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+Project Gutenberg's Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, by Andrew Carnegie
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie
+
+Author: Andrew Carnegie
+
+Editor: John C. Van Dyke
+
+Release Date: March 13, 2006 [EBook #17976]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ANDREW CARNEGIE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Linda Cantoni, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTOBIOGRAPHY
+
+OF
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE
+
+
+WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+[Illustration: [signature] Andrew Carnegie]
+
+
+London
+CONSTABLE & CO. LIMITED
+1920
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY LOUISE WHITFIELD CARNEGIE
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+After retiring from active business my husband yielded to the earnest
+solicitations of friends, both here and in Great Britain, and began to
+jot down from time to time recollections of his early days. He soon
+found, however, that instead of the leisure he expected, his life was
+more occupied with affairs than ever before, and the writing of these
+memoirs was reserved for his play-time in Scotland. For a few weeks
+each summer we retired to our little bungalow on the moors at
+Aultnagar to enjoy the simple life, and it was there that Mr. Carnegie
+did most of his writing. He delighted in going back to those early
+times, and as he wrote he lived them all over again. He was thus
+engaged in July, 1914, when the war clouds began to gather, and when
+the fateful news of the 4th of August reached us, we immediately left
+our retreat in the hills and returned to Skibo to be more in touch
+with the situation.
+
+These memoirs ended at that time. Henceforth he was never able to
+interest himself in private affairs. Many times he made the attempt to
+continue writing, but found it useless. Until then he had lived the
+life of a man in middle life--and a young one at that--golfing,
+fishing, swimming each day, sometimes doing all three in one day.
+Optimist as he always was and tried to be, even in the face of the
+failure of his hopes, the world disaster was too much. His heart was
+broken. A severe attack of influenza followed by two serious attacks
+of pneumonia precipitated old age upon him.
+
+It was said of a contemporary who passed away a few months before Mr.
+Carnegie that "he never could have borne the burden of old age."
+Perhaps the most inspiring part of Mr. Carnegie's life, to those who
+were privileged to know it intimately, was the way he bore his "burden
+of old age." Always patient, considerate, cheerful, grateful for any
+little pleasure or service, never thinking of himself, but always of
+the dawning of the better day, his spirit ever shone brighter and
+brighter until "he was not, for God took him."
+
+Written with his own hand on the fly-leaf of his manuscript are these
+words: "It is probable that material for a small volume might be
+collected from these memoirs which the public would care to read, and
+that a private and larger volume might please my relatives and
+friends. Much I have written from time to time may, I think, wisely be
+omitted. Whoever arranges these notes should be careful not to burden
+the public with too much. A man with a heart as well as a head should
+be chosen."
+
+Who, then, could so well fill this description as our friend Professor
+John C. Van Dyke? When the manuscript was shown to him, he remarked,
+without having read Mr. Carnegie's notation, "It would be a labor of
+love to prepare this for publication." Here, then, the choice was
+mutual, and the manner in which he has performed this "labor" proves
+the wisdom of the choice--a choice made and carried out in the name of
+a rare and beautiful friendship.
+
+LOUISE WHITFIELD CARNEGIE
+
+_New York_
+     _April 16, 1920_
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S NOTE
+
+
+The story of a man's life, especially when it is told by the man
+himself, should not be interrupted by the hecklings of an editor. He
+should be allowed to tell the tale in his own way, and enthusiasm,
+even extravagance in recitation should be received as a part of the
+story. The quality of the man may underlie exuberance of spirit, as
+truth may be found in apparent exaggeration. Therefore, in preparing
+these chapters for publication the editor has done little more than
+arrange the material chronologically and sequentially so that the
+narrative might run on unbrokenly to the end. Some footnotes by way of
+explanation, some illustrations that offer sight-help to the text,
+have been added; but the narrative is the thing.
+
+This is neither the time nor the place to characterize or eulogize the
+maker of "this strange eventful history," but perhaps it is worth
+while to recognize that the history really was eventful. And strange.
+Nothing stranger ever came out of the _Arabian Nights_ than the story
+of this poor Scotch boy who came to America and step by step, through
+many trials and triumphs, became the great steel master, built up a
+colossal industry, amassed an enormous fortune, and then deliberately
+and systematically gave away the whole of it for the enlightenment and
+betterment of mankind. Not only that. He established a gospel of
+wealth that can be neither ignored nor forgotten, and set a pace in
+distribution that succeeding millionaires have followed as a
+precedent. In the course of his career he became a nation-builder, a
+leader in thought, a writer, a speaker, the friend of workmen,
+schoolmen, and statesmen, the associate of both the lowly and the
+lofty. But these were merely interesting happenings in his life as
+compared with his great inspirations--his distribution of wealth, his
+passion for world peace, and his love for mankind.
+
+Perhaps we are too near this history to see it in proper proportions,
+but in the time to come it should gain in perspective and in interest.
+The generations hereafter may realize the wonder of it more fully than
+we of to-day. Happily it is preserved to us, and that, too, in Mr.
+Carnegie's own words and in his own buoyant style. It is a very
+memorable record--a record perhaps the like of which we shall not look
+upon again.
+
+JOHN C. VAN DYKE
+
+_New York_
+     _August, 1920_
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+     I. PARENTS AND CHILDHOOD                                1
+
+    II. DUNFERMLINE AND AMERICA                             20
+
+   III. PITTSBURGH AND WORK                                 32
+
+    IV. COLONEL ANDERSON AND BOOKS                          45
+
+     V. THE TELEGRAPH OFFICE                                54
+
+    VI. RAILROAD SERVICE                                    65
+
+   VII. SUPERINTENDENT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA                  84
+
+  VIII. CIVIL WAR PERIOD                                    99
+
+    IX. BRIDGE-BUILDING                                    115
+
+     X. THE IRON WORKS                                     130
+
+    XI. NEW YORK AS HEADQUARTERS                           149
+
+   XII. BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS                              167
+
+  XIII. THE AGE OF STEEL                                   181
+
+   XIV. PARTNERS, BOOKS, AND TRAVEL                        198
+
+    XV. COACHING TRIP AND MARRIAGE                         210
+
+   XVI. MILLS AND THE MEN                                  220
+
+  XVII. THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE                               228
+
+ XVIII. PROBLEMS OF LABOR                                  240
+
+   XIX. THE "GOSPEL OF WEALTH"                             255
+
+    XX. EDUCATIONAL AND PENSION FUNDS                      268
+
+   XXI. THE PEACE PALACE AND PITTENCRIEFF                  282
+
+  XXII. MATTHEW ARNOLD AND OTHERS                          298
+
+ XXIII. BRITISH POLITICAL LEADERS                          309
+
+  XXIV. GLADSTONE AND MORLEY                               318
+
+   XXV. HERBERT SPENCER AND HIS DISCIPLE                   333
+
+  XXVI. BLAINE AND HARRISON                                341
+
+ XXVII. WASHINGTON DIPLOMACY                               350
+
+XXVIII. HAY AND MCKINLEY                                   358
+
+  XXIX. MEETING THE GERMAN EMPEROR                         366
+
+        BIBLIOGRAPHY                                       373
+
+        INDEX                                              377
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE                    _Photogravure frontispiece_
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE'S BIRTHPLACE                                 2
+
+DUNFERMLINE ABBEY                                            6
+
+MR. CARNEGIE'S MOTHER                                       22
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE AT SIXTEEN WITH HIS BROTHER THOMAS          30
+
+DAVID MCCARGO                                               38
+
+ROBERT PITCAIRN                                             42
+
+COLONEL JAMES ANDERSON                                      46
+
+HENRY PHIPPS                                                58
+
+THOMAS A. SCOTT                                             72
+
+JOHN EDGAR THOMSON                                          72
+
+THOMAS MORRISON CARNEGIE                                   118
+
+GEORGE LAUDER                                              144
+
+JUNIUS SPENCER MORGAN                                      156
+
+JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN                                       172
+
+AN AMERICAN FOUR-IN-HAND IN BRITAIN                        210
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE (ABOUT 1878)                               214
+
+MRS. ANDREW CARNEGIE                                       218
+
+MARGARET CARNEGIE AT FIFTEEN                               240
+
+CHARLES M. SCHWAB                                          256
+
+THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE AT PITTSBURGH                       262
+
+MR. CARNEGIE AND VISCOUNT BRYCE                            270
+
+MATTHEW ARNOLD                                             298
+
+WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE                                       318
+
+VISCOUNT MORLEY OF BLACKBURN                               322
+
+MR. CARNEGIE AND VISCOUNT MORLEY                           326
+
+THE CARNEGIE FAMILY AT SKIBO                               326
+
+HERBERT SPENCER                                            334
+
+JAMES G. BLAINE                                            342
+
+SKIBO CASTLE                                               356
+
+MR. CARNEGIE AT SKIBO, 1914                                370
+
+
+
+
+AUTOBIOGRAPHY
+
+OF
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+PARENTS AND CHILDHOOD
+
+
+If the story of any man's life, truly told, must be interesting, as
+some sage avers, those of my relatives and immediate friends who have
+insisted upon having an account of mine may not be unduly disappointed
+with this result. I may console myself with the assurance that such a
+story must interest at least a certain number of people who have known
+me, and that knowledge will encourage me to proceed.
+
+A book of this kind, written years ago by my friend, Judge Mellon, of
+Pittsburgh, gave me so much pleasure that I am inclined to agree with
+the wise one whose opinion I have given above; for, certainly, the
+story which the Judge told has proved a source of infinite
+satisfaction to his friends, and must continue to influence succeeding
+generations of his family to live life well. And not only this; to
+some beyond his immediate circle it holds rank with their favorite
+authors. The book contains one essential feature of value--it reveals
+the man. It was written without any intention of attracting public
+notice, being designed only for his family. In like manner I intend to
+tell my story, not as one posturing before the public, but as in the
+midst of my own people and friends, tried and true, to whom I can
+speak with the utmost freedom, feeling that even trifling incidents
+may not be wholly destitute of interest for them.
+
+To begin, then, I was born in Dunfermline, in the attic of the small
+one-story house, corner of Moodie Street and Priory Lane, on the 25th
+of November, 1835, and, as the saying is, "of poor but honest parents,
+of good kith and kin." Dunfermline had long been noted as the center
+of the damask trade in Scotland.[1] My father, William Carnegie, was a
+damask weaver, the son of Andrew Carnegie after whom I was named.
+
+[Footnote 1: The Eighteenth-Century Carnegies lived at the picturesque
+hamlet of Patiemuir, two miles south of Dunfermline. The growing
+importance of the linen industry in Dunfermline finally led the
+Carnegies to move to that town.]
+
+My Grandfather Carnegie was well known throughout the district for his
+wit and humor, his genial nature and irrepressible spirits. He was
+head of the lively ones of his day, and known far and near as the
+chief of their joyous club--"Patiemuir College." Upon my return to
+Dunfermline, after an absence of fourteen years, I remember being
+approached by an old man who had been told that I was the grandson of
+the "Professor," my grandfather's title among his cronies. He was the
+very picture of palsied eld;
+
+    "His nose and chin they threatened ither."
+
+As he tottered across the room toward me and laid his trembling hand
+upon my head he said: "And ye are the grandson o' Andra Carnegie! Eh,
+mon, I ha'e seen the day when your grandfaither and I could ha'e
+hallooed ony reasonable man oot o' his jidgment."
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE'S BIRTHPLACE]
+
+Several other old people of Dunfermline told me stories of my
+grandfather. Here is one of them:
+
+One Hogmanay night[2] an old wifey, quite a character in the
+village, being surprised by a disguised face suddenly thrust in at the
+window, looked up and after a moment's pause exclaimed, "Oh, it's jist
+that daft callant Andra Carnegie." She was right; my grandfather at
+seventy-five was out frightening his old lady friends, disguised like
+other frolicking youngsters.
+
+[Footnote 2: The 31st of December.]
+
+I think my optimistic nature, my ability to shed trouble and to laugh
+through life, making "all my ducks swans," as friends say I do, must
+have been inherited from this delightful old masquerading grandfather
+whose name I am proud to bear.[3] A sunny disposition is worth more
+than fortune. Young people should know that it can be cultivated; that
+the mind like the body can be moved from the shade into sunshine. Let
+us move it then. Laugh trouble away if possible, and one usually can
+if he be anything of a philosopher, provided that self-reproach comes
+not from his own wrongdoing. That always remains. There is no washing
+out of these "damned spots." The judge within sits in the supreme
+court and can never be cheated. Hence the grand rule of life which
+Burns gives:
+
+    "Thine own reproach alone do fear."
+
+[Footnote 3: "There is no sign that Andrew, though he prospered in his
+wooing, was specially successful in acquisition of worldly gear.
+Otherwise, however, he became an outstanding character not only in the
+village, but in the adjoining city and district. A 'brainy' man who
+read and thought for himself he became associated with the radical
+weavers of Dunfermline, who in Patiemuir formed a meeting-place which
+they named a college (Andrew was the 'Professor' of it)." (_Andrew
+Carnegie: His Dunfermline Ties and Benefactions_, by J.B. Mackie,
+F.J.I.)]
+
+This motto adopted early in life has been more to me than all the
+sermons I ever heard, and I have heard not a few, although I may admit
+resemblance to my old friend Baillie Walker in my mature years. He was
+asked by his doctor about his sleep and replied that it was far from
+satisfactory, he was very wakeful, adding with a twinkle in his eye:
+"But I get a bit fine doze i' the kirk noo and then."
+
+On my mother's side the grandfather was even more marked, for my
+grandfather Thomas Morrison was a friend of William Cobbett, a
+contributor to his "Register," and in constant correspondence with
+him. Even as I write, in Dunfermline old men who knew Grandfather
+Morrison speak of him as one of the finest orators and ablest men they
+have known. He was publisher of "The Precursor," a small edition it
+might be said of Cobbett's "Register," and thought to have been the
+first radical paper in Scotland. I have read some of his writings, and
+in view of the importance now given to technical education, I think
+the most remarkable of them is a pamphlet which he published
+seventy-odd years ago entitled "Head-ication versus Hand-ication." It
+insists upon the importance of the latter in a manner that would
+reflect credit upon the strongest advocate of technical education
+to-day. It ends with these words, "I thank God that in my youth I
+learned to make and mend shoes." Cobbett published it in the
+"Register" in 1833, remarking editorially, "One of the most valuable
+communications ever published in the 'Register' upon the subject, is
+that of our esteemed friend and correspondent in Scotland, Thomas
+Morrison, which appears in this issue." So it seems I come by my
+scribbling propensities by inheritance--from both sides, for the
+Carnegies were also readers and thinkers.
+
+My Grandfather Morrison was a born orator, a keen politician, and the
+head of the advanced wing of the radical party in the district--a
+position which his son, my Uncle Bailie Morrison, occupied as his
+successor. More than one well-known Scotsman in America has called
+upon me, to shake hands with "the grandson of Thomas Morrison." Mr.
+Farmer, president of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company,
+once said to me, "I owe all that I have of learning and culture to the
+influence of your grandfather"; and Ebenezer Henderson, author of the
+remarkable history of Dunfermline, stated that he largely owed his
+advancement in life to the fortunate fact that while a boy he entered
+my grandfather's service.
+
+I have not passed so far through life without receiving some
+compliments, but I think nothing of a complimentary character has ever
+pleased me so much as this from a writer in a Glasgow newspaper, who
+had been a listener to a speech on Home Rule in America which I
+delivered in Saint Andrew's Hall. The correspondent wrote that much
+was then being said in Scotland with regard to myself and family and
+especially my grandfather Thomas Morrison, and he went on to say,
+"Judge my surprise when I found in the grandson on the platform, in
+manner, gesture and appearance, a perfect _facsimile_ of the Thomas
+Morrison of old."
+
+My surprising likeness to my grandfather, whom I do not remember to
+have ever seen, cannot be doubted, because I remember well upon my
+first return to Dunfermline in my twenty-seventh year, while sitting
+upon a sofa with my Uncle Bailie Morrison, that his big black eyes
+filled with tears. He could not speak and rushed out of the room
+overcome. Returning after a time he explained that something in me now
+and then flashed before him his father, who would instantly vanish but
+come back at intervals. Some gesture it was, but what precisely he
+could not make out. My mother continually noticed in me some of my
+grandfather's peculiarities. The doctrine of inherited tendencies is
+proved every day and hour, but how subtle is the law which transmits
+gesture, something as it were beyond the material body. I was deeply
+impressed.
+
+My Grandfather Morrison married Miss Hodge, of Edinburgh, a lady in
+education, manners, and position, who died while the family was still
+young. At this time he was in good circumstances, a leather merchant
+conducting the tanning business in Dunfermline; but the peace after
+the Battle of Waterloo involved him in ruin, as it did thousands; so
+that while my Uncle Bailie, the eldest son, had been brought up in
+what might be termed luxury, for he had a pony to ride, the younger
+members of the family encountered other and harder days.
+
+The second daughter, Margaret, was my mother, about whom I cannot
+trust myself to speak at length. She inherited from her mother the
+dignity, refinement, and air of the cultivated lady. Perhaps some day
+I may be able to tell the world something of this heroine, but I doubt
+it. I feel her to be sacred to myself and not for others to know. None
+could ever really know her--I alone did that. After my father's early
+death she was all my own. The dedication of my first book[4] tells the
+story. It was: "To my favorite Heroine My Mother."
+
+[Footnote 4: _An American Four-in-Hand in Great Britain._ New York,
+1888.]
+
+[Illustration: DUNFERMLINE ABBEY]
+
+Fortunate in my ancestors I was supremely so in my birthplace. Where
+one is born is very important, for different surroundings and
+traditions appeal to and stimulate different latent tendencies in the
+child. Ruskin truly observes that every bright boy in Edinburgh is
+influenced by the sight of the Castle. So is the child of Dunfermline,
+by its noble Abbey, the Westminster of Scotland, founded early in the
+eleventh century (1070) by Malcolm Canmore and his Queen Margaret,
+Scotland's patron saint. The ruins of the great monastery and of
+the Palace where kings were born still stand, and there, too, is
+Pittencrieff Glen, embracing Queen Margaret's shrine and the ruins of
+King Malcolm's Tower, with which the old ballad of "Sir Patrick Spens"
+begins:
+
+    "The King sits in Dunfermline _tower_,[5]
+    Drinking the bluid red wine."
+
+[Footnote 5: _The Percy Reliques_ and _The Oxford Book of Ballads_
+give "town" instead of "tower"; but Mr. Carnegie insisted that it
+should be "tower."]
+
+The tomb of The Bruce is in the center of the Abbey, Saint Margaret's
+tomb is near, and many of the "royal folk" lie sleeping close around.
+Fortunate, indeed, the child who first sees the light in that romantic
+town, which occupies high ground three miles north of the Firth of
+Forth, overlooking the sea, with Edinburgh in sight to the south, and
+to the north the peaks of the Ochils clearly in view. All is still
+redolent of the mighty past when Dunfermline was both nationally and
+religiously the capital of Scotland.
+
+The child privileged to develop amid such surroundings absorbs poetry
+and romance with the air he breathes, assimilates history and
+tradition as he gazes around. These become to him his real world in
+childhood--the ideal is the ever-present real. The actual has yet to
+come when, later in life, he is launched into the workaday world of
+stern reality. Even then, and till his last day, the early impressions
+remain, sometimes for short seasons disappearing perchance, but only
+apparently driven away or suppressed. They are always rising and
+coming again to the front to exert their influence, to elevate his
+thought and color his life. No bright child of Dunfermline can escape
+the influence of the Abbey, Palace, and Glen. These touch him and set
+fire to the latent spark within, making him something different and
+beyond what, less happily born, he would have become. Under these
+inspiring conditions my parents had also been born, and hence came, I
+doubt not, the potency of the romantic and poetic strain which
+pervaded both.
+
+As my father succeeded in the weaving business we removed from Moodie
+Street to a much more commodious house in Reid's Park. My father's
+four or five looms occupied the lower story; we resided in the upper,
+which was reached, after a fashion common in the older Scottish
+houses, by outside stairs from the pavement. It is here that my
+earliest recollections begin, and, strangely enough, the first trace
+of memory takes me back to a day when I saw a small map of America. It
+was upon rollers and about two feet square. Upon this my father,
+mother, Uncle William, and Aunt Aitken were looking for Pittsburgh and
+pointing out Lake Erie and Niagara. Soon after my uncle and Aunt
+Aitken sailed for the land of promise.
+
+At this time I remember my cousin-brother, George Lauder ("Dod"), and
+myself were deeply impressed with the great danger overhanging us
+because a lawless flag was secreted in the garret. It had been painted
+to be carried, and I believe was carried by my father, or uncle, or
+some other good radical of our family, in a procession during the Corn
+Law agitation. There had been riots in the town and a troop of cavalry
+was quartered in the Guildhall. My grandfathers and uncles on both
+sides, and my father, had been foremost in addressing meetings, and
+the whole family circle was in a ferment.
+
+I remember as if it were yesterday being awakened during the night by
+a tap at the back window by men who had come to inform my parents that
+my uncle, Bailie Morrison, had been thrown into jail because he had
+dared to hold a meeting which had been forbidden. The sheriff with the
+aid of the soldiers had arrested him a few miles from the town where
+the meeting had been held, and brought him into the town during the
+night, followed by an immense throng of people.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: At the opening of the Lauder Technical School in October,
+1880, nearly half a century after the disquieting scenes of 1842, Mr.
+Carnegie thus recalled the shock which was given to his boy mind: "One
+of my earliest recollections is that of being wakened in the darkness
+to be told that my Uncle Morrison was in jail. Well, it is one of the
+proudest boasts I can make to-day to be able to say that I had an
+uncle who was in jail. But, ladies and gentlemen, my uncle went to
+jail to vindicate the rights of public assembly." (Mackie.)]
+
+Serious trouble was feared, for the populace threatened to rescue him,
+and, as we learned afterwards, he had been induced by the provost of
+the town to step forward to a window overlooking the High Street and
+beg the people to retire. This he did, saying: "If there be a friend
+of the good cause here to-night, let him fold his arms." They did so.
+And then, after a pause, he said, "Now depart in peace!"[7] My uncle,
+like all our family, was a moral-force man and strong for obedience to
+law, but radical to the core and an intense admirer of the American
+Republic.
+
+[Footnote 7: "The Crown agents wisely let the proceedings lapse....
+Mr. Morrison was given a gratifying assurance of the appreciation of
+his fellow citizens by his election to the Council and his elevation
+to the Magisterial Bench, followed shortly after by his appointment to
+the office of Burgh Chamberlain. The patriotic reformer whom the
+criminal authorities endeavored to convict as a law-breaker became by
+the choice of his fellow citizens a Magistrate, and was further given
+a certificate for trustworthiness and integrity." (Mackie.)]
+
+One may imagine when all this was going on in public how bitter were
+the words that passed from one to the other in private. The
+denunciations of monarchical and aristocratic government, of privilege
+in all its forms, the grandeur of the republican system, the
+superiority of America, a land peopled by our own race, a home for
+freemen in which every citizen's privilege was every man's
+right--these were the exciting themes upon which I was nurtured. As a
+child I could have slain king, duke, or lord, and considered their
+deaths a service to the state and hence an heroic act.
+
+Such is the influence of childhood's earliest associations that it was
+long before I could trust myself to speak respectfully of any
+privileged class or person who had not distinguished himself in some
+good way and therefore earned the right to public respect. There was
+still the sneer behind for mere pedigree--"he is nothing, has done
+nothing, only an accident, a fraud strutting in borrowed plumes; all
+he has to his account is the accident of birth; the most fruitful part
+of his family, as with the potato, lies underground." I wondered that
+intelligent men could live where another human being was born to a
+privilege which was not also their birthright. I was never tired of
+quoting the only words which gave proper vent to my indignation:
+
+    "There was a Brutus once that would have brooked
+    Th' eternal devil to keep his state in Rome
+    As easily as a king."
+
+But then kings were kings, not mere shadows. All this was inherited,
+of course. I only echoed what I heard at home.
+
+Dunfermline has long been renowned as perhaps the most radical town in
+the Kingdom, although I know Paisley has claims. This is all the more
+creditable to the cause of radicalism because in the days of which I
+speak the population of Dunfermline was in large part composed of men
+who were small manufacturers, each owning his own loom or looms. They
+were not tied down to regular hours, their labors being piece work.
+They got webs from the larger manufacturers and the weaving was done
+at home.
+
+These were times of intense political excitement, and there was
+frequently seen throughout the entire town, for a short time after the
+midday meal, small groups of men with their aprons girt about them
+discussing affairs of state. The names of Hume, Cobden, and Bright
+were upon every one's tongue. I was often attracted, small as I was,
+to these circles and was an earnest listener to the conversation,
+which was wholly one-sided. The generally accepted conclusion was that
+there must be a change. Clubs were formed among the townsfolk, and the
+London newspapers were subscribed for. The leading editorials were
+read every evening to the people, strangely enough, from one of the
+pulpits of the town. My uncle, Bailie Morrison, was often the reader,
+and, as the articles were commented upon by him and others after being
+read, the meetings were quite exciting.
+
+These political meetings were of frequent occurrence, and, as might be
+expected, I was as deeply interested as any of the family and attended
+many. One of my uncles or my father was generally to be heard. I
+remember one evening my father addressed a large outdoor meeting in
+the Pends. I had wedged my way in under the legs of the hearers, and
+at one cheer louder than all the rest I could not restrain my
+enthusiasm. Looking up to the man under whose legs I had found
+protection I informed him that was my father speaking. He lifted me on
+his shoulder and kept me there.
+
+To another meeting I was taken by my father to hear John Bright, who
+spoke in favor of J.B. Smith as the Liberal candidate for the Stirling
+Burghs. I made the criticism at home that Mr. Bright did not speak
+correctly, as he said "men" when he meant "maan." He did not give the
+broad _a_ we were accustomed to in Scotland. It is not to be wondered
+at that, nursed amid such surroundings, I developed into a violent
+young Republican whose motto was "death to privilege." At that time I
+did not know what privilege meant, but my father did.
+
+One of my Uncle Lauder's best stories was about this same J.B. Smith,
+the friend of John Bright, who was standing for Parliament in
+Dunfermline. Uncle was a member of his Committee and all went well
+until it was proclaimed that Smith was a "Unitawrian." The district
+was placarded with the enquiry: Would you vote for a "Unitawrian"? It
+was serious. The Chairman of Smith's Committee in the village of
+Cairney Hill, a blacksmith, was reported as having declared he never
+would. Uncle drove over to remonstrate with him. They met in the
+village tavern over a gill:
+
+"Man, I canna vote for a Unitawrian," said the Chairman.
+
+"But," said my uncle, "Maitland [the opposing candidate] is a
+Trinitawrian."
+
+"Damn; that's waur," was the response.
+
+And the blacksmith voted right. Smith won by a small majority.
+
+The change from hand-loom to steam-loom weaving was disastrous to our
+family. My father did not recognize the impending revolution, and was
+struggling under the old system. His looms sank greatly in value, and
+it became necessary for that power which never failed in any
+emergency--my mother--to step forward and endeavor to repair the
+family fortune. She opened a small shop in Moodie Street and
+contributed to the revenues which, though slender, nevertheless at
+that time sufficed to keep us in comfort and "respectable."
+
+I remember that shortly after this I began to learn what poverty
+meant. Dreadful days came when my father took the last of his webs to
+the great manufacturer, and I saw my mother anxiously awaiting his
+return to know whether a new web was to be obtained or that a period
+of idleness was upon us. It was burnt into my heart then that my
+father, though neither "abject, mean, nor vile," as Burns has it, had
+nevertheless to
+
+    "Beg a brother of the earth
+    To give him leave to toil."
+
+And then and there came the resolve that I would cure that when I got
+to be a man. We were not, however, reduced to anything like poverty
+compared with many of our neighbors. I do not know to what lengths of
+privation my mother would not have gone that she might see her two
+boys wearing large white collars, and trimly dressed.
+
+In an incautious moment my parents had promised that I should never be
+sent to school until I asked leave to go. This promise I afterward
+learned began to give them considerable uneasiness because as I grew
+up I showed no disposition to ask. The schoolmaster, Mr. Robert
+Martin, was applied to and induced to take some notice of me. He took
+me upon an excursion one day with some of my companions who attended
+school, and great relief was experienced by my parents when one day
+soon afterward I came and asked for permission to go to Mr. Martin's
+school.[8] I need not say the permission was duly granted. I had then
+entered upon my eighth year, which subsequent experience leads me to
+say is quite early enough for any child to begin attending school.
+
+[Footnote 8: It was known as Rolland School.]
+
+The school was a perfect delight to me, and if anything occurred which
+prevented my attendance I was unhappy. This happened every now and
+then because my morning duty was to bring water from the well at the
+head of Moodie Street. The supply was scanty and irregular. Sometimes
+it was not allowed to run until late in the morning and a score of old
+wives were sitting around, the turn of each having been previously
+secured through the night by placing a worthless can in the line.
+This, as might be expected, led to numerous contentions in which I
+would not be put down even by these venerable old dames. I earned the
+reputation of being "an awfu' laddie." In this way I probably
+developed the strain of argumentativeness, or perhaps combativeness,
+which has always remained with me.
+
+In the performance of these duties I was often late for school, but
+the master, knowing the cause, forgave the lapses. In the same
+connection I may mention that I had often the shop errands to run
+after school, so that in looking back upon my life I have the
+satisfaction of feeling that I became useful to my parents even at the
+early age of ten. Soon after that the accounts of the various people
+who dealt with the shop were entrusted to my keeping so that I became
+acquainted, in a small way, with business affairs even in childhood.
+
+One cause of misery there was, however, in my school experience. The
+boys nicknamed me "Martin's pet," and sometimes called out that
+dreadful epithet to me as I passed along the street. I did not know
+all that it meant, but it seemed to me a term of the utmost
+opprobrium, and I know that it kept me from responding as freely as I
+should otherwise have done to that excellent teacher, my only
+schoolmaster, to whom I owe a debt of gratitude which I regret I never
+had opportunity to do more than acknowledge before he died.
+
+I may mention here a man whose influence over me cannot be
+overestimated, my Uncle Lauder, George Lauder's father.[9] My father
+was necessarily constantly at work in the loom shop and had little
+leisure to bestow upon me through the day. My uncle being a shopkeeper
+in the High Street was not thus tied down. Note the location, for this
+was among the shopkeeping aristocracy, and high and varied degrees of
+aristocracy there were even among shopkeepers in Dunfermline. Deeply
+affected by my Aunt Seaton's death, which occurred about the beginning
+of my school life, he found his chief solace in the companionship of
+his only son, George, and myself. He possessed an extraordinary gift
+of dealing with children and taught us many things. Among others I
+remember how he taught us British history by imagining each of the
+monarchs in a certain place upon the walls of the room performing the
+act for which he was well known. Thus for me King John sits to this
+day above the mantelpiece signing the Magna Charta, and Queen Victoria
+is on the back of the door with her children on her knee.
+
+[Footnote 9: The Lauder Technical College given by Mr. Carnegie to
+Dunfermline was named in honor of this uncle, George Lauder.]
+
+It may be taken for granted that the omission which, years after, I
+found in the Chapter House at Westminster Abbey was fully supplied in
+our list of monarchs. A slab in a small chapel at Westminster says
+that the body of Oliver Cromwell was removed from there. In the list
+of the monarchs which I learned at my uncle's knee the grand
+republican monarch appeared writing his message to the Pope of Rome,
+informing His Holiness that "if he did not cease persecuting the
+Protestants the thunder of Great Britain's cannon would be heard in
+the Vatican." It is needless to say that the estimate we formed of
+Cromwell was that he was worth them "a' thegither."
+
+It was from my uncle I learned all that I know of the early history of
+Scotland--of Wallace and Bruce and Burns, of Blind Harry's history, of
+Scott, Ramsey, Tannahill, Hogg, and Fergusson. I can truly say in the
+words of Burns that there was then and there created in me a vein of
+Scottish prejudice (or patriotism) which will cease to exist only with
+life. Wallace, of course, was our hero. Everything heroic centered in
+him. Sad was the day when a wicked big boy at school told me that
+England was far larger than Scotland. I went to the uncle, who had the
+remedy.
+
+"Not at all, Naig; if Scotland were rolled out flat as England,
+Scotland would be the larger, but would you have the Highlands rolled
+down?"
+
+Oh, never! There was balm in Gilead for the wounded young patriot.
+Later the greater population of England was forced upon me, and again
+to the uncle I went.
+
+"Yes, Naig, seven to one, but there were more than that odds against
+us at Bannockburn." And again there was joy in my heart--joy that
+there were more English men there since the glory was the greater.
+
+This is something of a commentary upon the truth that war breeds war,
+that every battle sows the seeds of future battles, and that thus
+nations become traditional enemies. The experience of American boys is
+that of the Scotch. They grow up to read of Washington and Valley
+Forge, of Hessians hired to kill Americans, and they come to hate the
+very name of Englishman. Such was my experience with my American
+nephews. Scotland was all right, but England that had fought Scotland
+was the wicked partner. Not till they became men was the prejudice
+eradicated, and even yet some of it may linger.
+
+Uncle Lauder has told me since that he often brought people into the
+room assuring them that he could make "Dod" (George Lauder) and me
+weep, laugh, or close our little fists ready to fight--in short, play
+upon all our moods through the influence of poetry and song. The
+betrayal of Wallace was his trump card which never failed to cause our
+little hearts to sob, a complete breakdown being the invariable
+result. Often as he told the story it never lost its hold. No doubt it
+received from time to time new embellishments. My uncle's stories
+never wanted "the hat and the stick" which Scott gave his. How
+wonderful is the influence of a hero upon children!
+
+I spent many hours and evenings in the High Street with my uncle and
+"Dod," and thus began a lifelong brotherly alliance between the latter
+and myself. "Dod" and "Naig" we always were in the family. I could not
+say "George" in infancy and he could not get more than "Naig" out of
+Carnegie, and it has always been "Dod" and "Naig" with us. No other
+names would mean anything.
+
+There were two roads by which to return from my uncle's house in the
+High Street to my home in Moodie Street at the foot of the town, one
+along the eerie churchyard of the Abbey among the dead, where there
+was no light; and the other along the lighted streets by way of the
+May Gate. When it became necessary for me to go home, my uncle, with a
+wicked pleasure, would ask which way I was going. Thinking what
+Wallace would do, I always replied I was going by the Abbey. I have
+the satisfaction of believing that never, not even upon one occasion,
+did I yield to the temptation to take the other turn and follow the
+lamps at the junction of the May Gate. I often passed along that
+churchyard and through the dark arch of the Abbey with my heart in my
+mouth. Trying to whistle and keep up my courage, I would plod through
+the darkness, falling back in all emergencies upon the thought of what
+Wallace would have done if he had met with any foe, natural or
+supernatural.
+
+King Robert the Bruce never got justice from my cousin or myself in
+childhood. It was enough for us that he was a king while Wallace was
+the man of the people. Sir John Graham was our second. The intensity
+of a Scottish boy's patriotism, reared as I was, constitutes a real
+force in his life to the very end. If the source of my stock of that
+prime article--courage--were studied, I am sure the final analysis
+would find it founded upon Wallace, the hero of Scotland. It is a
+tower of strength for a boy to have a hero.
+
+It gave me a pang to find when I reached America that there was any
+other country which pretended to have anything to be proud of. What
+was a country without Wallace, Bruce, and Burns? I find in the
+untraveled Scotsman of to-day something still of this feeling. It
+remains for maturer years and wider knowledge to tell us that every
+nation has its heroes, its romance, its traditions, and its
+achievements; and while the true Scotsman will not find reason in
+after years to lower the estimate he has formed of his own country and
+of its position even among the larger nations of the earth, he will
+find ample reason to raise his opinion of other nations because they
+all have much to be proud of--quite enough to stimulate their sons so
+to act their parts as not to disgrace the land that gave them birth.
+
+It was years before I could feel that the new land could be anything
+but a temporary abode. My heart was in Scotland. I resembled Principal
+Peterson's little boy who, when in Canada, in reply to a question,
+said he liked Canada "very well for a visit, but he could never live
+so far away from the remains of Bruce and Wallace."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+DUNFERMLINE AND AMERICA
+
+
+My good Uncle Lauder justly set great value upon recitation in
+education, and many were the pennies which Dod and I received for
+this. In our little frocks or shirts, our sleeves rolled up, paper
+helmets and blackened faces, with laths for swords, my cousin and
+myself were kept constantly reciting Norval and Glenalvon, Roderick
+Dhu and James Fitz-James to our schoolmates and often to the older
+people.
+
+I remember distinctly that in the celebrated dialogue between Norval
+and Glenalvon we had some qualms about repeating the phrase,--"and
+false as _hell_." At first we made a slight cough over the
+objectionable word which always created amusement among the
+spectators. It was a great day for us when my uncle persuaded us that
+we could say "hell" without swearing. I am afraid we practiced it very
+often. I always played the part of Glenalvon and made a great mouthful
+of the word. It had for me the wonderful fascination attributed to
+forbidden fruit. I can well understand the story of Marjory Fleming,
+who being cross one morning when Walter Scott called and asked how she
+was, answered:
+
+"I am very cross this morning, Mr. Scott. I just want to say 'damn'
+[with a swing], but I winna."
+
+Thereafter the expression of the one fearful word was a great point.
+Ministers could say "damnation" in the pulpit without sin, and so we,
+too, had full range on "hell" in recitation. Another passage made a
+deep impression. In the fight between Norval and Glenalvon, Norval
+says, "When we contend again our strife is mortal." Using these words
+in an article written for the "North American Review" in 1897, my
+uncle came across them and immediately sat down and wrote me from
+Dunfermline that he knew where I had found the words. He was the only
+man living who did.
+
+My power to memorize must have been greatly strengthened by the mode
+of teaching adopted by my uncle. I cannot name a more important means
+of benefiting young people than encouraging them to commit favorite
+pieces to memory and recite them often. Anything which pleased me I
+could learn with a rapidity which surprised partial friends. I could
+memorize anything whether it pleased me or not, but if it did not
+impress me strongly it passed away in a few hours.
+
+One of the trials of my boy's life at school in Dunfermline was
+committing to memory two double verses of the Psalms which I had to
+recite daily. My plan was not to look at the psalm until I had started
+for school. It was not more than five or six minutes' slow walk, but I
+could readily master the task in that time, and, as the psalm was the
+first lesson, I was prepared and passed through the ordeal
+successfully. Had I been asked to repeat the psalm thirty minutes
+afterwards the attempt would, I fear, have ended in disastrous
+failure.
+
+The first penny I ever earned or ever received from any person beyond
+the family circle was one from my school-teacher, Mr. Martin, for
+repeating before the school Burns's poem, "Man was made to Mourn." In
+writing this I am reminded that in later years, dining with Mr. John
+Morley in London, the conversation turned upon the life of Wordsworth,
+and Mr. Morley said he had been searching his Burns for the poem to
+"Old Age," so much extolled by him, which he had not been able to find
+under that title. I had the pleasure of repeating part of it to him.
+He promptly handed me a second penny. Ah, great as Morley is, he
+wasn't my school-teacher, Mr. Martin--the first "great" man I ever
+knew. Truly great was he to me. But a hero surely is "Honest John"
+Morley.
+
+In religious matters we were not much hampered. While other boys and
+girls at school were compelled to learn the Shorter Catechism, Dod and
+I, by some arrangement the details of which I never clearly
+understood, were absolved. All of our family connections, Morrisons
+and Lauders, were advanced in their theological as in their political
+views, and had objections to the catechism, I have no doubt. We had
+not one orthodox Presbyterian in our family circle. My father, Uncle
+and Aunt Aitken, Uncle Lauder, and also my Uncle Carnegie, had fallen
+away from the tenets of Calvinism. At a later day most of them found
+refuge for a time in the doctrines of Swedenborg. My mother was always
+reticent upon religious subjects. She never mentioned these to me nor
+did she attend church, for she had no servant in those early days and
+did all the housework, including cooking our Sunday dinner. A great
+reader, always, Channing the Unitarian was in those days her special
+delight. She was a marvel!
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE'S MOTHER]
+
+During my childhood the atmosphere around me was in a state of violent
+disturbance in matters theological as well as political. Along with
+the most advanced ideas which were being agitated in the political
+world--the death of privilege, the equality of the citizen,
+Republicanism--I heard many disputations upon theological subjects
+which the impressionable child drank in to an extent quite unthought
+of by his elders. I well remember that the stern doctrines of
+Calvinism lay as a terrible nightmare upon me, but that state of mind
+was soon over, owing to the influences of which I have spoken. I
+grew up treasuring within me the fact that my father had risen and
+left the Presbyterian Church one day when the minister preached the
+doctrine of infant damnation. This was shortly after I had made my
+appearance.
+
+Father could not stand it and said: "If that be your religion and that
+your God, I seek a better religion and a nobler God." He left the
+Presbyterian Church never to return, but he did not cease to attend
+various other churches. I saw him enter the closet every morning to
+pray and that impressed me. He was indeed a saint and always remained
+devout. All sects became to him as agencies for good. He had
+discovered that theologies were many, but religion was one. I was
+quite satisfied that my father knew better than the minister, who
+pictured not the Heavenly Father, but the cruel avenger of the Old
+Testament--an "Eternal Torturer" as Andrew D. White ventures to call
+him in his autobiography. Fortunately this conception of the Unknown
+is now largely of the past.
+
+One of the chief enjoyments of my childhood was the keeping of pigeons
+and rabbits. I am grateful every time I think of the trouble my father
+took to build a suitable house for these pets. Our home became
+headquarters for my young companions. My mother was always looking to
+home influences as the best means of keeping her two boys in the right
+path. She used to say that the first step in this direction was to
+make home pleasant; and there was nothing she and my father would not
+do to please us and the neighbors' children who centered about us.
+
+My first business venture was securing my companions' services for a
+season as an employer, the compensation being that the young rabbits,
+when such came, should be named after them. The Saturday holiday was
+generally spent by my flock in gathering food for the rabbits. My
+conscience reproves me to-day, looking back, when I think of the hard
+bargain I drove with my young playmates, many of whom were content to
+gather dandelions and clover for a whole season with me, conditioned
+upon this unique reward--the poorest return ever made to labor. Alas!
+what else had I to offer them! Not a penny.
+
+I treasure the remembrance of this plan as the earliest evidence of
+organizing power upon the development of which my material success in
+life has hung--a success not to be attributed to what I have known or
+done myself, but to the faculty of knowing and choosing others who did
+know better than myself. Precious knowledge this for any man to
+possess. I did not understand steam machinery, but I tried to
+understand that much more complicated piece of mechanism--man.
+Stopping at a small Highland inn on our coaching trip in 1898, a
+gentleman came forward and introduced himself. He was Mr. MacIntosh,
+the great furniture manufacturer of Scotland--a fine character as I
+found out afterward. He said he had ventured to make himself known as
+he was one of the boys who had gathered, and sometimes he feared
+"conveyed," spoil for the rabbits, and had "one named after him." It
+may be imagined how glad I was to meet him--the only one of the rabbit
+boys I have met in after-life. I hope to keep his friendship to the
+last and see him often. [As I read this manuscript to-day, December 1,
+1913, I have a very precious note from him, recalling old times when
+we were boys together. He has a reply by this time that will warm his
+heart as his note did mine.]
+
+With the introduction and improvement of steam machinery, trade grew
+worse and worse in Dunfermline for the small manufacturers, and at
+last a letter was written to my mother's two sisters in Pittsburgh
+stating that the idea of our going to them was seriously
+entertained--not, as I remember hearing my parents say, to benefit
+their own condition, but for the sake of their two young sons.
+Satisfactory letters were received in reply. The decision was taken to
+sell the looms and furniture by auction. And my father's sweet voice
+sang often to mother, brother, and me:
+
+    "To the West, to the West, to the land of the free,
+    Where the mighty Missouri rolls down to the sea;
+    Where a man is a man even though he must toil
+    And the poorest may gather the fruits of the soil."
+
+The proceeds of the sale were most disappointing. The looms brought
+hardly anything, and the result was that twenty pounds more were
+needed to enable the family to pay passage to America. Here let me
+record an act of friendship performed by a lifelong companion of my
+mother--who always attracted stanch friends because she was so stanch
+herself--Mrs. Henderson, by birth Ella Ferguson, the name by which she
+was known in our family. She boldly ventured to advance the needful
+twenty pounds, my Uncles Lauder and Morrison guaranteeing repayment.
+Uncle Lauder also lent his aid and advice, managing all the details
+for us, and on the 17th day of May, 1848, we left Dunfermline. My
+father's age was then forty-three, my mother's thirty-three. I was in
+my thirteenth year, my brother Tom in his fifth year--a beautiful
+white-haired child with lustrous black eyes, who everywhere attracted
+attention.
+
+I had left school forever, with the exception of one winter's
+night-schooling in America, and later a French night-teacher for a
+time, and, strange to say, an elocutionist from whom I learned how to
+declaim. I could read, write, and cipher, and had begun the study of
+algebra and of Latin. A letter written to my Uncle Lauder during the
+voyage, and since returned, shows that I was then a better penman than
+now. I had wrestled with English grammar, and knew as little of what
+it was designed to teach as children usually do. I had read little
+except about Wallace, Bruce, and Burns; but knew many familiar pieces
+of poetry by heart. I should add to this the fairy tales of childhood,
+and especially the "Arabian Nights," by which I was carried into a new
+world. I was in dreamland as I devoured those stories.
+
+On the morning of the day we started from beloved Dunfermline, in the
+omnibus that ran upon the coal railroad to Charleston, I remember that
+I stood with tearful eyes looking out of the window until Dunfermline
+vanished from view, the last structure to fade being the grand and
+sacred old Abbey. During my first fourteen years of absence my thought
+was almost daily, as it was that morning, "When shall I see you
+again?" Few days passed in which I did not see in my mind's eye the
+talismanic letters on the Abbey tower--"King Robert The Bruce." All my
+recollections of childhood, all I knew of fairyland, clustered around
+the old Abbey and its curfew bell, which tolled at eight o'clock every
+evening and was the signal for me to run to bed before it stopped. I
+have referred to that bell in my "American Four-in-Hand in
+Britain"[10] when passing the Abbey and I may as well quote from it
+now:
+
+[Footnote 10: _An American Four-in-Hand in Britain_. New York, 1886.]
+
+     As we drove down the Pends I was standing on the front seat
+     of the coach with Provost Walls, when I heard the first toll
+     of the Abbey bell, tolled in honor of my mother and myself.
+     My knees sank from under me, the tears came rushing before I
+     knew it, and I turned round to tell the Provost that I must
+     give in. For a moment I felt as if I were about to faint.
+     Fortunately I saw that there was no crowd before us for a
+     little distance. I had time to regain control, and biting my
+     lips till they actually bled, I murmured to myself, "No
+     matter, keep cool, you must go on"; but never can there come
+     to my ears on earth, nor enter so deep into my soul, a sound
+     that shall haunt and subdue me with its sweet, gracious,
+     melting power as that did.
+
+     By that curfew bell I had been laid in my little couch to
+     sleep the sleep of childish innocence. Father and mother,
+     sometimes the one, sometimes the other, had told me as they
+     bent lovingly over me night after night, what that bell said
+     as it tolled. Many good words has that bell spoken to me
+     through their translations. No wrong thing did I do through
+     the day which that voice from all I knew of heaven and the
+     great Father there did not tell me kindly about ere I sank
+     to sleep, speaking the words so plainly that I knew that the
+     power that moved it had seen all and was not angry, never
+     angry, never, but so very, _very_ sorry. Nor is that bell
+     dumb to me to-day when I hear its voice. It still has its
+     message, and now it sounded to welcome back the exiled
+     mother and son under its precious care again.
+
+     The world has not within its power to devise, much less to
+     bestow upon us, such reward as that which the Abbey bell
+     gave when it tolled in our honor. But my brother Tom should
+     have been there also; this was the thought that came. He,
+     too, was beginning to know the wonders of that bell ere we
+     were away to the newer land.
+
+     Rousseau wished to die to the strains of sweet music. Could
+     I choose my accompaniment, I could wish to pass into the dim
+     beyond with the tolling of the Abbey bell sounding in my
+     ears, telling me of the race that had been run, and calling
+     me, as it had called the little white-haired child, for the
+     last time--_to sleep_.
+
+I have had many letters from readers speaking of this passage in my
+book, some of the writers going so far as to say that tears fell as
+they read. It came from the heart and perhaps that is why it reached
+the hearts of others.
+
+We were rowed over in a small boat to the Edinburgh steamer in the
+Firth of Forth. As I was about to be taken from the small boat to the
+steamer, I rushed to Uncle Lauder and clung round his neck, crying
+out: "I cannot leave you! I cannot leave you!" I was torn from him by
+a kind sailor who lifted me up on the deck of the steamer. Upon my
+return visit to Dunfermline this dear old fellow, when he came to see
+me, told me it was the saddest parting he had ever witnessed.
+
+We sailed from the Broomielaw of Glasgow in the 800-ton sailing ship
+Wiscasset. During the seven weeks of the voyage, I came to know the
+sailors quite well, learned the names of the ropes, and was able to
+direct the passengers to answer the call of the boatswain, for the
+ship being undermanned, the aid of the passengers was urgently
+required. In consequence I was invited by the sailors to participate
+on Sundays, in the one delicacy of the sailors' mess, plum duff. I
+left the ship with sincere regret.
+
+The arrival at New York was bewildering. I had been taken to see the
+Queen at Edinburgh, but that was the extent of my travels before
+emigrating. Glasgow we had not time to see before we sailed. New York
+was the first great hive of human industry among the inhabitants of
+which I had mingled, and the bustle and excitement of it overwhelmed
+me. The incident of our stay in New York which impressed me most
+occurred while I was walking through Bowling Green at Castle Garden. I
+was caught up in the arms of one of the Wiscasset sailors, Robert
+Barryman, who was decked out in regular Jackashore fashion, with blue
+jacket and white trousers. I thought him the most beautiful man I had
+ever seen.
+
+He took me to a refreshment stand and ordered a glass of sarsaparilla
+for me, which I drank with as much relish as if it were the nectar of
+the gods. To this day nothing that I have ever seen of the kind rivals
+the image which remains in my mind of the gorgeousness of the highly
+ornamented brass vessel out of which that nectar came foaming. Often
+as I have passed the identical spot I see standing there the old
+woman's sarsaparilla stand, and I marvel what became of the dear old
+sailor. I have tried to trace him, but in vain, hoping that if found
+he might be enjoying a ripe old age, and that it might be in my power
+to add to the pleasure of his declining years. He was my ideal Tom
+Bowling, and when that fine old song is sung I always see as the "form
+of manly beauty" my dear old friend Barryman. Alas! ere this he's gone
+aloft. Well; by his kindness on the voyage he made one boy his devoted
+friend and admirer.
+
+We knew only Mr. and Mrs. Sloane in New York--parents of the
+well-known John, Willie, and Henry Sloane. Mrs. Sloane (Euphemia
+Douglas) was my mother's companion in childhood in Dunfermline. Mr.
+Sloane and my father had been fellow weavers. We called upon them and
+were warmly welcomed. It was a genuine pleasure when Willie, his son,
+bought ground from me in 1900 opposite our New York residence for his
+two married daughters so that our children of the third generation
+became playmates as our mothers were in Scotland.
+
+My father was induced by emigration agents in New York to take the
+Erie Canal by way of Buffalo and Lake Erie to Cleveland, and thence
+down the canal to Beaver--a journey which then lasted three weeks,
+and is made to-day by rail in ten hours. There was no railway
+communication then with Pittsburgh, nor indeed with any western town.
+The Erie Railway was under construction and we saw gangs of men at
+work upon it as we traveled. Nothing comes amiss to youth, and I look
+back upon my three weeks as a passenger upon the canal-boat with
+unalloyed pleasure. All that was disagreeable in my experience has
+long since faded from recollection, excepting the night we were
+compelled to remain upon the wharf-boat at Beaver waiting for the
+steamboat to take us up the Ohio to Pittsburgh. This was our first
+introduction to the mosquito in all its ferocity. My mother suffered
+so severely that in the morning she could hardly see. We were all
+frightful sights, but I do not remember that even the stinging misery
+of that night kept me from sleeping soundly. I could always sleep,
+never knowing "horrid night, the child of hell."
+
+Our friends in Pittsburgh had been anxiously waiting to hear from us,
+and in their warm and affectionate greeting all our troubles were
+forgotten. We took up our residence with them in Allegheny City. A
+brother of my Uncle Hogan had built a small weaver's shop at the back
+end of a lot in Rebecca Street. This had a second story in which there
+were two rooms, and it was in these (free of rent, for my Aunt Aitken
+owned them) that my parents began housekeeping. My uncle soon gave up
+weaving and my father took his place and began making tablecloths,
+which he had not only to weave, but afterwards, acting as his own
+merchant, to travel and sell, as no dealers could be found to take
+them in quantity. He was compelled to market them himself, selling
+from door to door. The returns were meager in the extreme.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE AT SIXTEEN WITH HIS BROTHER THOMAS]
+
+As usual, my mother came to the rescue. There was no keeping her down.
+In her youth she had learned to bind shoes in her father's business
+for pin-money, and the skill then acquired was now turned to account
+for the benefit of the family. Mr. Phipps, father of my friend and
+partner Mr. Henry Phipps, was, like my grandfather, a master
+shoemaker. He was our neighbor in Allegheny City. Work was obtained
+from him, and in addition to attending to her household duties--for,
+of course, we had no servant--this wonderful woman, my mother, earned
+four dollars a week by binding shoes. Midnight would often find her at
+work. In the intervals during the day and evening, when household
+cares would permit, and my young brother sat at her knee threading
+needles and waxing the thread for her, she recited to him, as she had
+to me, the gems of Scottish minstrelsy which she seemed to have by
+heart, or told him tales which failed not to contain a moral.
+
+This is where the children of honest poverty have the most precious of
+all advantages over those of wealth. The mother, nurse, cook,
+governess, teacher, saint, all in one; the father, exemplar, guide,
+counselor, and friend! Thus were my brother and I brought up. What has
+the child of millionaire or nobleman that counts compared to such a
+heritage?
+
+My mother was a busy woman, but all her work did not prevent her
+neighbors from soon recognizing her as a wise and kindly woman whom
+they could call upon for counsel or help in times of trouble. Many
+have told me what my mother did for them. So it was in after years
+wherever we resided; rich and poor came to her with their trials and
+found good counsel. She towered among her neighbors wherever she
+went.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+PITTSBURGH AND WORK
+
+
+The great question now was, what could be found for me to do. I had
+just completed my thirteenth year, and I fairly panted to get to work
+that I might help the family to a start in the new land. The prospect
+of want had become to me a frightful nightmare. My thoughts at this
+period centered in the determination that we should make and save
+enough of money to produce three hundred dollars a year--twenty-five
+dollars monthly, which I figured was the sum required to keep us
+without being dependent upon others. Every necessary thing was very
+cheap in those days.
+
+The brother of my Uncle Hogan would often ask what my parents meant to
+do with me, and one day there occurred the most tragic of all scenes I
+have ever witnessed. Never can I forget it. He said, with the kindest
+intentions in the world, to my mother, that I was a likely boy and apt
+to learn; and he believed that if a basket were fitted out for me with
+knickknacks to sell, I could peddle them around the wharves and make
+quite a considerable sum. I never knew what an enraged woman meant
+till then. My mother was sitting sewing at the moment, but she sprang
+to her feet with outstretched hands and shook them in his face.
+
+"What! my son a peddler and go among rough men upon the wharves! I
+would rather throw him into the Allegheny River. Leave me!" she cried,
+pointing to the door, and Mr. Hogan went.
+
+She stood a tragic queen. The next moment she had broken down, but
+only for a few moments did tears fall and sobs come. Then she took her
+two boys in her arms and told us not to mind her foolishness. There
+were many things in the world for us to do and we could be useful men,
+honored and respected, if we always did what was right. It was a
+repetition of Helen Macgregor, in her reply to Osbaldistone in which
+she threatened to have her prisoners "chopped into as many pieces as
+there are checks in the tartan." But the reason for the outburst was
+different. It was not because the occupation suggested was peaceful
+labor, for we were taught that idleness was disgraceful; but because
+the suggested occupation was somewhat vagrant in character and not
+entirely respectable in her eyes. Better death. Yes, mother would have
+taken her two boys, one under each arm, and perished with them rather
+than they should mingle with low company in their extreme youth.
+
+As I look back upon the early struggles this can be said: there was
+not a prouder family in the land. A keen sense of honor, independence,
+self-respect, pervaded the household. Walter Scott said of Burns that
+he had the most extraordinary eye he ever saw in a human being. I can
+say as much for my mother. As Burns has it:
+
+    "Her eye even turned on empty space,
+    Beamed keen with honor."
+
+Anything low, mean, deceitful, shifty, coarse, underhand, or gossipy
+was foreign to that heroic soul. Tom and I could not help growing up
+respectable characters, having such a mother and such a father, for
+the father, too, was one of nature's noblemen, beloved by all, a
+saint.
+
+Soon after this incident my father found it necessary to give up
+hand-loom weaving and to enter the cotton factory of Mr. Blackstock,
+an old Scotsman in Allegheny City, where we lived. In this factory he
+also obtained for me a position as bobbin boy, and my first work was
+done there at one dollar and twenty cents per week. It was a hard
+life. In the winter father and I had to rise and breakfast in the
+darkness, reach the factory before it was daylight, and, with a short
+interval for lunch, work till after dark. The hours hung heavily upon
+me and in the work itself I took no pleasure; but the cloud had a
+silver lining, as it gave me the feeling that I was doing something
+for my world--our family. I have made millions since, but none of
+those millions gave me such happiness as my first week's earnings. I
+was now a helper of the family, a breadwinner, and no longer a total
+charge upon my parents. Often had I heard my father's beautiful
+singing of "The Boatie Rows" and often I longed to fulfill the last
+lines of the verse:
+
+    "When Aaleck, Jock, and Jeanettie,
+    _Are up and got their lair_,[11]
+    They'll serve to gar the boatie row,
+    And lichten a' our care."
+
+[Footnote 11: Education.]
+
+I was going to make our tiny craft skim. It should be noted here that
+Aaleck, Jock, and Jeanettie were first to get their education.
+Scotland was the first country that required all parents, high or low,
+to educate their children, and established the parish public schools.
+
+Soon after this Mr. John Hay, a fellow-Scotch manufacturer of bobbins
+in Allegheny City, needed a boy, and asked whether I would not go into
+his service. I went, and received two dollars per week; but at first
+the work was even more irksome than the factory. I had to run a small
+steam-engine and to fire the boiler in the cellar of the bobbin
+factory. It was too much for me. I found myself night after night,
+sitting up in bed trying the steam gauges, fearing at one time that
+the steam was too low and that the workers above would complain that
+they had not power enough, and at another time that the steam was too
+high and that the boiler might burst.
+
+But all this it was a matter of honor to conceal from my parents. They
+had their own troubles and bore them. I must play the man and bear
+mine. My hopes were high, and I looked every day for some change to
+take place. What it was to be I knew not, but that it would come I
+felt certain if I kept on. Besides, at this date I was not beyond
+asking myself what Wallace would have done and what a Scotsman ought
+to do. Of one thing I was sure, he ought never to give up.
+
+One day the chance came. Mr. Hay had to make out some bills. He had no
+clerk, and was himself a poor penman. He asked me what kind of hand I
+could write, and gave me some writing to do. The result pleased him,
+and he found it convenient thereafter to let me make out his bills. I
+was also good at figures; and he soon found it to be to his
+interest--and besides, dear old man, I believe he was moved by good
+feeling toward the white-haired boy, for he had a kind heart and was
+Scotch and wished to relieve me from the engine--to put me at other
+things, less objectionable except in one feature.
+
+It now became my duty to bathe the newly made spools in vats of oil.
+Fortunately there was a room reserved for this purpose and I was
+alone, but not all the resolution I could muster, nor all the
+indignation I felt at my own weakness, prevented my stomach from
+behaving in a most perverse way. I never succeeded in overcoming the
+nausea produced by the smell of the oil. Even Wallace and Bruce proved
+impotent here. But if I had to lose breakfast, or dinner, I had all
+the better appetite for supper, and the allotted work was done. A real
+disciple of Wallace or Bruce could not give up; he would die first.
+
+My service with Mr. Hay was a distinct advance upon the cotton
+factory, and I also made the acquaintance of an employer who was very
+kind to me. Mr. Hay kept his books in single entry, and I was able to
+handle them for him; but hearing that all great firms kept their books
+in double entry, and after talking over the matter with my companions,
+John Phipps, Thomas N. Miller, and William Cowley, we all determined
+to attend night school during the winter and learn the larger system.
+So the four of us went to a Mr. Williams in Pittsburgh and learned
+double-entry bookkeeping.
+
+One evening, early in 1850, when I returned home from work, I was told
+that Mr. David Brooks, manager of the telegraph office, had asked my
+Uncle Hogan if he knew where a good boy could be found to act as
+messenger. Mr. Brooks and my uncle were enthusiastic draught-players,
+and it was over a game of draughts that this important inquiry was
+made. Upon such trifles do the most momentous consequences hang. A
+word, a look, an accent, may affect the destiny not only of
+individuals, but of nations. He is a bold man who calls anything a
+trifle. Who was it who, being advised to disregard trifles, said he
+always would if any one could tell him what a trifle was? The young
+should remember that upon trifles the best gifts of the gods often
+hang.
+
+My uncle mentioned my name, and said he would see whether I would take
+the position. I remember so well the family council that was held. Of
+course I was wild with delight. No bird that ever was confined in a
+cage longed for freedom more than I. Mother favored, but father was
+disposed to deny my wish. It would prove too much for me, he said; I
+was too young and too small. For the two dollars and a half per week
+offered it was evident that a much larger boy was expected. Late at
+night I might be required to run out into the country with a telegram,
+and there would be dangers to encounter. Upon the whole my father said
+that it was best that I should remain where I was. He subsequently
+withdrew his objection, so far as to give me leave to try, and I
+believe he went to Mr. Hay and consulted with him. Mr. Hay thought it
+would be for my advantage, and although, as he said, it would be an
+inconvenience to him, still he advised that I should try, and if I
+failed he was kind enough to say that my old place would be open for
+me.
+
+This being decided, I was asked to go over the river to Pittsburgh and
+call on Mr. Brooks. My father wished to go with me, and it was settled
+that he should accompany me as far as the telegraph office, on the
+corner of Fourth and Wood Streets. It was a bright, sunshiny morning
+and this augured well. Father and I walked over from Allegheny to
+Pittsburgh, a distance of nearly two miles from our house. Arrived at
+the door I asked father to wait outside. I insisted upon going alone
+upstairs to the second or operating floor to see the great man and
+learn my fate. I was led to this, perhaps, because I had by that time
+begun to consider myself something of an American. At first boys used
+to call me "Scotchie! Scotchie!" and I answered, "Yes, I'm Scotch and
+I am proud of the name." But in speech and in address the broad Scotch
+had been worn off to a slight extent, and I imagined that I could
+make a smarter showing if alone with Mr. Brooks than if my good old
+Scotch father were present, perhaps to smile at my airs.
+
+I was dressed in my one white linen shirt, which was usually kept
+sacred for the Sabbath day, my blue round-about, and my whole Sunday
+suit. I had at that time, and for a few weeks after I entered the
+telegraph service, but one linen suit of summer clothing; and every
+Saturday night, no matter if that was my night on duty and I did not
+return till near midnight, my mother washed those clothes and ironed
+them, and I put them on fresh on Sabbath morning. There was nothing
+that heroine did not do in the struggle we were making for elbow room
+in the western world. Father's long factory hours tried his strength,
+but he, too, fought the good fight like a hero and never failed to
+encourage me.
+
+The interview was successful. I took care to explain that I did not
+know Pittsburgh, that perhaps I would not do, would not be strong
+enough; but all I wanted was a trial. He asked me how soon I could
+come, and I said that I could stay now if wanted. And, looking back
+over the circumstance, I think that answer might well be pondered by
+young men. It is a great mistake not to seize the opportunity. The
+position was offered to me; something might occur, some other boy
+might be sent for. Having got myself in I proposed to stay there if I
+could. Mr. Brooks very kindly called the other boy--for it was an
+additional messenger that was wanted--and asked him to show me about,
+and let me go with him and learn the business. I soon found
+opportunity to run down to the corner of the street and tell my father
+that it was all right, and to go home and tell mother that I had got
+the situation.
+
+[Illustration: DAVID McCARGO]
+
+And that is how in 1850 I got my first real start in life. From the
+dark cellar running a steam-engine at two dollars a week, begrimed
+with coal dirt, without a trace of the elevating influences of life, I
+was lifted into paradise, yes, heaven, as it seemed to me, with
+newspapers, pens, pencils, and sunshine about me. There was scarcely a
+minute in which I could not learn something or find out how much there
+was to learn and how little I knew. I felt that my foot was upon the
+ladder and that I was bound to climb.
+
+I had only one fear, and that was that I could not learn quickly
+enough the addresses of the various business houses to which messages
+had to be delivered. I therefore began to note the signs of these
+houses up one side of the street and down the other. At night I
+exercised my memory by naming in succession the various firms. Before
+long I could shut my eyes and, beginning at the foot of a business
+street, call off the names of the firms in proper order along one side
+to the top of the street, then crossing on the other side go down in
+regular order to the foot again.
+
+The next step was to know the men themselves, for it gave a messenger
+a great advantage, and often saved a long journey, if he knew members
+or employees of firms. He might meet one of these going direct to his
+office. It was reckoned a great triumph among the boys to deliver a
+message upon the street. And there was the additional satisfaction to
+the boy himself, that a great man (and most men are great to
+messengers), stopped upon the street in this way, seldom failed to
+note the boy and compliment him.
+
+The Pittsburgh of 1850 was very different from what it has since
+become. It had not yet recovered from the great fire which destroyed
+the entire business portion of the city on April 10, 1845. The houses
+were mainly of wood, a few only were of brick, and not one was
+fire-proof. The entire population in and around Pittsburgh was not
+over forty thousand. The business portion of the city did not extend
+as far as Fifth Avenue, which was then a very quiet street, remarkable
+only for having the theater upon it. Federal Street, Allegheny,
+consisted of straggling business houses with great open spaces between
+them, and I remember skating upon ponds in the very heart of the
+present Fifth Ward. The site of our Union Iron Mills was then, and
+many years later, a cabbage garden.
+
+General Robinson, to whom I delivered many a telegraph message, was
+the first white child born west of the Ohio River. I saw the first
+telegraph line stretched from the east into the city; and, at a later
+date, I also saw the first locomotive, for the Ohio and Pennsylvania
+Railroad, brought by canal from Philadelphia and unloaded from a scow
+in Allegheny City. There was no direct railway communication to the
+East. Passengers took the canal to the foot of the Allegheny
+Mountains, over which they were transported to Hollidaysburg, a
+distance of thirty miles by rail; thence by canal again to Columbia,
+and then eighty-one miles by rail to Philadelphia--a journey which
+occupied three days.[12]
+
+[Footnote 12: "Beyond Philadelphia was the Camden and Amboy Railway;
+beyond Pittsburgh, the Fort Wayne and Chicago, separate organizations
+with which we had nothing to do." (_Problems of To-day_, by Andrew
+Carnegie, p. 187. New York, 1908.)]
+
+The great event of the day in Pittsburgh at that time was the arrival
+and departure of the steam packet to and from Cincinnati, for daily
+communication had been established. The business of the city was
+largely that of forwarding merchandise East and West, for it was the
+great transfer station from river to canal. A rolling mill had begun
+to roll iron; but not a ton of pig metal was made, and not a ton of
+steel for many a year thereafter. The pig iron manufacture at first
+was a total failure because of the lack of proper fuel, although the
+most valuable deposit of coking coal in the world lay within a few
+miles, as much undreamt of for coke to smelt ironstone as the stores
+of natural gas which had for ages lain untouched under the city.
+
+There were at that time not half a dozen "carriage" people in the
+town; and not for many years after was the attempt made to introduce
+livery, even for a coachman. As late as 1861, perhaps, the most
+notable financial event which had occurred in the annals of Pittsburgh
+was the retirement from business of Mr. Fahnestock with the enormous
+sum of $174,000, paid by his partners for his interest. How great a
+sum that seemed then and how trifling now!
+
+My position as messenger boy soon made me acquainted with the few
+leading men of the city. The bar of Pittsburgh was distinguished.
+Judge Wilkins was at its head, and he and Judge MacCandless, Judge
+McClure, Charles Shaler and his partner, Edwin M. Stanton, afterwards
+the great War Secretary ("Lincoln's right-hand man") were all well
+known to me--the last-named especially, for he was good enough to take
+notice of me as a boy. In business circles among prominent men who
+still survive, Thomas M. Howe, James Park, C.G. Hussey, Benjamin F.
+Jones, William Thaw, John Chalfant, Colonel Herron were great men to
+whom the messenger boys looked as models, and not bad models either,
+as their lives proved. [Alas! all dead as I revise this paragraph in
+1906, so steadily moves the solemn procession.]
+
+My life as a telegraph messenger was in every respect a happy one,
+and it was while in this position that I laid the foundation of my
+closest friendships. The senior messenger boy being promoted, a new
+boy was needed, and he came in the person of David McCargo, afterwards
+the well-known superintendent of the Allegheny Valley Railway. He was
+made my companion and we had to deliver all the messages from the
+Eastern line, while two other boys delivered the messages from the
+West. The Eastern and Western Telegraph Companies were then separate,
+although occupying the same building. "Davy" and I became firm friends
+at once, one great bond being that he was Scotch; for, although "Davy"
+was born in America, his father was quite as much a Scotsman, even in
+speech, as my own father.
+
+A short time after "Davy's" appointment a third boy was required, and
+this time I was asked if I could find a suitable one. This I had no
+difficulty in doing in my chum, Robert Pitcairn, later on my successor
+as superintendent and general agent at Pittsburgh of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad. Robert, like myself, was not only Scotch, but Scotch-born,
+so that "Davy," "Bob," and "Andy" became the three Scotch boys who
+delivered all the messages of the Eastern Telegraph Line in
+Pittsburgh, for the then magnificent salary of two and a half dollars
+per week. It was the duty of the boys to sweep the office each
+morning, and this we did in turn, so it will be seen that we all began
+at the bottom. Hon. H.W. Oliver,[13] head of the great manufacturing
+firm of Oliver Brothers, and W.C. Morland,[14] City Solicitor,
+subsequently joined the corps and started in the same fashion. It is
+not the rich man's son that the young struggler for advancement has to
+fear in the race of life, nor his nephew, nor his cousin. Let him look
+out for the "dark horse" in the boy who begins by sweeping out the
+office.
+
+[Footnote 13: Died 1904.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Died 1889.]
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT PITCAIRN]
+
+A messenger boy in those days had many pleasures. There were wholesale
+fruit stores, where a pocketful of apples was sometimes to be had for
+the prompt delivery of a message; bakers' and confectioners' shops,
+where sweet cakes were sometimes given to him. He met with very kind
+men, to whom he looked up with respect; they spoke a pleasant word and
+complimented him on his promptness, perhaps asked him to deliver a
+message on the way back to the office. I do not know a situation in
+which a boy is more apt to attract attention, which is all a really
+clever boy requires in order to rise. Wise men are always looking out
+for clever boys.
