diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:52:16 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:52:16 -0700 |
| commit | cd407d3d2582a4f03b1e224615c08c0df435e277 (patch) | |
| tree | b3f7af58ddbf62f09c53ce28404991ebb5b74898 /17987-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '17987-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 17987-h/17987-h.htm | 1375 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17987-h/images/image001.jpg | bin | 0 -> 48994 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17987-h/images/image002.jpg | bin | 0 -> 34361 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 17987-h/images/image003.png | bin | 0 -> 5816 bytes |
4 files changed, 1375 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/17987-h/17987-h.htm b/17987-h/17987-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f35851c --- /dev/null +++ b/17987-h/17987-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1375 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mound Builders, by George Bryce</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + hr.full { width: 100%; } + pre {font-size: 75%;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mound Builders, by George Bryce</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The Mound Builders</p> +<p>Author: George Bryce</p> +<p>Release Date: March 15, 2006 [eBook #17987]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOUND BUILDERS***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Thierry Alberto, Diane Monico,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net/">http://www.pgdp.net/</a>)<br /> + from page images generously made available by<br /> + Early Canadiana Online<br /> + (<a href="http://www.canadiana.org/eco/index.html">http://www.canadiana.org/eco/index.html</a>)</h3> +<p> </p> +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Early Canadiana Online. See + <a href="http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/ItemRecord/30053?id=b37d48db075711d0"> + http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/ItemRecord/30053?id=b37d48db075711d0</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h2>THE</h2> +<h1>Mound Builders.</h1> + + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 404px;"> +<img src="images/image001.jpg" width="404" height="414" alt="(Cup found in Mound at Rainy River, Aug 22nd, 1884.)" title="(Cup found in Mound at Rainy River, Aug 22nd, 1884.)" /> +<span class="caption">(Cup found in Mound at Rainy River, Aug 22nd, 1884.)</span> +</p> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2><span class="smcap">GEORGE BRYCE, M.A., L.L.D.</span></h2> + +<p class="center"><b>Professor in Manitoba College and President of the +Historical Society, Winnipeg.</b></p> + +<h3>PRICE, 25 CENTS.</h3> + +<p class="center">(<i>Season 1884-85, Transaction 18</i>.)</p> + +<p class="center"><small>(HISTORICAL SOCIETY.)</small></p> + +<p class="center"><small>Manitoba Free Press Print, Winnipeg.</small></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h1><span class="smcap">The Mound Builders.</span></h1> + +<h2>A Lost Race Described by Dr. Bryce, President of the Historical Society.</h2> + +<h3>SEASON 1884-85</h3> + + +<p>Ours are the only mounds making up a distinct mound-region +on Canadian soil. This comes to us as a part of the large inheritance +which we who have migrated to Manitoba receive. No +longer cribbed, cabined, and confined, we have in this our "greater +Canada" a far wider range of study than in the fringe along +the Canadian lakes. Think of a thousand miles of prairie! The +enthusiastic Scotsman was wont to despise our level Ontario, because +it had no Grampians, but the mountains of Scotland all +piled together would reach but to the foot hills of our Rockies. +The Ontario geologist can only study the rocks in garden plots, +while the Nor'wester revels in the age of reptiles in his hundreds +of miles of Cretaceous rocks, with the largest coal and iron area +on the continent. As with our topography so with history. +The career of the Hudson's Bay Company, which is in fact the +history of Rupert's Land, began 120 years before the history of +Ontario, and there were forts of the two rival Fur Companies on +the Saskatchewan and throughout the country, before the first +U. E. Loyalist felled a forest tree in Upper Canada. We are especially +fortunate in being the possessors also of a field for archaeological +study in the portion of the area occupied by the mound +builders—the lost race, whose fate has a strange fascination for +all who enquire into the condition of Ancient America.</p> + +<p>The Indian guide points out these mounds to the student of +history with a feeling of awe; he says he knows nothing of them; +his fathers have told him that the builders of the mounds were +of a different race from them—that the mounds are memorials of a +vanished people—the "Ke-te-anish-i-na-be," or "very ancient +men." The oldest Hudson's Bay officer, and the most intelligent +of the native people, born in the country, can only give some +vague story of their connection with a race who perished with +small-pox, but who, or whence, or of what degree of civilization +they were, no clue is left.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + +<p>It must be said moreover that a perusal of the works written +about the mounds, especially of the very large contributions to the +subject found in the Smithsonian Institution publications, leaves +the mind of the reader in a state of thorough confusion and uncertainty. +Indeed, the facts relating to the Mound Builders are +as perplexing a problem as the purpose of the Pyramids, or the +story of King Arthur.</p> + +<p>Is it any wonder that we hover about the dark mystery, +and find in our researches room for absorbing study, even though +we cannot reach absolute certainty? Could you have seen the +excitement which prevailed among the half-dozen settlers, I had +employed in digging the mound on Rainy River, in August last, +when the perfect pottery cup figured below was found, and the +wild enthusiasm with which they prosecuted their further work, +you would have said it requires no previous training, but simply +a successful discovery or two to make any one a zealous mound +explorer.</p> + +<h4>A MOUND DESCRIBED.