+other instances. Every man in the fleet was ready to go on the
+Merrimac and do what he was told to do; and so long as such men man
+our ships our navy can never be conquered. They will fight to the
+uttermost and go down with their colors rather than strike them.
+
+Thursday evening, the second of June, arrives, and the Merrimac is all
+ready for her last voyage. The men are on board, waiting for the time
+to start. Quietly and fearlessly they pass the night, but they do not
+sleep, they cannot sleep. Behind the Merrimac, farther out at sea,
+stand the faithful vessels of our fleet, huge, pale shadows in the
+night. The full moon lights up the channel that the Merrimac will
+enter after awhile when the moon is low. On both sides of the channel
+rise the high cliffs with their forts. Morro Castle frowns upon the
+scene. Beyond--far beyond, are the mountain tops.
+
+A basket of food and a kettle of coffee had been sent on board by the
+flagship, and after midnight the men sit down on deck to eat their
+last meal on board the Merrimac.
+
+A little before two o'clock, Friday morning, June 3d, the Merrimac
+starts for the channel. Each man is at his post; each knows his duty
+and intends to do it. The men are not wearing their naval uniforms,
+but are clad only in woolen underclothes, woolen stockings, with no
+shoes. Each man wears a life-preserver, and a belt with a revolver
+fastened to it.
+
+On, on goes the vessel, swiftly, surely, heading for the channel.
+Suddenly shots begin to pour upon the Merrimac; the Spaniards in the
+forts have seen her approach. Still she plunges on, not heeding the
+fire from the forts. Lieutenant Hobson gives the signal to stop the
+engine, to turn the vessel in the right way across the channel, to
+fire the torpedoes, to drop the anchors. Shells from the forts are
+exploding all around, and the noise is terrible. But hard luck meets
+the Merrimac. A shot has broken her rudder, so she cannot be steered;
+a shot has broken the chain of one of her anchors, so the anchor is
+gone; some of the torpedoes will not go off, so not enough holes can
+be made to sink the Merrimac quickly; the tide is sweeping her into
+the channel farther than she ought to go.
+
+[Illustration: The "Merrimac."]
+
+The men, having done their work, lie flat on deck to avoid the shots,
+and wait anxiously for the moment when the vessel shall go down. In
+a few minutes the Merrimac tosses low to one side, then to the other,
+then plunges, bow foremost, into the waves. Now the men are thrown
+into the whirling water. But see! they manage to swim to the
+life-raft, which had been fastened by a long rope to the Merrimac and
+is now floating on the waves. They cling to the raft, only heads and
+hands above water. They keep quiet, for the Spaniards are out in small
+boats now, looking to see what damage has been done. The Spaniards do
+not see our men clinging to the flat raft. So Lieutenant Hobson and
+his crew stay in the water, which is very chilly in the early morning;
+their teeth chatter, their limbs ache. Meanwhile day dawns beautifully
+over the hills of Santiago.
+
+An hour passes in this way. Now a steam-launch is seen coming toward
+the raft. Lieutenant Hobson hails the launch, asks for the officer in
+charge, and surrenders himself and his men. They are helped into the
+launch, prisoners in the hands of the Spaniards. The officer is
+Admiral Cervera.
+
+Naval Cadet Powell, of the New York, performed a feat in many respects
+as heroic as that of Hobson and his men. He volunteered to take the
+launch of the flagship and a small crew, patrol the mouth of the
+harbor and attempt to rescue Hobson and his plucky crew should any of
+them survive after the Merrimac had been blown up. This is his story:
+
+"Lieutenant Hobson took a short sleep for a few hours, which was
+often interrupted. A quarter to two o'clock he came on deck and made a
+final inspection, giving his last instructions. Then we had a little
+lunch.
+
+"Hobson was just as cool as a cucumber. About two-twenty I took the
+men who were not going on the trip into the launch and started for the
+Texas, which was the nearest ship, but had to go back for one of the
+assistant engineers, whom Hobson finally compelled to leave. I shook
+hands with Hobson the last of all. He said: 'Powell, watch the boat's
+crew when we pull out of the harbor. We will be cracks, rowing thirty
+strokes to the minute.'
+
+[Illustration: Naval Cadet Jos. W. Powell.]
+
+"After leaving the Texas, I saw the Merrimac steaming slowly in. It
+was only fairly dark then, and the shore was quite visible. We
+followed about three-quarters of a mile astern. The Merrimac stood
+about a mile to the westward of the harbor, and seemed a bit mixed,
+turning completely around; finally, heading to the east, she ran down,
+then turned in. We were then chasing him, because I thought Hobson
+had lost his bearings. When Hobson was about two hundred yards from
+the harbor the first gun was fired from the eastern bluffs.
+
+"We were then half a mile off shore, close under the batteries. The
+firing increased rapidly. We steamed in slowly and lost sight of the
+Merrimac in the smoke, which the wind carried off shore. It hung
+heavily. Before Hobson could have blown up the Merrimac the western
+battery picked up and commenced firing. They shot wild, and we only
+heard the shots. We ran in still closer to the shore, and the gunners
+lost sight of us. Then we heard the explosion of the torpedoes on the
+Merrimac. Until daylight we waited just outside the breakers, half a
+mile to the westward of Morro, keeping a bright lookout for the boat
+or for swimmers, but saw nothing. Hobson had arranged to meet us at
+that point, but, thinking that some one might have drifted out, we
+crossed in front of Morro and the mouth of the harbor to the eastward.
+About five o'clock we crossed the harbor again, within a quarter of a
+mile, and stood to the westward.
+
+"In passing we saw one spar of the Merrimac sticking out of the water.
+We hugged the shore just outside of the breakers for a mile, and then
+turned towards the Texas, when the batteries saw us and opened fire.
+It was then broad daylight. The first shot fired dropped thirty yards
+astern, but the other shots went wild. I drove the launch for all she
+was worth, finally making the New York. The men behaved splendidly."
+
+How did our brave men fare as prisoners? They were taken to one of the
+Spanish warships, were fed and clothed, and treated as friends.
+Admiral Cervera sent a message to Admiral Sampson, saying that all the
+men were safe and would be well treated. But they were not allowed to
+stay long on the ship. After a few hours they were taken to Morro
+Castle, which they did not find a pleasant prison, though they were
+not badly treated. Lieutenant Hobson, by climbing up to the little
+window in his cell, could see our ships far out at sea. In a few days
+the prisoners were taken from Morro Castle to another prison in the
+city of Santiago. You shall hear of them again.
+
+[Illustration: Hobson's Cell.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+MORE WORK DONE BY THE NAVY.
+
+
+I have not told you all the brave deeds done by our Navy soon after
+our ships had reached Cuba, but I will go back, for a few minutes, to
+the 11th of May. A very sad affair took place at Cardenas, a port
+about twenty miles east of Matanzas, the place where the first shots
+were fired. Some of our smaller vessels blockading Cardenas were bold
+enough to go into the harbor to fight some Spanish gunboats. Though,
+our men gained a victory, it was dearly bought, for our torpedo-boat
+Winslow was nearly destroyed, and five of her men were killed. That
+same day, across the island, at Cienfuegos, on the south shore of
+Cuba, our men succeeded in cutting the cables under the water, the
+story of which I have told you.
+
+Before the Cubans began to fight the Spaniards, in 1895, Cardenas was
+a very pleasant city in which to live. So many Americans who had
+business interests in Cuba lived there, that it was frequently spoken
+of as the American city. Like Matanzas, it was the shipping point for
+a great sugar-growing district, and one of the finest sugar
+plantations in Cuba was in the vicinity of the city. The bay used to
+be a famous resort for pirates, but they were exterminated a great
+many years ago by war vessels of the United States. Now I will tell
+you the story of the Winslow.
+
+The blockading vessels off Cardenas were the Machias, the Wilmington
+and the Hudson. It was determined to enter the inner harbor and attack
+three small gunboats which were known to be there. While preparations
+for the attack were being made, the Winslow came in from off Matanzas,
+for coal, and was given a place in the attacking force. The Winslow,
+Wilmington and Hudson entered the inner harbor through a small channel
+to the eastward, near Blanco Cay. The Winslow went in closer than the
+others, and almost before her plucky commander knew it, the fire of
+the Spanish gunboats and of some shore batteries was concentrated on
+this frail craft.
+
+The Winslow was a torpedo-boat, and this class of vessels do not have
+very thick sides or carry heavy guns. They are very fast and the
+powerful torpedoes they carry can destroy the largest and heaviest
+ship afloat.
+
+The Winslow returned the Spanish fire splendidly, but at last a shot
+crashed into her bow and disabled her boiler. Another tore away her
+steering gear; and then she rolled helplessly while the Spaniards made
+her a target for every gun they could bring to bear. Seeing her
+helpless condition, the Hudson came to her assistance and tried to get
+a line on board. After awhile she succeeded, but when she attempted to
+tow her away the line parted. She made a second attempt, but just at
+the instant the little group on the Winslow caught the line, a shell
+burst in their very faces. Several of the crew, including the
+commander of the Winslow, were wounded, and Ensign Bagley and four
+seamen were instantly killed. There was scarcely a man left on the
+torpedo-boat to make the line fast, but it was done at last, and the
+Hudson towed the shattered Winslow out of danger. It was a very brave
+thing that the officers and men of the Hudson did, and later they were
+thanked by Congress, and a medal of honor was presented to each of
+them.
+
+I think you will be pleased to learn that the next day the Wilmington
+went into the harbor again, and with her big guns tore the forts and
+batteries to atoms, sank two gunboats and two other vessels, and
+burned a blockhouse.
+
+[Illustration: Ensign Worth Bagley.]
+
+Ensign Bagley, the first and the only line officer in the navy to fall
+in the war with Spain, was one of the most popular of young naval
+officers. While at the Academy at Annapolis he became known as an
+all-round athlete, but his greatest triumphs were on the foot-ball
+field. His record throughout his naval career was stainless, and the
+news of his death was received with sorrow by the people of the United
+States.
+
+Now I will tell you the story of how the United States flag was raised
+for the first time on the island of Cuba during the war; and I will
+tell it in the words of Ensign Willard, of the Machias, the officer
+who performed the deed. It was done while the fight was going on in
+Cardenas harbor.
+
+"The Machias drew too much water for the channel to the eastward, and
+moved up the main channel to within one mile of its narrowest part
+abreast of Diana Cay. This channel was supposed to be mined and the
+mines operated from the blockhouse and signal station on Diana Cay.
+This place was shelled, and, under cover of this fire, a boat's crew
+of nineteen sailors and marines, under my command, made a landing on
+the opposite side of the Cay.
+
+"The Spanish hastily left the place, disappearing completely. A
+Spanish flag, signal flags, etc., and a quantity of ammunition, were
+captured, and the United States flag raised. Then search was made for
+mines and the channel dragged for two hours. Before leaving,
+everything at the station was burned or destroyed, including nine
+large row-boats. For the raising of this flag I was later awarded,
+through the New York 'Herald,' a prize of one hundred dollars, which
+was divided pro rata by me among the men who accompanied me on the
+expedition."
+
+Early in June, brave work was done by our sailors at Guantanamo, a
+short distance east of Santiago. They took the harbor and destroyed
+the forts there, in order that our ships might have a place where they
+could get coal without going far from Santiago. The coal steamers
+could not supply the whole fleet, so our vessels had been going for
+coal all the way back to Key West, south of Florida. It was a great
+help to have a coaling place at Guantanamo, but our sailors had much
+hard work to take the place. Now I will tell you about some of this
+hard work, and something about two men who made it possible to land
+the marines and establish a coaling station in Guantanamo Bay. The men
+were Commander McCalla, of the Marblehead, and Captain Brownson, of
+the Yankee.
+
+[Illustration: Commander B.H. McCalla.]
+
+Long before the Spanish fleet put into the harbor of Santiago, the
+Marblehead was along the southern coast of Cuba, poking her nose into
+every inlet, cutting cables, and communicating with the Cubans.