+
+One great excitement of this life was the extra charge of ten cents
+which we were permitted to collect for messages delivered beyond a
+certain limit. These "dime messages," as might be expected, were
+anxiously watched, and quarrels arose among us as to the right of
+delivery. In some cases it was alleged boys had now and then taken a
+dime message out of turn. This was the only cause of serious trouble
+among us. By way of settlement I proposed that we should "pool" these
+messages and divide the cash equally at the end of each week. I was
+appointed treasurer. Peace and good-humor reigned ever afterwards.
+This pooling of extra earnings not being intended to create artificial
+prices was really coöperation. It was my first essay in financial
+organization.
+
+The boys considered that they had a perfect right to spend these
+dividends, and the adjoining confectioner's shop had running accounts
+with most of them. The accounts were sometimes greatly overdrawn. The
+treasurer had accordingly to notify the confectioner, which he did in
+due form, that he would not be responsible for any debts contracted by
+the too hungry and greedy boys. Robert Pitcairn was the worst offender
+of all, apparently having not only one sweet tooth, but all his teeth
+of that character. He explained to me confidentially one day, when I
+scolded him, that he had live things in his stomach that gnawed his
+insides until fed upon sweets.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+COLONEL ANDERSON AND BOOKS
+
+
+With all their pleasures the messenger boys were hard worked. Every
+other evening they were required to be on duty until the office
+closed, and on these nights it was seldom that I reached home before
+eleven o'clock. On the alternating nights we were relieved at six.
+This did not leave much time for self-improvement, nor did the wants
+of the family leave any money to spend on books. There came, however,
+like a blessing from above, a means by which the treasures of
+literature were unfolded to me.
+
+Colonel James Anderson--I bless his name as I write--announced that he
+would open his library of four hundred volumes to boys, so that any
+young man could take out, each Saturday afternoon, a book which could
+be exchanged for another on the succeeding Saturday. My friend, Mr.
+Thomas N. Miller, reminded me recently that Colonel Anderson's books
+were first opened to "working boys," and the question arose whether
+messenger boys, clerks, and others, who did not work with their hands,
+were entitled to books. My first communication to the press was a
+note, written to the "Pittsburgh Dispatch," urging that we should not
+be excluded; that although we did not now work with our hands, some of
+us had done so, and that we were really working boys.[15] Dear Colonel
+Anderson promptly enlarged the classification. So my first appearance
+as a public writer was a success.
+
+[Footnote 15: The note was signed "Working Boy." The librarian
+responded in the columns of the _Dispatch_ defending the rules, which
+he claimed meant that "a Working Boy should have a trade." Carnegie's
+rejoinder was signed "A Working Boy, though without a Trade," and a
+day or two thereafter the _Dispatch_ had an item on its editorial page
+which read: "Will 'a Working Boy without a Trade' please call at this
+office." (David Homer Bates in _Century Magazine_, July, 1908.)]
+
+My dear friend, Tom Miller, one of the inner circle, lived near
+Colonel Anderson and introduced me to him, and in this way the windows
+were opened in the walls of my dungeon through which the light of
+knowledge streamed in. Every day's toil and even the long hours of
+night service were lightened by the book which I carried about with me
+and read in the intervals that could be snatched from duty. And the
+future was made bright by the thought that when Saturday came a new
+volume could be obtained. In this way I became familiar with
+Macaulay's essays and his history, and with Bancroft's "History of the
+United States," which I studied with more care than any other book I
+had then read. Lamb's essays were my special delight, but I had at
+this time no knowledge of the great master of all, Shakespeare, beyond
+the selected pieces in the school books. My taste for him I acquired a
+little later at the old Pittsburgh Theater.
+
+John Phipps, James R. Wilson, Thomas N. Miller, William
+Cowley--members of our circle--shared with me the invaluable privilege
+of the use of Colonel Anderson's library. Books which it would have
+been impossible for me to obtain elsewhere were, by his wise
+generosity, placed within my reach; and to him I owe a taste for
+literature which I would not exchange for all the millions that were
+ever amassed by man. Life would be quite intolerable without it.
+Nothing contributed so much to keep my companions and myself clear of
+low fellowship and bad habits as the beneficence of the good
+Colonel. Later, when fortune smiled upon me, one of my first duties
+was the erection of a monument to my benefactor. It stands in front of
+the Hall and Library in Diamond Square, which I presented to
+Allegheny, and bears this inscription:
+
+     To Colonel James Anderson, Founder of Free Libraries in
+     Western Pennsylvania. He opened his Library to working boys
+     and upon Saturday afternoons acted as librarian, thus
+     dedicating not only his books but himself to the noble work.
+     This monument is erected in grateful remembrance by Andrew
+     Carnegie, one of the "working boys" to whom were thus opened
+     the precious treasures of knowledge and imagination through
+     which youth may ascend.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL JAMES ANDERSON]
+
+This is but a slight tribute and gives only a faint idea of the depth
+of gratitude which I feel for what he did for me and my companions. It
+was from my own early experience that I decided there was no use to
+which money could be applied so productive of good to boys and girls
+who have good within them and ability and ambition to develop it, as
+the founding of a public library in a community which is willing to
+support it as a municipal institution. I am sure that the future of
+those libraries I have been privileged to found will prove the
+correctness of this opinion. For if one boy in each library district,
+by having access to one of these libraries, is half as much benefited
+as I was by having access to Colonel Anderson's four hundred well-worn
+volumes, I shall consider they have not been established in vain.
+
+"As the twig is bent the tree's inclined." The treasures of the world
+which books contain were opened to me at the right moment. The
+fundamental advantage of a library is that it gives nothing for
+nothing. Youths must acquire knowledge themselves. There is no escape
+from this. It gave me great satisfaction to discover, many years
+later, that my father was one of the five weavers in Dunfermline who
+gathered together the few books they had and formed the first
+circulating library in that town.
+
+The history of that library is interesting. It grew, and was removed
+no less than seven times from place to place, the first move being
+made by the founders, who carried the books in their aprons and two
+coal scuttles from the hand-loom shop to the second resting-place.
+That my father was one of the founders of the first library in his
+native town, and that I have been fortunate enough to be the founder
+of the last one, is certainly to me one of the most interesting
+incidents of my life. I have said often, in public speeches, that I
+had never heard of a lineage for which I would exchange that of a
+library-founding weaver.[16] I followed my father in library founding
+unknowingly--I am tempted almost to say providentially--and it has
+been a source of intense satisfaction to me. Such a father as mine was
+a guide to be followed--one of the sweetest, purest, and kindest
+natures I have ever known.
+
+[Footnote 16: "It's a God's mercy we are all from honest weavers; let
+us pity those who haven't ancestors of whom they can be proud, dukes
+or duchesses though they be." (_Our Coaching Trip_, by Andrew
+Carnegie. New York, 1882.)]
+
+I have stated that it was the theater which first stimulated my love
+for Shakespeare. In my messenger days the old Pittsburgh Theater was
+in its glory under the charge of Mr. Foster. His telegraphic business
+was done free, and the telegraph operators were given free admission
+to the theater in return. This privilege extended in some degree also
+to the messengers, who, I fear, sometimes withheld telegrams that
+arrived for him in the late afternoon until they could be presented
+at the door of the theater in the evening, with the timid request
+that the messenger might be allowed to slip upstairs to the second
+tier--a request which was always granted. The boys exchanged duties to
+give each the coveted entrance in turn.
+
+In this way I became acquainted with the world that lay behind the
+green curtain. The plays, generally, were of the spectacular order;
+without much literary merit, but well calculated to dazzle the eye of
+a youth of fifteen. Not only had I never seen anything so grand, but I
+had never seen anything of the kind. I had never been in a theater, or
+even a concert room, or seen any form of public amusement. It was much
+the same with "Davy" McCargo, "Harry" Oliver, and "Bob" Pitcairn. We
+all fell under the fascination of the footlights, and every
+opportunity to attend the theater was eagerly embraced.
+
+A change in my tastes came when "Gust" Adams,[17] one of the most
+celebrated tragedians of the day, began to play in Pittsburgh a round
+of Shakespearean characters. Thenceforth there was nothing for me but
+Shakespeare. I seemed to be able to memorize him almost without
+effort. Never before had I realized what magic lay in words. The
+rhythm and the melody all seemed to find a resting-place in me, to
+melt into a solid mass which lay ready to come at call. It was a new
+language and its appreciation I certainly owe to dramatic
+representation, for, until I saw "Macbeth" played, my interest in
+Shakespeare was not aroused. I had not read the plays.
+
+[Footnote 17: Edwin Adams.]
+
+At a much later date, Wagner was revealed to me in "Lohengrin." I had
+heard at the Academy of Music in New York, little or nothing by him
+when the overture to "Lohengrin" thrilled me as a new revelation.
+Here was a genius, indeed, differing from all before, a new ladder
+upon which to climb upward--like Shakespeare, a new friend.
+
+I may speak here of another matter which belongs to this same period.
+A few persons in Allegheny--probably not above a hundred in all--had
+formed themselves into a Swedenborgian Society, in which our American
+relatives were prominent. My father attended that church after leaving
+the Presbyterian, and, of course, I was taken there. My mother,
+however, took no interest in Swedenborg. Although always inculcating
+respect for all forms of religion, and discouraging theological
+disputes, she maintained for herself a marked reserve. Her position
+might best be defined by the celebrated maxim of Confucius: "To
+perform the duties of this life well, troubling not about another, is
+the prime wisdom."
+
+She encouraged her boys to attend church and Sunday school; but there
+was no difficulty in seeing that the writings of Swedenborg, and much
+of the Old and New Testaments had been discredited by her as unworthy
+of divine authorship or of acceptance as authoritative guides for the
+conduct of life. I became deeply interested in the mysterious
+doctrines of Swedenborg, and received the congratulations of my devout
+Aunt Aitken upon my ability to expound "spiritual sense." That dear
+old woman fondly looked forward to a time when I should become a
+shining light in the New Jerusalem, and I know it was sometimes not
+beyond the bounds of her imagination that I might blossom into what
+she called a "preacher of the Word."
+
+As I more and more wandered from man-made theology these fond hopes
+weakened, but my aunt's interest in and affection for her first
+nephew, whom she had dandled on her knee in Scotland, never waned. My
+cousin, Leander Morris, whom she had some hopes of saving through the
+Swedenborgian revelation, grievously disappointed her by actually
+becoming a Baptist and being dipped. This was too much for the
+evangelist, although she should have remembered her father passed
+through that same experience and often preached for the Baptists in
+Edinburgh.
+
+Leander's reception upon his first call after his fall was far from
+cordial. He was made aware that the family record had suffered by his
+backsliding when at the very portals of the New Jerusalem revealed by
+Swedenborg and presented to him by one of the foremost disciples--his
+aunt. He began deprecatingly:
+
+"Why are you so hard on me, aunt? Look at Andy, he is not a member of
+any church and you don't scold him. Surely the Baptist Church is
+better than none."
+
+The quick reply came:
+
+"Andy! Oh! Andy, he's naked, but you are clothed in rags."
+
+He never quite regained his standing with dear Aunt Aitken. I might
+yet be reformed, being unattached; but Leander had chosen a sect and
+that sect not of the New Jerusalem.
+
+It was in connection with the Swedenborgian Society that a taste for
+music was first aroused in me. As an appendix to the hymn-book of the
+society there were short selections from the oratorios. I fastened
+instinctively upon these, and although denied much of a voice, yet
+credited with "expression," I was a constant attendant upon choir
+practice. The leader, Mr. Koethen, I have reason to believe, often
+pardoned the discords I produced in the choir because of my enthusiasm
+in the cause. When, at a later date, I became acquainted with the
+oratorios in full, it was a pleasure to find that several of those
+considered in musical circles as the gems of Handel's musical
+compositions were the ones that I as an ignorant boy had chosen as
+favorites. So the beginning of my musical education dates from the
+small choir of the Swedenborgian Society of Pittsburgh.
+
+I must not, however, forget that a very good foundation was laid for
+my love of sweet sounds in the unsurpassed minstrelsy of my native
+land as sung by my father. There was scarcely an old Scottish song
+with which I was not made familiar, both words and tune. Folk-songs
+are the best possible foundation for sure progress to the heights of
+Beethoven and Wagner. My father being one of the sweetest and most
+pathetic singers I ever heard, I probably inherited his love of music
+and of song, though not given his voice. Confucius' exclamation often
+sounds in my ears: "Music, sacred tongue of God! I hear thee calling
+and I come."
+
+An incident of this same period exhibits the liberality of my parents
+in another matter. As a messenger boy I had no holidays, with the
+exception of two weeks given me in the summer-time, which I spent
+boating on the river with cousins at my uncle's at East Liverpool,
+Ohio. I was very fond of skating, and in the winter about which I am
+speaking, the slack water of the river opposite our house was
+beautifully frozen over. The ice was in splendid condition, and
+reaching home late Saturday night the question arose whether I might
+be permitted to rise early in the morning and go skating before church
+hours. No question of a more serious character could have been
+submitted to ordinary Scottish parents. My mother was clear on the
+subject, that in the circumstances I should be allowed to skate as
+long as I liked. My father said he believed it was right I should go
+down and skate, but he hoped I would be back in time to go with him to
+church.
+
+I suppose this decision would be arrived at to-day by nine hundred and
+ninety-nine out of every thousand homes in America, and probably also
+in the majority of homes in England, though not in Scotland. But those
+who hold to-day that the Sabbath in its fullest sense was made for
+man, and who would open picture galleries and museums to the public,
+and make the day somewhat of a day of enjoyment for the masses instead
+of pressing upon them the duty of mourning over sins largely
+imaginary, are not more advanced than were my parents forty years ago.
+They were beyond the orthodox of the period when it was scarcely
+permissible, at least among the Scotch, to take a walk for pleasure or
+read any but religious books on the Sabbath.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE TELEGRAPH OFFICE
+
+
+I had served as messenger about a year, when Colonel John P. Glass,
+the manager of the downstairs office, who came in contact with the
+public, began selecting me occasionally to watch the office for a few
+minutes during his absence. As Mr. Glass was a highly popular man, and
+had political aspirations, these periods of absence became longer and
+more frequent, so that I soon became an adept in his branch of the
+work. I received messages from the public and saw that those that came
+from the operating-room were properly assigned to the boys for prompt
+delivery.
+
+This was a trying position for a boy to fill, and at that time I was
+not popular with the other boys, who resented my exemption from part
+of my legitimate work. I was also taxed with being penurious in my
+habits--mean, as the boys had it. I did not spend my extra dimes, but
+they knew not the reason. Every penny that I could save I knew was
+needed at home. My parents were wise and nothing was withheld from me.
+I knew every week the receipts of each of the three who were
+working--my father, my mother, and myself. I also knew all the
+expenditures. We consulted upon the additions that could be made to
+our scanty stock of furniture and clothing and every new small article
+obtained was a source of joy. There never was a family more united.
+
+Day by day, as mother could spare a silver half-dollar, it was
+carefully placed in a stocking and hid until two hundred were
+gathered, when I obtained a draft to repay the twenty pounds so
+generously lent to us by her friend Mrs. Henderson. That was a day we
+celebrated. The Carnegie family was free from debt. Oh, the happiness
+of that day! The debt was, indeed, discharged, but the debt of
+gratitude remains that never can be paid. Old Mrs. Henderson lives
+to-day. I go to her house as to a shrine, to see her upon my visits to
+Dunfermline; and whatever happens she can never be forgotten. [As I
+read these lines, written some years ago, I moan, "Gone, gone with the
+others!" Peace to the ashes of a dear, good, noble friend of my
+mother's.]
+
+The incident in my messenger life which at once lifted me to the
+seventh heaven, occurred one Saturday evening when Colonel Glass was
+paying the boys their month's wages. We stood in a row before the
+counter, and Mr. Glass paid each one in turn. I was at the head and
+reached out my hand for the first eleven and a quarter dollars as they
+were pushed out by Mr. Glass. To my surprise he pushed them past me
+and paid the next boy. I thought it was a mistake, for I had
+heretofore been paid first, but it followed in turn with each of the
+other boys. My heart began to sink within me. Disgrace seemed coming.
+What had I done or not done? I was about to be told that there was no
+more work for me. I was to disgrace the family. That was the keenest
+pang of all. When all had been paid and the boys were gone, Mr. Glass
+took me behind the counter and said that I was worth more than the
+other boys, and he had resolved to pay me thirteen and a half dollars
+a month.
+
+My head swam; I doubted whether I had heard him correctly. He counted
+out the money. I don't know whether I thanked him; I don't believe I
+did. I took it and made one bound for the door and scarcely stopped
+until I got home. I remember distinctly running or rather bounding
+from end to end of the bridge across the Allegheny River--inside on
+the wagon track because the foot-walk was too narrow. It was Saturday
+night. I handed over to mother, who was the treasurer of the family,
+the eleven dollars and a quarter and said nothing about the remaining
+two dollars and a quarter in my pocket--worth more to me then than all
+the millions I have made since.
+
+Tom, a little boy of nine, and myself slept in the attic together, and
+after we were safely in bed I whispered the secret to my dear little
+brother. Even at his early age he knew what it meant, and we talked
+over the future. It was then, for the first time, I sketched to him
+how we would go into business together; that the firm of "Carnegie
+Brothers" would be a great one, and that father and mother should yet
+ride in their carriage. At the time that seemed to us to embrace
+everything known as wealth and most of what was worth striving for.
+The old Scotch woman, whose daughter married a merchant in London,
+being asked by her son-in-law to come to London and live near them,
+promising she should "ride in her carriage," replied:
+
+"What good could it do me to ride in a carriage gin I could na be seen
+by the folk in Strathbogie?" Father and mother would not only be seen
+in Pittsburgh, but should visit Dunfermline, their old home, in style.
+
+On Sunday morning with father, mother, and Tom at breakfast, I
+produced the extra two dollars and a quarter. The surprise was great
+and it took some moments for them to grasp the situation, but it soon
+dawned upon them. Then father's glance of loving pride and mother's
+blazing eye soon wet with tears, told their feeling. It was their
+boy's first triumph and proof positive that he was worthy of
+promotion. No subsequent success, or recognition of any kind, ever
+thrilled me as this did. I cannot even imagine one that could. Here
+was heaven upon earth. My whole world was moved to tears of joy.
+
+Having to sweep out the operating-room in the mornings, the boys had
+an opportunity of practicing upon the telegraph instruments before the
+operators arrived. This was a new chance. I soon began to play with
+the key and to talk with the boys who were at the other stations who
+had like purposes to my own. Whenever one learns to do anything he has
+never to wait long for an opportunity of putting his knowledge to use.
+
+One morning I heard the Pittsburgh call given with vigor. It seemed to
+me I could divine that some one wished greatly to communicate. I
+ventured to answer, and let the slip run. It was Philadelphia that
+wanted to send "a death message" to Pittsburgh immediately. Could I
+take it? I replied that I would try if they would send slowly. I
+succeeded in getting the message and ran out with it. I waited
+anxiously for Mr. Brooks to come in, and told him what I had dared to
+do. Fortunately, he appreciated it and complimented me, instead of
+scolding me for my temerity; yet dismissing me with the admonition to
+be very careful and not to make mistakes. It was not long before I was
+called sometimes to watch the instrument, while the operator wished to
+be absent, and in this way I learned the art of telegraphy.
+
+We were blessed at this time with a rather indolent operator, who was
+only too glad to have me do his work. It was then the practice for us
+to receive the messages on a running slip of paper, from which the
+operator read to a copyist, but rumors had reached us that a man in
+the West had learned to read by sound and could really take a message
+by ear. This led me to practice the new method. One of the operators
+in the office, Mr. Maclean, became expert at it, and encouraged me by
+his success. I was surprised at the ease with which I learned the new
+language. One day, desiring to take a message in the absence of the
+operator, the old gentleman who acted as copyist resented my
+presumption and refused to "copy" for a messenger boy. I shut off the
+paper slip, took pencil and paper and began taking the message by ear.
+I shall never forget his surprise. He ordered me to give him back his
+pencil and pad, and after that there was never any difficulty between
+dear old Courtney Hughes and myself. He was my devoted friend and
+copyist.
+
+Soon after this incident Joseph Taylor, the operator at Greensburg,
+thirty miles from Pittsburgh, wishing to be absent for two weeks,
+asked Mr. Brooks if he could not send some one to take his place. Mr.
+Brooks called me and asked whether I thought I could do the work. I
+replied at once in the affirmative.
+
+"Well," he said, "we will send you out there for a trial."
+
+I went out in the mail stage and had a most delightful trip. Mr. David
+Bruce, a well-known solicitor of Scottish ancestry, and his sister
+happened to be passengers. It was my first excursion, and my first
+glimpse of the country. The hotel at Greensburg was the first public
+house in which I had ever taken a meal. I thought the food wonderfully
+fine.
+
+[Illustration: HENRY PHIPPS]
+
+This was in 1852. Deep cuts and embankments near Greensburg were then
+being made for the Pennsylvania Railroad, and I often walked out in
+the early morning to see the work going forward, little dreaming that
+I was so soon to enter the service of that great corporation. This
+was the first responsible position I had occupied in the telegraph
+service, and I was so anxious to be at hand in case I should be
+needed, that one night very late I sat in the office during a storm,
+not wishing to cut off the connection. I ventured too near the key and
+for my boldness was knocked off my stool. A flash of lightning very
+nearly ended my career. After that I was noted in the office for
+caution during lightning storms. I succeeded in doing the small
+business at Greensburg to the satisfaction of my superiors, and
+returned to Pittsburgh surrounded with something like a halo, so far
+as the other boys were concerned. Promotion soon came. A new operator
+was wanted and Mr. Brooks telegraphed to my afterward dear friend
+James D. Reid, then general superintendent of the line, another fine
+specimen of the Scotsman, and took upon himself to recommend me as an
+assistant operator. The telegram from Louisville in reply stated that
+Mr. Reid highly approved of promoting "Andy," provided Mr. Brooks
+considered him competent. The result was that I began as a telegraph
+operator at the tremendous salary of twenty-five dollars per month,
+which I thought a fortune. To Mr. Brooks and Mr. Reid I owe my
+promotion from the messenger's station to the operating-room.[18] I
+was then in my seventeenth year and had served my apprenticeship. I
+was now performing a man's part, no longer a boy's--earning a dollar
+every working day.
+
+[Footnote 18: "I liked the boy's looks, and it was very easy to see
+that though he was little he was full of spirit. He had not been with
+me a month when he began to ask whether I would teach him to
+telegraph. I began to instruct him and found him an apt pupil." (James
+D. Reid, _The Telegraph in America_, New York, 1879.)
+
+Reid was born near Dunfermline and forty years afterwards Mr. Carnegie
+was able to secure for him the appointment of United States Consul at
+Dunfermline.]
+
+The operating-room of a telegraph office is an excellent school for a
+young man. He there has to do with pencil and paper, with composition
+and invention. And there my slight knowledge of British and European
+affairs soon stood me in good stead. Knowledge is sure to prove useful
+in one way or another. It always tells. The foreign news was then
+received by wire from Cape Race, and the taking of successive "steamer
+news" was one of the most notable of our duties. I liked this better
+than any other branch of the work, and it was soon tacitly assigned to
+me.
+
+The lines in those days worked poorly, and during a storm much had to
+be guessed at. My guessing powers were said to be phenomenal, and it
+was my favorite diversion to fill up gaps instead of interrupting the
+sender and spending minutes over a lost word or two. This was not a
+dangerous practice in regard to foreign news, for if any undue
+liberties were taken by the bold operator, they were not of a
+character likely to bring him into serious trouble. My knowledge of
+foreign affairs became somewhat extensive, especially regarding the
+affairs of Britain, and my guesses were quite safe, if I got the first
+letter or two right.
+
+The Pittsburgh newspapers had each been in the habit of sending a
+reporter to the office to transcribe the press dispatches. Later on
+one man was appointed for all the papers and he suggested that
+multiple copies could readily be made of the news as received, and it
+was arranged that I should make five copies of all press dispatches
+for him as extra work for which he was to pay me a dollar per week.
+This, my first work for the press, yielded very modest remuneration,
+to be sure; but it made my salary thirty dollars per month, and every
+dollar counted in those days. The family was gradually gaining
+ground; already future millionairedom seemed dawning.
+
+Another step which exercised a decided influence over me was joining
+the "Webster Literary Society" along with my companions, the trusty
+five already named. We formed a select circle and stuck closely
+together. This was quite an advantage for all of us. We had before
+this formed a small debating club which met in Mr. Phipps's father's
+room in which his few journeymen shoemakers worked during the day. Tom
+Miller recently alleged that I once spoke nearly an hour and a half
+upon the question, "Should the judiciary be elected by the people?"
+but we must mercifully assume his memory to be at fault. The "Webster"
+was then the foremost club in the city and proud were we to be thought
+fit for membership. We had merely been preparing ourselves in the
+cobbler's room.
+
+I know of no better mode of benefiting a youth than joining such a
+club as this. Much of my reading became such as had a bearing on
+forthcoming debates and that gave clearness and fixity to my ideas.
+The self-possession I afterwards came to have before an audience may
+very safely be attributed to the experience of the "Webster Society."
+My two rules for speaking then (and now) were: Make yourself perfectly
+at home before your audience, and simply talk _to_ them, not _at_
+them. Do not try to be somebody else; be your own self and _talk_,
+never "orate" until you can't help it.
+
+I finally became an operator by sound, discarding printing entirely.
+The accomplishment was then so rare that people visited the office to
+be satisfied of the extraordinary feat. This brought me into such
+notice that when a great flood destroyed all telegraph communication
+between Steubenville and Wheeling, a distance of twenty-five miles, I
+was sent to the former town to receive the entire business then
+passing between the East and the West, and to send every hour or two
+the dispatches in small boats down the river to Wheeling. In exchange
+every returning boat brought rolls of dispatches which I wired East,
+and in this way for more than a week the entire telegraphic
+communication between the East and the West _via_ Pittsburgh was
+maintained.
+
+While at Steubenville I learned that my father was going to Wheeling
+and Cincinnati to sell the tablecloths he had woven. I waited for the
+boat, which did not arrive till late in the evening, and went down to
+meet him. I remember how deeply affected I was on finding that instead
+of taking a cabin passage, he had resolved not to pay the price, but
+to go down the river as a deck passenger. I was indignant that one of
+so fine a nature should be compelled to travel thus. But there was
+comfort in saying:
+
+"Well, father, it will not be long before mother and you shall ride in
+your carriage."
+
+My father was usually shy, reserved, and keenly sensitive, very saving
+of praise (a Scotch trait) lest his sons might be too greatly
+uplifted; but when touched he lost his self-control. He was so upon
+this occasion, and grasped my hand with a look which I often see and
+can never forget. He murmured slowly:
+
+"Andra, I am proud of you."
+
+The voice trembled and he seemed ashamed of himself for saying so
+much. The tear had to be wiped from his eye, I fondly noticed, as he
+bade me good-night and told me to run back to my office. Those words
+rang in my ear and warmed my heart for years and years. We understood
+each other. How reserved the Scot is! Where he feels most he
+expresses least. Quite right. There are holy depths which it is
+sacrilege to disturb. Silence is more eloquent than words. My father
+was one of the most lovable of men, beloved of his companions, deeply
+religious, although non-sectarian and non-theological, not much of a
+man of the world, but a man all over for heaven. He was kindness
+itself, although reserved. Alas! he passed away soon after returning
+from this Western tour just as we were becoming able to give him a
+life of leisure and comfort.
+
+After my return to Pittsburgh it was not long before I made the
+acquaintance of an extraordinary man, Thomas A. Scott, one to whom the
+term "genius" in his department may safely be applied. He had come to
+Pittsburgh as superintendent of that division of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad. Frequent telegraphic communication was necessary between him
+and his superior, Mr. Lombaert, general superintendent at Altoona.
+This brought him to the telegraph office at nights, and upon several
+occasions I happened to be the operator. One day I was surprised by
+one of his assistants, with whom I was acquainted, telling me that Mr.
+Scott had asked him whether he thought that I could be obtained as his
+clerk and telegraph operator, to which this young man told me he had
+replied:
+
+"That is impossible. He is now an operator."
+
+But when I heard this I said at once:
+
+"Not so fast. He can have me. I want to get out of a mere office life.
+Please go and tell him so."
+
+The result was I was engaged February 1, 1853, at a salary of
+thirty-five dollars a month as Mr. Scott's clerk and operator. A raise
+in wages from twenty-five to thirty-five dollars per month was the
+greatest I had ever known. The public telegraph line was temporarily
+put into Mr. Scott's office at the outer depot and the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company was given permission to use the wire at seasons when
+such use would not interfere with the general public business, until
+their own line, then being built, was completed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+RAILROAD SERVICE
+
+
+From the operating-room of the telegraph office I had now stepped into
+the open world, and the change at first was far from agreeable. I had
+just reached my eighteenth birthday, and I do not see how it could be
+possible for any boy to arrive at that age much freer from a knowledge
+of anything but what was pure and good. I do not believe, up to that
+time, I had ever spoken a bad word in my life and seldom heard one. I
+knew nothing of the base and the vile. Fortunately I had always been
+brought in contact with good people.
+
+I was now plunged at once into the company of coarse men, for the
+office was temporarily only a portion of the shops and the
+headquarters for the freight conductors, brakemen, and firemen. All of
+them had access to the same room with Superintendent Scott and myself,
+and they availed themselves of it. This was a different world, indeed,
+from that to which I had been accustomed. I was not happy about it. I
+ate, necessarily, of the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and
+evil for the first time. But there were still the sweet and pure
+surroundings of home, where nothing coarse or wicked ever entered, and
+besides, there was the world in which I dwelt with my companions, all
+of them refined young men, striving to improve themselves and become
+respected citizens. I passed through this phase of my life detesting
+what was foreign to my nature and my early education. The experience
+with coarse men was probably beneficial because it gave me a "scunner"
+(disgust), to use a Scotism, at chewing or smoking tobacco, also at
+swearing or the use of improper language, which fortunately remained
+with me through life.
+
+I do not wish to suggest that the men of whom I have spoken were
+really degraded or bad characters. The habit of swearing, with coarse
+talk, chewing and smoking tobacco, and snuffing were more prevalent
+then than to-day and meant less than in this age. Railroading was new,
+and many rough characters were attracted to it from the river service.
+But many of the men were fine young fellows who have lived to be
+highly respectable citizens and to occupy responsible positions. And I
+must say that one and all of them were most kind to me. Many are yet
+living from whom I hear occasionally and regard with affection. A
+change came at last when Mr. Scott had his own office which he and I
+occupied.
+
+I was soon sent by Mr. Scott to Altoona to get the monthly pay-rolls
+and checks. The railroad line was not completed over the Allegheny
+Mountains at that time, and I had to pass over the inclined planes
+which made the journey a remarkable one to me. Altoona was then
+composed of a few houses built by the company. The shops were under
+construction and there was nothing of the large city which now
+occupies the site. It was there that I saw for the first time the
+great man in our railroad field--Mr. Lombaert, general superintendent.
+His secretary at that time was my friend, Robert Pitcairn, for whom I
+had obtained a situation on the railroad, so that "Davy," "Bob," and
+"Andy" were still together in the same service. We had all left the
+telegraph company for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
+
+Mr. Lombaert was very different from Mr. Scott; he was not sociable,
+but rather stern and unbending. Judge then of Robert's surprise, and
+my own, when, after saying a few words to me, Mr. Lombaert added: "You
+must come down and take tea with us to-night." I stammered out
+something of acceptance and awaited the appointed hour with great
+trepidation. Up to this time I considered that invitation the greatest
+honor I had received. Mrs. Lombaert was exceedingly kind, and Mr.
+Lombaert's introduction of me to her was: "This is Mr. Scott's
+'Andy.'" I was very proud indeed of being recognized as belonging to
+Mr. Scott.
+
+An incident happened on this trip which might have blasted my career
+for a time. I started next morning for Pittsburgh with the pay-rolls
+and checks, as I thought, securely placed under my waistcoat, as it
+was too large a package for my pockets. I was a very enthusiastic
+railroader at that time and preferred riding upon the engine. I got
+upon the engine that took me to Hollidaysburg where the State railroad
+over the mountain was joined up. It was a very rough ride, indeed, and
+at one place, uneasily feeling for the pay-roll package, I was
+horrified to find that the jolting of the train had shaken it out. I
+had lost it!
+
+There was no use in disguising the fact that such a failure would ruin
+me. To have been sent for the pay-rolls and checks and to lose the
+package, which I should have "grasped as my honor," was a dreadful
+showing. I called the engineer and told him it must have been shaken
+out within the last few miles. Would he reverse his engine and run
+back for it? Kind soul, he did so. I watched the line, and on the very
+banks of a large stream, within a few feet of the water, I saw that
+package lying. I could scarcely believe my eyes. I ran down and
+grasped it. It was all right. Need I add that it never passed out of
+my firm grasp again until it was safe in Pittsburgh? The engineer and
+fireman were the only persons who knew of my carelessness, and I had
+their assurance that it would not be told.
+
+It was long after the event that I ventured to tell the story. Suppose
+that package had fallen just a few feet farther away and been swept
+down by the stream, how many years of faithful service would it have
+required upon my part to wipe out the effect of that one piece of
+carelessness! I could no longer have enjoyed the confidence of those
+whose confidence was essential to success had fortune not favored me.
+I have never since believed in being too hard on a young man, even if
+he does commit a dreadful mistake or two; and I have always tried in
+judging such to remember the difference it would have made in my own
+career but for an accident which restored to me that lost package at
+the edge of the stream a few miles from Hollidaysburg. I could go
+straight to the very spot to-day, and often as I passed over that line
+afterwards I never failed to see that light-brown package lying upon
+the bank. It seemed to be calling:
+
+"All right, my boy! the good gods were with you, but don't do it
+again!"
+
+At an early age I became a strong anti-slavery partisan and hailed
+with enthusiasm the first national meeting of the Republican Party in
+Pittsburgh, February 22, 1856, although too young to vote. I watched
+the prominent men as they walked the streets, lost in admiration for
+Senators Wilson, Hale, and others. Some time before I had organized
+among the railroad men a club of a hundred for the "New York Weekly
+Tribune," and ventured occasionally upon short notes to the great
+editor, Horace Greeley, who did so much to arouse the people to action
+upon this vital question.
+
+The first time I saw my work in type in the then flaming organ of
+freedom certainly marked a stage in my career. I kept that "Tribune"
+for years. Looking back to-day one cannot help regretting so high a
+price as the Civil War had to be paid to free our land from the curse,
+but it was not slavery alone that needed abolition. The loose Federal
+system with State rights so prominent would inevitably have prevented,
+or at least long delayed, the formation of one solid, all-powerful,
+central government. The tendency under the Southern idea was
+centrifugal. To-day it is centripetal, all drawn toward the center
+under the sway of the Supreme Court, the decisions of which are, very
+properly, half the dicta of lawyers and half the work of statesmen.
+Uniformity in many fields must be secured. Marriage, divorce,
+bankruptcy, railroad supervision, control of corporations, and some
+other departments should in some measure be brought under one head.
+[Re-reading this paragraph to-day, July, 1907, written many years ago,
+it seems prophetic. These are now burning questions.]
+
+It was not long after this that the railroad company constructed its
+own telegraph line. We had to supply it with operators. Most of these
+were taught in our offices at Pittsburgh. The telegraph business
+continued to increase with startling rapidity. We could scarcely
+provide facilities fast enough. New telegraph offices were required.
+My fellow messenger-boy, "Davy" McCargo, I appointed superintendent of
+the telegraph department March 11, 1859. I have been told that "Davy"
+and myself are entitled to the credit of being the first to employ
+young women as telegraph operators in the United States upon
+railroads, or perhaps in any branch. At all events, we placed girls in
+various offices as pupils, taught and then put them in charge of
+offices as occasion required. Among the first of these was my cousin,
+Miss Maria Hogan. She was the operator at the freight station in
+Pittsburgh, and with her were placed successive pupils, her office
+becoming a school. Our experience was that young women operators were
+more to be relied upon than young men. Among all the new occupations
+invaded by women I do not know of any better suited for them than that
+of telegraph operator.
+
+Mr. Scott was one of the most delightful superiors that anybody could
+have and I soon became warmly attached to him. He was my great man and
+all the hero worship that is inherent in youth I showered upon him. I
+soon began placing him in imagination in the presidency of the great
+Pennsylvania Railroad--a position which he afterwards attained. Under
+him I gradually performed duties not strictly belonging to my
+department and I can attribute my decided advancement in the service
+to one well-remembered incident.
+
+The railway was a single line. Telegraph orders to trains often became
+necessary, although it was not then a regular practice to run trains
+by telegraph. No one but the superintendent himself was permitted to
+give a train order on any part of the Pennsylvania system, or indeed
+of any other system, I believe, at that time. It was then a dangerous
+expedient to give telegraphic orders, for the whole system of railway
+management was still in its infancy, and men had not yet been trained
+for it. It was necessary for Mr. Scott to go out night after night to
+break-downs or wrecks to superintend the clearing of the line. He was
+necessarily absent from the office on many mornings.
+
+One morning I reached the office and found that a serious accident on
+the Eastern Division had delayed the express passenger train
+westward, and that the passenger train eastward was proceeding with a
+flagman in advance at every curve. The freight trains in both
+directions were all standing still upon the sidings. Mr. Scott was not
+to be found. Finally I could not resist the temptation to plunge in,
+take the responsibility, give "train orders," and set matters going.
+"Death or Westminster Abbey," flashed across my mind. I knew it was
+dismissal, disgrace, perhaps criminal punishment for me if I erred. On
+the other hand, I could bring in the wearied freight-train men who had
+lain out all night. I could set everything in motion. I knew I could.
+I had often done it in wiring Mr. Scott's orders. I knew just what to
+do, and so I began. I gave the orders in his name, started every
+train, sat at the instrument watching every tick, carried the trains
+along from station to station, took extra precautions, and had
+everything running smoothly when Mr. Scott at last reached the office.
+He had heard of the delays. His first words were:
+
+"Well! How are matters?"
+
+He came to my side quickly, grasped his pencil and began to write his
+orders. I had then to speak, and timidly said:
+
+"Mr. Scott, I could not find you anywhere and I gave these orders in
+your name early this morning."
+
+"Are they going all right? Where is the Eastern Express?"
+
+I showed him the messages and gave him the position of every train on
+the line--freights, ballast trains, everything--showed him the answers
+of the various conductors, the latest reports at the stations where
+the various trains had passed. All was right. He looked in my face for
+a second. I scarcely dared look in his. I did not know what was going
+to happen. He did not say one word, but again looked carefully over
+all that had taken place. Still he said nothing. After a little he
+moved away from my desk to his own, and that was the end of it. He was
+afraid to approve what I had done, yet he had not censured me. If it
+came out all right, it was all right; if it came out all wrong, the
+responsibility was mine. So it stood, but I noticed that he came in
+very regularly and in good time for some mornings after that.
+
+Of course I never spoke to any one about it. None of the trainmen knew
+that Mr. Scott had not personally given the orders. I had almost made
+up my mind that if the like occurred again, I would not repeat my
+proceeding of that morning unless I was authorized to do so. I was
+feeling rather distressed about what I had done until I heard from Mr.
+Franciscus, who was then in charge of the freighting department at
+Pittsburgh, that Mr. Scott, the evening after the memorable morning,
+had said to him:
+
+"Do you know what that little white-haired Scotch devil of mine did?"
+
+"No."
+
+"I'm blamed if he didn't run every train on the division in my name
+without the slightest authority."
+
+"And did he do it all right?" asked Franciscus.
+
+"Oh, yes, all right."
+
+This satisfied me. Of course I had my cue for the next occasion, and
+went boldly in. From that date it was very seldom that Mr. Scott gave
+a train order.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS A. SCOTT]
+
+[Illustration: JOHN EDGAR THOMSON]
+
+The greatest man of all on my horizon at this time was John Edgar
+Thomson, president of the Pennsylvania, and for whom our steel-rail
+mills were afterward named. He was the most reserved and silent of
+men, next to General Grant, that I ever knew, although General
+Grant was more voluble when at home with friends. He walked about as
+if he saw nobody when he made his periodical visits to Pittsburgh.
+This reserve I learned afterwards was purely the result of shyness. I
+was surprised when in Mr. Scott's office he came to the telegraph
+instrument and greeted me as "Scott's Andy." But I learned afterwards
+that he had heard of my train-running exploit. The battle of life is
+already half won by the young man who is brought personally in contact
+with high officials; and the great aim of every boy should be to do
+something beyond the sphere of his duties--something which attracts
+the attention of those over him.
+
+Some time after this Mr. Scott wished to travel for a week or two and
+asked authority from Mr. Lombaert to leave me in charge of the
+division. Pretty bold man he was, for I was then not very far out of
+my teens. It was granted. Here was the coveted opportunity of my life.
+With the exception of one accident caused by the inexcusable
+negligence of a ballast-train crew, everything went well in his
+absence. But that this accident should occur was gall and wormwood to
+me. Determined to fulfill all the duties of the station I held a
+court-martial, examined those concerned, dismissed peremptorily the
+chief offender, and suspended two others for their share in the
+catastrophe. Mr. Scott after his return of course was advised of the
+accident, and proposed to investigate and deal with the matter. I felt
+I had gone too far, but having taken the step, I informed him that all
+that had been settled. I had investigated the matter and punished the
+guilty. Some of these appealed to Mr. Scott for a reopening of the
+case, but this I never could have agreed to, had it been pressed. More
+by look I think than by word Mr. Scott understood my feelings upon
+this delicate point, and acquiesced.
+
+It is probable he was afraid I had been too severe and very likely he
+was correct. Some years after this, when I, myself, was superintendent
+of the division I always had a soft spot in my heart for the men then
+suspended for a time. I had felt qualms of conscience about my action
+in this, my first court. A new judge is very apt to stand so straight
+as really to lean a little backward. Only experience teaches the
+supreme force of gentleness. Light but certain punishment, when
+necessary, is most effective. Severe punishments are not needed and a
+judicious pardon, for the first offense at least, is often best of
+all.
+
+As the half-dozen young men who constituted our inner circle grew in
+knowledge, it was inevitable that the mysteries of life and death, the
+here and the hereafter, should cross our path and have to be grappled
+with. We had all been reared by good, honest, self-respecting parents,
+members of one or another of the religious sects. Through the
+influence of Mrs. McMillan, wife of one of the leading Presbyterian
+ministers of Pittsburgh, we were drawn into the social circle of her
+husband's church. [As I read this on the moors, July 16, 1912, I have
+before me a note from Mrs. McMillan from London in her eightieth year.
+Two of her daughters were married in London last week to university
+professors, one remains in Britain, the other has accepted an
+appointment in Boston. Eminent men both. So draws our English-speaking
+race together.] Mr. McMillan was a good strict Calvinist of the old
+school, his charming wife a born leader of the young. We were all more
+at home with her and enjoyed ourselves more at her home gatherings
+than elsewhere. This led to some of us occasionally attending her
+church.
+
+A sermon of the strongest kind upon predestination which Miller heard
+there brought the subject of theology upon us and it would not down.
+Mr. Miller's people were strong Methodists, and Tom had known little
+of dogmas. This doctrine of predestination, including infant
+damnation--some born to glory and others to the opposite--appalled
+him. To my astonishment I learned that, going to Mr. McMillan after
+the sermon to talk over the matter, Tom had blurted out at the finish,
+
+"Mr. McMillan, if your idea were correct, your God would be a perfect
+devil," and left the astonished minister to himself.
+
+This formed the subject of our Sunday afternoon conferences for many a
+week. Was that true or not, and what was to be the consequence of
+Tom's declaration? Should we no longer be welcome guests of Mrs.
+McMillan? We could have spared the minister, perhaps, but none of us
+relished the idea of banishment from his wife's delightful reunions.
+There was one point clear. Carlyle's struggles over these matters had
+impressed us and we could follow him in his resolve: "If it be
+incredible, in God's name let it be discredited." It was only the
+truth that could make us free, and the truth, the whole truth, we
+should pursue.
+
+Once introduced, of course, the subject remained with us, and one
+after the other the dogmas were voted down as the mistaken ideas of
+men of a less enlightened age. I forget who first started us with a
+second axiom. It was one we often dwelt upon: "A forgiving God would
+be the noblest work of man." We accepted as proven that each stage of
+civilization creates its own God, and that as man ascends and becomes
+better his conception of the Unknown likewise improves. Thereafter we
+all became less theological, but I am sure more truly religious. The
+crisis passed. Happily we were not excluded from Mrs. McMillan's
+society. It was a notable day, however, when we resolved to stand by
+Miller's statement, even if it involved banishment and worse. We young
+men were getting to be pretty wild boys about theology, although more
+truly reverent about religion.
+
+The first great loss to our circle came when John Phipps was killed by
+a fall from a horse. This struck home to all of us, yet I remember I
+could then say to myself: "John has, as it were, just gone home to
+England where he was born. We are all to follow him soon and live
+forever together." I had then no doubts. It was not a hope I was
+pressing to my heart, but a certainty. Happy those who in their agony
+have such a refuge. We should all take Plato's advice and never give
+up everlasting hope, "alluring ourselves as with enchantments, for the
+hope is noble and the reward is great." Quite right. It would be no
+greater miracle that brought us into another world to live forever
+with our dearest than that which has brought us into this one to live
+a lifetime with them. Both are equally incomprehensible to finite
+beings. Let us therefore comfort ourselves with everlasting hope, "as
+with enchantments," as Plato recommends, never forgetting, however,
+that we all have our duties here and that the kingdom of heaven is
+within us. It also passed into an axiom with us that he who proclaims
+there is no hereafter is as foolish as he who proclaims there is,
+since neither can know, though all may and should hope. Meanwhile
+"Home our heaven" instead of "Heaven our home" was our motto.
+
+During these years of which I have been writing, the family fortunes
+had been steadily improving. My thirty-five dollars a month had grown
+to forty, an unsolicited advance having been made by Mr. Scott. It was
+part of my duty to pay the men every month.[19] We used checks upon
+the bank and I drew my salary invariably in two twenty-dollar gold
+pieces. They seemed to me the prettiest works of art in the world. It
+was decided in family council that we could venture to buy the lot and
+the two small frame houses upon it, in one of which we had lived, and
+the other, a four-roomed house, which till then had been occupied by
+my Uncle and Aunt Hogan, who had removed elsewhere. It was through the
+aid of my dear Aunt Aitken that we had been placed in the small house
+above the weaver's shop, and it was now our turn to be able to ask her
+to return to the house that formerly had been her own. In the same way
+after we had occupied the four-roomed house, Uncle Hogan having passed
+away, we were able to restore Aunt Hogan to her old home when we
+removed to Altoona. One hundred dollars cash was paid upon purchase,
+and the total price, as I remember, was seven hundred dollars. The
+struggle then was to make up the semi-annual payments of interest and
+as great an amount of the principal as we could save. It was not long
+before the debt was cleared off and we were property-holders, but
+before that was accomplished, the first sad break occurred in our
+family, in my father's death, October 2, 1855. Fortunately for the
+three remaining members life's duties were pressing. Sorrow and duty
+contended and we had to work. The expenses connected with his illness
+had to be saved and paid and we had not up to this time much store in
+reserve.
+
+[Footnote 19: "I remember well when I used to write out the monthly
+pay-roll and came to Mr. Scott's name for $125. I wondered what he did
+with it all. I was then getting thirty-five." (Andrew Carnegie in
+speech at Reunion of U.S. Military Telegraph Corps, March 28, 1907.)]
+
+And here comes in one of the sweet incidents of our early life in
+America. The principal member of our small Swedenborgian Society was
+Mr. David McCandless. He had taken some notice of my father and
+mother, but beyond a few passing words at church on Sundays, I do not
+remember that they had ever been brought in close contact. He knew
+Aunt Aitken well, however, and now sent for her to say that if my
+mother required any money assistance at this sad period he would be
+very pleased to advance whatever was necessary. He had heard much of
+my heroic mother and that was sufficient.
+
+One gets so many kind offers of assistance when assistance is no
+longer necessary, or when one is in a position which would probably
+enable him to repay a favor, that it is delightful to record an act of
+pure and disinterested benevolence. Here was a poor Scottish woman
+bereft of her husband, with her eldest son just getting a start and a
+second in his early teens, whose misfortunes appealed to this man, and
+who in the most delicate manner sought to mitigate them. Although my
+mother was able to decline the proffered aid, it is needless to say
+that Mr. McCandless obtained a place in our hearts sacred to himself.
+I am a firm believer in the doctrine that people deserving necessary
+assistance at critical periods in their career usually receive it.
+There are many splendid natures in the world--men and women who are
+not only willing, but anxious to stretch forth a helping hand to those
+they know to be worthy. As a rule, those who show willingness to help
+themselves need not fear about obtaining the help of others.
+
+Father's death threw upon me the management of affairs to a greater
+extent than ever. Mother kept on the binding of shoes; Tom went
+steadily to the public school; and I continued with Mr. Scott in the
+service of the railroad company. Just at this time Fortunatus knocked
+at our door. Mr. Scott asked me if I had five hundred dollars. If so,
+he said he wished to make an investment for me. Five hundred cents was
+much nearer my capital. I certainly had not fifty dollars saved for
+investment, but I was not going to miss the chance of becoming
+financially connected with my leader and great man. So I said boldly I
+thought I could manage that sum. He then told me that there were ten
+shares of Adams Express stock that he could buy, which had belonged to
+a station agent, Mr. Reynolds, of Wilkinsburg. Of course this was
+reported to the head of the family that evening, and she was not long
+in suggesting what might be done. When did she ever fail? We had then
+paid five hundred dollars upon the house, and in some way she thought
+this might be pledged as security for a loan.
+
+My mother took the steamer the next morning for East Liverpool,
+arriving at night, and through her brother there the money was
+secured. He was a justice of the peace, a well-known resident of that
+then small town, and had numerous sums in hand from farmers for
+investment. Our house was mortgaged and mother brought back the five
+hundred dollars which I handed over to Mr. Scott, who soon obtained
+for me the coveted ten shares in return. There was, unexpectedly, an
+additional hundred dollars to pay as a premium, but Mr. Scott kindly
+said I could pay that when convenient, and this of course was an easy
+matter to do.
+
+This was my first investment. In those good old days monthly
+dividends were more plentiful than now and Adams Express paid a
+monthly dividend. One morning a white envelope was lying upon my desk,
+addressed in a big John Hancock hand, to "Andrew Carnegie, Esquire."
+"Esquire" tickled the boys and me inordinately. At one corner was seen
+the round stamp of Adams Express Company. I opened the envelope. All
+it contained was a check for ten dollars upon the Gold Exchange Bank
+of New York. I shall remember that check as long as I live, and that
+John Hancock signature of "J.C. Babcock, Cashier." It gave me the
+first penny of revenue from capital--something that I had not worked
+for with the sweat of my brow. "Eureka!" I cried. "Here's the goose
+that lays the golden eggs."
+
+It was the custom of our party to spend Sunday afternoons in the
+woods. I kept the first check and showed it as we sat under the trees
+in a favorite grove we had found near Wood's Run. The effect produced
+upon my companions was overwhelming. None of them had imagined such an
+investment possible. We resolved to save and to watch for the next
+opportunity for investment in which all of us should share, and for
+years afterward we divided our trifling investments and worked
+together almost as partners.
+
+Up to this time my circle of acquaintances had not enlarged much. Mrs.
+Franciscus, wife of our freight agent, was very kind and on several
+occasions asked me to her house in Pittsburgh. She often spoke of the
+first time I rang the bell of the house in Third Street to deliver a
+message from Mr. Scott. She asked me to come in; I bashfully declined
+and it required coaxing upon her part to overcome my shyness. She was
+never able for years to induce me to partake of a meal in her house. I
+had great timidity about going into other people's houses, until late
+in life; but Mr. Scott would occasionally insist upon my going to his
+hotel and taking a meal with him, and these were great occasions for
+me. Mr. Franciscus's was the first considerable house, with the
+exception of Mr. Lombaert's at Altoona, I had ever entered, as far as
+I recollect. Every house was fashionable in my eyes that was upon any
+one of the principal streets, provided it had a hall entrance.
+
+I had never spent a night in a strange house in my life until Mr.
+Stokes of Greensburg, chief counsel of the Pennsylvania Railroad,
+invited me to his beautiful home in the country to pass a Sunday. It
+was an odd thing for Mr. Stokes to do, for I could little interest a
+brilliant and educated man like him. The reason for my receiving such
+an honor was a communication I had written for the "Pittsburgh
+Journal." Even in my teens I was a scribbler for the press. To be an
+editor was one of my ambitions. Horace Greeley and the "Tribune" was
+my ideal of human triumph. Strange that there should have come a day
+when I could have bought the "Tribune"; but by that time the pearl had
+lost its luster. Our air castles are often within our grasp late in
+life, but then they charm not.
+
+The subject of my article was upon the attitude of the city toward the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company. It was signed anonymously and I was
+surprised to find it got a prominent place in the columns of the
+"Journal," then owned and edited by Robert M. Riddle. I, as operator,
+received a telegram addressed to Mr. Scott and signed by Mr. Stokes,
+asking him to ascertain from Mr. Riddle who the author of that
+communication was. I knew that Mr. Riddle could not tell the author,
+because he did not know him; but at the same time I was afraid that if
+Mr. Scott called upon him he would hand him the manuscript, which Mr.
+Scott would certainly recognize at a glance. I therefore made a clean
+breast of it to Mr. Scott and told him I was the author. He seemed
+incredulous. He said he had read it that morning and wondered who had
+written it. His incredulous look did not pass me unnoticed. The pen
+was getting to be a weapon with me. Mr. Stokes's invitation to spend
+Sunday with him followed soon after, and the visit is one of the
+bright spots in my life. Henceforth we were great friends.
+
+The grandeur of Mr. Stokes's home impressed me, but the one feature of
+it that eclipsed all else was a marble mantel in his library. In the
+center of the arch, carved in the marble, was an open book with this
+inscription:
+
+    "He that cannot reason is a fool,
+    He that will not a bigot,
+    He that dare not a slave."
+
+These noble words thrilled me. I said to myself, "Some day, some day,
+I'll have a library" (that was a look ahead) "and these words shall
+grace the mantel as here." And so they do in New York and Skibo
+to-day.
+
+Another Sunday which I spent at his home after an interval of several
+years was also noteworthy. I had then become the superintendent of the
+Pittsburgh Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The South had
+seceded. I was all aflame for the flag. Mr. Stokes, being a leading
+Democrat, argued against the right of the North to use force for the
+preservation of the Union. He gave vent to sentiments which caused me
+to lose my self-control, and I exclaimed:
+
+"Mr. Stokes, we shall be hanging men like you in less than six weeks."
+
+I hear his laugh as I write, and his voice calling to his wife in the
+adjoining room:
+
+"Nancy, Nancy, listen to this young Scotch devil. He says they will be
+hanging men like me in less than six weeks."
+
+Strange things happened in those days. A short time after, that same
+Mr. Stokes was applying to me in Washington to help him to a major's
+commission in the volunteer forces. I was then in the Secretary of
+War's office, helping to manage the military railroads and telegraphs
+for the Government. This appointment he secured and ever after was
+Major Stokes, so that the man who doubted the right of the North to
+fight for the Union had himself drawn sword in the good cause. Men at
+first argued and theorized about Constitutional rights. It made all
+the difference in the world when the flag was fired upon. In a moment
+everything was ablaze--paper constitutions included. The Union and Old
+Glory! That was all the people cared for, but that was enough. The
+Constitution was intended to insure one flag, and as Colonel Ingersoll
+proclaimed: "There was not air enough on the American continent to
+float two."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SUPERINTENDENT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA
+
+
+Mr. Scott was promoted to be the general superintendent of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad in 1856, taking Mr. Lombaert's place; and he
+took me, then in my twenty-third year, with him to Altoona. This
+breaking-up of associations in Pittsburgh was a sore trial, but
+nothing could be allowed to interfere for a moment with my business
+career. My mother was satisfied upon this point, great as the strain
+was upon her. Besides, "follow my leader" was due to so true a friend
+as Mr. Scott had been.
+
+His promotion to the superintendency gave rise to some jealousy; and
+besides that, he was confronted with a strike at the very beginning of
+his appointment. He had lost his wife in Pittsburgh a short time
+before and had his lonely hours. He was a stranger in Altoona, his new
+headquarters, and there was none but myself seemingly of whom he could
+make a companion. We lived for many weeks at the railway hotel
+together before he took up housekeeping and brought his children from
+Pittsburgh, and at his desire I occupied the same large bedroom with
+him. He seemed anxious always to have me near him.
+
+The strike became more and more threatening. I remember being wakened
+one night and told that the freight-train men had left their trains at
+Mifflin; that the line was blocked on this account and all traffic
+stopped. Mr. Scott was then sleeping soundly. It seemed to me a pity
+to disturb him, knowing how overworked and overanxious he was; but he
+awoke and I suggested that I should go up and attend to the matter.
+He seemed to murmur assent, not being more than half awake. So I went
+to the office and in his name argued the question with the men and
+promised them a hearing next day at Altoona. I succeeded in getting
+them to resume their duties and to start the traffic.
+
+Not only were the trainmen in a rebellious mood, but the men in the
+shops were rapidly organizing to join with the disaffected. This I
+learned in a curious manner. One night, as I was walking home in the
+dark, I became aware that a man was following me. By and by he came up
+to me and said:
+
+"I must not be seen with you, but you did me a favor once and I then
+resolved if ever I could serve you I would do it. I called at the
+office in Pittsburgh and asked for work as a blacksmith. You said
+there was no work then at Pittsburgh, but perhaps employment could be
+had at Altoona, and if I would wait a few minutes you would ask by
+telegraph. You took the trouble to do so, examined my recommendations,
+and gave me a pass and sent me here. I have a splendid job. My wife
+and family are here and I was never so well situated in my life. And
+now I want to tell you something for your good."
+
+I listened and he went on to say that a paper was being rapidly signed
+by the shopmen, pledging themselves to strike on Monday next. There
+was no time to be lost. I told Mr. Scott in the morning and he at once
+had printed notices posted in the shops that all men who had signed
+the paper, pledging themselves to strike, were dismissed and they
+should call at the office to be paid. A list of the names of the
+signers had come into our possession in the meantime, and this fact
+was announced. Consternation followed and the threatened strike was
+broken.
+
+I have had many incidents, such as that of the blacksmith, in my life.
+Slight attentions or a kind word to the humble often bring back reward
+as great as it is unlooked for. No kind action is ever lost. Even to
+this day I occasionally meet men whom I had forgotten, who recall some
+trifling attention I have been able to pay them, especially when in
+charge at Washington of government railways and telegraphs during the
+Civil War, when I could pass people within the lines--a father helped
+to reach a wounded or sick son at the front, or enabled to bring home
+his remains, or some similar service. I am indebted to these trifles
+for some of the happiest attentions and the most pleasing incidents of
+my life. And there is this about such actions: they are disinterested,
+and the reward is sweet in proportion to the humbleness of the
+individual whom you have obliged. It counts many times more to do a
+kindness to a poor working-man than to a millionaire, who may be able
+some day to repay the favor. How true Wordsworth's lines:
+
+    "That best portion of a good man's life--
+    His little, nameless, unremembered acts
+    Of kindness and of love."
+
+The chief happening, judged by its consequences, of the two years I
+spent with Mr. Scott at Altoona, arose from my being the principal
+witness in a suit against the company, which was being tried at
+Greensburg by the brilliant Major Stokes, my first host. It was feared
+that I was about to be subpoenaed by the plaintiff, and the Major,
+wishing a postponement of the case, asked Mr. Scott to send me out of
+the State as rapidly as possible. This was a happy change for me, as I
+was enabled to visit my two bosom companions, Miller and Wilson, then
+in the railway service at Crestline, Ohio. On my way thither, while
+sitting on the end seat of the rear car watching the line, a
+farmer-looking man approached me. He carried a small green bag in his
+hand. He said the brakeman had informed him I was connected with the
+Pennsylvania Railroad. He wished to show me the model of a car which
+he had invented for night traveling. He took a small model out of the
+bag, which showed a section of a sleeping-car.
+
+This was the celebrated T.T. Woodruff, the inventor of that now
+indispensable adjunct of civilization--the sleeping-car. Its
+importance flashed upon me. I asked him if he would come to Altoona if
+I sent for him, and I promised to lay the matter before Mr. Scott at
+once upon my return. I could not get that sleeping-car idea out of my
+mind, and was most anxious to return to Altoona that I might press my
+views upon Mr. Scott. When I did so, he thought I was taking time by
+the forelock, but was quite receptive and said I might telegraph for
+the patentee. He came and contracted to place two of his cars upon the
+line as soon as they could be built. After this Mr. Woodruff, greatly
+to my surprise, asked me if I would not join him in the new enterprise
+and offered me an eighth interest in the venture.
+
+I promptly accepted his offer, trusting to be able to make payments
+somehow or other. The two cars were to be paid for by monthly
+installments after delivery. When the time came for making the first
+payment, my portion was two hundred and seventeen and a half dollars.
+I boldly decided to apply to the local banker, Mr. Lloyd, for a loan
+of that sum. I explained the matter to him, and I remember that he put
+his great arm (he was six feet three or four) around me, saying:
+
+"Why, of course I will lend it. You are all right, Andy."
+
+And here I made my first note, and actually got a banker to take it. A
+proud moment that in a young man's career! The sleeping-cars were a
+great success and their monthly receipts paid the monthly
+installments. The first considerable sum I made was from this source.
+[To-day, July 19, 1909, as I re-read this, how glad I am that I have
+recently heard from Mr. Lloyd's married daughter telling me of her
+father's deep affection for me, thus making me very happy, indeed.]
+
+One important change in our life at Altoona, after my mother and
+brother arrived, was that, instead of continuing to live exclusively
+by ourselves, it was considered necessary that we should have a
+servant. It was with the greatest reluctance my mother could be
+brought to admit a stranger into the family circle. She had been
+everything and had done everything for her two boys. This was her
+life, and she resented with all a strong woman's jealousy the
+introduction of a stranger who was to be permitted to do anything
+whatever in the home. She had cooked and served her boys, washed their
+clothes and mended them, made their beds, cleaned their home. Who dare
+rob her of those motherly privileges! But nevertheless we could not
+escape the inevitable servant girl. One came, and others followed, and
+with these came also the destruction of much of that genuine family
+happiness which flows from exclusiveness. Being served by others is a
+poor substitute for a mother's labor of love. The ostentatious meal
+prepared by a strange cook whom one seldom sees, and served by hands
+paid for the task, lacks the sweetness of that which a mother's hands
+lay before you as the expression and proof of her devotion.
+
+Among the manifold blessings I have to be thankful for is that neither
+nurse nor governess was my companion in infancy. No wonder the
+children of the poor are distinguished for the warmest affection and
+the closest adherence to family ties and are characterized by a filial
+regard far stronger than that of those who are mistakenly called more
+fortunate in life. They have passed the impressionable years of
+childhood and youth in constant loving contact with father and mother,
+to each they are all in all, no third person coming between. The child
+that has in his father a teacher, companion, and counselor, and whose
+mother is to him a nurse, seamstress, governess, teacher, companion,
+heroine, and saint all in one, has a heritage to which the child of
+wealth remains a stranger.
+
+There comes a time, although the fond mother cannot see it, when a
+grown son has to put his arms around his saint and kissing her
+tenderly try to explain to her that it would be much better were she
+to let him help her in some ways; that, being out in the world among
+men and dealing with affairs, he sometimes sees changes which it would
+be desirable to make; that the mode of life delightful for young boys
+should be changed in some respects and the house made suitable for
+their friends to enter. Especially should the slaving mother live the
+life of ease hereafter, reading and visiting more and entertaining
+dear friends--in short, rising to her proper and deserved position as
+Her Ladyship.
+
+Of course the change was very hard upon my mother, but she finally
+recognized the necessity for it, probably realized for the first time
+that her eldest son was getting on. "Dear Mother," I pleaded, my arms
+still around her, "you have done everything for and have been
+everything to Tom and me, and now do let me do something for you; let
+us be partners and let us always think what is best for each other.
+The time has come for you to play the lady and some of these days you
+are to ride in your carriage; meanwhile do get that girl in to help
+you. Tom and I would like this."
+
+The victory was won, and my mother began to go out with us and visit
+her neighbors. She had not to learn self-possession nor good manners,
+these were innate; and as for education, knowledge, rare good sense,
+and kindliness, seldom was she to meet her equal. I wrote "never"
+instead of "seldom" and then struck it out. Nevertheless my private
+opinion is reserved.
+
+Life at Altoona was made more agreeable for me through Mr. Scott's
+niece, Miss Rebecca Stewart, who kept house for him. She played the
+part of elder sister to me to perfection, especially when Mr. Scott
+was called to Philadelphia or elsewhere. We were much together, often
+driving in the afternoons through the woods. The intimacy did not
+cease for many years, and re-reading some of her letters in 1906 I
+realized more than ever my indebtedness to her. She was not much
+beyond my own age, but always seemed a great deal older. Certainly she
+was more mature and quite capable of playing the elder sister's part.
+It was to her I looked up in those days as the perfect lady. Sorry am
+I our paths parted so widely in later years. Her daughter married the
+Earl of Sussex and her home in late years has been abroad. [July 19,
+1909, Mrs. Carnegie and I found my elder-sister friend April last, now
+in widowhood, in Paris, her sister and also her daughter all well and
+happy. A great pleasure, indeed. There are no substitutes for the true
+friends of youth.]
+
+Mr. Scott remained at Altoona for about three years when deserved
+promotion came to him. In 1859 he was made vice-president of the
+company, with his office in Philadelphia. What was to become of me was
+a serious question. Would he take me with him or must I remain at
+Altoona with the new official? The thought was to me unbearable. To
+part with Mr. Scott was hard enough; to serve a new official in his
+place I did not believe possible. The sun rose and set upon his head
+so far as I was concerned. The thought of my promotion, except through
+him, never entered my mind.
+
+He returned from his interview with the president at Philadelphia and
+asked me to come into the private room in his house which communicated
+with the office. He told me it had been settled that he should remove
+to Philadelphia. Mr. Enoch Lewis, the division superintendent, was to
+be his successor. I listened with great interest as he approached the
+inevitable disclosure as to what he was going to do with me. He said
+finally:
+
+"Now about yourself. Do you think you could manage the Pittsburgh
+Division?"
+
+I was at an age when I thought I could manage anything. I knew nothing
+that I would not attempt, but it had never occurred to me that anybody
+else, much less Mr. Scott, would entertain the idea that I was as yet
+fit to do anything of the kind proposed. I was only twenty-four years
+old, but my model then was Lord John Russell, of whom it was said he
+would take the command of the Channel Fleet to-morrow. So would
+Wallace or Bruce. I told Mr. Scott I thought I could.
+
+"Well," he said, "Mr. Potts" (who was then superintendent of the
+Pittsburgh Division) "is to be promoted to the transportation
+department in Philadelphia and I recommended you to the president as
+his successor. He agreed to give you a trial. What salary do you think
+you should have?"
+
+"Salary," I said, quite offended; "what do I care for salary? I do not
+want the salary; I want the position. It is glory enough to go back
+to the Pittsburgh Division in your former place. You can make my
+salary just what you please and you need not give me any more than
+what I am getting now."
+
+That was sixty-five dollars a month.
+
+"You know," he said, "I received fifteen hundred dollars a year when I
+was there; and Mr. Potts is receiving eighteen hundred. I think it
+would be right to start you at fifteen hundred dollars, and after a
+while if you succeed you will get the eighteen hundred. Would that be
+satisfactory?"
+
+"Oh, please," I said, "don't speak to me of money!"
+
+It was not a case of mere hire and salary, and then and there my
+promotion was sealed. I was to have a department to myself, and
+instead of signing "T.A.S." orders between Pittsburgh and Altoona
+would now be signed "A.C." That was glory enough for me.
+
+The order appointing me superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division was
+issued December 1, 1859. Preparations for removing the family were
+made at once. The change was hailed with joy, for although our
+residence in Altoona had many advantages, especially as we had a large
+house with some ground about it in a pleasant part of the suburbs and
+therefore many of the pleasures of country life, all these did not
+weigh as a feather in the scale as against the return to old friends
+and associations in dirty, smoky Pittsburgh. My brother Tom had
+learned telegraphy during his residence in Altoona and he returned
+with me and became my secretary.
+
+The winter following my appointment was one of the most severe ever
+known. The line was poorly constructed, the equipment inefficient and
+totally inadequate for the business that was crowding upon it. The
+rails were laid upon huge blocks of stone, cast-iron chairs for
+holding the rails were used, and I have known as many as forty-seven
+of these to break in one night. No wonder the wrecks were frequent.
+The superintendent of a division in those days was expected to run
+trains by telegraph at night, to go out and remove all wrecks, and
+indeed to do everything. At one time for eight days I was constantly
+upon the line, day and night, at one wreck or obstruction after
+another. I was probably the most inconsiderate superintendent that
+ever was entrusted with the management of a great property, for, never
+knowing fatigue myself, being kept up by a sense of responsibility
+probably, I overworked the men and was not careful enough in
+considering the limits of human endurance. I have always been able to
+sleep at any time. Snatches of half an hour at intervals during the
+night in a dirty freight car were sufficient.
+
+The Civil War brought such extraordinary demands on the Pennsylvania
+line that I was at last compelled to organize a night force; but it
+was with difficulty I obtained the consent of my superiors to entrust
+the charge of the line at night to a train dispatcher. Indeed, I never
+did get their unequivocal authority to do so, but upon my own
+responsibility I appointed perhaps the first night train dispatcher
+that ever acted in America--at least he was the first upon the
+Pennsylvania system.
+
+Upon our return to Pittsburgh in 1860 we rented a house in Hancock
+Street, now Eighth Street, and resided there for a year or more. Any
+accurate description of Pittsburgh at that time would be set down as a
+piece of the grossest exaggeration. The smoke permeated and penetrated
+everything. If you placed your hand on the balustrade of the stair it
+came away black; if you washed face and hands they were as dirty as
+ever in an hour. The soot gathered in the hair and irritated the skin,
+and for a time after our return from the mountain atmosphere of
+Altoona, life was more or less miserable. We soon began to consider
+how we could get to the country, and fortunately at that time Mr. D.A.
+Stewart, then freight agent for the company, directed our attention to
+a house adjoining his residence at Homewood. We moved there at once
+and the telegraph was brought in, which enabled me to operate the
+division from the house when necessary.
+
+Here a new life was opened to us. There were country lanes and gardens
+in abundance. Residences had from five to twenty acres of land about
+them. The Homewood Estate was made up of many hundreds of acres, with
+beautiful woods and glens and a running brook. We, too, had a garden
+and a considerable extent of ground around our house. The happiest
+years of my mother's life were spent here among her flowers and
+chickens and the surroundings of country life. Her love of flowers was
+a passion. She was scarcely ever able to gather a flower. Indeed I
+remember she once reproached me for pulling up a weed, saying "it was
+something green." I have inherited this peculiarity and have often
+walked from the house to the gate intending to pull a flower for my
+button-hole and then left for town unable to find one I could destroy.
+
+With this change to the country came a whole host of new
+acquaintances. Many of the wealthy families of the district had their
+residences in this delightful suburb. It was, so to speak, the
+aristocratic quarter. To the entertainments at these great houses the
+young superintendent was invited. The young people were musical and we
+had musical evenings a plenty. I heard subjects discussed which I had
+never known before, and I made it a rule when I heard these to learn
+something about them at once. I was pleased every day to feel that I
+was learning something new.