</h4> + +<p>A mound of the kind found in our region is a very much +flattened cone, or round-topped hillock of earth. It is built usually, +if not invariably where the soil is soft and easily dug, and it +is generally possible to trace in its neighborhood the depression +whence the mound material has been taken. The mounds are as +a rule found in the midst of a fertile section of country, and it is +pretty certain from this that the mound builders were agriculturists, +and chose their dwelling places with their occupation in +view, where the mounds are found. The mounds are found +accordingly on the banks of the Rainy River and Red River, and +their affluents in the Northwest, in other words upon our best +land stretches, but not so far as observed around the Lake of the +Woods, or in barren regions. Near fishing grounds they greatly +abound. What seem to have been strategic points upon the river +were selected for their sites. The promontory giving a view and +so commanding a considerable stretch of river, the point at the +junction of two rivers, or the debouchure of a river into a lake or +vice versa is a favorite spot. At the Long Sault on Rainy River +there are three or four mounds grouped together along a ridge. +Here some persons of strong imagination profess to see remains +of an ancient fortification, but to my mind this is mere fancy. +Mounds in our region vary from 6 to 50 feet in height, and from +60 to 130 feet in diameter. Some are circular at the base, others +are elliptical.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + +<h4>MOUND REGIONS.</h4> + +<p>The mounds have long been known as occurring in Central +America, in Mexico, and along the whole extent of the Mississippi +valley from the Gulf of Mexico to the great lakes. Our Northwest +has, however, been neglected in the accounts of the mound-bearing +region. Along our Red River I can count some six or eight +mounds that have been noted in late years, and from the banks having +been peopled and cultivated I have little doubt that others +have been obliterated. One formerly stood on the site of the new +unfinished Canadian Pacific Hotel in this city. The larger number +of those known are in the neighborhood of the rapids, 16 or +18 miles below Winnipeg where the fishing is good. In 1879 the +Historical Society opened one of these, and obtained a considerable +quantity of remains. It is reported that there are mounds +also on Nettley Creek, a tributary of the lower Red River, also on +Lake Manitoba and some of its affluents. During the past summer +it was my good fortune to visit the Rainy River, which lies +some half way of the distance from Winnipeg to Lake Superior. +In that delightful stretch of country, extending for 90 miles +along the river there are no less than 21 mounds. These I +identify with the mounds of Red River. The communication between +Red and Rainy River is effected by ascending the Red +Lake River, and coming by portage to a river running from the +south into Rainy River. Both Red and Rainy River easily connect +with the head waters of the Mississippi. Our region then +may be regarded as a self-contained district including the most +northerly settlements of the strange race who built the mounds. +I shall try to connect them with other branches of the same stock, +lying further to the east and south. For convenience I shall speak +of the extinct people who inhabited our special region as the +<i>Takawgamis</i>, or farthest north mound builders.</p> + +<h4>MOUND VARIETIES.</h4> + +<p>The thirty or forty mounds discovered up to this time in +this region of the Takawgamis have, so far as examined, a uniform +structure. Where stone could be obtained there is found below +the surface of the ground a triple layer of flat limestone blocks, +placed in an imbricated manner over the remains interred. In +one mound, at the point where the Rainy Lake enters the Rainy +River, there is a mound situated on the property of Mr. Pither, +Indian agent, in which there was found on excavation, a structure +of logs some 10 feet square, and from six to eight feet high. +In all the others yet opened the structure has been simply of earth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +of various kinds heaped together. It is possible that the mound +containing the log erection may have been for sacrifice, for the +logs are found to have been charred. One purpose of all the +mounds of the Takawgamis was evidently sepulture; and in them +all, charcoal lumps, calcined bones and other evidences of fire are +found. It would seem from their position that all the mounds of +this region were for the purpose of observation as well as sepulture. +The two purposes in no way antagonize. For the better +understanding of the whole I have selected the largest mound of +the Takawgamis yet discovered, and will describe it more minutely.</p> + +<h4>THE GRAND MOUND.</h4> + +<p>It is situated on the Rainy River, about 20 miles from the +head of Rainy River. It stands on a point of land where the +Missachappa or Bowstring River and the Rainy River join. +There is a dense forest covering the river bank where the mound +is found. The owner of the land has made a small clearing, +which now shows the mound to some extent to one standing on +the deck of a steamer passing on the river. The distance back +from the water's edge is about 50 yards. The mound strikes you +with great surprise as your eye first catches it. Its crest is +covered with lofty trees, which overtop the surrounding forest. +These thriving trees, elm, soft maple, basswood and poplar, 60 +or 70 feet high now thrust their root tendrils deep into the aforetime +softened mould. A foot or more of a mass of decayed leaves +and other vegetable matter encases the mound. The brushy surface +of the mound has been cleared by the owner, and the thicket +formerly upon it removed. The circumference of one fine poplar +was found to be 4 feet 10 inches; of another tree, 5 feet 6 inches, +but the largest had lately fallen. Around the stump the +last measured seven feet. The mound is eliptical at the +base. The longest diameter, that is from east to west, the +same direction as the course of the river, is 117 feet. The corresponding +shorter diameter from north to south is 90 feet. The +circumference of the mound is consequently 325 feet. The +highest point of the mound is 45 feet above the surrounding level +of the earth. As to height the mound does not compare unfavorably +with the celebrated mound at Miamisburg, Ohio, known +as one of the class of "observation mounds," which is 68 feet +high and 852 feet around the base. In addition to its purpose of +sepulture, everything goes to show that the "Grand Mound" of +Rainy River was for observation as well.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + +<h4>THE EXCAVATION.