+McCalla had her stripped of everything but her guns and her steering
+gear, and everywhere she went she became a terror to the Spaniards.
+She dared to go anywhere and do anything. Every man on the ship was
+devoted to McCalla, and every gunner on board was a crack shot,
+because they were kept shooting at something all the time. If they
+couldn't find a Spanish gunboat to shoot at, they fired at floating
+targets.
+
+When it was decided to clear everything Spanish out of the bay, so our
+ships could use it, McCalla and Brownson were sent down there to do
+the work; but first I will tell you a story about Brownson, so you can
+see that he was just the right kind of a man to go along with McCalla.
+
+In the early part of 1894 there was a civil war in Brazil. The entire
+Brazilian navy had taken sides with the insurgents and completely
+blockaded the harbor of Rio de Janeiro. Ships of all nations were
+there, waiting to enter the harbor, but the insurgents would not let
+them. Admiral Benham was sent there to look after American interests,
+with his flagship, the San Francisco; and Captain, then Commander,
+Brownson, was there with his ship, the Detroit. The blockade had to be
+broken, and Brownson was selected as the man to do it.
+
+One morning there was a stir on board the Detroit. The awnings came
+down, her flag was sent aloft and her guns were shotted. Brownson
+ordered the anchor hoisted, and, with the men at the guns, the cruiser
+headed towards the city. The flags of the English, German and Italian
+ships were dipped in salute as she moved ahead. Two American ships,
+the Amy and the Good News, were anchored under the guns of two of the
+insurgent fleet. As the Detroit passed close by the Trajano, a marine
+on that ship raised a musket and fired a bullet over the heads of the
+sailors on the Amy, which was following close behind the Detroit.
+
+[Illustration: Capt. Willard H. Brownson.]
+
+When the shot was fired Brownson turned to a gunner and ordered him to
+shoot into the Trajano at the water line and about six feet from the
+stern. The order was misunderstood and was sent across the Trajano's
+bow instead.
+
+"Trajano, ahoy!" hailed Brownson. "If you fire again I will sink you."
+Not a shot was fired.
+
+"You go ahead," shouted Brownson to the Amy, "and I'll protect you";
+and although there were insurgent ships all about, the Amy passed into
+the harbor unmolested, with the ships of other nations closely
+following her. Then the Detroit returned to her anchorage. Brownson
+had raised the blockade.
+
+Guantanamo Bay is one of the most famous harbors on the southern coast
+of Cuba. It is deep, wide and smooth as a mill pond. At the entrance
+the harbor is broad and open, but afterwards it is narrower, and in
+this place the Spaniards had placed a lot of mines and two little
+gunboats.
+
+[Illustration: A Marine.]
+
+When the Marblehead and the Yankee steamed into the bay they began to
+make trouble for the Spaniards at once. There was a blockhouse on a
+hill, but they quickly knocked that to pieces. Then they silenced the
+fire of the fort and chased the gunboats as far as they could go. Next
+they shelled the woods, and, having made a general cleaning out, they
+sent word to the fleet that they could land the marines at any time.
+
+On June 10, a detachment of marines from the Oregon landed, and soon
+afterwards six hundred more were landed from the troop-ship Panther.
+They found plenty of evidence that the Marblehead's shells had
+induced the Spaniards to depart in a hurry. Watches, hammocks, two
+field guns, and a lot of ammunition, were lying around. There were a
+few buildings left, but the marines soon set fire to them. They then
+drove off a few Spaniards who were about, and then pitched their
+tents. Pretty soon they were attacked by a large body of Spaniards,
+but they drove them off after having several men killed and quite a
+number wounded. The place of encampment was named Camp McCalla, in
+honor of the gallant commander of the Marblehead.
+
+Before the marines were reinforced they were fighting nearly all the
+time. It was the first time that most of them had been in battle, but
+they fought like veterans. The Spaniards were very cunning and
+constantly planned surprises for them, but the marines finally drove
+them away and held their position until reinforcements came. One of
+the marines, in writing home, said:
+
+"They fight Indian fashion, and the guerillas strip off all their
+clothing and dress themselves with leaves and crawl along the ground
+like snakes, and at night it is very hard to see or hear them. Then,
+again, they dig holes in the ground and cover them over with brush and
+conceal themselves there until their prey comes along. Their signals
+are very hard to understand, and they sound like birds and are very
+deceiving.
+
+[Illustration: A Spanish Guerilla.]
+
+"We have to carry our rifles and ammunition with us wherever we go.
+Yesterday morning, while we were eating our breakfast, they fired
+upon us, and we immediately pursued them. We had quite a battle and
+came out victorious by a big score. We killed sixty and left about
+fifteen or twenty badly wounded. We had a lucky escape, only two men
+being wounded. We stayed out all night, and were relieved by another
+company this morning, and we had nothing to eat for forty-eight hours;
+but this is not the first time that we have missed our meals--it is an
+every-day occurrence. We had four hardtacks, a little piece of butter
+and a cup of coffee.
+
+"We were reinforced by sixty Cuban insurgents last night. They were
+fitted out with uniforms and rifles by the Marblehead, and they all
+carry that deadly-looking weapon, the machete."
+
+The machete is the national weapon of Cuba. It looks somewhat like a
+sword, but instead of being pointed like that weapon, it is broader at
+the part farthest from the hilt. A strong man can strike a terrible
+blow with it. It is used all over the island as an agricultural tool
+as well, for it serves the purpose of a scythe or an axe.
+
+[Illustration: In the Trenches at Guantanamo.]
+
+A brave deed was done by a young officer of the Navy all by himself--a
+deed as brave as that done by Lieutenant Hobson. It was not really
+known how many Spanish ships were in the harbor of Santiago. I have
+told you that they could not be seen by our ships on account of the
+narrow entrance and high cliffs. It was very important to know how
+many Spanish ships there were. So Lieutenant Blue went ashore at some
+safe point, and climbed round the hilltops of Santiago at night,
+looked at the harbor, and counted the ships twice, in order to make no
+mistake. It was a long journey and full of danger. Lieutenant Blue
+might have been taken as a spy, but he reached our ships again, and
+made his report to Admiral Sampson.
+
+Early in June our blockading ships made efforts to destroy the forts
+at the harbor of Santiago, but did not succeed, though the shells from
+our ships did a good deal of harm. It was on account of these attacks
+that Lieutenant Hobson and his crew were removed from their cells in
+Morro Castle and taken to another prison, as I have told you. The
+English Consul at Santiago, a wise and good man, told the Spanish
+general that Lieutenant Hobson and his men could not, in honor, be
+kept where they might be killed by shells from their own ships. So the
+prisoners were removed.
+
+[Illustration: Lieutenant Victor Blue.]
+
+The forts at Santiago received a terrible punishment, if they were
+not destroyed, and one of Admiral Cervera's ships, the Maria Teresa,
+was considerably damaged by shells that went over the forts into the
+harbor. There were several other warships in the harbor besides those
+that came with Admiral Cervera. The Reina Mercedes was nearly
+destroyed by the shells from our ships. Our old friend, the Oregon,
+sent a big shell over the hills that swept nearly everything off her
+decks. Other shots riddled her hull and sank her.
+
+The Santiago fortifications were bombarded a number of times and some
+splendid shots were made. There was a battery to the west of the
+harbor that fired more accurately than the others, and so the Texas
+got the range and dropped a shell into the powder magazine one day.
+Everything about that battery seemed to be in the air at once when
+that shell exploded. Nothing was left of it but a pile of ruins and a
+big hole in the ground.
+
+There is a ship in the United States navy that is unlike any other in
+the world. She has three long guns which are built into the ship and
+do not turn to one side or the other. The whole ship has to be pointed
+at the object which the gunners wish to hit. She does not fire shells
+loaded with powder, as other warships do, but uses a long shell filled
+with gun-cotton, or dynamite, both of which are deadly explosives.
+When one of these shells strikes anything the effect is terrible. The
+Vesuvius, for that is the name of this ship, fired several of these
+shells over the fortifications at Santiago, in the direction where
+the Spanish fleet was lying. She did not hit any of them, but she tore
+great holes in the sand and rocks near by. It is said that the
+Spaniards called the Vesuvius "The Hurler of Earthquakes" because of
+the damage her shells did. The guns of the Vesuvius are really firing
+tubes. No powder is used in them, compressed air being the power that
+expels the shells. Very little noise is made, and there is no smoke.
+
+[Illustration: Forward Deck and Guns of the Vesuvius.]
+
+If one small shell should strike the Vesuvius it would send men and
+boat to the bottom at once, because she has so much deadly gun-cotton
+on board. Her crew is almost afraid to move.
+
+"Why, I'm afraid to even snore in my sleep," said one of them, "for
+fear I'll discharge the gun-cotton; and as for kicking in my
+sleep--why, I'm as quiet as a drugged snake."
+
+[Illustration: A Jacky.]
+
+"We slide along," said another; "we're afraid to walk at first. I went
+on tiptoe for the first three days."
+
+"Well, I went on my hands and knees the day it was so rough," said a
+third. "A fellow has to learn to walk on any part of his anatomy in
+this ship when the sea is rough."
+
+The Vesuvius has been described as a ship which fights and then runs
+away. That is, she fires three shells and then takes herself out of
+the range of an enemy's fire.
+
+I think this is a good place to tell you about a few more of the odd
+ships that belong to Uncle Sam's navy, for no nation beside ours has
+anything like them.
+
+The Katahdin is an armored ram which relies upon her sharp prow to
+disable an adversary. Her armament is only four six-pounder rapid-fire
+guns.
+
+Then there is a fleet of vessels whose duty it is to repair the
+damages that ships receive in battle, supply fuel and water to
+fighting ships, and to care for the wounded. All of these are novel
+additions to the navy, but are practical auxiliaries in modern naval
+operations.
+
+The Vulcan is one of the repair ships. It is, in fact, a navigable
+machine shop, fitted with steam tools for executing any work in metal.
+It carries duplicates of nearly every article belonging to a modern
+warship; and when you understand that some of these contain nearly
+seventy sets of engines, you can easily see the advantage of having a
+repair ship attached to a fleet.
+
+Then there are the refrigerating ships, or "pantries," as the sailors
+call them. Their mission is to assist in feeding the navy. They are
+most valuable additions to a fleet, for they supply fresh meat and
+vegetables to improve "Jack's" diet of "salt horse."
+
+Next come the ships that supply fresh water to the crews of our
+warships. These are fitted up with distilling apparatus, which
+converts salt water into fresh. The Iris, as one of these is named,
+belongs to the "sweet water squadron." The water consumption of a
+vessel is enormous. A battleship will use seven thousand gallons every
+day, which gives you an idea of the work such vessels as the Iris have
+to perform.
+
+Now we come to such ships as the Solace and the Relief. These are
+hospital ships, and are provided with every appliance and convenience
+to be found in a modern hospital, including X-ray outfits to aid in
+locating bullets, a microscopic department, and a carbonator for
+supplying mineral waters. The hull of the Solace is painted white,
+with a wide stripe of green along the sides, and, as befits her
+mission, carries no guns or weapons of any kind. Hospital ships fly
+the "Red Cross" flag from their mastheads.
+
+[Illustration: (Ships at sea)]
+
+Our ships could guard Santiago and fire at the forts, but our naval
+officers had good reasons for thinking that they could not take the
+city unless our soldiers were on shore to help in different ways. Our
+ships could not go safely into the harbor till the "mines" under the
+water had been removed; the "mines" could not be removed till the
+forts on the cliffs had been taken. So now the time had come for our
+soldiers to go to Cuba.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+OUR ARMY GOES TO CUBA.
+
+
+Our soldiers--thousands of "Regulars" and thousands and thousands of
+"Volunteers"--were waiting in camps in the eastern and southern parts
+of the United States, in order to be ready to start for Cuba at short
+notice. Thousands of them were never ordered to go, but stayed in camp
+during all the war. Still, they were ready to go if needed.