+
+It was here that I first met the Vandevort brothers, Benjamin and
+John. The latter was my traveling-companion on various trips which I
+took later in life. "Dear Vandy" appears as my chum in "Round the
+World." Our neighbors, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart, became more and more dear
+to us, and the acquaintance we had before ripened into lasting
+friendship. One of my pleasures is that Mr. Stewart subsequently
+embarked in business with us and became a partner, as "Vandy" did
+also. Greatest of all the benefits of our new home, however, was
+making the acquaintance of the leading family of Western Pennsylvania,
+that of the Honorable Judge Wilkins. The Judge was then approaching
+his eightieth year, tall, slender, and handsome, in full possession of
+all his faculties, with a courtly grace of manner, and the most
+wonderful store of knowledge and reminiscence of any man I had yet
+been privileged to meet. His wife, the daughter of George W. Dallas,
+Vice-President of the United States, has ever been my type of gracious
+womanhood in age--the most beautiful, most charming venerable old lady
+I ever knew or saw. Her daughter, Miss Wilkins, with her sister, Mrs.
+Saunders, and her children resided in the stately mansion at Homewood,
+which was to the surrounding district what the baronial hall in
+Britain is or should be to its district--the center of all that was
+cultured, refined, and elevating.
+
+To me it was especially pleasing that I seemed to be a welcome guest
+there. Musical parties, charades, and theatricals in which Miss
+Wilkins took the leading parts furnished me with another means of
+self-improvement. The Judge himself was the first man of historical
+note whom I had ever known. I shall never forget the impression it
+made upon me when in the course of conversation, wishing to illustrate
+a remark, he said: "President Jackson once said to me," or, "I told
+the Duke of Wellington so and so." The Judge in his earlier life
+(1834) had been Minister to Russia under Jackson, and in the same easy
+way spoke of his interview with the Czar. It seemed to me that I was
+touching history itself. The house was a new atmosphere, and my
+intercourse with the family was a powerful stimulant to the desire for
+improvement of my own mind and manners.
+
+The only subject upon which there was always a decided, though silent,
+antagonism between the Wilkins family and myself was politics. I was
+an ardent Free-Soiler in days when to be an abolitionist was somewhat
+akin to being a republican in Britain. The Wilkinses were strong
+Democrats with leanings toward the South, being closely connected with
+leading Southern families. On one occasion at Homewood, on entering
+the drawing-room, I found the family excitedly conversing about a
+terrible incident that had recently occurred.
+
+"What do you think!" said Mrs. Wilkins to me; "Dallas" (her grandson)
+"writes me that he has been compelled by the commandant of West Point
+to sit next a negro! Did you ever hear the like of that? Is it not
+disgraceful? Negroes admitted to West Point!"
+
+"Oh!" I said, "Mrs. Wilkins, there is something even worse than that.
+I understand that some of them have been admitted to heaven!"
+
+There was a silence that could be felt. Then dear Mrs. Wilkins said
+gravely:
+
+"That is a different matter, Mr. Carnegie."
+
+By far the most precious gift ever received by me up to that time came
+about in this manner. Dear Mrs. Wilkins began knitting an afghan, and
+during the work many were the inquiries as to whom it was for. No,
+the dear queenly old lady would not tell; she kept her secret all the
+long months until, Christmas drawing near, the gift finished and
+carefully wrapped up, and her card with a few loving words enclosed,
+she instructed her daughter to address it to me. It was duly received
+in New York. Such a tribute from such a lady! Well, that afghan,
+though often shown to dear friends, has not been much used. It is
+sacred to me and remains among my precious possessions.
+
+I had been so fortunate as to meet Leila Addison while living in
+Pittsburgh, the talented daughter of Dr. Addison, who had died a short
+time before. I soon became acquainted with the family and record with
+grateful feelings the immense advantage which that acquaintance also
+brought to me. Here was another friendship formed with people who had
+all the advantages of the higher education. Carlyle had been Mrs.
+Addison's tutor for a time, for she was an Edinburgh lady. Her
+daughters had been educated abroad and spoke French, Spanish, and
+Italian as fluently as English. It was through intercourse with this
+family that I first realized the indescribable yet immeasurable gulf
+that separates the highly educated from people like myself. But "the
+wee drap o' Scotch bluid atween us" proved its potency as usual.
+
+Miss Addison became an ideal friend because she undertook to improve
+the rough diamond, if it were indeed a diamond at all. She was my best
+friend, because my severest critic. I began to pay strict attention to
+my language, and to the English classics, which I now read with great
+avidity. I began also to notice how much better it was to be gentle in
+tone and manner, polite and courteous to all--in short, better
+behaved. Up to this time I had been, perhaps, careless in dress and
+rather affected it. Great heavy boots, loose collar, and general
+roughness of attire were then peculiar to the West and in our circle
+considered manly. Anything that could be labeled foppish was looked
+upon with contempt. I remember the first gentleman I ever saw in the
+service of the railway company who wore kid gloves. He was the object
+of derision among us who aspired to be manly men. I was a great deal
+the better in all these respects after we moved to Homewood, owing to
+the Addisons.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+CIVIL WAR PERIOD
+
+
+In 1861 the Civil War broke out and I was at once summoned to
+Washington by Mr. Scott, who had been appointed Assistant Secretary of
+War in charge of the Transportation Department. I was to act as his
+assistant in charge of the military railroads and telegraphs of the
+Government and to organize a force of railway men. It was one of the
+most important departments of all at the beginning of the war.
+
+The first regiments of Union troops passing through Baltimore had been
+attacked, and the railway line cut between Baltimore and Annapolis
+Junction, destroying communication with Washington. It was therefore
+necessary for me, with my corps of assistants, to take train at
+Philadelphia for Annapolis, a point from which a branch line extended
+to the Junction, joining the main line to Washington. Our first duty
+was to repair this branch and make it passable for heavy trains, a
+work of some days. General Butler and several regiments of troops
+arrived a few days after us, and we were able to transport his whole
+brigade to Washington.
+
+I took my place upon the first engine which started for the Capital,
+and proceeded very cautiously. Some distance from Washington I noticed
+that the telegraph wires had been pinned to the ground by wooden
+stakes. I stopped the engine and ran forward to release them, but I
+did not notice that the wires had been pulled to one side before
+staking. When released, in their spring upwards, they struck me in the
+face, knocked me over, and cut a gash in my cheek which bled
+profusely. In this condition I entered the city of Washington with the
+first troops, so that with the exception of one or two soldiers,
+wounded a few days previously in passing through the streets of
+Baltimore, I can justly claim that I "shed my blood for my country"
+among the first of its defenders. I gloried in being useful to the
+land that had done so much for me, and worked, I can truly say, night
+and day, to open communication to the South.
+
+I soon removed my headquarters to Alexandria,[20] Virginia, and was
+stationed there when the unfortunate battle of Bull Run was fought. We
+could not believe the reports that came to us, but it soon became
+evident that we must rush every engine and car to the front to bring
+back our defeated forces. The closest point then was Burke Station. I
+went out there and loaded up train after train of the poor wounded
+volunteers. The rebels were reported to be close upon us and we were
+finally compelled to close Burke Station, the operator and myself
+leaving on the last train for Alexandria where the effect of panic was
+evident upon every side. Some of our railway men were missing, but the
+number at the mess on the following morning showed that, compared with
+other branches of the service, we had cause for congratulation. A few
+conductors and engineers had obtained boats and crossed the Potomac,
+but the great body of the men remained, although the roar of the guns
+of the pursuing enemy was supposed to be heard in every sound during
+the night. Of our telegraphers not one was missing the next morning.
+
+[Footnote 20: "When Carnegie reached Washington his first task was to
+establish a ferry to Alexandria and to extend the Baltimore and Ohio
+Railroad track from the old depot in Washington, along Maryland Avenue
+to and across the Potomac, so that locomotives and cars might be
+crossed for use in Virginia. Long Bridge, over the Potomac, had to be
+rebuilt, and I recall the fact that under the direction of Carnegie
+and R.F. Morley the railroad between Washington and Alexandria was
+completed in the remarkably short period of seven days. All hands,
+from Carnegie down, worked day and night to accomplish the task."
+(Bates, _Lincoln in the Telegraph Office_, p. 22. New York, 1907.)]
+
+Soon after this I returned to Washington and made my headquarters in
+the War Building with Colonel Scott. As I had charge of the telegraph
+department, as well as the railways, this gave me an opportunity of
+seeing President Lincoln, Mr. Seward, Secretary Cameron, and others;
+and I was occasionally brought in personal contact with these men,
+which was to me a source of great interest. Mr. Lincoln would
+occasionally come to the office and sit at the desk awaiting replies
+to telegrams, or perhaps merely anxious for information.
+
+All the pictures of this extraordinary man are like him. He was so
+marked of feature that it was impossible for any one to paint him and
+not produce a likeness. He was certainly one of the most homely men I
+ever saw when his features were in repose; but when excited or telling
+a story, intellect shone through his eyes and illuminated his face to
+a degree which I have seldom or never seen in any other. His manners
+were perfect because natural; and he had a kind word for everybody,
+even the youngest boy in the office. His attentions were not
+graduated. They were the same to all, as deferential in talking to the
+messenger boy as to Secretary Seward. His charm lay in the total
+absence of manner. It was not so much, perhaps, what he said as the
+way in which he said it that never failed to win one. I have often
+regretted that I did not note down carefully at the time some of his
+curious sayings, for he said even common things in an original way. I
+never met a great man who so thoroughly made himself one with all men
+as Mr. Lincoln. As Secretary Hay so well says, "It is impossible to
+imagine any one a valet to Mr. Lincoln; he would have been his
+companion." He was the most perfect democrat, revealing in every word
+and act the equality of men.
+
+When Mason and Slidell in 1861 were taken from the British ship Trent
+there was intense anxiety upon the part of those who, like myself,
+knew what the right of asylum on her ships meant to Britain. It was
+certain war or else a prompt return of the prisoners. Secretary
+Cameron being absent when the Cabinet was summoned to consider the
+question, Mr. Scott was invited to attend as Assistant Secretary of
+War. I did my best to let him understand that upon this issue Britain
+would fight beyond question, and urged that he stand firm for
+surrender, especially since it had been the American doctrine that
+ships should be immune from search. Mr. Scott, knowing nothing of
+foreign affairs, was disposed to hold the captives, but upon his
+return from the meeting he told me that Seward had warned the Cabinet
+it meant war, just as I had said. Lincoln, too, was at first inclined
+to hold the prisoners, but was at last converted to Seward's policy.
+The Cabinet, however, had decided to postpone action until the morrow,
+when Cameron and other absentees would be present. Mr. Scott was
+requested by Seward to meet Cameron on arrival and get him right on
+the subject before going to the meeting, for he was expected to be in
+no surrendering mood. This was done and all went well next day.
+
+The general confusion which reigned at Washington at this time had to
+be seen to be understood. No description can convey my initial
+impression of it. The first time I saw General Scott, then
+Commander-in-Chief, he was being helped by two men across the pavement
+from his office into his carriage. He was an old, decrepit man,
+paralyzed not only in body, but in mind; and it was upon this noble
+relic of the past that the organization of the forces of the Republic
+depended. His chief commissary, General Taylor, was in some degree a
+counterpart of Scott. It was our business to arrange with these, and
+others scarcely less fit, for the opening of communications and for
+the transportation of men and supplies. They were seemingly one and
+all martinets who had passed the age of usefulness. Days would elapse
+before a decision could be obtained upon matters which required prompt
+action. There was scarcely a young active officer at the head of any
+important department--at least I cannot recall one. Long years of
+peace had fossilized the service.
+
+The same cause had produced like results, I understood, in the Navy
+Department, but I was not brought in personal contact with it. The
+navy was not important at the beginning; it was the army that counted.
+Nothing but defeat was to be looked for until the heads of the various
+departments were changed, and this could not be done in a day. The
+impatience of the country at the apparent delay in producing an
+effective weapon for the great task thrown upon the Government was no
+doubt natural, but the wonder to me is that order was so soon evolved
+from the chaos which prevailed in every branch of the service.
+
+As far as our operations were concerned we had one great advantage.
+Secretary Cameron authorized Mr. Scott (he had been made a Colonel) to
+do what he thought necessary without waiting for the slow movements of
+the officials under the Secretary of War. Of this authority unsparing
+use was made, and the important part played by the railway and
+telegraph department of the Government from the very beginning of the
+war is to be attributed to the fact that we had the cordial support of
+Secretary Cameron. He was then in the possession of all his faculties
+and grasped the elements of the problem far better than his generals
+and heads of departments. Popular clamor compelled Lincoln to change
+him at last, but those who were behind the scenes well knew that if
+other departments had been as well managed as was the War Department
+under Cameron, all things considered, much of disaster would have been
+avoided.
+
+Lochiel, as Cameron liked to be called, was a man of sentiment. In his
+ninetieth year he visited us in Scotland and, passing through one of
+our glens, sitting on the front seat of our four-in-hand coach, he
+reverently took off his hat and bareheaded rode through the glen,
+overcome by its grandeur. The conversation turned once upon the
+efforts which candidates for office must themselves put forth and the
+fallacy that office seeks the man, except in very rare emergencies.
+Apropos of this Lochiel told this story about Lincoln's second term:
+
+One day at Cameron's country home near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, he
+received a telegram saying that President Lincoln would like to see
+him. Accordingly he went to Washington. Lincoln began:
+
+"Cameron, the people about me are telling me that it is my patriotic
+duty to become a candidate for a second term, that I am the only man
+who can save my country, and so on; and do you know I'm just beginning
+to be fool enough to believe them a little. What do you say, and how
+could it be managed?"
+
+"Well, Mr. President, twenty-eight years ago President Jackson sent
+for me as you have now done and told me just the same story. His
+letter reached me in New Orleans and I traveled ten days to reach
+Washington. I told President Jackson I thought the best plan would be
+to have the Legislature of one of the States pass resolutions
+insisting that the pilot should not desert the ship during these
+stormy times, and so forth. If one State did this I thought others
+would follow. Mr. Jackson concurred and I went to Harrisburg, and had
+such a resolution prepared and passed. Other States followed as I
+expected and, as you know, he won a second term."
+
+"Well," said Lincoln, "could you do that now?"
+
+"No," said I, "I am too near to you, Mr. President; but if you desire
+I might get a friend to attend to it, I think."
+
+"Well," said President Lincoln, "I leave the matter with you."
+
+"I sent for Foster here" (who was his companion on the coach and our
+guest) "and asked him to look up the Jackson resolutions. We changed
+them a little to meet new conditions and passed them. The like result
+followed as in the case of President Jackson. Upon my next visit to
+Washington I went in the evening to the President's public reception.
+When I entered the crowded and spacious East Room, being like Lincoln
+very tall, the President recognized me over the mass of people and
+holding up both white-gloved hands which looked like two legs of
+mutton, called out: 'Two more in to-day, Cameron, two more.' That is,
+two additional States had passed the Jackson-Lincoln resolutions."
+
+Apart from the light this incident throws upon political life, it is
+rather remarkable that the same man should have been called upon by
+two presidents of the United States, twenty-eight years apart, under
+exactly similar circumstances and asked for advice, and that, the same
+expedient being employed, both men became candidates and both secured
+second terms. As was once explained upon a memorable occasion:
+"There's figuring in all them things."
+
+When in Washington I had not met General Grant, because he was in the
+West up to the time of my leaving, but on a journey to and from
+Washington he stopped at Pittsburgh to make the necessary arrangements
+for his removal to the East. I met him on the line upon both occasions
+and took him to dine with me in Pittsburgh. There were no dining-cars
+then. He was the most ordinary-looking man of high position I had ever
+met, and the last that one would select at first glance as a
+remarkable man. I remember that Secretary of War Stanton said that
+when he visited the armies in the West, General Grant and his staff
+entered his car; he looked at them, one after the other, as they
+entered and seeing General Grant, said to himself, "Well, I do not
+know which is General Grant, but there is one that cannot be." Yet
+this was he. [Reading this years after it was written, I laugh. It is
+pretty hard on the General, for I have been taken for him more than
+once.]
+
+In those days of the war much was talked about "strategy" and the
+plans of the various generals. I was amazed at General Grant's freedom
+in talking to me about such things. Of course he knew that I had been
+in the War Office, and was well known to Secretary Stanton,[21] and
+had some knowledge of what was going on; but my surprise can be
+imagined when he said to me:
+
+"Well, the President and Stanton want me to go East and take command
+there, and I have agreed to do it. I am just going West to make the
+necessary arrangements."
+
+I said, "I suspected as much."
+
+"I am going to put Sherman in charge," he said.
+
+"That will surprise the country," I said, "for I think the impression
+is that General Thomas should succeed."
+
+"Yes, I know that," he said, "but I know the men and Thomas will be
+the first to say that Sherman is the man for the work. There will be
+no trouble about that. The fact is the western end is pretty far down,
+and the next thing we must do is to push the eastern end down a
+little."
+
+[Footnote 21: Mr. Carnegie gave to Stanton's college, Kenyon, $80,000,
+and on April 26, 1906, delivered at the college an address on the
+great War Secretary. It has been published under the title _Edwin M.
+Stanton, an Address by Andrew Carnegie on Stanton Memorial Day at
+Kenyon College_. (New York, 1906.)]
+
+That was exactly what he did. And that was Grant's way of putting
+strategy into words. It was my privilege to become well acquainted
+with him in after years. If ever a man was without the slightest trace
+of affectation, Grant was that man. Even Lincoln did not surpass him
+in that: but Grant was a quiet, slow man while Lincoln was always
+alive and in motion. I never heard Grant use a long or grand word, or
+make any attempt at "manner," but the general impression that he was
+always reticent is a mistake. He was a surprisingly good talker
+sometimes and upon occasion liked to talk. His sentences were always
+short and to the point, and his observations upon things remarkably
+shrewd. When he had nothing to say he said nothing. I noticed that he
+was never tired of praising his subordinates in the war. He spoke of
+them as a fond father speaks of his children.
+
+The story is told that during the trials of war in the West, General
+Grant began to indulge too freely in liquor. His chief of staff,
+Rawlins, boldly ventured to tell him so. That this was the act of a
+true friend Grant fully recognized.
+
+"You do not mean that? I was wholly unconscious of it. I am
+surprised!" said the General.
+
+"Yes, I do mean it. It is even beginning to be a subject of comment
+among your officers."
+
+"Why did you not tell me before? I'll never drink a drop of liquor
+again."
+
+He never did. Time after time in later years, dining with the Grants
+in New York, I have seen the General turn down the wine-glasses at his
+side. That indomitable will of his enabled him to remain steadfast to
+his resolve, a rare case as far as my experience goes. Some have
+refrained for a time. In one noted case one of our partners refrained
+for three years, but alas, the old enemy at last recaptured its
+victim.
+
+Grant, when President, was accused of being pecuniarily benefited by
+certain appointments, or acts, of his administration, while his
+friends knew that he was so poor that he had been compelled to
+announce his intention of abandoning the customary state dinners, each
+one of which, he found, cost eight hundred dollars--a sum which he
+could not afford to pay out of his salary. The increase of the
+presidential salary from $25,000 to $50,000 a year enabled him, during
+his second term, to save a little, although he cared no more about
+money than about uniforms. At the end of his first term I know he had
+nothing. Yet I found, when in Europe, that the impression was
+widespread among the highest officials there that there was something
+in the charge that General Grant had benefited pecuniarily by
+appointments. We know in America how little weight to attach to these
+charges, but it would have been well for those who made them so
+recklessly to have considered what effect they would produce upon
+public opinion in other lands.
+
+The cause of democracy suffers more in Britain to-day from the
+generally received opinion that American politics are corrupt, and
+therefore that republicanism necessarily produces corruption, than
+from any other one cause. Yet, speaking with some knowledge of
+politics in both lands, I have not the slightest hesitation in saying
+that for every ounce of corruption of public men in the new land of
+republicanism there is one in the old land of monarchy, only the forms
+of corruption differ. Titles are the bribes in the monarchy, not
+dollars. Office is a common and proper reward in both. There is,
+however, this difference in favor of the monarchy; titles are given
+openly and are not considered by the recipients or the mass of the
+people as bribes.
+
+When I was called to Washington in 1861, it was supposed that the war
+would soon be over; but it was seen shortly afterwards that it was to
+be a question of years. Permanent officials in charge would be
+required. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company was unable to spare Mr.
+Scott, and Mr. Scott, in turn, decided that I must return to
+Pittsburgh, where my services were urgently needed, owing to the
+demands made upon the Pennsylvania by the Government. We therefore
+placed the department at Washington in the hands of others and
+returned to our respective positions.
+
+After my return from Washington reaction followed and I was taken with
+my first serious illness. I was completely broken down, and after a
+struggle to perform my duties was compelled to seek rest. One
+afternoon, when on the railway line in Virginia, I had experienced
+something like a sunstroke, which gave me considerable trouble. It
+passed off, however, but after that I found I could not stand heat and
+had to be careful to keep out of the sun--a hot day wilting me
+completely. [That is the reason why the cool Highland air in summer
+has been to me a panacea for many years. My physician has insisted
+that I must avoid our hot American summers.]
+
+Leave of absence was granted me by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company,
+and the long-sought opportunity to visit Scotland came. My mother, my
+bosom friend Tom Miller, and myself, sailed in the steamship Etna,
+June 28, 1862, I in my twenty-seventh year; and on landing in
+Liverpool we proceeded at once to Dunfermline. No change ever affected
+me so much as this return to my native land. I seemed to be in a
+dream. Every mile that brought us nearer to Scotland increased the
+intensity of my feelings. My mother was equally moved, and I remember,
+when her eyes first caught sight of the familiar yellow bush, she
+exclaimed:
+
+"Oh! there's the broom, the broom!"
+
+Her heart was so full she could not restrain her tears, and the more I
+tried to make light of it or to soothe her, the more she was overcome.
+For myself, I felt as if I could throw myself upon the sacred soil and
+kiss it.[22]
+
+[Footnote 22: "It's a God's mercy I was born a Scotchman, for I do not
+see how I could ever have been contented to be anything else. The
+little dour deevil, set in her own ways, and getting them, too,
+level-headed and shrewd, with an eye to the main chance always and yet
+so lovingly weak, so fond, so led away by song or story, so easily
+touched to fine issues, so leal, so true. Ah! you suit me, Scotia, and
+proud am I that I am your son." (Andrew Carnegie, _Our Coaching Trip_,
+p. 152. New York, 1882.)]
+
+In this mood we reached Dunfermline. Every object we passed was
+recognized at once, but everything seemed so small, compared with what
+I had imagined it, that I was completely puzzled. Finally, reaching
+Uncle Lauder's and getting into the old room where he had taught Dod
+and myself so many things, I exclaimed:
+
+"You are all here; everything is just as I left it, but you are now
+all playing with toys."
+
+The High Street, which I had considered not a bad Broadway, uncle's
+shop, which I had compared with some New York establishments, the
+little mounds about the town, to which we had run on Sundays to play,
+the distances, the height of the houses, all had shrunk. Here was a
+city of the Lilliputians. I could almost touch the eaves of the house
+in which I was born, and the sea--to walk to which on a Saturday had
+been considered quite a feat--was only three miles distant. The rocks
+at the seashore, among which I had gathered wilks (whelks) seemed to
+have vanished, and a tame flat shoal remained. The schoolhouse, around
+which had centered many of my schoolboy recollections--my only Alma
+Mater--and the playground, upon which mimic battles had been fought
+and races run, had shrunk into ridiculously small dimensions. The fine
+residences, Broomhall, Fordell, and especially the conservatories at
+Donibristle, fell one after the other into the petty and
+insignificant. What I felt on a later occasion on a visit to Japan,
+with its small toy houses, was something like a repetition of the
+impression my old home made upon me.
+
+Everything was there in miniature. Even the old well at the head of
+Moodie Street, where I began my early struggles, was changed from what
+I had pictured it. But one object remained all that I had dreamed of
+it. There was no disappointment in the glorious old Abbey and its
+Glen. It was big enough and grand enough, and the memorable carved
+letters on the top of the tower--"King Robert The Bruce"--filled my
+eye and my heart as fully as of old. Nor was the Abbey bell
+disappointing, when I heard it for the first time after my return. For
+this I was grateful. It gave me a rallying point, and around the old
+Abbey, with its Palace ruins and the Glen, other objects adjusted
+themselves in their true proportions after a time.
+
+My relatives were exceedingly kind, and the oldest of all, my dear old
+Auntie Charlotte, in a moment of exultation exclaimed:
+
+"Oh, you will just be coming back here some day and _keep a shop in
+the High Street_."
+
+To keep a shop in the High Street was her idea of triumph. Her
+son-in-law and daughter, both my full cousins, though unrelated to
+each other, had risen to this sublime height, and nothing was too
+great to predict for her promising nephew. There is an aristocracy
+even in shopkeeping, and the family of the green grocer of the High
+Street mingles not upon equal terms with him of Moodie Street.
+
+Auntie, who had often played my nurse, liked to dwell upon the fact
+that I was a screaming infant that had to be fed with two spoons, as I
+yelled whenever one left my mouth. Captain Jones, our superintendent
+of the steel works at a later day, described me as having been born
+"with two rows of teeth and holes punched for more," so insatiable was
+my appetite for new works and increased production. As I was the first
+child in our immediate family circle, there were plenty of now
+venerable relatives begging to be allowed to play nurse, my aunties
+among them. Many of my childhood pranks and words they told me in
+their old age. One of them that the aunties remembered struck me as
+rather precocious.
+
+I had been brought up upon wise saws and one that my father had taught
+me was soon given direct application. As a boy, returning from the
+seashore three miles distant, he had to carry me part of the way upon
+his back. Going up a steep hill in the gloaming he remarked upon the
+heavy load, hoping probably I would propose to walk a bit. The
+response, however, which he received was:
+
+"Ah, faither, never mind, patience and perseverance make the man, ye
+ken."
+
+He toiled on with his burden, but shaking with laughter. He was hoist
+with his own petard, but his burden grew lighter all the same. I am
+sure of this.
+
+My home, of course, was with my instructor, guide, and inspirer, Uncle
+Lauder--he who had done so much to make me romantic, patriotic, and
+poetical at eight. Now I was twenty-seven, but Uncle Lauder still
+remained Uncle Lauder. He had not shrunk, no one could fill his place.
+We had our walks and talks constantly and I was "Naig" again to him.
+He had never had any name for me but that and never did have. My dear,
+dear uncle, and more, much more than uncle to me.[23]
+
+[Footnote 23: "This uncle, who loved liberty because it is the
+heritage of brave souls, in the dark days of the American Civil War
+stood almost alone in his community for the cause which Lincoln
+represented." (Hamilton Wright Mabie in _Century Magazine_, vol. 64,
+p. 958.)]
+
+I was still dreaming and so excited that I could not sleep and had
+caught cold in the bargain. The natural result of this was a fever. I
+lay in uncle's house for six weeks, a part of that time in a critical
+condition. Scottish medicine was then as stern as Scottish theology
+(both are now much softened), and I was bled. My thin American blood
+was so depleted that when I was pronounced convalescent it was long
+before I could stand upon my feet. This illness put an end to my
+visit, but by the time I had reached America again, the ocean voyage
+had done me so much good I was able to resume work.
+
+I remember being deeply affected by the reception I met with when I
+returned to my division. The men of the eastern end had gathered
+together with a cannon and while the train passed I was greeted with a
+salvo. This was perhaps the first occasion upon which my subordinates
+had an opportunity of making me the subject of any demonstration, and
+their reception made a lasting impression. I knew how much I cared for
+them and it was pleasing to know that they reciprocated my feelings.
+Working-men always do reciprocate kindly feeling. If we truly care for
+others we need not be anxious about their feelings for us. Like draws
+to like.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+BRIDGE-BUILDING
+
+
+During the Civil War the price of iron went up to something like $130
+per ton. Even at that figure it was not so much a question of money as
+of delivery. The railway lines of America were fast becoming dangerous
+for want of new rails, and this state of affairs led me to organize in
+1864 a rail-making concern at Pittsburgh. There was no difficulty in
+obtaining partners and capital, and the Superior Rail Mill and Blast
+Furnaces were built.
+
+In like manner the demand for locomotives was very great, and with Mr.
+Thomas N. Miller[24] I organized in 1866 the Pittsburgh Locomotive
+Works, which has been a prosperous and creditable concern--locomotives
+made there having obtained an enviable reputation throughout the
+United States. It sounds like a fairy tale to-day to record that in
+1906 the one-hundred-dollar shares of this company sold for three
+thousand dollars--that is, thirty dollars for one. Large annual
+dividends had been paid regularly and the company had been very
+successful--sufficient proof of the policy: "Make nothing but the very
+best." We never did.
+
+[Footnote 24: Mr. Carnegie had previous to this--as early as
+1861--been associated with Mr. Miller in the Sun City Forge Company,
+doing a small iron business.]
+
+When at Altoona I had seen in the Pennsylvania Railroad Company's
+works the first small bridge built of iron. It proved a success. I saw
+that it would never do to depend further upon wooden bridges for
+permanent railway structures. An important bridge on the Pennsylvania
+Railroad had recently burned and the traffic had been obstructed for
+eight days. Iron was the thing. I proposed to H.J. Linville, who had
+designed the iron bridge, and to John L. Piper and his partner, Mr.
+Schiffler, who had charge of bridges on the Pennsylvania line, that
+they should come to Pittsburgh and I would organize a company to build
+iron bridges. It was the first company of its kind. I asked my friend,
+Mr. Scott, of the Pennsylvania Railroad, to go with us in the venture,
+which he did. Each of us paid for a one fifth interest, or $1250. My
+share I borrowed from the bank. Looking back at it now the sum seemed
+very small, but "tall oaks from little acorns grow."
+
+In this way was organized in 1862 the firm of Piper and Schiffler
+which was merged into the Keystone Bridge Company in 1863--a name
+which I remember I was proud of having thought of as being most
+appropriate for a bridge-building concern in the State of
+Pennsylvania, the Keystone State. From this beginning iron bridges
+came generally into use in America, indeed, in the world at large so
+far as I know. My letters to iron manufacturers in Pittsburgh were
+sufficient to insure the new company credit. Small wooden shops were
+erected and several bridge structures were undertaken. Cast-iron was
+the principal material used, but so well were the bridges built that
+some made at that day and since strengthened for heavier traffic,
+still remain in use upon various lines.
+
+The question of bridging the Ohio River at Steubenville came up, and
+we were asked whether we would undertake to build a railway bridge
+with a span of three hundred feet over the channel. It seems
+ridiculous at the present day to think of the serious doubts
+entertained about our ability to do this; but it must be remembered
+this was before the days of steel and almost before the use of
+wrought-iron in America. The top cords and supports were all of
+cast-iron. I urged my partners to try it anyhow, and we finally closed
+a contract, but I remember well when President Jewett[25] of the
+railway company visited the works and cast his eyes upon the piles of
+heavy cast-iron lying about, which were parts of the forthcoming
+bridge, that he turned to me and said:
+
+"I don't believe these heavy castings can be made to stand up and
+carry themselves, much less carry a train across the Ohio River."
+
+[Footnote 25: Thomas L. Jewett, President of the Panhandle.]
+
+The Judge, however, lived to believe differently. The bridge remained
+until recently, though strengthened to carry heavier traffic. We
+expected to make quite a sum by this first important undertaking, but
+owing to the inflation of the currency, which occurred before the work
+was finished, our margin of profit was almost swallowed up. It is an
+evidence of the fairness of President Edgar Thomson, of the
+Pennsylvania, that, upon learning the facts of the case, he allowed an
+extra sum to secure us from loss. The subsequent position of affairs,
+he said, was not contemplated by either party when the contract was
+made. A great and a good man was Edgar Thomson, a close bargainer for
+the Pennsylvania Railroad, but ever mindful of the fact that the
+spirit of the law was above the letter.
+
+In Linville, Piper, and Schiffler, we had the best talent of that
+day--Linville an engineer, Piper a hustling, active mechanic, and
+Schiffler sure and steady. Colonel Piper was an exceptional man. I
+heard President Thomson of the Pennsylvania once say he would rather
+have him at a burnt bridge than all the engineering corps. There was
+one subject upon which the Colonel displayed great weakness
+(fortunately for us) and that was the horse. Whenever a business
+discussion became too warm, and the Colonel showed signs of temper,
+which was not seldom, it was a sure cure to introduce that subject.
+Everything else would pass from his mind; he became absorbed in the
+fascinating topic of horseflesh. If he had overworked himself, and we
+wished to get him to take a holiday, we sent him to Kentucky to look
+after a horse or two that one or the other of us was desirous of
+obtaining, and for the selection of which we would trust no one but
+himself. But his craze for horses sometimes brought him into serious
+difficulties. He made his appearance at the office one day with one
+half of his face as black as mud could make it, his clothes torn, and
+his hat missing, but still holding the whip in one hand. He explained
+that he had attempted to drive a fast Kentucky colt; one of the reins
+had broken and he had lost his "steerage-way," as he expressed it.
+
+He was a grand fellow, "Pipe" as we called him, and when he took a
+fancy to a person, as he did to me, he was for and with him always. In
+later days when I removed to New York he transferred his affections to
+my brother, whom he invariably called Thomas, instead of Tom. High as
+I stood in his favor, my brother afterwards stood higher. He fairly
+worshiped him, and anything that Tom said was law and gospel. He was
+exceedingly jealous of our other establishments, in which he was not
+directly interested, such as our mills which supplied the Keystone
+Works with iron. Many a dispute arose between the mill managers and
+the Colonel as to quality, price, and so forth. On one occasion he
+came to my brother to complain that a bargain which he had made for
+the supply of iron for a year had not been copied correctly. The
+prices were "net," and nothing had been said about "net" when the
+bargain was made. He wanted to know just what that word "net" meant.
+
+"Well, Colonel," said my brother, "it means that nothing more is to be
+added."
+
+"All right, Thomas," said the Colonel, entirely satisfied.
+
+There is much in the way one puts things. "Nothing to be deducted"
+might have caused a dispute.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS MORRISON CARNEGIE]
+
+He was made furious one day by Bradstreet's volume which gives the
+standing of business concerns. Never having seen such a book before,
+he was naturally anxious to see what rating his concern had. When he
+read that the Keystone Bridge Works were "BC," which meant "Bad
+Credit," it was with difficulty he was restrained from going to see
+our lawyers to have a suit brought against the publishers. Tom,
+however, explained to him that the Keystone Bridge Works were in bad
+credit because they never borrowed anything, and he was pacified. No
+debt was one of the Colonel's hobbies. Once, when I was leaving for
+Europe, when many firms were hard up and some failing around us, he
+said to me:
+
+"The sheriff can't get us when you are gone if I don't sign any notes,
+can he?"
+
+"No," I said, "he can't."
+
+"All right, we'll be here when you come back."
+
+Talking of the Colonel reminds me of another unusual character with
+whom we were brought in contact in these bridge-building days. This
+was Captain Eads, of St. Louis,[26] an original genius _minus_
+scientific knowledge to guide his erratic ideas of things mechanical.
+He was seemingly one of those who wished to have everything done upon
+his own original plans. That a thing had been done in one way before
+was sufficient to cause its rejection. When his plans for the St.
+Louis Bridge were presented to us, I handed them to the one man in the
+United States who knew the subject best--our Mr. Linville. He came to
+me in great concern, saying:
+
+"The bridge if built upon these plans will not stand up; it will not
+carry its own weight."
+
+"Well," I said, "Captain Eads will come to see you and in talking over
+matters explain this to him gently, get it into proper shape, lead him
+into the straight path and say nothing about it to others."
+
+[Footnote 26: Captain James B. Eads, afterward famous for his jetty
+system in the Mississippi River.]
+
+This was successfully accomplished; but in the construction of the
+bridge poor Piper was totally unable to comply with the extraordinary
+requirements of the Captain. At first he was so delighted with having
+received the largest contract that had yet been let that he was all
+graciousness to Captain Eads. It was not even "Captain" at first, but
+"'Colonel' Eads, how do you do? Delighted to see you." By and by
+matters became a little complicated. We noticed that the greeting
+became less cordial, but still it was "Good-morning, Captain Eads."
+This fell till we were surprised to hear "Pipe" talking of "Mr. Eads."
+Before the troubles were over, the "Colonel" had fallen to "Jim Eads,"
+and to tell the truth, long before the work was out of the shops,
+"Jim" was now and then preceded by a big "D." A man may be possessed
+of great ability, and be a charming, interesting character, as Captain
+Eads undoubtedly was, and yet not be able to construct the first
+bridge of five hundred feet span over the Mississippi River,[27]
+without availing himself of the scientific knowledge and practical
+experience of others.
+
+[Footnote 27: The span was 515 feet, and at that time considered the
+finest metal arch in the world.]
+
+When the work was finished, I had the Colonel with me in St. Louis for
+some days protecting the bridge against a threatened attempt on the
+part of others to take possession of it before we obtained full
+payment. When the Colonel had taken up the planks at both ends, and
+organized a plan of relieving the men who stood guard, he became
+homesick and exceedingly anxious to return to Pittsburgh. He had
+determined to take the night train and I was at a loss to know how to
+keep him with me until I thought of his one vulnerable point. I told
+him, during the day, how anxious I was to obtain a pair of horses for
+my sister. I wished to make her a present of a span, and I had heard
+that St. Louis was a noted place for them. Had he seen anything
+superb?
+
+The bait took. He launched forth into a description of several spans
+of horses he had seen and stables he had visited. I asked him if he
+could possibly stay over and select the horses. I knew very well that
+he would wish to see them and drive them many times which would keep
+him busy. It happened just as I expected. He purchased a splendid
+pair, but then another difficulty occurred about transporting them to
+Pittsburgh. He would not trust them by rail and no suitable boat was
+to leave for several days. Providence was on my side evidently.
+Nothing on earth would induce that man to leave the city until he saw
+those horses fairly started and it was an even wager whether he would
+not insist upon going up on the steamer with them himself. We held the
+bridge. "Pipe" made a splendid Horatius. He was one of the best men
+and one of the most valuable partners I ever was favored with, and
+richly deserved the rewards which he did so much to secure.
+
+The Keystone Bridge Works have always been a source of satisfaction to
+me. Almost every concern that had undertaken to erect iron bridges in
+America had failed. Many of the structures themselves had fallen and
+some of the worst railway disasters in America had been caused in that
+way. Some of the bridges had given way under wind pressure but nothing
+has ever happened to a Keystone bridge, and some of them have stood
+where the wind was not tempered. There has been no luck about it. We
+used only the best material and enough of it, making our own iron and
+later our own steel. We were our own severest inspectors, and would
+build a safe structure or none at all. When asked to build a bridge
+which we knew to be of insufficient strength or of unscientific
+design, we resolutely declined. Any piece of work bearing the stamp of
+the Keystone Bridge Works (and there are few States in the Union where
+such are not to be found) we were prepared to underwrite. We were as
+proud of our bridges as Carlyle was of the bridge his father built
+across the Annan. "An honest brig," as the great son rightly said.
+
+This policy is the true secret of success. Uphill work it will be for
+a few years until your work is proven, but after that it is smooth
+sailing. Instead of objecting to inspectors they should be welcomed by
+all manufacturing establishments. A high standard of excellence is
+easily maintained, and men are educated in the effort to reach
+excellence. I have never known a concern to make a decided success
+that did not do good, honest work, and even in these days of the
+fiercest competition, when everything would seem to be matter of
+price, there lies still at the root of great business success the very
+much more important factor of quality. The effect of attention to
+quality, upon every man in the service, from the president of the
+concern down to the humblest laborer, cannot be overestimated. And
+bearing on the same question, clean, fine workshops and tools,
+well-kept yards and surroundings are of much greater importance than
+is usually supposed.
+
+I was very much pleased to hear a remark, made by one of the prominent
+bankers who visited the Edgar Thomson Works during a Bankers
+Convention held at Pittsburgh. He was one of a party of some hundreds
+of delegates, and after they had passed through the works he said to
+our manager:
+
+"Somebody appears to belong to these works."
+
+He put his finger there upon one of the secrets of success. They did
+belong to somebody. The president of an important manufacturing work
+once boasted to me that their men had chased away the first inspector
+who had ventured to appear among them, and that they had never been
+troubled with another since. This was said as a matter of sincere
+congratulation, but I thought to myself: "This concern will never
+stand the strain of competition; it is bound to fail when hard times
+come." The result proved the correctness of my belief. The surest
+foundation of a manufacturing concern is quality. After that, and a
+long way after, comes cost.
+
+I gave a great deal of personal attention for some years to the
+affairs of the Keystone Bridge Works, and when important contracts
+were involved often went myself to meet the parties. On one such
+occasion in 1868, I visited Dubuque, Iowa, with our engineer, Walter
+Katte. We were competing for the building of the most important
+railway bridge that had been built up to that time, a bridge across
+the wide Mississippi at Dubuque, to span which was considered a great
+undertaking. We found the river frozen and crossed it upon a sleigh
+drawn by four horses.
+
+That visit proved how much success turns upon trifles. We found we
+were not the lowest bidder. Our chief rival was a bridge-building
+concern in Chicago to which the board had decided to award the
+contract. I lingered and talked with some of the directors. They were
+delightfully ignorant of the merits of cast- and wrought-iron. We had
+always made the upper cord of the bridge of the latter, while our
+rivals' was made of cast-iron. This furnished my text. I pictured the
+result of a steamer striking against the one and against the other. In
+the case of the wrought-iron cord it would probably only bend; in the
+case of the cast-iron it would certainly break and down would come the
+bridge. One of the directors, the well-known Perry Smith, was
+fortunately able to enforce my argument, by stating to the board that
+what I said was undoubtedly the case about cast-iron. The other night
+he had run his buggy in the dark against a lamp-post which was of
+cast-iron and the lamp-post had broken to pieces. Am I to be censured
+if I had little difficulty here in recognizing something akin to the
+hand of Providence, with Perry Smith the manifest agent?
+
+"Ah, gentlemen," I said, "there is the point. A little more money and
+you could have had the indestructible wrought-iron and your bridge
+would stand against any steamboat. We never have built and we never
+will build a cheap bridge. Ours don't fall."
+
+There was a pause; then the president of the bridge company, Mr.
+Allison, the great Senator, asked if I would excuse them for a few
+moments. I retired. Soon they recalled me and offered the contract,
+provided we took the lower price, which was only a few thousand
+dollars less. I agreed to the concession. That cast-iron lamp-post so
+opportunely smashed gave us one of our most profitable contracts and,
+what is more, obtained for us the reputation of having taken the
+Dubuque bridge against all competitors. It also laid the foundation
+for me of a lifelong, unbroken friendship with one of America's best
+and most valuable public men, Senator Allison.
+
+The moral of that story lies on the surface. If you want a contract,
+be on the spot when it is let. A smashed lamp-post or something
+equally unthought of may secure the prize if the bidder be on hand.
+And if possible stay on hand until you can take the written contract
+home in your pocket. This we did at Dubuque, although it was suggested
+we could leave and it would be sent after us to execute. We preferred
+to remain, being anxious to see more of the charms of Dubuque.
+
+After building the Steubenville Bridge, it became a necessity for the
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company to build bridges across the Ohio
+River at Parkersburg and Wheeling, to prevent their great rival, the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, from possessing a decided advantage.
+The days of ferryboats were then fast passing away. It was in
+connection with the contracts for these bridges that I had the
+pleasure of making the acquaintance of a man, then of great position,
+Mr. Garrett, president of the Baltimore and Ohio.
+
+We were most anxious to secure both bridges and all the approaches to
+them, but I found Mr. Garrett decidedly of the opinion that we were
+quite unable to do so much work in the time specified. He wished to
+build the approaches and the short spans in his own shops, and asked
+me if we would permit him to use our patents. I replied that we would
+feel highly honored by the Baltimore and Ohio doing so. The stamp of
+approval of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad would be worth ten times
+the patent fees. He could use all, and everything, we had.
+
+There was no doubt as to the favorable impression that made upon the
+great railway magnate. He was much pleased and, to my utter surprise,
+took me into his private room and opened up a frank conversation upon
+matters in general. He touched especially upon his quarrels with the
+Pennsylvania Railroad people, with Mr. Thomson and Mr. Scott, the
+president and vice-president, whom he knew to be my special friends.
+This led me to say that I had passed through Philadelphia on my way to
+see him and had been asked by Mr. Scott where I was going.
+
+"I told him that I was going to visit you to obtain the contracts for
+your great bridges over the Ohio River. Mr. Scott said it was not
+often that I went on a fool's errand, but that I was certainly on one
+now; that Mr. Garrett would never think for a moment of giving me his
+contracts, for every one knew that I was, as a former employee, always
+friendly to the Pennsylvania Railroad. Well, I said, we shall build
+Mr. Garrett's bridges."
+
+Mr. Garrett promptly replied that when the interests of his company
+were at stake it was the best always that won. His engineers had
+reported that our plans were the best and that Scott and Thomson would
+see that he had only one rule--the interests of his company. Although
+he very well knew that I was a Pennsylvania Railroad man, yet he felt
+it his duty to award us the work.
+
+The negotiation was still unsatisfactory to me, because we were to get
+all the difficult part of the work--the great spans of which the risk
+was then considerable--while Mr. Garrett was to build all the small
+and profitable spans at his own shops upon our plans and patents. I
+ventured to ask whether he was dividing the work because he honestly
+believed we could not open his bridges for traffic as soon as his
+masonry would permit. He admitted he was. I told him that he need not
+have any fear upon that point.
+
+"Mr. Garrett," I said, "would you consider my personal bond a good
+security?"
+
+"Certainly," he said.
+
+"Well, now," I replied, "bind me! I know what I am doing. I will take
+the risk. How much of a bond do you want me to give you that your
+bridges will be opened for traffic at the specified time if you give
+us the entire contract, provided you get your masonry ready?"
+
+"Well, I would want a hundred thousand dollars from you, young man."
+
+"All right," I said, "prepare your bond. Give us the work. Our firm is
+not going to let me lose a hundred thousand dollars. You know that."
+
+"Yes," he said, "I believe if you are bound for a hundred thousand
+dollars your company will work day and night and I will get my
+bridges."
+
+This was the arrangement which gave us what were then the gigantic
+contracts of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It is needless to say
+that I never had to pay that bond. My partners knew much better than
+Mr. Garrett the conditions of his work. The Ohio River was not to be
+trifled with, and long before his masonry was ready we had relieved
+ourselves from all responsibility upon the bond by placing the
+superstructure on the banks awaiting the completion of the
+substructure which he was still building.
+
+Mr. Garrett was very proud of his Scottish blood, and Burns having
+been once touched upon between us we became firm friends. He
+afterwards took me to his fine mansion in the country. He was one of
+the few Americans who then lived in the grand style of a country
+gentleman, with many hundreds of acres of beautiful land, park-like
+drives, a stud of thoroughbred horses, with cattle, sheep, and dogs,
+and a home that realized what one had read of the country life of a
+nobleman in England.
+
+At a later date he had fully determined that his railroad company
+should engage in the manufacture of steel rails and had applied for
+the right to use the Bessemer patents. This was a matter of great
+moment to us. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company was one of our
+best customers, and we were naturally anxious to prevent the building
+of steel-rail rolling mills at Cumberland. It would have been a losing
+enterprise for the Baltimore and Ohio, for I was sure it could buy its
+steel rails at a much cheaper rate than it could possibly make the
+small quantity needed for itself. I visited Mr. Garrett to talk the
+matter over with him. He was then much pleased with the foreign
+commerce and the lines of steamships which made Baltimore their port.
+He drove me, accompanied by several of his staff, to the wharves where
+he was to decide about their extension, and as the foreign goods were
+being discharged from the steamship side and placed in the railway
+cars, he turned to me and said:
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, you can now begin to appreciate the magnitude of our
+vast system and understand why it is necessary that we should make
+everything for ourselves, even our steel rails. We cannot depend upon
+private concerns to supply us with any of the principal articles we
+consume. We shall be a world to ourselves."
+
+"Well," I said, "Mr. Garrett, it is all very grand, but really your
+'vast system' does not overwhelm me. I read your last annual report
+and saw that you collected last year for transporting the goods of
+others the sum of fourteen millions of dollars. The firms I control
+dug the material from the hills, made their own goods, and sold them
+to a much greater value than that. You are really a very small concern
+compared with Carnegie Brothers and Company."
+
+My railroad apprenticeship came in there to advantage. We heard no
+more of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company entering into
+competition with us. Mr. Garrett and I remained good friends to the
+end. He even presented me with a Scotch collie dog of his own rearing.
+That I had been a Pennsylvania Railroad man was drowned in the "wee
+drap o' Scotch bluid atween us."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE IRON WORKS
+
+
+The Keystone Works have always been my pet as being the parent of all
+the other works. But they had not been long in existence before the
+advantage of wrought- over cast-iron became manifest. Accordingly, to
+insure uniform quality, and also to make certain shapes which were not
+then to be obtained, we determined to embark in the manufacture of
+iron. My brother and I became interested with Thomas N. Miller, Henry
+Phipps, and Andrew Kloman in a small iron mill. Miller was the first
+to embark with Kloman and he brought Phipps in, lending him eight
+hundred dollars to buy a one-sixth interest, in November, 1861.
+
+I must not fail to record that Mr. Miller was the pioneer of our iron
+manufacturing projects. We were all indebted to Tom, who still lives
+(July 20, 1911) and sheds upon us the sweetness and light of a most
+lovable nature, a friend who grows more precious as the years roll by.
+He has softened by age, and even his outbursts against theology as
+antagonistic to true religion are in his fine old age much less
+alarming. We are all prone to grow philosophic in age, and perhaps
+this is well. [In re-reading this--July 19, 1912--in our retreat upon
+the high moors at Aultnagar, I drop a tear for my bosom friend, dear
+Tom Miller, who died in Pittsburgh last winter. Mrs. Carnegie and I
+attended his funeral. Henceforth life lacks something, lacks much--my
+first partner in early years, my dearest friend in old age. May I go
+where he is, wherever that may be.]
+
+Andrew Kloman had a small steel-hammer in Allegheny City. As a
+superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad I had found that he made
+the best axles. He was a great mechanic--one who had discovered, what
+was then unknown in Pittsburgh, that whatever was worth doing with
+machinery was worth doing well. His German mind made him thorough.
+What he constructed cost enormously, but when once started it did the
+work it was intended to do from year's end to year's end. In those
+early days it was a question with axles generally whether they would
+run any specified time or break. There was no analysis of material, no
+scientific treatment of it.
+
+How much this German created! He was the first man to introduce the
+cold saw that cut cold iron the exact lengths. He invented upsetting
+machines to make bridge links, and also built the first "universal"
+mill in America. All these were erected at our works. When Captain
+Eads could not obtain the couplings for the St. Louis Bridge arches
+(the contractors failing to make them) and matters were at a
+standstill, Kloman told us that he could make them and why the others
+had failed. He succeeded in making them. Up to that date they were the
+largest semicircles that had ever been rolled. Our confidence in Mr.
+Kloman may be judged from the fact that when he said he could make
+them we unhesitatingly contracted to furnish them.
+
+I have already spoken of the intimacy between our family and that of
+the Phippses. In the early days my chief companion was the elder
+brother, John. Henry was several years my junior, but had not failed
+to attract my attention as a bright, clever lad. One day he asked his
+brother John to lend him a quarter of a dollar. John saw that he had
+important use for it and handed him the shining quarter without
+inquiry. Next morning an advertisement appeared in the "Pittsburgh
+Dispatch":
+
+"A willing boy wishes work."
+
+This was the use the energetic and willing Harry had made of his
+quarter, probably the first quarter he had ever spent at one time in
+his life. A response came from the well-known firm of Dilworth and
+Bidwell. They asked the "willing boy" to call. Harry went and obtained
+a position as errand boy, and as was then the custom, his first duty
+every morning was to sweep the office. He went to his parents and
+obtained their consent, and in this way the young lad launched himself
+upon the sea of business. There was no holding back a boy like that.
+It was the old story. He soon became indispensable to his employers,
+obtained a small interest in a collateral branch of their business;
+and then, ever on the alert, it was not many years before he attracted
+the attention of Mr. Miller, who made a small investment for him with
+Andrew Kloman. That finally resulted in the building of the iron mill
+in Twenty-Ninth Street. He had been a schoolmate and great crony of my
+brother Tom. As children they had played together, and throughout
+life, until my brother's death in 1886, these two formed, as it were,
+a partnership within a partnership. They invariably held equal
+interests in the various firms with which they were connected. What
+one did the other did.
+
+The errand boy is now one of the richest men in the United States and
+has begun to prove that he knows how to expend his surplus. Years ago
+he gave beautiful conservatories to the public parks of Allegheny and
+Pittsburgh. That he specified "that these should be open upon Sunday"
+shows that he is a man of his time. This clause in the gift created
+much excitement. Ministers denounced him from the pulpit and
+assemblies of the church passed resolutions declaring against the
+desecration of the Lord's Day. But the people rose, _en masse_,
+against this narrow-minded contention and the Council of the city
+accepted the gift with acclamation. The sound common sense of my
+partner was well expressed when he said in reply to a remonstrance by
+ministers:
+
+"It is all very well for you, gentlemen, who work one day in the week
+and are masters of your time the other six during which you can view
+the beauties of Nature--all very well for you--but I think it shameful
+that you should endeavor to shut out from the toiling masses all that
+is calculated to entertain and instruct them during the only day which
+you well know they have at their disposal."
+
+These same ministers have recently been quarreling in their convention
+at Pittsburgh upon the subject of instrumental music in churches. But
+while they are debating whether it is right to have organs in
+churches, intelligent people are opening museums, conservatories, and
+libraries upon the Sabbath; and unless the pulpit soon learns how to
+meet the real wants of the people in this life (where alone men's
+duties lie) much better than it is doing at present, these rival
+claimants for popular favor may soon empty their churches.
+
+Unfortunately Kloman and Phipps soon differed with Miller about the
+business and forced him out. Being convinced that Miller was unfairly
+treated, I united with him in building new works. These were the
+Cyclops Mills of 1864. After they were set running it became possible,
+and therefore advisable, to unite the old and the new works, and the
+Union Iron Mills were formed by their consolidation in 1867. I did
+not believe that Mr. Miller's reluctance to associate again with his
+former partners, Phipps and Kloman, could not be overcome, because
+they would not control the Union Works. Mr. Miller, my brother, and I
+would hold the controlling interest. But Mr. Miller proved obdurate
+and begged me to buy his interest, which I reluctantly did after all
+efforts had failed to induce him to let bygones be bygones. He was
+Irish, and the Irish blood when aroused is uncontrollable. Mr. Miller
+has since regretted (to me) his refusal of my earnest request, which
+would have enabled the pioneer of all of us to reap what was only his
+rightful reward--millionairedom for himself and his followers.
+
+We were young in manufacturing then and obtained for the Cyclops Mills
+what was considered at the time an enormous extent of land--seven
+acres. For some years we offered to lease a portion of the ground to
+others. It soon became a question whether we could continue the
+manufacture of iron within so small an area. Mr. Kloman succeeded in
+making iron beams and for many years our mill was far in advance of
+any other in that respect. We began at the new mill by making all
+shapes which were required, and especially such as no other concern
+would undertake, depending upon an increasing demand in our growing
+country for things that were only rarely needed at first. What others
+could not or would not do we would attempt, and this was a rule of our
+business which was strictly adhered to. Also we would make nothing
+except of excellent quality. We always accommodated our customers,
+even although at some expense to ourselves, and in cases of dispute we
+gave the other party the benefit of the doubt and settled. These were
+our rules. We had no lawsuits.
+
+As I became acquainted with the manufacture of iron I was greatly
+surprised to find that the cost of each of the various processes was
+unknown. Inquiries made of the leading manufacturers of Pittsburgh
+proved this. It was a lump business, and until stock was taken and the
+books balanced at the end of the year, the manufacturers were in total
+ignorance of results. I heard of men who thought their business at the
+end of the year would show a loss and had found a profit, and
+_vice-versa_. I felt as if we were moles burrowing in the dark, and
+this to me was intolerable. I insisted upon such a system of weighing
+and accounting being introduced throughout our works as would enable
+us to know what our cost was for each process and especially what each
+man was doing, who saved material, who wasted it, and who produced the
+best results.
+
+To arrive at this was a much more difficult task than one would
+imagine. Every manager in the mills was naturally against the new
+system. Years were required before an accurate system was obtained,
+but eventually, by the aid of many clerks and the introduction of
+weighing scales at various points in the mill, we began to know not
+only what every department was doing, but what each one of the many
+men working at the furnaces was doing, and thus to compare one with
+another. One of the chief sources of success in manufacturing is the
+introduction and strict maintenance of a perfect system of accounting
+so that responsibility for money or materials can be brought home to
+every man. Owners who, in the office, would not trust a clerk with
+five dollars without having a check upon him, were supplying tons of
+material daily to men in the mills without exacting an account of
+their stewardship by weighing what each returned in the finished
+form.
+
+The Siemens Gas Furnace had been used to some extent in Great Britain
+for heating steel and iron, but it was supposed to be too expensive. I
+well remember the criticisms made by older heads among the Pittsburgh
+manufacturers about the extravagant expenditure we were making upon
+these new-fangled furnaces. But in the heating of great masses of
+material, almost half the waste could sometimes be saved by using the
+new furnaces. The expenditure would have been justified, even if it
+had been doubled. Yet it was many years before we were followed in
+this new departure; and in some of those years the margin of profit
+was so small that the most of it was made up from the savings derived
+from the adoption of the improved furnaces.
+
+Our strict system of accounting enabled us to detect the great waste
+possible in heating large masses of iron. This improvement revealed to
+us a valuable man in a clerk, William Borntraeger, a distant relative
+of Mr. Kloman, who came from Germany. He surprised us one day by
+presenting a detailed statement showing results for a period, which
+seemed incredible. All the needed labor in preparing this statement he
+had performed at night unasked and unknown to us. The form adapted was
+uniquely original. Needless to say, William soon became superintendent
+of the works and later a partner, and the poor German lad died a
+millionaire. He well deserved his fortune.
+
+It was in 1862 that the great oil wells of Pennsylvania attracted
+attention. My friend Mr. William Coleman, whose daughter became, at a
+later date, my sister-in-law, was deeply interested in the discovery,
+and nothing would do but that I should take a trip with him to the oil
+regions. It was a most interesting excursion. There had been a rush to
+the oil fields and the influx was so great that it was impossible for
+all to obtain shelter. This, however, to the class of men who flocked
+thither, was but a slight drawback. A few hours sufficed to knock up a
+shanty, and it was surprising in how short a time they were able to
+surround themselves with many of the comforts of life. They were men
+above the average, men who had saved considerable sums and were able
+to venture something in the search for fortune.
+
+What surprised me was the good humor which prevailed everywhere. It
+was a vast picnic, full of amusing incidents. Everybody was in high
+glee; fortunes were supposedly within reach; everything was booming.
+On the tops of the derricks floated flags on which strange mottoes
+were displayed. I remember looking down toward the river and seeing
+two men working their treadles boring for oil upon the banks of the
+stream, and inscribed upon their flag was "Hell or China." They were
+going down, no matter how far.
+
+The adaptability of the American was never better displayed than in
+this region. Order was soon evolved out of chaos. When we visited the
+place not long after we were serenaded by a brass band the players of
+which were made up of the new inhabitants along the creek. It would be
+safe to wager that a thousand Americans in a new land would organize
+themselves, establish schools, churches, newspapers, and brass
+bands--in short, provide themselves with all the appliances of
+civilization--and go ahead developing their country before an equal
+number of British would have discovered who among them was the highest
+in hereditary rank and had the best claims to leadership owing to his
+grandfather. There is but one rule among Americans--the tools to those
+who can use them.
+
+To-day Oil Creek is a town of many thousand inhabitants, as is also
+Titusville at the other end of the creek. The district which began by
+furnishing a few barrels of oil every season, gathered with blankets
+from the surface of the creek by the Seneca Indians, has now several
+towns and refineries, with millions of dollars of capital. In those
+early days all the arrangements were of the crudest character. When
+the oil was obtained it was run into flat-bottomed boats which leaked
+badly. Water ran into the boats and the oil overflowed into the river.
+The creek was dammed at various places, and upon a stipulated day and
+hour the dams were opened and upon the flood the oil boats floated to
+the Allegheny River, and thence to Pittsburgh.
+
+In this way not only the creek, but the Allegheny River, became
+literally covered with oil. The loss involved in transportation to
+Pittsburgh was estimated at fully a third of the total quantity, and
+before the oil boats started it is safe to say that another third was
+lost by leakage. The oil gathered by the Indians in the early days was
+bottled in Pittsburgh and sold at high prices as medicine--a dollar
+for a small vial. It had general reputation as a sure cure for
+rheumatic tendencies. As it became plentiful and cheap its virtues
+vanished. What fools we mortals be!
+
+The most celebrated wells were upon the Storey farm. Upon these we
+obtained an option of purchase for forty thousand dollars. We bought
+them. Mr. Coleman, ever ready at suggestion, proposed to make a lake
+of oil by excavating a pool sufficient to hold a hundred thousand
+barrels (the waste to be made good every day by running streams of oil
+into it), and to hold it for the not far distant day when, as we then
+expected, the oil supply would cease. This was promptly acted upon,
+but after losing many thousands of barrels waiting for the expected
+day (which has not yet arrived) we abandoned the reserve. Coleman
+predicted that when the supply stopped, oil would bring ten dollars a
+barrel and therefore we would have a million dollars worth in the
+lake. We did not think then of Nature's storehouse below which still
+keeps on yielding many thousands of barrels per day without apparent
+exhaustion.
+
+This forty-thousand-dollar investment proved for us the best of all so
+far. The revenues from it came at the most opportune time.[28] The
+building of the new mill in Pittsburgh required not only all the
+capital we could gather, but the use of our credit, which I consider,
+looking backward, was remarkably good for young men.
+
+[Footnote 28: The wells on the Storey farm paid in one year a million
+dollars in cash and dividends, and the farm itself eventually became
+worth, on a stock basis, five million dollars.]
+
+Having become interested in this oil venture, I made several
+excursions to the district and also, in 1864, to an oil field in Ohio
+where a great well had been struck which yielded a peculiar quality of
+oil well fitted for lubricating purposes. My journey thither with Mr.
+Coleman and Mr. David Ritchie was one of the strangest experiences I
+ever had. We left the railway line some hundreds of miles from
+Pittsburgh and plunged through a sparsely inhabited district to the
+waters of Duck Creek to see the monster well. We bought it before
+leaving.
+
+It was upon our return that adventures began. The weather had been
+fine and the roads quite passable during our journey thither, but rain
+had set in during our stay. We started back in our wagon, but before
+going far fell into difficulties. The road had become a mass of soft,
+tenacious mud and our wagon labored fearfully. The rain fell in
+torrents, and it soon became evident that we were in for a night of
+it. Mr. Coleman lay at full length on one side of the wagon, and Mr.
+Ritchie on the other, and I, being then very thin, weighing not much
+more than a hundred pounds, was nicely sandwiched between the two
+portly gentlemen. Every now and then the wagon proceeded a few feet
+heaving up and down in the most outrageous manner, and finally
+sticking fast. In this fashion we passed the night. There was in front
+a seat across the wagon, under which we got our heads, and in spite of
+our condition the night was spent in uproarious merriment.
+
+By the next night we succeeded in reaching a country town in the worst
+possible plight. We saw the little frame church of the town lighted
+and heard the bell ringing. We had just reached our tavern when a
+committee appeared stating that they had been waiting for us and that
+the congregation was assembled. It appears that a noted exhorter had
+been expected who had no doubt been delayed as we had been. I was
+taken for the absentee minister and asked how soon I would be ready to
+accompany them to the meeting-house. I was almost prepared with my
+companions to carry out the joke (we were in for fun), but I found I
+was too exhausted with fatigue to attempt it. I had never before come
+so near occupying a pulpit.
+
+My investments now began to require so much of my personal attention
+that I resolved to leave the service of the railway company and devote
+myself exclusively to my own affairs. I had been honored a short time
+before this decision by being called by President Thomson to
+Philadelphia. He desired to promote me to the office of assistant
+general superintendent with headquarters at Altoona under Mr. Lewis. I
+declined, telling him that I had decided to give up the railroad
+service altogether, that I was determined to make a fortune and I saw
+no means of doing this honestly at any salary the railroad company
+could afford to give, and I would not do it by indirection. When I lay
+down at night I was going to get a verdict of approval from the
+highest of all tribunals, the judge within.
+
+I repeated this in my parting letter to President Thomson, who warmly
+congratulated me upon it in his letter of reply. I resigned my
+position March 28, 1865, and received from the men on the railway a
+gold watch. This and Mr. Thomson's letter I treasure among my most
+precious mementos.
+
+The following letter was written to the men on the Division:
+
+     PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY
+     SUPERINTENDENT'S OFFICE, PITTSBURGH DIVISION
+     PITTSBURGH, _March 28, 1865_
+
+     To the Officers and Employees of the Pittsburgh Division
+
+     GENTLEMEN:
+
+     I cannot allow my connection with you to cease without some
+     expression of the deep regret felt at parting.
+
+     Twelve years of pleasant intercourse have served to inspire
+     feelings of personal regard for those who have so faithfully
+     labored with me in the service of the Company. The coming
+     change is painful only as I reflect that in consequence
+     thereof I am not to be in the future, as in the past,
+     intimately associated with you and with many others in the
+     various departments, who have through business intercourse,
+     become my personal friends. I assure you although the
+     official relations hitherto existing between us must soon
+     close, I can never fail to feel and evince the liveliest
+     interest in the welfare of such as have been identified with
+     the Pittsburgh Division in times past, and who are, I trust,
+     for many years to come to contribute to the success of the
+     Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and share in its justly
+     deserved prosperity.
+
+     Thanking you most sincerely for the uniform kindness shown
+     toward me, for your zealous efforts made at all times to
+     meet my wishes, and asking for my successor similar support
+     at your hands, I bid you all farewell.
+
+     Very respectfully
+
+     (Signed) ANDREW CARNEGIE
+
+Thenceforth I never worked for a salary. A man must necessarily occupy
+a narrow field who is at the beck and call of others. Even if he
+becomes president of a great corporation he is hardly his own master,
+unless he holds control of the stock. The ablest presidents are
+hampered by boards of directors and shareholders, who can know but
+little of the business. But I am glad to say that among my best
+friends to-day are those with whom I labored in the service of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
+
+In the year 1867, Mr. Phipps, Mr. J.W. Vandevort, and myself revisited
+Europe, traveling extensively through England and Scotland, and made
+the tour of the Continent. "Vandy" had become my closest companion. We
+had both been fired by reading Bayard Taylor's "Views Afoot." It was
+in the days of the oil excitement and shares were going up like
+rockets. One Sunday, lying in the grass, I said to "Vandy":
+
+"If you could make three thousand dollars would you spend it in a tour
+through Europe with me?"
+
+"Would a duck swim or an Irishman eat potatoes?" was his reply.
+
+The sum was soon made in oil stock by the investment of a few hundred
+dollars which "Vandy" had saved. This was the beginning of our
+excursion. We asked my partner, Harry Phipps, who was by this time
+quite a capitalist, to join the party. We visited most of the capitals
+of Europe, and in all the enthusiasm of youth climbed every spire,
+slept on mountain-tops, and carried our luggage in knapsacks upon our
+backs. We ended our journey upon Vesuvius, where we resolved some day
+to go around the world.
+
+This visit to Europe proved most instructive. Up to this time I had
+known nothing of painting or sculpture, but it was not long before I
+could classify the works of the great painters. One may not at the
+time justly appreciate the advantage he is receiving from examining
+the great masterpieces, but upon his return to America he will find
+himself unconsciously rejecting what before seemed truly beautiful,
+and judging productions which come before him by a new standard. That
+which is truly great has so impressed itself upon him that what is
+false or pretentious proves no longer attractive.
+
+My visit to Europe also gave me my first great treat in music. The
+Handel Anniversary was then being celebrated at the Crystal Palace in
+London, and I had never up to that time, nor have I often since, felt
+the power and majesty of music in such high degree. What I heard at
+the Crystal Palace and what I subsequently heard on the Continent in
+the cathedrals, and at the opera, certainly enlarged my appreciation
+of music. At Rome the Pope's choir and the celebrations in the
+churches at Christmas and Easter furnished, as it were, a grand climax
+to the whole.
+
+These visits to Europe were also of great service in a commercial
+sense. One has to get out of the swirl of the great Republic to form a
+just estimate of the velocity with which it spins. I felt that a
+manufacturing concern like ours could scarcely develop fast enough for
+the wants of the American people, but abroad nothing seemed to be
+going forward. If we excepted a few of the capitals of Europe,
+everything on the Continent seemed to be almost at a standstill, while
+the Republic represented throughout its entire extent such a scene as
+there must have been at the Tower of Babel, as pictured in the
+story-books--hundreds rushing to and fro, each more active than his
+neighbor, and all engaged in constructing the mighty edifice.
+
+It was Cousin "Dod" (Mr. George Lauder) to whom we were indebted for a
+new development in our mill operations--the first of its kind in
+America. He it was who took our Mr. Coleman to Wigan in England and
+explained the process of washing and coking the dross from coal mines.
+Mr. Coleman had constantly been telling us how grand it would be to
+utilize what was then being thrown away at our mines, and was indeed
+an expense to dispose of. Our Cousin "Dod" was a mechanical engineer,
+educated under Lord Kelvin at Glasgow University, and as he
+corroborated all that Mr. Coleman stated, in December, 1871, I
+undertook to advance the capital to build works along the line of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad. Contracts for ten years were made with the
+leading coal companies for their dross and with the railway companies
+for transportation, and Mr. Lauder, who came to Pittsburgh and
+superintended the whole operation for years, began the construction of
+the first coal-washing machinery in America. He made a success of
+it--he never failed to do that in any mining or mechanical operation
+he undertook--and he soon cleared the cost of the works. No wonder
+that at a later date my partners desired to embrace the coke works in
+our general firm and thus capture not only these, but Lauder also.
+"Dod" had won his spurs.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE LAUDER]
+
+The ovens were extended from time to time until we had five hundred of
+them, washing nearly fifteen hundred tons of coal daily. I confess I
+never pass these coal ovens at Larimer's Station without feeling that
+if he who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew before is a
+public benefactor and lays the race under obligation, those who
+produce superior coke from material that has been for all previous
+years thrown over the bank as worthless, have great cause for
+self-congratulation. It is fine to make something out of nothing; it
+is also something to be the first firm to do this upon our continent.
+
+We had another valuable partner in a second cousin of mine, a son of
+Cousin Morrison of Dunfermline. Walking through the shops one day, the
+superintendent asked me if I knew I had a relative there who was
+proving an exceptional mechanic. I replied in the negative and asked
+that I might speak with him on our way around. We met. I asked his
+name.
+
+"Morrison," was the reply, "son of Robert"--my cousin Bob.
+
+"Well, how did you come here?"
+
+"I thought we could better ourselves," he said.
+
+"Who have you with you?"
+
+"My wife," was the reply.
+
+"Why didn't you come first to see your relative who might have been
+able to introduce you here?"
+
+"Well, I didn't feel I needed help if I only got a chance."
+
+There spoke the true Morrison, taught to depend on himself, and
+independent as Lucifer. Not long afterwards I heard of his promotion
+to the superintendency of our newly acquired works at Duquesne, and
+from that position he steadily marched upward. He is to-day a
+blooming, but still sensible, millionaire. We are all proud of Tom
+Morrison. [A note received from him yesterday invites Mrs. Carnegie
+and myself to be his guests during our coming visit of a few days at
+the annual celebration of the Carnegie Institute.]