</h4> + +<p>Two former attempts had been made to open this mound. +One of these had been made in the top, and the large skull before +you was then obtained. A more extensive effort was that +made in 1883, by Mr. E. McColl, Indian agent, Mr. Crowe, H. B. +Co. officer of Fort Frances, and a party of men. Their plan was +to run a tunnel from north to south through the base of the +mound. They had penetrated some ten or fifteen feet, found +some articles of interest, and had then given up the undertaking. +Having employed a number of men, settlers in the neighborhood, +I determined to continue the tunnel for a certain distance through +the mound, all the way if indications were favorable, and then to +pierce the mound from the top. The men in two parties went +industriously to work on the opposite sides, working toward each +other, making a tunnel about eight feet in diameter. The earth +though originally soft soil had become so hard that it was necessary +to use a pick axe to loosen it for the spade. A number of +skeletons were found on the south side, but all I should say within +ten feet from the original surface of the mound. As we penetrated +the interior fewer remains were continually found. The +earth gave many indications of having been burnt. At one point +the pick-axe sank ten inches into the hard wall. This was about +fifteen feet from the outside. The excavator then dug out with +his hand from a horizontal pocket in the earth eight or ten inches +wide and eighteen or twenty inches deep, a quantity of soft brown +dust, and a piece of bone some four inches long, a part of a human +forearm bone. This pocket was plainly the original resting place +of a skeleton, probably in a sitting posture. As deeper penetration +was made brown earthy spots without a trace of bone remaining +were come upon. The excavation on the south side was +continued for thirty feet into the mound, but at this stage it was +evident that bones, pottery, etc., had been so long interred that +they were reduced to dust. No hope seemed to remain now of +finding objects of interest in this direction, and so with about +forty feet yet wanting to complete, the tunnel, the search was +transferred to the top of the mound.</p> + +<h4>THE UPPER CUT.</h4> + +<p>Beginning on the crest of the mound, the mould was removed +over a considerable space, and though some trouble was +found from the presence of the roots of the growing trees, yet +three or four feet from the surface human bones and skeletons +began to occur. In some cases a complete skeleton was found,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +in other cases what seemed to be a circle of skulls, buried alongside +charred bones, fragments of pottery and other articles. +Several different excavations were made on the mound surface, +and it was found that every part from the base to the crest contained +bones and skeletons, to the depth of from six to ten feet +as already said; bones and articles of interest were found thus far; +deeper than this nothing. I shall now describe the articles found +in this mound, and refer in some cases to what has been found +in the other mounds of the Takawgamis.</p> + +<h4>NATURAL PRODUCTS.</h4> + +<p>1. <i>Bones</i>. Of the bones found, the skulls were the most +interesting. In some cases it would seem as if they alone of the +bones had been carried from a distance, perhaps from a distant +part of the mound builders' territory, from a battle field or some +other spot. In some cases this was proved, by the presence in the +eye-sockets and cavities of clay of a different kind from that of +the mound, showing a previous interment. The mound was +plainly a sacred spot of the family or sept. Before you are pieces +of charred bone. Of the bones unburnt some were of large size. +There are before us two skulls, one from the grand mound, the +other from the Red River mound opened by the Society in 1879. +The following are the measurements of the two skulls which I +have made carefully; and alongside the average measurements of +the Brachycephalic type given by Dr. Daniel Wilson, as well as of +the Dolichocephalic:</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" summary="skulls"> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap"> Average<br /> Dolicho-<br /> cephalic. </span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap"> Rainy<br /> River<br /> Skull. </span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap"> Red<br /> River<br /> Skull. </span></td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Average<br />Brachy-<br />cephalic.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Longitudinal diameter</td><td align='center'>7.24</td><td align='right'>7.3 in. </td><td align='center'>6.7</td><td align='center'>6.62</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Parietal diameter</td><td align='center'>5.47</td><td align='center'>5.8</td><td align='center'>5.5</td><td align='center'>5.45</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Vertical "</td><td align='center'>5.42</td><td align='center'>6.2</td><td align='center'>5.8</td><td align='center'>5.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Frontal "</td><td align='center'>4.36</td><td align='center'>4.2</td><td align='center'>3.7</td><td align='center'>4.24</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Intermastoid Arch</td><td align='center'>14.67 </td><td align='center'>15.3 </td><td align='center'>15.6 </td><td align='center'>14.63 </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Intermastoid line</td><td align='center'>4.23</td><td align='center'>5.8</td><td align='center'>4.3</td><td align='center'>4.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Occipito frontal Arch</td><td align='center'>14.62 </td><td align='center'>17.0 </td><td align='center'>13.8 </td><td align='center'>13.85 </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Horizontal circumference </td><td align='center'>20.29 </td><td align='center'>22.3 </td><td align='center'>19.6 </td><td align='center'>19.44 </td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From this it will be seen that the Red River mound skulls +agree with the Toltecan Brachycephalic type; and the Rainy +River skull while not so distinctly Brachycephalic yet is considerably +above the average of the Dolichocephalic type.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Wood</i>. As already stated it is only in some of the mounds +that charred wood is found. This specimen is from the mound<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +at Contcheteheng, at the head of Rainy River. It stands beside +the Rapids. This mound has supplied many interesting remains. +From this fact as well as from its situation, I would hazard the +opinion that here, as at the great Rainy River Falls, three miles +farther down, there were villages in the old mound building days. +It is a fact worthy of notice that the site of the first French Fort +on Rainy River, St. Pierre built by Verandrye in 1731, was a few +hundred yards from this mound.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Bark</i>. Specimens of birch bark were found near by the +bones. It was no doubt originally used for swathing or wrapping +the corpses buried. That a soft decayable substance such as +bark, should have lasted while a number of bones had decayed +may seem strange. No doubt this may be explained in the same +way as the presence among the remains in Hochelaga, on the +Island of Montreal, of preserved fragments of maize, viz., by its +having been scorched. The pieces of bark seem to have been +hardened by scorching.