+
+About the middle of June more than 16,000 soldiers, under General
+Shafter, sailed from Tampa, on the west coast of Florida, for the
+southeastern shore of Cuba. It was hard work to ship so many men, and
+2,000 horses and mules, and food, and all the things needed for war.
+It took one week to load the ships. How many ships were needed for
+this big "excursion party"? Thirty-four. Do you think our soldiers had
+a pleasant voyage? They had not. They were crowded together, the
+weather was very hot, some of the vessels were old and slow, and it
+was six days before our Army drew near our Navy at Santiago, and
+waited till plans were made for further movements.
+
+Perhaps you are wondering where the Cubans were all this time, and
+what they were doing. As our country was trying to help them, did not
+the Cubans now come forward to join our forces? Yes. Several times
+brave Americans had made their way in secret to distant parts of Cuba,
+had met the Cuban generals, had talked with them, and brought back
+messages. And now Admiral Sampson came out in a small boat to meet our
+soldiers, and he took General Shafter on shore, a few miles west of
+Santiago, to hold an important council with a number of Cuban
+generals. The Cuban generals, chief of whom were General Garcia and
+General Rabi, told our officers a good deal about the country, the
+roads, etc., and planned to unite the Cuban troops with ours.
+
+[Illustration: A Volunteer.]
+
+When General Shafter returned, he ordered the soldiers to sail on
+fifteen miles beyond Santiago, to a point called Daiquiri. This was
+their landing-place. It was harder to land in Cuba than it had been to
+leave Florida. Admiral Sampson sent some of his ships to fire upon
+the shore and drive away the Spaniards, and he also sent small boats
+to take our soldiers from the ships to the land. There were not boats
+enough, so the landing was slow work. There was great trouble in
+getting the horses and mules to swim ashore. But it takes less time to
+unpack than to pack, and after four days our Army was on shore.
+
+Our men were in a rough part of the country. Steep hills were
+everywhere, the valleys were narrow, the roads were more like ditches.
+Thick underbrush, prickly bushes and tall grasses grew in many places.
+A number of men were set to work making roads, so that the wagons with
+the army supplies could push on. It was the wet season, and rain fell
+every day. Sometimes the streams would rise quickly and flood the new
+roads. When the rain was not falling the air was hot, and a steam
+seemed to rise from the ground. It seemed as if our men had no chance
+at all.
+
+Spanish soldiers had been sent out from Santiago, and were now busy
+building log forts on hills a few miles from our camps, and piling up
+stones and branches of trees to make mounds, and putting up fences of
+barbed wire. In such places of shelter the Spaniards waited for our
+troops to march forward.
+
+You must understand that the city that our troops wanted to reach was
+Santiago, but between them and it lay this rough country, where
+marching would be so hard, and where the Spaniards had forts on some
+of the hilltops.
+
+[Illustration: Landing Troops at Daiquiri.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE BATTLE OF LAS GUASIMAS.
+
+
+A Number of our officers thought it would be best not to go forward
+till some roads had been made, so that the army wagons could be sent
+on; but General Shafter thought it would be best to march on at once.
+He feared that after a week or ten days in that climate many of our
+men might have fever and be unfit for service. So, even before all the
+men had landed, General Shafter ordered the first ones to go forward
+and drive the Spaniards from a place near Siboney. Thus, some of our
+troops began their march just after landing from the boats. About two
+hundred Cuban soldiers went with them, to lead the way and watch for
+the hiding places of the Spaniards.
+
+The troops reached the place in the evening, but found that the
+Spaniards had left it and gone about three miles further westward to a
+stronger fort. Our men rested all night, and before daylight the next
+morning--Friday, June 24th--they marched on to hunt the enemy.
+
+Now I must tell you something about these soldiers who were going to
+fight their first battle in Cuba. There were nearly a thousand men;
+some were "Regulars," others were "Volunteers." They belonged to the
+Cavalry division of the Army--the soldiers who go on horses. But for
+this first work in Cuba they had to go on foot, without their horses.
+
+The "Volunteers" numbered about five hundred. They belonged to a
+regiment called the "Rough Riders," and a strange regiment it was.
+Most of these men were from the prairies and cattle-ranches in the
+West; some were "cowboys," some were Indians. The others in the
+regiment were young men from the East--business men, college men, sons
+of rich men; all were brave, hardy fellows, fond of out-door life,
+fond of excitement, not afraid of work. These young men had been
+trained for the war by a man who was now one of their officers,
+Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt. He had given up a high position in order
+to serve his country in this way. People in the United States laughed
+when this company of "Rough Riders" was formed, and said that the
+"cowboys" and Indians would not obey orders, and that the others would
+not stand the hardships of war. But the people in the United States
+did not laugh after the battle of Las Guasimas.
+
+That June morning it was thought best to separate and march by two
+roads, meeting near the Spanish fort. The way of the "Rough Riders"
+led them up steep hills. Thick bushes grew all around, so that the men
+could hardly see how to go; the sun rose, and the heat was so awful
+that some of the men dropped down, faint and sick. Suddenly, from
+among the trees and bushes came bullets, and the men began to fall,
+wounded and dead. The Spaniards could not be seen at all, and they
+were using smokeless powder that left no trace in the air. But our men
+heard the whizz of the bullets, and felt their sting. The "Rough
+Riders," as they pressed on quickly toward the fort, fired again and
+again into the bushes. At last they met their comrades, who had come
+by the other road and who had also had a hard fight, and all now
+toiled up the hill, firing as they went. The Spaniards had to retreat,
+and could now be seen by our men. The top of the hill was reached at
+last, the fort was taken, and the Spaniards fled toward Santiago.
+
+This hard fight, which lasted less than two hours, is called the
+Battle of Las Guasimas, from the name of the poisonous kind of trees
+in the thicket where the "Rough Riders" were shot down.
+
+[Illustration: Last Stand of the Spaniards at Las Guasimas.]
+
+It would require volumes to tell the bravery and heroism of the men
+who fought the Spaniards at Las Guasimas. Every one entered into it
+with enthusiasm. All stood their ground while the Spanish bullets were
+singing around them, and then, when they were allowed to do so, poured
+volley after volley into the brush in the direction from which the
+shots came. Colonel Wood walked along his lines as coolly as though on
+parade. Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt led his men through the brush
+when the air seemed full of bullets. Captain Capron, the fifth from
+father to son in the United States army, fell early in the fight, but
+before he was hit by a Spanish bullet he used his revolver whenever he
+saw a Spanish head.
+
+[Illustration: Captain Allyn K. Capron.]
+
+Everybody had confidence in their officers and in themselves. If they
+were hit they fought on if the hurt was not mortal. If they could not
+stand, they propped themselves against trees, and kept on firing as
+the line went forward. Men fought with their arms in slings and with
+bandaged heads.
+
+Lieutenant Thomas, of Captain Capron's troop, and who was wounded
+himself during that sweltering June day, tells some interesting
+stories of the battle. He comes of a fighting family. His father
+fought in the Civil War, his grandfather was killed in the Mexican
+War, and three ancestors fell in the war of the Revolution.
+
+"I am sorry that I did not have a chance to see more of the fighting,
+but what I saw was of the warmest kind. On the 24th of June I was
+with Troop L, under Captain Capron. We formed the advance guard, and
+went out on a narrow trail toward Siboney. On the way we met some of
+the men of the Twenty-second Infantry, who told us we were close to
+the enemy, as they had heard them at work during the night. Captain
+Capron, with six men, had gone on ahead of us and had come across the
+body of a dead Cuban. Ten or fifteen minutes later Private Isbell saw
+a Spaniard in the brush ahead of him and fired. This was the first
+shot from our troop, and the Spaniard fell dead. Isbell himself was
+shot seven times that day, but managed to walk back to our field
+hospital, which was fully four miles in the rear.
+
+"It has been said that we were ambushed, but this is not so. Poor
+Captain Capron received his death wound early in the fight, and while
+he was lying on the ground dying, he said: 'Let me see it out; I want
+to see it all.' He lived an hour and fifteen minutes after the bullet
+struck him, and up to the moment he fell had acted fearlessly, and had
+exposed himself all the time to the enemy's fire.
+
+"I was then next in command of the troop, and I noticed that some of
+our men lay too closely together as they were deploying. I went down
+the line ordering them to their proper distances, and as I passed
+along, poor Hamilton Fish was lying, mortally wounded, a few feet from
+me. When he heard my voice, Fish raised himself on his elbow and said:
+'I am wounded; I am wounded.' That was the last I saw of him in life.
+He was very brave and was very popular among the men of the troops.
+
+"Sergeant Joe Kline, of Troop L, was wounded early that day, and was
+ordered to the rear with several other wounded men. On his way to the
+rear, Kline discovered a Spanish sharpshooter in a tree and shot at
+him. The Spaniard fell dead, and Kline picked up a silver-mounted
+revolver, which fell from the man's clothes, as a souvenir, which he
+highly prizes. Several of the Spanish sharpshooters had picked up
+cast-off clothing of the American soldiers, and wore them while they
+were at their deadly work.
+
+"Sergeant Bell, of our troop, was badly injured from an exploding
+shell while on the firing line. He was ordered to the rear, but
+quickly came back again. He was ordered away a second time, but a few
+minutes later he was at the front again, firing away. For a third time
+he was sent back, and once more he insisted on going to the front, and
+when the other men saw him they greeted him with rousing cheers, and
+he fought till the end of the day, although painfully wounded in the
+back.
+
+[Illustration: Col. Theodore Roosevelt.]
+
+"While lying in the hospital, I heard a young man named Hall, who
+belonged to the Twenty-second Infantry, tell a story which will
+illustrate better than anything else the accuracy of the American
+shooters. He and five other men had crossed a bend in a road to get
+some water in their canteens. As they got into the open they were
+attacked by thirty-two Spanish cavalrymen, who cut them up badly with
+their sabres. Hall was the only one who was not killed. He was badly
+trampled by the horses, and had some sabre wounds on his body. Later
+on, Hall was picked up by some comrades to whom he told his story.
+These men located the Spaniards who had done the work and opened fire
+on them. When they had ceased firing there were thirty live horses,
+two dead ones, and thirty-two dead Spaniards. This was pretty good
+shooting, wasn't it?"
+
+Many heroic deeds were done in the Battle of Las Guasimas, by the
+"Regulars" as well as by the "Hough Eiders." Suffering was bravely
+borne. Sixteen of our men were killed, and more than fifty wounded.
+Yet all our troops took heart from the victory of that day, and began
+to think it would be easy to go on driving the Spaniards back to
+Santiago, and then to take that city. But it did not prove to be easy.
+
+There is a little railroad which runs from some mines near Santiago to
+the pier at Daiquiri. Before the landing was made, the Spaniards were
+driven from the coast by the shells of the American fleet. Before they
+hurried away they attempted to disable a locomotive which had steam
+up. They took off the connecting rods, throttle gear and other
+important parts of the machinery and hid them behind fences and other
+places where they thought they would not be found. Then they blocked
+the piston guides and ran off. But there were plenty of engineers and
+mechanics among the American soldiers, and when they saw the condition
+the locomotive was in they started to search for the missing parts.
+Most of these were found and the machinery was cleverly patched up.
+Then they knocked the blocks of wood out of the slides and threw fresh
+coal into the firebox, and in a very short time the locomotive was
+pulling a train of ore cars loaded with soldiers.
+
+[Illustration: (Soldiers at rest)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN.