+
+I was always advising that our iron works should be extended and new
+developments made in connection with the manufacture of iron and
+steel, which I saw was only in its infancy. All apprehension of its
+future development was dispelled by the action of America with regard
+to the tariff upon foreign imports. It was clear to my mind that the
+Civil War had resulted in a fixed determination upon the part of the
+American people to build a nation within itself, independent of Europe
+in all things essential to its safety. America had been obliged to
+import all her steel of every form and most of the iron needed,
+Britain being the chief seller. The people demanded a home supply and
+Congress granted the manufacturers a tariff of twenty-eight per cent
+_ad valorem_ on steel rails--the tariff then being equal to about
+twenty-eight dollars per ton. Rails were selling at about a hundred
+dollars per ton, and other rates in proportion.
+
+Protection has played a great part in the development of manufacturing
+in the United States. Previous to the Civil War it was a party
+question, the South standing for free trade and regarding a tariff as
+favorable only to the North. The sympathy shown by the British
+Government for the Confederacy, culminating in the escape of the
+Alabama and other privateers to prey upon American commerce, aroused
+hostility against that Government, notwithstanding the majority of her
+common people favored the United States. The tariff became no longer a
+party question, but a national policy, approved by both parties. It
+had become a patriotic duty to develop vital resources. No less than
+ninety Northern Democrats in Congress, including the Speaker of the
+House, agreed upon that point.
+
+Capital no longer hesitated to embark in manufacturing, confident as
+it was that the nation would protect it as long as necessary. Years
+after the war, demands for a reduction of the tariff arose and it was
+my lot to be drawn into the controversy. It was often charged that
+bribery of Congressmen by manufacturers was common. So far as I know
+there was no foundation for this. Certainly the manufacturers never
+raised any sums beyond those needed to maintain the Iron and Steel
+Association, a matter of a few thousand dollars per year. They did,
+however, subscribe freely to a campaign when the issue was Protection
+_versus_ Free Trade.
+
+The duties upon steel were successively reduced, with my cordial
+support, until the twenty-eight dollars duty on rails became only one
+fourth or seven dollars per ton. [To-day (1911) the duty is only about
+one half of that, and even that should go in the next revision.] The
+effort of President Cleveland to pass a more drastic new tariff was
+interesting. It cut too deep in many places and its passage would have
+injured more than one manufacture. I was called to Washington, and
+tried to modify and, as I believe, improve, the Wilson Bill. Senator
+Gorman, Democratic leader of the Senate, Governor Flower of New York,
+and a number of the ablest Democrats were as sound protectionists in
+moderation as I was. Several of these were disposed to oppose the
+Wilson Bill as being unnecessarily severe and certain to cripple some
+of our domestic industries. Senator Gorman said to me he wished as
+little as I did to injure any home producer, and he thought his
+colleagues had confidence in and would be guided by me as to iron and
+steel rates, provided that large reductions were made and that the
+Republican Senators would stand unitedly for a bill of that character.
+I remember his words, "I can afford to fight the President and beat
+him, but I can't afford to fight him and be beaten."
+
+Governor Flower shared these views. There was little trouble in
+getting our party to agree to the large reductions I proposed. The
+Wilson-Gorman Tariff Bill was adopted. Meeting Senator Gorman later,
+he explained that he had to give way on cotton ties to secure several
+Southern Senators. Cotton ties had to be free. So tariff legislation
+goes.
+
+I was not sufficiently prominent in manufacturing to take part in
+getting the tariff established immediately after the war, so it
+happened that my part has always been to favor reduction of duties,
+opposing extremes--the unreasonable protectionists who consider the
+higher the duties the better and declaim against any reduction, and
+the other extremists who denounce all duties and would adopt
+unrestrained free trade.
+
+We could now (1907) abolish all duties upon steel and iron without
+injury, essential as these duties were at the beginning. Europe has
+not much surplus production, so that should prices rise exorbitantly
+here only a small amount could be drawn from there and this would
+instantly raise prices in Europe, so that our home manufacturers could
+not be seriously affected. Free trade would only tend to prevent
+exorbitant prices here for a time when the demand was excessive. Home
+iron and steel manufacturers have nothing to fear from free trade. [I
+recently (1910) stated this in evidence before the Tariff Commission
+at Washington.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+NEW YORK AS HEADQUARTERS
+
+
+Our business continued to expand and required frequent visits on my
+part to the East, especially to New York, which is as London to
+Britain--the headquarters of all really important enterprises in
+America. No large concern could very well get on without being
+represented there. My brother and Mr. Phipps had full grasp of the
+business at Pittsburgh. My field appeared to be to direct the general
+policy of the companies and negotiate the important contracts.
+
+My brother had been so fortunate as to marry Miss Lucy Coleman,
+daughter of one of our most valued partners and friends. Our family
+residence at Homewood was given over to him, and I was once more
+compelled to break old associations and leave Pittsburgh in 1867 to
+take up my residence in New York. The change was hard enough for me,
+but much harder for my mother; but she was still in the prime of life
+and we could be happy anywhere so long as we were together. Still she
+did feel the leaving of our home very much. We were perfect strangers
+in New York, and at first took up our quarters in the St. Nicholas
+Hotel, then in its glory. I opened an office in Broad Street.
+
+For some time the Pittsburgh friends who came to New York were our
+chief source of happiness, and the Pittsburgh papers seemed necessary
+to our existence. I made frequent visits there and my mother often
+accompanied me, so that our connection with the old home was still
+maintained. But after a time new friendships were formed and new
+interests awakened and New York began to be called home. When the
+proprietors of the St. Nicholas opened the Windsor Hotel uptown, we
+took up our residence there and up to the year 1887 that was our New
+York home. Mr. Hawk, the proprietor, became one of our valued friends
+and his nephew and namesake still remains so.
+
+Among the educative influences from which I derived great advantage in
+New York, none ranks higher than the Nineteenth Century Club organized
+by Mr. and Mrs. Courtlandt Palmer. The club met at their house once a
+month for the discussion of various topics and soon attracted many
+able men and women. It was to Madame Botta I owed my election to
+membership--a remarkable woman, wife of Professor Botta, whose
+drawing-room became more of a salon than any in the city, if indeed it
+were not the only one resembling a salon at that time. I was honored
+by an invitation one day to dine at the Bottas' and there met for the
+first time several distinguished people, among them one who became my
+lifelong friend and wise counselor, Andrew D. White, then president of
+Cornell University, afterwards Ambassador to Russia and Germany, and
+our chief delegate to the Hague Conference.
+
+Here in the Nineteenth Century Club was an arena, indeed. Able men and
+women discussed the leading topics of the day in due form, addressing
+the audience one after another. The gatherings soon became too large
+for a private room. The monthly meetings were then held in the
+American Art Galleries. I remember the first evening I took part as
+one of the speakers the subject was "The Aristocracy of the Dollar."
+Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson was the first speaker. This was my
+introduction to a New York audience. Thereafter I spoke now and then.
+It was excellent training, for one had to read and study for each
+appearance.
+
+I had lived long enough in Pittsburgh to acquire the manufacturing, as
+distinguished from the speculative, spirit. My knowledge of affairs,
+derived from my position as telegraph operator, had enabled me to know
+the few Pittsburgh men or firms which then had dealings upon the New
+York Stock Exchange, and I watched their careers with deep interest.
+To me their operations seemed simply a species of gambling. I did not
+then know that the credit of all these men or firms was seriously
+impaired by the knowledge (which it is almost impossible to conceal)
+that they were given to speculation. But the firms were then so few
+that I could have counted them on the fingers of one hand. The Oil and
+Stock Exchanges in Pittsburgh had not as yet been founded and brokers'
+offices with wires in connection with the stock exchanges of the East
+were unnecessary. Pittsburgh was emphatically a manufacturing town.
+
+I was surprised to find how very different was the state of affairs in
+New York. There were few even of the business men who had not their
+ventures in Wall Street to a greater or less extent. I was besieged
+with inquiries from all quarters in regard to the various railway
+enterprises with which I was connected. Offers were made to me by
+persons who were willing to furnish capital for investment and allow
+me to manage it--the supposition being that from the inside view which
+I was enabled to obtain I could invest for them successfully.
+Invitations were extended to me to join parties who intended quietly
+to buy up the control of certain properties. In fact the whole
+speculative field was laid out before me in its most seductive guise.
+
+All these allurements I declined. The most notable offer of this kind
+I ever received was one morning in the Windsor Hotel soon after my
+removal to New York. Jay Gould, then in the height of his career,
+approached me and said he had heard of me and he would purchase
+control of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and give me one half of
+all profits if I would agree to devote myself to its management. I
+thanked him and said that, although Mr. Scott and I had parted company
+in business matters, I would never raise my hand against him.
+Subsequently Mr. Scott told me he had heard I had been selected by New
+York interests to succeed him. I do not know how he had learned this,
+as I had never mentioned it. I was able to reassure him by saying that
+the only railroad company I would be president of would be one I
+owned.
+
+Strange what changes the whirligig of time brings in. It was my part
+one morning in 1900, some thirty years afterwards, to tell the son of
+Mr. Gould of his father's offer and to say to him:
+
+"Your father offered me control of the great Pennsylvania system. Now
+I offer his son in return the control of an international line from
+ocean to ocean."
+
+The son and I agreed upon the first step--that was the bringing of his
+Wabash line to Pittsburgh. This was successfully done under a contract
+given the Wabash of one third of the traffic of our steel company. We
+were about to take up the eastern extension from Pittsburgh to the
+Atlantic when Mr. Morgan approached me in March, 1901, through Mr.
+Schwab, and asked if I really wished to retire from business. I
+answered in the affirmative and that put an end to our railway
+operations.
+
+I have never bought or sold a share of stock speculatively in my life,
+except one small lot of Pennsylvania Railroad shares that I bought
+early in life for investment and for which I did not pay at the time
+because bankers offered to carry it for me at a low rate. I have
+adhered to the rule never to purchase what I did not pay for, and
+never to sell what I did not own. In those early days, however, I had
+several interests that were taken over in the course of business. They
+included some stocks and securities that were quoted on the New York
+Stock Exchange, and I found that when I opened my paper in the morning
+I was tempted to look first at the quotations of the stock market. As
+I had determined to sell all my interests in every outside concern and
+concentrate my attention upon our manufacturing concerns in
+Pittsburgh, I further resolved not even to own any stock that was
+bought and sold upon any stock exchange. With the exception of
+trifling amounts which came to me in various ways I have adhered
+strictly to this rule.
+
+Such a course should commend itself to every man in the manufacturing
+business and to all professional men. For the manufacturing man
+especially the rule would seem all-important. His mind must be kept
+calm and free if he is to decide wisely the problems which are
+continually coming before him. Nothing tells in the long run like good
+judgment, and no sound judgment can remain with the man whose mind is
+disturbed by the mercurial changes of the Stock Exchange. It places
+him under an influence akin to intoxication. What is not, he sees, and
+what he sees, is not. He cannot judge of relative values or get the
+true perspective of things. The molehill seems to him a mountain and
+the mountain a molehill, and he jumps at conclusions which he should
+arrive at by reason. His mind is upon the stock quotations and not
+upon the points that require calm thought. Speculation is a parasite
+feeding upon values, creating none.
+
+My first important enterprise after settling in New York was
+undertaking to build a bridge across the Mississippi at Keokuk.[29]
+Mr. Thomson, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and I contracted
+for the whole structure, foundation, masonry, and superstructure,
+taking bonds and stocks in payment. The undertaking was a splendid
+success in every respect, except financially. A panic threw the
+connecting railways into bankruptcy. They were unable to pay the
+stipulated sums. Rival systems built a bridge across the Mississippi
+at Burlington and a railway down the west side of the Mississippi to
+Keokuk. The handsome profits which we saw in prospect were never
+realized. Mr. Thomson and myself, however, escaped loss, although
+there was little margin left.
+
+[Footnote 29: It was an iron bridge 2300 feet in length with a
+380-foot span.]
+
+The superstructure for this bridge was built at our Keystone Works in
+Pittsburgh. The undertaking required me to visit Keokuk occasionally,
+and there I made the acquaintance of clever and delightful people,
+among them General and Mrs. Reid, and Mr. and Mrs. Leighton. Visiting
+Keokuk with some English friends at a later date, the impression they
+received of society in the Far West, on what to them seemed the very
+outskirts of civilization, was surprising. A reception given to us one
+evening by General Reid brought together an assembly creditable to any
+town in Britain. More than one of the guests had distinguished himself
+during the war and had risen to prominence in the national councils.
+
+The reputation obtained in the building of the Keokuk bridge led to my
+being applied to by those who were in charge of the scheme for
+bridging the Mississippi at St. Louis, to which I have already
+referred. This was connected with my first large financial
+transaction. One day in 1869 the gentleman in charge of the
+enterprise, Mr. Macpherson (he was very Scotch), called at my New York
+office and said they were trying to raise capital to build the bridge.
+He wished to know if I could not enlist some of the Eastern railroad
+companies in the scheme. After careful examination of the project I
+made the contract for the construction of the bridge on behalf of the
+Keystone Bridge Works. I also obtained an option upon four million
+dollars of first mortgage bonds of the bridge company and set out for
+London in March, 1869, to negotiate their sale.
+
+During the voyage I prepared a prospectus which I had printed upon my
+arrival in London, and, having upon my previous visit made the
+acquaintance of Junius S. Morgan, the great banker, I called upon him
+one morning and opened negotiations. I left with him a copy of the
+prospectus, and upon calling next day was delighted to find that Mr.
+Morgan viewed the matter favorably. I sold him part of the bonds with
+the option to take the remainder; but when his lawyers were called in
+for advice a score of changes were required in the wording of the
+bonds. Mr. Morgan said to me that as I was going to Scotland I had
+better go now; I could write the parties in St. Louis and ascertain
+whether they would agree to the changes proposed. It would be time
+enough, he said, to close the matter upon my return three weeks hence.
+
+But I had no idea of allowing the fish to play so long, and informed
+him that I would have a telegram in the morning agreeing to all the
+changes. The Atlantic cable had been open for some time, but it is
+doubtful if it had yet carried so long a private cable as I sent that
+day. It was an easy matter to number the lines of the bond and then
+going carefully over them to state what changes, omissions, or
+additions were required in each line. I showed Mr. Morgan the message
+before sending it and he said:
+
+"Well, young man, if you succeed in that you deserve a red mark."
+
+When I entered the office next morning, I found on the desk that had
+been appropriated to my use in Mr. Morgan's private office the colored
+envelope which contained the answer. There it was: "Board meeting last
+night; changes all approved." "Now, Mr. Morgan," I said, "we can
+proceed, assuming that the bond is as your lawyers desire." The papers
+were soon closed.
+
+[Illustration: JUNIUS SPENCER MORGAN]
+
+While I was in the office Mr. Sampson, the financial editor of "The
+Times," came in. I had an interview with him, well knowing that a few
+words from him would go far in lifting the price of the bonds on the
+Exchange. American securities had recently been fiercely attacked,
+owing to the proceedings of Fisk and Gould in connection with the Erie
+Railway Company, and their control of the judges in New York, who
+seemed to do their bidding. I knew this would be handed out as an
+objection, and therefore I met it at once. I called Mr. Sampson's
+attention to the fact that the charter of the St. Louis Bridge Company
+was from the National Government. In case of necessity appeal lay
+directly to the Supreme Court of the United States, a body vying with
+their own high tribunals. He said he would be delighted to give
+prominence to this commendable feature. I described the bridge as a
+toll-gate on the continental highway and this appeared to please him.
+It was all plain and easy sailing, and when he left the office, Mr.
+Morgan clapped me on the shoulder and said:
+
+"Thank you, young man; you have raised the price of those bonds five
+per cent this morning."
+
+"All right, Mr. Morgan," I replied; "now show me how I can raise them
+five per cent more for you."
+
+The issue was a great success, and the money for the St. Louis Bridge
+was obtained. I had a considerable margin of profit upon the
+negotiation. This was my first financial negotiation with the bankers
+of Europe. Mr. Pullman told me a few days later that Mr. Morgan at a
+dinner party had told the telegraphic incident and predicted, "That
+young man will be heard from."
+
+After closing with Mr. Morgan, I visited my native town, Dunfermline,
+and at that time made the town a gift of public baths. It is notable
+largely because it was the first considerable gift I had ever made.
+Long before that I had, at my Uncle Lauder's suggestion, sent a
+subscription to the fund for the Wallace Monument on Stirling Heights
+overlooking Bannockburn. It was not much, but I was then in the
+telegraph office and it was considerable out of a revenue of thirty
+dollars per month with family expenses staring us in the face. Mother
+did not grudge it; on the contrary, she was a very proud woman that
+her son's name was seen on the list of contributors, and her son felt
+he was really beginning to be something of a man. Years afterward my
+mother and I visited Stirling, and there unveiled, in the Wallace
+Tower, a bust of Sir Walter Scott, which she had presented to the
+monument committee. We had then made great progress, at least
+financially, since the early subscription. But distribution had not
+yet begun.[30] So far with me it had been the age of accumulation.
+
+[Footnote 30: The ambitions of Mr. Carnegie at this time (1868) are
+set forth in the following memorandum made by him. It has only
+recently come to light:
+
+_St. Nicholas Hotel, New York, December, 1868_
+
+Thirty-three and an income of $50,000 per annum! By this time two
+years I can so arrange all my business as to secure at least $50,000
+per annum. Beyond this never earn--make no effort to increase fortune,
+but spend the surplus each year for benevolent purposes. Cast aside
+business forever, except for others.
+
+Settle in Oxford and get a thorough education, making the acquaintance
+of literary men--this will take three years' active work--pay especial
+attention to speaking in public. Settle then in London and purchase a
+controlling interest in some newspaper or live review and give the
+general management of it attention, taking a part in public matters,
+especially those connected with education and improvement of the
+poorer classes.
+
+Man must have an idol--the amassing of wealth is one of the worst
+species of idolatry--no idol more debasing than the worship of money.
+Whatever I engage in I must push inordinately; therefore should I be
+careful to choose that life which will be the most elevating in its
+character. To continue much longer overwhelmed by business cares and
+with most of my thoughts wholly upon the way to make more money in the
+shortest time, must degrade me beyond hope of permanent recovery. I
+will resign business at thirty-five, but during the ensuing two years
+I wish to spend the afternoons in receiving instruction and in reading
+systematically.]
+
+While visiting the Continent of Europe in 1867 and deeply interested
+in what I saw, it must not be thought that my mind was not upon
+affairs at home. Frequent letters kept me advised of business matters.
+The question of railway communication with the Pacific had been
+brought to the front by the Civil War, and Congress had passed an act
+to encourage the construction of a line. The first sod had just been
+cut at Omaha and it was intended that the line should ultimately be
+pushed through to San Francisco. One day while in Rome it struck me
+that this might be done much sooner than was then anticipated. The
+nation, having made up its mind that its territory must be bound
+together, might be trusted to see that no time was lost in
+accomplishing it. I wrote my friend Mr. Scott, suggesting that we
+should obtain the contract to place sleeping-cars upon the great
+California line. His reply contained these words:
+
+"Well, young man, you do take time by the forelock."
+
+Nevertheless, upon my return to America. I pursued the idea. The
+sleeping-car business, in which I was interested, had gone on
+increasing so rapidly that it was impossible to obtain cars enough to
+supply the demand. This very fact led to the forming of the present
+Pullman Company. The Central Transportation Company was simply unable
+to cover the territory with sufficient rapidity, and Mr. Pullman
+beginning at the greatest of all railway centers in the
+world--Chicago--soon rivaled the parent concern. He had also seen that
+the Pacific Railroad would be the great sleeping-car line of the
+world, and I found him working for what I had started after. He was,
+indeed, a lion in the path. Again, one may learn, from an incident
+which I had from Mr. Pullman himself, by what trifles important
+matters are sometimes determined.
+
+The president of the Union Pacific Railway was passing through
+Chicago. Mr. Pullman called upon him and was shown into his room.
+Lying upon the table was a telegram addressed to Mr. Scott, saying,
+"Your proposition for sleeping-cars is accepted." Mr. Pullman read
+this involuntarily and before he had time to refrain. He could not
+help seeing it where it lay. When President Durrant entered the room
+he explained this to him and said:
+
+"I trust you will not decide this matter until I have made a
+proposition to you."
+
+Mr. Durrant promised to wait. A meeting of the board of directors of
+the Union Pacific Company was held soon after this in New York. Mr.
+Pullman and myself were in attendance, both striving to obtain the
+prize which neither he nor I undervalued. One evening we began to
+mount the broad staircase in the St. Nicholas Hotel at the same time.
+We had met before, but were not well acquainted. I said, however, as
+we walked up the stairs:
+
+"Good-evening, Mr. Pullman! Here we are together, and are we not
+making a nice couple of fools of ourselves?" He was not disposed to
+admit anything and said:
+
+"What do you mean?"
+
+I explained the situation to him. We were destroying by our rival
+propositions the very advantages we desired to obtain.
+
+"Well," he said, "what do you propose to do about it?"
+
+"Unite," I said. "Make a joint proposition to the Union Pacific, your
+party and mine, and organize a company."
+
+"What would you call it?" he asked.
+
+"The Pullman Palace Car Company," I replied.
+
+This suited him exactly; and it suited me equally well.
+
+"Come into my room and talk it over," said the great sleeping-car man.
+
+I did so, and the result was that we obtained the contract jointly.
+Our company was subsequently merged in the general Pullman Company and
+we took stock in that company for our Pacific interests. Until
+compelled to sell my shares during the subsequent financial panic of
+1873 to protect our iron and steel interests, I was, I believe, the
+largest shareholder in the Pullman Company.
+
+This man Pullman and his career are so thoroughly American that a few
+words about him will not be out of place. Mr. Pullman was at first a
+working carpenter, but when Chicago had to be elevated he took a
+contract on his own account to move or elevate houses for a
+stipulated sum. Of course he was successful, and from this small
+beginning he became one of the principal and best-known contractors in
+that line. If a great hotel was to be raised ten feet without
+disturbing its hundreds of guests or interfering in any way with its
+business, Mr. Pullman was the man. He was one of those rare characters
+who can see the drift of things, and was always to be found, so to
+speak, swimming in the main current where movement was the fastest. He
+soon saw, as I did, that the sleeping-car was a positive necessity
+upon the American continent. He began to construct a few cars at
+Chicago and to obtain contracts upon the lines centering there.
+
+The Eastern concern was in no condition to cope with that of an
+extraordinary man like Mr. Pullman. I soon recognized this, and
+although the original patents were with the Eastern company and Mr.
+Woodruff himself, the original patentee, was a large shareholder, and
+although we might have obtained damages for infringement of patent
+after some years of litigation, yet the time lost before this could be
+done would have been sufficient to make Pullman's the great company of
+the country. I therefore earnestly advocated that we should unite with
+Mr. Pullman, as I had united with him before in the Union Pacific
+contract. As the personal relations between Mr. Pullman and some
+members of the Eastern company were unsatisfactory, it was deemed best
+that I should undertake the negotiations, being upon friendly footing
+with both parties. We soon agreed that the Pullman Company should
+absorb our company, the Central Transportation Company, and by this
+means Mr. Pullman, instead of being confined to the West, obtained
+control of the rights on the great Pennsylvania trunk line to the
+Atlantic seaboard. This placed his company beyond all possible rivals.
+Mr. Pullman was one of the ablest men of affairs I have ever known,
+and I am indebted to him, among other things, for one story which
+carried a moral.
+
+Mr. Pullman, like every other man, had his difficulties and
+disappointments, and did not hit the mark every time. No one does.
+Indeed, I do not know any one but himself who could have surmounted
+the difficulties surrounding the business of running sleeping-cars in
+a satisfactory manner and still retained some rights which the railway
+companies were bound to respect. Railway companies should, of course,
+operate their own sleeping-cars. On one occasion when we were
+comparing notes he told me that he always found comfort in this story.
+An old man in a Western county having suffered from all the ills that
+flesh is heir to, and a great many more than it usually encounters,
+and being commiserated by his neighbors, replied:
+
+"Yes, my friends, all that you say is true. I have had a long, long
+life full of troubles, but there is one curious fact about them--nine
+tenths of them never happened."
+
+True indeed; most of the troubles of humanity are imaginary and should
+be laughed out of court. It is folly to cross a bridge until you come
+to it, or to bid the Devil good-morning until you meet him--perfect
+folly. All is well until the stroke falls, and even then nine times
+out of ten it is not so bad as anticipated. A wise man is the
+confirmed optimist.
+
+Success in these various negotiations had brought me into some notice
+in New York, and my next large operation was in connection with the
+Union Pacific Railway in 1871. One of its directors came to me saying
+that they must raise in some way a sum of six hundred thousand dollars
+(equal to many millions to-day) to carry them through a crisis; and
+some friends who knew me and were on the executive committee of that
+road had suggested that I might be able to obtain the money and at the
+same time get for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company virtual control of
+that important Western line. I believe Mr. Pullman came with the
+director, or perhaps it was Mr. Pullman himself who first came to me
+on the subject.
+
+I took up the matter, and it occurred to me that if the directors of
+the Union Pacific Railway would be willing to elect to its board of
+directors a few such men as the Pennsylvania Railroad would nominate,
+the traffic to be thus obtained for the Pennsylvania would justify
+that company in helping the Union Pacific. I went to Philadelphia and
+laid the subject before President Thomson. I suggested that if the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company would trust me with securities upon
+which the Union Pacific could borrow money in New York, we could
+control the Union Pacific in the interests of the Pennsylvania. Among
+many marks of Mr. Thomson's confidence this was up to that time the
+greatest. He was much more conservative when handling the money of the
+railroad company than his own, but the prize offered was too great to
+be missed. Even if the six hundred thousand dollars had been lost, it
+would not have been a losing investment for his company, and there was
+little danger of this because we were ready to hand over to him the
+securities which we obtained in return for the loan to the Union
+Pacific.
+
+My interview with Mr. Thomson took place at his house in Philadelphia,
+and as I rose to go he laid his hand upon my shoulder, saying:
+
+"Remember, Andy, I look to you in this matter. It is you I trust, and
+I depend on your holding all the securities you obtain and seeing
+that the Pennsylvania Railroad is never in a position where it can
+lose a dollar."
+
+I accepted the responsibility, and the result was a triumphant
+success. The Union Pacific Company was exceedingly anxious that Mr.
+Thomson himself should take the presidency, but this he said was out
+of the question. He nominated Mr. Thomas A. Scott, vice-president of
+the Pennsylvania Railroad, for the position. Mr. Scott, Mr. Pullman,
+and myself were accordingly elected directors of the Union Pacific
+Railway Company in 1871.
+
+The securities obtained for the loan consisted of three millions of
+the shares of the Union Pacific, which were locked in my safe, with
+the option of taking them at a price. As was to be expected, the
+accession of the Pennsylvania Railroad party rendered the stock of the
+Union Pacific infinitely more valuable. The shares advanced
+enormously. At this time I undertook to negotiate bonds in London for
+a bridge to cross the Missouri at Omaha, and while I was absent upon
+this business Mr. Scott decided to sell our Union Pacific shares. I
+had left instructions with my secretary that Mr. Scott, as one of the
+partners in the venture, should have access to the vault, as it might
+be necessary in my absence that the securities should be within reach
+of some one; but the idea that these should be sold, or that our party
+should lose the splendid position we had acquired in connection with
+the Union Pacific, never entered my brain.
+
+I returned to find that, instead of being a trusted colleague of the
+Union Pacific directors, I was regarded as having used them for
+speculative purposes. No quartet of men ever had a finer opportunity
+for identifying themselves with a great work than we had; and never
+was an opportunity more recklessly thrown away. Mr. Pullman was
+ignorant of the matter and as indignant as myself, and I believe that
+he at once re-invested his profits in the shares of the Union Pacific.
+I felt that much as I wished to do this and to repudiate what had been
+done, it would be unbecoming and perhaps ungrateful in me to separate
+myself so distinctly from my first of friends, Mr. Scott.
+
+At the first opportunity we were ignominiously but deservedly expelled
+from the Union Pacific board. It was a bitter dose for a young man to
+swallow. And the transaction marked my first serious difference with a
+man who up to that time had the greatest influence with me, the kind
+and affectionate employer of my boyhood, Thomas A. Scott. Mr. Thomson
+regretted the matter, but, as he said, having paid no attention to it
+and having left the whole control of it in the hands of Mr. Scott and
+myself, he presumed that I had thought best to sell out. For a time I
+feared I had lost a valued friend in Levi P. Morton, of Morton, Bliss
+& Co., who was interested in Union Pacific, but at last he found out
+that I was innocent.
+
+The negotiations concerning two and a half millions of bonds for the
+construction of the Omaha Bridge were successful, and as these bonds
+had been purchased by persons connected with the Union Pacific before
+I had anything to do with the company, it was for them and not for the
+Union Pacific Company that the negotiations were conducted. This was
+not explained to me by the director who talked with me before I left
+for London. Unfortunately, when I returned to New York I found that
+the entire proceeds of the bonds, including my profit, had been
+appropriated by the parties to pay their own debts, and I was thus
+beaten out of a handsome sum, and had to credit to profit and loss my
+expenses and time. I had never before been cheated and found it out so
+positively and so clearly. I saw that I was still young and had a good
+deal to learn. Many men can be trusted, but a few need watching.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS
+
+
+Complete success attended a negotiation which I conducted about this
+time for Colonel William Phillips, president of the Allegheny Valley
+Railway at Pittsburgh. One day the Colonel entered my New York office
+and told me that he needed money badly, but that he could get no house
+in America to entertain the idea of purchasing five millions of bonds
+of his company although they were to be guaranteed by the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company. The old gentleman felt sure that he was being driven
+from pillar to post by the bankers because they had agreed among
+themselves to purchase the bonds only upon their own terms. He asked
+ninety cents on the dollar for them, but this the bankers considered
+preposterously high. Those were the days when Western railway bonds
+were often sold to the bankers at eighty cents on the dollar.
+
+Colonel Phillips said he had come to see whether I could not suggest
+some way out of his difficulty. He had pressing need for two hundred
+and fifty thousand dollars, and this Mr. Thomson, of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, could not give him. The Allegheny bonds were seven per
+cents, but they were payable, not in gold, but in currency, in
+America. They were therefore wholly unsuited for the foreign market.
+But I knew that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company had a large amount
+of Philadelphia and Erie Railroad six per cent gold bonds in its
+treasury. It would be a most desirable exchange on its part, I
+thought, to give these bonds for the seven per cent Allegheny bonds
+which bore its guarantee.
+
+I telegraphed Mr. Thomson, asking if the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+would take two hundred and fifty thousand dollars at interest and lend
+it to the Allegheny Railway Company. Mr. Thomson replied, "Certainly."
+Colonel Phillips was happy. He agreed, in consideration of my
+services, to give me a sixty-days option to take his five millions of
+bonds at the desired ninety cents on the dollar. I laid the matter
+before Mr. Thomson and suggested an exchange, which that company was
+only too glad to make, as it saved one per cent interest on the bonds.
+I sailed at once for London with the control of five millions of first
+mortgage Philadelphia and Erie Bonds, guaranteed by the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company--a magnificent security for which I wanted a high
+price. And here comes in one of the greatest of the hits and misses of
+my financial life.
+
+I wrote the Barings from Queenstown that I had for sale a security
+which even their house might unhesitatingly consider. On my arrival in
+London I found at the hotel a note from them requesting me to call. I
+did so the next morning, and before I had left their banking house I
+had closed an agreement by which they were to bring out this loan, and
+that until they sold the bonds at par, less their two and a half per
+cent commission, they would advance the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+four millions of dollars at five per cent interest. The sale left me a
+clear profit of more than half a million dollars.
+
+The papers were ordered to be drawn up, but as I was leaving Mr.
+Russell Sturgis said they had just heard that Mr. Baring himself was
+coming up to town in the morning. They had arranged to hold a
+"court," and as it would be fitting to lay the transaction before him
+as a matter of courtesy they would postpone the signing of the papers
+until the morrow. If I would call at two o'clock the transaction would
+be closed.
+
+Never shall I forget the oppressed feeling which overcame me as I
+stepped out and proceeded to the telegraph office to wire President
+Thomson. Something told me that I ought not to do so. I would wait
+till to-morrow when I had the contract in my pocket. I walked from the
+banking house to the Langham Hotel--four long miles. When I reached
+there I found a messenger waiting breathless to hand me a sealed note
+from the Barings. Bismarck had locked up a hundred millions in
+Magdeburg. The financial world was panic-stricken, and the Barings
+begged to say that under the circumstances they could not propose to
+Mr. Baring to go on with the matter. There was as much chance that I
+should be struck by lightning on my way home as that an arrangement
+agreed to by the Barings should be broken. And yet it was. It was too
+great a blow to produce anything like irritation or indignation. I was
+meek enough to be quite resigned, and merely congratulated myself that
+I had not telegraphed Mr. Thomson.
+
+I decided not to return to the Barings, and although J.S. Morgan & Co.
+had been bringing out a great many American securities I subsequently
+sold the bonds to them at a reduced price as compared with that agreed
+to by the Barings. I thought it best not to go to Morgan & Co. at
+first, because I had understood from Colonel Phillips that the bonds
+had been unsuccessfully offered by him to their house in America and I
+supposed that the Morgans in London might consider themselves
+connected with the negotiations through their house in New York. But
+in all subsequent negotiations I made it a rule to give the first
+offer to Junius S. Morgan, who seldom permitted me to leave his
+banking house without taking what I had to offer. If he could not buy
+for his own house, he placed me in communication with a friendly house
+that did, he taking an interest in the issue. It is a great
+satisfaction to reflect that I never negotiated a security which did
+not to the end command a premium. Of course in this case I made a
+mistake in not returning to the Barings, giving them time and letting
+the panic subside, which it soon did. When one party to a bargain
+becomes excited, the other should keep cool and patient.
+
+As an incident of my financial operations I remember saying to Mr.
+Morgan one day:
+
+"Mr. Morgan, I will give you an idea and help you to carry it forward
+if you will give me one quarter of all the money you make by acting
+upon it."
+
+He laughingly said: "That seems fair, and as I have the option to act
+upon it, or not, certainly we ought to be willing to pay you a quarter
+of the profit."
+
+I called attention to the fact that the Allegheny Valley Railway bonds
+which I had exchanged for the Philadelphia and Erie bonds bore the
+guarantee of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and that that great
+company was always in need of money for essential extensions. A price
+might be offered for these bonds which might tempt the company to sell
+them, and that at the moment there appeared to be such a demand for
+American securities that no doubt they could be floated. I would write
+a prospectus which I thought would float the bonds. After examining
+the matter with his usual care he decided that he would act upon my
+suggestion.
+
+Mr. Thomson was then in Paris and I ran over there to see him. Knowing
+that the Pennsylvania Railroad had need for money I told him that I
+had recommended these securities to Mr. Morgan and if he would give me
+a price for them I would see if I could not sell them. He named a
+price which was then very high, but less than the price which these
+bonds have since reached. Mr. Morgan purchased part of them with the
+right to buy others, and in this way the whole nine or ten millions of
+Allegheny bonds were marketed and the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+placed in funds.
+
+The sale of the bonds had not gone very far when the panic of 1873 was
+upon us. One of the sources of revenue which I then had was Mr.
+Pierpont Morgan. He said to me one day:
+
+"My father has cabled to ask whether you wish to sell out your
+interest in that idea you gave him."
+
+I said: "Yes, I do. In these days I will sell anything for money."
+
+"Well," he said, "what would you take?"
+
+I said I believed that a statement recently rendered to me showed that
+there were already fifty thousand dollars to my credit, and I would
+take sixty thousand. Next morning when I called Mr. Morgan handed me
+checks for seventy thousand dollars.
+
+"Mr. Carnegie," he said, "you were mistaken. You sold out for ten
+thousand dollars less than the statement showed to your credit. It now
+shows not fifty but sixty thousand to your credit, and the additional
+ten makes seventy."
+
+The payments were in two checks, one for sixty thousand dollars and
+the other for the additional ten thousand. I handed him back the
+ten-thousand-dollar check, saying:
+
+"Well, that is something worthy of you. Will you please accept these
+ten thousand with my best wishes?"
+
+"No, thank you," he said, "I cannot do that."
+
+Such acts, showing a nice sense of honorable understanding as against
+mere legal rights, are not so uncommon in business as the uninitiated
+might believe. And, after that, it is not to be wondered at if I
+determined that so far as lay in my power neither Morgan, father or
+son, nor their house, should suffer through me. They had in me
+henceforth a firm friend.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN]
+
+A great business is seldom if ever built up, except on lines of the
+strictest integrity. A reputation for "cuteness" and sharp dealing is
+fatal in great affairs. Not the letter of the law, but the spirit,
+must be the rule. The standard of commercial morality is now very
+high. A mistake made by any one in favor of the firm is corrected as
+promptly as if the error were in favor of the other party. It is
+essential to permanent success that a house should obtain a reputation
+for being governed by what is fair rather than what is merely legal. A
+rule which we adopted and adhered to has given greater returns than
+one would believe possible, namely: always give the other party the
+benefit of the doubt. This, of course, does not apply to the
+speculative class. An entirely different atmosphere pervades that
+world. Men are only gamblers there. Stock gambling and honorable
+business are incompatible. In recent years it must be admitted that
+the old-fashioned "banker," like Junius S. Morgan of London, has
+become rare.
+
+Soon after being deposed as president of the Union Pacific, Mr.
+Scott[31] resolved upon the construction of the Texas Pacific
+Railway. He telegraphed me one day in New York to meet him at
+Philadelphia without fail. I met him there with several other friends,
+among them Mr. J.N. McCullough, vice-president of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company at Pittsburgh. A large loan for the Texas Pacific had
+fallen due in London and its renewal was agreed to by Morgan & Co.,
+provided I would join the other parties to the loan. I declined. I was
+then asked whether I would bring them all to ruin by refusing to stand
+by my friends. It was one of the most trying moments of my whole life.
+Yet I was not tempted for a moment to entertain the idea of involving
+myself. The question of what was my duty came first and prevented
+that. All my capital was in manufacturing and every dollar of it was
+required. I was the capitalist (then a modest one, indeed) of our
+concern. All depended upon me. My brother with his wife and family,
+Mr. Phipps and his family, Mr. Kloman and his family, all rose up
+before me and claimed protection.
+
+[Footnote 31: Colonel Thomas A. Scott left the Union Pacific in 1872.
+The same year he became president of the Texas Pacific, and in 1874
+president of the Pennsylvania.]
+
+I told Mr. Scott that I had done my best to prevent him from beginning
+to construct a great railway before he had secured the necessary
+capital. I had insisted that thousands of miles of railway lines could
+not be constructed by means of temporary loans. Besides, I had paid
+two hundred and fifty thousand dollars cash for an interest in it,
+which he told me upon my return from Europe he had reserved for me,
+although I had never approved the scheme. But nothing in the world
+would ever induce me to be guilty of endorsing the paper of that
+construction company or of any other concern than our own firm.
+
+I knew that it would be impossible for me to pay the Morgan loan in
+sixty days, or even to pay my proportion of it. Besides, it was not
+that loan by itself, but the half-dozen other loans that would be
+required thereafter that had to be considered. This marked another
+step in the total business separation which had to come between Mr.
+Scott and myself. It gave more pain than all the financial trials to
+which I had been subjected up to that time.
+
+It was not long after this meeting that the disaster came and the
+country was startled by the failure of those whom it had regarded as
+its strongest men. I fear Mr. Scott's premature death[32] can
+measurably be attributed to the humiliation which he had to bear. He
+was a sensitive rather than a proud man, and his seemingly impending
+failure cut him to the quick. Mr. McManus and Mr. Baird, partners in
+the enterprise, also soon passed away. These two men were
+manufacturers like myself and in no position to engage in railway
+construction.
+
+[Footnote 32: Died May 21, 1881.]
+
+The business man has no rock more dangerous to encounter in his career
+than this very one of endorsing commercial paper. It can easily be
+avoided if he asks himself two questions: Have I surplus means for all
+possible requirements which will enable me to pay without
+inconvenience the utmost sum for which I am liable under this
+endorsement? Secondly: Am I willing to lose this sum for the friend
+for whom I endorse? If these two questions can be answered in the
+affirmative he may be permitted to oblige his friend, but not
+otherwise, if he be a wise man. And if he can answer the first
+question in the affirmative it will be well for him to consider
+whether it would not be better then and there to pay the entire sum
+for which his name is asked. I am sure it would be. A man's means are
+a trust to be sacredly held for his own creditors as long as he has
+debts and obligations.
+
+Notwithstanding my refusal to endorse the Morgan renewal, I was
+invited to accompany the parties to New York next morning in their
+special car for the purpose of consultation. This I was only too glad
+to do. Anthony Drexel was also called in to accompany us. During the
+journey Mr. McCullough remarked that he had been looking around the
+car and had made up his mind that there was only one sensible man in
+it; the rest had all been "fools." Here was "Andy" who had paid for
+his shares and did not owe a dollar or have any responsibility in the
+matter, and that was the position they all ought to have been in.
+
+Mr. Drexel said he would like me to explain how I had been able to
+steer clear of these unfortunate troubles. I answered: by strict
+adherence to what I believed to be my duty never to put my name to
+anything which I knew I could not pay at maturity; or, to recall the
+familiar saying of a Western friend, never to go in where you couldn't
+wade. This water was altogether too deep for me.
+
+Regard for this rule has kept not only myself but my partners out of
+trouble. Indeed, we had gone so far in our partnership agreement as to
+prevent ourselves from endorsing or committing ourselves in any way
+beyond trifling sums, except for the firm. This I also gave as a
+reason why I could not endorse.
+
+During the period which these events cover I had made repeated
+journeys to Europe to negotiate various securities, and in all I sold
+some thirty millions of dollars worth. This was at a time when the
+Atlantic cable had not yet made New York a part of London financially
+considered, and when London bankers would lend their balances to
+Paris, Vienna, or Berlin for a shadow of difference in the rate of
+interest rather than to the United States at a higher rate. The
+Republic was considered less safe than the Continent by these good
+people. My brother and Mr. Phipps conducted the iron business so
+successfully that I could leave for weeks at a time without anxiety.
+There was danger lest I should drift away from the manufacturing to
+the financial and banking business. My successes abroad brought me
+tempting opportunities, but my preference was always for
+manufacturing. I wished to make something tangible and sell it and I
+continued to invest my profits in extending the works at Pittsburgh.
+
+The small shops put up originally for the Keystone Bridge Company had
+been leased for other purposes and ten acres of ground had been
+secured in Lawrenceville on which new and extensive shops were
+erected. Repeated additions to the Union Iron Mills had made them the
+leading mills in the United States for all sorts of structural shapes.
+Business was promising and all the surplus earnings I was making in
+other fields were required to expand the iron business. I had become
+interested, with my friends of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in
+building some railways in the Western States, but gradually withdrew
+from all such enterprises and made up my mind to go entirely contrary
+to the adage not to put all one's eggs in one basket. I determined
+that the proper policy was "to put all good eggs in one basket and
+then watch that basket."
+
+I believe the true road to preëminent success in any line is to make
+yourself master in that line. I have no faith in the policy of
+scattering one's resources, and in my experience I have rarely if ever
+met a man who achieved preëminence in money-making--certainly never
+one in manufacturing--who was interested in many concerns. The men who
+have succeeded are men who have chosen one line and stuck to it. It is
+surprising how few men appreciate the enormous dividends derivable
+from investment in their own business. There is scarcely a
+manufacturer in the world who has not in his works some machinery that
+should be thrown out and replaced by improved appliances; or who does
+not for the want of additional machinery or new methods lose more than
+sufficient to pay the largest dividend obtainable by investment beyond
+his own domain. And yet most business men whom I have known invest in
+bank shares and in far-away enterprises, while the true gold mine lies
+right in their own factories.
+
+I have tried always to hold fast to this important fact. It has been
+with me a cardinal doctrine that I could manage my own capital better
+than any other person, much better than any board of directors. The
+losses men encounter during a business life which seriously embarrass
+them are rarely in their own business, but in enterprises of which the
+investor is not master. My advice to young men would be not only to
+concentrate their whole time and attention on the one business in life
+in which they engage, but to put every dollar of their capital into
+it. If there be any business that will not bear extension, the true
+policy is to invest the surplus in first-class securities which will
+yield a moderate but certain revenue if some other growing business
+cannot be found. As for myself my decision was taken early. I would
+concentrate upon the manufacture of iron and steel and be master in
+that.
+
+My visits to Britain gave me excellent opportunities to renew and make
+acquaintance with those prominent in the iron and steel
+business--Bessemer in the front, Sir Lothian Bell, Sir Bernard
+Samuelson, Sir Windsor Richards, Edward Martin, Bingley, Evans, and
+the whole host of captains in that industry. My election to the
+council, and finally to the presidency of the British Iron and Steel
+Institute soon followed, I being the first president who was not a
+British subject. That honor was highly appreciated, although at first
+declined, because I feared that I could not give sufficient time to
+its duties, owing to my residence in America.
+
+As we had been compelled to engage in the manufacture of wrought-iron
+in order to make bridges and other structures, so now we thought it
+desirable to manufacture our own pig iron. And this led to the
+erection of the Lucy Furnace in the year 1870--a venture which would
+have been postponed had we fully appreciated its magnitude. We heard
+from time to time the ominous predictions made by our older brethren
+in the manufacturing business with regard to the rapid growth and
+extension of our young concern, but we were not deterred. We thought
+we had sufficient capital and credit to justify the building of one
+blast furnace.
+
+The estimates made of its cost, however, did not cover more than half
+the expenditure. It was an experiment with us. Mr. Kloman knew nothing
+about blast-furnace operations. But even without exact knowledge no
+serious blunder was made. The yield of the Lucy Furnace (named after
+my bright sister-in-law) exceeded our most sanguine expectations and
+the then unprecedented output of a hundred tons per day was made from
+one blast furnace, for one week--an output that the world had never
+heard of before. We held the record and many visitors came to marvel
+at the marvel.
+
+It was not, however, all smooth sailing with our iron business. Years
+of panic came at intervals. We had passed safely through the fall in
+values following the war, when iron from nine cents per pound dropped
+to three. Many failures occurred and our financial manager had his
+time fully occupied in providing funds to meet emergencies. Among many
+wrecks our firm stood with credit unimpaired. But the manufacture of
+pig iron gave us more anxiety than any other department of our
+business so far. The greatest service rendered us in this branch of
+manufacturing was by Mr. Whitwell, of the celebrated Whitwell Brothers
+of England, whose blast-furnace stoves were so generally used. Mr.
+Whitwell was one of the best-known of the visitors who came to marvel
+at the Lucy Furnace, and I laid the difficulty we then were
+experiencing before him. He said immediately:
+
+"That comes from the angle of the bell being wrong."
+
+He explained how it should be changed. Our Mr. Kloman was slow to
+believe this, but I urged that a small glass-model furnace and two
+bells be made, one as the Lucy was and the other as Mr. Whitwell
+advised it should be. This was done, and upon my next visit
+experiments were made with each, the result being just as Mr. Whitwell
+had foretold. Our bell distributed the large pieces to the sides of
+the furnace, leaving the center a dense mass through which the blast
+could only partially penetrate. The Whitwell bell threw the pieces to
+the center leaving the circumference dense. This made all the
+difference in the world. The Lucy's troubles were over.
+
+What a kind, big, broad man was Mr. Whitwell, with no narrow jealousy,
+no withholding his knowledge! We had in some departments learned new
+things and were able to be of service to his firm in return. At all
+events, after that everything we had was open to the Whitwells.
+[To-day, as I write, I rejoice that one of the two still is with us
+and that our friendship is still warm. He was my predecessor in the
+presidency of the British Iron and Steel Institute.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE AGE OF STEEL
+
+
+Looking back to-day it seems incredible that only forty years ago
+(1870) chemistry in the United States was an almost unknown agent in
+connection with the manufacture of pig iron. It was the agency, above
+all others, most needful in the manufacture of iron and steel. The
+blast-furnace manager of that day was usually a rude bully, generally
+a foreigner, who in addition to his other acquirements was able to
+knock down a man now and then as a lesson to the other unruly spirits
+under him. He was supposed to diagnose the condition of the furnace by
+instinct, to possess some almost supernatural power of divination,
+like his congener in the country districts who was reputed to be able
+to locate an oil well or water supply by means of a hazel rod. He was
+a veritable quack doctor who applied whatever remedies occurred to him
+for the troubles of his patient.
+
+The Lucy Furnace was out of one trouble and into another, owing to the
+great variety of ores, limestone, and coke which were then supplied
+with little or no regard to their component parts. This state of
+affairs became intolerable to us. We finally decided to dispense with
+the rule-of-thumb-and-intuition manager, and to place a young man in
+charge of the furnace. We had a young shipping clerk, Henry M. Curry,
+who had distinguished himself, and it was resolved to make him
+manager.
+
+Mr. Phipps had the Lucy Furnace under his special charge. His daily
+visits to it saved us from failure there. Not that the furnace was not
+doing as well as other furnaces in the West as to money-making, but
+being so much larger than other furnaces its variations entailed much
+more serious results. I am afraid my partner had something to answer
+for in his Sunday morning visits to the Lucy Furnace when his good
+father and sister left the house for more devotional duties. But even
+if he had gone with them his real earnest prayer could not but have
+had reference at times to the precarious condition of the Lucy Furnace
+then absorbing his thoughts.
+
+The next step taken was to find a chemist as Mr. Curry's assistant and
+guide. We found the man in a learned German, Dr. Fricke, and great
+secrets did the doctor open up to us. Iron stone from mines that had a
+high reputation was now found to contain ten, fifteen, and even twenty
+per cent less iron than it had been credited with. Mines that hitherto
+had a poor reputation we found to be now yielding superior ore. The
+good was bad and the bad was good, and everything was topsy-turvy.
+Nine tenths of all the uncertainties of pig-iron making were dispelled
+under the burning sun of chemical knowledge.
+
+At a most critical period when it was necessary for the credit of the
+firm that the blast furnace should make its best product, it had been
+stopped because an exceedingly rich and pure ore had been substituted
+for an inferior ore--an ore which did not yield more than two thirds
+of the quantity of iron of the other. The furnace had met with
+disaster because too much lime had been used to flux this
+exceptionally pure ironstone. The very superiority of the materials
+had involved us in serious losses.
+
+What fools we had been! But then there was this consolation: we were
+not as great fools as our competitors. It was years after we had taken
+chemistry to guide us that it was said by the proprietors of some
+other furnaces that they could not afford to employ a chemist. Had
+they known the truth then, they would have known that they could not
+afford to be without one. Looking back it seems pardonable to record
+that we were the first to employ a chemist at blast
+furnaces--something our competitors pronounced extravagant.
+
+The Lucy Furnace became the most profitable branch of our business,
+because we had almost the entire monopoly of scientific management.
+Having discovered the secret, it was not long (1872) before we decided
+to erect an additional furnace. This was done with great economy as
+compared with our first experiment. The mines which had no reputation
+and the products of which many firms would not permit to be used in
+their blast furnaces found a purchaser in us. Those mines which were
+able to obtain an enormous price for their products, owing to a
+reputation for quality, we quietly ignored. A curious illustration of
+this was the celebrated Pilot Knob mine in Missouri. Its product was,
+so to speak, under a cloud. A small portion of it only could be used,
+it was said, without obstructing the furnace. Chemistry told us that
+it was low in phosphorus, but very high in silicon. There was no
+better ore and scarcely any as rich, if it were properly fluxed. We
+therefore bought heavily of this and received the thanks of the
+proprietors for rendering their property valuable.
+
+It is hardly believable that for several years we were able to dispose
+of the highly phosphoric cinder from the puddling furnaces at a higher
+price than we had to pay for the pure cinder from the heating furnaces
+of our competitors--a cinder which was richer in iron than the puddled
+cinder and much freer from phosphorus. Upon some occasion a blast
+furnace had attempted to smelt the flue cinder, and from its greater
+purity the furnace did not work well with a mixture intended for an
+impurer article; hence for years it was thrown over the banks of the
+river at Pittsburgh by our competitors as worthless. In some cases we
+were even able to exchange a poor article for a good one and obtain a
+bonus.
+
+But it is still more unbelievable that a prejudice, equally unfounded,
+existed against putting into the blast furnaces the roll-scale from
+the mills which was pure oxide of iron. This reminds me of my dear
+friend and fellow-Dunfermline townsman, Mr. Chisholm, of Cleveland. We
+had many pranks together. One day, when I was visiting his works at
+Cleveland, I saw men wheeling this valuable roll-scale into the yard.
+I asked Mr. Chisholm where they were going with it, and he said:
+
+"To throw it over the bank. Our managers have always complained that
+they had bad luck when they attempted to remelt it in the blast
+furnace."
+
+I said nothing, but upon my return to Pittsburgh I set about having a
+joke at his expense. We had then a young man in our service named Du
+Puy, whose father was known as the inventor of a direct process in
+iron-making with which he was then experimenting in Pittsburgh. I
+recommended our people to send Du Puy to Cleveland to contract for all
+the roll-scale of my friend's establishment. He did so, buying it for
+fifty cents per ton and having it shipped to him direct. This
+continued for some time. I expected always to hear of the joke being
+discovered. The premature death of Mr. Chisholm occurred before I
+could apprise him of it. His successors soon, however, followed our
+example.
+
+I had not failed to notice the growth of the Bessemer process. If this
+proved successful I knew that iron was destined to give place to
+steel; that the Iron Age would pass away and the Steel Age take its
+place. My friend, John A. Wright, president of the Freedom Iron Works
+at Lewiston, Pennsylvania, had visited England purposely to
+investigate the new process. He was one of our best and most
+experienced manufacturers, and his decision was so strongly in its
+favor that he induced his company to erect Bessemer works. He was
+quite right, but just a little in advance of his time. The capital
+required was greater than he estimated. More than this, it was not to
+be expected that a process which was even then in somewhat of an
+experimental stage in Britain could be transplanted to the new country
+and operated successfully from the start. The experiment was certain
+to be long and costly, and for this my friend had not made sufficient
+allowance.
+
+At a later date, when the process had become established in England,
+capitalists began to erect the present Pennsylvania Steel Works at
+Harrisburg. These also had to pass through an experimental stage and
+at a critical moment would probably have been wrecked but for the
+timely assistance of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. It required a
+broad and able man like President Thomson, of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, to recommend to his board of directors that so large a sum
+as six hundred thousand dollars should be advanced to a manufacturing
+concern on his road, that steel rails might be secured for the line.
+The result fully justified his action.
+
+The question of a substitute for iron rails upon the Pennsylvania
+Railroad and other leading lines had become a very serious one. Upon
+certain curves at Pittsburgh, on the road connecting the Pennsylvania
+with the Fort Wayne, I had seen new iron rails placed every six weeks
+or two months. Before the Bessemer process was known I had called
+President Thomson's attention to the efforts of Mr. Dodds in England,
+who had carbonized the heads of iron rails with good results. I went
+to England and obtained control of the Dodds patents and recommended
+President Thomson to appropriate twenty thousand dollars for
+experiments at Pittsburgh, which he did. We built a furnace on our
+grounds at the upper mill and treated several hundred tons of rails
+for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and with remarkably good results
+as compared with iron rails. These were the first hard-headed rails
+used in America. We placed them on some of the sharpest curves and
+their superior service far more than compensated for the advance made
+by Mr. Thomson. Had the Bessemer process not been successfully
+developed, I verily believe that we should ultimately have been able
+to improve the Dodds process sufficiently to make its adoption
+general. But there was nothing to be compared with the solid steel
+article which the Bessemer process produced.
+
+Our friends of the Cambria Iron Company at Johnstown, near
+Pittsburgh--the principal manufacturers of rails in America--decided
+to erect a Bessemer plant. In England I had seen it demonstrated, at
+least to my satisfaction, that the process could be made a grand
+success without undue expenditure of capital or great risk. Mr.
+William Coleman, who was ever alive to new methods, arrived at the
+same conclusion. It was agreed we should enter upon the manufacture of
+steel rails at Pittsburgh. He became a partner and also my dear friend
+Mr. David McCandless, who had so kindly offered aid to my mother at my
+father's death. The latter was not forgotten. Mr. John Scott and Mr.
+David A. Stewart, and others joined me; Mr. Edgar Thomson and Mr.
+Thomas A. Scott, president and vice-president of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, also became stockholders, anxious to encourage the
+development of steel. The steel-rail company was organized January 1,
+1873.
+
+The question of location was the first to engage our serious
+attention. I could not reconcile myself to any location that was
+proposed, and finally went to Pittsburgh to consult with my partners
+about it. The subject was constantly in my mind and in bed Sunday
+morning the site suddenly appeared to me. I rose and called to my
+brother:
+
+"Tom, you and Mr. Coleman are right about the location; right at
+Braddock's, between the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore and Ohio, and the
+river, is the best situation in America; and let's call the works
+after our dear friend Edgar Thomson. Let us go over to Mr. Coleman's
+and drive out to Braddock's."
+
+We did so that day, and the next morning Mr. Coleman was at work
+trying to secure the property. Mr. McKinney, the owner, had a high
+idea of the value of his farm. What we had expected to purchase for
+five or six hundred dollars an acre cost us two thousand. But since
+then we have been compelled to add to our original purchase at a cost
+of five thousand dollars per acre.
+
+There, on the very field of Braddock's defeat, we began the erection
+of our steel-rail mills. In excavating for the foundations many relics
+of the battle were found--bayonets, swords, and the like. It was there
+that the then provost of Dunfermline, Sir Arthur Halkett, and his son
+were slain. How did they come to be there will very naturally be
+asked. It must not be forgotten that, in those days, the provosts of
+the cities of Britain were members of the aristocracy--the great men
+of the district who condescended to enjoy the honor of the position
+without performing the duties. No one in trade was considered good
+enough for the provostship. We have remnants of this aristocratic
+notion throughout Britain to-day. There is scarcely any life assurance
+or railway company, or in some cases manufacturing company but must
+have at its head, to enjoy the honors of the presidency, some titled
+person totally ignorant of the duties of the position. So it was that
+Sir Arthur Halkett, as a gentleman, was Provost of Dunfermline, but by
+calling he followed the profession of arms and was killed on this
+spot. It was a coincidence that what had been the field of death to
+two native-born citizens of Dunfermline should be turned into an
+industrial hive by two others.
+
+Another curious fact has recently been discovered. Mr. John Morley's
+address, in 1904 on Founder's Day at the Carnegie Institute,
+Pittsburgh, referred to the capture of Fort Duquesne by General Forbes
+and his writing Prime Minister Pitt that he had rechristened it
+"Pittsburgh" for him. This General Forbes was then Laird of
+Pittencrieff and was born in the Glen which I purchased in 1902 and
+presented to Dunfermline for a public park. So that two Dunfermline
+men have been Lairds of Pittencrieff whose chief work was in
+Pittsburgh. One named Pittsburgh and the other labored for its
+development.
+
+In naming the steel mills as we did the desire was to honor my friend
+Edgar Thomson, but when I asked permission to use his name his reply
+was significant. He said that as far as American steel rails were
+concerned, he did not feel that he wished to connect his name with
+them, for they had proved to be far from creditable. Uncertainty was,
+of course, inseparable from the experimental stage; but, when I
+assured him that it was now possible to make steel rails in America
+as good in every particular as the foreign article, and that we
+intended to obtain for our rails the reputation enjoyed by the
+Keystone bridges and the Kloman axles, he consented.
+
+He was very anxious to have us purchase land upon the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, as his first thought was always for that company. This would
+have given the Pennsylvania a monopoly of our traffic. When he visited
+Pittsburgh a few months later and Mr. Robert Pitcairn, my successor as
+superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division of the Pennsylvania, pointed
+out to him the situation of the new works at Braddock's Station, which
+gave us not only a connection with his own line, but also with the
+rival Baltimore and Ohio line, and with a rival in one respect greater
+than either--the Ohio River--he said, with a twinkle of his eye to
+Robert, as Robert told me:
+
+"Andy should have located his works a few miles farther east." But Mr.
+Thomson knew the good and sufficient reasons which determined the
+selection of the unrivaled site.
+
+The works were well advanced when the financial panic of September,
+1873, came upon us. I then entered upon the most anxious period of my
+business life. All was going well when one morning in our summer
+cottage, in the Allegheny Mountains at Cresson, a telegram came
+announcing the failure of Jay Cooke & Co. Almost every hour after
+brought news of some fresh disaster. House after house failed. The
+question every morning was which would go next. Every failure depleted
+the resources of other concerns. Loss after loss ensued, until a total
+paralysis of business set in. Every weak spot was discovered and
+houses that otherwise would have been strong were borne down largely
+because our country lacked a proper banking system.
+
+We had not much reason to be anxious about our debts. Not what we had
+to pay of our own debts could give us much trouble, but rather what we
+might have to pay for our debtors. It was not our bills payable but
+our bills receivable which required attention, for we soon had to
+begin meeting both. Even our own banks had to beg us not to draw upon
+our balances. One incident will shed some light upon the currency
+situation. One of our pay-days was approaching. One hundred thousand
+dollars in small notes were absolutely necessary, and to obtain these
+we paid a premium of twenty-four hundred dollars in New York and had
+them expressed to Pittsburgh. It was impossible to borrow money, even
+upon the best collaterals; but by selling securities, which I had in
+reserve, considerable sums were realized--the company undertaking to
+replace them later.
+
+It happened that some of the railway companies whose lines centered in
+Pittsburgh owed us large sums for material furnished--the Fort Wayne
+road being the largest debtor. I remember calling upon Mr. Thaw, the
+vice-president of the Fort Wayne, and telling him we must have our
+money. He replied:
+
+"You ought to have your money, but we are not paying anything these
+days that is not protestable."
+
+"Very good," I said, "your freight bills are in that category and we
+shall follow your excellent example. Now I am going to order that we
+do not pay you one dollar for freight."
+
+"Well, if you do that," he said, "we will stop your freight."
+
+I said we would risk that. The railway company could not proceed to
+that extremity. And as a matter of fact we ran for some time without
+paying the freight bills. It was simply impossible for the
+manufacturers of Pittsburgh to pay their accruing liabilities when
+their customers stopped payment. The banks were forced to renew
+maturing paper. They behaved splendidly to us, as they always have
+done, and we steered safely through. But in a critical period like
+this there was one thought uppermost with me, to gather more capital
+and keep it in our business so that come what would we should never
+again be called upon to endure such nights and days of racking
+anxiety.
+
+Speaking for myself in this great crisis, I was at first the most
+excited and anxious of the partners. I could scarcely control myself.
+But when I finally saw the strength of our financial position I became
+philosophically cool and found myself quite prepared, if necessary, to
+enter the directors' rooms of the various banks with which we dealt,
+and lay our entire position before their boards. I felt that this
+could result in nothing discreditable to us. No one interested in our
+business had lived extravagantly. Our manner of life had been the very
+reverse of this. No money had been withdrawn from the business to
+build costly homes, and, above all, not one of us had made speculative
+ventures upon the stock exchange, or invested in any other enterprises
+than those connected with the main business. Neither had we exchanged
+endorsements with others. Besides this we could show a prosperous
+business that was making money every year.
+
+I was thus enabled to laugh away the fears of my partners, but none of
+them rejoiced more than I did that the necessity for opening our lips
+to anybody about our finances did not arise. Mr. Coleman, good friend
+and true, with plentiful means and splendid credit, did not fail to
+volunteer to give us his endorsements. In this we stood alone; William
+Coleman's name, a tower of strength, was for us only. How the grand
+old man comes before me as I write. His patriotism knew no bounds.
+Once when visiting his mills, stopped for the Fourth of July, as they
+always were, he found a corps of men at work repairing the boilers. He
+called the manager to him and asked what this meant. He ordered all
+work suspended.
+
+"Work on the Fourth of July!" he exclaimed, "when there's plenty of
+Sundays for repairs!" He was furious.
+
+When the cyclone of 1873 struck us we at once began to reef sail in
+every quarter. Very reluctantly did we decide that the construction of
+the new steel works must cease for a time. Several prominent persons,
+who had invested in them, became unable to meet their payments and I
+was compelled to take over their interests, repaying the full cost to
+all. In that way control of the company came into my hands.
+
+The first outburst of the storm had affected the financial world
+connected with the Stock Exchange. It was some time before it reached
+the commercial and manufacturing world. But the situation grew worse
+and worse and finally led to the crash which involved my friends in
+the Texas Pacific enterprise, of which I have already spoken. This was
+to me the severest blow of all. People could, with difficulty, believe
+that occupying such intimate relations as I did with the Texas group,
+I could by any possibility have kept myself clear of their financial
+obligations.
+
+Mr. Schoenberger, president of the Exchange Bank at Pittsburgh, with
+which we conducted a large business, was in New York when the news
+reached him of the embarrassment of Mr. Scott and Mr. Thomson. He
+hastened to Pittsburgh, and at a meeting of his board next morning
+said it was simply impossible that I was not involved with them. He
+suggested that the bank should refuse to discount more of our bills
+receivable. He was alarmed to find that the amount of these bearing
+our endorsement and under discount, was so large. Prompt action on my
+part was necessary to prevent serious trouble. I took the first train
+for Pittsburgh, and was able to announce there to all concerned that,
+although I was a shareholder in the Texas enterprise, my interest was
+paid for. My name was not upon one dollar of their paper or of any
+other outstanding paper. I stood clear and clean without a financial
+obligation or property which I did not own and which was not fully
+paid for. My only obligations were those connected with our business;
+and I was prepared to pledge for it every dollar I owned, and to
+endorse every obligation the firm had outstanding.
+
+Up to this time I had the reputation in business of being a bold,
+fearless, and perhaps a somewhat reckless young man. Our operations
+had been extensive, our growth rapid and, although still young, I had
+been handling millions. My own career was thought by the elderly ones
+of Pittsburgh to have been rather more brilliant than substantial. I
+know of an experienced one who declared that if "Andrew Carnegie's
+brains did not carry him through his luck would." But I think nothing
+could be farther from the truth than the estimate thus suggested. I am
+sure that any competent judge would be surprised to find how little I
+ever risked for myself or my partners. When I did big things, some
+large corporation like the Pennsylvania Railroad Company was behind me
+and the responsible party. My supply of Scotch caution never has been
+small; but I was apparently something of a dare-devil now and then to
+the manufacturing fathers of Pittsburgh. They were old and I was
+young, which made all the difference.
+
+The fright which Pittsburgh financial institutions had with regard to
+myself and our enterprises rapidly gave place to perhaps somewhat
+unreasoning confidence. Our credit became unassailable, and thereafter
+in times of financial pressure the offerings of money to us increased
+rather than diminished, just as the deposits of the old Bank of
+Pittsburgh were never so great as when the deposits in other banks ran
+low. It was the only bank in America which redeemed its circulation in
+gold, disdaining to take refuge under the law and pay its obligations
+in greenbacks. It had few notes, and I doubt not the decision paid as
+an advertisement.
+
+In addition to the embarrassment of my friends Mr. Scott, Mr. Thomson,
+and others, there came upon us later an even severer trial in the
+discovery that our partner, Mr. Andrew Kloman, had been led by a party
+of speculative people into the Escanaba Iron Company. He was assured
+that the concern was to be made a stock company, but before this was
+done his colleagues had succeeded in creating an enormous amount of
+liabilities--about seven hundred thousand dollars. There was nothing
+but bankruptcy as a means of reinstating Mr. Kloman.
+
+This gave us more of a shock than all that had preceded, because Mr.
+Kloman, being a partner, had no right to invest in another iron
+company, or in any other company involving personal debt, without
+informing his partners. There is one imperative rule for men in
+business--no secrets from partners. Disregard of this rule involved
+not only Mr. Kloman himself, but our company, in peril, coming, as it
+did, atop of the difficulties of my Texas Pacific friends with whom I
+had been intimately associated. The question for a time was whether
+there was anything really sound. Where could we find bedrock upon
+which we could stand?
+
+Had Mr. Kloman been a business man it would have been impossible ever
+to allow him to be a partner with us again after this discovery. He
+was not such, however, but the ablest of practical mechanics with some
+business ability. Mr. Kloman's ambition had been to be in the office,
+where he was worse than useless, rather than in the mill devising and
+running new machinery, where he was without a peer. We had some
+difficulty in placing him in his proper position and keeping him
+there, which may have led him to seek an outlet elsewhere. He was
+perhaps flattered by men who were well known in the community; and in
+this case he was led by persons who knew how to reach him by extolling
+his wonderful business abilities in addition to his mechanical
+genius--abilities which his own partners, as already suggested, but
+faintly recognized.
+
+After Mr. Kloman had passed through the bankruptcy court and was again
+free, we offered him a ten per cent interest in our business, charging
+for it only the actual capital invested, with nothing whatever for
+good-will. This we were to carry for him until the profits paid for
+it. We were to charge interest only on the cost, and he was to assume
+no responsibility. The offer was accompanied by the condition that he
+should not enter into any other business or endorse for others, but
+give his whole time and attention to the mechanical and not the
+business management of the mills. Could he have been persuaded to
+accept this, he would have been a multimillionaire; but his pride, and
+more particularly that of his family, perhaps, would not permit this.
+He would go into business on his own account, and, notwithstanding
+the most urgent appeals on my part, and that of my colleagues, he
+persisted in the determination to start a new rival concern with his
+sons as business managers. The result was failure and premature death.
+
+How foolish we are not to recognize what we are best fitted for and
+can perform, not only with ease but with pleasure, as masters of the
+craft. More than one able man I have known has persisted in blundering
+in an office when he had great talent for the mill, and has worn
+himself out, oppressed with cares and anxieties, his life a continual
+round of misery, and the result at last failure. I never regretted
+parting with any man so much as Mr. Kloman. His was a good heart, a
+great mechanical brain, and had he been left to himself I believe he
+would have been glad to remain with us. Offers of capital from
+others--offers which failed when needed--turned his head, and the
+great mechanic soon proved the poor man of affairs.[33]
+
+[Footnote 33: Long after the circumstances here recited, Mr. Isidor
+Straus called upon Mr. Henry Phipps and asked him if two statements
+which had been publicly made about Mr. Carnegie and his partners in
+the steel company were true. Mr. Phipps replied they were not. Then
+said Mr. Straus:
+
+"Mr. Phipps, you owe it to yourself and also to Mr. Carnegie to say so
+publicly."
+
+This Mr. Phipps did in the _New York Herald_, January 30, 1904, in the
+following handsome manner and without Mr. Carnegie's knowledge:
+
+_Question:_ "In a recent publication mention was made of Mr.
+Carnegie's not having treated Mr. Miller, Mr. Kloman, and yourself
+properly during your early partnership, and at its termination. Can
+you tell me anything about this?"
+
+_Answer:_ "Mr. Miller has already spoken for himself in this matter,
+and I can say that the treatment received from Mr. Carnegie during our
+partnership, so far as I was concerned, was always fair and liberal.
+
+"My association with Mr. Kloman in business goes back forty-three
+years. Everything in connection with Mr. Carnegie's partnership with
+Mr. Kloman was of a pleasant nature.
+
+"At a much more recent date, when the firm of Carnegie, Kloman and
+Company was formed, the partners were Andrew Carnegie, Thomas M.
+Carnegie, Andrew Kloman, and myself. The Carnegies held the
+controlling interest.