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Earth</i>. The main earth of the mound is plainly the same +as that of the soil surrounding it. By what means the earth was +piled up, is a question for speculation. It seems a matter of +small moment. Possibly that the earth was carried in baskets, or +vessels of considerable size is sufficient to account for it. My +theory is that the mound was not erected by a vast company of +busy workers as were the pyramids, but that it was begun at +first for purposes of observation, that as interments were from time +to time made in it sufficient earth was carried up to effect the +purpose, until in centuries the enormous aggregate of earth was +formed. Among the earth of the mound are also found in spots, +quantities of red and yellow ochre. The fact that the skulls and +bones seem often to have a reddish tinge, goes to show that the +ochre was used for the purpose of ornamentation. Sometimes a +skull is drawn out of the firm cast made by it in the earth, and +the cast is seen to be reddened by the ochre which was probably +smeared over the face of the slain warrior. The ochre is entirely +foreign to the earth of which the mound is made, but being earthy +remains long after even pottery has gone to decay.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Ore</i>. Lying near this skull as if they had been placed in +the hands of the corpse were two pieces of metallic ore, one of +which is before you. A fresh section of it shows it to be +Arsenical Iron Pyrites, each piece weighing four or five ounces. +No doubt the shining ore and its heavy weight attracted notice,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +although it is of no commercial value. The probabilities are that +this ore was regarded as sacred, and possibly having been considered +valuable was placed beside the corpse as the ancient +obolus was laid beside the departed Greek to pay his fare to +crusty Charon.</p> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 487px;"> +<img src="images/image002.jpg" width="487" height="591" alt="Figure 1. Mound Builders' Implements." title="Figure 1. Mound Builders' Implements." /> +<span class="caption">Figure 1. Mound Builders' Implements.<br /><br /></span> +</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> +<h4>MANUFACTURED ARTICLES.</h4> + +<p>1. <i>Stone Implements</i>. The stone articles found, no doubt form +a very small proportion of the implements used by the lost race. +I am able to show you three classes of implements.</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>.) <i>Scrapers</i>. (See <span class="smcap">c</span>. Figure 1.) These were made after the +same manner and from the same material as the flint arrow heads, +found so commonly all over this continent. They are usually of +an oval or elongated diamond shape, of various thicknesses, but +thin at the edges. Their purpose seems to have been to assist in +skinning the game, the larger for larger game, the smaller for +rabbits and the smaller fur bearing animals. Probably these implements +were also used for scraping the hides or skins manufactured +into useful articles.</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>.) <i>Stone Axes and Malls</i>. In the mound on Red River +was found the beautiful axe of crystalline limestone, which approaches +marble. From the absence of stone so far as we know +of this kind in this neighborhood, it is safe to conclude that it +<a name="came" id="came"></a>came from a distant locality. There are also gray stone celts and +hammers used for crushing corn, for hammering wood and bark +for the canoes, and other such like purposes, in time of peace; and +serving as formidable weapons in time of war. In the mound on +the Red River a skull was discovered having a deep depression +in the broken wall, as if crushed in by one of these <a name="implements" id="implements"></a>implements.</p> + +<p>(<i>c</i>.) <i>Stone Tubes</i>. (See <span class="smcap">b</span> Fig. 1.) These are among the +most difficult of all the mound-builders' remains to give +an opinion upon. They are chiefly made of a soft stone +something like the pipestone used by the present Indians which +approaches soapstone. The hollow tubes (see figure B.) vary +from three to six inches in length, and are about one-half an inch +in diameter. They seem to have been bored out by some sharp +instrument. Schoolcraft, certainly a competent Indian authority +states that these tubes were employed for astronomical purposes, +that is to look at the stars. This is unlikely; for though the +race, with which I shall try to identify our mound builders are +said, in regions further south, to have left remains showing astronomical +knowledge, yet a more reasonable purpose is suggested +for the tubes. From the teeth marks around the rim, the tubes +were plainly used in the mouth, and it is becoming generally +agreed that they were conjuror's cupping instruments for sucking +out as the medicine men pretended to be able to do the disease +from the body. The custom survives in some of the present <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>Indian +tribes. A lady friend of mine informs me that she has a +bone whistle taken from a mound in the Red River district.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Horn Implements</i>. (See <span class="smcap">d</span>. Figure 1.) The only implement +of this class that we have yet found is the fish spear head +(Fig. D.). It was probably made from the antlers of a deer +killed in the chase. Its barbed edge indicates that it was used +for spearing fish. It is in a fair state of preservation.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Copper</i>. No discovery of the mounds so fills the mind of +the Archaeologist with joy as that of copper implements. Copper +mining has now by the discovery in the Lake Superior region, of +mining shafts long deserted, in which copper was quarried by +stone hammers on a large scale, been shown to have been pursued +in very ancient times on this continent. It is of intense interest +for us to know that not only are there mines found on the south +side of Lake Superior, but also at Isle Royale, on the north +side just at the opening of Thunder Bay, and immediately contiguous +to the Grand Portage, where the canoe route to Rainy +River, so late as our own century, started from Lake Superior. +According to the American Geologists the traces for a mile are +found of an old copper mine on this Island. One of the pits +opened showed that the excavation had been made in the solid +rock to the depth of nine feet, the walls being perfectly smooth. +A vein of native copper eighteen inches thick was discovered at +the bottom. Here is found also, unless I am much mistaken, the +mining location whence the Takawgamis of Rainy River obtained +their copper implements. Two copper implements are in our +possession, one found by Mr. E. McColl in the grand mound, and +the other by Mr. Alexander Baker in a small mound adjoining +this.