+
+
+For a few days after the battle of Las Guasimas no great event took
+place. There was no fighting. The other troops were making their way
+up from the coast, but the roads were so narrow and so bad that
+progress was slow. The army wagons had great trouble to get on, and
+many supplies were left at the coast or on the boats, because there
+was no proper way of taking them forward. The heavy cannon were hauled
+a few miles from the coast and then most of them were left, though
+they would have been a great help to our Army, and should have been
+taken to the front. It was soon found that many of the doctors'
+supplies--the things needed in taking care of the sick and
+wounded--had not been taken off the ships that brought the men from
+Florida. It was thought by some of our men that now more effort should
+be made to clear roads through the woods and thick bushes, but not
+much was done. A great deal of fault has been found with the way
+things were managed at this time. It seems as if some of the officers
+were very much to blame. There need not have been so many men killed
+in the battles that followed, or so much suffering and sickness in our
+Army, if all our officers had done their duty. Meanwhile, the
+Spaniards went on improving their forts on the hills a few miles away.
+
+Nearly two thousand more of our soldiers landed in Cuba about this
+time, and more were expected soon.
+
+But I must tell you about another Army that arrived in this part of
+Cuba during these days--a very small one beside General Shafter's
+Army, but one that did mighty work. Have you ever heard of the Red
+Cross Society? This is a society that nurses the sick and wounded. It
+has members in all parts of the world. Its chief officer is Miss Clara
+Barton, whose work has been so great and noble that it has made the
+whole world better. The badge, or flag of the Red Cross Army is a red
+cross on a white ground.
+
+[Illustration: Miss Clara Barton.]
+
+The Red Cross Army takes no part in war except to help those who need
+help. It does not know the difference between friend and foe. Its work
+is a work of love and mercy. No soldiers with any honor would ever
+fire upon a tent that has the Red Cross flag floating over it, or harm
+any person wearing the Red Cross badge. Yet, to the awful disgrace of
+the Spaniards, it is known that some of them, hidden in trees and
+bushes, fired upon doctors and nurses who were taking care of the
+wounded on the battlefields near Santiago.
+
+This was the new Army, whose soldiers wear the sign of the Red Cross,
+that reached this part of Cuba now, and put up a large tent. In this
+tent all help that could be given was given, to Spaniards, Cubans and
+Americans. There were also "floating hospitals"--ships fitted up as
+hospitals. They proved to be great blessings to our Army and Navy.
+
+You will remember that the Red Cross Society took great quantities of
+supplies to the suffering Cubans in the early part of 1898. Its work
+in Cuba was just well-established when hostilities broke out between
+the United States and Spain, and while the members who were on the
+ground wanted to stay and carry on the work of relief, General Blanco
+told them it was best for them to leave the island. They did so
+reluctantly, after doing all they could to insure the proper
+distribution of the supplies they left behind them. The result was
+that the food and medicines intended for the Cubans were used to
+sustain the Spanish army.
+
+When the blockade of Cuban ports was instituted, the Red Cross Society
+was asked by the Government to take charge of the steamship State of
+Texas which had been loaded with provisions, clothing, medical and
+hospital supplies by the generous people of the United States. Miss
+Clara Barton instantly responded, but the ship was not allowed to go
+to Cuba under a flag of truce, because Acting Rear-Admiral Sampson
+would not allow it. He said he was afraid the supplies would fall into
+the hands of the Spanish army. But the Red Cross Society would not
+give up its errand of mercy, and when the United States army invaded
+Cuba, the State of Texas followed the transports and so got to Cuba
+after all, and anchored at a little place called Siboney, where the
+nurses immediately began to care for the wounded on the hospital ship
+Solace.
+
+There had been so much mismanagement about the landing of the troops
+and the supplies, that General Shafter's army was without medicines or
+shelter for his wounded men. When he learned that the Red Cross ship
+had arrived, he sent word to Miss Barton to seize any empty army
+wagons and send him a load of hospital supplies and medical stores.
+She did this, although there were no boats obtainable to convey the
+supplies to the shore. There were only two old scows which had been
+thrown away as useless, but the Red Cross men patched them up as best
+they could, and then loaded them with the material asked for. They
+worked all night, and just as the sun rose in the morning, they
+managed to get them to the shore. It was the hardest kind of work
+unloading the scows in the surf, but they did it, and loaded some
+wagons with the precious supplies. Then the women nurses, who had been
+drenched to the skin in the surf, mounted on top of the load and
+started on a terrible ride over a roadless country. They reached the
+army, and the whole world knows the splendid work they did there. It
+was no fault of the surgeon-general of the United States that they
+were able to accomplish it, though, for he was opposed to female
+nurses and his action sadly hampered the work.
+
+But now I must tell you about the next hard work that our soldiers had
+to do. On the last day of June, General Shafter gave orders that the
+whole Army was to move on toward Santiago the next day. General
+Shafter was sick, and stayed at headquarters in his tent, two miles
+away. Before Santiago could be reached, El Caney and San Juan had to
+be taken. So, on the first of July, early in the morning, six thousand
+of our troops, under brave officers, marched to attack El Caney.
+General Shafter thought this place could be taken in about an hour.
+
+[Illustration: Church at El Caney, Wrecked by American Shells.]
+
+The town of El Caney, four miles northeast of Santiago, lies in a
+broad valley. Beyond it, on the Santiago side, is a high, level piece
+of country. The houses in the town are built of stone, and have thick
+walls. The town was protected by a stone fort on a hill, and also by
+log forts, trenches, and covered places, where the Spaniards could
+stay under shelter while they fired. The stone fort on the hill was
+first attacked by our men, and if they had had more heavy cannon the
+work might have been easy. As it was, more than half the day passed,
+and, in spite of the hard work of our men, the fort still stood. Our
+men had no smokeless powder, and their firing made a big black cloud
+around them all the time, so that they could not see clearly. At last
+the stone walls of the fort began to weaken, and then our men were
+ordered to "storm." They ran along the valley, broke through fences of
+barbed wire, and went up the hill with such a rush that the Spaniards
+could not meet them, but fled down into the town. The other forts kept
+up firing for a while, but our men, now having the fort on the hill,
+forced the Spaniards farther and farther, and, by four o'clock, our
+men held the town. The whole place was strewn with dead Spaniards, and
+our own loss was heavy. Both sides had fought bravely, and the
+struggle had lasted nearly nine hours.
+
+[Illustration: General Henry W. Lawton.]
+
+At El Caney the Spaniards made the strongest resistance that the
+American army met in Cuba. One of the foremost figures in this
+battle was Brigadier-General Henry W. Lawton. I must tell you
+something about him. Lawton was but seventeen years old when the Civil
+War in this country broke out. He enlisted at once and was made a
+sergeant in an Indiana regiment. When his term of service expired he
+re-enlisted and fought gallantly throughout the remainder of the war.
+After the war was over Lawton enlisted in the regular army and was
+sent to the frontier, where he developed into one of the best Indian
+fighters in the army. When our country went to war with Spain, Lawton
+was holding an important position in the War Department at Washington.
+His splendid services were remembered and he was promoted to be a
+brigadier-general of volunteers and sent to Cuba. After the war with
+Spain was over, Lawton was again promoted, and in 1899 was sent to the
+Philippines to assist in putting down the Filipino insurrection.
+
+[Illustration: Battle of El Caney.]
+
+Meanwhile, our other regiments had been ordered to attack San Juan, a
+village on steep heights, less than a mile east of Santiago. Our men
+went to the place by two different roads, and had to go through woods,
+wade through streams, and wind along narrow paths. A number of men
+from each regiment went before, with tools, and cut the fences of
+barbed wire. Fences of barbed wire had been put, like a network, all
+around Santiago, to keep our men away.
+
+[Illustration: Assault of San Juan Hill.]
+
+San Juan was protected by trenches and forts, and from these places
+Spanish bullets rained down upon our men. During the early hours of
+the morning there was much confusion among our troops. They were
+looking for further orders from headquarters, but none came. So, at
+last, the captains and colonels took things into their own hands and
+did what seemed best. Again there was need of more heavy cannon, and
+again our men were troubled by having powder that made a thick black
+smoke. Just as it was at El Caney, so it was at San Juan; not having
+cannon enough to destroy the forts, our men had to take the place by
+storm. Colonel Roosevelt led his "Rough Riders" in one of the finest
+charges ever made. The other troops, nearly all "Regulars," did noble
+work. With bullets pouring down upon them, our men made a wild rush up
+the heights, and the Spaniards fled. The struggle to take San Juan had
+lasted more than five hours, and cost many lives.
+
+Though our men were worn and weary, they took no rest that night. They
+buried the dead, they repaired the forts and trenches. Our men knew
+that the Spaniards would try to win back the heights of San Juan, the
+last stronghold on the outskirts of Santiago.
+
+At daybreak the next morning the Spaniards attacked our troops, and
+the fighting went on all day. A sharp attack was made in the evening,
+but our men still held the place. Yet they did not feel secure. The
+Spanish Army in Santiago was a large one, and might force our men
+back. Our men, though weary from marching and fighting and digging,
+hungry, for food was scarce, wanted to hold the heights that had been
+so dearly won.
+
+The attack upon the Spanish defenses of Santiago began early in the
+morning of July 1st, as I have told you, and I wish I could tell you
+the one hundredth part of the brave and gallant deeds that were done
+by our brave soldiers on that and the next day.
+
+[Illustration: Lieutenant John H. Parker.]
+
+Battery A, of the Second United States Artillery, fired the first shot
+of the engagement known as the battle of El Caney. The Spaniards
+replied, after it had sent five shells among them. The Spanish forces
+were much stronger than our men thought they were, and it took General
+Lawton nearly all day to gain possession of El Caney. Early in the
+day, Lieutenant Parker's battery of four Gatling guns began to hurl
+bullets into the Spanish trenches, and so well did it keep up the work
+that it played a very important part in the battle and a great deal of
+the credit of the victory is due to Lieutenant Parker. Afterwards,
+Lieutenant Parker, in speaking of these wonderful machine guns, said:
+
+"We trained the guns on the top of the hill. They were fired above the
+heads of the slowly advancing line of blue which had started up the
+slope. I ordered the men to work the Gatlings as fast as they could.
+The result was astounding. With each of the four guns firing at the
+rate of eight hundred shots a minute, the bullets formed a canopy over
+the heads of the men at the foot of the hill. A Gatling gun in action
+is a sight to remember; so thick and fast do the bullets fly that one
+can actually see the stream of lead leaving the gun and, as if
+handling a hose, train it on any desired point.
+
+"I remember one incident of the first day which showed how deadly was
+the fire of these machine guns. Away off, across the valley, we saw a
+clump of Spanish cavalrymen. I ordered the guns turned on them. They
+were so far away we had to use glasses to find them accurately, but
+when the little wheels began to turn, those who stood in the front
+line of the clump fell as grass falls before a mower, and it didn't
+take the rest of those Spaniards long to get behind something.
+
+"As the day wore on, and the troops kept climbing up the hill, Colonel
+Roosevelt, who had been watching the work of the Gatlings, came along
+and placed his light battery of two Colt machine guns and one dynamite
+gun in my command."
+
+You can get an idea of the deadly work of the Gatlings when I tell you
+that the fire of one of these guns is equal to that of one hundred and
+eighty riflemen, each discharging thirteen shots per minute.
+
+The dynamite gun is the latest development in light artillery. One of
+them had been supplied to Roosevelt's Rough Riders, or "Teddy's
+Terrors," as they were often called, but none of them wanted to handle
+it.
+
+[Illustration: Sergeant Borrowe Working the Dynamite Gun.]
+
+They were willing to face Spanish bullets, but they were afraid of the
+dynamite gun. They thought it was just as dangerous at one end as at
+the other. It is an odd looking piece of artillery, having two tubes,
+or barrels, one above the other. It throws a long cartridge or shell,
+similar in shape, but not so large as those used on the Vesuvius,
+about which I have told you. One day Sergeant Borrowe volunteered to
+manage the gun that the rest of the men were afraid of. They let him
+have it, and he did splendid work with it.
+
+Another famous gun in the fighting before Santiago was gun No. 2, of
+Captain Capron's battery. Captain Capron was the father of the young
+man who was killed in the battle of Las Guasimas. No guns did more
+effective work than his, unless it was Parker's Gatlings, and one shot
+from this No. 2 is said to have killed sixteen Spaniards at one time.