+
+"After the partnership agreement was signed, Mr. Kloman said to me
+that the Carnegies, owning the larger interest, might be too
+enterprising in making improvements, which might lead us into serious
+trouble; and he thought that they should consent to an article in the
+partnership agreement requiring the consent of three partners to make
+effective any vote for improvements. I told him that we could not
+exact what he asked, as their larger interest assured them control,
+but I would speak to them. When the subject was broached, Mr. Carnegie
+promptly said that if he could not carry Mr. Kloman or myself with his
+brother in any improvements he would not wish them made. Other matters
+were arranged by courtesy during our partnership in the same manner."
+
+_Question:_ "What you have told me suggests the question, why did Mr.
+Kloman leave the firm?"
+
+_Answer:_ "During the great depression which followed the panic of
+1873, Mr. Kloman, through an unfortunate partnership in the Escanaba
+Furnace Company, lost his means, and his interest in our firm had to
+be disposed of. We bought it at book value at a time when
+manufacturing properties were selling at ruinous prices, often as low
+as one third or one half their cost.
+
+"After the settlement had been made with the creditors of the Escanaba
+Company, Mr. Kloman was offered an interest by Mr. Carnegie of
+$100,000 in our firm, to be paid only from future profits. This Mr.
+Kloman declined, as he did not feel like taking an interest which
+formerly had been much larger. Mr. Carnegie gave him $40,000 from the
+firm to make a new start. This amount was invested in a rival concern,
+which soon closed.
+
+"I knew of no disagreement during this early period with Mr. Carnegie,
+and their relations continued pleasant as long as Mr. Kloman lived.
+Harmony always marked their intercourse, and they had the kindliest
+feeling one for the other."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+PARTNERS, BOOKS, AND TRAVEL
+
+
+When Mr. Kloman had severed his connection with us there was no
+hesitation in placing William Borntraeger in charge of the mills. It
+has always been with especial pleasure that I have pointed to the
+career of William. He came direct from Germany--a young man who could
+not speak English, but being distantly connected with Mr. Kloman was
+employed in the mills, at first in a minor capacity. He promptly
+learned English and became a shipping clerk at six dollars per week.
+He had not a particle of mechanical knowledge, and yet such was his
+unflagging zeal and industry for the interests of his employer that he
+soon became marked for being everywhere about the mill, knowing
+everything, and attending to everything.
+
+William was a character. He never got over his German idioms and his
+inverted English made his remarks very effective. Under his
+superintendence the Union Iron Mills became a most profitable branch
+of our business. He had overworked himself after a few years'
+application and we decided to give him a trip to Europe. He came to
+New York by way of Washington. When he called upon me in New York he
+expressed himself as more anxious to return to Pittsburgh than to
+revisit Germany. In ascending the Washington Monument he had seen the
+Carnegie beams in the stairway and also at other points in public
+buildings, and as he expressed it:
+
+"It yust make me so broud dat I want to go right back and see dat
+everyting is going right at de mill."
+
+Early hours in the morning and late in the dark hours at night
+William was in the mills. His life was there. He was among the first
+of the young men we admitted to partnership, and the poor German lad
+at his death was in receipt of an income, as I remember, of about
+$50,000 a year, every cent of which was deserved. Stories about him
+are many. At a dinner of our partners to celebrate the year's
+business, short speeches were in order from every one. William summed
+up his speech thus:
+
+"What we haf to do, shentlemens, is to get brices up and costs down
+and efery man _stand on his own bottom_." There was loud, prolonged,
+and repeated laughter.
+
+Captain Evans ("Fighting Bob") was at one time government inspector at
+our mills. He was a severe one. William was sorely troubled at times
+and finally offended the Captain, who complained of his behavior. We
+tried to get William to realize the importance of pleasing a
+government official. William's reply was:
+
+"But he gomes in and smokes my cigars" (bold Captain! William reveled
+in one-cent Wheeling tobies) "and then he goes and contems my iron.
+What does you tinks of a man like dat? But I apologize and dreat him
+right to-morrow."
+
+The Captain was assured William had agreed to make due amends, but he
+laughingly told us afterward that William's apology was:
+
+"Vell, Captain, I hope you vas all right dis morning. I haf noting
+against you, Captain," holding out his hand, which the Captain finally
+took and all was well.
+
+William once sold to our neighbor, the pioneer steel-maker of
+Pittsburgh, James Park, a large lot of old rails which we could not
+use. Mr. Park found them of a very bad quality. He made claims for
+damages and William was told that he must go with Mr. Phipps to meet
+Mr. Park and settle. Mr. Phipps went into Mr. Park's office, while
+William took a look around the works in search of the condemned
+material, which was nowhere to be seen. Well did William know where to
+look. He finally entered the office, and before Mr. Park had time to
+say a word William began:
+
+"Mr. Park, I vas glad to hear dat de old rails what I sell you don't
+suit for steel. I will buy dem all from you back, five dollars ton
+profit for you." Well did William know that they had all been used.
+Mr. Park was non-plussed, and the affair ended. William had triumphed.
+
+Upon one of my visits to Pittsburgh William told me he had something
+"particular" he wished to tell me--something he couldn't tell any one
+else. This was upon his return from the trip to Germany. There he had
+been asked to visit for a few days a former schoolfellow, who had
+risen to be a professor:
+
+"Well, Mr. Carnegie, his sister who kept his house was very kind to
+me, and ven I got to Hamburg I tought I sent her yust a little
+present. She write me a letter, then I write her a letter. She write
+me and I write her, and den I ask her would she marry me. She was very
+educated, but she write yes. Den I ask her to come to New York, and I
+meet her dere, but, Mr. Carnegie, dem people don't know noting about
+business and de mills. Her bruder write me dey want me to go dere
+again and marry her in Chairmany, and I can go away not again from de
+mills. I tought I yust ask you aboud it."
+
+"Of course you can go again. Quite right, William, you should go. I
+think the better of her people for feeling so. You go over at once and
+bring her home. I'll arrange it." Then, when parting, I said:
+"William, I suppose your sweetheart is a beautiful, tall,
+'peaches-and-cream' kind of German young lady."
+
+"Vell, Mr. Carnegie, she is a leetle stout. If _I had the rolling of
+her I give her yust one more pass_." All William's illustrations were
+founded on mill practice. [I find myself bursting into fits of
+laughter this morning (June, 1912) as I re-read this story. But I did
+this also when reading that "Every man must stand on his own bottom."]
+
+Mr. Phipps had been head of the commercial department of the mills,
+but when our business was enlarged, he was required for the steel
+business. Another young man, William L. Abbott, took his place. Mr.
+Abbott's history is somewhat akin to Borntraeger's. He came to us as a
+clerk upon a small salary and was soon assigned to the front in charge
+of the business of the iron mills. He was no less successful than was
+William. He became a partner with an interest equal to William's, and
+finally was promoted to the presidency of the company.
+
+Mr. Curry had distinguished himself by this time in his management of
+the Lucy Furnaces, and he took his place among the partners, sharing
+equally with the others. There is no way of making a business
+successful that can vie with the policy of promoting those who render
+exceptional service. We finally converted the firm of Carnegie,
+McCandless & Co. into the Edgar Thomson Steel Company, and included my
+brother and Mr. Phipps, both of whom had declined at first to go into
+the steel business with their too enterprising senior. But when I
+showed them the earnings for the first year and told them if they did
+not get into steel they would find themselves in the wrong boat, they
+both reconsidered and came with us. It was fortunate for them as for
+us.
+
+My experience has been that no partnership of new men gathered
+promiscuously from various fields can prove a good working
+organization as at first constituted. Changes are required. Our Edgar
+Thomson Steel Company was no exception to this rule. Even before we
+began to make rails, Mr. Coleman became dissatisfied with the
+management of a railway official who had come to us with a great and
+deserved reputation for method and ability. I had, therefore, to take
+over Mr. Coleman's interest. It was not long, however, before we found
+that his judgment was correct. The new man had been a railway auditor,
+and was excellent in accounts, but it was unjust to expect him, or any
+other office man, to be able to step into manufacturing and be
+successful from the start. He had neither the knowledge nor the
+training for this new work. This does not mean that he was not a
+splendid auditor. It was our own blunder in expecting the impossible.
+
+The mills were at last about ready to begin[34] and an organization
+the auditor proposed was laid before me for approval. I found he had
+divided the works into two departments and had given control of one to
+Mr. Stevenson, a Scotsman who afterwards made a fine record as a
+manufacturer, and control of the other to a Mr. Jones. Nothing, I am
+certain, ever affected the success of the steel company more than the
+decision which I gave upon that proposal. Upon no account could two
+men be in the same works with equal authority. An army with two
+commanders-in-chief, a ship with two captains, could not fare more
+disastrously than a manufacturing concern with two men in command upon
+the same ground, even though in two different departments. I said:
+
+"This will not do. I do not know Mr. Stevenson, nor do I know Mr.
+Jones, but one or the other must be made captain and he alone must
+report to you."
+
+[Footnote 34: The steel-rail mills were ready and rails were rolled in
+1874.]
+
+The decision fell upon Mr. Jones and in this way we obtained "The
+Captain," who afterward made his name famous wherever the manufacture
+of Bessemer steel is known.
+
+The Captain was then quite young, spare and active, bearing traces of
+his Welsh descent even in his stature, for he was quite short. He came
+to us as a two-dollar-a-day mechanic from the neighboring works at
+Johnstown. We soon saw that he was a character. Every movement told
+it. He had volunteered as a private during the Civil War and carried
+himself so finely that he became captain of a company which was never
+known to flinch. Much of the success of the Edgar Thomson Works
+belongs to this man.
+
+In later years he declined an interest in the firm which would have
+made him a millionaire. I told him one day that some of the young men
+who had been given an interest were now making much more than he was
+and we had voted to make him a partner. This entailed no financial
+responsibility, as we always provided that the cost of the interest
+given was payable only out of profits.
+
+"No," he said, "I don't want to have my thoughts running on business.
+I have enough trouble looking after these works. Just give me a h--l
+of a salary if you think I'm worth it."
+
+"All right, Captain, the salary of the President of the United States
+is yours."
+
+"That's the talk," said the little Welshman.[35]
+
+[Footnote 35: The story is told that when Mr. Carnegie was selecting
+his younger partners he one day sent for a young Scotsman, Alexander
+R. Peacock, and asked him rather abruptly:
+
+"Peacock, what would you give to be made a millionaire?"
+
+"A liberal discount for cash, sir," was the answer.
+
+He was a partner owning a two per cent interest when the Carnegie
+Steel Company was merged into the United States Steel Corporation.]
+
+Our competitors in steel were at first disposed to ignore us. Knowing
+the difficulties they had in starting their own steel works, they
+could not believe we would be ready to deliver rails for another year
+and declined to recognize us as competitors. The price of steel rails
+when we began was about seventy dollars per ton. We sent our agent
+through the country with instructions to take orders at the best
+prices he could obtain; and before our competitors knew it, we had
+obtained a large number--quite sufficient to justify us in making a
+start.
+
+So perfect was the machinery, so admirable the plans, so skillful were
+the men selected by Captain Jones, and so great a manager was he
+himself, that our success was phenomenal. I think I place a unique
+statement on record when I say that the result of the first month's
+operations left a margin of profit of $11,000. It is also remarkable
+that so perfect was our system of accounts that we knew the exact
+amount of the profit. We had learned from experience in our iron works
+what exact accounting meant. There is nothing more profitable than
+clerks to check up each transfer of material from one department to
+another in process of manufacture.
+
+The new venture in steel having started off so promisingly, I began to
+think of taking a holiday, and my long-cherished purpose of going
+around the world came to the front. Mr. J.W. Vandevort ("Vandy") and I
+accordingly set out in the autumn of 1878. I took with me several pads
+suitable for penciling and began to make a few notes day by day, not
+with any intention of publishing a book; but thinking, perhaps, I
+might print a few copies of my notes for private circulation. The
+sensation which one has when he first sees his remarks in the form of
+a printed book is great. When the package came from the printers I
+re-read the book trying to decide whether it was worth while to send
+copies to my friends. I came to the conclusion that upon the whole it
+was best to do so and await the verdict.
+
+The writer of a book designed for his friends has no reason to
+anticipate an unkind reception, but there is always some danger of its
+being damned with faint praise. The responses in my case, however,
+exceeded expectations, and were of such a character as to satisfy me
+that the writers really had enjoyed the book, or meant at least a part
+of what they said about it. Every author is prone to believe sweet
+words. Among the first that came were in a letter from Anthony Drexel,
+Philadelphia's great banker, complaining that I had robbed him of
+several hours of sleep. Having begun the book he could not lay it down
+and retired at two o'clock in the morning after finishing. Several
+similar letters were received. I remember Mr. Huntington, president of
+the Central Pacific Railway, meeting me one morning and saying he was
+going to pay me a great compliment.
+
+"What is it?" Tasked.
+
+"Oh, I read your book from end to end."
+
+"Well," I said, "that is not such a great compliment. Others of our
+mutual friends have done that."
+
+"Oh, yes, but probably none of your friends are like me. I have not
+read a book for years except my ledger and I did not intend to read
+yours, but when I began it I could not lay it down. My ledger is the
+only book I have gone through for five years."
+
+I was not disposed to credit all that my friends said, but others who
+had obtained the book from them were pleased with it and I lived for
+some months under intoxicating, but I trust not perilously pernicious,
+flattery. Several editions of the book were printed to meet the
+request for copies. Some notices of it and extracts got into the
+papers, and finally Charles Scribner's Sons asked to publish it for
+the market. So "Round the World"[36] came before the public and I was
+at last "an author."
+
+[Footnote 36: _Round the World_, by Andrew Carnegie. New York and
+London, 1884.]
+
+A new horizon was opened up to me by this voyage. It quite changed my
+intellectual outlook. Spencer and Darwin were then high in the zenith,
+and I had become deeply interested in their work. I began to view the
+various phases of human life from the standpoint of the evolutionist.
+In China I read Confucius; in India, Buddha and the sacred books of
+the Hindoos; among the Parsees, in Bombay, I studied Zoroaster. The
+result of my journey was to bring a certain mental peace. Where there
+had been chaos there was now order. My mind was at rest. I had a
+philosophy at last. The words of Christ "The Kingdom of Heaven is
+within you," had a new meaning for me. Not in the past or in the
+future, but now and here is Heaven within us. All our duties lie in
+this world and in the present, and trying impatiently to peer into
+that which lies beyond is as vain as fruitless.
+
+All the remnants of theology in which I had been born and bred, all
+the impressions that Swedenborg had made upon me, now ceased to
+influence me or to occupy my thoughts. I found that no nation had all
+the truth in the revelation it regards as divine, and no tribe is so
+low as to be left without some truth; that every people has had its
+great teacher; Buddha for one; Confucius for another; Zoroaster for a
+third; Christ for a fourth. The teachings of all these I found
+ethically akin so that I could say with Matthew Arnold, one I was so
+proud to call friend:
+
+    "Children of men! the unseen Power, whose eye
+    For ever doth accompany mankind
+    Hath looked on no religion scornfully
+        That men did ever find.
+
+    Which has not taught weak wills how much they can?
+    Which has not fall'n in the dry heart like rain?
+    Which has not cried to sunk, self-weary man,
+        _Thou must be born again_."
+
+"The Light of Asia," by Edwin Arnold, came out at this time and gave
+me greater delight than any similar poetical work I had recently read.
+I had just been in India and the book took me there again. My
+appreciation of it reached the author's ears and later having made his
+acquaintance in London, he presented me with the original manuscript
+of the book. It is one of my most precious treasures. Every person who
+can, even at a sacrifice, make the voyage around the world should do
+so. All other travel compared to it seems incomplete, gives us merely
+vague impressions of parts of the whole. When the circle has been
+completed, you feel on your return that you have seen (of course only
+in the mass) all there is to be seen. The parts fit into one
+symmetrical whole and you see humanity wherever it is placed working
+out a destiny tending to one definite end.
+
+The world traveler who gives careful study to the bibles of the
+various religions of the East will be well repaid. The conclusion
+reached will be that the inhabitants of each country consider their
+own religion the best of all. They rejoice that their lot has been
+cast where it is, and are disposed to pity the less fortunate
+condemned to live beyond their sacred limits. The masses of all
+nations are usually happy, each mass certain that:
+
+    "East or West
+    Home is best."
+
+Two illustrations of this from our "Round the World" trip may be
+noted:
+
+     Visiting the tapioca workers in the woods near Singapore, we
+     found them busily engaged, the children running about stark
+     naked, the parents clothed in the usual loose rags. Our
+     party attracted great attention. We asked our guide to tell
+     the people that we came from a country where the water in
+     such a pond as that before us would become solid at this
+     season of the year and we could walk upon it and that
+     sometimes it would be so hard horses and wagons crossed wide
+     rivers on the ice. They wondered and asked why we didn't
+     come and live among them. They really were very happy.
+
+Again:
+
+     On the way to the North Cape we visited a reindeer camp of
+     the Laplanders. A sailor from the ship was deputed to go
+     with the party. I walked homeward with him, and as we
+     approached the fiord looking down and over to the opposite
+     shore we saw a few straggling huts and one two-story house
+     under construction. What is that new building for? we asked.
+
+     "That is to be the home of a man born in Tromso who has made
+     a great deal of money and has now come back to spend his
+     days there. He is very rich."
+
+     "You told me you had travelled all over the world. You have
+     seen London, New York, Calcutta, Melbourne, and other
+     places. If you made a fortune like that man what place would
+     you make your home in old age?" His eye glistened as he
+     said:
+
+     "Ah, there's no place like Tromso." This is in the arctic
+     circle, six months of night, but he had been born in Tromso.
+     Home, sweet, sweet home!
+
+Among the conditions of life or the laws of nature, some of which seem
+to us faulty, some apparently unjust and merciless, there are many
+that amaze us by their beauty and sweetness. Love of home, regardless
+of its character or location, certainly is one of these. And what a
+pleasure it is to find that, instead of the Supreme Being confining
+revelation to one race or nation, every race has the message best
+adapted for it in its present stage of development. The Unknown Power
+has neglected none.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+COACHING TRIP AND MARRIAGE
+
+
+The Freedom of my native town (Dunfermline) was conferred upon me July
+12, 1877, the first Freedom and the greatest honor I ever received. I
+was overwhelmed. Only two signatures upon the roll came between mine
+and Sir Walter Scott's, who had been made a Burgess. My parents had
+seen him one day sketching Dunfermline Abbey and often told me about
+his appearance. My speech in reply to the Freedom was the subject of
+much concern. I spoke to my Uncle Bailie Morrison, telling him I just
+felt like saying so and so, as this really was in my heart. He was an
+orator himself and he spoke words of wisdom to me then.
+
+"Just say that, Andra; nothing like saying just what you really feel."
+
+It was a lesson in public speaking which I took to heart. There is one
+rule I might suggest for youthful orators. When you stand up before an
+audience reflect that there are before you only men and women. You
+should speak to them as you speak to other men and women in daily
+intercourse. If you are not trying to be something different from
+yourself, there is no more occasion for embarrassment than if you were
+talking in your office to a party of your own people--none whatever.
+It is trying to be other than one's self that unmans one. Be your own
+natural self and go ahead. I once asked Colonel Ingersoll, the most
+effective public speaker I ever heard, to what he attributed his
+power. "Avoid elocutionists like snakes," he said, "and be yourself."
+
+[Illustration: AN AMERICAN FOUR-IN-HAND IN BRITAIN]
+
+I spoke again at Dunfermline, July 27, 1881, when my mother laid the
+foundation stone there of the first free library building I ever gave.
+My father was one of five weavers who founded the earliest library in
+the town by opening their own books to their neighbors. Dunfermline
+named the building I gave "Carnegie Library." The architect asked for
+my coat of arms. I informed him I had none, but suggested that above
+the door there might be carved a rising sun shedding its rays with the
+motto: "Let there be light." This he adopted.
+
+We had come up to Dunfermline with a coaching party. When walking
+through England in the year 1867 with George Lauder and Harry Phipps I
+had formed the idea of coaching from Brighton to Inverness with a
+party of my dearest friends. The time had come for the long-promised
+trip, and in the spring of 1881 we sailed from New York, a party of
+eleven, to enjoy one of the happiest excursions of my life. It was one
+of the holidays from business that kept me young and happy--worth all
+the medicine in the world.
+
+All the notes I made of the coaching trip were a few lines a day in
+twopenny pass-books bought before we started. As with "Round the
+World," I thought that I might some day write a magazine article, or
+give some account of my excursion for those who accompanied me; but
+one wintry day I decided that it was scarcely worth while to go down
+to the New York office, three miles distant, and the question was how
+I should occupy the spare time. I thought of the coaching trip, and
+decided to write a few lines just to see how I should get on. The
+narrative flowed freely, and before the day was over I had written
+between three and four thousand words. I took up the pleasing task
+every stormy day when it was unnecessary for me to visit the office,
+and in exactly twenty sittings I had finished a book. I handed the
+notes to Scribner's people and asked them to print a few hundred
+copies for private circulation. The volume pleased my friends, as
+"Round the World" had done. Mr. Champlin one day told me that Mr.
+Scribner had read the book and would like very much to publish it for
+general circulation upon his own account, subject to a royalty.
+
+The vain author is easily persuaded that what he has done is
+meritorious, and I consented. [Every year this still nets me a small
+sum in royalties. And thirty years have gone by, 1912.] The letters I
+received upon the publication[37] of it were so numerous and some so
+gushing that my people saved them and they are now bound together in
+scrapbook form, to which additions are made from time to time. The
+number of invalids who have been pleased to write me, stating that the
+book had brightened their lives, has been gratifying. Its reception in
+Britain was cordial; the "Spectator" gave it a favorable review. But
+any merit that the book has comes, I am sure, from the total absence
+of effort on my part to make an impression. I wrote for my friends;
+and what one does easily, one does well. I reveled in the writing of
+the book, as I had in the journey itself.
+
+[Footnote 37: Published privately in 1882 under the title _Our
+Coaching Trip, Brighton to Inverness_. Published by the Scribners in
+1883 under the title of _An American Four-in-Hand in Britain_.]
+
+The year 1886 ended in deep gloom for me. My life as a happy careless
+young man, with every want looked after, was over. I was left alone in
+the world. My mother and brother passed away in November, within a few
+days of each other, while I lay in bed under a severe attack of
+typhoid fever, unable to move and, perhaps fortunately, unable to
+feel the full weight of the catastrophe, being myself face to face
+with death.
+
+I was the first stricken, upon returning from a visit in the East to
+our cottage at Cresson Springs on top of the Alleghanies where my
+mother and I spent our happy summers. I had been quite unwell for a
+day or two before leaving New York. A physician being summoned, my
+trouble was pronounced typhoid fever. Professor Dennis was called from
+New York and he corroborated the diagnosis. An attendant physician and
+trained nurse were provided at once. Soon after my mother broke down
+and my brother in Pittsburgh also was reported ill.
+
+I was despaired of, I was so low, and then my whole nature seemed to
+change. I became reconciled, indulged in pleasing meditations, was
+without the slightest pain. My mother's and brother's serious
+condition had not been revealed to me, and when I was informed that
+both had left me forever it seemed only natural that I should follow
+them. We had never been separated; why should we be now? But it was
+decreed otherwise.
+
+I recovered slowly and the future began to occupy my thoughts. There
+was only one ray of hope and comfort in it. Toward that my thoughts
+always turned. For several years I had known Miss Louise Whitfield.
+Her mother permitted her to ride with me in the Central Park. We were
+both very fond of riding. Other young ladies were on my list. I had
+fine horses and often rode in the Park and around New York with one or
+the other of the circle. In the end the others all faded into ordinary
+beings. Miss Whitfield remained alone as the perfect one beyond any I
+had met. Finally I began to find and admit to myself that she stood
+the supreme test I had applied to several fair ones in my time. She
+alone did so of all I had ever known. I could recommend young men to
+apply this test before offering themselves. If they can honestly
+believe the following lines, as I did, then all is well:
+
+    "Full many a lady
+    I've eyed with best regard: for several virtues
+    Have I liked several women, never any
+    With so full soul, but some defect in her
+    Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owed,
+    And put it to the foil; but you, O you,
+    So perfect and so peerless are created
+    Of every creature's best."[38]
+
+[Footnote 38: Ferdinand to Miranda in _The Tempest_.]
+
+In my soul I could echo those very words. To-day, after twenty years
+of life with her, if I could find stronger words I could truthfully
+use them.
+
+My advances met with indifferent success. She was not without other
+and younger admirers. My wealth and future plans were against me. I
+was rich and had everything and she felt she could be of little use or
+benefit to me. Her ideal was to be the real helpmeet of a young,
+struggling man to whom she could and would be indispensable, as her
+mother had been to her father. The care of her own family had largely
+fallen upon her after her father's death when she was twenty-one. She
+was now twenty-eight; her views of life were formed. At times she
+seemed more favorable and we corresponded. Once, however, she returned
+my letters saying she felt she must put aside all thought of accepting
+me.
+
+Professor and Mrs. Dennis took me from Cresson to their own home in
+New York, as soon as I could be removed, and I lay there some time
+under the former's personal supervision. Miss Whitfield called to see
+me, for I had written her the first words from Cresson I was able
+to write. She saw now that I needed her. I was left alone in the
+world. Now she could be in every sense the "helpmeet." Both her heart
+and head were now willing and the day was fixed. We were married in
+New York April 22, 1887, and sailed for our honeymoon which was passed
+on the Isle of Wight.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE
+
+(ABOUT 1878)]
+
+Her delight was intense in finding the wild flowers. She had read of
+Wandering Willie, Heartsease, Forget-me-nots, the Primrose, Wild
+Thyme, and the whole list of homely names that had been to her only
+names till now. Everything charmed her. Uncle Lauder and one of my
+cousins came down from Scotland and visited us, and then we soon
+followed to the residence at Kilgraston they had selected for us in
+which to spend the summer. Scotland captured her. There was no doubt
+about that. Her girlish reading had been of Scotland--Scott's novels
+and "Scottish Chiefs" being her favorites. She soon became more Scotch
+than I. All this was fulfilling my fondest dreams.
+
+We spent some days in Dunfermline and enjoyed them much. The haunts
+and incidents of my boyhood were visited and recited to her by all and
+sundry. She got nothing but flattering accounts of her husband which
+gave me a good start with her.
+
+I was presented with the Freedom of Edinburgh as we passed
+northward--Lord Rosebery making the speech. The crowd in Edinburgh was
+great. I addressed the working-men in the largest hall and received a
+present from them as did Mrs. Carnegie also--a brooch she values
+highly. She heard and saw the pipers in all their glory and begged
+there should be one at our home--a piper to walk around and waken us
+in the morning and also to play us in to dinner. American as she is to
+the core, and Connecticut Puritan at that, she declared that if
+condemned to live upon a lonely island and allowed to choose only one
+musical instrument, it would be the pipes. The piper was secured
+quickly enough. One called and presented credentials from Cluny
+McPherson. We engaged him and were preceded by him playing the pipes
+as we entered our Kilgraston house.
+
+We enjoyed Kilgraston, although Mrs. Carnegie still longed for a
+wilder and more Highland home. Matthew Arnold visited us, as did Mr.
+and Mrs. Blaine, Senator and Mrs. Eugene Hale, and many friends.[39]
+Mrs. Carnegie would have my relatives up from Dunfermline, especially
+the older uncles and aunties. She charmed every one. They expressed
+their surprise to me that she ever married me, but I told them I was
+equally surprised. The match had evidently been predestined.
+
+[Footnote 39: John Hay, writing to his friend Henry Adams under date
+of London, August 25, 1887, has the following to say about the party
+at Kilgraston: "After that we went to Andy Carnegie in Perthshire, who
+is keeping his honeymoon, having just married a pretty girl.... The
+house is thronged with visitors--sixteen when we came away--we merely
+stayed three days: the others were there for a fortnight. Among them
+were your friends Blaine and Hale of Maine. Carnegie likes it so well
+he is going to do it every summer and is looking at all the great
+estates in the County with a view of renting or purchasing. We went
+with him one day to Dupplin Castle, where I saw the most beautiful
+trees I ever beheld in my wandering life. The old Earl of ---- is
+miserably poor--not able to buy a bottle of seltzer--with an estate
+worth millions in the hands of his creditors, and sure to be sold one
+of these days to some enterprising Yankee or British Buttonmaker. I
+wish you or Carnegie would buy it. I would visit you frequently."
+(Thayer, _Life and Letters of John Hay_, vol. II, p. 74.)]
+
+We took our piper with us when we returned to New York, and also our
+housekeeper and some of the servants. Mrs. Nicoll remains with us
+still and is now, after twenty years' faithful service, as a member of
+the family. George Irvine, our butler, came to us a year later and is
+also as one of us. Maggie Anderson, one of the servants, is the same.
+They are devoted people, of high character and true loyalty.[40]
+
+[Footnote 40: "No man is a true gentleman who does not inspire the
+affection and devotion of his servants." (_Problems of To-day_, by
+Andrew Carnegie. New York, 1908, p. 59.)]
+
+The next year we were offered and took Cluny Castle. Our piper was
+just the man to tell us all about it. He had been born and bred there
+and perhaps influenced our selection of that residence where we spent
+several summers.
+
+On March 30, 1897, there came to us our daughter. As I first gazed
+upon her Mrs. Carnegie said,
+
+"Her name is Margaret after your mother. Now one request I have to
+make."
+
+"What is it, Lou?"
+
+"We must get a summer home since this little one has been given us. We
+cannot rent one and be obliged to go in and go out at a certain date.
+It should be our home."
+
+"Yes," I agreed.
+
+"I make only one condition."
+
+"What is that?" I asked.
+
+"It must be in the Highlands of Scotland."
+
+"Bless you," was my reply. "That suits me. You know I have to keep out
+of the sun's rays, and where can we do that so surely as among the
+heather? I'll be a committee of one to inquire and report."
+
+Skibo Castle was the result.
+
+It is now twenty years since Mrs. Carnegie entered and changed my
+life, a few months after the passing of my mother and only brother
+left me alone in the world. My life has been made so happy by her that
+I cannot imagine myself living without her guardianship. I thought I
+knew her when she stood Ferdinand's test,[41] but it was only the
+surface of her qualities I had seen and felt. Of their purity,
+holiness, wisdom, I had not sounded the depth. In every emergency of
+our active, changing, and in later years somewhat public life, in all
+her relations with others, including my family and her own, she has
+proved the diplomat and peace-maker. Peace and good-will attend her
+footsteps wherever her blessed influence extends. In the rare
+instances demanding heroic action it is she who first realizes this
+and plays the part.
+
+[Footnote 41: The reference is to the quotation from _The Tempest_ on
+page 214.]
+
+The Peace-Maker has never had a quarrel in all her life, not even with
+a schoolmate, and there does not live a soul upon the earth who has
+met her who has the slightest cause to complain of neglect. Not that
+she does not welcome the best and gently avoid the undesirable--none
+is more fastidious than she--but neither rank, wealth, nor social
+position affects her one iota. She is incapable of acting or speaking
+rudely; all is in perfect good taste. Still, she never lowers the
+standard. Her intimates are only of the best. She is always thinking
+how she can do good to those around her--planning for this one and
+that in case of need and making such judicious arrangements or
+presents as surprise those coöperating with her.
+
+I cannot imagine myself going through these twenty years without her.
+Nor can I endure the thought of living after her. In the course of
+nature I have not that to meet; but then the thought of what will be
+cast upon her, a woman left alone with so much requiring attention and
+needing a man to decide, gives me intense pain and I sometimes wish I
+had this to endure for her. But then she will have our blessed
+daughter in her life and perhaps that will keep her patient. Besides,
+Margaret needs her more than she does her father.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. ANDREW CARNEGIE]
+
+[Illustration: MARGARET CARNEGIE AT FIFTEEN]
+
+Why, oh, why, are we compelled to leave the heaven we have found on
+earth and go we know not where! For I can say with Jessica:
+
+            "It is very meet
+    The Lord Bassanio live an upright life;
+    For, having such a blessing in his lady,
+    He finds the joys of heaven here on earth."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+MILLS AND THE MEN
+
+
+The one vital lesson in iron and steel that I learned in Britain was
+the necessity for owning raw materials and finishing the completed
+article ready for its purpose. Having solved the steel-rail problem at
+the Edgar Thomson Works, we soon proceeded to the next step. The
+difficulties and uncertainties of obtaining regular supplies of pig
+iron compelled us to begin the erection of blast furnaces. Three of
+these were built, one, however, being a reconstructed blast furnace
+purchased from the Escanaba Iron Company, with which Mr. Kloman had
+been connected. As is usual in such cases, the furnace cost us as much
+as a new one, and it never was as good. There is nothing so
+unsatisfactory as purchases of inferior plants.
+
+But although this purchase was a mistake, directly considered, it
+proved, at a subsequent date, a source of great profit because it gave
+us a furnace small enough for the manufacture of spiegel and, at a
+later date, of ferro-manganese. We were the second firm in the United
+States to manufacture our own spiegel, and the first, and for years
+the only, firm in America that made ferro-manganese. We had been
+dependent upon foreigners for a supply of this indispensable article,
+paying as high as eighty dollars a ton for it. The manager of our
+blast furnaces, Mr. Julian Kennedy, is entitled to the credit of
+suggesting that with the ores within reach we could make
+ferro-manganese in our small furnace. The experiment was worth trying
+and the result was a great success. We were able to supply the entire
+American demand and prices fell from eighty to fifty dollars per ton
+as a consequence.
+
+While testing the ores of Virginia we found that these were being
+quietly purchased by Europeans for ferro-manganese, the owners of the
+mine being led to believe that they were used for other purposes. Our
+Mr. Phipps at once set about purchasing that mine. He obtained an
+option from the owners, who had neither capital nor skill to work it
+efficiently. A high price was paid to them for their interests, and
+(with one of them, Mr. Davis, a very able young man) we became the
+owners, but not until a thorough investigation of the mine had proved
+that there was enough of manganese ore in sight to repay us. All this
+was done with speed; not a day was lost when the discovery was made.
+And here lies the great advantage of a partnership over a corporation.
+The president of the latter would have had to consult a board of
+directors and wait several weeks and perhaps months for their
+decision. By that time the mine would probably have become the
+property of others.
+
+We continued to develop our blast-furnace plant, every new one being a
+great improvement upon the preceding, until at last we thought we had
+arrived at a standard furnace. Minor improvements would no doubt be
+made, but so far as we could see we had a perfect plant and our
+capacity was then fifty thousand tons per month of pig iron.
+
+The blast-furnace department was no sooner added than another step was
+seen to be essential to our independence and success. The supply of
+superior coke was a fixed quantity--the Connellsville field being
+defined. We found that we could not get on without a supply of the
+fuel essential to the smelting of pig iron; and a very thorough
+investigation of the question led us to the conclusion that the Frick
+Coke Company had not only the best coal and coke property, but that it
+had in Mr. Frick himself a man with a positive genius for its
+management. He had proved his ability by starting as a poor railway
+clerk and succeeding. In 1882 we purchased one half of the stock of
+this company, and by subsequent purchases from other holders we became
+owners of the great bulk of the shares.
+
+There now remained to be acquired only the supply of iron stone. If we
+could obtain this we should be in the position occupied by only two or
+three of the European concerns. We thought at one time we had
+succeeded in discovering in Pennsylvania this last remaining link in
+the chain. We were misled, however, in our investment in the Tyrone
+region, and lost considerable sums as the result of our attempts to
+mine and use the ores of that section. They promised well at the edges
+of the mines, where the action of the weather for ages had washed away
+impurities and enriched the ore, but when we penetrated a small
+distance they proved too "lean" to work.
+
+Our chemist, Mr. Prousser, was then sent to a Pennsylvania furnace
+among the hills which we had leased, with instructions to analyze all
+the materials brought to him from the district, and to encourage
+people to bring him specimens of minerals. A striking example of the
+awe inspired by the chemist in those days was that only with great
+difficulty could he obtain a man or a boy to assist him in the
+laboratory. He was suspected of illicit intercourse with the Powers of
+Evil when he undertook to tell by his suspicious-looking apparatus
+what a stone contained. I believe that at last we had to send him a
+man from our office at Pittsburgh.
+
+One day he sent us a report of analyses of ore remarkable for the
+absence of phosphorus. It was really an ore suitable for making
+Bessemer steel. Such a discovery attracted our attention at once. The
+owner of the property was Moses Thompson, a rich farmer, proprietor of
+seven thousand acres of the most beautiful agricultural land in Center
+County, Pennsylvania. An appointment was made to meet him upon the
+ground from which the ore had been obtained. We found the mine had
+been worked for a charcoal blast furnace fifty or sixty years before,
+but it had not borne a good reputation then, the reason no doubt being
+that its product was so much purer than other ores that the same
+amount of flux used caused trouble in smelting. It was so good it was
+good for nothing in those days of old.
+
+We finally obtained the right to take the mine over at any time within
+six months, and we therefore began the work of examination, which
+every purchaser of mineral property should make most carefully. We ran
+lines across the hillside fifty feet apart, with cross-lines at
+distances of a hundred feet apart, and at each point of intersection
+we put a shaft down through the ore. I believe there were eighty such
+shafts in all and the ore was analyzed at every few feet of depth, so
+that before we paid over the hundred thousand dollars asked we knew
+exactly what there was of ore. The result hoped for was more than
+realized. Through the ability of my cousin and partner, Mr. Lauder,
+the cost of mining and washing was reduced to a low figure, and the
+Scotia ore made good all the losses we had incurred in the other
+mines, paid for itself, and left a profit besides. In this case, at
+least, we snatched victory from the jaws of defeat. We trod upon sure
+ground with the chemist as our guide. It will be seen that we were
+determined to get raw materials and were active in the pursuit.
+
+We had lost and won, but the escapes in business affairs are sometimes
+very narrow. Driving with Mr. Phipps from the mills one day we passed
+the National Trust Company office on Penn Street, Pittsburgh. I
+noticed the large gilt letters across the window, "Stockholders
+individually liable." That very morning in looking over a statement of
+our affairs I had noticed twenty shares "National Trust Company" on
+the list of assets. I said to Harry:
+
+"If this is the concern we own shares in, won't you please sell them
+before you return to the office this afternoon?"
+
+He saw no need for haste. It would be done in good time.
+
+"No, Harry, oblige me by doing it instantly."
+
+He did so and had it transferred. Fortunate, indeed, was this, for in
+a short time the bank failed with an enormous deficit. My cousin, Mr.
+Morris, was among the ruined shareholders. Many others met the same
+fate. Times were panicky, and had we been individually liable for all
+the debts of the National Trust Company our credit would inevitably
+have been seriously imperiled. It was a narrow escape. And with only
+twenty shares (two thousand dollars' worth of stock), taken to oblige
+friends who wished our name on their list of shareholders! The lesson
+was not lost. The sound rule in business is that you may give money
+freely when you have a surplus, but your name never--neither as
+endorser nor as member of a corporation with individual liability. A
+trifling investment of a few thousand dollars, a mere trifle--yes, but
+a trifle possessed of deadly explosive power.
+
+The rapid substitution of steel for iron in the immediate future had
+become obvious to us. Even in our Keystone Bridge Works, steel was
+being used more and more in place of iron. King Iron was about to be
+deposed by the new King Steel, and we were becoming more and more
+dependent upon it. We had about concluded in 1886 to build alongside
+of the Edgar Thomson Mills new works for the manufacture of
+miscellaneous shapes of steel when it was suggested to us that the
+five or six leading manufacturers of Pittsburgh, who had combined to
+build steel mills at Homestead, were willing to sell their mills to
+us.
+
+These works had been built originally by a syndicate of manufacturers,
+with the view of obtaining the necessary supplies of steel which they
+required in their various concerns, but the steel-rail business, being
+then in one of its booms, they had been tempted to change plans and
+construct a steel-rail mill. They had been able to make rails as long
+as prices remained high, but, as the mills had not been specially
+designed for this purpose, they were without the indispensable blast
+furnaces for the supply of pig iron, and had no coke lands for the
+supply of fuel. They were in no condition to compete with us.
+
+It was advantageous for us to purchase these works. I felt there was
+only one way we could deal with their owners, and that was to propose
+a consolidation with Carnegie Brothers & Co. We offered to do so on
+equal terms, every dollar they had invested to rank against our
+dollars. Upon this basis the negotiation was promptly concluded. We,
+however, gave to all parties the option to take cash, and most
+fortunately for us, all elected to do so except Mr. George Singer, who
+continued with us to his and our entire satisfaction. Mr. Singer told
+us afterwards that his associates had been greatly exercised as to how
+they could meet the proposition I was to lay before them. They were
+much afraid of being overreached but when I proposed equality all
+around, dollar for dollar, they were speechless.
+
+This purchase led to the reconstruction of all our firms. The new firm
+of Carnegie, Phipps & Co. was organized in 1886 to run the Homestead
+Mills. The firm of Wilson, Walker & Co. was embraced in the firm of
+Carnegie, Phipps & Co., Mr. Walker being elected chairman. My brother
+was chairman of Carnegie Brothers & Co. and at the head of all. A
+further extension of our business was the establishing of the Hartman
+Steel Works at Beaver Falls, designed to work into a hundred various
+forms the product of the Homestead Mills. So now we made almost
+everything in steel from a wire nail up to a twenty-inch steel girder,
+and it was then not thought probable that we should enter into any new
+field.
+
+It may be interesting here to note the progress of our works during
+the decade 1888 to 1897. In 1888 we had twenty millions of dollars
+invested; in 1897 more than double or over forty-five millions. The
+600,000 tons of pig iron we made per annum in 1888 was trebled; we
+made nearly 2,000,000. Our product of iron and steel was in 1888, say,
+2000 tons per day; it grew to exceed 6000 tons. Our coke works then
+embraced about 5000 ovens; they were trebled in number, and our
+capacity, then 6000 tons, became 18,000 tons per day. Our Frick Coke
+Company in 1897 had 42,000 acres of coal land, more than two thirds of
+the true Connellsville vein. Ten years hence increased production may
+be found to have been equally rapid. It may be accepted as an axiom
+that a manufacturing concern in a growing country like ours begins to
+decay when it stops extending.
+
+To make a ton of steel one and a half tons of iron stone has to be
+mined, transported by rail a hundred miles to the Lakes, carried by
+boat hundreds of miles, transferred to cars, transported by rail one
+hundred and fifty miles to Pittsburgh; one and a half tons of coal
+must be mined and manufactured into coke and carried fifty-odd miles
+by rail; and one ton of limestone mined and carried one hundred and
+fifty miles to Pittsburgh. How then could steel be manufactured and
+sold without loss at three pounds for two cents? This, I confess,
+seemed to me incredible, and little less than miraculous, but it was
+so.
+
+America is soon to change from being the dearest steel manufacturing
+country to the cheapest. Already the shipyards of Belfast are our
+customers. This is but the beginning. Under present conditions America
+can produce steel as cheaply as any other land, notwithstanding its
+higher-priced labor. There is no labor so cheap as the dearest in the
+mechanical field, provided it is free, contented, zealous, and reaping
+reward as it renders service. And here America leads.
+
+One great advantage which America will have in competing in the
+markets of the world is that her manufacturers will have the best home
+market. Upon this they can depend for a return upon capital, and the
+surplus product can be exported with advantage, even when the prices
+received for it do not more than cover actual cost, provided the
+exports be charged with their proportion of all expenses. The nation
+that has the best home market, especially if products are
+standardized, as ours are, can soon outsell the foreign producer. The
+phrase I used in Britain in this connection was: "The Law of the
+Surplus." It afterward came into general use in commercial
+discussions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE
+
+
+While upon the subject of our manufacturing interests, I may record
+that on July 1, 1892, during my absence in the Highlands of Scotland,
+there occurred the one really serious quarrel with our workmen in our
+whole history. For twenty-six years I had been actively in charge of
+the relations between ourselves and our men, and it was the pride of
+my life to think how delightfully satisfactory these had been and
+were. I hope I fully deserved what my chief partner, Mr. Phipps, said
+in his letter to the "New York Herald," January 30, 1904, in reply to
+one who had declared I had remained abroad during the Homestead
+strike, instead of flying back to support my partners. It was to the
+effect that "I was always disposed to yield to the demands of the men,
+however unreasonable"; hence one or two of my partners did not wish me
+to return.[42] Taking no account of the reward that comes from
+feeling that you and your employees are friends and judging only from
+economical results, I believe that higher wages to men who respect
+their employers and are happy and contented are a good investment,
+yielding, indeed, big dividends.
+
+[Footnote 42: The full statement of Mr. Phipps is as follows:
+
+_Question:_ "It was stated that Mr. Carnegie acted in a cowardly
+manner in not returning to America from Scotland and being present
+when the strike was in progress at Homestead."
+
+_Answer:_ "When Mr. Carnegie heard of the trouble at Homestead he
+immediately wired that he would take the first ship for America, but
+his partners begged him not to appear, as they were of the opinion
+that the welfare of the Company required that he should not be in this
+country at the time. They knew of his extreme disposition to always
+grant the demands of labor, however unreasonable.
+
+"I have never known of any one interested in the business to make any
+complaint about Mr. Carnegie's absence at that time, but all the
+partners rejoiced that they were permitted to manage the affair in
+their own way." (Henry Phipps in the _New York Herald_, January 30,
+1904.)]
+
+The manufacture of steel was revolutionized by the Bessemer
+open-hearth and basic inventions. The machinery hitherto employed had
+become obsolete, and our firm, recognizing this, spent several
+millions at Homestead reconstructing and enlarging the works. The new
+machinery made about sixty per cent more steel than the old. Two
+hundred and eighteen tonnage men (that is, men who were paid by the
+ton of steel produced) were working under a three years' contract,
+part of the last year being with the new machinery. Thus their
+earnings had increased almost sixty per cent before the end of the
+contract.
+
+The firm offered to divide this sixty per cent with them in the new
+scale to be made thereafter. That is to say, the earnings of the men
+would have been thirty per cent greater than under the old scale and
+the other thirty per cent would have gone to the firm to recompense it
+for its outlay. The work of the men would not have been much harder
+than it had been hitherto, as the improved machinery did the work.
+This was not only fair and liberal, it was generous, and under
+ordinary circumstances would have been accepted by the men with
+thanks. But the firm was then engaged in making armor for the United
+States Government, which we had declined twice to manufacture and
+which was urgently needed. It had also the contract to furnish
+material for the Chicago Exhibition. Some of the leaders of the men,
+knowing these conditions, insisted upon demanding the whole sixty per
+cent, thinking the firm would be compelled to give it. The firm could
+not agree, nor should it have agreed to such an attempt as this to
+take it by the throat and say, "Stand and deliver." It very rightly
+declined. Had I been at home nothing would have induced me to yield to
+this unfair attempt to extort.
+
+Up to this point all had been right enough. The policy I had pursued
+in cases of difference with our men was that of patiently waiting,
+reasoning with them, and showing them that their demands were unfair;
+but never attempting to employ new men in their places--never. The
+superintendent of Homestead, however, was assured by the three
+thousand men who were not concerned in the dispute that they could run
+the works, and were anxious to rid themselves of the two hundred and
+eighteen men who had banded themselves into a union and into which
+they had hitherto refused to admit those in other departments--only
+the "heaters" and "rollers" of steel being eligible.
+
+My partners were misled by this superintendent, who was himself
+misled. He had not had great experience in such affairs, having
+recently been promoted from a subordinate position. The unjust demands
+of the few union men, and the opinion of the three thousand non-union
+men that they were unjust, very naturally led him into thinking there
+would be no trouble and that the workmen would do as they had
+promised. There were many men among the three thousand who could take,
+and wished to take, the places of the two hundred and eighteen--at
+least so it was reported to me.
+
+It is easy to look back and say that the vital step of opening the
+works should never have been taken. All the firm had to do was to say
+to the men: "There is a labor dispute here and you must settle it
+between yourselves. The firm has made you a most liberal offer. The
+works will run when the dispute is adjusted, and not till then.
+Meanwhile your places remain open to you." Or, it might have been well
+if the superintendent had said to the three thousand men, "All right,
+if you will come and run the works without protection," thus throwing
+upon them the responsibility of protecting themselves--three thousand
+men as against two hundred and eighteen. Instead of this it was
+thought advisable (as an additional precaution by the state officials,
+I understand) to have the sheriff with guards to protect the thousands
+against the hundreds. The leaders of the latter were violent and
+aggressive men; they had guns and pistols, and, as was soon proved,
+were able to intimidate the thousands.
+
+I quote what I once laid down in writing as our rule: "My idea is that
+the Company should be known as determined to let the men at any works
+stop work; that it will confer freely with them and wait patiently
+until they decide to return to work, never thinking of trying new
+men--never." The best men as men, and the best workmen, are not
+walking the streets looking for work. Only the inferior class as a
+rule is idle. The kind of men we desired are rarely allowed to lose
+their jobs, even in dull times. It is impossible to get new men to run
+successfully the complicated machinery of a modern steel plant. The
+attempt to put in new men converted the thousands of old men who
+desired to work, into lukewarm supporters of our policy, for workmen
+can always be relied upon to resent the employment of new men. Who can
+blame them?
+
+If I had been at home, however, I might have been persuaded to open
+the works, as the superintendent desired, to test whether our old men
+would go to work as they had promised. But it should be noted that
+the works were not opened at first by my partners for new men. On the
+contrary, it was, as I was informed upon my return, at the wish of the
+thousands of our old men that they were opened. This is a vital point.
+My partners were in no way blamable for making the trial so
+recommended by the superintendent. Our rule never to employ new men,
+but to wait for the old to return, had not been violated so far. In
+regard to the second opening of the works, after the strikers had shot
+the sheriff's officers, it is also easy to look back and say, "How
+much better had the works been closed until the old men voted to
+return"; but the Governor of Pennsylvania, with eight thousand troops,
+had meanwhile taken charge of the situation.
+
+I was traveling in the Highlands of Scotland when the trouble arose,
+and did not hear of it until two days after. Nothing I have ever had
+to meet in all my life, before or since, wounded me so deeply. No
+pangs remain of any wound received in my business career save that of
+Homestead. It was so unnecessary. The men were outrageously wrong. The
+strikers, with the new machinery, would have made from four to nine
+dollars a day under the new scale--thirty per cent more than they were
+making with the old machinery. While in Scotland I received the
+following cable from the officers of the union of our workmen:
+
+"Kind master, tell us what you wish us to do and we shall do it for
+you."
+
+This was most touching, but, alas, too late. The mischief was done,
+the works were in the hands of the Governor; it was too late.
+
+I received, while abroad, numerous kind messages from friends
+conversant with the circumstances, who imagined my unhappiness. The
+following from Mr. Gladstone was greatly appreciated:
+
+     MY DEAR MR. CARNEGIE,
+
+     My wife has long ago offered her thanks, with my own, for
+     your most kind congratulations. But I do not forget that you
+     have been suffering yourself from anxieties, and have been
+     exposed to imputations in connection with your gallant
+     efforts to direct rich men into a course of action more
+     enlightened than that which they usually follow. I wish I
+     could relieve you from these imputations of journalists, too
+     often rash, conceited or censorious, rancorous, ill-natured.
+     I wish to do the little, the very little, that is in my
+     power, which is simply to say how sure I am that no one who
+     knows you will be prompted by the unfortunate occurrences
+     across the water (of which manifestly we cannot know the
+     exact merits) to qualify in the slightest degree either his
+     confidence in your generous views or his admiration of the
+     good and great work you have already done.
+
+     Wealth is at present like a monster threatening to swallow
+     up the moral life of man; you by precept and by example have
+     been teaching him to disgorge. I for one thank you.
+
+     Believe me
+
+     Very faithfully yours
+
+     (Signed) W.E. GLADSTONE
+
+I insert this as giving proof, if proof were needed, of Mr.
+Gladstone's large, sympathetic nature, alive and sensitive to
+everything transpiring of a nature to arouse sympathy--Neapolitans,
+Greeks, and Bulgarians one day, or a stricken friend the next.
+
+The general public, of course, did not know that I was in Scotland and
+knew nothing of the initial trouble at Homestead. Workmen had been
+killed at the Carnegie Works, of which I was the controlling owner.
+That was sufficient to make my name a by-word for years. But at last
+some satisfaction came. Senator Hanna was president of the National
+Civic Federation, a body composed of capitalists and workmen which
+exerted a benign influence over both employers and employed, and the
+Honorable Oscar Straus, who was then vice-president, invited me to
+dine at his house and meet the officials of the Federation. Before the
+date appointed Mark Hanna, its president, my lifelong friend and
+former agent at Cleveland, had suddenly passed away. I attended the
+dinner. At its close Mr. Straus arose and said that the question of a
+successor to Mr. Hanna had been considered, and he had to report that
+every labor organization heard from had favored me for the position.
+There were present several of the labor leaders who, one after
+another, arose and corroborated Mr. Straus.
+
+I do not remember so complete a surprise and, I shall confess, one so
+grateful to me. That I deserved well from labor I felt. I knew myself
+to be warmly sympathetic with the working-man, and also that I had the
+regard of our own workmen; but throughout the country it was naturally
+the reverse, owing to the Homestead riot. The Carnegie Works meant to
+the public Mr. Carnegie's war upon labor's just earnings.
+
+I arose to explain to the officials at the Straus dinner that I could
+not possibly accept the great honor, because I had to escape the heat
+of summer and the head of the Federation must be on hand at all
+seasons ready to grapple with an outbreak, should one occur. My
+embarrassment was great, but I managed to let all understand that this
+was felt to be the most welcome tribute I could have received--a balm
+to the hurt mind. I closed by saying that if elected to my lamented
+friend's place upon the Executive Committee I should esteem it an
+honor to serve. To this position I was elected by unanimous vote. I
+was thus relieved from the feeling that I was considered responsible
+by labor generally, for the Homestead riot and the killing of workmen.
+
+I owe this vindication to Mr. Oscar Straus, who had read my articles
+and speeches of early days upon labor questions, and who had quoted
+these frequently to workmen. The two labor leaders of the Amalgamated
+Union, White and Schaeffer from Pittsburgh, who were at this dinner,
+were also able and anxious to enlighten their fellow-workmen members
+of the Board as to my record with labor, and did not fail to do so.
+
+A mass meeting of the workmen and their wives was afterwards held in
+the Library Hall at Pittsburgh to greet me, and I addressed them from
+both my head and my heart. The one sentence I remember, and always
+shall, was to the effect that capital, labor, and employer were a
+three-legged stool, none before or after the others, all equally
+indispensable. Then came the cordial hand-shaking and all was well.
+Having thus rejoined hands and hearts with our employees and their
+wives, I felt that a great weight had been effectually lifted, but I
+had had a terrible experience although thousands of miles from the
+scene.
+
+An incident flowing from the Homestead trouble is told by my friend,
+Professor John C. Van Dyke, of Rutgers College.
+
+     In the spring of 1900, I went up from Guaymas, on the Gulf
+     of California, to the ranch of a friend at La Noria Verde,
+     thinking to have a week's shooting in the mountains of
+     Sonora. The ranch was far enough removed from civilization,
+     and I had expected meeting there only a few Mexicans and
+     many Yaqui Indians, but much to my surprise I found an
+     English-speaking man, who proved to be an American. I did
+     not have long to wait in order to find out what brought him
+     there, for he was very lonesome and disposed to talk. His
+     name was McLuckie, and up to 1892 he had been a skilled
+     mechanic in the employ of the Carnegie Steel Works at
+     Homestead. He was what was called a "top hand," received
+     large wages, was married, and at that time had a home and
+     considerable property. In addition, he had been honored by
+     his fellow-townsmen and had been made burgomaster of
+     Homestead.
+
+     When the strike of 1892 came McLuckie naturally sided with
+     the strikers, and in his capacity as burgomaster gave the
+     order to arrest the Pinkerton detectives who had come to
+     Homestead by steamer to protect the works and preserve
+     order. He believed he was fully justified in doing this. As
+     he explained it to me, the detectives were an armed force
+     invading his bailiwick, and he had a right to arrest and
+     disarm them. The order led to bloodshed, and the conflict
+     was begun in real earnest.
+
+     The story of the strike is, of course, well known to all.
+     The strikers were finally defeated. As for McLuckie, he was
+     indicted for murder, riot, treason, and I know not what
+     other offenses. He was compelled to flee from the State, was
+     wounded, starved, pursued by the officers of the law, and
+     obliged to go into hiding until the storm blew over. Then he
+     found that he was blacklisted by all the steel men in the
+     United States and could not get employment anywhere. His
+     money was gone, and, as a final blow, his wife died and his
+     home was broken up. After many vicissitudes he resolved to
+     go to Mexico, and at the time I met him he was trying to get
+     employment in the mines about fifteen miles from La Noria
+     Verde. But he was too good a mechanic for the Mexicans, who
+     required in mining the cheapest kind of unskilled peon
+     labor. He could get nothing to do and had no money. He was
+     literally down to his last copper. Naturally, as he told the
+     story of his misfortunes, I felt very sorry for him,
+     especially as he was a most intelligent person and did no
+     unnecessary whining about his troubles.
+
+     I do not think I told him at the time that I knew Mr.
+     Carnegie and had been with him at Cluny in Scotland shortly
+     after the Homestead strike, nor that I knew from Mr.
+     Carnegie the other side of the story. But McLuckie was
+     rather careful not to blame Mr. Carnegie, saying to me
+     several times that if "Andy" had been there the trouble
+     would never have arisen. He seemed to think "the boys"
+     could get on very well with "Andy" but not so well with some
+     of his partners.
+
+     I was at the ranch for a week and saw a good deal of
+     McLuckie in the evenings. When I left there, I went directly
+     to Tucson, Arizona, and from there I had occasion to write
+     to Mr. Carnegie, and in the letter I told him about meeting
+     with McLuckie. I added that I felt very sorry for the man
+     and thought he had been treated rather badly. Mr. Carnegie
+     answered at once, and on the margin of the letter wrote in
+     lead pencil: "Give McLuckie all the money he wants, but
+     don't mention my name." I wrote to McLuckie immediately,
+     offering him what money he needed, mentioning no sum, but
+     giving him to understand that it would be sufficient to put
+     him on his feet again. He declined it. He said he would
+     fight it out and make his own way, which was the
+     right-enough American spirit. I could not help but admire it
+     in him.
+
+     As I remember now, I spoke about him later to a friend, Mr.
+     J.A. Naugle, the general manager of the Sonora Railway. At
+     any rate, McLuckie got a job with the railway at driving
+     wells, and made a great success of it. A year later, or
+     perhaps it was in the autumn of the same year, I again met
+     him at Guaymas, where he was superintending some repairs on
+     his machinery at the railway shops. He was much changed for
+     the better, seemed happy, and to add to his contentment, had
+     taken unto himself a Mexican wife. And now that his sky was
+     cleared, I was anxious to tell him the truth about my offer
+     that he might not think unjustly of those who had been
+     compelled to fight him. So before I left him, I said,
+
+     "McLuckie, I want you to know now that the money I offered
+     you was not mine. That was Andrew Carnegie's money. It was
+     his offer, made through me."
+
+     McLuckie was fairly stunned, and all he could say was:
+
+     "Well, that was damned white of Andy, wasn't it?"
+
+I would rather risk that verdict of McLuckie's as a passport to
+Paradise than all the theological dogmas invented by man. I knew
+McLuckie well as a good fellow. It was said his property in Homestead
+was worth thirty thousand dollars. He was under arrest for the
+shooting of the police officers because he was the burgomaster, and
+also the chairman of the Men's Committee of Homestead. He had to fly,
+leaving all behind him.
+
+After this story got into print, the following skit appeared in the
+newspapers because I had declared I'd rather have McLuckie's few words
+on my tombstone than any other inscription, for it indicated I had
+been kind to one of our workmen:
+
+"JUST BY THE WAY"
+
+SANDY ON ANDY
+
+Oh! hae ye heared what Andy's spiered to hae upo' his tomb,
+When a' his gowd is gie'n awa an' Death has sealed his doom!
+Nae Scriptur' line wi' tribute fine that dealers aye keep handy,
+But juist this irreleegious screed--"That's damned white of Andy!"
+
+The gude Scot laughs at epitaphs that are but meant to flatter,
+But never are was sae profane, an' that's nae laughin' matter.
+Yet, gin he gies his siller all awa, mon, he's a dandy,
+An' we'll admit his right to it, for "That's damned white of Andy!"
+
+There's not to be a "big, big D," an' then a dash thereafter,
+For Andy would na spoil the word by trying to make it safter;
+He's not the lad to juggle terms, or soothing speech to bandy.
+A blunt, straightforward mon is he--an' "That's damned white of Andy!"
+
+Sae when he's deid, we'll gie good heed, an' write it as he askit;
+We'll carve it on his headstone an' we'll stamp it on his casket:
+"Wha dees rich, dees disgraced," says he, an' sure's my name is Sandy,
+'T wull be nae rich man that he'll dee--an' "That's damned white
+  of Andy!"[43]
+
+[Footnote 43: Mr. Carnegie was very fond of this story because, being
+human, he was fond of applause and, being a Robert Burns radical, he
+preferred the applause of Labor to that of Rank. That one of his men
+thought he had acted "white" pleased him beyond measure. He stopped
+short with that tribute and never asked, never knew, why or how the
+story happened to be told. Perhaps this is the time and place to tell
+the story of the story.
+
+Sometime in 1901 over a dinner table in New York, I heard a statement
+regarding Mr. Carnegie that he never gave anything without the
+requirement that his name be attached to the gift. The remark came
+from a prominent man who should have known he was talking nonsense. It
+rather angered me. I denied the statement, saying that I, personally,
+had given away money for Mr. Carnegie that only he and I knew about,
+and that he had given many thousands in this way through others. By
+way of illustration I told the story about McLuckie. A Pittsburgh man
+at the table carried the story back to Pittsburgh, told it there, and
+it finally got into the newspapers. Of course the argument of the
+story, namely, that Mr. Carnegie sometimes gave without publicity, was
+lost sight of and only the refrain, "It was damned white of Andy,"
+remained. Mr. Carnegie never knew that there was an argument. He liked
+the refrain. Some years afterward at Skibo (1906), when he was writing
+this Autobiography, he asked me if I would not write out the story for
+him. I did so. I am now glad of the chance to write an explanatory
+note about it.... _John C. Van Dyke._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+PROBLEMS OF LABOR
+
+
+I should like to record here some of the labor disputes I have had to
+deal with, as these may point a moral to both capital and labor.
+
+The workers at the blast furnaces in our steel-rail works once sent in
+a "round-robin" stating that unless the firm gave them an advance of
+wages by Monday afternoon at four o'clock they would leave the
+furnaces. Now, the scale upon which these men had agreed to work did
+not lapse until the end of the year, several months off. I felt if men
+would break an agreement there was no use in making a second agreement
+with them, but nevertheless I took the night train from New York and
+was at the works early in the morning.
+
+I asked the superintendent to call together the three committees which
+governed the works--not only the blast-furnace committee that was
+alone involved, but the mill and the converting works committees as
+well. They appeared and, of course, were received by me with great
+courtesy, not because it was good policy to be courteous, but because
+I have always enjoyed meeting our men. I am bound to say that the more
+I know of working-men the higher I rate their virtues. But it is with
+them as Barrie says with women: "Dootless the Lord made a' things
+weel, but he left some michty queer kinks in women." They have their
+prejudices and "red rags," which have to be respected, for the main
+root of trouble is ignorance, not hostility. The committee sat in a
+semicircle before me, all with their hats off, of course, as mine
+was also; and really there was the appearance of a model assembly.
+
+Addressing the chairman of the mill committee, I said:
+
+"Mr. Mackay" (he was an old gentleman and wore spectacles), "have we
+an agreement with you covering the remainder of the year?"
+
+Taking the spectacles off slowly, and holding them in his hand, he
+said:
+
+"Yes, sir, you have, Mr. Carnegie, and you haven't got enough money to
+make us break it either."
+
+"There spoke the true American workman," I said. "I am proud of you."
+
+"Mr. Johnson" (who was chairman of the rail converters' committee),
+"have we a similar agreement with you?"
+
+Mr. Johnson was a small, spare man; he spoke very deliberately:
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, when an agreement is presented to me to sign, I read it
+carefully, and if it don't suit me, I don't sign it, and if it does
+suit me, I do sign it, and when I sign it I keep it."
+
+"There again speaks the self-respecting American workman," I said.
+
+Turning now to the chairman of the blast-furnaces committee, an
+Irishman named Kelly, I addressed the same question to him:
+
+"Mr. Kelly, have we an agreement with you covering the remainder of
+this year?"
+
+Mr. Kelly answered that he couldn't say exactly. There was a paper
+sent round and he signed it, but didn't read it over carefully, and
+didn't understand just what was in it. At this moment our
+superintendent, Captain Jones, excellent manager, but impulsive,
+exclaimed abruptly:
+
+"Now, Mr. Kelly, you know I read that over twice and discussed it with
+you!"
+
+"Order, order, Captain! Mr. Kelly is entitled to give his explanation.
+I sign many a paper that I do not read--documents our lawyers and
+partners present to me to sign. Mr. Kelly states that he signed this
+document under such circumstances and his statement must be received.
+But, Mr. Kelly, I have always found that the best way is to carry out
+the provisions of the agreement one signs carelessly and resolve to be
+more careful next time. Would it not be better for you to continue
+four months longer under this agreement, and then, when you sign the
+next one, see that you understand it?"
+
+There was no answer to this, and I arose and said:
+
+"Gentlemen of the Blast-Furnace Committee, you have threatened our
+firm that you will break your agreement and that you will leave these
+blast furnaces (which means disaster) unless you get a favorable
+answer to your threat by four o'clock to-day. It is not yet three, but
+your answer is ready. You may leave the blast furnaces. The grass will
+grow around them before we yield to your threat. The worst day that
+labor has ever seen in this world is that day in which it dishonors
+itself by breaking its agreement. You have your answer."
+
+The committee filed out slowly and there was silence among the
+partners. A stranger who was coming in on business met the committee
+in the passage and he reported:
+
+"As I came in, a man wearing spectacles pushed up alongside of an
+Irishman he called Kelly, and he said: 'You fellows might just as well
+understand it now as later. There's to be no d----d monkeying round
+these works.'"
+
+That meant business. Later we heard from one of our clerks what took
+place at the furnaces. Kelly and his committee marched down to them.
+Of course, the men were waiting and watching for the committee and a
+crowd had gathered. When the furnaces were reached, Kelly called out
+to them:
+
+"Get to work, you spalpeens, what are you doing here? Begorra, the
+little boss just hit from the shoulder. He won't fight, but he says he
+has sat down, and begorra, we all know he'll be a skeleton afore he
+rises. Get to work, ye spalpeens."
+
+The Irish and Scotch-Irish are queer, but the easiest and best fellows
+to get on with, if you only know how. That man Kelly was my stanch
+friend and admirer ever afterward, and he was before that one of our
+most violent men. My experience is that you can always rely upon the
+great body of working-men to do what is right, provided they have not
+taken up a position and promised their leaders to stand by them. But
+their loyalty to their leaders even when mistaken, is something to
+make us proud of them. Anything can be done with men who have this
+feeling of loyalty within them. They only need to be treated fairly.
+
+The way a strike was once broken at our steel-rail mills is
+interesting. Here again, I am sorry to say, one hundred and
+thirty-four men in one department had bound themselves under secret
+oath to demand increased wages at the end of the year, several months
+away. The new year proved very unfavorable for business, and other
+iron and steel manufacturers throughout the country had effected
+reductions in wages. Nevertheless, these men, having secretly sworn
+months previously that they would not work unless they got increased
+wages, thought themselves bound to insist upon their demands. We could
+not advance wages when our competitors were reducing them, and the
+works were stopped in consequence. Every department of the works was
+brought to a stand by these strikers. The blast furnaces were
+abandoned a day or two before the time agreed upon, and we were
+greatly troubled in consequence.
+
+I went to Pittsburgh and was surprised to find the furnaces had been
+banked, contrary to agreement. I was to meet the men in the morning
+upon arrival at Pittsburgh, but a message was sent to me from the
+works stating that the men had "left the furnaces and would meet me
+to-morrow." Here was a nice reception! My reply was:
+
+"No they won't. Tell them I shall not be here to-morrow. Anybody can
+stop work; the trick is to start it again. Some fine day these men
+will want the works started and will be looking around for somebody
+who can start them, and I will tell them then just what I do now: that
+the works will never start except upon a sliding scale based upon the
+prices we get for our products. That scale will last three years and
+it will not be submitted by the men. They have submitted many scales
+to us. It is our turn now, and we are going to submit a scale to them.
+
+"Now," I said to my partners, "I am going back to New York in the
+afternoon. Nothing more is to be done."
+
+A short time after my message was received by the men they asked if
+they could come in and see me that afternoon before I left.
+
+I answered: "Certainly!"
+
+They came in and I said to them:
+
+"Gentlemen, your chairman here, Mr. Bennett, assured you that I would
+make my appearance and settle with you in some way or other, as I
+always have settled. That is true. And he told you that I would not
+fight, which is also true. He is a true prophet. But he told you
+something else in which he was slightly mistaken. He said I _could_
+not fight. Gentlemen," looking Mr. Bennett straight in the eye and
+closing and raising my fist, "he forgot that I was Scotch. But I will
+tell you something; I will never fight you. I know better than to
+fight labor. I will not fight, but I can beat any committee that was
+ever made at sitting down, and I have sat down. These works will never
+start until the men vote by a two-thirds majority to start them, and
+then, as I told you this morning, they will start on our sliding
+scale. I have nothing more to say."
+
+They retired. It was about two weeks afterwards that one of the house
+servants came to my library in New York with a card, and I found upon
+it the names of two of our workmen, and also the name of a reverend
+gentleman. The men said they were from the works at Pittsburgh and
+would like to see me.
+
+"Ask if either of these gentlemen belongs to the blast-furnace workers
+who banked the furnaces contrary to agreement."
+
+The man returned and said "No." I replied: "In that case go down and
+tell them that I shall be pleased to have them come up."
+
+Of course they were received with genuine warmth and cordiality and we
+sat and talked about New York, for some time, this being their first
+visit.
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, we really came to talk about the trouble at the works,"
+the minister said at last.
+
+"Oh, indeed!" I answered. "Have the men voted?"
+
+"No," he said.
+
+My rejoinder was:
+
+"You will have to excuse me from entering upon that subject; I said I
+never would discuss it until they voted by a two-thirds majority to
+start the mills. Gentlemen, you have never seen New York. Let me take
+you out and show you Fifth Avenue and the Park, and we shall come back
+here to lunch at half-past one."
+
+This we did, talking about everything except the one thing that they
+wished to talk about. We had a good time, and I know they enjoyed
+their lunch. There is one great difference between the American
+working-man and the foreigner. The American is a man; he sits down at
+lunch with people as if he were (as he generally is) a gentleman born.
+It is splendid.
+
+They returned to Pittsburgh, not another word having been said about
+the works. But the men soon voted (there were very few votes against
+starting) and I went again to Pittsburgh. I laid before the committee
+the scale under which they were to work. It was a sliding scale based
+on the price of the product. Such a scale really makes capital and
+labor partners, sharing prosperous and disastrous times together. Of
+course it has a minimum, so that the men are always sure of living
+wages. As the men had seen these scales, it was unnecessary to go over
+them. The chairman said:
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, we will agree to everything. And now," he said
+hesitatingly, "we have one favor to ask of you, and we hope you will
+not refuse it."
+
+"Well, gentlemen, if it be reasonable I shall surely grant it."
+
+"Well, it is this: That you permit the officers of the union to sign
+these papers for the men."