</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>.) <i>Copper Needle or Drill</i>. (See <span class="smcap">a</span>. Fig. 1.) This was +plainly used for some piercing or boring purpose. It is hard, +yields with difficulty to the knife, and is considered by some to +have been tempered. It may have been for drilling out soft +stone implements, or was probably used for piercing as a needle +soft fabrics of bark and the like, which were being sewed +together.</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>.) <i>Copper Cutting Knife</i>. (See <span class="smcap">e</span>. Fig. 1.) This, has evidently +been fastened into a wooden handle. It may have been +used for cutting leather, being in the shape of a saddler's knife, +or was perhaps more suited for scraping the hides and skins of +animals being prepared for use.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<p>Some twenty miles above the mound on the Rainy River at +Fort Frances a copper chisel buried in the earth was found by +Mr. Pither, then H. B. Company agent, and was given by him to +the late Governor McTavish. The chisel was ten inches long, was +well tempered, and was a good cutting instrument. Another +copper implement is in the possession of our Society, which was +found buried in the earth 100 miles west of Red River.</p> + +<p>All these, I take it, were made from copper obtained from +Isle Royale on Lake Superior.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Shell Ornaments</i>. Traces are found in the mound, of the +fact that the decorative taste, no doubt developed in all ages, and +in all climes, was possessed by the Takawgamis.</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>.) <i>Sea Shells</i>. Important as pointing to the home and +trading centres of the mound builders is the presence among the +debris of the mound, of sea shells. We have three specimens +found in the grand mound. Two of them seem to belong to the +genus Natica, the other to Marginella. They have all been cut +or ground down on the side of the opening of the shell, so that +two holes permit the passage of a string, by which the beads thus +made are strung together. The fact that the genera to which +the shells belong are found in the sea, as well as their highly +polished surface show these to be marine; and not only so but +from the tropical seas, either we suppose from the Gulf of Mexico +or from the Californian coast.</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>.) <i>Fresh Water Shells</i>. In all the mounds yet opened, examples +of the Unio, or River Mussel, commonly known as the +clam have been found. They are usually polished, cut into +symmetrical shapes, and have holes bored in them. We have one +which was no doubt used as a breast ornament, and was hung by +a string around the neck. In the bottom of a nearly complete +pottery cup, found in the grand mound, which went to pieces as +we took it out, there was lying a polished clam shell. The clam +still abounds on Rainy River. Six miles above the mound, we saw +gathered together by an industrious housewife hundreds of the +same species of clam, whose shells she was in the habit of pulverizing +for the benefit of her poultry.</p> + +<p>5. <i>Pottery</i>. (<i>a</i>.) <i>Broken</i>. It seems to be a feature of every +mound that has been opened that fragments of pottery have been +unearthed. The Society has in its possession remains of twenty +or thirty pottery vessels. They are shown to be portions of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>different +pots, by their variety of marking. The pottery is of a +coarse sort, seemingly made by hand and not upon a wheel, and +then baked. The markings were made upon the soft clay, evidently +with a sharp instrument, or sometimes with the finger +nail. Some pieces are found hard and well preserved; others are +rapidly disintegrating. As stated already, in the grand mound, +a vessel some five inches in diameter was dug up by one of the +workers, filled with earth, which though we tried earnestly to +save it, yet went to pieces in our hands. The frequency with +which fragments of pottery are found in the mounds has given +rise to the theory that being used at the time of the funeral +rites the vessel was dashed to pieces as was done by some ancient +nations in the burial of the dead. This theory is made very +doubtful indeed by the discovery of the</p> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 404px;"> +<img src="images/image001.jpg" width="404" height="414" alt="Figure 2." title="Figure 2." /> +<span class="caption">Figure 2.</span> +</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>.) <i>Complete Pottery Cup</i>. So far as I know this is the +only complete cup now in existence in the region northwest of +Lake Superior, though several others are said to have been discovered +and been sent to distant friends of the finders. This cup, +belonging now to the Historical Society was found in the grand +mound, in company with charred bones, skulls, and other human +bones, lumps of red ochre, and the shells just described. The +dimensions of the cup are as follows:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="cup"> +<tr><td align='left'>Mean diameter at top of rim </td><td align='left'>2.09 inches.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Greatest mean diameter</td><td align='left'>3.03 "</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Height</td><td align='left'>2.49 "</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thickness of material</td><td align='left'>0.092 "</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weight</td><td align='left'>—— oz.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Whether the cup was intended for use as a burial urn, or +simply for ordinary use it is difficult to say.</p> + +<p>Now, in endeavoring to sum up the results a few points need +some discussion.</p> + +<p>1. Who were the people who erected the mounds? Judging +from the following considerations, I should say they were</p> + +<h4>NOT AN INDIAN RACE.