+After the battery returned to the United States, Lieutenant Henly,
+after saying that the battery was in every battle on Cuban soil except
+that at Las Guasimas, continued:
+
+"We were peculiarly fortunate in escaping the bullets. The only man
+killed in our battery was a horse--I suppose we can count him as a
+man. At El Caney, we were directed to support the infantry in an
+attack on several blockhouses and a stone fort. We were twenty-four
+hundred yards away and soon got the range. The first shot was fired by
+Corporal Williams. Corporal Neff fired the shot that brought down the
+Spanish flag. We pounded a hole in the fort and the infantry went
+through it."
+
+A young soldier who was wounded at San Juan told this story:
+
+"My company got mixed up in the charge, and I pushed on with the
+Thirteenth Regulars. When we reached the top of the hill, some of us
+took shelter in a blockhouse and began firing from there at the
+opposite hills. There wasn't one of the enemy in sight unless you
+count dead ones, so we blazed away at nothing at all, for awhile. But
+they had us dead in range, and it was no dream the way their bullets
+played around us.
+
+[Illustration: The Famous No. 2 Gun.]
+
+"One of the bravest things I saw in the war happened right here. An
+officer came up--he was a major of regulars--I don't know his
+regiment--and he saw that we didn't know what to aim at, and were
+getting a little rattled. So what did he do but quickly walk out in
+front of the blockhouse where the bullets were coming thickest, and
+proceed to study the hills with his field-glass, just as unconcerned
+as you please. And every now and then he would call to us who were
+inside, 'Men, sight at eight hundred yards and sweep the grass on the
+ridge of the hill'; or, again: 'Men, I can see the Spaniards over
+there; try a thousand-yard range and see if you can't get some of
+them. Fire low!' I never saw such nerve as that officer had; he'd have
+stirred courage in everybody."
+
+"Didn't he get hit?" he was asked.
+
+"I'll tell you about that in a minute; but while he was out there
+shaking hands with death, you might say, I was witness to a little
+incident in the blockhouse that is worth telling about: A lot of us
+were in there from different regiments--some from the Thirteenth, some
+from the Sixteenth, and some colored boys from the Twenty-fourth. We
+were all blazing away through the firing-openings in the walls.
+
+[Illustration: Bringing Up Captain Capron's Battery.]
+
+"Just beside me was a big negro, who didn't seem more than half
+interested in what he was doing. I saw him pull a dead Spaniard out of
+the door with a listless movement, and then pick up his rifle as if he
+thought the whole thing a bore. Suddenly, a bullet came in with a
+zip along the underside of his gun barrel, glanced against the strap,
+and took the skin off the negro's knuckles as if they'd been scraped
+with a knife. And then you should see the change! He wasn't
+scared--not a bit; but he was mad enough to have charged the whole
+Spanish army alone. How he did talk--not loud, just quietly to
+himself--and how he did grab his cartridges and begin to shoot.
+
+"Speaking of cartridges, some of the boys ran short because they had
+thrown away a lot in their haversacks; but I had put two beltfuls in a
+pair of socks and pinned them inside my shirt with safety pins, so I
+had plenty, and I was peppering away from behind a brick chimney, when
+one of the Thirteenth lads called out to me: 'Come over here,
+Seventy-one; I've got a fine shot for you.'
+
+"I looked around and saw him standing by a window that was barred with
+iron, but had no sash to it. He was kneeling on the floor, just
+showing his head over the sill, and looking at the Spanish line. He
+was a nice looking lad, not a day over twenty-one, and his face was as
+smooth as a girl's. 'All right,' said I, going over to him, 'Where's
+your shot?'
+
+"'There,' said he, pointing to one of the hills: 'nobody's fired at
+that one yet, but I'm sure the dagos are there. Set your sights at six
+hundred yards and we'll try it together!'
+
+"So I fixed my sights, and we both fired out of the window with our
+rifles resting on the ledge. As I drew back I saw there was something
+queer with the boy, and noticed a splash of red on the lobe of his
+ear, just like a coral bead.
+
+"'Did they wing you?' I asked. And even as I spoke, he staggered
+against the wall and turned round so that I saw him full in the face.
+There was a hole in the other side, just at the cheek bone, that I
+could have put my finger in. He had been shot clear through the head.
+
+"'Poor chap,' I said, and lifted him over behind the chimney, where I
+had been. He didn't speak. I left him there and went to the door,
+thinking that I might see a Red Cross nurse somewhere about, and sure
+enough, there was one bending over a man stretched on the ground. It
+was the major who had been giving us the ranges.
+
+"'Is he hurt bad?' I asked.
+
+"The Red Cross man had the major's shirt open, looking at his wound.
+'He's shot through the heart,' he said.
+
+"'Can you come in here a minute, when you get through with him?
+There's a Thirteenth boy just been hit.'
+
+"'Hit where?'
+
+"'In the head.'
+
+"'Hold him by the jowls,' he said, 'until I come,' So I held him by
+the jowls, and then he spoke for the first time, and what he said was
+this: 'Say, Seventy-one, I done my duty, didn't I?'
+
+"I told him that he did.
+
+"'I had my face toward 'em when they got me, didn't I?
+
+"'Sure, you did.'
+
+"'Well,' he went on, quite cheerful like, 'I may get through this, and
+if I do, I'll have another crack at 'em. But if I don't, why I aint
+got no kick comin', for there'll be others to stay here with me.'
+
+"That was the last I saw of him, for the Red Cross man came in then,
+and I went back to the firing. He was a game boy, though, wasn't he?"
+
+[Illustration: The "Red Cross" in the Field.]
+
+What would have become of the wounded if the Red Cross nurses had not
+been on the field to help them, nobody knows, except that thousands of
+"mothers' boys" were saved, who in a few hours more would have been
+beyond mortal aid. No wonder bearded men wept like babies and blessed
+the angels of mercy as they passed. The boys went into the fight
+hungry, lay for two days in trenches, almost without food; and when
+they were wounded, were ordered to make their way to the rear as best
+they could. Men with desperate wounds had to walk or crawl perhaps a
+mile; perhaps five or six miles, over the wild, rough country, those
+who were least injured, assisting their comrades, and hundreds dying
+by the wayside. Had the Red Cross been allowed its way in the
+beginning, many of these horrors would have been avoided. The few army
+surgeons did all in their power, but nearly everything they-needed to
+allay suffering was lacking, and so insufficient was the force that
+many of the wounded lay for days before their turn came. Men taken
+from the operating table, perhaps having just had a leg or arm cut
+off, or with bodies torn by bullets, were laid naked on the
+rain-soaked ground, without shelter, and in the majority of cases
+without even blankets. And there they lay through two long days and
+nights. All honor to the Red Cross Society which finally forced its
+way to the spot and knew exactly what to do.
+
+[Illustration: Captain "Buckey" O'Neill.]
+
+Some time after the return of the "Rough Riders" to the United States,
+Colonel Roosevelt told some interesting experiences:
+
+"I recollect, as I was sitting, I gave a command to one of my
+orderlies, and he rose up and saluted and fell right forward across my
+knees dead. The man upon whom I had most to rely--I relied upon all of
+those gallant men, but the man upon whom I most relied, Buckey
+O'Neill--was standing up, walking up and down in front of his men,
+wanting to show them by his example that they must not get nervous,
+and to reassure them.
+
+"Somebody said, 'Captain--Captain O'Neill! You will be struck by a
+bullet as sure as fate; lie down! lie down!' and he laughed, and said,
+'Why, the Spanish bullet is not made that will kill me!' And the next
+minute a bullet struck him in the mouth and came out the back of his
+head and he was killed right there.
+
+"Captain Jenkins crept up beside one of his sharpshooters and said to
+him, 'I see a Spaniard over in that tree, give me your rifle for a
+moment.' He fired two or three shots and then turned around and handed
+the rifle back to the man, and the man was dead--had been killed
+without making a sign or sound as he stood beside him.
+
+"I was talking to a gallant young officer, asking him questions, and
+he was answering. I turned around and he had been shot through the
+stomach."
+
+But General Shafter, still at headquarters some miles away, did not
+know how the men felt, and thought they ought to retreat to some safer
+point, and wait for more troops from the United States. Early the next
+morning--Sunday, July 3d--General Shafter sent a telegram to the War
+Office at Washington, saying that he thought of withdrawing his forces
+from the neighborhood of Santiago. An answer was sent to him, asking
+him to try to hold his present place, and more troops started for
+Cuba.
+
+Fortunately, there were brave commanders in the American army who did
+not think as General Shafter did.--They had been doing the fighting,
+while he hadn't, and they had no idea of giving up an inch of the
+ground they had gained. One of the most prominent of them was General
+Joseph Wheeler. He had a splendid record in the Civil War, fighting on
+the side of the Confederacy. He was a bold and tireless fighter, and
+before he was thirty years old he was the commander of all the
+Confederate cavalry. His sabre had flashed in the thickest of many
+fights and he had led his splendid horsemen in many a furious charge.
+
+When the war with Spain broke out, General Wheeler offered his
+services to the Government and was sent to Cuba, and when there began
+to be talk of retreat after those terrible days of fighting before
+Santiago, the splendid old Confederate counselled holding the army
+where it was, and fighting the Spaniards again, if necessary. He said,
+"American prestige would suffer irretrievably if we gave up an inch;
+we must stand firm!"
+
+[Illustration: General Joseph Wheeler.]
+
+The message from General Shafter flew through the United States, and
+caused great anxiety. It was sad to think that our troops had drawn
+near the place they had been striving to reach, had had great labor,
+had borne much suffering, and that now, after all, they might have to
+retreat because there were not enough of them to finish the work--not
+enough to take Santiago.
+
+But that very Sunday something took place that changed the whole color
+of the scene.
+
+[Illustration: (U.S. flag flying over building)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE SPANISH FLEET LEAVES THE HARBOR.
+
+
+While our Army had been toiling along narrow roads and through dense
+forests, wading the streams and storming the forts, on the way to
+Santiago, our Navy had been keeping up its blockade of the harbor.
+Perhaps I should explain to you that the Merrimac, sunk by Lieutenant
+Hobson, did not really close the channel, because the Merrimac had not
+gone down in the right spot on account of the breaking of the rudder.
+So our vessels still kept a close blockade.
+
+The Spaniards now felt worried. Our Navy was at one side of Santiago,
+and our Army at the other. The Spaniards in the city thought our Army
+was larger than it was, and the word passed round that fifty thousand
+American soldiers were on the hills. Food was scarce in Santiago;
+there would soon be danger of starvation. In this state of affairs,
+Admiral Cervera, taking a wild chance for life and liberty, with the
+hope of being able afterward to help his countrymen, led his fleet out
+of the harbor.
+
+Sunday morning, July 3d, was clear and beautiful. The cliffs of the
+harbor, and the old forts, made a fine show under the blue sky. The
+red and yellow flag of Spain floated, as usual, on top of Morro
+Castle. Far in the distance the mountain tops showed plainly--a dark
+line against the sky. The sea was smooth.
+
+Our vessels were in place near the mouth of the harbor, though a few
+were missing. The Massachusetts and some smaller vessels had gone to
+Guantanamo for coal; the flagship New York had gone eastward to a
+place where Admiral Sampson could go ashore, for he wished to arrange
+plans with General Shafter. Commodore Schley had been left in charge
+of the fleet, and his flagship was the Brooklyn. It was at the western
+end of our half-circle of ships.
+
+On Saturday evening, the night before, some of the men on board the
+Iowa saw a good deal of smoke rising within the harbor, and thought
+the Spanish ships might be getting ready to rush out. These men spoke
+to their captain about the smoke, but the captain thought that the
+Spaniards were only fixing their fires. The smoke seemed to him no
+thicker than it had often been before. The men on the deck could not
+help thinking about the smoke, and tried to ease their minds by making
+ready the signal, so that it could be run up instantly if the Spanish
+ships started out. But the night passed away, the signal was not
+needed, and the men concluded that the smoke really had meant nothing.