+
+"Why, certainly, gentlemen! With the greatest pleasure! And then I
+have a small favor to ask of you, which I hope you will not refuse, as
+I have granted yours. Just to please me, after the officers have
+signed, let every workman sign also for himself. You see, Mr.
+Bennett, this scale lasts for three years, and some man, or body of
+men, might dispute whether your president of the union had authority
+to bind them for so long, but if we have his signature also, there
+cannot be any misunderstanding."
+
+There was a pause; then one man at his side whispered to Mr. Bennett
+(but I heard him perfectly):
+
+"By golly, the jig's up!"
+
+So it was, but it was not by direct attack, but by a flank movement.
+Had I not allowed the union officers to sign, they would have had a
+grievance and an excuse for war. As it was, having allowed them to do
+so, how could they refuse so simple a request as mine, that each free
+and independent American citizen should also sign for himself. My
+recollection is that as a matter of fact the officers of the union
+never signed, but they may have done so. Why should they, if every
+man's signature was required? Besides this, the workmen, knowing that
+the union could do nothing for them when the scale was adopted,
+neglected to pay dues and the union was deserted. We never heard of it
+again. [That was in 1889, now twenty-seven years ago. The scale has
+never been changed. The men would not change it if they could; it
+works for their benefit, as I told them it would.]
+
+Of all my services rendered to labor the introduction of the sliding
+scale is chief. It is the solution of the capital and labor problem,
+because it really makes them partners--alike in prosperity and
+adversity. There was a yearly scale in operation in the Pittsburgh
+district in the early years, but it is not a good plan because men and
+employers at once begin preparing for a struggle which is almost
+certain to come. It is far better for both employers and employed to
+set no date for an agreed-upon scale to end. It should be subject to
+six months' or a year's notice on either side, and in that way might
+and probably would run on for years.
+
+To show upon what trifles a contest between capital and labor may
+turn, let me tell of two instances which were amicably settled by mere
+incidents of seemingly little consequence. Once when I went out to
+meet a men's committee, which had in our opinion made unfair demands,
+I was informed that they were influenced by a man who secretly owned a
+drinking saloon, although working in the mills. He was a great bully.
+The sober, quiet workmen were afraid of him, and the drinking men were
+his debtors. He was the real instigator of the movement.
+
+We met in the usual friendly fashion. I was glad to see the men, many
+of whom I had long known and could call by name. When we sat down at
+the table the leader's seat was at one end and mine at the other. We
+therefore faced each other. After I had laid our proposition before
+the meeting, I saw the leader pick up his hat from the floor and
+slowly put it on his head, intimating that he was about to depart.
+Here was my chance.
+
+"Sir, you are in the presence of gentlemen! Please be so good as to
+take your hat off or leave the room!"
+
+My eyes were kept full upon him. There was a silence that could be
+felt. The great bully hesitated, but I knew whatever he did, he was
+beaten. If he left it was because he had treated the meeting
+discourteously by keeping his hat on, he was no gentleman; if he
+remained and took off his hat, he had been crushed by the rebuke. I
+didn't care which course he took. He had only two and either of them
+was fatal. He had delivered himself into my hands. He very slowly took
+off the hat and put it on the floor. Not a word did he speak
+thereafter in that conference. I was told afterward that he had to
+leave the place. The men rejoiced in the episode and a settlement was
+harmoniously effected.
+
+When the three years' scale was proposed to the men, a committee of
+sixteen was chosen by them to confer with us. Little progress was made
+at first, and I announced my engagements compelled me to return the
+next day to New York. Inquiry was made as to whether we would meet a
+committee of thirty-two, as the men wished others added to the
+committee--a sure sign of division in their ranks. Of course we
+agreed. The committee came from the works to meet me at the office in
+Pittsburgh. The proceedings were opened by one of our best men, Billy
+Edwards (I remember him well; he rose to high position afterwards),
+who thought that the total offered was fair, but that the scale was
+not equable. Some departments were all right, others were not fairly
+dealt with. Most of the men were naturally of this opinion, but when
+they came to indicate the underpaid, there was a difference, as was to
+be expected. No two men in the different departments could agree.
+Billy began:
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, we agree that the total sum per ton to be paid is fair,
+but we think it is not properly distributed among us. Now, Mr.
+Carnegie, you take my job--"
+
+"Order, order!" I cried. "None of that, Billy. Mr. Carnegie 'takes no
+man's job.' Taking another's job is an unpardonable offense among
+high-classed workmen."
+
+There was loud laughter, followed by applause, and then more laughter.
+I laughed with them. We had scored on Billy. Of course the dispute was
+soon settled. It is not solely, often it is not chiefly, a matter of
+dollars with workmen. Appreciation, kind treatment, a fair
+deal--these are often the potent forces with the American workmen.
+
+Employers can do so many desirable things for their men at little
+cost. At one meeting when I asked what we could do for them, I
+remember this same Billy Edwards rose and said that most of the men
+had to run in debt to the storekeepers because they were paid monthly.
+Well I remember his words:
+
+"I have a good woman for wife who manages well. We go into Pittsburgh
+every fourth Saturday afternoon and buy our supplies wholesale for the
+next month and save one third. Not many of your men can do this.
+Shopkeepers here charge so much. And another thing, they charge very
+high for coal. If you paid your men every two weeks, instead of
+monthly, it would be as good for the careful men as a raise in wages
+of ten per cent or more."
+
+"Mr. Edwards, that shall be done," I replied.
+
+It involved increased labor and a few more clerks, but that was a
+small matter. The remark about high prices charged set me to thinking
+why the men could not open a coöperative store. This was also
+arranged--the firm agreeing to pay the rent of the building, but
+insisting that the men themselves take the stock and manage it. Out of
+that came the Braddock's Coöperative Society, a valuable institution
+for many reasons, not the least of them that it taught the men that
+business had its difficulties.
+
+The coal trouble was cured effectively by our agreeing that the
+company sell all its men coal at the net cost price to us (about half
+of what had been charged by coal dealers, so I was told) and arranging
+to deliver it at the men's houses--the buyer paying only actual cost
+of cartage.
+
+There was another matter. We found that the men's savings caused them
+anxiety, for little faith have the prudent, saving men in banks and,
+unfortunately, our Government at that time did not follow the British
+in having post-office deposit banks. We offered to take the actual
+savings of each workman, up to two thousand dollars, and pay six per
+cent interest upon them, to encourage thrift. Their money was kept
+separate from the business, in a trust fund, and lent to such as
+wished to build homes for themselves. I consider this one of the best
+things that can be done for the saving workman.
+
+It was such concessions as these that proved the most profitable
+investments ever made by the company, even from an economical
+standpoint. It pays to go beyond the letter of the bond with your men.
+Two of my partners, as Mr. Phipps has put it, "knew my extreme
+disposition to always grant the demands of labor, however
+unreasonable," but looking back upon my failing in this respect, I
+wish it had been greater--much greater. No expenditure returned such
+dividends as the friendship of our workmen.
+
+We soon had a body of workmen, I truly believe, wholly unequaled--the
+best workmen and the best men ever drawn together. Quarrels and
+strikes became things of the past. Had the Homestead men been our own
+old men, instead of men we had to pick up, it is scarcely possible
+that the trouble there in 1892 could have arisen. The scale at the
+steel-rail mills, introduced in 1889, has been running up to the
+present time (1914), and I think there never has been a labor
+grievance at the works since. The men, as I have already stated,
+dissolved their old union because there was no use paying dues to a
+union when the men themselves had a three years' contract. Although
+their labor union is dissolved another and a better one has taken its
+place--a cordial union between the employers and their men, the best
+union of all for both parties.
+
+It is for the interest of the employer that his men shall make good
+earnings and have steady work. The sliding scale enables the company
+to meet the market; and sometimes to take orders and keep the works
+running, which is the main thing for the working-men. High wages are
+well enough, but they are not to be compared with steady employment.
+The Edgar Thomson Mills are, in my opinion, the ideal works in respect
+to the relations of capital and labor. I am told the men in our day,
+and even to this day (1914) prefer two to three turns, but three turns
+are sure to come. Labor's hours are to be shortened as we progress.
+Eight hours will be the rule--eight for work, eight for sleep, and
+eight for rest and recreation.
+
+There have been many incidents in my business life proving that labor
+troubles are not solely founded upon wages. I believe the best
+preventive of quarrels to be recognition of, and sincere interest in,
+the men, satisfying them that you really care for them and that you
+rejoice in their success. This I can sincerely say--that I always
+enjoyed my conferences with our workmen, which were not always in
+regard to wages, and that the better I knew the men the more I liked
+them. They have usually two virtues to the employer's one, and they
+are certainly more generous to each other.
+
+Labor is usually helpless against capital. The employer, perhaps,
+decides to shut up the shops; he ceases to make profits for a short
+time. There is no change in his habits, food, clothing, pleasures--no
+agonizing fear of want. Contrast this with his workman whose lessening
+means of subsistence torment him. He has few comforts, scarcely the
+necessities for his wife and children in health, and for the sick
+little ones no proper treatment. It is not capital we need to guard,
+but helpless labor. If I returned to business to-morrow, fear of labor
+troubles would not enter my mind, but tenderness for poor and
+sometimes misguided though well-meaning laborers would fill my heart
+and soften it; and thereby soften theirs.
+
+Upon my return to Pittsburgh in 1892, after the Homestead trouble, I
+went to the works and met many of the old men who had not been
+concerned in the riot. They expressed the opinion that if I had been
+at home the strike would never have happened. I told them that the
+company had offered generous terms and beyond its offer I should not
+have gone; that before their cable reached me in Scotland, the
+Governor of the State had appeared on the scene with troops and wished
+the law vindicated; that the question had then passed out of my
+partners' hands. I added:
+
+"You were badly advised. My partners' offer should have been accepted.
+It was very generous. I don't know that I would have offered so much."
+
+To this one of the rollers said to me:
+
+"Oh, Mr. Carnegie, it wasn't a question of dollars. The boys would
+have let you kick 'em, but they wouldn't let that other man stroke
+their hair."
+
+So much does sentiment count for in the practical affairs of life,
+even with the laboring classes. This is not generally believed by
+those who do not know them, but I am certain that disputes about wages
+do not account for one half the disagreements between capital and
+labor. There is lack of due appreciation and of kind treatment of
+employees upon the part of the employers.
+
+Suits had been entered against many of the strikers, but upon my
+return these were promptly dismissed. All the old men who remained,
+and had not been guilty of violence, were taken back. I had cabled
+from Scotland urging that Mr. Schwab be sent back to Homestead. He had
+been only recently promoted to the Edgar Thomson Works. He went back,
+and "Charlie," as he was affectionately called, soon restored order,
+peace, and harmony. Had he remained at the Homestead Works, in all
+probability no serious trouble would have arisen. "Charlie" liked his
+workmen and they liked him; but there still remained at Homestead an
+unsatisfactory element in the men who had previously been discarded
+from our various works for good reasons and had found employment at
+the new works before we purchased them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE "GOSPEL OF WEALTH"
+
+
+After my book, "The Gospel of Wealth,"[44] was published, it was
+inevitable that I should live up to its teachings by ceasing to
+struggle for more wealth. I resolved to stop accumulating and begin
+the infinitely more serious and difficult task of wise distribution.
+Our profits had reached forty millions of dollars per year and the
+prospect of increased earnings before us was amazing. Our successors,
+the United States Steel Corporation, soon after the purchase, netted
+sixty millions in one year. Had our company continued in business and
+adhered to our plans of extension, we figured that seventy millions in
+that year might have been earned.
+
+[Footnote 44: _The Gospel of Wealth_ (Century Company, New York, 1900)
+contains various magazine articles written between 1886 and 1899 and
+published in the _Youth's Companion_, the _Century Magazine_, the
+_North American Review_, the _Forum_, the _Contemporary Review_, the
+_Fortnightly Review_, the _Nineteenth Century_, and the _Scottish
+Leader_. Gladstone asked that the article in the _North American
+Review_ be printed in England. It was published in the _Pall Mall
+Budget_ and christened the "Gospel of Wealth." Gladstone, Cardinal
+Manning, Rev. Hugh Price, and Rev. Dr. Hermann Adler answered it, and
+Mr. Carnegie replied to them.]
+
+Steel had ascended the throne and was driving away all inferior
+material. It was clearly seen that there was a great future ahead; but
+so far as I was concerned I knew the task of distribution before me
+would tax me in my old age to the utmost. As usual, Shakespeare had
+placed his talismanic touch upon the thought and framed the sentence--
+
+    "So distribution should undo excess,
+    And each man have enough."
+
+At this juncture--that is March, 1901--Mr. Schwab told me Mr. Morgan
+had said to him he should really like to know if I wished to retire
+from business; if so he thought he could arrange it. He also said he
+had consulted our partners and that they were disposed to sell, being
+attracted by the terms Mr. Morgan had offered. I told Mr. Schwab that
+if my partners were desirous to sell I would concur, and we finally
+sold.
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES M. SCHWAB]
+
+There had been so much deception by speculators buying old iron and
+steel mills and foisting them upon innocent purchasers at inflated
+values--hundred-dollar shares in some cases selling for a trifle--that
+I declined to take anything for the common stock. Had I done so, it
+would have given me just about one hundred millions more of five per
+cent bonds, which Mr. Morgan said afterwards I could have obtained.
+Such was the prosperity and such the money value of our steel
+business. Events proved I should have been quite justified in asking
+the additional sum named, for the common stock has paid five per cent
+continuously since.[45] But I had enough, as has been proved, to keep
+me busier than ever before, trying to distribute it.
+
+[Footnote 45: The Carnegie Steel Company was bought by Mr. Morgan at
+Mr. Carnegie's own price. There was some talk at the time of his
+holding out for a higher price than he received, but testifying before
+a committee of the House of Representatives in January, 1912, Mr.
+Carnegie said: "I considered what was fair: and that is the option
+Morgan got. Schwab went down and arranged it. I never saw Morgan on
+the subject or any man connected with him. Never a word passed between
+him and me. I gave my memorandum and Morgan saw it was eminently fair.
+I have been told many times since by insiders that I should have asked
+$100,000,000 more and could have got it easily. Once for all, I want
+to put a stop to all this talk about Mr. Carnegie 'forcing high prices
+for anything.'"]
+
+My first distribution was to the men in the mills. The following
+letters and papers will explain the gift:
+
+     _New York, N.Y., March 12, 1901_
+
+     I make this first use of surplus wealth, four millions of
+     first mortgage 5% Bonds, upon retiring from business, as an
+     acknowledgment of the deep debt which I owe to the
+     workmen who have contributed so greatly to my success. It is
+     designed to relieve those who may suffer from accidents, and
+     provide small pensions for those needing help in old age.
+
+     In addition I give one million dollars of such bonds, the
+     proceeds thereof to be used to maintain the libraries and
+     halls I have built for our workmen.
+
+In return, the Homestead workmen presented the following address:
+
+     _Munhall, Pa., Feb'y 23, 1903_
+
+     MR. ANDREW CARNEGIE
+     New York, N.Y.
+
+     DEAR SIR:
+
+     We, the employees of the Homestead Steel Works, desire by
+     this means to express to you through our Committee our great
+     appreciation of your benevolence in establishing the "Andrew
+     Carnegie Relief Fund," the first annual report of its
+     operation having been placed before us during the past
+     month.
+
+     The interest which you have always shown in your workmen has
+     won for you an appreciation which cannot be expressed by
+     mere words. Of the many channels through which you have
+     sought to do good, we believe that the "Andrew Carnegie
+     Relief Fund" stands first. We have personal knowledge of
+     cares lightened and of hope and strength renewed in homes
+     where human prospects seemed dark and discouraging.
+
+     Respectfully yours
+
+               { HARRY F. ROSE, _Roller_
+               { JOHN BELL, JR., _Blacksmith_
+     Committee { J.A. HORTON, _Timekeeper_
+               { WALTER A. GREIG, _Electric Foreman_
+               { HARRY CUSACK, _Yardmaster_
+
+The Lucy Furnace men presented me with a beautiful silver plate and
+inscribed upon it the following address:
+
+     ANDREW CARNEGIE RELIEF FUND
+
+     LUCY FURNACES
+
+     _Whereas_, Mr. Andrew Carnegie, in his munificent
+     philanthropy, has endowed the "Andrew Carnegie Relief Fund"
+     for the benefit of employees of the Carnegie Company,
+     Therefore be it
+
+     _Resolved_, that the employees of the Lucy Furnaces, in
+     special meeting assembled, do convey to Mr. Andrew Carnegie
+     their sincere thanks for and appreciation of his unexcelled
+     and bounteous endowment, and furthermore be it
+
+     _Resolved_, that it is their earnest wish and prayer that
+     his life may be long spared to enjoy the fruits of his
+     works.
+
+               { JAMES SCOTT, _Chairman_
+               { LOUIS A. HUTCHISON, _Secretary_
+               { JAMES DALY
+     Committee { R.C. TAYLOR
+               { JOHN V. WARD
+               { FREDERICK VOELKER
+               { JOHN M. VEIGH
+
+I sailed soon for Europe, and as usual some of my partners did not
+fail to accompany me to the steamer and bade me good-bye. But, oh! the
+difference to me! Say what we would, do what we would, the solemn
+change had come. This I could not fail to realize. The wrench was
+indeed severe and there was pain in the good-bye which was also a
+farewell.
+
+Upon my return to New York some months later, I felt myself entirely
+out of place, but was much cheered by seeing several of "the boys" on
+the pier to welcome me--the same dear friends, but so different. I had
+lost my partners, but not my friends. This was something; it was much.
+Still a vacancy was left. I had now to take up my self-appointed task
+of wisely disposing of surplus wealth. That would keep me deeply
+interested.
+
+One day my eyes happened to see a line in that most valuable paper,
+the "Scottish American," in which I had found many gems. This was the
+line:
+
+"The gods send thread for a web begun."
+
+It seemed almost as if it had been sent directly to me. This sank into
+my heart, and I resolved to begin at once my first web. True enough,
+the gods sent thread in the proper form. Dr. J.S. Billings, of the New
+York Public Libraries, came as their agent, and of dollars, five and a
+quarter millions went at one stroke for sixty-eight branch libraries,
+promised for New York City. Twenty more libraries for Brooklyn
+followed.
+
+My father, as I have stated, had been one of the five pioneers in
+Dunfermline who combined and gave access to their few books to their
+less fortunate neighbors. I had followed in his footsteps by giving my
+native town a library--its foundation stone laid by my mother--so that
+this public library was really my first gift. It was followed by
+giving a public library and hall to Allegheny City--our first home in
+America. President Harrison kindly accompanied me from Washington and
+opened these buildings. Soon after this, Pittsburgh asked for a
+library, which was given. This developed, in due course, into a group
+of buildings embracing a museum, a picture gallery, technical schools,
+and the Margaret Morrison School for Young Women. This group of
+buildings I opened to the public November 5, 1895. In Pittsburgh I had
+made my fortune and in the twenty-four millions already spent on this
+group,[46] she gets back only a small part of what she gave, and to
+which she is richly entitled.
+
+[Footnote 46: The total gifts to the Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh
+amounted to about twenty-eight million dollars.]
+
+The second large gift was to found the Carnegie Institution of
+Washington. The 28th of January, 1902, I gave ten million dollars in
+five per cent bonds, to which there has been added sufficient to make
+the total cash value twenty-five millions of dollars, the additions
+being made upon record of results obtained. I naturally wished to
+consult President Roosevelt upon the matter, and if possible to induce
+the Secretary of State, Mr. John Hay, to serve as chairman, which he
+readily agreed to do. With him were associated as directors my old
+friend Abram S. Hewitt, Dr. Billings, William E. Dodge, Elihu Root,
+Colonel Higginson, D.O. Mills, Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, and others.
+
+When I showed President Roosevelt the list of the distinguished men
+who had agreed to serve, he remarked: "You could not duplicate it." He
+strongly favored the foundation, which was incorporated by an act of
+Congress April 28, 1904, as follows:
+
+     To encourage in the broadest and most liberal manner
+     investigations, research and discovery, and the application
+     of knowledge to the improvement of mankind; and, in
+     particular, to conduct, endow and assist investigation in
+     any department of science, literature or art, and to this
+     end to coöperate with governments, universities, colleges,
+     technical schools, learned societies, and individuals.
+
+[Illustration: THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE AT PITTSBURGH]
+
+I was indebted to Dr. Billings as my guide, in selecting Dr. Daniel C.
+Gilman as the first President. He passed away some years later. Dr.
+Billings then recommended the present highly successful president, Dr.
+Robert S. Woodward. Long may he continue to guide the affairs of the
+Institution! The history of its achievements is so well known through
+its publications that details here are unnecessary. I may, however,
+refer to two of its undertakings that are somewhat unique. It is doing
+a world-wide service with the wood-and-bronze yacht, "Carnegie," which
+is voyaging around the world correcting the errors of the earlier
+surveys. Many of these ocean surveys have been found misleading, owing
+to variations of the compass. Bronze being non-magnetic, while iron
+and steel are highly so, previous observations have proved liable to
+error. A notable instance is that of the stranding of a Cunard
+steamship near the Azores. Captain Peters, of the "Carnegie," thought
+it advisable to test this case and found that the captain of the
+ill-fated steamer was sailing on the course laid down upon the
+admiralty map, and was not to blame. The original observation was
+wrong. The error caused by variation was promptly corrected.
+
+This is only one of numerous corrections reported to the nations who
+go down to the sea in ships. Their thanks are our ample reward. In the
+deed of gift I expressed the hope that our young Republic might some
+day be able to repay, at least in some degree, the great debt it owes
+to the older lands. Nothing gives me deeper satisfaction than the
+knowledge that it has to some extent already begun to do so.
+
+With the unique service rendered by the wandering "Carnegie," we may
+rank that of the fixed observatory upon Mount Wilson, California, at
+an altitude of 5886 feet. Professor Hale is in charge of it. He
+attended the gathering of leading astronomers in Rome one year, and
+such were his revelations there that these savants resolved their next
+meeting should be on top of Mount Wilson. And so it was.
+
+There is but one Mount Wilson. From a depth seventy-two feet down in
+the earth photographs have been taken of new stars. On the first of
+these plates many new worlds--I believe sixteen--were discovered. On
+the second I think it was sixty new worlds which had come into our
+ken, and on the third plate there were estimated to be more than a
+hundred--several of them said to be twenty times the size of our sun.
+Some of them were so distant as to require eight years for their light
+to reach us, which inclines us to bow our heads whispering to
+ourselves, "All we know is as nothing to the unknown." When the
+monster new glass, three times larger than any existing, is in
+operation, what revelations are to come! I am assured if a race
+inhabits the moon they will be clearly seen.
+
+The third delightful task was founding the Hero Fund, in which my
+whole heart was concerned. I had heard of a serious accident in a coal
+pit near Pittsburgh, and how the former superintendent, Mr. Taylor,
+although then engaged in other pursuits, had instantly driven to the
+scene, hoping to be of use in the crisis. Rallying volunteers, who
+responded eagerly, he led them down the pit to rescue those below.
+Alas, alas, he the heroic leader lost his own life.
+
+I could not get the thought of this out of my mind. My dear, dear
+friend, Mr. Richard Watson Gilder, had sent me the following true and
+beautiful poem, and I re-read it the morning after the accident, and
+resolved then to establish the Hero Fund.
+
+    IN THE TIME OF PEACE
+
+    'Twas said: "When roll of drum and battle's roar
+    Shall cease upon the earth, O, then no more
+
+    The deed--the race--of heroes in the land."
+    But scarce that word was breathed when one small hand
+
+    Lifted victorious o'er a giant wrong
+    That had its victims crushed through ages long;
+
+    Some woman set her pale and quivering face
+    Firm as a rock against a man's disgrace;
+
+    A little child suffered in silence lest
+    His savage pain should wound a mother's breast;
+
+    Some quiet scholar flung his gauntlet down
+    And risked, in Truth's great name, the synod's frown;
+
+    A civic hero, in the calm realm of laws,
+    Did that which suddenly drew a world's applause;
+
+    And one to the pest his lithe young body gave
+    That he a thousand thousand lives might save.
+
+Hence arose the five-million-dollar fund to reward heroes, or to
+support the families of heroes, who perish in the effort to serve or
+save their fellows, and to supplement what employers or others do in
+contributing to the support of the families of those left destitute
+through accidents. This fund, established April 15, 1904, has proved
+from every point of view a decided success. I cherish a fatherly
+regard for it since no one suggested it to me. As far as I know, it
+never had been thought of; hence it is emphatically "my ain bairn."
+Later I extended it to my native land, Great Britain, with
+headquarters at Dunfermline--the Trustees of the Carnegie Dunfermline
+Trust undertaking its administration, and splendidly have they
+succeeded. In due time it was extended to France, Germany, Italy,
+Belgium, Holland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Denmark.
+
+Regarding its workings in Germany, I received a letter from David
+Jayne Hill, our American Ambassador at Berlin, from which I quote:
+
+     My main object in writing now is to tell you how pleased His
+     Majesty is with the working of the German Hero Fund. He is
+     enthusiastic about it and spoke in most complimentary terms
+     of your discernment, as well as your generosity in founding
+     it. He did not believe it would fill so important a place
+     as it is doing. He told me of several cases that are really
+     touching, and which would otherwise have been wholly
+     unprovided for. One was that of a young man who saved a boy
+     from drowning and just as they were about to lift him out of
+     the water, after passing up the child into a boat, his heart
+     failed, and he sank. He left a lovely young wife and a
+     little boy. She has already been helped by the Hero Fund to
+     establish a little business from which she can make a
+     living, and the education of the boy, who is very bright,
+     will be looked after. This is but one example.
+
+     Valentini (Chief of the Civil Cabinet), who was somewhat
+     skeptical at first regarding the need of such a fund, is now
+     glowing with enthusiasm about it, and he tells me the whole
+     Commission, which is composed of carefully chosen men, is
+     earnestly devoted to the work of making the very best and
+     wisest use of their means and has devoted much time to their
+     decisions.
+
+     They have corresponded with the English and French
+     Commission, arranged to exchange reports, and made plans to
+     keep in touch with one another in their work. They were
+     deeply interested in the American report and have learned
+     much from it.
+
+King Edward of Britain was deeply impressed by the provisions of the
+fund, and wrote me an autograph letter of appreciation of this and
+other gifts to my native land, which I deeply value, and hence insert.
+
+     _Windsor Castle, November 21, 1908_
+
+     DEAR MR. CARNEGIE:
+
+     I have for some time past been anxious to express to you my
+     sense of your generosity for the great public objects which
+     you have presented to this country, the land of your birth.
+
+     Scarcely less admirable than the gifts themselves is the
+     great care and thought you have taken in guarding against
+     their misuse.
+
+     I am anxious to tell you how warmly I recognize your most
+     generous benefactions and the great services they are likely
+     to confer upon the country.
+
+     As a mark of recognition, I hope you will accept the
+     portrait of myself which I am sending to you.
+
+     Believe me, dear Mr. Carnegie,
+
+     Sincerely yours
+
+     EDWARD R. & I.
+
+Some of the newspapers in America were doubtful of the merits of the
+Hero Fund and the first annual report was criticized, but all this has
+passed away and the action of the fund is now warmly extolled. It has
+conquered, and long will it be before the trust is allowed to perish!
+The heroes of the barbarian past wounded or killed their fellows; the
+heroes of our civilized day serve or save theirs. Such the difference
+between physical and moral courage, between barbarism and
+civilization. Those who belong to the first class are soon to pass
+away, for we are finally to regard men who slay each other as we now
+do cannibals who eat each other; but those in the latter class will
+not die as long as man exists upon the earth, for such heroism as they
+display is god-like.
+
+The Hero Fund will prove chiefly a pension fund. Already it has many
+pensioners, heroes or the widows or children of heroes. A strange
+misconception arose at first about it. Many thought that its purpose
+was to stimulate heroic action, that heroes were to be induced to play
+their parts for the sake of reward. This never entered my mind. It is
+absurd. True heroes think not of reward. They are inspired and think
+only of their fellows endangered; never of themselves. The fund is
+intended to pension or provide in the most suitable manner for the
+hero should he be disabled, or for those dependent upon him should he
+perish in his attempt to save others. It has made a fine start and
+will grow in popularity year after year as its aims and services are
+better understood. To-day we have in America 1430 hero pensioners or
+their families on our list.
+
+I found the president for the Hero Fund in a Carnegie veteran, one of
+the original boys, Charlie Taylor. No salary for Charlie--not a cent
+would he ever take. He loves the work so much that I believe he would
+pay highly for permission to live with it. He is the right man in the
+right place. He has charge also, with Mr. Wilmot's able assistance, of
+the pensions for Carnegie workmen (Carnegie Relief Fund[47]); also the
+pensions for railway employees of my old division. Three relief funds
+and all of them benefiting others.
+
+[Footnote 47: This fund is now managed separately.]
+
+I got my revenge one day upon Charlie, who was always urging me to do
+for others. He is a graduate of Lehigh University and one of her most
+loyal sons. Lehigh wished a building and Charlie was her chief
+advocate. I said nothing, but wrote President Drinker offering the
+funds for the building conditioned upon my naming it. He agreed, and I
+called it "Taylor Hall." When Charlie discovered this, he came and
+protested that it would make him ridiculous, that he had only been a
+modest graduate, and was not entitled to have his name publicly
+honored, and so on. I enjoyed his plight immensely, waiting until he
+had finished, and then said that it would probably make him somewhat
+ridiculous if I insisted upon "Taylor Hall," but he ought to be
+willing to sacrifice himself somewhat for Lehigh. If he wasn't
+consumed with vanity he would not care much how his name was used if
+it helped his Alma Mater. Taylor was not much of a name anyhow. It was
+his insufferable vanity that made such a fuss. He should conquer it.
+He could make his decision. He could sacrifice the name of Taylor or
+sacrifice Lehigh, just as he liked, but: "No Taylor, no Hall." I had
+him! Visitors who may look upon that structure in after days and
+wonder who Taylor was may rest assured that he was a loyal son of
+Lehigh, a working, not merely a preaching, apostle of the gospel of
+service to his fellow-men, and one of the best men that ever lived.
+Such is our Lord High Commissioner of Pensions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+EDUCATIONAL AND PENSION FUNDS
+
+
+The fifteen-million-dollar pension fund for aged university professors
+(The Carnegie Endowment for the Advancement of Learning), the fourth
+important gift, given in June, 1905, required the selection of
+twenty-five trustees from among the presidents of educational
+institutions in the United States. When twenty-four of
+these--President Harper, of Chicago University, being absent through
+illness--honored me by meeting at our house for organization, I
+obtained an important accession of those who were to become more
+intimate friends. Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip proved of great service at
+the start--his Washington experience being most valuable--and in our
+president, Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, we found the indispensable man.
+
+This fund is very near and dear to me--knowing, as I do, many who are
+soon to become beneficiaries, and convinced as I am of their worth and
+the value of the service already rendered by them. Of all professions,
+that of teaching is probably the most unfairly, yes, most meanly paid,
+though it should rank with the highest. Educated men, devoting their
+lives to teaching the young, receive mere pittances. When I first took
+my seat as a trustee of Cornell University, I was shocked to find how
+small were the salaries of the professors, as a rule ranking below the
+salaries of some of our clerks. To save for old age with these men is
+impossible. Hence the universities without pension funds are compelled
+to retain men who are no longer able, should no longer be required, to
+perform their duties. Of the usefulness of the fund no doubt can be
+entertained.[48] The first list of beneficiaries published was
+conclusive upon this point, containing as it did several names of
+world-wide reputation, so great had been their contributions to the
+stock of human knowledge. Many of these beneficiaries and their widows
+have written me most affecting letters. These I can never destroy, for
+if I ever have a fit of melancholy, I know the cure lies in re-reading
+these letters.
+
+[Footnote 48: The total amount of this fund in 1919 was $29,250,000.]
+
+My friend, Mr. Thomas Shaw (now Lord Shaw), of Dunfermline had written
+an article for one of the English reviews showing that many poor
+people in Scotland were unable to pay the fees required to give their
+children a university education, although some had deprived themselves
+of comforts in order to do so. After reading Mr. Shaw's article the
+idea came to me to give ten millions in five per cent bonds, one half
+of the £104,000 yearly revenue from it to be used to pay the fees of
+the deserving poor students and the other half to improve the
+universities.
+
+The first meeting of the trustees of this fund (The Carnegie Trust for
+the Universities of Scotland) was held in the Edinburgh office of the
+Secretary of State for Scotland in 1902, Lord Balfour of Burleigh
+presiding. It was a notable body of men--Prime Minister Balfour, Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman (afterwards Prime Minister), John Morley (now
+Viscount Morley), James Bryce (now Viscount Bryce), the Earl of Elgin,
+Lord Rosebery, Lord Reay, Mr. Shaw (now Lord Shaw), Dr. John Ross of
+Dunfermline, "the man-of-all-work" that makes for the happiness or
+instruction of his fellow-man, and others. I explained that I had
+asked them to act because I could not entrust funds to the faculties
+of the Scottish universities after reading the report of a recent
+commission. Mr. Balfour promptly exclaimed: "Not a penny, not a
+penny!" The Earl of Elgin, who had been a member of the commission,
+fully concurred.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE AND VISCOUNT BRYCE]
+
+The details of the proposed fund being read, the Earl of Elgin was not
+sure about accepting a trust which was not strict and specific. He
+wished to know just what his duties were. I had given a majority of
+the trustees the right to change the objects of beneficence and modes
+of applying funds, should they in after days decide that the purposes
+and modes prescribed for education in Scotland had become unsuitable
+or unnecessary for the advanced times. Balfour of Burleigh agreed with
+the Earl and so did Prime Minister Balfour, who said he had never
+heard of a testator before who was willing to give such powers. He
+questioned the propriety of doing so.
+
+"Well," I said, "Mr. Balfour, I have never known of a body of men
+capable of legislating for the generation ahead, and in some cases
+those who attempt to legislate even for their own generation are not
+thought to be eminently successful."
+
+There was a ripple of laughter in which the Prime Minister himself
+heartily joined, and he then said:
+
+"You are right, quite right; but you are, I think, the first great
+giver who has been wise enough to take this view."
+
+I had proposed that a majority should have the power, but Lord Balfour
+suggested not less than two thirds. This was accepted by the Earl of
+Elgin and approved by all. I am very sure it is a wise provision, as
+after days will prove. It is incorporated in all my large gifts, and I
+rest assured that this feature will in future times prove valuable.
+The Earl of Elgin, of Dunfermline, did not hesitate to become
+Chairman of this trust. When I told Premier Balfour that I hoped Elgin
+could be induced to assume this duty, he said promptly, "You could not
+get a better man in Great Britain."
+
+We are all entirely satisfied now upon that point. The query is: where
+could we get his equal?
+
+It is an odd coincidence that there are only four living men who have
+been made Burgesses and received the Freedom of Dunfermline, and all
+are connected with the trust for the Universities of Scotland, Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the Earl of Elgin, Dr. John Ross, and
+myself. But there is a lady in the circle to-day, the only one ever so
+greatly honored with the Freedom of Dunfermline, Mrs. Carnegie, whose
+devotion to the town, like my own, is intense.
+
+My election to the Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews in 1902 proved a
+very important event in my life. It admitted me to the university
+world, to which I had been a stranger. Few incidents in my life have
+so deeply impressed me as the first meeting of the faculty, when I
+took my seat in the old chair occupied successively by so many
+distinguished Lord Rectors during the nearly five hundred years which
+have elapsed since St. Andrews was founded. I read the collection of
+rectorial speeches as a preparation for the one I was soon to make.
+The most remarkable paragraph I met with in any of them was Dean
+Stanley's advice to the students to "go to Burns for your theology."
+That a high dignitary of the Church and a favorite of Queen Victoria
+should venture to say this to the students of John Knox's University
+is most suggestive as showing how even theology improves with the
+years. The best rules of conduct are in Burns. First there is: "Thine
+own reproach alone do fear." I took it as a motto early in life. And
+secondly:
+
+    "The fear o' hell's a hangman's whip
+    To haud the wretch in order;
+    But where ye feel your honor grip,
+    Let that aye be your border."
+
+John Stuart Mill's rectorial address to the St. Andrews students is
+remarkable. He evidently wished to give them of his best. The
+prominence he assigns to music as an aid to high living and pure
+refined enjoyment is notable. Such is my own experience.
+
+An invitation given to the principals of the four Scotch universities
+and their wives or daughters to spend a week at Skibo resulted in much
+joy to Mrs. Carnegie and myself. The first meeting was attended by the
+Earl of Elgin, chairman of the Trust for the Universities of Scotland,
+and Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Secretary for Scotland, and Lady
+Balfour. After that "Principals' Week" each year became an established
+custom. They as well as we became friends, and thereby, they all
+agree, great good results to the universities. A spirit of coöperation
+is stimulated. Taking my hand upon leaving after the first yearly
+visit, Principal Lang said:
+
+"It has taken the principals of the Scotch universities five hundred
+years to learn how to begin our sessions. Spending a week together is
+the solution."
+
+One of the memorable results of the gathering at Skibo in 1906 was
+that Miss Agnes Irwin, Dean of Radcliffe College, and
+great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin, spent the principals' week
+with us and all were charmed with her. Franklin received his first
+doctor's degree from St. Andrews University, nearly one hundred and
+fifty years ago. The second centenary of his birth was finely
+celebrated in Philadelphia, and St. Andrews, with numerous other
+universities throughout the world, sent addresses. St. Andrews also
+sent a degree to the great-granddaughter. As Lord Rector, I was
+deputed to confer it and place the mantle upon her. This was done the
+first evening before a large audience, when more than two hundred
+addresses were presented.
+
+The audience was deeply impressed, as well it might be. St. Andrews
+University, the first to confer the degree upon the great-grandfather,
+conferred the same degree upon the great-grandchild one hundred and
+forty-seven years later (and this upon her own merits as Dean of
+Radcliffe College); sent it across the Atlantic to be bestowed by the
+hands of its Lord Rector, the first who was not a British subject, but
+who was born one as Franklin was, and who became an American citizen
+as Franklin did; the ceremony performed in Philadelphia where Franklin
+rests, in the presence of a brilliant assembly met to honor his
+memory. It was all very beautiful, and I esteemed myself favored,
+indeed, to be the medium of such a graceful and appropriate ceremony.
+Principal Donaldson of St. Andrews was surely inspired when he thought
+of it!
+
+My unanimous reëlection by the students of St. Andrews, without a
+contest for a second term, was deeply appreciated. And I liked the
+Rector's nights, when the students claim him for themselves, no member
+of the faculty being invited. We always had a good time. After the
+first one, Principal Donaldson gave me the verdict of the Secretary as
+rendered to him: "Rector So-and-So talked _to_ us, Rector Thus-and-So
+talked _at_ us, both from the platform; Mr. Carnegie sat down in our
+circle and talked _with_ us."
+
+The question of aid to our own higher educational institutions often
+intruded itself upon me, but my belief was that our chief
+universities, such as Harvard and Columbia, with five to ten thousand
+students,[49] were large enough; that further growth was undesirable;
+that the smaller institutions (the colleges especially) were in
+greater need of help and that it would be a better use of surplus
+wealth to aid them. Accordingly, I afterwards confined myself to these
+and am satisfied that this was wise. At a later date we found Mr.
+Rockefeller's splendid educational fund, The General Education Board,
+and ourselves were working in this fruitful field without
+consultation, with sometimes undesirable results. Mr. Rockefeller
+wished me to join his board and this I did. Coöperation was soon found
+to be much to our mutual advantage, and we now work in unison.
+
+[Footnote 49: Columbia University in 1920 numbered all told some
+25,000 students in the various departments.]
+
+In giving to colleges quite a number of my friends have been honored
+as was my partner Charlie Taylor. Conway Hall at Dickinson College,
+was named for Moncure D. Conway, whose Autobiography, recently
+published, is pronounced "literature" by the "Athenæum." It says:
+"These two volumes lie on the table glistening like gems 'midst the
+piles of autobiographical rubbish by which they are surrounded." That
+is rather suggestive for one who is adding to the pile.
+
+The last chapter in Mr. Conway's Autobiography ends with the following
+paragraph:
+
+     Implore Peace, O my reader, from whom I now part. Implore
+     peace not of deified thunder clouds but of every man, woman,
+     child thou shalt meet. Do not merely offer the prayer, "Give
+     peace in our time," but do thy part to answer it! Then, at
+     least, though the world be at strife, there shall be peace
+     in thee.
+
+My friend has put his finger upon our deepest disgrace. It surely must
+soon be abolished between civilized nations.
+
+The Stanton Chair of Economics at Kenyon College, Ohio, was founded in
+memory of Edwin M. Stanton, who kindly greeted me as a boy in
+Pittsburgh when I delivered telegrams to him, and was ever cordial to
+me in Washington, when I was an assistant to Secretary Scott. The
+Hanna Chair in Western Reserve University, Cleveland; the John Hay
+Library at Brown University; the second Elihu Root Fund for Hamilton,
+the Mrs. Cleveland Library for Wellesley, gave me pleasure to christen
+after these friends. I hope more are to follow, commemorating those I
+have known, liked, and honored. I also wished a General Dodge Library
+and a Gayley Library to be erected from my gifts, but these friends
+had already obtained such honor from their respective Alma Maters.
+
+My first gift to Hamilton College was to be named the Elihu Root
+Foundation, but that ablest of all our Secretaries of State, and in
+the opinion of President Roosevelt, "the wisest man he ever knew,"
+took care, it seems, not to mention the fact to the college
+authorities. When I reproached him with this dereliction, he
+laughingly replied:
+
+"Well, I promise not to cheat you the next gift you give us."
+
+And by a second gift this lapse was repaired after all, but I took
+care not to entrust the matter directly to him. The Root Fund of
+Hamilton[50] is now established beyond his power to destroy. Root is a
+great man, and, as the greatest only are he is, in his simplicity,
+sublime. President Roosevelt declared he would crawl on his hands and
+knees from the White House to the Capitol if this would insure Root's
+nomination to the presidency with a prospect of success. He was
+considered vulnerable because he had been counsel for corporations
+and was too little of the spouter and the demagogue, too much of the
+modest, retiring statesman to split the ears of the groundlings.[51]
+The party foolishly decided not to risk Root.
+
+[Footnote 50: It amounts to $250,000.]
+
+[Footnote 51: At the Meeting in Memory of the Life and Work of Andrew
+Carnegie held on April 25, 1920, in the Engineering Societies Building
+in New York, Mr. Root made an address in the course of which, speaking
+of Mr. Carnegie, he said:
+
+"He belonged to that great race of nation-builders who have made the
+development of America the wonder of the world.... He was the
+kindliest man I ever knew. Wealth had brought to him no hardening of
+the heart, nor made him forget the dreams of his youth. Kindly,
+affectionate, charitable in his judgments, unrestrained in his
+sympathies, noble in his impulses, I wish that all the people who
+think of him as a rich man giving away money he did not need could
+know of the hundreds of kindly things he did unknown to the world."]
+
+My connection with Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, which promote the
+elevation of the colored race we formerly kept in slavery, has been a
+source of satisfaction and pleasure, and to know Booker Washington is
+a rare privilege. We should all take our hats off to the man who not
+only raised himself from slavery, but helped raise millions of his
+race to a higher stage of civilization. Mr. Washington called upon me
+a few days after my gift of six hundred thousand dollars was made to
+Tuskegee and asked if he might be allowed to make one suggestion. I
+said: "Certainly."
+
+"You have kindly specified that a sum from that fund be set aside for
+the future support of myself and wife during our lives, and we are
+very grateful, but, Mr. Carnegie, the sum is far beyond our needs and
+will seem to my race a fortune. Some might feel that I was no longer a
+poor man giving my services without thought of saving money. Would you
+have any objection to changing that clause, striking out the sum, and
+substituting 'only suitable provision'? I'll trust the trustees. Mrs.
+Washington and myself need very little."
+
+I did so, and the deed now stands, but when Mr. Baldwin asked for the
+original letter to exchange it for the substitute, he told me that the
+noble soul objected. That document addressed to him was to be
+preserved forever, and handed down; but he would put it aside and let
+the substitute go on file.
+
+This is an indication of the character of the leader of his race. No
+truer, more self-sacrificing hero ever lived: a man compounded of all
+the virtues. It makes one better just to know such pure and noble
+souls--human nature in its highest types is already divine here on
+earth. If it be asked which man of our age, or even of the past ages,
+has risen from the lowest to the highest, the answer must be Booker
+Washington. He rose from slavery to the leadership of his people--a
+modern Moses and Joshua combined, leading his people both onward and
+upward.
+
+In connection with these institutions I came in contact with their
+officers and trustees--men like Principal Hollis B. Frissell of
+Hampton, Robert C. Ogden, George Foster Peabody, V. Everit Macy,
+George McAneny and William H. Baldwin--recently lost to us, alas!--men
+who labor for others. It was a blessing to know them intimately. The
+Cooper Union, the Mechanics and Tradesmen's Society, indeed every
+institution[52] in which I became interested, revealed many men and
+women devoting their time and thought, not to "miserable aims that end
+with self," but to high ideals which mean the relief and uplift of
+their less fortunate brethren.
+
+[Footnote 52: The universities, colleges, and educational institutions
+to which Mr. Carnegie gave either endowment funds or buildings number
+five hundred. All told his gifts to them amounted to $27,000,000.]
+
+My giving of organs to churches came very early in my career, I having
+presented to less than a hundred members of the Swedenborgian Church
+in Allegheny which my father favored, an organ, after declining to
+contribute to the building of a new church for so few. Applications
+from other churches soon began to pour in, from the grand Catholic
+Cathedral of Pittsburgh down to the small church in the country
+village, and I was kept busy. Every church seemed to need a better
+organ than it had, and as the full price for the new instrument was
+paid, what the old one brought was clear profit. Some ordered organs
+for very small churches which would almost split the rafters, as was
+the case with the first organ given the Swedenborgians; others had
+bought organs before applying but our check to cover the amount was
+welcome. Finally, however, a rigid system of giving was developed. A
+printed schedule requiring answers to many questions has now to be
+filled and returned before action is taken. The department is now
+perfectly systematized and works admirably because we graduate the
+gift according to the size of the church.
+
+Charges were made in the rigid Scottish Highlands that I was
+demoralizing Christian worship by giving organs to churches. The very
+strict Presbyterians there still denounce as wicked an attempt "to
+worship God with a kist fu' o' whistles," instead of using the human
+God-given voice. After that I decided that I should require a partner
+in my sin, and therefore asked each congregation to pay one half of
+the desired new organ. Upon this basis the organ department still
+operates and continues to do a thriving business, the demand for
+improved organs still being great. Besides, many new churches are
+required for increasing populations and for these organs are
+essential.
+
+I see no end to it. In requiring the congregation to pay one half the
+cost of better instruments, there is assurance of needed and
+reasonable expenditure. Believing from my own experience that it is
+salutary for the congregation to hear sacred music at intervals in the
+service and then slowly to disperse to the strains of the
+reverence-compelling organ after such sermons as often show us little
+of a Heavenly Father, I feel the money spent for organs is well spent.
+So we continue the organ department.[53]
+
+[Footnote 53: The "organ department" up to 1919 had given 7689 organs
+to as many different churches at a cost of over six million dollars.]
+
+Of all my work of a philanthropic character, my private pension fund
+gives me the highest and noblest return. No satisfaction equals that
+of feeling you have been permitted to place in comfortable
+circumstances, in their old age, people whom you have long known to be
+kind and good and in every way deserving, but who from no fault of
+their own, have not sufficient means to live respectably, free from
+solicitude as to their mere maintenance. Modest sums insure this
+freedom. It surprised me to find how numerous were those who needed
+some aid to make the difference between an old age of happiness and
+one of misery. Some such cases had arisen before my retirement from
+business, and I had sweet satisfaction from this source. Not one
+person have I ever placed upon the pension list[54] that did not fully
+deserve assistance. It is a real roll of honor and mutual affection.
+All are worthy. There is no publicity about it. No one knows who is
+embraced. Not a word is ever breathed to others.
+
+[Footnote 54: This amounted to over $250,000 a year.]
+
+This is my favorite and best answer to the question which will never
+down in my thoughts: "What good am I doing in the world to deserve
+all my mercies?" Well, the dear friends of the pension list give me a
+satisfactory reply, and this always comes to me in need. I have had
+far beyond my just share of life's blessings; therefore I never ask
+the Unknown for anything. We are in the presence of universal law and
+should bow our heads in silence and obey the Judge within, asking
+nothing, fearing nothing, just doing our duty right along, seeking no
+reward here or hereafter.
+
+It is, indeed, more blessed to give than to receive. These dear good
+friends would do for me and mine as I do for them were positions
+reversed. I am sure of this. Many precious acknowledgments have I
+received. Some venture to tell me they remember me every night in
+their prayers and ask for me every blessing. Often I cannot refrain
+from giving expression to my real feelings in return.
+
+"Pray, don't," I say. "Don't ask anything more for me. I've got far
+beyond my just share already. Any fair committee sitting upon my case
+would take away more than half the blessings already bestowed." These
+are not mere words, I feel their truth.
+
+The Railroad Pension Fund is of a similar nature. Many of the old boys
+of the Pittsburgh Division (or their widows) are taken care of by it.
+It began years ago and grew to its present proportions. It now
+benefits the worthy railroad men who served under me when I was
+superintendent on the Pennsylvania, or their widows, who need help. I
+was only a boy when I first went among these trainmen and got to know
+them by name. They were very kind to me. Most of the men beneficiaries
+of the fund I have known personally. They are dear friends.
+
+Although the four-million-dollar fund I gave for workmen in the mills
+(Steel Workers' Pensions) embraces hundreds that I never saw, there
+are still a sufficient number upon it that I do remember to give that
+fund also a strong hold upon me.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+THE PEACE PALACE AND PITTENCRIEFF
+
+
+Peace, at least as between English-speaking peoples,[55] must have
+been early in my thoughts. In 1869, when Britain launched the monster
+Monarch, then the largest warship known, there was, for some
+now-forgotten reason, talk of how she could easily compel tribute from
+our American cities one after the other. Nothing could resist her. I
+cabled John Bright, then in the British Cabinet (the cable had
+recently been opened):
+
+"First and best service possible for Monarch, bringing home body
+Peabody."[56]
+
+[Footnote 55: "Let men say what they will, I say that as surely as the
+sun in the heavens once shone upon Britain and America united, so
+surely it is one morning to rise, shine upon, and greet again the
+Reunited States--the British-American Union." (Quoted in Alderson's
+_Andrew Carnegie, The Man and His Work_, p. 108. New York, 1909.)]
+
+[Footnote 56: George Peabody, the American merchant and
+philanthropist, who died in London in 1869.]
+
+No signature was given. Strange to say, this was done, and thus the
+Monarch became the messenger of peace, not of destruction. Many years
+afterwards I met Mr. Bright at a small dinner party in Birmingham and
+told him I was his young anonymous correspondent. He was surprised
+that no signature was attached and said his heart was in the act. I am
+sure it was. He is entitled to all credit.
+
+He was the friend of the Republic when she needed friends during the
+Civil War. He had always been my favorite living hero in public life
+as he had been my father's. Denounced as a wild radical at first, he
+kept steadily on until the nation came to his point of view. Always
+for peace he would have avoided the Crimean War, in which Britain
+backed the wrong horse, as Lord Salisbury afterwards acknowledged. It
+was a great privilege that the Bright family accorded me, as a friend,
+to place a replica of the Manchester Bright statue in Parliament, in
+the stead of a poor one removed.
+
+I became interested in the Peace Society of Great Britain upon one of
+my early visits and attended many of its meetings, and in later days I
+was especially drawn to the Parliamentary Union established by Mr.
+Cremer, the famous working-man's representative in Parliament. Few men
+living can be compared to Mr. Cremer. When he received the Nobel Prize
+of £8000 as the one who had done the most that year for peace, he
+promptly gave all but £1000, needed for pressing wants, to the
+Arbitration Committee. It was a noble sacrifice. What is money but
+dross to the true hero! Mr. Cremer is paid a few dollars a week by his
+trade to enable him to exist in London as their member of Parliament,
+and here was fortune thrown in his lap only to be devoted by him to
+the cause of peace. This is the heroic in its finest form.
+
+I had the great pleasure of presenting the Committee to President
+Cleveland at Washington in 1887, who received the members cordially
+and assured them of his hearty coöperation. From that day the
+abolition of war grew in importance with me until it finally
+overshadowed all other issues. The surprising action of the first
+Hague Conference gave me intense joy. Called primarily to consider
+disarmament (which proved a dream), it created the commanding reality
+of a permanent tribunal to settle international disputes. I saw in
+this the greatest step toward peace that humanity had ever taken, and
+taken as if by inspiration, without much previous discussion. No
+wonder the sublime idea captivated the conference.
+
+If Mr. Holls, whose death I so deeply deplored, were alive to-day and
+a delegate to the forthcoming second Conference with his chief, Andrew
+D. White, I feel that these two might possibly bring about the
+creation of the needed International Court for the abolition of war.
+He it was who started from The Hague at night for Germany, upon
+request of his chief, and saw the German Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+and the Emperor and finally prevailed upon them to approve of the High
+Court, and not to withdraw their delegates as threatened--a service
+for which Mr. Holls deserves to be enrolled among the greatest
+servants of mankind. Alas, death came to him while still in his prime.
+
+The day that International Court is established will become one of the
+most memorable days in the world's history.[57] It will ring the knell
+of man killing man--the deepest and blackest of crimes. It should be
+celebrated in every land as I believe it will be some day, and that
+time, perchance, not so remote as expected. In that era not a few of
+those hitherto extolled as heroes will have found oblivion because
+they failed to promote peace and good-will instead of war.
+
+[Footnote 57: "I submit that the only measure required to-day for the
+maintenance of world peace is an agreement between three or four of
+the leading Civilized Powers (and as many more as desire to join--the
+more the better) pledged to coöperate against disturbers of world
+peace, should such arise." (Andrew Carnegie, in address at unveiling
+of a bust of William Randall Cremer at the Peace Palace of The Hague,
+August 29, 1913.)]
+
+When Andrew D. White and Mr. Holls, upon their return from The Hague,
+suggested that I offer the funds needed for a Temple of Peace at The
+Hague, I informed them that I never could be so presumptuous; that if
+the Government of the Netherlands informed me of its desire to have
+such a temple and hoped I would furnish the means, the request would
+be favorably considered. They demurred, saying this could hardly be
+expected from any Government. Then I said I could never act in the
+matter.
+
+Finally the Dutch Government did make application, through its
+Minister, Baron Gevers in Washington, and I rejoiced. Still, in
+writing him, I was careful to say that the drafts of his Government
+would be duly honored. I did not send the money. The Government drew
+upon me for it, and the draft for a million and a half is kept as a
+memento. It seems to me almost too much that any individual should be
+permitted to perform so noble a duty as that of providing means for
+this Temple of Peace--the most holy building in the world because it
+has the holiest end in view. I do not even except St. Peter's, or any
+building erected to the glory of God, whom, as Luther says, "we cannot
+serve or aid; He needs no help from us." This temple is to bring
+peace, which is so greatly needed among His erring creatures. "The
+highest worship of God is service to man." At least, I feel so with
+Luther and Franklin.
+
+When in 1907 friends came and asked me to accept the presidency of the
+Peace Society of New York, which they had determined to organize, I
+declined, alleging that I was kept very busy with many affairs, which
+was true; but my conscience troubled me afterwards for declining. If I
+were not willing to sacrifice myself for the cause of peace what
+should I sacrifice for? What was I good for? Fortunately, in a few
+days, the Reverend Lyman Abbott, the Reverend Mr. Lynch, and some
+other notable laborers for good causes called to urge my
+reconsideration. I divined their errand and frankly told them they
+need not speak. My conscience had been tormenting me for declining and
+I would accept the presidency and do my duty. After that came the
+great national gathering (the following April) when for the first time
+in the history of Peace Society meetings, there attended delegates
+from thirty-five of the states of the Union, besides many foreigners
+of distinction.[58]
+
+[Footnote 58: Mr. Carnegie does not mention the fact that in December,
+1910, he gave to a board of trustees $10,000,000, the revenue of which
+was to be administered for "the abolition of international war, the
+foulest blot upon our civilization." This is known as the Carnegie
+Endowment for International Peace. The Honorable Elihu Root is
+president of the board of trustees.]
+
+My first decoration then came unexpectedly. The French Government had
+made me Knight Commander of the Legion of Honor, and at the Peace
+Banquet in New York, over which I presided, Baron d'Estournelles de
+Constant appeared upon the stage and in a compelling speech invested
+me with the regalia amid the cheers of the company. It was a great
+honor, indeed, and appreciated by me because given for my services to
+the cause of International Peace. Such honors humble, they do not
+exalt; so let them come.[59] They serve also to remind me that I must
+strive harder than ever, and watch every act and word more closely,
+that I may reach just a little nearer the standard the givers--deluded
+souls--mistakenly assume in their speeches, that I have already
+attained.
+
+[Footnote 59: Mr. Carnegie received also the Grand Cross Order of
+Orange-Nassau from Holland, the Grand Cross Order of Danebrog from
+Denmark, a gold medal from twenty-one American Republics and had
+doctors' degrees from innumerable universities and colleges. He was
+also a member of many institutes, learned societies and clubs--over
+190 in number.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No gift I have made or can ever make can possibly approach that of
+Pittencrieff Glen, Dunfermline. It is saturated with childish
+sentiment--all of the purest and sweetest. I must tell that story:
+
+Among my earliest recollections are the struggles of Dunfermline to
+obtain the rights of the town to part of the Abbey grounds and the
+Palace ruins. My Grandfather Morrison began the campaign, or, at
+least, was one of those who did. The struggle was continued by my
+Uncles Lauder and Morrison, the latter honored by being charged with
+having incited and led a band of men to tear down a certain wall. The
+citizens won a victory in the highest court and the then Laird ordered
+that thereafter "no Morrison be admitted to the Glen." I, being a
+Morrison like my brother-cousin, Dod, was debarred. The Lairds of
+Pittencrieff for generations had been at variance with the
+inhabitants.
+
+The Glen is unique, as far as I know. It adjoins the Abbey and Palace
+grounds, and on the west and north it lies along two of the main
+streets of the town. Its area (between sixty and seventy acres) is
+finely sheltered, its high hills grandly wooded. It always meant
+paradise to the child of Dunfermline. It certainly did to me. When I
+heard of paradise, I translated the word into Pittencrieff Glen,
+believing it to be as near to paradise as anything I could think of.
+Happy were we if through an open lodge gate, or over the wall or under
+the iron grill over the burn, now and then we caught a glimpse inside.
+
+Almost every Sunday Uncle Lauder took "Dod" and "Naig" for a walk
+around the Abbey to a part that overlooked the Glen--the busy crows
+fluttering around in the big trees below. Its Laird was to us children
+the embodiment of rank and wealth. The Queen, we knew, lived in
+Windsor Castle, but she didn't own Pittencrieff, not she! Hunt of
+Pittencrieff wouldn't exchange with her or with any one. Of this we
+were sure, because certainly neither of us would. In all my
+childhood's--yes and in my early manhood's--air-castle building (which
+was not small), nothing comparable in grandeur approached
+Pittencrieff. My Uncle Lauder predicted many things for me when I
+became a man, but had he foretold that some day I should be rich
+enough, and so supremely fortunate as to become Laird of Pittencrieff,
+he might have turned my head. And then to be able to hand it over to
+Dunfermline as a public park--my paradise of childhood! Not for a
+crown would I barter that privilege.
+
+When Dr. Ross whispered to me that Colonel Hunt might be induced to
+sell, my ears cocked themselves instantly. He wished an extortionate
+price, the doctor thought, and I heard nothing further for some time.
+When indisposed in London in the autumn of 1902, my mind ran upon the
+subject, and I intended to wire Dr. Ross to come up and see me. One
+morning, Mrs. Carnegie came into my room and asked me to guess who had
+arrived and I guessed Dr. Ross. Sure enough, there he was. We talked
+over Pittencrieff. I suggested that if our mutual friend and
+fellow-townsman, Mr. Shaw in Edinburgh (Lord Shaw of Dunfermline) ever
+met Colonel Hunt's agents he could intimate that their client might
+some day regret not closing with me as another purchaser equally
+anxious to buy might not be met with, and I might change my mind or
+pass away. Mr. Shaw told the doctor when he mentioned this that he had
+an appointment to meet with Hunt's lawyer on other business the next
+morning and would certainly say so.
+
+I sailed shortly after for New York and received there one day a cable
+from Mr. Shaw stating that the Laird would accept forty-five thousand
+pounds. Should he close? I wired: "Yes, provided it is under Ross's
+conditions"; and on Christmas Eve, I received Shaw's reply: "Hail,
+Laird of Pittencrieff!" So I was the happy possessor of the grandest
+title on earth in my estimation. The King--well, he was only the King.
+He didn't own King Malcolm's tower nor St. Margaret's shrine, nor
+Pittencrieff Glen. Not he, poor man. I did, and I shall be glad to
+condescendingly show the King those treasures should he ever visit
+Dunfermline.
+
+As the possessor of the Park and the Glen I had a chance to find out
+what, if anything, money could do for the good of the masses of a
+community, if placed in the hands of a body of public-spirited
+citizens. Dr. Ross was taken into my confidence so far as Pittencrieff
+Park was concerned, and with his advice certain men intended for a
+body of trustees were agreed upon and invited to Skibo to organize.
+They imagined it was in regard to transferring the Park to the town;
+not even to Dr. Ross was any other subject mentioned. When they heard
+that half a million sterling in bonds, bearing five per cent interest,
+was also to go to them for the benefit of Dunfermline, they were
+surprised.[60]
+
+[Footnote 60: Additional gifts, made later, brought this gift up to
+$3,750,000.]
+
+It is twelve years since the Glen was handed over to the trustees and
+certainly no public park was ever dearer to a people. The children's
+yearly gala day, the flower shows and the daily use of the Park by the
+people are surprising. The Glen now attracts people from neighboring
+towns. In numerous ways the trustees have succeeded finely in the
+direction indicated in the trust deed, namely:
+
+     To bring into the monotonous lives of the toiling masses of
+     Dunfermline, more "of sweetness and light," to give to
+     them--especially the young--some charm, some happiness, some
+     elevating conditions of life which residence elsewhere would
+     have denied, that the child of my native town, looking back
+     in after years, however far from home it may have roamed,
+     will feel that simply by virtue of being such, life has been
+     made happier and better. If this be the fruit of your
+     labors, you will have succeeded; if not, you will have
+     failed.
+
+To this paragraph I owe the friendship of Earl Grey, formerly
+Governor-General of Canada. He wrote Dr. Ross:
+
+"I must know the man who wrote that document in the 'Times' this
+morning."
+
+We met in London and became instantly sympathetic. He is a great soul
+who passes instantly into the heart and stays there. Lord Grey is also
+to-day a member (trustee) of the ten-million-dollar fund for the
+United Kingdom.[61]
+
+[Footnote 61: Mr. Carnegie refers to the gift of ten million dollars
+to the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust merely in connection with Earl
+Grey. His references to his gifts are casual, in that he refers only
+to the ones in which he happens for the moment to be interested. Those
+he mentions are merely a part of the whole. He gave to the Church
+Peace Union over $2,000,000, to the United Engineering Society
+$1,500,000, to the International Bureau of American Republics
+$850,000, and to a score or more of research, hospital, and
+educational boards sums ranging from $100,000 to $500,000. He gave to
+various towns and cities over twenty-eight hundred library buildings
+at a cost of over $60,000,000. The largest of his gifts he does not
+mention at all. This was made in 1911 to the Carnegie Corporation of
+New York and was $125,000,000. The Corporation is the residuary
+legatee under Mr. Carnegie's will and it is not yet known what further
+sum may come to it through that instrument. The object of the
+Corporation, as defined by Mr. Carnegie himself in a letter to the
+trustees, is:
+
+"To promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and
+understanding among the people of the United States by aiding
+technical schools, institutions of higher learning, libraries,
+scientific research, hero funds, useful publications and by such other
+agencies and means as shall from time to time be found appropriate
+therefor."
+
+The Carnegie benefactions, all told, amount to something over
+$350,000,000--surely a huge sum to have been brought together and then
+distributed by one man.]
+
+Thus, Pittencrieff Glen is the most soul-satisfying public gift I ever
+made, or ever can make. It is poetic justice that the grandson of
+Thomas Morrison, radical leader in his day, nephew of Bailie Morrison,
+his son and successor, and above all son of my sainted father and my
+most heroic mother, should arise and dispossess the lairds, should
+become the agent for conveying the Glen and Park to the people of
+Dunfermline forever. It is a true romance, which no air-castle can
+quite equal or fiction conceive. The hand of destiny seems to hover
+over it, and I hear something whispering: "Not altogether in vain have
+you lived--not altogether in vain." This is the crowning mercy of my
+career! I set it apart from all my other public gifts. Truly the
+whirligig of time brings in some strange revenges.
+
+It is now thirteen years since I ceased to accumulate wealth and began
+to distribute it. I could never have succeeded in either had I stopped
+with having enough to retire upon, but nothing to retire to. But there
+was the habit and the love of reading, writing and speaking upon
+occasion, and also the acquaintance and friendship of educated men
+which I had made before I gave up business. For some years after
+retiring I could not force myself to visit the works. This, alas,
+would recall so many who had gone before. Scarcely one of my early
+friends would remain to give me the hand-clasp of the days of old.
+Only one or two of these old men would call me "Andy."
+
+Do not let it be thought, however, that my younger partners were
+forgotten, or that they have not played a very important part in
+sustaining me in the effort of reconciling myself to the new
+conditions. Far otherwise! The most soothing influence of all was
+their prompt organization of the Carnegie Veteran Association, to
+expire only when the last member dies. Our yearly dinner together, in
+our own home in New York, is a source of the greatest pleasure,--so
+great that it lasts from one year to the other. Some of the Veterans
+travel far to be present, and what occurs between us constitutes one
+of the dearest joys of my life. I carry with me the affection of "my
+boys." I am certain I do. There is no possible mistake about that
+because my heart goes out to them. This I number among my many
+blessings and in many a brooding hour this fact comes to me, and I say
+to myself: "Rather this, minus fortune, than multi-millionairedom
+without it--yes, a thousand times, yes."
+
+Many friends, great and good men and women, Mrs. Carnegie and I are
+favored to know, but not one whit shall these ever change our joint
+love for the "boys." For to my infinite delight her heart goes out to
+them as does mine. She it was who christened our new New York home
+with the first Veteran dinner. "The partners first" was her word. It
+was no mere idle form when they elected Mrs. Carnegie the first
+honorary member, and our daughter the second. Their place in our
+hearts is secure. Although I was the senior, still we were "boys
+together." Perfect trust and common aims, not for self only, but for
+each other, and deep affection, moulded us into a brotherhood. We were
+friends first and partners afterwards. Forty-three out of forty-five
+partners are thus bound together for life.
+
+Another yearly event that brings forth many choice spirits is our
+Literary Dinner, at home, our dear friend Mr. Richard Watson Gilder,
+editor of the "Century," being the manager.[62] His devices and
+quotations from the writings of the guest of the year, placed upon
+the cards of the guests, are so appropriate, as to cause much
+hilarity. Then the speeches of the novitiates give zest to the
+occasion. John Morley was the guest of honor when with us in 1895 and
+a quotation from his works was upon the card at each plate.
+
+[Footnote 62: "Yesterday we had a busy day in Toronto. The grand event
+was a dinner at six o'clock where we all spoke, A.C. making a
+remarkable address.... I can't tell you how I am enjoying this. Not
+only seeing new places, but the talks with our own party. It is,
+indeed, a liberal education. A.C. is truly a 'great' man; that is, a
+man of enormous faculty and a great imagination. I don't remember any
+friend who has such a range of poetical quotation, unless it is
+Stedman. (Not so much _range_ as numerous quotations from Shakespeare,
+Burns, Byron, etc.) His views are truly large and prophetic. And,
+unless I am mistaken, he has a genuine ethical character. He is not
+perfect, but he is most interesting and remarkable; a true democrat;
+his benevolent actions having a root in principle and character. He is
+not accidentally the intimate friend of such high natures as Arnold
+and Morley." (_Letters of Richard Watson Gilder_, edited by his
+daughter Rosamond Gilder, p. 374. New York, 1916.)]
+
+One year Gilder appeared early in the evening of the dinner as he
+wished to seat the guests. This had been done, but he came to me
+saying it was well he had looked them over. He had found John
+Burroughs and Ernest Thompson Seton were side by side, and as they
+were then engaged in a heated controversy upon the habits of beasts
+and birds, in which both had gone too far in their criticisms, they
+were at dagger's points. Gilder said it would never do to seat them
+together. He had separated them. I said nothing, but slipped into the
+dining-room unobserved and replaced the cards as before. Gilder's
+surprise was great when he saw the men next each other, but the result
+was just as I had expected. A reconciliation took place and they
+parted good friends. Moral: If you wish to play peace-maker, seat
+adversaries next each other where they must begin by being civil.
+
+Burroughs and Seton both enjoyed the trap I set for them. True it is,
+we only hate those whom we do not know. It certainly is often the way
+to peace to invite your adversary to dinner and even beseech him to
+come, taking no refusal. Most quarrels become acute from the parties
+not seeing and communicating with each other and hearing too much of
+their disagreement from others. They do not fully understand the
+other's point of view and all that can be said for it. Wise is he who
+offers the hand of reconciliation should a difference with a friend
+arise. Unhappy he to the end of his days who refuses it. No possible
+gain atones for the loss of one who has been a friend even if that
+friend has become somewhat less dear to you than before. He is still
+one with whom you have been intimate, and as age comes on friends pass
+rapidly away and leave you.
+
+He is the happy man who feels there is not a human being to whom he
+does not wish happiness, long life, and deserved success, not one in
+whose path he would cast an obstacle nor to whom he would not do a
+service if in his power. All this he can feel without being called
+upon to retain as a friend one who has proved unworthy beyond question
+by dishonorable conduct. For such there should be nothing felt but
+pity, infinite pity. And pity for your own loss also, for true
+friendship can only feed and grow upon the virtues.
+
+    "When love begins to sicken and decay
+    It useth an enforced ceremony."
+
+The former geniality may be gone forever, but each can wish the other
+nothing but happiness.
+
+None of my friends hailed my retirement from business more warmly than
+Mark Twain. I received from him the following note, at a time when the
+newspapers were talking much about my wealth.
+
+     DEAR SIR AND FRIEND:
+
+     You seem to be prosperous these days. Could you lend an
+     admirer a dollar and a half to buy a hymn-book with? God
+     will bless you if you do; I feel it, I know it. So will I.
+     If there should be other applications this one not to count.
+
+     Yours
+
+     MARK
+
+     P.S. Don't send the hymn-book, send the money. I want to
+     make the selection myself.
+
+     M.
+
+When he was lying ill in New York I went to see him frequently, and we
+had great times together, for even lying in bed he was as bright as
+ever. One call was to say good-bye, before my sailing for Scotland.
+The Pension Fund for University Professors was announced in New York
+soon after I sailed. A letter about it from Mark, addressed to "Saint
+Andrew," reached me in Scotland, from which I quote the following:
+
+     You can take my halo. If you had told me what you had done
+     when at my bedside you would have got it there and then. It
+     is pure tin and paid "the duty" when it came down.