</h4> + +<p>Whoever built the mounds had a faculty not possessed by +modern Indians. Building instincts seem hereditary. The +beaver and the musk rat build a house. Other creatures to whom +a dwelling might be serviceable, such as the squirrel, obtain +shelter in another way. And races have their distinctive tendencies +likewise. It never occurs to an Indian to build a mound. +From what has been already said as to the fertile localities in +which the mounds are found we are justified in believing that +their builders were agriculturists. Dr. Dawson in Montreal by +the use of the microscope detected grains of charred corn in the +remains of Hochelaga. I have examined a small quantity of the +dust taken from one of the shells found in the grand mound, +with the microscope, and though I am not perfectly certain, yet +I believe there are traces of some farinaceous substance to be +seen. On skirting the shores of the Lake of the Woods into +which Rainy River runs, at the present time, you are struck by +the fact that there are no Canadian farmers there, and likewise +that there are no mounds to be seen, while along the banks of +Rainy River both the agriculturist is found cultivating the soil +and the mounds abound. It would seem to justify us in concluding +that the farmer and the mound builder avoided the one +locality because of its barren rocky character, and took to the +other because of its fertility. Moreover the continual occurrence +of pottery in the mounds shows that the mound builders were +potters as well, while none of the tribes inhabiting the district +have any knowledge of the art of pottery. The making of +pottery is the occupation peculiarly of a sedentary race, and hence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +of a race likely to be agriculturists. As it requires the building +faculty to originate the mounds, so it requires the constructive +faculty to make pottery. In constructive ability our Indians are +singularly deficient, just as it is with greatest difficulty that they +can be induced even on a small scale to practice agriculture. It +has been objected to this conclusion that the Indians can make +a canoe, which is a marvel in its way. But there is a great difference +in the two cases. In the canoe all the materials remain +the same. The approximation to a chemical process makes the +pottery manufacture a much more complicated matter. Indeed +the Indian in token of his surprise at his success in being even +able to construct a canoe, states in his tradition that it is the +gift of the Manitou. Furthermore the mound builder used +metal tools, and was probably a metal worker. It is true the +copper implements mentioned, as having been found were brought +to Rainy and Red Rivers. I have, however, pointed out the intimate +connection judging by the line of transport subsisting between +Rainy River and Lake Superior, the mining locality for copper. +To sink a mine in the unyielding Huronian rock of Lake Superior, +with mallet and hammer and wedge and fire, take out the native +copper, work it into the desired tools, and then temper these +requires skill and adaptation unpossessed by the Indians. For +centuries we know that the Lake Superior mine in which are +found tools and timber constructions, have been buried, filled in +for ten feet with debris, and have rank vegetation and trees +growing upon them. It is certain that the Indian races, even +when shown the example, cannot when left alone follow the +mining pursuit. Not only then by the ethnological, and other +data cited do we conclude that the mound builders belong to a +different race from the present Indians, but the tradition of the +Indians is to the same effect. Then</p> + +<h4>WHO WERE THE MOUND BUILDERS?</h4> + +<p>I would lead you back now to what little we know from the +different sources, of the early history of our continent. When +the Spaniards came to Mexico in the early years of the 16th +century, Montezuma, an Aztec prince was on the throne. The +Aztecs gave themselves out as intruders in Mexico. They were +a bloody and warlike race, and though they gave the Spaniards +an easy victory it was rather a reception, for they were overawed +by superstition as to the invaders. They stated that a few centuries +before, they had been a wild tribe on the high country of +the Rio Grande and Colorado, in New Mexico. The access from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +the Pacific up the Colorado would agree well with the hypothesis +that the chief sources of the aboriginal inhabitants of America +were Mongolian, and that from parties of Mongols landing from +the Pacific Isles on the American coast, the population was derived. +At any rate the Aztecs stated that before they invaded +Mexico from their original home, they were preceded by a civilized +race, well acquainted with the arts and science, knowing +more art and astronomy in particular than they. They stated +that they had exterminated this race known as</p> + +<h4>THE TOLTECS.</h4> + +<p>The main features of the story seem correct. The Toltecs +seem to have been allied to the Peruvians. Their skulls seem of +the Brachycephalic type. The Toltecs were agriculturists, +were mechanical, industrial, and constructive. In Mexico, and further +south in Nicaragua, as well as northward, large mounds remain +which are traced to them. According to the Aztec story +the Toltecans spread in Mexico from the seventh to the twelfth +century at which latter day they were swept away. My theory +is that it was this race—which must have been very numerous—which +either came from Peru in South America, capturing Mexico +and then flowing northward; or perhaps came from New +Mexico, the American Scythia of that day, and sending one +branch down into Mexico, sent another down the Rio Grande, +which then spread up the Mississippi and its tributaries The +mounds mark the course of this race migration. They are found +on the Mississippi. One part of the race seems to have ascended +the Ohio to the great lakes and the St. Lawrence, another went +up the Missouri, while another ascended the Mississippi proper +and gained communication from its head waters with the Rainy +and Red Rivers. When then did the crest of this wave of migration +reach its furthest northward point? Taking the seventh +century as the date of the first movement of the Toltecs toward +conquest in Mexico, I have set three or four centuries as +the probable time taken for multiplication and the displacement +of former tribes, until they reached and possessed this northern +region of "The Takagamies," or far north mound builders. This +would place their occupation of Rainy River in the eleventh century. +Other considerations to which I shall refer seem to sustain +this as the probable date. The grand mound is by far the</p> + +<h4>LARGEST MOUND</h4> + +<p>on Rainy River. It is likewise at the mouth of the Bowstring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +River, which is its largest tributary and affords the readiest means +of access from the Mississippi up which the Toltecan flood of emigration +was surging. My theory is that here in their new homes, +for three centuries they multiplied, cultivated the soil, and built +the mounds which are still a monument to their industry. Here +they became less warlike because more industrious, and hence +less able to defend themselves. I have already stated that the</p> + +<h4>AZTEC WHIRLWIND OF CONQUEST</h4> + +<p>swept into Mexico from the Northwest about the twelfth century. +The sanguinary horde partly destroyed and partly +seized for its own use the civilization of the Toltecans. We have +specially to do with an Aztec wave that seems to have surged +up the valley of the Mississippi. As the great conquering people +captured one region, they would