+They never dreamed that the Spaniards would come out in daytime. So it
+seemed likely that the day would pass quietly.
+
+As it was Sunday, not much work was going on. By nine o'clock all the
+men were dressed in their white clothes, ready for the Sunday morning
+"inspection." Some of the officers were gloomy, for they had had news
+about the terrible losses in the Army during the last two days.
+
+Suddenly, about half past nine, shouts are heard on some of the ships,
+and the signal flies up on the Iowa: "Enemy's ships are coming out,"
+and a gun is fired from the Iowa, to attract the notice of all the
+fleet. Our ships, so still a moment before, are now full of life.
+Every man shouts to his neighbor, "They're coming out! they're coming
+out!" Men run in all directions to get to their posts; officers buckle
+on their swords; orders are quickly given. "Sound the general alarm!"
+"Clear ship for action!" "Bugles call to general quarters!" "Steam and
+pressure on the turrets!" "Hoist the battle-flags!" "Close the
+hatches!" "Full steam ahead!" "Turn on the current of the electric
+hoists!" "Get to your guns, lads!"
+
+Our men are hurrahing and yelling with glad excitement. They throw off
+their white clothes, and tumble down the ladders, and throw themselves
+through the hatchways in their haste to obey orders. In less than
+three minutes every vessel is speeding along, and has obeyed the
+signal: "Open fire!"
+
+There are the beautiful Spanish ships running at full speed, in a
+line, one behind the other, all their flags flying as if on a holiday
+parade. They are coming out of the channel and turning westward,
+firing fiercely on the Brooklyn, the nearest of our ships, while the
+forts on the cliffs fire on the rest of our fleet. First of the
+Spanish ships comes the Maria Teresa, carrying the flag of Admiral
+Cervera. The last two in the line are the torpedo-boat destroyers.
+
+Our ships send forth a storm of fire; every instant the roar of our
+guns is heard, and the air is so filled with smoke that our men can
+hardly see their enemy.
+
+Indeed, it is a wonder that our ships, all rushing toward the Spanish
+ships, do not crash into one another. And how can they help injuring
+one another with their guns? Ah, there is good management! Not one of
+the captains loses his wits--not one of the gunners mistakes a friend
+for a foe.
+
+Now the Maria Teresa is on fire in different places, and turns in
+toward the shore. Great columns of flame shoot up as the big ship runs
+upon the beach and hauls down her flag as a sign of surrender. Now
+another Spanish ship is on fire from our guns, and runs ashore,
+hauling down her flag. She is as helpless as the Teresa. Not half an
+hour has passed since those two ships came out of the harbor, yet now,
+after running six or seven miles, they are ashore and in flames; most
+of their men are killed or wounded, the others are clinging to parts
+of the ships or jumping into the sea, though sharks are plainly seen
+in the water.
+
+Meanwhile, the Gloucester, one of our smallest vessels, is attacking
+the two torpedo-boat destroyers, and, with a little help from some of
+our battleships, soon puts an end to the two little Spanish boats. One
+of them sinks, the other is compelled to run ashore; both ruined in
+less than eight minutes after the Gloucester fired the first shot at
+them.
+
+The chase goes on, the guns keep up their deadly fire. Now another
+Spanish ship, the Vizcaya, turns to the shore, flames shooting from
+her decks. As she touches the beach, two loud explosions shake her
+from end to end. She has held her course for an hour and twenty
+minutes, but now she is burning on the shore.
+
+Only one Spanish ship is left, the Cristóbol Colón, flying at full
+speed, six miles ahead of our first ship, the Brooklyn. The Oregon and
+the Texas follow the Brooklyn, and the New York is only a short
+distance behind. For, of course, the New York, though several miles
+away when the race began, heard the signal gun, and turned, and flew
+back to Santiago on the wings of the wind. Faster and faster flies the
+New York, gaining rapidly in the race.
+
+Surely, it is an exciting race, for the Colón is flying for life.
+Commodore Schley takes the Brooklyn farther out to sea, to head off
+the Colón, when she turns her course; but our other ships follow the
+Spaniard. There is little firing now from either side--the ships are
+racing.
+
+[Illustration: Destruction of Admiral Cervera's Fleet.]
+
+Two hours pass in this way, and now the Brooklyn and the Oregon fire
+heavily at the Cristóbol Colón, again and again. The helpless Colón
+hauls down her flag, and turns toward the shore. The last Spanish ship
+gives up the struggle at fifteen minutes after one o'clock, fifty
+miles west of Santiago.
+
+While Commodore Schley is sending Captain Cook in a small boat to
+receive the surrender of the Colón, the crews of the Brooklyn and
+Oregon crowd upon the decks and turrets to cheer each other and shout
+for joy. Some of the men of the Oregon rush at once for their drums
+and bugles, and the notes of "The Star Spangled Banner" rise in place
+of the roar of the guns. The New York and the Texas arrive, and the
+four ships rest in triumph.
+
+While waiting and resting, a scene took place on the Texas that will
+long be remembered. The captain suddenly ordered, "All hands aft!" The
+crew of five hundred men went to the deck to hear their captain's
+message. The captain, in a few simple words, spoke to the men of his
+faith in the Father Almighty, and then said: "I want all of you,
+officers and crew, to lift your hats, and in your hearts to offer
+silent thanks to God." The men were silent a few minutes, and then
+left the deck, giving, as they went, "Three cheers for our captain."
+
+[Illustration: Working the Guns on the Brooklyn.]
+
+While the Brooklyn, Oregon, Texas, and New York were following the
+Cristóbol Colón, our other vessels were busy saving the lives of
+Spaniards on board the sinking and burning ships. One small boat after
+another was lowered from our vessels, and the crews went to the
+burning vessels, where stores of powder were exploding every moment,
+took off the wounded Spaniards, and saved the men who had jumped into
+the sea and were trying to swim ashore. The work of rescue lasted till
+eight o'clock that night. A thousand Spaniards, among them Admiral
+Cervera and his son, were brought to our ships, and were well tended.
+Most of the Spaniards needed clothes, having thrown aside their
+garments when jumping into the sea; all needed food; a large number,
+being wounded, needed the care of our doctors. What the captain of the
+Iowa said of his men may be said of the crews of all our other
+vessels: "I cannot express my admiration for my magnificent crew. So
+long as the enemy showed his flag, they fought like American seamen;
+but when the flag came down, they were as gentle and tender as
+American women."
+
+[Illustration: Admiral Cervera.]
+
+Admiral Cervera was picked up by the Gloucester, but afterwards was
+taken to the Iowa, where he was received with due honors. The bugles
+were sounded as he came over the side of the ship, the officers
+saluted him as Admiral, the crew cheered him to show their admiration
+for his courage. The Admiral's kindness to Lieutenant Hobson was
+remembered by our men, and they showed that they were grateful.
+Afterward, the Admiral was asked why the Spanish ships had not left
+the harbor during the hours of night, and he answered: "The
+searchlights of your ships were too blinding."
+
+What a change had taken place in less than four hours on that Sunday!
+The Spanish fleet had been destroyed, six hundred Spaniards had lost
+their lives, many were wounded, a thousand were in the hands of the
+Americans. Our men had won a great victory, had not lost a ship, and
+had only one man killed and one wounded.
+
+The story of the Gloucester's fight with the "destroyers" has been
+graphically told by one who was on board her during that exciting
+time.
+
+"The Spaniards were beginning to get the range with their deadly
+automatic one-pounders. One shot in the right place would sink us.
+There was a line of splashes in the water, like that made by jumping
+fish, tracing accurately the length of our vessel, and gradually
+coming nearer and nearer.
+
+"Crash! crash! went our guns, and suddenly, when within ten yards of
+the ship, the splashes ceased. The man at the gun had been killed. We
+were saved temporarily, but still the enemy was fighting for dear
+life. Both destroyers were trying their best to sink us; we refused to
+go down. Suddenly the pin of number four gun dropped out and it was
+necessary to remove the breach block and find the pin. It was all done
+quietly, quickly, but the nervous strain was awful. We were now within
+five hundred yards of the Furor, firing; sometimes at her and
+sometimes at the Pluton. At this point the New York went speeding by
+and cheered us as she passed. Gradually the Pluton's guns became
+silent, and it was evident that she was in distress. She was making
+for the shore.
+
+"Suddenly there was a great flash aboard her, a mass of steam rose
+into the air, and she had exploded, probably in the engine room. Later
+we learned that a shot had passed clear through her boilers. A great
+cheer went up from the Gloucester's crew. But what was the Furor
+doing? Coming toward us? It was the last act of desperation. Again the
+starboard battery had come into use. There was no time to be lost;
+either we must sink the Furor or she would sink us.
+
+"Our fire was redoubled. It was too fierce; no vessel could stand it.
+Still continuing on the circle, with a starboard helm, the Furor
+turned away from us toward Morro. But we kept up our heart-breaking
+fire. Like a stag, the boat turned again and made for her companion,
+which was now lying on her side amid the breakers, endeavoring, to
+escape us, but in vain; and, still turning, she made weakly toward us
+again. Then the truth dawned upon us; she was unmanageable, and was,
+simply moving in a circle, with a jammed helm. The battle was at an
+end.
+
+"But our work was by no means over. We had spent two hours in
+slaughtering our friends who had crossed the sea to meet us, and we
+now spent twelve hours in rescuing the survivors."
+
+[Illustration: Lieut.-Commander Wainwright.]
+
+The Gloucester was commanded by Lieutenant-Commander Wainwright, a
+most gallant and plucky officer. He was the executive officer of the
+battleship Maine when she was blown up in Havana harbor shortly before
+the war began. His fight with the "destroyers" was one of the bravest
+deeds ever recorded in naval history. After rescuing Admiral Cervera
+from the water, he placed his cabin at his disposal, did everything to
+make him comfortable, and treated him with the deference due his rank.
+
+A midshipman on the Almirante Oquendo, who managed to get ashore
+after his ship was beached, told this story:
+
+"The flagship opened fire while we, being the last, were still some
+way from the harbor mouth, yet before we cleared the entrance we got
+struck by a few shells. I was in the forward central torpedo room, and
+as, according to orders, the port holes were shut, I could see but
+little of what was taking place outside. We did not at once use our
+torpedoes, for shortly after the action began, a heavy projectile
+crashed through the upper deck and destroyed the shield near which I
+was standing. I was knocked down by the force of the explosion,
+receiving a slight leg wound from a fragment of the shell, while a
+splinter of the starboard gangway was driven into my chest near the
+heart. On recovering my feet, I found that the starboard torpedo tube
+was smashed and that the deck was strewn with dead and wounded, a few
+of whom were seeking to go up the gangway, which was also destroyed.
+Very shortly we all had to clear out of the room, as it became
+impossible to breathe there, owing to a lot of material taking fire. I
+sank, half choked, on the upper deck, but was revived by someone
+turning a hose on my head.
+
+"On rising again, I found myself close to the second commander, Don
+Victor Sola, who was encouraging the crew, and Seńor Nunoz, who put
+his arm around me, exclaiming, 'They are making a man of you to-day.'
+At that moment a heavy shell burst behind me, small particles lodging
+in my neck. This shell killed Don Victor Sola, whom I saw fall on his
+face without uttering a word. Right across his body fell that of the
+first gunner. When Captain Lazaga heard that the forward magazines
+were ablaze he followed the lead of the Teresa, heading for land and
+running the vessel ashore. I went back to the torpedo room and
+stripped. When I got back on deck, my companions were gone, so I got
+through the port cannon embrasure and slipped down a chain into the
+water."
+
+The destruction of the Spanish fleet at Santiago was as complete as
+the destruction of the Spanish fleet at Manila. Commodore Schley was
+the senior officer in command, and it was fitting that the man who
+"bottled-up" Cervera's fleet should be the one to destroy it. After
+peace was declared, he was promoted to be a rear-admiral, and the
+people of the United States presented him with the costliest sword
+ever given a military or naval officer. It was a direct gift from the
+people to the man, and showed the estimation in which they held him.