+
+Those intimate with Mr. Clemens (Mark Twain) will certify that he was
+one of the charmers. Joe Jefferson is the only man who can be conceded
+his twin brother in manner and speech, their charm being of the same
+kind. "Uncle Remus" (Joel Chandler Harris) is another who has charm,
+and so has George W. Cable; yes, and Josh Billings also had it. Such
+people brighten the lives of their friends, regardless of themselves.
+They make sunshine wherever they go. In Rip Van Winkle's words: "All
+pretty much alike, dem fellers." Every one of them is unselfish and
+warm of heart.
+
+The public only knows one side of Mr. Clemens--the amusing part.
+Little does it suspect that he was a man of strong convictions upon
+political and social questions and a moralist of no mean order. For
+instance, upon the capture of Aguinaldo by deception, his pen was the
+most trenchant of all. Junius was weak in comparison.
+
+The gathering to celebrate his seventieth birthday was unique. The
+literary element was there in force, but Mark had not forgotten to ask
+to have placed near him the multi-millionaire, Mr. H.H. Rogers, one
+who had been his friend in need. Just like Mark. Without exception,
+the leading literary men dwelt in their speeches exclusively upon the
+guest's literary work. When my turn came, I referred to this and asked
+them to note that what our friend had done as a man would live as long
+as what he had written. Sir Walter Scott and he were linked
+indissolubly together. Our friend, like Scott, was ruined by the
+mistakes of partners, who had become hopelessly bankrupt. Two courses
+lay before him. One the smooth, easy, and short way--the legal path.
+Surrender all your property, go through bankruptcy, and start afresh.
+This was all he owed to creditors. The other path, long, thorny, and
+dreary, a life struggle, with everything sacrificed. There lay the two
+paths and this was his decision:
+
+"Not what I owe to my creditors, but what I owe to myself is the
+issue."
+
+There are times in most men's lives that test whether they be dross or
+pure gold. It is the decision made in the crisis which proves the man.
+Our friend entered the fiery furnace a man and emerged a hero. He paid
+his debts to the utmost farthing by lecturing around the world. "An
+amusing cuss, Mark Twain," is all very well as a popular verdict, but
+what of Mr. Clemens the man and the hero, for he is both and in the
+front rank, too, with Sir Walter.
+
+He had a heroine in his wife. She it was who sustained him and
+traveled the world round with him as his guardian angel, and enabled
+him to conquer as Sir Walter did. This he never failed to tell to his
+intimates. Never in my life did three words leave so keen a pang as
+those uttered upon my first call after Mrs. Clemens passed away. I
+fortunately found him alone and while my hand was still in his, and
+before one word had been spoken by either, there came from him, with a
+stronger pressure of my hand, these words: "A ruined home, a ruined
+home." The silence was unbroken. I write this years after, but still I
+hear the words again and my heart responds.
+
+One mercy, denied to our forefathers, comes to us of to-day. If the
+Judge within give us a verdict of acquittal as having lived this life
+well, we have no other Judge to fear.
+
+          "To thine own self be true,
+    And it must follow, as the night the day,
+    Thou canst not then be false to any man."
+
+Eternal punishment, because of a few years' shortcomings here on
+earth, would be the reverse of Godlike. Satan himself would recoil
+from it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+MATHEW ARNOLD AND OTHERS
+
+
+The most charming man, John Morley and I agree, that we ever knew was
+Matthew Arnold. He had, indeed, "a charm"--that is the only word which
+expresses the effect of his presence and his conversation. Even his
+look and grave silences charmed.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood & Underwood, N.Y._
+
+MATTHEW ARNOLD]
+
+He coached with us in 1880, I think, through Southern England--William
+Black and Edwin A. Abbey being of the party. Approaching a pretty
+village he asked me if the coach might stop there a few minutes. He
+explained that this was the resting-place of his godfather, Bishop
+Keble, and he should like to visit his grave. He continued:
+
+"Ah, dear, dear Keble! I caused him much sorrow by my views upon
+theological subjects, which caused me sorrow also, but notwithstanding
+he was deeply grieved, dear friend as he was, he traveled to Oxford
+and voted for me for Professor of English Poetry."
+
+We walked to the quiet churchyard together. Matthew Arnold in silent
+thought at the grave of Keble made upon me a lasting impression. Later
+the subject of his theological views was referred to. He said they had
+caused sorrow to his best friends.
+
+"Mr. Gladstone once gave expression to his deep disappointment, or to
+something like displeasure, saying I ought to have been a bishop. No
+doubt my writings prevented my promotion, as well as grieved my
+friends, but I could not help it. I had to express my views."
+
+I remember well the sadness of tone with which these last words
+were spoken, and how very slowly. They came as from the deep. He had
+his message to deliver. Steadily has the age advanced to receive it.
+His teachings pass almost uncensured to-day. If ever there was a
+seriously religious man it was Matthew Arnold. No irreverent word ever
+escaped his lips. In this he and Gladstone were equally above
+reproach, and yet he had in one short sentence slain the supernatural.
+"The case against miracles is closed. They do not happen."
+
+He and his daughter, now Mrs. Whitridge, were our guests when in New
+York in 1883, and also at our mountain home in the Alleghanies, so
+that I saw a great deal, but not enough, of him. My mother and myself
+drove him to the hall upon his first public appearance in New York.
+Never was there a finer audience gathered. The lecture was not a
+success, owing solely to his inability to speak well in public. He was
+not heard. When we returned home his first words were:
+
+"Well, what have you all to say? Tell me! Will I do as a lecturer?"
+
+I was so keenly interested in his success that I did not hesitate to
+tell him it would never do for him to go on unless he fitted himself
+for public speaking. He must get an elocutionist to give him lessons
+upon two or three points. I urged this so strongly that he consented
+to do so. After we all had our say, he turned to my mother, saying:
+
+"Now, dear Mrs. Carnegie, they have all given me their opinions, but I
+wish to know what you have to say about my first night as a lecturer
+in America."
+
+"Too ministerial, Mr. Arnold, too ministerial," was the reply slowly
+and softly delivered. And to the last Mr. Arnold would occasionally
+refer to that, saying he felt it hit the nail on the head. When he
+returned to New York from his Western tour, he had so much improved
+that his voice completely filled the Brooklyn Academy of Music. He had
+taken a few lessons from a professor of elocution in Boston, as
+advised, and all went well thereafter.
+
+He expressed a desire to hear the noted preacher, Mr. Beecher; and we
+started for Brooklyn one Sunday morning. Mr. Beecher had been apprized
+of our coming so that after the services he might remain to meet Mr.
+Arnold. When I presented Mr. Arnold he was greeted warmly. Mr. Beecher
+expressed his delight at meeting one in the flesh whom he had long
+known so well in the spirit, and, grasping his hand, he said:
+
+"There is nothing you have written, Mr. Arnold, which I have not
+carefully read at least once and a great deal many times, and always
+with profit, always with profit!"
+
+"Ah, then, I fear, Mr. Beecher," replied Arnold, "you may have found
+some references to yourself which would better have been omitted."
+
+"Oh, no, no, those did me the most good of all," said the smiling
+Beecher, and they both laughed.
+
+Mr. Beecher was never at a loss. After presenting Matthew Arnold to
+him, I had the pleasure of presenting the daughter of Colonel
+Ingersoll, saying, as I did so:
+
+"Mr. Beecher, this is the first time Miss Ingersoll has ever been in a
+Christian church."
+
+He held out both hands and grasped hers, and looking straight at her
+and speaking slowly, said:
+
+"Well, well, you are the most beautiful heathen I ever saw." Those who
+remember Miss Ingersoll in her youth will not differ greatly with Mr.
+Beecher. Then: "How's your father, Miss Ingersoll? I hope he's well.
+Many a time he and I have stood together on the platform, and wasn't
+it lucky for me we were on the same side!"
+
+Beecher was, indeed, a great, broad, generous man, who absorbed what
+was good wherever found. Spencer's philosophy, Arnold's insight
+tempered with sound sense, Ingersoll's staunch support of high
+political ends were powers for good in the Republic. Mr. Beecher was
+great enough to appreciate and hail as helpful friends all of these
+men.
+
+Arnold visited us in Scotland in 1887, and talking one day of sport he
+said he did not shoot, he could not kill anything that had wings and
+could soar in the clear blue sky; but, he added, he could not give up
+fishing--"the accessories are so delightful." He told of his happiness
+when a certain duke gave him a day's fishing twice or three times a
+year. I forget who the kind duke was, but there was something unsavory
+about him and mention was made of this. He was asked how he came to be
+upon intimate terms with such a man.
+
+"Ah!" he said, "a duke is always a personage with us, always a
+personage, independent of brains or conduct. We are all snobs.
+Hundreds of years have made us so, all snobs. We can't help it. It is
+in the blood."
+
+This was smilingly said, and I take it he made some mental
+reservations. He was no snob himself, but one who naturally "smiled at
+the claims of long descent," for generally the "descent" cannot be
+questioned.
+
+He was interested, however, in men of rank and wealth, and I remember
+when in New York he wished particularly to meet Mr. Vanderbilt. I
+ventured to say he would not find him different from other men.
+
+"No, but it is something to know the richest man in the world," he
+replied. "Certainly the man who makes his own wealth eclipses those
+who inherit rank from others."
+
+I asked him one day why he had never written critically upon
+Shakespeare and assigned him his place upon the throne among the
+poets. He said that thoughts of doing so had arisen, but reflection
+always satisfied him that he was incompetent to write upon, much less
+to criticize, Shakespeare. He believed it could not be successfully
+done. Shakespeare was above all, could be measured by no rules of
+criticism; and much as he should have liked to dwell upon his
+transcendent genius, he had always recoiled from touching the subject.
+I said that I was prepared for this, after his tribute which stands
+to-day unequaled, and I recalled his own lines from his sonnet:
+
+    SHAKESPEARE
+
+    Others abide our question. Thou art free.
+    We ask and ask--Thou smilest and art still,
+    Out-topping knowledge. For the loftiest hill
+    Who to the stars uncrowns his majesty,
+
+    Planting his steadfast footsteps in the sea,
+    Making the heaven of heavens his dwelling-place,
+    Spares but the cloudy border of his base
+    To the foil'd searching of mortality;
+
+    And thou, who didst the stars and sunbeams know,
+    Self-school'd, self-scann'd, self-honour'd, self-secure,
+    Didst stand on earth unguess'd at--Better so!
+
+    All pains the immortal spirit must endure,
+    All weakness which impairs, all griefs which bow,
+    Find their sole voice in that victorious brow.
+
+I knew Mr. Shaw (Josh Billings) and wished Mr. Arnold, the apostle of
+sweetness and light, to meet that rough diamond--rough, but still a
+diamond. Fortunately one morning Josh came to see me in the Windsor
+Hotel, where we were then living, and referred to our guest,
+expressing his admiration for him. I replied:
+
+"You are going to dine with him to-night. The ladies are going out and
+Arnold and myself are to dine alone; you complete the trinity."
+
+To this he demurred, being a modest man, but I was inexorable. No
+excuse would be taken; he must come to oblige me. He did. I sat
+between them at dinner and enjoyed this meeting of extremes. Mr.
+Arnold became deeply interested in Mr. Shaw's way of putting things
+and liked his Western anecdotes, laughing more heartily than I had
+ever seen him do before. One incident after another was told from the
+experience of the lecturer, for Mr. Shaw had lectured for fifteen
+years in every place of ten thousand inhabitants or more in the United
+States.
+
+Mr. Arnold was desirous of hearing how the lecturer held his
+audiences.
+
+"Well," he said, "you mustn't keep them laughing too long, or they
+will think you are laughing at them. After giving the audience
+amusement you must become earnest and play the serious rôle. For
+instance, 'There are two things in this life for which no man is ever
+prepared. Who will tell me what these are?' Finally some one cries out
+'Death.' 'Well, who gives me the other?' Many respond--wealth,
+happiness, strength, marriage, taxes. At last Josh begins, solemnly:
+'None of you has given the second. There are two things on earth for
+which no man is ever prepared, and them's twins,' and the house
+shakes." Mr. Arnold did also.
+
+"Do you keep on inventing new stories?" was asked.
+
+"Yes, always. You can't lecture year after year unless you find new
+stories, and sometimes these fail to crack. I had one nut which I felt
+sure would crack and bring down the house, but try as I would it never
+did itself justice, all because I could not find the indispensable
+word, just one word. I was sitting before a roaring wood fire one
+night up in Michigan when the word came to me which I knew would crack
+like a whip. I tried it on the boys and it did. It lasted longer than
+any one word I used. I began: 'This is a highly critical age. People
+won't believe until they fully understand. Now there's Jonah and the
+whale. They want to know all about it, and it's my opinion that
+neither Jonah nor the whale fully understood it. And then they ask
+what Jonah was doing in the whale's--the whale's society.'"
+
+Mr. Shaw was walking down Broadway one day when accosted by a real
+Westerner, who said:
+
+"I think you are Josh Billings."
+
+"Well, sometimes I am called that."
+
+"I have five thousand dollars for you right here in my pocket-book."
+
+"Here's Delmonico's, come in and tell me all about it."
+
+After seating themselves, the stranger said he was part owner in a
+gold mine in California, and explained that there had been a dispute
+about its ownership and that the conference of partners broke up in
+quarreling. The stranger said he had left, threatening he would take
+the bull by the horns and begin legal proceedings. "The next morning I
+went to the meeting and told them I had turned over Josh Billings's
+almanac that morning and the lesson for the day was: 'When you take
+the bull by the horns, take him by the tail; you can get a better hold
+and let go when you're a mind to.' We laughed and laughed and felt
+that was good sense. We took your advice, settled, and parted good
+friends. Some one moved that five thousand dollars be given Josh, and
+as I was coming East they appointed me treasurer and I promised to
+hand it over. There it is."
+
+The evening ended by Mr. Arnold saying:
+
+"Well, Mr. Shaw, if ever you come to lecture in England, I shall be
+glad to welcome and introduce you to your first audience. Any foolish
+man called a lord could do you more good than I by introducing you,
+but I should so much like to do it."
+
+Imagine Matthew Arnold, the apostle of sweetness and light,
+introducing Josh Billings, the foremost of jesters, to a select London
+audience.
+
+In after years he never failed to ask after "our leonine friend, Mr.
+Shaw."
+
+Meeting Josh at the Windsor one morning after the notable dinner I sat
+down with him in the rotunda and he pulled out a small memorandum
+book, saying as he did so:
+
+"Where's Arnold? I wonder what he would say to this. The 'Century'
+gives me $100 a week, I agreeing to send them any trifle that occurs
+to me. I try to give it something. Here's this from Uncle Zekiel, my
+weekly budget: 'Of course the critic is a greater man than the author.
+Any fellow who can point out the mistakes another fellow has made is a
+darned sight smarter fellow than the fellow who made them.'"
+
+I told Mr. Arnold a Chicago story, or rather a story about Chicago. A
+society lady of Boston visiting her schoolmate friend in Chicago, who
+was about to be married, was overwhelmed with attention. Asked by a
+noted citizen one evening what had charmed her most in Chicago, she
+graciously replied:
+
+"What surprises me most isn't the bustle of business, or your
+remarkable development materially, or your grand residences; it is the
+degree of culture and refinement I find here." The response promptly
+came:
+
+"Oh, we are just dizzy on cult out here, you bet."
+
+Mr. Arnold was not prepared to enjoy Chicago, which had impressed him
+as the headquarters of Philistinism. He was, however, surprised and
+gratified at meeting with so much "culture and refinement." Before he
+started he was curious to know what he should find most interesting. I
+laughingly said that he would probably first be taken to see the most
+wonderful sight there, which was said to be the slaughter houses, with
+new machines so perfected that the hog driven in at one end came out
+hams at the other before its squeal was out of one's ears. Then after
+a pause he asked reflectively:
+
+"But why should one go to slaughter houses, why should one hear hogs
+squeal?" I could give no reason, so the matter rested.
+
+Mr. Arnold's Old Testament favorite was certainly Isaiah: at least his
+frequent quotations from that great poet, as he called him, led one to
+this conclusion. I found in my tour around the world that the sacred
+books of other religions had been stripped of the dross that had
+necessarily accumulated around their legends. I remembered Mr. Arnold
+saying that the Scriptures should be so dealt with. The gems from
+Confucius and others which delight the world have been selected with
+much care and appear as "collects." The disciple has not the
+objectionable accretions of the ignorant past presented to him.
+
+The more one thinks over the matter, the stronger one's opinion
+becomes that the Christian will have to follow the Eastern example and
+winnow the wheat from the chaff--worse than chaff, sometimes the
+positively pernicious and even poisonous refuse. Burns, in the
+"Cotter's Saturday Night," pictures the good man taking down the big
+Bible for the evening service:
+
+    "He wales a portion with judicious care."
+
+We should have those portions selected and use the selections only. In
+this, and much besides, the man whom I am so thankful for having known
+and am so favored as to call friend, has proved the true teacher in
+advance of his age, the greatest poetic teacher in the domain of "the
+future and its viewless things."
+
+I took Arnold down from our summer home at Cresson in the Alleghanies
+to see black, smoky Pittsburgh. In the path from the Edgar Thomson
+Steel Works to the railway station there are two flights of steps to
+the bridge across the railway, the second rather steep. When we had
+ascended about three quarters of it he suddenly stopped to gain
+breath. Leaning upon the rail and putting his hand upon his heart, he
+said to me:
+
+"Ah, this will some day do for me, as it did for my father."
+
+I did not know then of the weakness of his heart, but I never forgot
+this incident, and when not long after the sad news came of his sudden
+death, after exertion in England endeavoring to evade an obstacle, it
+came back to me with a great pang that our friend had foretold his
+fate. Our loss was great. To no man I have known could Burns's epitaph
+upon Tam Samson be more appropriately applied:
+
+    "Tam Samson's weel-worn clay here lies:
+    Ye canting zealots, spare him!
+    If honest worth in heaven rise,
+    Ye'll mend or ye win near him."
+
+The name of a dear man comes to me just here, Dr. Oliver Wendell
+Holmes, of Boston, everybody's doctor, whose only ailment toward the
+end was being eighty years of age. He was a boy to the last. When
+Matthew Arnold died a few friends could not resist taking steps toward
+a suitable memorial to his memory. These friends quietly provided the
+necessary sum, as no public appeal could be thought of. No one could
+be permitted to contribute to such a fund except such as had a right
+to the privilege, for privilege it was felt to be. Double, triple the
+sum could readily have been obtained. I had the great satisfaction of
+being permitted to join the select few and to give the matter a little
+attention upon our side of the Atlantic. Of course I never thought of
+mentioning the matter to dear Dr. Holmes--not that he was not one of
+the elect, but that no author or professional man should be asked to
+contribute money to funds which, with rare exceptions, are best
+employed when used for themselves. One morning, however, I received a
+note from the doctor, saying that it had been whispered to him that
+there was such a movement on foot, and that I had been mentioned in
+connection with it, and if he were judged worthy to have his name upon
+the roll of honor, he would be gratified. Since he had heard of it he
+could not rest without writing to me, and he should like to hear in
+reply. That he was thought worthy goes without saying.
+
+This is the kind of memorial any man might wish. I venture to say that
+there was not one who contributed to it who was not grateful to the
+kind fates for giving him the opportunity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+BRITISH POLITICAL LEADERS
+
+
+In London, Lord Rosebery, then in Gladstone's Cabinet and a rising
+statesman, was good enough to invite me to dine with him to meet Mr.
+Gladstone, and I am indebted to him for meeting the world's first
+citizen. This was, I think, in 1885, for my "Triumphant Democracy"[63]
+appeared in 1886, and I remember giving Mr. Gladstone, upon that
+occasion, some startling figures which I had prepared for it.
+
+[Footnote 63: _Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' March of the
+Republic._ London and New York, 1886.]
+
+I never did what I thought right in a social matter with greater
+self-denial, than when later the first invitation came from Mr.
+Gladstone to dine with him. I was engaged to dine elsewhere and sorely
+tempted to plead that an invitation from the real ruler of Great
+Britain should be considered as much of a command as that of the
+ornamental dignitary. But I kept my engagement and missed the man I
+most wished to meet. The privilege came later, fortunately, when
+subsequent visits to him at Hawarden were made.
+
+Lord Rosebery opened the first library I ever gave, that of
+Dunfermline, and he has recently (1905) opened the latest given by
+me--one away over in Stornoway. When he last visited New York I drove
+him along the Riverside Drive, and he declared that no city in the
+world possessed such an attraction. He was a man of brilliant parts,
+but his resolutions were
+
+    "Sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought."
+
+Had he been born to labor and entered the House of Commons in youth,
+instead of being dropped without effort into the gilded upper chamber,
+he might have acquired in the rough-and-tumble of life the tougher
+skin, for he was highly sensitive and lacked tenacity of purpose
+essential to command in political life. He was a charming speaker--a
+eulogist with the lightest touch and the most graceful style upon
+certain themes of any speaker of his day. [Since these lines were
+written he has become, perhaps, the foremost eulogist of our race. He
+has achieved a high place. All honor to him!]
+
+One morning I called by appointment upon him. After greetings he took
+up an envelope which I saw as I entered had been carefully laid on his
+desk, and handed it to me, saying:
+
+"I wish you to dismiss your secretary."
+
+"That is a big order, Your Lordship. He is indispensable, and a
+Scotsman," I replied. "What is the matter with him?"
+
+"This isn't your handwriting; it is his. What do you think of a man
+who spells Rosebery with two _r's_?"
+
+I said if I were sensitive on that point life would not be endurable
+for me. "I receive many letters daily when at home and I am sure that
+twenty to thirty per cent of them mis-spell my name, ranging from
+'Karnaghie' to 'Carnagay.'"
+
+But he was in earnest. Just such little matters gave him great
+annoyance. Men of action should learn to laugh at and enjoy these
+small things, or they themselves may become "small." A charming
+personality withal, but shy, sensitive, capricious, and reserved,
+qualities which a few years in the Commons would probably have
+modified.
+
+When he was, as a Liberal, surprising the House of Lords and creating
+some stir, I ventured to let off a little of my own democracy upon
+him.
+
+"Stand for Parliament boldly. Throw off your hereditary rank,
+declaring you scorn to accept a privilege which is not the right of
+every citizen. Thus make yourself the real leader of the people, which
+you never can be while a peer. You are young, brilliant, captivating,
+with the gift of charming speech. No question of your being Prime
+Minister if you take the plunge."
+
+To my surprise, although apparently interested, he said very quietly:
+
+"But the House of Commons couldn't admit me as a peer."
+
+"That's what I should hope. If I were in your place, and rejected, I
+would stand again for the next vacancy and force the issue. Insist
+that one having renounced his hereditary privileges becomes elevated
+to citizenship and is eligible for any position to which he is
+elected. Victory is certain. That's playing the part of a Cromwell.
+Democracy worships a precedent-breaker or a precedent-maker."
+
+We dropped the subject. Telling Morley of this afterward, I shall
+never forget his comment:
+
+"My friend, Cromwell doesn't reside at Number 38 Berkeley Square."
+Slowly, solemnly spoken, but conclusive.
+
+Fine fellow, Rosebery, only he was handicapped by being born a peer.
+On the other hand, Morley, rising from the ranks, his father a surgeon
+hard-pressed to keep his son at college, is still "Honest John,"
+unaffected in the slightest degree by the so-called elevation to the
+peerage and the Legion of Honor, both given for merit. The same with
+"Bob" Reid, M.P., who became Earl Loreburn and Lord High Chancellor,
+Lord Haldane, his successor as Chancellor; Asquith, Prime Minister,
+Lloyd George, and others. Not even the rulers of our Republic to-day
+are more democratic or more thorough men of the people.
+
+When the world's foremost citizen passed away, the question was, Who
+is to succeed Gladstone; who can succeed him? The younger members of
+the Cabinet agreed to leave the decision to Morley. Harcourt or
+Campbell-Bannerman? There was only one impediment in the path of the
+former, but that was fatal--inability to control his temper. The issue
+had unfortunately aroused him to such outbursts as really unfitted him
+for leadership, and so the man of calm, sober, unclouded judgment was
+considered indispensable.
+
+I was warmly attached to Harcourt, who in turn was a devoted admirer
+of our Republic, as became the husband of Motley's daughter. Our
+census and our printed reports, which I took care that he should
+receive, interested him deeply. Of course, the elevation
+of the representative of my native town of Dunfermline
+(Campbell-Bannerman)[64] gave me unalloyed pleasure, the more so since
+in returning thanks from the Town House to the people assembled he
+used these words:
+
+"I owe my election to my Chairman, Bailie Morrison."
+
+[Footnote 64: Campbell-Bannerman was chosen leader of the Liberal
+Party in December, 1898.]
+
+The Bailie, Dunfermline's leading radical, was my uncle. We were
+radical families in those days and are so still, both Carnegies and
+Morrisons, and intense admirers of the Great Republic, like that one
+who extolled Washington and his colleagues as "men who knew and dared
+proclaim the royalty of man"--a proclamation worth while. There is
+nothing more certain than that the English-speaking race in orderly,
+lawful development will soon establish the golden rule of citizenship
+through evolution, never revolution:
+
+    "The rank is but the guinea's stamp,
+    The man's the gowd for a' that."
+
+This feeling already prevails in all the British colonies. The dear
+old Motherland hen has ducks for chickens which give her much anxiety
+breasting the waves, while she, alarmed, screams wildly from the
+shore; but she will learn to swim also by and by.
+
+In the autumn of 1905 Mrs. Carnegie and I attended the ceremony of
+giving the Freedom of Dunfermline to our friend, Dr. John Ross,
+chairman of the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, foremost and most zealous
+worker for the good of the town. Provost Macbeth in his speech
+informed the audience that the honor was seldom conferred, that there
+were only three living burgesses--one their member of Parliament, H.
+Campbell-Bannerman, then Prime Minister; the Earl of Elgin of
+Dunfermline, ex-Viceroy of India, then Colonial Secretary; and the
+third myself. This seemed great company for me, so entirely out of the
+running was I as regards official station.
+
+The Earl of Elgin is the descendant of The Bruce. Their family vault
+is in Dunfermline Abbey, where his great ancestor lies under the Abbey
+bell. It has been noted how Secretary Stanton selected General Grant
+as the one man in the party who could not possibly be the commander.
+One would be very apt to make a similar mistake about the Earl. When
+the Scottish Universities were to be reformed the Earl was second on
+the committee. When the Conservative Government formed its Committee
+upon the Boer War, the Earl, a Liberal, was appointed chairman. When
+the decision of the House of Lords brought dire confusion upon the
+United Free Church of Scotland, Lord Elgin was called upon as the
+Chairman of Committee to settle the matter. Parliament embodied his
+report in a bill, and again he was placed at the head to apply it.
+When trustees for the Universities of Scotland Fund were to be
+selected, I told Prime Minister Balfour I thought the Earl of Elgin as
+a Dunfermline magnate could be induced to take the chairmanship. He
+said I could not get a better man in Great Britain. So it has proved.
+John Morley said to me one day afterwards, but before he had, as a
+member of the Dunfermline Trust, experience of the chairman:
+
+"I used to think Elgin about the most problematical public man in high
+position I had ever met, but I now know him one of the ablest. Deeds,
+not words; judgment, not talk."
+
+Such the descendant of The Bruce to-day, the embodiment of modest
+worth and wisdom combined.
+
+Once started upon a Freedom-getting career, there seemed no end to
+these honors.[65] With headquarters in London in 1906, I received six
+Freedoms in six consecutive days, and two the week following, going
+out by morning train and returning in the evening. It might be thought
+that the ceremony would become monotonous, but this was not so, the
+conditions being different in each case. I met remarkable men in the
+mayors and provosts and the leading citizens connected with municipal
+affairs, and each community had its own individual stamp and its
+problems, successes, and failures. There was generally one greatly
+desired improvement overshadowing all other questions engrossing the
+attention of the people. Each was a little world in itself. The City
+Council is a Cabinet in miniature and the Mayor the Prime Minister.
+Domestic politics keep the people agog. Foreign relations are not
+wanting. There are inter-city questions with neighboring communities,
+joint water or gas or electrical undertakings of mighty import,
+conferences deciding for or against alliances or separations.
+
+[Footnote 65: Mr. Carnegie had received no less than fifty-four
+Freedoms of cities in Great Britain and Ireland. This was a
+record--Mr. Gladstone coming second with seventeen.]
+
+In no department is the contrast greater between the old world and the
+new than in municipal government. In the former the families reside
+for generations in the place of birth with increasing devotion to the
+town and all its surroundings. A father achieving the mayorship
+stimulates the son to aspire to it. That invaluable asset, city pride,
+is created, culminating in romantic attachment to native places.
+Councilorships are sought that each in his day and generation may be
+of some service to the town. To the best citizens this is a creditable
+object of ambition. Few, indeed, look beyond it--membership in
+Parliament being practically reserved for men of fortune, involving as
+it does residence in London without compensation. This latter,
+however, is soon to be changed and Britain follow the universal
+practice of paying legislators for service rendered. [In 1908; since
+realized; four hundred pounds is now paid.]
+
+After this she will probably follow the rest of the world by having
+Parliament meet in the daytime, its members fresh and ready for the
+day's work, instead of giving all day to professional work and then
+with exhausted brains undertaking the work of governing the country
+after dinner. Cavendish, the authority on whist, being asked if a man
+could possibly finesse a knave, second round, third player, replied,
+after reflecting, "Yes, he might _after dinner_."
+
+The best people are on the councils of British towns, incorruptible,
+public-spirited men, proud of and devoted to their homes. In the
+United States progress is being made in this direction, but we are
+here still far behind Britain. Nevertheless, people tend to settle
+permanently in places as the country becomes thickly populated. We
+shall develop the local patriot who is anxious to leave the place of
+his birth a little better than he found it. It is only one generation
+since the provostship of Scotch towns was generally reserved for one
+of the local landlords belonging to the upper classes. That "the
+Briton dearly loves a lord" is still true, but the love is rapidly
+disappearing.
+
+In Eastbourne, Kings-Lynn, Salisbury, Ilkeston, and many other ancient
+towns, I found the mayor had risen from the ranks, and had generally
+worked with his hands. The majority of the council were also of this
+type. All gave their time gratuitously. It was a source of much
+pleasure to me to know the provosts and leaders in council of so many
+towns in Scotland and England, not forgetting Ireland where my Freedom
+tour was equally attractive. Nothing could excel the reception
+accorded me in Cork, Waterford, and Limerick. It was surprising to see
+the welcome on flags expressed in the same Gaelic words, _Cead mille
+failthe_ (meaning "a hundred thousand welcomes") as used by the
+tenants of Skibo.
+
+Nothing could have given me such insight into local public life and
+patriotism in Britain as Freedom-taking, which otherwise might have
+become irksome. I felt myself so much at home among the city chiefs
+that the embarrassment of flags and crowds and people at the windows
+along our route was easily met as part of the duty of the day, and
+even the address of the chief magistrate usually furnished new phases
+of life upon which I could dwell. The lady mayoresses were delightful
+in all their pride and glory.
+
+My conclusion is that the United Kingdom is better served by the
+leading citizens of her municipalities, elected by popular vote, than
+any other country far and away can possibly be; and that all is sound
+to the core in that important branch of government. Parliament itself
+could readily be constituted of a delegation of members from the town
+councils without impairing its efficiency. Perhaps when the sufficient
+payment of members is established, many of these will be found at
+Westminster and that to the advantage of the Kingdom.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+GLADSTONE AND MORLEY
+
+
+Mr. Gladstone paid my "American Four-in-Hand in Britain" quite a
+compliment when Mrs. Carnegie and I were his guests at Hawarden in
+April, 1892. He suggested one day that I should spend the morning with
+him in his new library, while he arranged his books (which no one
+except himself was ever allowed to touch), and we could converse. In
+prowling about the shelves I found a unique volume and called out to
+my host, then on top of a library ladder far from me handling heavy
+volumes:
+
+"Mr. Gladstone, I find here a book 'Dunfermline Worthies,' by a friend
+of my father's. I knew some of the worthies when a child."
+
+"Yes," he replied, "and if you will pass your hand three or four books
+to the left I think you will find another book by a Dunfermline man."
+
+I did so and saw my book "An American Four-in-Hand in Britain." Ere I
+had done so, however, I heard that organ voice orating in full swing
+from the top of the ladder:
+
+"What Mecca is to the Mohammedan, Benares to the Hindoo, Jerusalem to
+the Christian, all that Dunfermline is to me."
+
+My ears heard the voice some moments before my brain realized that
+these were my own words called forth by the first glimpse caught of
+Dunfermline as we approached it from the south.[66]
+
+[Footnote 66: The whole paragraph is as follows: "How beautiful is
+Dunfermline seen from the Ferry Hills, its grand old Abbey towering
+over all, seeming to hallow the city, and to lend a charm and dignity
+to the lowliest tenement! Nor is there in all broad Scotland, nor in
+many places elsewhere that I know of, a more varied and delightful
+view than that obtained from the Park upon a fine day. What Benares is
+to the Hindoo, Mecca to the Mohammedan, Jerusalem to the Christian,
+all that Dunfermline is to me." (_An American Four-in-Hand in
+Britain_, p. 282.)]
+
+"How on earth did you come to get this book?" I asked. "I had not the
+honor of knowing you when it was written and could not have sent you a
+copy."
+
+"No!" he replied, "I had not then the pleasure of your acquaintance,
+but some one, I think Rosebery, told me of the book and I sent for it
+and read it with delight. That tribute to Dunfermline struck me as so
+extraordinary it lingered with me. I could never forget it."
+
+This incident occurred eight years after the "American Four-in-Hand"
+was written, and adds another to the many proofs of Mr. Gladstone's
+wonderful memory. Perhaps as a vain author I may be pardoned for
+confessing my grateful appreciation of his no less wonderful judgment.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood & Underwood, N.Y._
+
+WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE]
+
+The politician who figures publicly as "reader of the lesson" on
+Sundays, is apt to be regarded suspiciously. I confess that until I
+had known Mr. Gladstone well, I had found the thought arising now and
+then that the wary old gentleman might feel at least that these
+appearances cost him no votes. But all this vanished as I learned his
+true character. He was devout and sincere if ever man was. Yes, even
+when he records in his diary (referred to by Morley in his "Life of
+Gladstone") that, while addressing the House of Commons on the budget
+for several hours with great acceptance, he was "conscious of being
+sustained by the Divine Power above." Try as one may, who can deny
+that to one of such abounding faith this belief in the support of the
+Unknown Power must really have proved a sustaining influence,
+although it may shock others to think that any mortal being could be
+so bold as to imagine that the Creator of the Universe would concern
+himself about Mr. Gladstone's budget, prepared for a little speck of
+this little speck of earth? It seems almost sacrilegious, yet to Mr.
+Gladstone we know it was the reverse--a religious belief such as has
+no doubt often enabled men to accomplish wonders as direct agents of
+God and doing His work.
+
+On the night of the Queen's Jubilee in June, 1887, Mr. Blaine and I
+were to dine at Lord Wolverton's in Piccadilly, to meet Mr. and Mrs.
+Gladstone--Mr. Blaine's first introduction to him. We started in a cab
+from the Metropole Hotel in good time, but the crowds were so dense
+that the cab had to be abandoned in the middle of St. James's Street.
+Reaching the pavement, Mr. Blaine following, I found a policeman and
+explained to him who my companion was, where we were going, and asked
+him if he could not undertake to get us there. He did so, pushing his
+way through the masses with all the authority of his office and we
+followed. But it was nine o'clock before we reached Lord Wolverton's.
+We separated after eleven.
+
+Mr. Gladstone explained that he and Mrs. Gladstone had been able to
+reach the house by coming through Hyde Park and around the back way.
+They expected to get back to their residence, then in Carlton Terrace,
+in the same way. Mr. Blaine and I thought we should enjoy the streets
+and take our chances of getting back to the hotel by pushing through
+the crowds. We were doing this successfully and were moving slowly
+with the current past the Reform Club when I heard a word or two
+spoken by a voice close to the building on my right. I said to Mr.
+Blaine:
+
+"That is Mr. Gladstone's voice."
+
+He said: "It is impossible. We have just left him returning to his
+residence."
+
+"I don't care; I recognize voices better than faces, and I am sure
+that is Gladstone's."
+
+Finally I prevailed upon him to return a few steps. We got close to
+the side of the house and moved back. I came to a muffled figure and
+whispered:
+
+"What does 'Gravity' out of its bed at midnight?"
+
+Mr. Gladstone was discovered. I told him I recognized his voice
+whispering to his companion.
+
+"And so," I said, "the real ruler comes out to see the illuminations
+prepared for the nominal ruler!"
+
+He replied: "Young man, I think it is time you were in bed."
+
+We remained a few minutes with him, he being careful not to remove
+from his head and face the cloak that covered them. It was then past
+midnight and he was eighty, but, boylike, after he got Mrs. Gladstone
+safely home he had determined to see the show.
+
+The conversation at the dinner between Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Blaine
+turned upon the differences in Parliamentary procedure between Britain
+and America. During the evening Mr. Gladstone cross-examined Mr.
+Blaine very thoroughly upon the mode of procedure of the House of
+Representatives of which Mr. Blaine had been the Speaker. I saw the
+"previous question," and summary rules with us for restricting
+needless debate made a deep impression upon Mr. Gladstone. At
+intervals the conversation took a wider range.
+
+Mr. Gladstone was interested in more subjects than perhaps any other
+man in Britain. When I was last with him in Scotland, at Mr.
+Armistead's, his mind was as clear and vigorous as ever, his interest
+in affairs equally strong. The topic which then interested him most,
+and about which he plied me with questions, was the tall steel
+buildings in our country, of which he had been reading. What puzzled
+him was how it could be that the masonry of a fifth floor or sixth
+story was often finished before the third or fourth. This I explained,
+much to his satisfaction. In getting to the bottom of things he was
+indefatigable.
+
+Mr. Morley (although a lord he still remains as an author plain John
+Morley) became one of our British friends quite early as editor of the
+"Fortnightly Review," which published my first contribution to a
+British periodical.[67] The friendship has widened and deepened in our
+old age until we mutually confess we are very close friends to each
+other.[68] We usually exchange short notes (sometimes long ones) on
+Sunday afternoons as the spirit moves us. We are not alike; far from
+it. We are drawn together because opposites are mutually beneficial to
+each other. I am optimistic; all my ducks being swans. He is
+pessimistic, looking out soberly, even darkly, upon the real dangers
+ahead, and sometimes imagining vain things. He is inclined to see
+"an officer in every bush." The world seems bright to me, and earth
+is often a real heaven--so happy I am and so thankful to the kind
+fates. Morley is seldom if ever wild about anything; his judgment is
+always deliberate and his eyes are ever seeing the spots on the sun.
+
+[Footnote 67: _An American Four-in-Hand in Britain._]
+
+[Footnote 68: "Mr. Carnegie had proved his originality, fullness of
+mind, and bold strength of character, as much or more in the
+distribution of wealth as he had shown skill and foresight in its
+acquisition. We had become known to one another more than twenty years
+before through Matthew Arnold. His extraordinary freshness of spirit
+easily carried Arnold, Herbert Spencer, myself, and afterwards many
+others, high over an occasional crudity or haste in judgment such as
+befalls the best of us in ardent hours. People with a genius for
+picking up pins made as much as they liked of this: it was wiser to do
+justice to his spacious feel for the great objects of the world--for
+knowledge and its spread, invention, light, improvement of social
+relations, equal chances to the talents, the passion for peace. These
+are glorious things; a touch of exaggeration in expression is easy to
+set right.... A man of high and wide and well-earned mark in his
+generation." (John, Viscount Morley, in _Recollections_, vol. II, pp.
+110, 112. New York, 1919.)]
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood & Underwood, N.Y._
+
+VISCOUNT MORLEY OF BLACKBURN]
+
+I told him the story of the pessimist whom nothing ever pleased, and
+the optimist whom nothing ever displeased, being congratulated by the
+angels upon their having obtained entrance to heaven. The pessimist
+replied:
+
+"Yes, very good place, but somehow or other this halo don't fit my
+head exactly."
+
+The optimist retorted by telling the story of a man being carried down
+to purgatory and the Devil laying his victim up against a bank while
+he got a drink at a spring--temperature very high. An old friend
+accosted him:
+
+"Well, Jim, how's this? No remedy possible; you're a gone coon sure."
+
+The reply came: "Hush, it might be worse."
+
+"How's that, when you are being carried down to the bottomless pit?"
+
+"Hush"--pointing to his Satanic Majesty--"he might take a notion to
+make me carry him."
+
+Morley, like myself, was very fond of music and reveled in the morning
+hour during which the organ was being played at Skibo. He was
+attracted by the oratorios as also Arthur Balfour. I remember they got
+tickets together for an oratorio at the Crystal Palace. Both are sane
+but philosophic, and not very far apart as philosophers, I understand;
+but some recent productions of Balfour send him far afield
+speculatively--a field which Morley never attempts. He keeps his foot
+on the firm ground and only treads where the way is cleared. No
+danger of his being "lost in the woods" while searching for the path.
+
+Morley's most astonishing announcement of recent days was in his
+address to the editors of the world, assembled in London. He informed
+them in effect that a few lines from Burns had done more to form and
+maintain the present improved political and social conditions of the
+people than all the millions of editorials ever written. This followed
+a remark that there were now and then a few written or spoken words
+which were in themselves events; they accomplished what they
+described. Tom Paine's "Rights of Man" was mentioned as such.
+
+Upon his arrival at Skibo after this address we talked it over. I
+referred to his tribute to Burns and his six lines, and he replied
+that he didn't need to tell me what lines these were.
+
+"No," I said, "I know them by heart."
+
+In a subsequent address, unveiling a statue of Burns in the park at
+Montrose, I repeated the lines I supposed he referred to, and he
+approved them. He and I, strange to say, had received the Freedom of
+Montrose together years before, so we are fellow-freemen.
+
+At last I induced Morley to visit us in America, and he made a tour
+through a great part of our country in 1904. We tried to have him meet
+distinguished men like himself. One day Senator Elihu Root called at
+my request and Morley had a long interview with him. After the Senator
+left Morley remarked to me that he had enjoyed his companion greatly,
+as being the most satisfactory American statesman he had yet met. He
+was not mistaken. For sound judgment and wide knowledge of our public
+affairs Elihu Root has no superior.
+
+Morley left us to pay a visit to President Roosevelt at the White
+House, and spent several fruitful days in company with that
+extraordinary man. Later, Morley's remark was:
+
+"Well, I've seen two wonders in America, Roosevelt and Niagara."
+
+That was clever and true to life--a great pair of roaring, tumbling,
+dashing and splashing wonders, knowing no rest, but both doing their
+appointed work, such as it is.
+
+Morley was the best person to have the Acton library and my gift of it
+to him came about in this way. When Mr. Gladstone told me the position
+Lord Acton was in, I agreed, at his suggestion, to buy Acton's library
+and allow it to remain for his use during life. Unfortunately, he did
+not live long to enjoy it--only a few years--and then I had the
+library upon my hands. I decided that Morley could make the best use
+of it for himself and would certainly leave it eventually to the
+proper institution. I began to tell him that I owned it when he
+interrupted me, saying:
+
+"Well, I must tell you I have known this from the day you bought it.
+Mr. Gladstone couldn't keep the secret, being so overjoyed that Lord
+Acton had it secure for life."
+
+Here were he and I in close intimacy, and yet never had one mentioned
+the situation to the other; but it was a surprise to me that Morley
+was not surprised. This incident proved the closeness of the bond
+between Gladstone and Morley--the only man he could not resist sharing
+his happiness with regarding earthly affairs. Yet on theological
+subjects they were far apart where Acton and Gladstone were akin.
+
+The year after I gave the fund for the Scottish universities Morley
+went to Balmoral as minister in attendance upon His Majesty, and wired
+that he must see me before we sailed. We met and he informed me His
+Majesty was deeply impressed with the gift to the universities and the
+others I had made to my native land, and wished him to ascertain
+whether there was anything in his power to bestow which I would
+appreciate.
+
+I asked: "What did you say?"
+
+Morley replied: "I do not think so."
+
+I said: "You are quite right, except that if His Majesty would write
+me a note expressing his satisfaction with what I had done, as he has
+to you, this would be deeply appreciated and handed down to my
+descendants as something they would all be proud of."
+
+This was done. The King's autograph note I have already transcribed
+elsewhere in these pages.
+
+That Skibo has proved the best of all health resorts for Morley is
+indeed fortunate, for he comes to us several times each summer and is
+one of the family, Lady Morley accompanying him. He is as fond of the
+yacht as I am myself, and, fortunately again, it is the best medicine
+for both of us. Morley is, and must always remain, "Honest John." No
+prevarication with him, no nonsense, firm as a rock upon all questions
+and in all emergencies; yet always looking around, fore and aft, right
+and left, with a big heart not often revealed in all its tenderness,
+but at rare intervals and upon fit occasion leaving no doubt of its
+presence and power. And after that silence.
+
+[Illustration: MR. CARNEGIE WITH VISCOUNT MORLEY]
+
+[Illustration: THE CARNEGIE FAMILY AT SKIBO]
+
+Chamberlain and Morley were fast friends as advanced radicals, and I
+often met and conferred with them when in Britain. When the Home Rule
+issue was raised, much interest was aroused in Britain over our
+American Federal system. I was appealed to freely and delivered
+public addresses in several cities, explaining and extolling our
+union, many in one, the freest government of the parts producing the
+strongest government of the whole. I sent Mr. Chamberlain Miss Anna L.
+Dawes's "How We Are Governed," at his request for information, and had
+conversations with Morley, Gladstone, and many others upon the
+subject.
+
+I had to write Mr. Morley that I did not approve of the first Home
+Rule Bill for reasons which I gave. When I met Mr. Gladstone he
+expressed his regret at this and a full talk ensued. I objected to the
+exclusion of the Irish members from Parliament as being a practical
+separation. I said we should never have allowed the Southern States to
+cease sending representatives to Washington.
+
+"What would you have done if they refused?" he asked.
+
+"Employed all the resources of civilization--first, stopped the
+mails," I replied.
+
+He paused and repeated:
+
+"Stop the mails." He felt the paralysis this involved and was silent,
+and changed the subject.
+
+In answer to questions as to what I should do, I always pointed out
+that America had many legislatures, but only one Congress. Britain
+should follow her example, one Parliament and local legislatures (not
+parliaments) for Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. These should be made
+states like New York and Virginia. But as Britain has no Supreme
+Court, as we have, to decide upon laws passed, not only by state
+legislatures but by Congress, the judicial being the final authority
+and not the political, Britain should have Parliament as the one
+national final authority over Irish measures. Therefore, the acts of
+the local legislature of Ireland should lie for three months'
+continuous session upon the table of the House of Commons, subject to
+adverse action of the House, but becoming operative unless
+disapproved. The provision would be a dead letter unless improper
+legislation were enacted, but if there were improper legislation, then
+it would be salutary. The clause, I said, was needed to assure timid
+people that no secession could arise.
+
+Urging this view upon Mr. Morley afterwards, he told me this had been
+proposed to Parnell, but rejected. Mr. Gladstone might then have said:
+"Very well, this provision is not needed for myself and others who
+think with me, but it is needed to enable us to carry Britain with us.
+I am now unable to take up the question. The responsibility is yours."
+
+One morning at Hawarden Mrs. Gladstone said:
+
+"William tells me he has such extraordinary conversations with you."
+
+These he had, no doubt. He had not often, if ever, heard the breezy
+talk of a genuine republican and did not understand my inability to
+conceive of different hereditary ranks. It seemed strange to me that
+men should deliberately abandon the name given them by their parents,
+and that name the parents' name. Especially amusing were the new
+titles which required the old hereditary nobles much effort to refrain
+from smiling at as they greeted the newly made peer who had perhaps
+bought his title for ten thousand pounds, more or less, given to the
+party fund.
+
+Mr. Blaine was with us in London and I told Mr. Gladstone he had
+expressed to me his wonder and pain at seeing him in his old age hat
+in hand, cold day as it was, at a garden party doing homage to titled
+nobodies. Union of Church and State was touched upon, and also my
+"Look Ahead," which foretells the reunion of our race owing to the
+inability of the British Islands to expand. I had held that the
+disestablishment of the English Church was inevitable, because among
+other reasons it was an anomaly. No other part of the race had it. All
+religions were fostered, none favored, in every other English-speaking
+state. Mr. Gladstone asked:
+
+"How long do you give our Established Church to live?"
+
+My reply was I could not fix a date; he had had more experience than I
+in disestablishing churches. He nodded and smiled.
+
+When I had enlarged upon a certain relative decrease of population in
+Britain that must come as compared with other countries of larger
+area, he asked:
+
+"What future do you forecast for her?"
+
+I referred to Greece among ancient nations and said that it was,
+perhaps, not accident that Chaucer, Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton,
+Burns, Scott, Stevenson, Bacon, Cromwell, Wallace, Bruce, Hume, Watt,
+Spencer, Darwin, and other celebrities had arisen here. Genius did not
+depend upon material resources. Long after Britain could not figure
+prominently as an industrial nation, not by her decline, but through
+the greater growth of others, she might in my opinion become the
+modern Greece and achieve among nations moral ascendancy.
+
+He caught at the words, repeating them musingly:
+
+"Moral ascendancy, moral ascendancy, I like that, I like that."
+
+I had never before so thoroughly enjoyed a conference with a man. I
+visited him again at Hawarden, but my last visit to him was at Lord
+Randall's at Cannes the winter of 1897 when he was suffering keenly.
+He had still the old charm and was especially attentive to my
+sister-in-law, Lucy, who saw him then for the first time and was
+deeply impressed. As we drove off, she murmured, "A sick eagle! A sick
+eagle!" Nothing could better describe this wan and worn leader of men
+as he appeared to me that day. He was not only a great, but a truly
+good man, stirred by the purest impulses, a high, imperious soul
+always looking upward. He had, indeed, earned the title: "Foremost
+Citizen of the World."
+
+In Britain, in 1881, I had entered into business relations with Samuel
+Storey, M.P., a very able man, a stern radical, and a genuine
+republican. We purchased several British newspapers and began a
+campaign of political progress upon radical lines. Passmore Edwards
+and some others joined us, but the result was not encouraging. Harmony
+did not prevail among my British friends and finally I decided to
+withdraw, which I was fortunately able to do without loss.[69]
+
+[Footnote 69: Mr. Carnegie acquired no less than eighteen British
+newspapers with the idea of promoting radical views. The political
+results were disappointing, but with his genius for making money the
+pecuniary results were more than satisfactory.]
+
+My third literary venture, "Triumphant Democracy,"[70] had its origin
+in realizing how little the best-informed foreigner, or even Briton,
+knew of America, and how distorted that little was. It was prodigious
+what these eminent Englishmen did not then know about the Republic. My
+first talk with Mr. Gladstone in 1882 can never be forgotten. When I
+had occasion to say that the majority of the English-speaking race was
+now republican and it was a minority of monarchists who were upon the
+defensive, he said:
+
+"Why, how is that?"
+
+"Well, Mr. Gladstone," I said, "the Republic holds sway over a larger
+number of English-speaking people than the population of Great Britain
+and all her colonies even if the English-speaking colonies were
+numbered twice over."
+
+"Ah! how is that? What is your population?"
+
+"Sixty-six millions, and yours is not much more than half."
+
+"Ah, yes, surprising!"
+
+[Footnote 70: _Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' March of the
+Republic._ London, 1886; New York, 1888.]
+
+With regard to the wealth of the nations, it was equally surprising
+for him to learn that the census of 1880 proved the hundred-year-old
+Republic could purchase Great Britain and Ireland and all their
+realized capital and investments and then pay off Britain's debt, and
+yet not exhaust her fortune. But the most startling statement of all
+was that which I was able to make when the question of Free Trade was
+touched upon. I pointed out that America was now the greatest
+manufacturing nation in the world. [At a later date I remember Lord
+Chancellor Haldane fell into the same error, calling Britain the
+greatest manufacturing country in the world, and thanked me for
+putting him right.] I quoted Mulhall's figures: British manufactures
+in 1880, eight hundred and sixteen millions sterling; American
+manufactures eleven hundred and twenty-six millions sterling.[71] His
+one word was:
+
+"Incredible!"
+
+[Footnote 71: The estimated value of manufactures in Great Britain in
+1900 was five billions of dollars as compared to thirteen billions for
+the United States. In 1914 the United States had gone to over
+twenty-four billions.]
+
+Other startling statements followed and he asked:
+
+"Why does not some writer take up this subject and present the facts
+in a simple and direct form to the world?"
+
+I was then, as a matter of fact, gathering material for "Triumphant
+Democracy," in which I intended to perform the very service which he
+indicated, as I informed him.
+
+"Round the World" and the "American Four-in-Hand" gave me not the
+slightest effort but the preparation of "Triumphant Democracy," which
+I began in 1882, was altogether another matter. It required steady,
+laborious work. Figures had to be examined and arranged, but as I went
+forward the study became fascinating. For some months I seemed to have
+my head filled with statistics. The hours passed away unheeded. It was
+evening when I supposed it was midday. The second serious illness of
+my life dates from the strain brought upon me by this work, for I had
+to attend to business as well. I shall think twice before I trust
+myself again with anything so fascinating as figures.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+HERBERT SPENCER AND HIS DISCIPLE
+
+
+Herbert Spencer, with his friend Mr. Lott and myself, were fellow
+travelers on the Servia from Liverpool to New York in 1882. I bore a
+note of introduction to him from Mr. Morley, but I had met the
+philosopher in London before that. I was one of his disciples. As an
+older traveler, I took Mr. Lott and him in charge. We sat at the same
+table during the voyage.
+
+One day the conversation fell upon the impression made upon us by
+great men at first meeting. Did they, or did they not, prove to be as
+we had imagined them? Each gave his experience. Mine was that nothing
+could be more different than the being imagined and that being beheld
+in the flesh.
+
+"Oh!" said Mr. Spencer, "in my case, for instance, was this so?"
+
+"Yes," I replied, "you more than any. I had imagined my teacher, the
+great calm philosopher brooding, Buddha-like, over all things,
+unmoved; never did I dream of seeing him excited over the question of
+Cheshire or Cheddar cheese." The day before he had peevishly pushed
+away the former when presented by the steward, exclaiming "Cheddar,
+Cheddar, not Cheshire; I said _Cheddar_." There was a roar in which
+none joined more heartily than the sage himself. He refers to this
+incident of the voyage in his Autobiography.[72]
+
+[Footnote 72: _An Autobiography_, by Herbert Spencer, vol. I, p. 424.
+New York, 1904.]
+
+Spencer liked stories and was a good laugher. American stories seemed
+to please him more than others, and of those I was able to tell him
+not a few, which were usually followed by explosive laughter. He was
+anxious to learn about our Western Territories, which were then
+attracting attention in Europe, and a story I told him about Texas
+struck him as amusing. When a returning disappointed emigrant from
+that State was asked about the then barren country, he said:
+
+"Stranger, all that I have to say about Texas is that if I owned Texas
+and h--l, I would sell Texas."
+
+What a change from those early days! Texas has now over four millions
+of population and is said to have the soil to produce more cotton than
+the whole world did in 1882.
+
+The walk up to the house, when I had the philosopher out at
+Pittsburgh, reminded me of another American story of the visitor who
+started to come up the garden walk. When he opened the gate a big dog
+from the house rushed down upon him. He retreated and closed the
+garden gate just in time, the host calling out:
+
+"He won't touch you, you know barking dogs never bite."
+
+"Yes," exclaimed the visitor, tremblingly, "I know that and you know
+it, but does the dog know it?"
+
+One day my eldest nephew was seen to open the door quietly and peep in
+where we were seated. His mother afterwards asked him why he had done
+so and the boy of eleven replied:
+
+"Mamma, I wanted to see the man who wrote in a book that there was no
+use studying grammar."
+
+Spencer was greatly pleased when he heard the story and often referred
+to it. He had faith in that nephew.
+
+[Illustration: HERBERT SPENCER AT SEVENTY-EIGHT]
+
+Speaking to him one day about his having signed a remonstrance against
+a tunnel between Calais and Dover as having surprised me, he explained
+that for himself he was as anxious to have the tunnel as any one
+and that he did not believe in any of the objections raised against
+it, but signed the remonstrance because he knew his countrymen were
+such fools that the military and naval element in Britain could
+stampede the masses, frighten them, and stimulate militarism. An
+increased army and navy would then be demanded. He referred to a scare
+which had once arisen and involved the outlay of many millions in
+fortifications which had proved useless.
+
+One day we were sitting in our rooms in the Grand Hotel looking out
+over Trafalgar Square. The Life Guards passed and the following took
+place:
+
+"Mr. Spencer, I never see men dressed up like Merry Andrews without
+being saddened and indignant that in the nineteenth century the most
+civilized race, as we consider ourselves, still finds men willing to
+adopt as a profession--until lately the only profession for
+gentlemen--the study of the surest means of killing other men."
+
+Mr. Spencer said: "I feel just so myself, but I will tell you how I
+curb my indignation. Whenever I feel it rising I am calmed by this
+story of Emerson's: He had been hooted and hustled from the platform
+in Faneuil Hall for daring to speak against slavery. He describes
+himself walking home in violent anger, until opening his garden gate
+and looking up through the branches of the tall elms that grew between
+the gate and his modest home, he saw the stars shining through. They
+said to him: 'What, so hot, my little sir?'" I laughed and he laughed,
+and I thanked him for that story. Not seldom I have to repeat to
+myself, "What, so hot, my little sir?" and it suffices.
+
+Mr. Spencer's visit to America had its climax in the banquet given
+for him at Delmonico's. I drove him to it and saw the great man there
+in a funk. He could think of nothing but the address he was to
+deliver.[73] I believe he had rarely before spoken in public. His
+great fear was that he should be unable to say anything that would be
+of advantage to the American people, who had been the first to
+appreciate his works. He may have attended many banquets, but never
+one comprised of more distinguished people than this one. It was a
+remarkable gathering. The tributes paid Spencer by the ablest men were
+unique. The climax was reached when Henry Ward Beecher, concluding his
+address, turned round and addressed Mr. Spencer in these words:
+
+"To my father and my mother I owe my physical being; to you, sir, I
+owe my intellectual being. At a critical moment you provided the safe
+paths through the bogs and morasses; you were my teacher."
+
+[Footnote 73: "An occasion, on which more, perhaps, than any other in
+my life, I ought to have been in good condition, bodily and mentally,
+came when I was in a condition worse than I had been for six and
+twenty years. 'Wretched night; no sleep at all; kept in my room all
+day' says my diary, and I entertained 'great fear I should collapse.'
+When the hour came for making my appearance at Delmonico's, where the
+dinner was given, I got my friends to secrete me in an anteroom until
+the last moment, so that I might avoid all excitements of
+introductions and congratulations; and as Mr. Evarts, who presided,
+handed me on the dais, I begged him to limit his conversation with me
+as much as possible, and to expect very meagre responses. The event
+proved that, trying though the tax was, there did not result the
+disaster I feared; and when Mr. Evarts had duly uttered the
+compliments of the occasion, I was able to get through my prepared
+speech without difficulty, though not with much effect." (Spencer's
+_Autobiography_, vol. II, p. 478.)]
+
+These words were spoken in slow, solemn tones. I do not remember ever
+having noticed more depth of feeling; evidently they came from a
+grateful debtor. Mr. Spencer was touched by the words. They gave rise
+to considerable remark, and shortly afterwards Mr. Beecher preached a
+course of sermons, giving his views upon Evolution. The conclusion of
+the series was anxiously looked for, because his acknowledgment of
+debt to Spencer as his teacher had created alarm in church circles. In
+the concluding article, as in his speech, if I remember rightly, Mr.
+Beecher said that, although he believed in evolution (Darwinism) up to
+a certain point, yet when man had reached his highest human level his
+Creator then invested him (and man alone of all living things) with
+the Holy Spirit, thereby bringing him into the circle of the godlike.
+Thus he answered his critics.
+
+Mr. Spencer took intense interest in mechanical devices. When he
+visited our works with me the new appliances impressed him, and in
+after years he sometimes referred to these and said his estimate of
+American invention and push had been fully realized. He was naturally
+pleased with the deference and attention paid him in America.
+
+I seldom if ever visited England without going to see him, even after
+he had removed to Brighton that he might live looking out upon the
+sea, which appealed to and soothed him. I never met a man who seemed
+to weigh so carefully every action, every word--even the pettiest--and
+so completely to find guidance through his own conscience. He was no
+scoffer in religious matters. In the domain of theology, however, he
+had little regard for decorum. It was to him a very faulty system
+hindering true growth, and the idea of rewards and punishments struck
+him as an appeal to very low natures indeed. Still he never went to
+such lengths as Tennyson did upon an occasion when some of the old
+ideas were under discussion. Knowles[74] told me that Tennyson lost
+control of himself. Knowles said he was greatly disappointed with the
+son's life of the poet as giving no true picture of his father in his
+revolt against stern theology.
+
+[Footnote 74: James Knowles, founder of _Nineteenth Century_.]
+
+Spencer was always the calm philosopher. I believe that from childhood
+to old age--when the race was run--he never was guilty of an immoral
+act or did an injustice to any human being. He was certainly one of
+the most conscientious men in all his doings that ever was born. Few
+men have wished to know another man more strongly than I to know
+Herbert Spencer, for seldom has one been more deeply indebted than I
+to him and to Darwin.
+
+Reaction against the theology of past days comes to many who have been
+surrounded in youth by church people entirely satisfied that the truth
+and faith indispensable to future happiness were derived only through
+strictest Calvinistic creeds. The thoughtful youth is naturally
+carried along and disposed to concur in this. He cannot but think, up
+to a certain period of development, that what is believed by the best
+and the highest educated around him--those to whom he looks for
+example and instruction--must be true. He resists doubt as inspired by
+the Evil One seeking his soul, and sure to get it unless faith comes
+to the rescue. Unfortunately he soon finds that faith is not exactly
+at his beck and call. Original sin he thinks must be at the root of
+this inability to see as he wishes to see, to believe as he wishes to
+believe. It seems clear to him that already he is little better than
+one of the lost. Of the elect he surely cannot be, for these must be
+ministers, elders, and strictly orthodox men.
+
+The young man is soon in chronic rebellion, trying to assume godliness
+with the others, acquiescing outwardly in the creed and all its
+teachings, and yet at heart totally unable to reconcile his outward
+accordance with his inward doubt. If there be intellect and virtue in
+the man but one result is possible; that is, Carlyle's position after
+his terrible struggle when after weeks of torment he came forth: "If
+it be incredible, in God's name, then, let it be discredited." With
+that the load of doubt and fear fell from him forever.
+
+When I, along with three or four of my boon companions, was in this
+stage of doubt about theology, including the supernatural element, and
+indeed the whole scheme of salvation through vicarious atonement and
+all the fabric built upon it, I came fortunately upon Darwin's and
+Spencer's works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social
+Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching the pages which explain how
+man has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining
+what was salutary, rejecting what was deleterious, I remember that
+light came as in a flood and all was clear. Not only had I got rid of
+theology and the supernatural, but I had found the truth of evolution.
+"All is well since all grows better" became my motto, my true source
+of comfort. Man was not created with an instinct for his own
+degradation, but from the lower he had risen to the higher forms. Nor
+is there any conceivable end to his march to perfection. His face is
+turned to the light; he stands in the sun and looks upward.
+
+Humanity is an organism, inherently rejecting all that is deleterious,
+that is, wrong, and absorbing after trial what is beneficial, that is,
+right. If so disposed, the Architect of the Universe, we must assume,
+might have made the world and man perfect, free from evil and from
+pain, as angels in heaven are thought to be; but although this was not
+done, man has been given the power of advancement rather than of
+retrogression. The Old and New Testaments remain, like other sacred
+writings of other lands, of value as records of the past and for such
+good lessons as they inculcate. Like the ancient writers of the Bible
+our thoughts should rest upon this life and our duties here. "To
+perform the duties of this world well, troubling not about another, is
+the prime wisdom," says Confucius, great sage and teacher. The next
+world and its duties we shall consider when we are placed in it.
+
+I am as a speck of dust in the sun, and not even so much, in this
+solemn, mysterious, unknowable universe. I shrink back. One truth I
+see. Franklin was right. "The highest worship of God is service to
+Man." All this, however, does not prevent everlasting hope of
+immortality. It would be no greater miracle to be born to a future
+life than to have been born to live in this present life. The one has
+been created, why not the other? Therefore there is reason to hope for
+immortality. Let us hope.[75]
+
+[Footnote 75: "A.C. is really a tremendous personality--dramatic,
+wilful, generous, whimsical, at times almost cruel in pressing his own
+conviction upon others, and then again tender, affectionate,
+emotional, always imaginative, unusual and wide-visioned in his views.
+He is well worth Boswellizing, but I am urging him to be 'his own
+Boswell.'... He is inconsistent in many ways, but with a passion for
+lofty views; the brotherhood of man, peace among nations, religious
+purity--I mean the purification of religion from gross
+superstition--the substitution for a Westminster-Catechism God, of a
+Righteous, a Just God." (_Letters of Richard Watson Gilder_, p. 375.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+BLAINE AND HARRISON
+
+
+While one is known by the company he keeps, it is equally true that
+one is known by the stories he tells. Mr. Blaine was one of the best
+story-tellers I ever met. His was a bright sunny nature with a witty,
+pointed story for every occasion.
+
+Mr. Blaine's address at Yorktown (I had accompanied him there) was
+greatly admired. It directed special attention to the cordial
+friendship which had grown up between the two branches of the
+English-speaking race, and ended with the hope that the prevailing
+peace and good-will between the two nations would exist for many
+centuries to come. When he read this to me, I remember that the word
+"many" jarred, and I said:
+
+"Mr. Secretary, might I suggest the change of one word? I don't like
+'many'; why not 'all' the centuries to come?"
+
+"Good, that is perfect!"
+
+And so it was given in the address: "for _all_ the centuries to come."
+
+We had a beautiful night returning from Yorktown, and, sitting in the
+stern of the ship in the moonlight, the military band playing forward,
+we spoke of the effect of music. Mr. Blaine said that his favorite
+just then was the "Sweet By and By," which he had heard played last by
+the same band at President Garfield's funeral, and he thought upon
+that occasion he was more deeply moved by sweet sounds than he had
+ever been in his life. He requested that it should be the last piece
+played that night. Both he and Gladstone were fond of simple music.
+They could enjoy Beethoven and the classic masters, but Wagner was as
+yet a sealed book to them.
+
+In answer to my inquiry as to the most successful speech he ever heard
+in Congress, he replied it was that of the German, ex-Governor Ritter
+of Pennsylvania. The first bill appropriating money for inland _fresh_
+waters was under consideration. The house was divided. Strict
+constructionists held this to be unconstitutional; only harbors upon
+the salt sea were under the Federal Government. The contest was keen
+and the result doubtful, when to the astonishment of the House,
+Governor Ritter slowly arose for the first time. Silence at once
+reigned. What was the old German ex-Governor going to say--he who had
+never said anything at all? Only this:
+
+"Mr. Speaker, I don't know much particulars about de constitution, but
+I know dis; I wouldn't gif a d----d cent for a constitution dat didn't
+wash in fresh water as well as in salt." The House burst into an
+uproar of uncontrollable laughter, and the bill passed.
+
+So came about this new departure and one of the most beneficent ways
+of spending government money, and of employing army and navy
+engineers. Little of the money spent by the Government yields so great
+a return. So expands our flexible constitution to meet the new wants
+of an expanding population. Let who will make the constitution if we
+of to-day are permitted to interpret it.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood & Underwood, N.Y._
+
+JAMES G. BLAINE]
+
+Mr. Blaine's best story, if one can be selected from so many that were
+excellent, I think was the following:
+
+In the days of slavery and the underground railroads, there lived on
+the banks of the Ohio River near Gallipolis, a noted Democrat named
+Judge French, who said to some anti-slavery friends that he should
+like them to bring to his office the first runaway negro that crossed
+the river, bound northward by the underground. He couldn't understand
+why they wished to run away. This was done, and the following
+conversation took place:
+
+_Judge:_ "So you have run away from Kentucky. Bad master, I suppose?"
+
+_Slave:_ "Oh, no, Judge; very good, kind massa."
+
+_Judge:_ "He worked you too hard?"
+
+_Slave:_ "No, sah, never overworked myself all my life."
+
+_Judge, hesitatingly:_ "He did not give you enough to eat?"
+
+_Slave:_ "Not enough to eat down in Kaintuck? Oh, Lor', plenty to
+eat."
+
+_Judge:_ "He did not clothe you well?"
+
+_Slave:_ "Good enough clothes for me, Judge."
+
+_Judge:_ "You hadn't a comfortable home?"
+
+_Slave:_ "Oh, Lor', makes me cry to think of my pretty little cabin
+down dar in old Kaintuck."
+
+_Judge, after a pause:_ "You had a good, kind master, you were not
+overworked, plenty to eat, good clothes, fine home. I don't see why
+the devil you wished to run away."
+
+_Slave:_ "Well, Judge, I lef de situation down dar open. You kin go
+rite down and git it."
+
+The Judge had seen a great light.
+
+    "Freedom has a thousand charms to show,
+    That slaves, howe'er contented, never know."
+
+That the colored people in such numbers risked all for liberty is the
+best possible proof that they will steadily approach and finally reach
+the full stature of citizenship in the Republic.
+
+I never saw Mr. Blaine so happy as while with us at Cluny. He was a
+boy again and we were a rollicking party together. He had never fished
+with a fly. I took him out on Loch Laggan and he began awkwardly, as
+all do, but he soon caught the swing. I shall never forget his first
+capture:
+
+"My friend, you have taught me a new pleasure in life. There are a
+hundred fishing lochs in Maine, and I'll spend my holidays in future
+upon them trout-fishing."
+
+At Cluny there is no night in June and we danced on the lawn in the
+bright twilight until late. Mrs. Blaine, Miss Dodge, Mr. Blaine, and
+other guests were trying to do the Scotch reel, and "whooping" like
+Highlanders. We were gay revelers during those two weeks. One night
+afterwards, at a dinner in our home in New York, chiefly made up of
+our Cluny visitors, Mr. Blaine told the company that he had discovered
+at Cluny what a real holiday was. "It is when the merest trifles
+become the most serious events of life."
+
+President Harrison's nomination for the presidency in 1888 came to Mr.
+Blaine while on a coaching trip with us. Mr. and Mrs. Blaine, Miss
+Margaret Blaine, Senator and Mrs. Hale, Miss Dodge, and Walter
+Damrosch were on the coach with us from London to Cluny Castle. In
+approaching Linlithgow from Edinburgh, we found the provost and
+magistrates in their gorgeous robes at the hotel to receive us. I was
+with them when Mr. Blaine came into the room with a cablegram in his
+hand which he showed to me, asking what it meant. It read: "Use
+cipher." It was from Senator Elkins at the Chicago Convention. Mr.
+Blaine had cabled the previous day, declining to accept the nomination
+for the presidency unless Secretary Sherman of Ohio agreed, and
+Senator Elkins no doubt wished to be certain that he was in
+correspondence with Mr. Blaine and not with some interloper.
+
+I said to Mr. Blaine that the Senator had called to see me before
+sailing, and suggested we should have cipher words for the prominent
+candidates. I gave him a few and kept a copy upon a slip, which I put
+in my pocket-book. I looked and fortunately found it. Blaine was
+"Victor"; Harrison, "Trump"; Phelps of New Jersey, "Star"; and so on.
+I wired "Trump" and "Star."[76] This was in the evening.