settle upon it, and send off a new +hive of marauders. Indian tribes, numerous but of the same +savage type, are marked by the old Geographers as occupying the +Mississippi valley. It was when one part of the northern horde +came up the valley of the Ohio, as the Savage Iroquois, and another +up the head waters of the Mississippi as the Sioux, the +tigers of the plains, that we became familiar in the sixteenth +century with this race. The French recognized the Sioux as the +same race as the Iroquois and called them "Iroquets" or little +Iroquois. The two nations were confederate in their form of +government; they had all the fury of Aztecs, and resemblances +of a sufficiently marked kind are found between Sioux or Dakota +and the Iroquois dialect, while their skulls follow the Dolichocephalic +type of cranium. With fire and sword the invaders +swept away the Toltecs; their mines were deserted and filled +up with debris; their arts of agriculture, metal working and +pottery making were lost; and up to the extreme limits of our +country of the Takawgamis, only the mounds and their contents +were left.</p> + +<h4>OUR HISTORIC ERA</h4> + +<p>saw the expiring blaze of this tremendous conflagration just as +the French arrived in Canada. Cartier saw a race in 1535 in +Hochelaga, who are believed to have had Brachycephalic crania, +who were agriculturists, used at least implements of metal, dwelt +in large houses, made pottery and were constructive in tendency. +In 1608 when Champlain visited the same spot, there were none +of the Hochelagans remaining. This remnant of the Toltecans<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +had been swept out of existence between the Algonquin wave +from the east and the Iroquois from the southwest. The French +heard of a similar race called the Eries and of another the Neutrals, +who had the same habits and customs as the vanished +Hochelagans, but who had been visited by the scourge of the +Iroquois on the Ohio as they ascended it, and had perished. Thus +from the twelfth century, the time set for the irruption of the +savage tribes from New Mexico, two or three centuries would +probably suffice to sweep away the last even of the farthest north +Takawgamis. This, say the fifteenth century, would agree very +well, not only with time estimated by the early French explorers, +but also with the tradition of the Crees who claim that for three +or four centuries they have lived sole possessors upon the borders +of Lake Superior, Lake of the Woods, and Lake Winnipeg. Our +theory then is that the mound builders occupied the region of +Rainy and Red Rivers from the eleventh to the fifteenth centuries. +Their works remain.</p> + +<h4>HOW OLD</h4> + +<p>then are the mounds? If our conclusions are correct the oldest +mound in our region cannot exceed 800 years, and the most recent +must have been completed upwards of 400 years ago. Look +at further considerations, which lead to these conclusions. We +learn, that 200 years ago, viz.: in 1683, the "Clistinos" and +"Assinipouals" (Crees and Assiniboines) were in their present +country. The Crees were at that time in the habit of visiting +both Lake Superior and Hudson's Bay for the purpose of trade. +They were then extensive nations and no trace of a nation which +preceded them was got from them. The fallen tree on the top +of the grand mound, judging by the concentric rings of its trunk +is 150 or 200 years old, and yet its stump stands in a foot or more +of mould that must have taken longer than that time to form. +Even among savage nations it would take upwards of half a +dozen generations of men, to lose the memory of so great a catastrophe +as the destruction of a former populous race. Then some +400 years ago would agree with the time of extermination of the +Hochelagans, or with the destruction of the Eries, who according +to Labontan were blotted out before the French came to the continent. +The Hochelagans, Eries, and Takawgamis being northern +in their habitat, I take it were among the last of the Toltecans +who survived. The white man but arrived upon the scene to +succeed the farmer, the metal worker and the potter, who had +passed away so disastrously, and to be the avenger of the lost +race, in driving before him the savage red man.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + +<h4>THE EARLIEST MOUND.</h4> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 598px;"> +<img src="images/image003.png" width="598" height="492" alt="Figure 3." title="Figure 3." /> +<span class="caption">Figure 3.</span> +</p> + +<p>I believe our grand mound to be the earliest in the region +of the Takawgamis. It is the largest in the region. It will be +seen by reference to figure 3 that I arrive at its age in the +following way. Where it now stands, so striking an object, it is +about one-third of a mile above the point where the Bowstring River +enters the Rainy River. If however from the top of the mound +you look southward through the trees a view may be got of the +silver stream of the Bowstring, coming as if directly toward the +mound. Originally no doubt this tributary flowed close by the +mound, for the mound would undoubtedly be built on the extreme point. +But as from year to year the Bowstring River deposited +the detritus carried down by it, it formed a bank or bar, +and was gradually diverted from its course, until now, the +peninsula some hundreds of yards across its base, has become up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>wards +of a third of a mile long. I infer that this peninsula, +which I should say contains some seventy acres has been formed +since the mound—which from its position seems for observation +as well as for sepulture—was begun. Some 200 yards down the +point from the grand mound occurs another small mound. This +is some eight or ten feet high, and fifty or sixty feet across. +Along the point and close past this small mound runs an old +water course, now a treeless hay meadow. At high water in +spring, as I ascertained, the river still sends its surplus water by +this old channel. My position is that the 200 yards of earth +between the site of the grand mound and that of the small +mound was deposited after the grand mound was begun, and before +the commencement of the small mound. Undoubtedly this +small mound as well as a similar one not far up the river from +the grand mound, were begun on account of the laborious work +of carrying bones and earth to such a height, and on account of +the numerous interments which have left the surface of the grand +mound a bone pile. This is shown by the small mound being on +a site more recent than that of the large mound. Suppose a +hundred years to have sufficed to raise the small mound to its +height when the devastating ruin of the Sioux slaughtered the +last mound builder and checked the mound. From our previous +position this would represent a point some 500 years ago. But +during this 500 years according to our hypothesis all of the point +of land below the small mound, that is to say, about 300 yards in +length, has been formed. The question then is, how long at the same +rate must it have taken the 200 yards between the two mounds +to form. This brings us then to a point say 300 years before the +time of beginning of the small mound. We thus arrive at about +800 years ago as the time when the grand mound was begun. It +will thus be seen that we have reached back to the eleventh century, +the time previously deduced from historic date for the arrival +of the Toltecans on the Rainy River.