+
+In the running fight at Santiago, as at the battle of Manila, every
+officer and man did his duty. The Spanish vessels were out-sailed and
+out-fought. The American vessels were not injured and the Spanish were
+crushed. The American gunnery was effective at close range and long;
+the Spanish gunnery was not good at any range. The American shells
+told wherever they struck and the American vessels were maneuvered
+with the greater skill. Under the stress of the greatest excitement,
+the Americans showed the effect of their splendid drill and
+discipline.
+
+Admiral Cervera and the principal Spanish officers were taken to
+Annapolis and installed in comfortable quarters. One of them said:
+"You ought to be proud of your country, because you have such good
+people." Another remarked, "I do not know that I am a prisoner except
+that I cannot go home." Eventually they were all sent back to Spain.
+
+It has been truly said that laughter and tears lie very close
+together. It is equally true that in the midst of solemn and terrible
+events some amusing things happen, even though they may not seem funny
+at the time. And so, in connection with the exciting events of July
+3d, 1898, some laughable stories are told.
+
+When the Spanish fleet came out of the harbor with all their colors
+flying, a lieutenant on the Texas looked up and saw that his ship was
+displaying nothing but the Stars and Stripes. "Where are our
+battle-flags?" said he. Just then the Texas sent a shell against the
+Maria Teresa. "I guess they won't have any doubt about our being in
+battle," said Captain Philip. But the lieutenant thought that a battle
+was nothing without battle-flags, and sent a messenger after them. But
+the flags were locked up, and the man who had the key was busy in
+another part of the ship. "Then smash the locker," said the
+lieutenant, when informed of this fact. The locker was smashed, and
+soon the Texas was fighting under her battle-flags.
+
+In the thickest of the fight a young lad on the Texas was heard to
+say: "Fourth of July celebration, eh? A little early, but a good one!"
+
+During the chase after the Colón, the men of the Oregon went in turn
+to dinner, Captain Clark having called to them: "Now, children, go and
+get something to eat, if it is only a little bread and butter." The
+men satisfied themselves with a few bites, and then hurried back to
+the deck to watch the exciting race. The Oregon and the Brooklyn were
+gaining steadily on the Colón. Suddenly the Brooklyn signaled to the
+Oregon: "She seems built in Italy." And the Oregon signaled back: "She
+may have been built in Italy, but she will end on the coast of Cuba."
+
+While some of the ships were chasing the Colón, and others were
+rescuing the wounded and drowning Spaniards, the Indiana, according to
+orders, returned to watch the harbor entrance. Suddenly an excitement
+was caused on the Indiana by news that a large Spanish battleship was
+coming from the eastward. Captain Taylor at once made ready for
+another fight, and sent his men to their guns. The officers on the
+bridge looked through their field-glasses at the strange ship, three
+miles away. "Yes, it is a Spanish ship." "Yes, she has Spanish
+colors." The stranger drew near, the guns of the Indiana were just
+about to open fire, but the foreign ship signaled her name and
+country--"Kaiserin Maria Theresa, Austria"--in time to save both
+parties from further trouble.
+
+That Sunday morning the chaplain of the New York was preparing to hold
+service when the sound of a gun caused the ship to turn in her course
+and speed back to Santiago. The ship was cleared for action, and the
+pulpit was hastily thrown aside. As the ship sped along, some of her
+men saw a Spanish sailor struggling in the water. One of the men
+quickly picked up the pulpit--a clumsy, awkward affair, with a gilt
+cross on the side of it--and heaved it overboard, at the same time
+yelling to the poor Spaniard: "Cling to the cross, my lad, cling to
+the cross and you'll be saved." The struggling sailor clung to the
+cross and was afterward picked up by one of the small boats.
+
+This story is told of two gunners on the Oregon. One was an old fellow
+whose name has been on the navy list for thirty years, the other was a
+young seaman gunner.
+
+When Admiral Cervera led his ships out of the harbor of Santiago, in
+that brave dash for the freedom of the open sea, the veteran was
+engaged in his usual occupation of polishing the sleek coat of one of
+the big thirteen-inch guns. When the cry went up that the enemy was
+escaping, he gave a finishing touch to the muzzle and quickly took his
+station in the turret. Presently he turned to a young gunner near him
+and said: "Charley, I bet you a month's pay that I make a better shot
+at the dago beggars than you. What d'you say?"
+
+"'Done,' was the prompt reply.
+
+"Ten minutes later, the old gunner squinted his eye along the sight,
+signalled the man at the training lever to ease off a little, took the
+range from the officer in charge of the division, then gave the firing
+lanyard a quick jerk. When the smoke lifted, the eager watchers saw a
+great yawning hole in the port bow of the Almirante Oquendo. A cheer
+came from the men in the turret, and the veteran glanced triumphantly
+toward the younger gunner.
+
+"The latter's turn soon came. The Oquendo, battered and helpless,
+drifted ashore in flames. The Oregon accompanied by the Brooklyn, sped
+on after the fleet-footed Colón. The rapid-fire batteries of both
+American ships rattled and shrieked after the fugitive. The eight-inch
+guns of the Brooklyn rumbled an unceasing chorus as they belched forth
+their shells, and occasionally a deeper roar from the thirteen-inch
+monsters of the Oregon would give a mightier volume to the din.
+
+"It was after one of the latter shots that the forward turret of the
+Oregon echoed with a rousing cheer. Charley, the young gunner, had
+just dropped the firing lanyard from his hand and it was seen the
+Colón's conning tower was hit. 'He told me before he pulled the
+lanyard that he would fetch it,' exclaimed one of the gun's crew,
+admiringly, 'and he did.'"
+
+A proud father, whose son was on one of the battleships during the
+destruction of Cervera's ships, said:
+
+"Among the four letters I have received from my son is one which
+contains an amusing story of one of the officers of the Indiana. The
+officer in question is well known throughout the navy for his
+fastidiousness regarding apparel, and even on board his ship, is
+always the best-dressed man. He considers it his imperative duty to
+appear 'just so,' on every occasion.
+
+"My son writes that when the fight began, everybody had on most of his
+clothes, the officers generally being in proper uniform. My boy
+started in with a full accompaniment of cap, shirt, coat, pants and
+shoes, but says that before the hour and a half was over he had shed
+everything except his trousers. The heat was, of course, intense and
+the main cause of the boy's throwing off all unnecessary garments. It
+has been his duty to carry messages several times from the commanding
+officer on the bridge to the rear of the vessel, where our dandy
+officer was stationed, and when the fight began he was fully
+uniformed. On the second trip back the officer was seen to be the only
+person in sight with a coat on his back, but the perspiration was
+rolling down his cheeks and dropping off in black beads and his face
+was besmeared and almost unrecognizable.
+
+"Just before the last shot was fired, my son was sent to find the
+executive officer to deliver him a message from the bridge. He hurried
+to the deck, and, in clouds of black smoke endeavored to locate the
+lieutenant. He looked in vain, however, and finally stepped up to a
+man who at first appeared to be clothed in pajamas, and my son was
+just going to inquire for the first officer, when the smoke cleared
+away a little revealing our fastidious but brave officer dressed in
+his nightgown, with his sword strapped around his waist, and a pistol
+stuck in his belt."
+
+Doubtless many more anecdotes could be told in connection with that
+day's history.
+
+[Illustration: (Battle at sea)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+CLOSING EVENTS.
+
+
+That Sunday morning, after General Shafter received the telegram from
+the War Office, he took a step which in the end proved very
+successful. He sent men to Santiago bearing a flag of truce and a
+message to the Spanish general. When a flag of truce is sent to an
+enemy all fighting stops for a number of days or hours, according to
+the time fixed for the truce, or quiet, and plans are then made. This
+message told the Spanish general that if he did not surrender within a
+certain time the American Army would attack the city. The Spanish
+general sent word back that he would not surrender, but that he would
+give notice to the people in Santiago that they might leave the city
+before the attack. Of course, before that day was over, our Army heard
+of the great victory of our Navy, and felt more hopeful.
+
+During the week that followed that important Sunday, crowds of women,
+children, and old men; Spaniards, Cubans, and people of other nations,
+went out of Santiago. They hardly knew where to go. Men who saw that
+sight said it was pitiful. All the roads leading from Santiago were
+filled with people and wagons, toiling on to some place of safety.
+Most of these people had very little food, except the fruit then ripe
+on the mango-trees, and so had to be fed by our Army and by the Red
+Cross Society. Ever since General Shafter's army had landed, it had
+been feeding the hungry Cubans in the country around Santiago--people
+who were nearly starved on account of their long war with Spain. Food
+was scarce in our Army, because there was trouble in landing the
+supplies sent by the United States, and more trouble in sending the
+supplies forward to the soldiers. Still, the hungry people from
+Santiago could not be neglected, and they were given a share of food
+daily.
+
+And with all those crowds upon the narrow roads from Santiago were
+many of our wounded soldiers, trying to make their way back to the Red
+Cross tent at Siboney. There were not enough army wagons to take the
+wounded from Las Guasimas, El Caney, and San Juan, and they could not
+all be treated in the field tents. So the men limped and hobbled along
+as best they could--wounded, sick, feverish--to Siboney, eight miles
+away. To add to the suffering, this was the wet season in Cuba, and
+rain fell for hours every day.
+
+During that week of truce, General Shafter arranged with the Spanish
+general in Santiago for the exchange of Lieutenant Hobson and his
+crew. Half way between the American camp and the city there was a
+beautiful ceiba-tree, or silk-cotton tree, so called from the large
+seed-pods, full of soft, cotton-like stuff. Under this tall, shady
+tree many important councils were held between the Spanish and
+American officers. And under this tree, one morning, our officers gave
+up eight Spanish prisoners in return for Lieutenant Hobson and his
+men. Our soldiers welcomed these brave fellows with shouts of praise
+and joy.
+
+[Illustration: The Treaty Tree.]
+
+On July 10th, the truce being ended, our Army and our Navy fired upon
+Santiago, and kept up the fire on the morning of the next day. Then a
+new truce was made, for the Spaniards wanted time to consult their
+Government. General Miles, the Commander-in-Chief of the whole United
+States Army, arrived and held councils with the Spanish officers. At
+last the Spaniards agreed to surrender the eastern part of Cuba, and
+at noon, on July 17th, our flag was hoisted on the governor's palace
+in Santiago. Our soldiers took possession of the city, and the
+citizens, who had gone away in such sorrow, now returned in joy
+because the United States had taken charge.
+
+When General Miles arrived in Cuba with reinforcements, he at once
+took charge of the negotiations between General Shafter and the
+Spanish General Toral. General Shafter had made such a mess of the
+whole campaign that he was inclined to make trouble, thinking he was
+to be superseded; but General Miles told him that he had instructions
+to settle all matters according to his own discretion. After he had
+completed the negotiations with General Toral, General Miles
+generously left the honor of receiving the surrender of the Spanish
+forces to General Shafter. From the moment of his arrival on the
+island, General Miles had control of all military affairs. No greater
+discretion was ever given to an officer, but he used it wisely, and
+then allowed the honors to pass to another.
+
+[Illustration: General Nelson A. Miles.]
+
+Some of our naval officers went into the harbor and exploded all the
+"mines," and the harbor was once more safe and open to all vessels.
+The war was not really at an end, but it was known that Spain could
+not hold out much longer.
+
+One of the devoted Red Cross workers tells this story: "One of the
+most dramatic incidents of the war was the entrance of the Red Cross
+into Santiago, a few days later. Recognizing the great services
+rendered, the army officers experienced almost a change of heart, and
+the relief ship State of Texas was put ahead of anything, even
+Shafter, Sampson and Schley following respectfully in the rear. There
+were the two armies, the conquerors and the conquered, the wrecked
+ships of Spain, the starving Cubans, the silence of the grave hung
+over all; the memory of horrors gone before--of battle, murder and
+tragedy; and now was coming the first gleaming hope to a perishing
+people. Said Miss Barton:
+
+[Illustration: General José Toral.]