</p> + +<h4>CONCLUSION.</h4> + +<p>Our investigation has now come to an end. I have led you +to examine the few fragments of a civilization which it would be +absurd to declare to have been of the very highest type, but yet +of a character much above that of the wandering tribes, which, +with their well-known thirst for blood, destroyed the very arts +and useful habits which might have bettered their condition. +The whirlwind of barbarian fury is ever one which fills peaceful +nations with terror. We may remember how near in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +"Agony of Canada," the French power was to being swept out +of existence by the fierce fury of the Iroquois—up to that time +always victorious. We may remember how civilization in Minnesota +was thrown back by the Sioux massacre of 1861. It is only +now by persistent and unwearied efforts that we can hope to +conquer the Indians by the arts of peace, and by inducing him to +take the hoe in place of the tomahawk, to meet nature's obstacles. +Who can fail to heave a sigh for our northern mound builders, +and to lament the destruction of so vast and civilized a race as +the peaceful Toltecans of Mexico, of the Mississippi, and of the +Ohio, to which our Takawgamis belonged? After all, their life +must in the main, ever remain a mystery.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4"><b>THE LOST RACE</b><br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"One of our visits to the mound was at night."<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Oh, silent mound! thy secret tell!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">God's acre gazing toward the sky,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Midst sombre shade 'neath angel's eye<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thou sleepest till the domesday knell.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Sweet leaflets, on the towering elms.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oh whisper from your crested height!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or have lost forests borne from sight<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The secret to their buried realms?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Stay, babbling river, hurrying past,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cans't thou, who saw'st the toilers build,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Not picture on thy bosom stilled,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Life-speaking shadows long since cast?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Or, echo, mocking us with sound,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Repeat the busy voice, we pray,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of moiling thousands, now dull clay,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And waken up the gloom profound.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Pale, shimmering ghosts that flit around,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">While spade and mattock death-fields glean,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Open with words from the unseen<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The mysteries now in cerements bound.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">No answer yet! We gaze in vain.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With lamp and lore let science come.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Now, clear eyed maiden!!—You, too, dumb!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Your light gone out!!—'tis night again.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">And is this all? an earthen pot!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A broken spear! a copper pin!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Earth's grandest prizes counted in,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">A burial mound!—the common lot!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Yes! this were all; but o'er the mound,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The stars, that fill the midnight sky,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Are eyes from Heaven that watch on high<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Till domesday's thrilling life-note sound.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center"><b>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</b><br /></p> + +<p>Page 9 (b): The following changes have been made from the original text:</p> + +<p style="text-indent: 1em;">come changed to <a href="#came">came</a> (it came from a distant locality);</p> +<p style="text-indent: 1em;">impliments changed to <a href="#implements">implements</a> (crushed in by one of these implements.)</p> + +<p>Some paragraphs appear to end mid-sentence; however no text is missing +from the source document. The author chose to turn the end of those +sentences into paragraph headings.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOUND BUILDERS***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 17987-h.txt or 17987-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/9/8/17987">http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/9/8/17987</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution.</p> + + + +<pre> +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">http://www.gutenberg.org/license)</a>. + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">http://www.gutenberg.org</a> + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. + +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/</a> + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a> + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** +</pre> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/17987-h/images/image001.jpg b/17987-h/images/image001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..40a890d --- /dev/null +++ b/17987-h/images/image001.jpg diff --git a/17987-h/images/image002.jpg b/17987-h/images/image002.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ce04aa --- /dev/null +++ b/17987-h/images/image002.jpg diff --git a/17987-h/images/image003.png b/17987-h/images/image003.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dee5dac --- /dev/null +++ b/17987-h/images/image003.png |