+
+"'Can somebody sing the Doxology?'
+
+"'Praise God from whom all blessings flow' rang out in quavering
+chorus from the dozen men and women on the deck of the State of
+Texas, taken up and repeated here and there on battleships and shore,
+till the green hills that mirror Santiago re-echoed the song of
+thanksgiving, while gallant soldiers were not ashamed of tears, and
+the dying waved their feeble hands."
+
+One of the problems of the war was how to dispose of the Spanish
+prisoners. It would cost a big sum to feed them and to guard them, and
+so it was decided to send them back to Spain. Ships were provided and
+this was done. The Spaniards who were sick and wounded received the
+same care and consideration that was given to the Americans who were
+in the same conditions. The humorous side of the affair was that, the
+contract to convey the troops to Spain was given to a Spanish
+Steamship Company.
+
+I have spoken before of the other large island belonging to Spain--the
+island of Porto Rico. Late in July General Miles took a large body of
+troops there to take possession. These troops had much better supplies
+than the troops in Cuba, and they had not such hard work. The people
+in Porto Rico welcomed our soldiers. The Spanish soldiers made a few
+efforts to fight, but one place after another was taken by our troops,
+without any great trouble.
+
+Ponce, near the southern coast of Porto Rico, is a city of importance,
+as I have told you. It was named for Ponce de Leon, the famous voyager
+of the sixteenth century, who wandered around in search of a fountain
+of youth. When our troops approached Ponce, the city and the port
+were given up to them gladly, as the Spanish soldiers had gone away.
+
+Our troops now began moving on by different roads to San Juan, on the
+northern coast, the capital and chief city. It was known that the
+Spaniards were making great preparations to defend this city. As our
+Army pushed on, from day to day, there were some skirmishes with the
+enemy. On August 12th there seemed likely to be very serious fighting
+at different places near San Juan, but messengers arrived suddenly,
+saying: "The War is ended; Spain and the United States are arranging
+terms of Peace." Spain had lost Cuba and Porto Rico forever.
+
+That afternoon, at four o'clock, the first paper of the Peace was
+signed at the White House, in Washington, though the full Treaty was
+not made until four months later. Spain agreed to give Porto Rico to
+the United States, Cuba to be independent, but our country to govern
+the island until the Cubans were able to manage their own affairs. The
+officers and soldiers chosen by the United States to stay in Cuba and
+Porto Rico to restore order and help the islands to recover from the
+effects of war, soon made many improvements.
+
+As the navy began the war with Spain, it was proper that the navy
+should finish it. The greater events at Santiago obscured the last
+naval battle of the war, but it was a grand triumph for the navy. You
+will remember that the Wilmington was in the fight at Cardenas where
+brave Ensign Bagley was killed. After the destruction of Admiral
+Cervera's fleet, Commander Todd, of the Wilmington, was in command of
+a little fleet and at Manzanillo, off to the westward of Santiago, he
+destroyed nine Spanish vessels. This engagement gave him the title of
+"the Dewey of Manzanillo," and his report of that spirited affair was
+as modest as that of his namesake.
+
+[Illustration: Commander Chapman Todd.]
+
+As our troops came pack to the United States, from time to time, they
+were received with great joy. But many of our men were very ill after
+the war, and had to stay a long time in a sickcamp on Long Island.
+
+On the twentieth of August there was a great naval parade in the
+harbor of New York, and the leading vessels from the war made a fine
+display.
+
+Later, there were Peace Jubilees held in a number of cities of the
+United States. The one in Philadelphia was a splendid affair. There
+were receptions and illuminations, but what pleased the spectators
+most was the great parade. A great many of the military and naval
+commanders of the men who won the splendid victories over the Spanish
+were present, and thousands of the men themselves marched past the
+miles of spectators who lined the sidewalks, as they passed along the
+streets.
+
+It was an inspiring spectacle. General Miles, the Commander-in-Chief
+of the Army of the United States, rode at the head of the monster
+procession. Cheer after cheer arose from the enthusiastic crowds as
+the men who fought with Dewey swung past with rifles at "right
+shoulder." They shouted themselves hoarse when a squad of "Rough
+Riders" trotted by; Hobson and his men received an ovation; Colonel
+Huntington marched at the head of the brave marines who made the bold
+stand at Guantanamo. It was a day of heroes, and all were welcomed and
+cheered royally.
+
+[Illustration: (Troops on parade ground)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+
+
+But in spite of Peace Jubilees and fine parades of returning troops,
+our country was still at war. But this war was with the natives of the
+Philippine Islands. To explain this trouble, I must go back in my
+story.
+
+[Illustration: Aguinaldo.]
+
+In another chapter I told you of the rebellion of the Filipinos
+against Spain. One of the leaders in the rebellion was a young man
+named Aguinaldo. The name means a "Christmas box." Aguinaldo has been
+a good box for some people, a troublesome box for others. Well, to
+quiet that rebellion, Spain made many promises, and Aguinaldo and
+other leaders went to stay in China. Spain did not keep her promises,
+and the rebels took up arms again. Before Spain could quiet this
+trouble, Commodore Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay,
+and the Spanish soldiers fled to the city of Manila. Commodore Dewey
+had not forces enough to attack the city then, so he waited for more
+troops. But while he waited he blockaded the harbor. In June, General
+Merritt sailed from the United States with troops for Manila, and
+others were sent afterward.
+
+On the way across the Pacific Ocean, at Guam, one of the Ladrone
+Islands, a ludicrous incident occurred. The Charleston steamed into
+the harbor, firing a few shots at the fort at its entrance. Several
+Spanish officers came out to the warship in a boat to apologize for
+not returning the salute, saying they had no powder. What was their
+astonishment upon being told they were prisoners, not even having
+heard that war had been declared.
+
+The United States flag was raised over the island, and it is now held
+as a place to store large quantities of coal for the use of our war
+vessels.
+
+Meanwhile, the Filipinos, and some of the savage tribes, had risen in
+great numbers against the Spaniards, and Aguinaldo returned and took
+command of his troops once more. Commodore Dewey, or Admiral Dewey, as
+he must now be called, having been promoted after his victory, tried
+to keep the natives in check; he did not think it right to let lawless
+people take the city of Manila.
+
+The Spaniards made efforts to drive the Americans away from Manila, as
+well as to control the rebels, and sometimes matters seemed very
+serious for our men. On the 7th of August Admiral Dewey and General
+Merritt sent a notice to the Spanish General that, if he did not
+surrender by a certain day, they would attack Manila. They thought
+they could easily come to terms with the Filipinos, after settling the
+Spaniards.
+
+On August 13th our ships in the harbor and our troops on the shore
+began the attack upon Manila. About noon the Spaniards had to
+surrender. Later in the day a cable message was received from the
+United States, saying that the war with Spain was ended.
+
+Afterward, when the full Treaty of Peace was signed, the United States
+agreed to give Spain twenty million dollars for the Philippine
+Islands.
+
+Manila had been captured once before from the Spanish. In what is
+known in this country as the "French and Indian War," Spain took sides
+with France, and England sent an expedition against Manila in 1762.
+After a siege of about two weeks' duration, the city was carried by
+storm and given over to pillage. Afterwards, terms of capitulation
+were agreed upon, and the English withdrew.
+
+In the summer of 1899, Admiral Dewey sailed from Manila in his
+flagship, the Olympia. He made a leisurely voyage through the Suez
+Canal, stopped at various Mediterranean ports, and finally reached New
+York on September 26th. Preparations on a gigantic scale had been
+made to welcome him, and distinguished men and deputations from every
+state in the Union were on hand to greet him. Splendid receptions and
+parades followed; costly presents were showered upon him. The
+culmination of this spontaneous greeting of the American people was
+reached when, in the city of Washington, President McKinley presented
+him with a magnificent sword--the one that had been voted to him by
+Congress for his splendid services at Manila.
+
+Through it all Admiral Dewey was as modest as a man could be; he said
+that the captains of his ships and the crews of their vessels were the
+men that won "all these indescribable honors" for him.
+
+After the surrender of Manila to General Merritt and Admiral Dewey,
+Aguinaldo, the leader of the Filipinos, began to make trouble for the
+Americans. He proclaimed a new form of government for the islands,
+with himself as dictator. He entirely ignored the efforts of the
+United States to give his people a good government, and because they
+did not agree to his schemes, he began to fight our soldiers. He
+succeeded in raising a formidable insurrection, and we had to send
+more soldiers to the islands. General Otis was sent there with
+reinforcements, and later, a number of the generals who had fought at
+Santiago were sent to help him put down the rebellion against the
+authority of the United States, who owned the islands by right of
+conquest and purchase.
+
+[Illustration: Admiral Dewey Receiving the Sword of Honor Voted by
+Congress.]
+
+Many men were killed on both sides, and among them were Major John A.
+Logan, Jr., and Major-General Henry W. Lawton.
+
+Major Logan was the son of Hon. John A. Logan, formerly a Senator and
+at one time Vice-President of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: General E.S. Otis.]
+
+General Lawton, you will remember, was the famous officer who fought
+so gallantly in Cuba, particularly at the battle of El Caney, and was
+after wards sent to the Philippines. Upon his arrival in the islands
+he was at once given a command, and began to hunt down, the Filipinos.
+He fought as bravely and gallantly in the Philippines as he did in
+Cuba, capturing many rebel strongholds and considerable quantities of
+arms and ammunitions. He took a large number of prisoners and kept up
+such a tireless pursuit of the insurgents that they fled before him in
+terror. In fighting the Filipinos he used the same tactics that he had
+employed against the Indians in this country. He allowed his troops
+to fight in Indian fashion, each man for himself, when occasion
+required; and he had the love and respect of every man in his command.
+
+General Lawton was specially thanked by President McKinley after his
+capture of San Isidro, where he led his men in person, as he almost
+invariably did. He was one of the bravest of men, and met a soldier's
+death in a skirmish at San Mateo, on December 18th, 1809.
+
+When the news of General Lawton's death reached this country, the
+people quickly raised a fund, amounting to about one hundred thousand
+dollars, for his wife and children, as a token of their appreciation
+of his distinguished services. His remains were brought to the United
+States on a Government transport, and after lying in state at Fort
+Wayne and Indianapolis, Indiana, were laid to rest in Arlington
+Cemetery, near the city of Washington, D.C.
+
+You will remember that our war with Spain began on April 21st, 1808,
+and that it ended with the signing of the peace protocol, on August
+12th of the same year; but I hardly think you know what these one
+hundred and fourteen days cost this country.
+
+The cost in men was two thousand, nine hundred and ten, and of these
+one hundred and seven were officers. The total force engaged was two
+hundred and seventy-four thousand, seven hundred and seventeen
+officers and men.
+
+The cost in money was about $1,250,000 for each day of the war, and
+if you reckon that up you will find that it amounts to an enormous sum
+of money.
+
+The only American vessel that was lost was the collier Merrimac, which
+was sunk in Santiago harbor by our own navy.
+
+Spain's losses will probably never be given out, for national pride
+will not permit her to publish the figures. We know, however, that she
+lost twelve cruisers, two torpedo-boat destroyers and twenty-one
+gunboats from her list of fighting ships. The value of Admiral
+Cervera's squadron, which was destroyed at Santiago, alone was
+$20,000,000. Besides capturing or destroying these war vessels, we
+took from Spain, during the war, twenty-four steam vessels, sixty-one
+sailing vessels and sixty-one lighters.
+
+It is impossible to give Spain's losses in men, killed and wounded,
+but she surrendered to us in Cuba and the Philippines something more
+than thirty-nine thousand men. According to the terms of the
+capitulation at Santiago, this country sent nearly twenty-three
+thousand prisoners home to Spain.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Young Peoples' History of the War with
+Spain, by Prescott Holmes
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