+
+[Footnote 76: "A code had been agreed upon between his friends in the
+United States and himself, and when a deadlock or a long contest
+seemed inevitable, the following dispatch was sent from Mr. Carnegie's
+estate in Scotland, where Blaine was staying, to a prominent
+Republican leader:
+
+"'June 25. Too late victor immovable take trump and star.'
+WHIP. Interpreted, it reads: 'Too late. Blaine immovable.
+Take Harrison and Phelps. CARNEGIE.'" (_James G. Blaine_, by
+Edward Stanwood, p. 308. Boston, 1905.)]
+
+We retired for the night, and next day the whole party was paraded by
+the city authorities in their robes up the main street to the palace
+grounds which were finely decorated with flags. Speeches of welcome
+were made and replied to. Mr. Blaine was called upon by the people,
+and responded in a short address. Just then a cablegram was handed to
+him: "Harrison and Morton nominated." Phelps had declined. So passed
+forever Mr. Blaine's chance of holding the highest of all political
+offices--the elected of the majority of the English-speaking race. But
+he was once fairly elected to the presidency and done out of New York
+State, as was at last clearly proven, the perpetrators having been
+punished for an attempted repetition of the same fraud at a subsequent
+election.
+
+Mr. Blaine, as Secretary of State in Harrison's Cabinet, was a decided
+success and the Pan-American Congress his most brilliant triumph. My
+only political appointment came at this time and was that of a United
+States delegate to the Congress. It gave me a most interesting view of
+the South American Republics and their various problems. We sat down
+together, representatives of all the republics but Brazil. One morning
+the announcement was made that a new constitution had been ratified.
+Brazil had become a member of the sisterhood, making seventeen
+republics in all--now twenty-one. There was great applause and cordial
+greeting of the representatives of Brazil thus suddenly elevated. I
+found the South American representatives rather suspicious of their
+big brother's intentions. A sensitive spirit of independence was
+manifest, which it became our duty to recognize. In this I think we
+succeeded, but it will behoove subsequent governments to scrupulously
+respect the national feeling of our Southern neighbors. It is not
+control, but friendly coöperation upon terms of perfect equality we
+should seek.
+
+I sat next to Manuel Quintana who afterwards became President of
+Argentina. He took a deep interest in the proceedings, and one day
+became rather critical upon a trifling issue, which led to an excited
+colloquy between him and Chairman Blaine. I believe it had its origin
+in a false translation from one language to another. I rose, slipped
+behind the chairman on the platform, whispering to him as I passed
+that if an adjournment was moved I was certain the differences could
+be adjusted. He nodded assent. I returned to my seat and moved
+adjournment, and during the interval all was satisfactorily arranged.
+Passing the delegates, as we were about to leave the hall, an incident
+occurred which comes back to me as I write. A delegate threw one arm
+around me and with the other hand patting me on the breast, exclaimed:
+"Mr. Carnegie, you have more here than here"--pointing to his pocket.
+Our Southern brethren are so lovingly demonstrative. Warm climes and
+warm hearts.
+
+In 1891 President Harrison went with me from Washington to Pittsburgh,
+as I have already stated, to open the Carnegie Hall and Library, which
+I had presented to Allegheny City. We traveled over the Baltimore and
+Ohio Railroad by daylight, and enjoyed the trip, the president being
+especially pleased with the scenery. Reaching Pittsburgh at dark, the
+flaming coke ovens and dense pillars of smoke and fire amazed him. The
+well-known description of Pittsburgh, seen from the hilltops, as "H--l
+with the lid off," seemed to him most appropriate. He was the first
+President who ever visited Pittsburgh. President Harrison, his
+grandfather, had, however, passed from steamboat to canal-boat there,
+on his way to Washington after election.
+
+The opening ceremony was largely attended owing to the presence of the
+President and all passed off well. Next morning the President wished
+to see our steel works, and he was escorted there, receiving a cordial
+welcome from the workmen. I called up each successive manager of
+department as we passed and presented him. Finally, when Mr. Schwab
+was presented, the President turned to me and said,
+
+"How is this, Mr. Carnegie? You present only boys to me."
+
+"Yes, Mr. President, but do you notice what kind of boys they are?"
+
+"Yes, hustlers, every one of them," was his comment.
+
+He was right. No such young men could have been found for such work
+elsewhere in this world. They had been promoted to partnership without
+cost or risk. If the profits did not pay for their shares, no
+responsibility remained upon the young men. A giving thus to
+"partners" is very different from paying wages to "employees" in
+corporations.
+
+The President's visit, not to Pittsburgh, but to Allegheny over the
+river, had one beneficial result. Members of the City Council of
+Pittsburgh reminded me that I had first offered Pittsburgh money for a
+library and hall, which it declined, and that then Allegheny City had
+asked if I would give them to her, which I did. The President visiting
+Allegheny to open the library and hall there, and the ignoring of
+Pittsburgh, was too much. Her authorities came to me again the morning
+after the Allegheny City opening, asking if I would renew my offer to
+Pittsburgh. If so, the city would accept and agree to expend upon
+maintenance a larger percentage than I had previously asked. I was
+only too happy to do this and, instead of two hundred and fifty
+thousand, I offered a million dollars. My ideas had expanded. Thus was
+started the Carnegie Institute.
+
+Pittsburgh's leading citizens are spending freely upon artistic
+things. This center of manufacturing has had its permanent orchestra
+for some years--Boston and Chicago being the only other cities in
+America that can boast of one. A naturalist club and a school of
+painting have sprung up. The success of Library, Art Gallery, Museum,
+and Music Hall--a noble quartet in an immense building--is one of the
+chief satisfactions of my life. This is my monument, because here I
+lived my early life and made my start, and I am to-day in heart a
+devoted son of dear old smoky Pittsburgh.
+
+Herbert Spencer heard, while with us in Pittsburgh, some account of
+the rejection of my first offer of a library to Pittsburgh. When the
+second offer was made, he wrote me that he did not understand how I
+could renew it; he never could have done so; they did not deserve it.
+I wrote the philosopher that if I had made the first offer to
+Pittsburgh that I might receive her thanks and gratitude, I deserved
+the personal arrows shot at me and the accusations made that only my
+own glorification and a monument to my memory were sought. I should
+then probably have felt as he did. But, as it was the good of the
+people of Pittsburgh I had in view, among whom I had made my fortune,
+the unfounded suspicions of some natures only quickened my desire to
+work their good by planting in their midst a potent influence for
+higher things. This the Institute, thank the kind fates, has done.
+Pittsburgh has played her part nobly.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+WASHINGTON DIPLOMACY
+
+
+President Harrison had been a soldier and as President was a little
+disposed to fight. His attitude gave some of his friends concern. He
+was opposed to arbitrating the Behring Sea question when Lord
+Salisbury, at the dictation of Canada, had to repudiate the Blaine
+agreement for its settlement, and was disposed to proceed to extreme
+measures. But calmer counsels prevailed. He was determined also to
+uphold the Force Bill against the South.
+
+When the quarrel arose with Chili, there was a time when it seemed
+almost impossible to keep the President from taking action which would
+have resulted in war. He had great personal provocation because the
+Chilian authorities had been most indiscreet in their statements in
+regard to his action. I went to Washington to see whether I could not
+do something toward reconciling the belligerents, because, having been
+a member of the first Pan-American Conference, I had become acquainted
+with the representatives from our southern sister-republics and was on
+good terms with them.
+
+As luck would have it, I was just entering the Shoreham Hotel when I
+saw Senator Henderson of Missouri, who had been my fellow-delegate to
+the Conference. He stopped and greeted me, and looking across the
+street he said:
+
+"There's the President beckoning to you."
+
+I crossed the street.
+
+"Hello, Carnegie, when did you arrive?"
+
+"Just arrived, Mr. President; I was entering the hotel."
+
+"What are you here for?"
+
+"To have a talk with you."
+
+"Well, come along and talk as we walk."
+
+The President took my arm and we promenaded the streets of Washington
+in the dusk for more than an hour, during which time the discussion
+was lively. I told him that he had appointed me a delegate to the
+Pan-American Conference, that he had assured the South-American
+delegates when they parted that he had given a military review in
+their honor to show them, not that we had an army, but rather that we
+had none and needed none, that we were the big brother in the family
+of republics, and that all disputes, if any arose, would be settled by
+peaceful arbitration. I was therefore surprised and grieved to find
+that he was now apparently taking a different course, threatening to
+resort to war in a paltry dispute with little Chili.
+
+"You're a New Yorker and think of nothing but business and dollars.
+That is the way with New Yorkers; they care nothing for the dignity
+and honor of the Republic," said his Excellency.
+
+"Mr. President, I am one of the men in the United States who would
+profit most by war; it might throw millions into my pockets as the
+largest manufacturer of steel."
+
+"Well, that is probably true in your case; I had forgotten."
+
+"Mr. President, if I were going to fight, I would take some one of my
+size."
+
+"Well, would you let any nation insult and dishonor you because of its
+size?"
+
+"Mr. President, no man can dishonor me except myself. Honor wounds
+must be self-inflicted."
+
+"You see our sailors were attacked on shore and two of them killed,
+and you would stand that?" he asked.
+
+"Mr. President, I do not think the United States dishonored every time
+a row among drunken sailors takes place; besides, these were not
+American sailors at all; they were foreigners, as you see by their
+names. I would be disposed to cashier the captain of that ship for
+allowing the sailors to go on shore when there was rioting in the town
+and the public peace had been already disturbed."
+
+The discussion continued until we had finally reached the door of the
+White House in the dark. The President told me he had an engagement to
+dine out that night, but invited me to dine with him the next evening,
+when, as he said, there would be only the family and we could talk.
+
+"I am greatly honored and shall be with you to-morrow evening," I
+said. And so we parted.
+
+The next morning I went over to see Mr. Blaine, then Secretary of
+State. He rose from his seat and held out both hands.
+
+"Oh, why weren't you dining with us last night? When the President
+told Mrs. Blaine that you were in town, she said: 'Just think, Mr.
+Carnegie is in town and I had a vacant seat here he could have
+occupied.'"
+
+"Well, Mr. Blaine, I think it is rather fortunate that I have not seen
+you," I replied; and I then told him what had occurred with the
+President.
+
+"Yes," he said, "it really was fortunate. The President might have
+thought you and I were in collusion."
+
+Senator Elkins, of West Virginia, a bosom friend of Mr. Blaine, and
+also a very good friend of the President, happened to come in, and he
+said he had seen the President, who told him that he had had a talk
+with me upon the Chilian affair last evening and that I had come down
+hot upon the subject.
+
+"Well, Mr. President," said Senator Elkins, "it is not probable that
+Mr. Carnegie would speak as plainly to you as he would to me. He feels
+very keenly, but he would naturally be somewhat reserved in talking to
+you."
+
+The President replied: "I didn't see the slightest indication of
+reserve, I assure you."
+
+The matter was adjusted, thanks to the peace policy characteristic of
+Mr. Blaine. More than once he kept the United States out of foreign
+trouble as I personally knew. The reputation that he had of being an
+aggressive American really enabled that great man to make concessions
+which, made by another, might not have been readily accepted by the
+people.
+
+I had a long and friendly talk with the President that evening at
+dinner, but he was not looking at all well. I ventured to say to him
+he needed a rest. By all means he should get away. He said he had
+intended going off on a revenue cutter for a few days, but Judge
+Bradley of the Supreme Court had died and he must find a worthy
+successor. I said there was one I could not recommend because we had
+fished together and were such intimate friends that we could not judge
+each other disinterestedly, but he might inquire about him--Mr.
+Shiras, of Pittsburgh. He did so and appointed him. Mr. Shiras
+received the strong support of the best elements everywhere. Neither
+my recommendation, nor that of any one else, would have weighed with
+President Harrison one particle in making the appointment if he had
+not found Mr. Shiras the very man he wanted.
+
+In the Behring Sea dispute the President was incensed at Lord
+Salisbury's repudiation of the stipulations for settling the question
+which had been agreed to. The President had determined to reject the
+counter-proposition to submit it to arbitration. Mr. Blaine was with
+the President in this and naturally indignant that his plan, which
+Salisbury had extolled through his Ambassador, had been discarded. I
+found both of them in no compromising mood. The President was much the
+more excited of the two, however. Talking it over with Mr. Blaine
+alone, I explained to him that Salisbury was powerless. Against
+Canada's protest he could not force acceptance of the stipulations to
+which he had hastily agreed. There was another element. He had a
+dispute with Newfoundland on hand, which the latter was insisting must
+be settled to her advantage. No Government in Britain could add
+Canadian dissatisfaction to that of Newfoundland. Salisbury had done
+the best he could. After a while Blaine was convinced of this and
+succeeded in bringing the President into line.
+
+The Behring Sea troubles brought about some rather amusing situations.
+One day Sir John Macdonald, Canadian Premier, and his party reached
+Washington and asked Mr. Blaine to arrange an interview with the
+President upon this subject. Mr. Blaine replied that he would see the
+President and inform Sir John the next morning.
+
+"Of course," said Mr. Blaine, telling me the story in Washington just
+after the incident occurred, "I knew very well that the President
+could not meet Sir John and his friends officially, and when they
+called I told them so." Sir John said that Canada was independent, "as
+sovereign as the State of New York was in the Union." Mr. Blaine
+replied he was afraid that if he ever obtained an interview as Premier
+of Canada with the State authorities of New York he would soon hear
+something on the subject from Washington; and so would the New York
+State authorities.
+
+It was because the President and Mr. Blaine were convinced that the
+British Government at home could not fulfill the stipulations agreed
+upon that they accepted Salisbury's proposal for arbitration,
+believing he had done his best. That was a very sore disappointment to
+Mr. Blaine. He had suggested that Britain and America should each
+place two small vessels on Behring Sea with equal rights to board or
+arrest fishing vessels under either flag--in fact, a joint police
+force. To give Salisbury due credit, he cabled the British Ambassador,
+Sir Julian Pauncefote, to congratulate Mr. Blaine upon this "brilliant
+suggestion." It would have given equal rights to each and under either
+or both flags for the first time in history--a just and brotherly
+compact. Sir Julian had shown this cable to Mr. Blaine. I mention this
+here to suggest that able and willing statesmen, anxious to coöperate,
+are sometimes unable to do so.
+
+Mr. Blaine was indeed a great statesman, a man of wide views, sound
+judgment, and always for peace. Upon war with Chili, upon the Force
+Bill, and the Behring Sea question, he was calm, wise, and
+peace-pursuing. Especially was he favorable to drawing closer and
+closer to our own English-speaking race. For France he had gratitude
+unbounded for the part she had played in our Revolutionary War, but
+this did not cause him to lose his head.
+
+One night at dinner in London Mr. Blaine was at close quarters for a
+moment. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty came up. A leading statesman present
+said that the impression they had was that Mr. Blaine had always been
+inimical to the Mother country. Mr. Blaine disclaimed this, and justly
+so, as far as I knew his sentiments. His correspondence upon the
+Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was instanced. Mr. Blaine replied:
+
+"When I became Secretary of State and had to take up that subject I
+was surprised to find that your Secretary for Foreign Affairs was
+always informing us what Her Majesty 'expected,' while our Secretary
+of State was telling you what our President 'ventured to hope.' When I
+received a dispatch telling us what Her Majesty expected, I replied,
+telling you what our President 'expected.'"
+
+"Well, you admit you changed the character of the correspondence?" was
+shot at him.
+
+Quick as a flash came the response: "Not more than conditions had
+changed. The United States had passed the stage of 'venturing to hope'
+with any power that 'expects.' I only followed your example, and
+should ever Her Majesty 'venture to hope,' the President will always
+be found doing the same. I am afraid that as long as you 'expect' the
+United States will also 'expect' in return."
+
+One night there was a dinner, where Mr. Joseph Chamberlain and Sir
+Charles Tennant, President of the Scotland Steel Company, were guests.
+During the evening the former said that his friend Carnegie was a good
+fellow and they all delighted to see him succeeding, but he didn't
+know why the United States should give him protection worth a million
+sterling per year or more, for condescending to manufacture steel
+rails.
+
+"Well," said Mr. Blaine, "we don't look at it in that light. I am
+interested in railroads, and we formerly used to pay you for steel
+rails ninety dollars per ton for every ton we got--nothing less. Now,
+just before I sailed from home our people made a large contract with
+our friend Carnegie at thirty dollars per ton. I am somewhat under
+the impression that if Carnegie and others had not risked their
+capital in developing their manufacture on our side of the Atlantic,
+we would still be paying you ninety dollars per ton to-day."
+
+Here Sir Charles broke in: "You may be sure you would. Ninety dollars
+was our agreed-upon price for you foreigners."
+
+Mr. Blaine smilingly remarked: "Mr. Chamberlain, I don't think you
+have made a very good case against our friend Carnegie."
+
+"No," he replied; "how could I, with Sir Charles giving me away like
+that?"--and there was general laughter.
+
+Blaine was a rare raconteur and his talk had this great merit: never
+did I hear him tell a story or speak a word unsuitable for any, even
+the most fastidious company to hear. He was as quick as a steel trap,
+a delightful companion, and he would have made an excellent and yet
+safe President. I found him truly conservative, and strong for peace
+upon all international questions.
+
+[Illustration: SKIBO CASTLE]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+HAY AND McKINLEY
+
+
+John Hay was our frequent guest in England and Scotland, and was on
+the eve of coming to us at Skibo in 1898 when called home by President
+McKinley to become Secretary of State. Few have made such a record in
+that office. He inspired men with absolute confidence in his
+sincerity, and his aspirations were always high. War he detested, and
+meant what he said when he pronounced it "the most ferocious and yet
+the most futile folly of man."
+
+The Philippines annexation was a burning question when I met him and
+Henry White (Secretary of Legation and later Ambassador to France) in
+London, on my way to New York. It gratified me to find our views were
+similar upon that proposed serious departure from our traditional
+policy of avoiding distant and disconnected possessions and keeping
+our empire within the continent, especially keeping it out of the
+vortex of militarism. Hay, White, and I clasped hands together in
+Hay's office in London, and agreed upon this. Before that he had
+written me the following note:
+
+     _London, August 22, 1898_
+
+     MY DEAR CARNEGIE:
+
+     I thank you for the Skibo grouse and also for your kind
+     letter. It is a solemn and absorbing thing to hear so many
+     kind and unmerited words as I have heard and read this last
+     week. It seems to me another man they are talking about,
+     while I am expected to do the work. I wish a little of the
+     kindness could be saved till I leave office finally.
+
+     I have read with the keenest interest your article in the
+     "North American."[77] I am not allowed to say in my present
+     fix how much I agree with you. The only question on my mind
+     is how far it is now _possible_ for us to withdraw from the
+     Philippines. I am rather thankful it is not given to me to
+     solve that momentous question.[78]
+
+[Footnote 77: The reference is to an article by Mr. Carnegie in the
+_North American Review_, August, 1898, entitled: "Distant
+Possessions--The Parting of the Ways."]
+
+[Footnote 78: Published in Thayer, _Life and Letters of John Hay_,
+vol. II, p. 175. Boston and New York, 1915.]
+
+It was a strange fate that placed upon him the very task he had
+congratulated himself was never to be his.
+
+He stood alone at first as friendly to China in the Boxer troubles and
+succeeded in securing for her fair terms of peace. His regard for
+Britain, as part of our own race, was deep, and here the President was
+thoroughly with him, and grateful beyond measure to Britain for
+standing against other European powers disposed to favor Spain in the
+Cuban War.
+
+The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty concerning the Panama Canal seemed to many
+of us unsatisfactory. Senator Elkins told me my objections, given in
+the "New York Tribune," reached him the day he was to speak upon it,
+and were useful. Visiting Washington soon after the article appeared,
+I went with Senator Hanna to the White House early in the morning and
+found the President much exercised over the Senate's amendment to the
+treaty. I had no doubt of Britain's prompt acquiescence in the
+Senate's requirements, and said so. Anything in reason she would give,
+since it was we who had to furnish the funds for the work from which
+she would be, next to ourselves, the greatest gainer.
+
+Senator Hanna asked if I had seen "John," as he and President McKinley
+always called Mr. Hay. I said I had not. Then he asked me to go over
+and cheer him up, for he was disconsolate about the amendments. I did
+so. I pointed out to Mr. Hay that the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty had been
+amended by the Senate and scarcely any one knew this now and no one
+cared. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty would be executed as amended and no
+one would care a fig whether it was in its original form or not. He
+doubted this and thought Britain would be indisposed to recede. A
+short time after this, dining with him, he said I had proved a true
+prophet and all was well.
+
+Of course it was. Britain had practically told us she wished the canal
+built and would act in any way desired. The canal is now as it should
+be--that is, all American, with no international complications
+possible. It was perhaps not worth building at that time, but it was
+better to spend three or four hundred millions upon it than in
+building sea monsters of destruction to fight imaginary foes. One may
+be a loss and there an end; the other might be a source of war, for
+
+    "Oft the sight of means to do ill deeds
+    Make deeds ill done."
+
+Mr. Hay's _bête noire_ was the Senate. Upon this, and this only, was
+he disregardful of the proprieties. When it presumed to alter one
+word, substituting "treaty" for "agreement," which occurred in one
+place only in the proposed Arbitration Treaty of 1905, he became
+unduly excited. I believe this was owing in great degree to poor
+health, for it was clear by that time to intimate friends that his
+health was seriously impaired.
+
+The last time I saw him was at lunch at his house, when the
+Arbitration Treaty, as amended by the Senate, was under the
+consideration of President Roosevelt. The arbitrationists, headed by
+ex-Secretary of State Foster, urged the President's acceptance of the
+amended treaty. We thought he was favorable to this, but from my
+subsequent talk with Secretary Hay, I saw that the President's
+agreeing would be keenly felt. I should not be surprised if
+Roosevelt's rejection of the treaty was resolved upon chiefly to
+soothe his dear friend John Hay in his illness. I am sure I felt that
+I could be brought to do, only with the greatest difficulty, anything
+that would annoy that noble soul. But upon this point Hay was
+obdurate; no surrender to the Senate. Leaving his house I said to Mrs.
+Carnegie that I doubted if ever we should meet our friend again. We
+never did.
+
+The Carnegie Institution of Washington, of which Hay was the chairman
+and a trustee from the start, received his endorsement and close
+attention, and much were we indebted to him for wise counsel. As a
+statesman he made his reputation in shorter time and with a surer
+touch than any one I know of. And it may be doubted if any public man
+ever had more deeply attached friends. One of his notes I have long
+kept. It would have been the most flattering of any to my literary
+vanity but for my knowledge of his most lovable nature and undue
+warmth for his friends. The world is poorer to me to-day as I write,
+since he has left it.
+
+The Spanish War was the result of a wave of passion started by the
+reports of the horrors of the Cuban Revolution. President McKinley
+tried hard to avoid it. When the Spanish Minister left Washington, the
+French Ambassador became Spain's agent, and peaceful negotiations were
+continued. Spain offered autonomy for Cuba. The President replied that
+he did not know exactly what "autonomy" meant. What he wished for Cuba
+was the rights that Canada possessed. He understood these. A cable was
+shown to the President by the French Minister stating that Spain
+granted this and he, dear man, supposed all was settled. So it was,
+apparently.
+
+Speaker Reed usually came to see me Sunday mornings when in New York,
+and it was immediately after my return from Europe that year that he
+called and said he had never lost control of the House before. For one
+moment he thought of leaving the chair and going on the floor to
+address the House and try to quiet it. In vain it was explained that
+the President had received from Spain the guarantee of self-government
+for Cuba. Alas! it was too late, too late!
+
+"What is Spain doing over here, anyhow?" was the imperious inquiry of
+Congress. A sufficient number of Republicans had agreed to vote with
+the Democrats in Congress for war. A whirlwind of passion swept over
+the House, intensified, no doubt, by the unfortunate explosion of the
+warship Maine in Havana Harbor, supposed by some to be Spanish work.
+The supposition gave Spain far too much credit for skill and activity.
+
+War was declared--the Senate being shocked by Senator Proctor's
+statement of the concentration camps he had seen in Cuba. The country
+responded to the cry, "What is Spain doing over here anyhow?"
+President McKinley and his peace policy were left high and dry, and
+nothing remained for him but to go with the country. The Government
+then announced that war was not undertaken for territorial
+aggrandizement, and Cuba was promised independence--a promise
+faithfully kept. We should not fail to remember this, for it is the
+one cheering feature of the war.
+
+The possession of the Philippines left a stain. They were not only
+territorial acquisition; they were dragged from reluctant Spain and
+twenty million dollars paid for them. The Filipinos had been our
+allies in fighting Spain. The Cabinet, under the lead of the
+President, had agreed that only a coaling station in the Philippines
+should be asked for, and it is said such were the instructions given
+by cable at first to the Peace Commissioners at Paris. President
+McKinley then made a tour through the West and, of course, was cheered
+when he spoke of the flag and Dewey's victory. He returned, impressed
+with the idea that withdrawal would be unpopular, and reversed his
+former policy. I was told by one of his Cabinet that every member was
+opposed to the reversal. A senator told me Judge Day, one of the Peace
+Commissioners, wrote a remonstrance from Paris, which if ever
+published, would rank next to Washington's Farewell Address, so fine
+was it.
+
+At this stage an important member of the Cabinet, my friend Cornelius
+N. Bliss, called and asked me to visit Washington and see the
+President on the subject. He said:
+
+"You have influence with him. None of us have been able to move him
+since he returned from the West."
+
+I went to Washington and had an interview with him. But he was
+obdurate. Withdrawal would create a revolution at home, he said.
+Finally, by persuading his secretaries that he had to bend to the
+blast, and always holding that it would be only a temporary occupation
+and that a way out would be found, the Cabinet yielded.
+
+He sent for President Schurman, of Cornell University, who had opposed
+annexation and made him chairman of the committee to visit the
+Filipinos; and later for Judge Taft, who had been prominent against
+such a violation of American policy, to go as Governor. When the Judge
+stated that it seemed strange to send for one, who had publicly
+denounced annexation, the President said that was the very reason why
+he wished him for the place. This was all very well, but to refrain
+from annexing and to relinquish territory once purchased are different
+propositions. This was soon seen.
+
+Mr. Bryan had it in his power at one time to defeat in the Senate this
+feature of the Treaty of Peace with Spain. I went to Washington to try
+to effect this, and remained there until the vote was taken. I was
+told that when Mr. Bryan was in Washington he had advised his friends
+that it would be good party policy to allow the treaty to pass. This
+would discredit the Republican Party before the people; that "paying
+twenty millions for a revolution" would defeat any party. There were
+seven staunch Bryan men anxious to vote against Philippine annexation.
+
+Mr. Bryan had called to see me in New York upon the subject, because
+my opposition to the purchase had been so pronounced, and I now wired
+him at Omaha explaining the situation and begging him to wire me that
+his friends could use their own judgment. His reply was what I have
+stated--better have the Republicans pass it and let it then go before
+the people. I thought it unworthy of him to subordinate such an issue,
+fraught with deplorable consequences, to mere party politics. It
+required the casting vote of the Speaker to carry the measure. One
+word from Mr. Bryan would have saved the country from the disaster. I
+could not be cordial to him for years afterwards. He had seemed to me
+a man who was willing to sacrifice his country and his personal
+convictions for party advantage.
+
+When I called upon President McKinley immediately after the vote, I
+condoled with him upon being dependent for support upon his leading
+opponent. I explained just how his victory had been won and suggested
+that he should send his grateful acknowledgments to Mr. Bryan. A
+Colonial possession thousands of miles away was a novel problem to
+President McKinley, and indeed to all American statesmen. Nothing did
+they know of the troubles and dangers it would involve. Here the
+Republic made its first grievous international mistake--a mistake
+which dragged it into the vortex of international militarism and a
+great navy. What a change has come over statesmen since!
+
+At supper with President Roosevelt at the White House a few weeks ago
+(1907), he said:
+
+"If you wish to see the two men in the United States who are the most
+anxious to get out of the Philippines, here they are," pointing to
+Secretary Taft and himself.
+
+"Then why don't you?" I responded. "The American people would be glad
+indeed."
+
+But both the President and Judge Taft believed our duty required us to
+prepare the Islands for self-government first. This is the policy of
+"Don't go into the water until you learn to swim." But the plunge has
+to be and will be taken some day.
+
+It was urged that if we did not occupy the Philippines, Germany would.
+It never occurred to the urgers that this would mean Britain agreeing
+that Germany should establish a naval base at Macao, a short sail from
+Britain's naval base in the East. Britain would as soon permit her to
+establish a base at Kingston, Ireland, eighty miles from Liverpool. I
+was surprised to hear men--men like Judge Taft, although he was
+opposed at first to the annexation--give this reason when we were
+discussing the question after the fatal step had been taken. But we
+know little of foreign relations. We have hitherto been a consolidated
+country. It will be a sad day if we ever become anything otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX
+
+MEETING THE GERMAN EMPEROR
+
+
+My first Rectorial Address to the students of St. Andrews University
+attracted the attention of the German Emperor, who sent word to me in
+New York by Herr Ballin that he had read every word of it. He also
+sent me by him a copy of his address upon his eldest son's
+consecration. Invitations to meet him followed; but it was not until
+June, 1907, that I could leave, owing to other engagements. Mrs.
+Carnegie and I went to Kiel. Mr. Tower, our American Ambassador to
+Germany, and Mrs. Tower met us there and were very kind in their
+attentions. Through them we met many of the distinguished public men
+during our three days' stay there.
+
+The first morning, Mr. Tower took me to register on the Emperor's
+yacht. I had no expectation of seeing the Emperor, but he happened to
+come on deck, and seeing Mr. Tower he asked what had brought him on
+the yacht so early. Mr. Tower explained he had brought me over to
+register, and that Mr. Carnegie was on board. He asked:
+
+"Why not present him now? I wish to see him."
+
+I was talking to the admirals who were assembling for a conference,
+and did not see Mr. Tower and the Emperor approaching from behind. A
+touch on my shoulder and I turned around.
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, the Emperor."
+
+It was a moment before I realized that the Emperor was before me. I
+raised both hands, and exclaimed:
+
+"This has happened just as I could have wished, with no ceremony, and
+the Man of Destiny dropped from the clouds."
+
+Then I continued: "Your Majesty, I have traveled two nights to accept
+your generous invitation, and never did so before to meet a crowned
+head."
+
+Then the Emperor, smiling--and such a captivating smile:
+
+"Oh! yes, yes, I have read your books. You do not like kings."
+
+"No, Your Majesty, I do not like kings, but I do like a man behind a
+king when I find him."
+
+"Ah! there is one king you like, I know, a Scottish king, Robert the
+Bruce. He was my hero in my youth. I was brought up on him."
+
+"Yes, Your Majesty, so was I, and he lies buried in Dunfermline Abbey,
+in my native town. When a boy, I used to walk often around the
+towering square monument on the Abbey--one word on each block in big
+stone letters 'King Robert the Bruce'--with all the fervor of a
+Catholic counting his beads. But Bruce was much more than a king, Your
+Majesty, he was the leader of his people. And not the first; Wallace
+the man of the people comes first. Your Majesty, I now own King
+Malcolm's tower in Dunfermline[79]--he from whom you derive your
+precious heritage of Scottish blood. Perhaps you know the fine old
+ballad, 'Sir Patrick Spens.'
+
+[Footnote 79: In the deed of trust conveying Pittencrieff Park and
+Glen to Dunfermline an unspecified reservation of property was made.
+The "with certain exceptions" related to King Malcolm's Tower. For
+reasons best known to himself Mr. Carnegie retained the ownership of
+this relic of the past.]
+
+    "'The King sits in Dunfermline tower
+    Drinking the bluid red wine.'
+
+I should like to escort you some day to the tower of your Scottish
+ancestor, that you may do homage to his memory." He exclaimed:
+
+"That would be very fine. The Scotch are much quicker and cleverer
+than the Germans. The Germans are too slow."
+
+"Your Majesty, where anything Scotch is concerned, I must decline to
+accept you as an impartial judge."
+
+He laughed and waved adieu, calling out:
+
+"You are to dine with me this evening"--and excusing himself went to
+greet the arriving admirals.
+
+About sixty were present at the dinner and we had a pleasant time,
+indeed. His Majesty, opposite whom I sat, was good enough to raise his
+glass and invite me to drink with him. After he had done so with Mr.
+Tower, our Ambassador, who sat at his right, he asked across the
+table--heard by those near--whether I had told Prince von Bülow, next
+whom I sat, that his (the Emperor's) hero, Bruce, rested in my native
+town of Dunfermline, and his ancestor's tower in Pittencrieff Glen,
+was in my possession.
+
+"No," I replied; "with Your Majesty I am led into such frivolities,
+but my intercourse with your Lord High Chancellor, I assure you, will
+always be of a serious import."
+
+We dined with Mrs. Goelet upon her yacht, one evening, and His Majesty
+being present, I told him President Roosevelt had said recently to me
+that he wished custom permitted him to leave the country so he could
+run over and see him (the Emperor). He thought a substantial talk
+would result in something good being accomplished. I believed that
+also. The Emperor agreed and said he wished greatly to see him and
+hoped he would some day come to Germany. I suggested that he (the
+Emperor) was free from constitutional barriers and could sail over
+and see the President.
+
+"Ah, but my country needs me here! How can I leave?"
+
+I replied:
+
+"Before leaving home one year, when I went to our mills to bid the
+officials good-bye and expressed regret at leaving them all hard at
+work, sweltering in the hot sun, but that I found I had now every year
+to rest and yet no matter how tired I might be one half-hour on the
+bow of the steamer, cutting the Atlantic waves, gave me perfect
+relief, my clever manager, Captain Jones, retorted: 'And, oh, Lord!
+think of the relief we all get.' It might be the same with your
+people, Your Majesty."
+
+He laughed heartily over and over again. It opened a new train of
+thought. He repeated his desire to meet President Roosevelt, and I
+said:
+
+"Well, Your Majesty, when you two do get together, I think I shall
+have to be with you. You and he, I fear, might get into mischief."
+
+He laughed and said:
+
+"Oh, I see! You wish to drive us together. Well, I agree if you make
+Roosevelt first horse, I shall follow."
+
+"Ah, no, Your Majesty, I know horse-flesh better than to attempt to
+drive two such gay colts tandem. You never get proper purchase on the
+first horse. I must yoke you both in the shafts, neck and neck, so I
+can hold you in."
+
+I never met a man who enjoyed stories more keenly than the Emperor. He
+is fine company, and I believe an earnest man, anxious for the peace
+and progress of the world. Suffice it to say he insists that he is,
+and always has been, for peace. [1907.] He cherishes the fact that he
+has reigned for twenty-four years and has never shed human blood. He
+considers that the German navy is too small to affect the British and
+was never intended to be a rival. Nevertheless, it is in my opinion
+very unwise, because unnecessary, to enlarge it. Prince von Bülow
+holds these sentiments and I believe the peace of the world has little
+to fear from Germany. Her interests are all favorable to peace,
+industrial development being her aim; and in this desirable field she
+is certainly making great strides.
+
+I sent the Emperor by his Ambassador, Baron von Sternberg, the book,
+"The Roosevelt Policy,"[80] to which I had written an introduction
+that pleased the President, and I rejoice in having received from him
+a fine bronze of himself with a valued letter. He is not only an
+Emperor, but something much higher--a man anxious to improve existing
+conditions, untiring in his efforts to promote temperance, prevent
+dueling, and, I believe, to secure International Peace.
+
+[Footnote 80: _The Roosevelt Policy: Speeches, Letters and State
+Papers relating to Corporate Wealth and closely Allied Topics._ New
+York, 1908.]
+
+I have for some time been haunted with the feeling that the Emperor
+was indeed a Man of Destiny. My interviews with him have strengthened
+that feeling. I have great hopes of him in the future doing something
+really great and good. He may yet have a part to play that will give
+him a place among the immortals. He has ruled Germany in peace for
+twenty-seven years, but something beyond even this record is due from
+one who has the power to establish peace among civilized nations
+through positive action. Maintaining peace in his own land is not
+sufficient from one whose invitation to other leading civilized
+nations to combine and establish arbitration of all international
+disputes would be gladly responded to. Whether he is to pass into
+history as only the preserver of internal peace at home or is to
+rise to his appointed mission as the Apostle of Peace among leading
+civilized nations, the future has still to reveal.
+
+The year before last (1912) I stood before him in the grand palace in
+Berlin and presented the American address of congratulation upon his
+peaceful reign of twenty-five years, his hand unstained by human
+blood. As I approached to hand to him the casket containing the
+address, he recognized me and with outstretched arms, exclaimed:
+
+"Carnegie, twenty-five years of peace, and we hope for many more."
+
+I could not help responding:
+
+"And in this noblest of all missions you are our chief ally."
+
+He had hitherto sat silent and motionless, taking the successive
+addresses from one officer and handing them to another to be placed
+upon the table. The chief subject under discussion had been World
+Peace, which he could have, and in my opinion, would have secured, had
+he not been surrounded by the military caste which inevitably gathers
+about one born to the throne--a caste which usually becomes as
+permanent as the potentate himself, and which has so far in Germany
+proved its power of control whenever the war issue has been presented.
+Until militarism is subordinated, there can be no World Peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As I read this to-day [1914], what a change! The world convulsed by
+war as never before! Men slaying each other like wild beasts! I dare
+not relinquish all hope. In recent days I see another ruler coming
+forward upon the world stage, who may prove himself the immortal one.
+The man who vindicated his country's honor in the Panama Canal toll
+dispute is now President. He has the indomitable will of genius, and
+true hope which we are told,
+
+    "Kings it makes gods, and meaner creatures kings."
+
+Nothing is impossible to genius! Watch President Wilson! He has Scotch
+blood in his veins.
+
+[Here the manuscript ends abruptly.]
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE AT SKIBO
+
+(1914)]
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+MR. CARNEGIE's chief publications are as follows:
+
+_An American Four-in-Hand in Britain._ New York, 1884.
+
+_Round the World._ New York, 1884.
+
+_Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' March of the Republic._ New
+York, 1886.
+
+_The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays._ New York, 1900.
+
+_The Empire of Business._ New York, 1903.
+
+_James Watt._ New York, 1905.
+
+_Problems of To-day. Wealth--Labor--Socialism._ New York, 1908.
+
+He was a contributor to English and American magazines and newspapers,
+and many of the articles as well as many of his speeches have been
+published in pamphlet form. Among the latter are the addresses on
+Edwin M. Stanton, Ezra Cornell, William Chambers, his pleas for
+international peace, his numerous dedicatory and founders day
+addresses. A fuller list of these publications is given in Margaret
+Barclay Wilson's _A Carnegie Anthology_, privately printed in New
+York, 1915.
+
+A great many articles have been written about Mr. Carnegie, but the
+chief sources of information are:
+
+ALDERSON (BERNARD). _Andrew Carnegie. The Man and His Work._
+New York, 1905.
+
+BERGLUND (ABRAHAM). _The United States Steel Corporation._
+New York, 1907.
+
+CARNEGIE (ANDREW). _How I served My Apprenticeship as a
+Business Man._ Reprint from _Youth's Companion_. April 23, 1896.
+
+COTTER (ARUNDEL). _Authentic History of the United States
+Steel Corporation._ New York, 1916.
+
+HUBBARD (ELBERT). _Andrew Carnegie_. New York, 1909.
+(Amusing, but inaccurate.)
+
+MACKIE (J.B.). _Andrew Carnegie. His Dunfermline Ties and
+Benefactions._ Dunfermline, n.d.
+
+_Manual of the Public Benefactions of Andrew Carnegie._ Published by
+the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Washington, 1919.
+
+_Memorial Addresses on the Life and Work of Andrew Carnegie._ New
+York, 1920.
+
+_Memorial Service in Honor of Andrew Carnegie on his Birthday,
+Tuesday, November 25, 1919._ Carnegie Music Hall, Pittsburgh,
+Pennsylvania.
+
+_Pittencrieff Glen: Its Antiquities, History and Legends._
+Dunfermline, 1903.
+
+POYNTON (JOHN A.). _A Millionaire's Mail Bag._ New York,
+1915. (Mr. Poynton was Mr. Carnegie's secretary.)
+
+PRITCHETT (HENRY S.). _Andrew Carnegie._ Anniversary Address
+before Carnegie Institute, November 24, 1915.
+
+SCHWAB (CHARLES M.). _Andrew Carnegie. His Methods with His
+Men._ Address at Memorial Service, Carnegie Music Hall, Pittsburgh,
+November 25, 1919.
+
+WILSON (MARGARET BARCLAY). _A Carnegie Anthology._ Privately
+printed. New York, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Abbey, Edwin A., 298.
+
+Abbott, Rev. Lyman, 285.
+
+Abbott, William L., becomes partner of Mr. Carnegie, 201.
+
+Accounting system, importance of, 135, 136, 204.
+
+Acton, Lord, library bought by Mr. Carnegie, 325.
+
+Adams, Edwin, tragedian, 49.
+
+Adams Express Company, investment in, 79.
+
+Addison, Leila, friend and critic of young Carnegie, 97.
+
+Aitken, Aunt, 8, 22, 30, 50, 51, 77, 78.
+
+Alderson, Barnard, _Andrew Carnegie_, quoted, 282 _n._
+
+Allegheny City, the Carnegies in, 30, 31, 34;
+  public library and hall, 259.
+
+Allegheny Valley Railway, bonds marketed by Mr. Carnegie, 167-71.
+
+Allison, Senator W.B., 124, 125.
+
+Altoona, beginnings of, 66.
+
+_American Four-in-Hand in Britain, An_, Mr. Carnegie's first book, 6;
+  quoted, 27, 318 _n._;
+  published, 212, 322.
+
+Anderson, Col. James, and his library, 45-47.
+
+Arnold, Edwin, gives Mr. Carnegie the MS. of _The Light of Asia_, 207.
+
+Arnold, Matthew, quoted, 206, 207, 302;
+  visits Mr. Carnegie, 216, 299, 301;
+  a charming man, 298;
+  seriously religious, 299;
+  as a lecturer, 299, 300;
+  and Henry Ward Beecher, 300;
+  on Shakespeare, 302;
+  and Josh Billings, 303-05;
+  in Chicago, 305, 306;
+  memorial to, 308.
+
+
+Baldwin, William H., 277.
+
+Balfour, Prime Minister, 269-71;
+  as a philosopher, 323, 324.
+
+Balfour of Burleigh, Lord, and Trust for the Universities of
+  Scotland, 269, 270, 272.
+
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Mr. Carnegie's relations with, 125-29.
+
+Baring Brother, dealings with, 168, 169.
+
+Barryman, Robert, an ideal Tom Bowling, 28, 29.
+
+Bates, David Homer, quoted, 45, 46, 100.
+
+Beecher, Henry Ward, and Matthew Arnold, 300;
+  and Robert G. Ingersoll, 300, 301;
+  on Herbert Spencer, 336, 337.
+
+Behring Sea question, 350, 353-55.
+
+Bessemer steel process, revolutionized steel manufacture, 184, 185,
+  229.
+
+Billings, Dr. J.S., of the New York Public Libraries, 259;
+  director of the Carnegie Institution, 260.
+
+Billings, Josh, 295;
+  and Matthew Arnold, 303-05;
+  anecdotes, 304, 305.
+
+Bismarck, Prince, disturbs the financial world, 169.
+
+Black, William, 298.
+
+Blaine, James G., visits Mr. Carnegie, 216;
+  and Mr. Gladstone, 320, 321, 328;
+  a good story-teller, 341-43, 357;
+  his Yorktown address, 341;
+  at Cluny Castle, 344;
+  misses the Presidency, 345;
+  as Secretary of State, 345, 352-56;
+  at the Pan-American Congress, 346.
+
+Bliss, Cornelius N., 363.
+
+Borntraeger, William, 136;
+  put in charge of the Union Iron Mills, 198;
+  anecdotes of, 199-201.
+
+Botta, Professor and Madame, 150.
+
+Braddock's Coöperative Society, 250.
+
+Bridge-building, of iron, 115-29;
+  at Steubenville, 116, 117;
+  at Keokuk, Iowa, 154;
+  at St. Louis, 155.
+
+Bright, John, 11;
+  and George Peabody, 282.
+
+British Iron and Steel Institute, 178, 180.
+
+Brooks, David, manager of the Pittsburgh telegraph office, 36-38,
+  57-59.
+
+Brown University, John Hay Library at, 275.
+
+Bruce, King Robert, 18, 367.
+
+Bryan, William J., and the treaty with Spain, 364.
+
+Bull Run, battle of, 100.
+
+Bülow, Prince von, 368, 370.
+
+Burns, Robert, quoted, 3, 13, 33, 307, 313;
+  Dean Stanley on, 271;
+  rules of conduct, 271, 272.
+
+Burroughs, John, and Ernest Thompson Seton, 293.
+
+Butler, Gen. B.F., 99.
+
+
+Cable, George W., 295.
+
+Calvinism, revolt from, 22, 23, 74, 75.
+
+Cambria Iron Company, 186.
+
+Cameron, Simon, in Lincoln's Cabinet, 102, 103;
+  a man of sentiment, 104;
+  anecdote of, 104, 105.
+
+Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 313;
+  and Trust for the Universities of Scotland, 269, 271;
+  Prime Minister, 312, 313.
+
+Carnegie, Andrew, grandfather of A.C., 2, 3.
+
+Carnegie, Andrew, birth, 2;
+  ancestry, 2-6;
+  fortunate in his birthplace, 6-8;
+  childhood in Dunfermline, 7-18;
+  a violent young republican, 10-12;
+  goes to school, 13-15, 21;
+  early usefulness to his parents, 14;
+  learns history from his Uncle Lauder, 15, 16;
+  intensely Scottish, 16, 18;
+  trained in recitation, 20;
+  power to memorize, 21;
+  animal pets, 23;
+  early evidence of organizing power, 24, 43;
+  leaves Dunfermline, 25;
+  sails for America, 28;
+  on the Erie Canal, 29, 30;
+  in Allegheny City, 30;
+  becomes a bobbin boy, 34;
+  works in a bobbin factory, 35, 36;
+  telegraph messenger, 37-44;
+  first real start in life, 38, 39;
+  first communication to the press, 45;
+  cultivates taste for literature, 46, 47;
+  love for Shakespeare stimulated, 48, 49;
+  Swedenborgian influence, 50;
+  taste for music aroused, 51;
+  first wage raise, 55;
+  learns to telegraph, 57, 58, 61;
+  becomes a telegraph operator, 59.
+
+  _Railroad experience:_
+  Clerk and operator for Thomas A. Scott, division superintendent of
+    Pennsylvania Railroad, 63;
+  loses pay-rolls, 67;
+  an anti-slavery partisan, 68, 96;
+  employs women as telegraph operators, 69;
+  takes unauthorized responsibility, 71, 72;
+  in temporary charge of division, 73;
+  theological discussions, 74-76;
+  first investment, 79;
+  transferred to Altoona, 84;
+  invests in building of sleeping-cars, 87;
+  made division superintendent on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 91;
+  returns to Pittsburgh, 92;
+  gets a house at Homewood, 94;
+  Civil War service, 99-109;
+  gift to Kenyon College, 106;
+  first serious illness, 109;
+  first return to Scotland, 110-13;
+  organizes rail-making and locomotive works, 115;
+  also a company to build iron bridges, 116-18;
+  bridge-building, 119-29;
+  begins making iron, 130-34;
+  introduces cost accounting system, 135, 136, 204;
+  becomes interested in oil wells, 136-39;
+  mistaken for a noted exhorter, 140;
+  leaves the railroad company, 140, 141.
+
+  _Period of acquisition:_
+  Travels extensively in Europe, 142, 143;
+  deepening appreciation of art and music, 143;
+  builds coke works, 144, 145;
+  attitude toward protective tariff, 146-48;
+  opens an office in New York, 149;
+  joins the Nineteenth Century Club, 150;
+  opposed to speculation, 151-54;
+  builds bridge at Keokuk, 154;
+  and another at St. Louis, 155-57;
+  dealings with the Morgans, 155-57, 169-73;
+  gives public baths to Dunfermline, 157;
+  his ambitions at thirty-three, 157, 158;
+  rivalry with Pullman, 159;
+  proposes forming Pullman Palace Car Company, 160;
+  helps the Union Pacific Railway through a crisis, 162, 163;
+  becomes a director of that company, 164;
+  but is forced out, 165;
+  friction with Mr. Scott, 165, 174;
+  floats bonds of the Allegheny Valley Railway, 167-71;
+  negotiations with Baring Brothers, 168, 169;
+  some business rules, 172-75, 194, 224, 231;
+  concentrates on manufacturing, 176, 177;
+  president of the British Iron and Steel Institute, 178;
+  begins making pig iron, 178, 179;
+  proves the value of chemistry at a blast furnace, 181-83;
+  making steel rails, 184-89;
+  in the panic of 1873, 189-93;
+  parts with Mr. Kloman, 194-97;
+  some of his partners, 198-203;
+  goes around the world, 204-09;
+  his philosophy of life, 206, 207;
+  Dunfermline confers the freedom of the town, 210;
+  coaching in Great Britain, 211, 212;
+  dangerously ill, 212, 213;
+  death of his mother and brother, 212, 213;
+  courtship, 213, 214;
+  marriage, 215;
+  presented with the freedom of Edinburgh, 215;
+  birth of his daughter, 217;
+  buys Skibo Castle, 217;
+  manufactures spiegel and ferro-manganese, 220, 221;
+  buys mines, 221-23;
+  acquires the Frick Coke Company, 222;
+  buys the Homestead steel mills, 225;
+  progress between 1888 and 1897, 226;
+  the Homestead strike, 228-33;
+  succeeds Mark Hanna on executive committee of the National Civic
+    Federation, 234;
+  incident of Burgomaster McLuckie, 235-39;
+  some labor disputes, 240-54;
+  dealing with a mill committee, 241, 242;
+  breaking a strike, 243-46;
+  a sliding scale of wages, 244-47;
+  beating a bully, 248;
+  settling differences by conference, 249, 250, 252;
+  workmen's savings, 251.
+
+  _Period of distribution:_
+  Carnegie Steel Company sells out to United States Steel Corporation,
+    255, 256;
+  Andrew Carnegie Relief Fund established for men in the mills, 256,
+    257, 281;
+  libraries built, 259;
+  Carnegie Institution founded, 259-61;
+  hero funds established for several countries, 262-67;
+  pension fund for aged professors, 268-71;
+  trustee of Cornell University, 268;
+  Lord Rector of St. Andrews, 271-73;
+  aid to American colleges, 274, 275, 277 _n._;
+  connection with Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, 276, 277;
+  gives organs to many churches, 278, 279;
+  private pension fund, 279, 280;
+  Railroad Pension Fund, 280;
+  early interested in peace movements, 282, 283;
+  on a League of Nations, 284 _n._;
+  provides funds for Temple of Peace at The Hague, 284, 285;
+  president of the Peace Society of New York, 285, 286;
+  decorated by several governments, 286;
+  buys Pittencrieff Glen and gives it to Dunfermline, 286-90;
+  friendship with Earl Grey, 290;
+  other trusts established, 290 _n._;
+  dinners of the Carnegie Veteran Association, 291, 292;
+  the Literary Dinner, 292, 293;
+  relations with Mark Twain, 294-97;
+  with Matthew Arnold, 298-308;
+  with Josh Billings, 302-05;
+  first meets Mr. Gladstone, 309, 330, 331;
+  estimate of Lord Rosebery, 309-11;
+  his own name often misspelled, 310;
+  attachment to Harcourt and Campbell-Bannerman, 312;
+  and the Earl of Elgin, 313, 314;
+  his Freedom-getting career, 314, 316;
+  opinion on British municipal government, 314-17;
+  visits Mr. Gladstone at Hawarden, 318, 319, 328, 329;
+  incident of the Queen's Jubilee, 320, 321;
+  relations with J.G. Blaine, 320, 321, 328, 341-46;
+  friendship with John Morley, 322-28;
+  estimate of Elihu Root, 324;
+  buys Lord Acton's library, 325;
+  on Irish Home Rule, 327;
+  attempts newspaper campaign of political progress, 330;
+  writes _Triumphant Democracy_, 330-32;
+  a disciple of Herbert Spencer, 333-40;
+  delegate to the Pan-American Congress, 346, 350;
+  entertains President Harrison, 347, 348;
+  founds Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh, 348;
+  influence in the Chilian quarrel, 350-52;
+  suggests Mr. Shiras for the Supreme Court, 353;
+  on the Behring Sea dispute, 354, 355;
+  opinion of Mr. Blaine, 355, 357;
+  relations with John Hay, 358-61;
+  and with President McKinley, 359, 363;
+  on annexation of the Philippines, 362-65;
+  criticism of W.J. Bryan, 364;
+  impressions of the German emperor, 366-71;
+  hopeful of President Wilson, 371, 372.
+
+Carnegie, Louise Whitfield, wife of A.C., 215-19;
+  charmed by Scotland, 215;
+  her enjoyment of the pipers, 216;
+  the Peace-Maker, 218;
+  honored with freedom of Dunfermline, 271;
+  first honorary member of Carnegie Veteran Association, 292.
+
+Carnegie, Margaret Morrison, mother of A.C., 6, 12;
+  reticent on religious subjects, 22, 50;
+  a wonderful woman, 31, 32, 38, 88-90;
+  gives bust of Sir Walter Scott to Stirling, 157;
+  lays corner stone of Carnegie Library in Dunfermline, 211;
+  death of, 212, 213;
+  advice to Matthew Arnold, 299.
+
+Carnegie, Margaret, daughter of A.C., born, 217.
+
+Carnegie, Thomas Morrison, brother of A.C., 25;
+  a favorite of Col. Piper, 118, 119;
+  interested in iron-making, 130;
+  friendship with Henry Phipps, 132;
+  marries Lucy Coleman, 149;
+  death of, 212, 213.
+
+Carnegie, William, father of A.C., 2;
+  a damask weaver, 8, 12, 13, 25, 30;
+  a radical republican, 11;
+  liberal in theology, 22, 23;
+  works in a cotton factory in Allegheny City, 34;
+  one of the founders of a library in Dunfermline, 48;
+  a sweet singer, 52;
+  shy and reserved, 62;
+  one of the most lovable of men, 63;
+  death of, 63, 77.
+
+"Carnegie," the wood-and-bronze yacht, 260, 261.
+
+Carnegie Brothers & Co., 129, 225, 226.
+
+Carnegie Corporation of New York, 290 _n._
+
+Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 286 _n._
+
+Carnegie Endowment for the Advancement of Learning, 268.
+
+Carnegie Hero Fund, 262-66.
+
+Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh, 259, 348.
+
+Carnegie Institution, 259, 260.
+
+Carnegie, Kloman & Co., 196, 197.
+
+Carnegie, McCandless & Co., 201.
+
+Carnegie, Phipps & Co., 226.
+
+Carnegie Relief Fund, for Carnegie workmen, 266.
+
+Carnegie Steel Company, 256.
+
+Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, trustees of, 269;
+  duties of, 270, 271.
+
+Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, 290 _n._
+
+Carnegie Veteran Association, 291, 292.
+
+"Cavendish" (Henry Jones), anecdote of, 315.
+
+Central Transportation Company, 159, 161.
+
+Chamberlain, Joseph, 326, 327, 356.
+
+Chemistry, value of, in iron manufacture, 181, 182, 223.
+
+Chicago, "dizzy on cult," 305, 306.
+
+Chili, quarrel with, 350-53.
+
+Chisholm, Mr., Cleveland iron manufacturer, 184.
+
+Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 355, 356, 360.
+
+Clemens, Samuel L., _see_ Twain, Mark.
+
+Cleveland, Frances, Library at Wellesley College, 275.
+
+Cleveland, President, 283;
+  and tariff revision, 147.
+
+Cluny Castle, Scotland, 217;
+  Mr. Blaine at, 344.
+
+Coal-washing, introduced into America by George Lauder, 144.
+
+Cobbett, William, 4.
+
+Coke, manufacture of, 144, 145, 221.
+
+Coleman, Lucy, afterwards Mrs. Thomas Carnegie, 149.
+
+Coleman, William, interested in oil wells, 136-40;
+  and in coke, 144;
+  manufacturer of steel rails, 186;
+  anecdote of, 192;
+  sells out to Mr. Carnegie, 202.
+
+Columbia University, 274 _n._
+
+Confucius, quoted, 50, 52, 340.
+
+Constant, Baron d'Estournelles de, 286.
+
+Conway, Moncure D., Autobiography quoted, 274.
+
+Coöperative store, 250.
+
+Corn Law agitation, the, 8.
+
+Cornell University, salaries of professors, 268.
+
+Cowley, William, 46.
+
+Cremer, William Randall, receives Nobel Prize for promotion of peace,
+  283, 284 _n._
+
+Cresson Springs, Mr. Carnegie's summer home in the Alleghanies, 213,
+  307.
+
+Cromwell, Oliver, 15.
+
+Crystal Palace, London, 143.
+
+Curry, Henry M., 181;
+  becomes a partner of Mr. Carnegie, 201.
+
+Cyclops Mills, 133, 134.
+
+
+Damask trade in Scotland, 2, 8, 12, 13.
+
+Dawes, Anna L., _How we are Governed_, 327.
+
+Dennis, Prof. F.S., 213, 214.
+
+Dickinson College, Conway Hall at, 274.
+
+Disestablishment of the English Church, 329.
+
+Dodds process, the, for carbonizing the heads of iron rails, 186.
+
+Dodge, William E., 260.
+
+Donaldson, Principal, of St. Andrews University, 273.
+
+Douglas, Euphemia (Mrs. Sloane), 29.
+
+Drexel, Anthony, 175, 205.
+
+Dunfermline, birthplace of Mr. Carnegie, 2, 6;
+  a radical town, 10;
+  libraries in, 48;
+  revisited, 110-12, 157;
+  gives Mr. Carnegie the freedom of the town, 210;
+  Carnegie Library in, 211;
+  confers freedom of the town on Mrs. Carnegie, 271.
+
+Dunfermline Abbey, 6, 7, 17, 18, 26, 27, 111.
+
+Durrant, President, of the Union Pacific Railway, 159.
+
+
+Eads, Capt. James B., 119, 120.
+
+Edgar Thomson Steel Company, 188, 189, 201, 202.
+
+Education, compulsory, 34.
+
+Edwards, "Billy," 249, 250.
+
+Edwards, Passmore, 330.
+
+Elgin, Earl of, and Trust for the Universities of Scotland, 269-72,
+  313, 314.
+
+Elkins, Sen. Stephen B., and Mr. Blaine, 344, 345, 352, 359.
+
+Emerson, Ralph Waldo, anecdote of, 335.
+
+Endorsing notes, 173, 174.
+
+Erie Canal, the, 29, 30.
+
+Escanaba Iron Company, 194-97, 220.
+
+Evans, Captain ("Fighting Bob"), as government inspector, 199.
+
+Evarts, William M., 336 _n._
+
+
+Fahnestock, Mr., Pittsburgh financier, 41.
+
+Farmer, President, of Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Co., 5.
+
+Ferguson, Ella (Mrs. Henderson), 25.
+
+Ferro-manganese, manufacture of, 220.
+
+Fleming, Marjory, 20.
+
+Flower, Governor Roswell P., and the tariff, 147, 148.
+
+Forbes, Gen. John, Laird of Pittencrieff, 188.
+
+Franciscus, Mr., freight agent at Pittsburgh, 72.
+
+Franciscus, Mrs., 80.
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, and St. Andrews University, 272;
+  quoted, 340.
+
+Frick, Henry C., 222.
+
+Frick Coke Company, 222, 226.
+
+Fricke, Dr., chemist at the Lucy Furnace, 182.
+
+Frissell, Hollis B., of Hampton Institute, 277.
+
+
+Garrett, John W., President of the Baltimore
+  and Ohio Railroad, 125-29.
+
+General Education Board, 274.
+
+Germany, and the Philippines, 365;
+  Emperor William, 366-71.
+
+Gilder, Richard Watson, poem by, 262, 263;
+  manager of the Literary Dinner, 292, 293;
+  on Mr. Carnegie, 293 _n._, 340 _n._
+
+Gilman, Daniel C., first president of the Carnegie Institution, 260.
+
+Gladstone, W.E., letter from, 233;
+  and Matthew Arnold, 298;
+  Mr. Carnegie and, 309, 327-31;
+  his library, 318;
+  devout and sincere, 319;
+  anecdote of, 320;
+  and J.G. Blaine, 321;
+  and John Morley, 325.
+
+Glass, John P., 54, 55.
+
+God, each stage of civilization creates its own, 75.
+
+Gorman, Senator Arthur P., and the tariff, 147, 148.
+
+_Gospel of Wealth, The_, published, 255.
+
+Gould, Jay, 152.
+
+Grant, Gen. U.S., and Secretary Stanton, 106;
+  some characteristics of, 107;
+  unjustly suspected, 108.
+
+Greeley, Horace, 68, 81.
+
+Grey, Earl, trustee of Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, 290 and _n._
+
+
+Hague Conference, 283, 284.
+
+Haldane, Lord Chancellor, error as to British manufactures, 331.
+
+Hale, Eugene, visits Mr. Carnegie, 216.
+
+Hale, Prof. George E., of the Mount Wilson Observatory, 261.
+
+Halkett, Sir Arthur, killed at Braddock's defeat, 187, 188.
+
+Hamilton College, Elihu Root Foundation at, 275.
+
+Hampton Institute, 276.
+
+Hanna, Senator Mark, 233, 234, 359;
+  Chair in Western Reserve University named for, 275.
+
+Harcourt, Sir William Vernon, 312.
+
+Harris, Joel Chandler, 295.
+
+Harrison, President Benjamin, opens Carnegie Hall at Allegheny City,
+  259, 347;
+  his nomination, 344, 345;
+  dispute with Chili, 350-53;
+  the Behring Sea question, 350, 353-55.
+
+Hartman Steel Works, 226.
+
+Hawk, Mr., of the Windsor Hotel, New York, 150.
+
+Hay, Secretary John, comment on Lincoln, 101, 102;
+  visits Mr. Carnegie, 216;
+  chairman of directors of Carnegie Institution, 260;
+  Library, at Brown University, 275;
+  as Secretary of State, 358;
+  the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 359;
+  the Senate his _bête noire_, 360, 361.
+
+Hay, John, of Allegheny City, 34-37.
+
+Head-ication versus Hand-ication, 4.
+
+Henderson, Ebenezer, 5.
+
+Henderson, Ella Ferguson, 25, 55.
+
+Hero Fund, 262-66.
+
+Hewitt, Abram S., 260.
+
+Higginson, Maj. F.L., 260.
+
+Higginson, Col. Thomas Wentworth, 150.
+
+Hill, David Jayne, on the German Hero Fund, 263, 264.
+
+Hogan, Maria, 70.
+
+Hogan, Uncle, 36, 77.
+
+Holls, G.F.W., and the Hague Conference, 284.
+
+Holmes, Oliver Wendell, and the Matthew Arnold memorial, 307, 308.
+
+Homestead Steel Mills, consolidated with Carnegie Brothers & Co., 225,
+  226;
+  strike at, 228-39;
+  address of workmen to Mr. Carnegie, 257.
+
+Hughes, Courtney, 58.
+
+Huntington, Collis P., 205.
+
+
+Ignorance, the main root of industrial trouble, 240.
+
+_In the Time of Peace_, by Richard Watson Gilder, 262, 263.
+
+Ingersoll, Col. Robert G., 210, 300.
+
+Integrity, importance of, in business, 172.
+
+Ireland, Mr. Carnegie's freedom tour in, 314 _n._, 316.
+
+Irish Home Rule, 327.
+
+Irwin, Agnes, receives doctor's degree from St. Andrews University,
+  272, 273.
+
+Isle of Wight, 215.
+
+
+Jackson, Andrew, and Simon Cameron, 104, 105.
+
+Jewett, Thomas L., President of the Panhandle Railroad, 117.
+
+Jones, Henry ("Cavendish"), anecdote of, 315.
+
+Jones, ---- ("The Captain"), 202, 204, 241, 242, 369;
+  prefers large salary to partnership, 203.
+
+_Just by the Way_, poem on Mr. Carnegie, 238.
+
+
+Kaiser Wilhelm, and Mr. Carnegie, 366-71.
+
+Katte, Walter, 123.
+
+Keble, Bishop, godfather of Matthew Arnold, 298.
+
+Kelly, Mr., chairman of blast-furnaces committee, 241-43.
+
+Kennedy, Julian, 220.
+
+Kenyon College, gift to, 106;
+  Stanton Chair of Economics, 275.
+
+Keokuk, Iowa, 154.
+
+Keystone Bridge Works, 116, 122-28, 176.
+
+Keystone Iron Works, 130.
+
+Kilgraston, Scotland, 215, 216.
+
+Kind action never lost, 85, 86.
+
+King Edward VII, letter from, 264, 265, 326.
+
+Kloman, Andrew, partner with Mr. Carnegie, 130, 178, 179;
+  a great mechanic, 131, 134;
+  in bankruptcy, 194-96.
+
+Knowledge, sure to prove useful, 60.
+
+Knowles, James, on Tennyson, 337, 338.
+
+Koethen, Mr., choir leader, 51.
+
+
+Labor, some problems of, 240-54.
+
+Lang, Principal, 272.
+
+Lauder, George, uncle of A.C., 12, 28, 113, 287;
+  teaches him history, 15-17;
+  and recitation, 20.
+
+Lauder, George, cousin of A.C., 8, 17;
+  develops coal-washing machinery, 144, 223.
+
+Lauder Technical College, 9, 15.
+
+Lehigh University, Mr. Carnegie gives Taylor Hall, 266.
+
+Lewis, Enoch, 91.
+
+Libraries, founded by Mr. Carnegie, 47, 48, 259.
+
+Library, public, usefulness of, 47.
+
+Lincoln, Abraham, some characteristics of, 101;
+  second nomination sought, 104, 105.
+
+Linville, H.J., partner of Mr. Carnegie, 116, 120.
+
+Literature, value of a taste for, 46.
+
+Lloyd, Mr., banker at Altoona, 87.
+
+Lombaert, Mr., general superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad,
+  63, 66, 67, 73.
+
+Lucy Furnace, the, erected, 178;
+  in charge of Henry Phipps, 181;
+  enlarged, 183;
+  gift from the workmen in, 257, 258.
+
+Lynch, Rev. Frederick, 285.
+
+
+Mabie, Hamilton Wright, quoted, 113.
+
+McAneny, George, 277.
+
+McCandless, David, 78, 186.
+
+McCargo, David, 42, 49, 69.
+
+McCullough, J.N., 173, 175.
+
+MacIntosh, Mr., Scottish furniture manufacturer, 24.
+
+McKinley, President William, 358;
+  and the Panama Canal, 359;
+  and the Spanish War, 361-65.
+
+McLuckie, Burgomaster, and Mr. Carnegie, 235-37.
+
+McMillan, Rev. Mr., Presbyterian minister, 74-76.
+
+Macdonald, Sir John, and the Behring Sea troubles, 354, 355.
+
+Mackie, J.B., quoted, 3, 9.
+
+Macy, V. Everit, 277.
+
+Martin, Robert, Mr. Carnegie's only schoolmaster, 13-15, 21.
+
+Mason and Slidell, 102.
+
+Mellon, Judge, of Pittsburgh, 1.
+
+Memorizing, benefit of, 21, 39.
+
+Mill, John Stuart, as rector of St. Andrews, 272.
+
+Miller, Thomas N., 45, 46, 110;
+  on the doctrine of predestination, 75;
+  partner with Mr. Carnegie, 115, 130, 133;
+  death of, 130;
+  sells his interest, 133, 134.
+
+Mills, D.O., 260.
+
+Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir, 260.
+
+Morgan, J. Pierpont, 171, 172, 256.
+
+Morgan, Junius S., 155, 156, 170.
+
+Morgan, J.S., & Co., negotiations with, 169-72.
+
+Morland, W.C., 42.
+
+Morley, John, and Mr. Carnegie, 21, 22, 293;
+  address at Carnegie Institute, 188;
+  on Lord Rosebery, 311;
+  on the Earl of Elgin, 314;
+  on Mr. Carnegie, 322 _n._;
+  pessimistic, 322, 323;
+  visits America, 324, 325;
+  and Elihu Root, 324;
+  and Theodore Roosevelt, 325;
+  and Lord Acton's library, 325;
+  and Joseph Chamberlain, 326, 327.
+
+Morley, R.F., 100 _n._
+
+Morris, Leander, cousin of Mr. Carnegie, 51.
+
+Morrison, Bailie, uncle of Mr. Carnegie, 4-6, 9, 11, 210, 287, 312.
+
+Morrison, Margaret, _see_ Carnegie, Margaret.
+
+Morrison, Thomas, maternal grandfather of Mr. Carnegie, 4-6, 287.
+
+Morrison, Thomas, second cousin of Mr. Carnegie, 145.
+
+Morton, Levi P., 165.
+
+Mount Wilson Observatory, 261, 262.
+
+Municipal government, British and American, 314-16.
+
+
+"Naig," Mr. Carnegie's nickname, 17.
+
+National Civic Federation, 234.
+
+National Trust Company, Pittsburgh, 224.
+
+Naugle, J.A., 237.
+
+New York, first impressions of, 28;
+  business headquarters of America, 149.
+
+Nineteenth Century Club, New York, 150.
+
+
+Ocean surveys, 261.
+
+Ogden, Robert C., 277.
+
+Oil wells, 136-39.
+
+Oliver, Hon. H.W., 42, 49.
+
+Omaha Bridge, 164, 165.
+
+Optimism, 3, 162;
+  optimist and pessimist, 323.
+
+Organs, in churches, 278, 279.
+
+_Our Coaching Trip_, quoted, 48, 110;
+  privately published, 212.
+
+
+Palmer, Courtlandt, 150.
+
+Panama Canal, 359, 360, 372.
+
+Pan-American Congress, 345, 346.
+
+Panic of 1873, the, 171, 172, 189-93.
+
+Park, James, pioneer steel-maker of Pittsburgh, 199, 200.
+
+Parliament, membership and meetings, 315.
+
+Partnership better than corporation, 221.
+
+Patiemuir College, 2.
+
+Pauncefote, Sir Julian, and Mr. Blaine, 355;
+  the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 359, 360.
+
+Peabody, George, his body brought home on the warship Monarch, 282.
+
+Peabody, George Foster, 277.
+
+Peace, Mr. Carnegie's work for, 282-86;
+  Palace, at The Hague, 284, 285.
+
+Peace Society of New York, 285, 286.
+
+Peacock, Alexander R., partner of Mr. Carnegie, 203.
+
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, builds first iron bridge, 115-17;
+  aids Union Pacific Railway, 163, 164;
+  aids Allegheny Valley Railway, 167-71;
+  aids Pennsylvania Steel Works, 185.
+  _See also_ Carnegie, Andrew, _Railroad experience_.
+
+Pennsylvania Steel Works, the, 185.
+
+Pessimist and optimist, story of, 323.
+
+Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, 167-70.
+
+Philippines, the, annexation of, 358, 362-65.
+
+Phillips, Col. William, 167, 168, 169.
+
+Phipps, Henry, 31, 130;
+  advertises for work, 131, 132;
+  crony and partner of Thomas Carnegie, 132;
+  controversy over opening conservatories on Sunday, 132, 133;
+  European tour, 142;
+  in charge of the Lucy Furnace, 181, 182;
+  statement about Mr. Carnegie and his partners, 196, 197;
+  goes into the steel business, 201.
+
+Phipps, John, 46;
+  killed, 76.
+
+Pig iron, manufacture of, 178, 179;
+  importance of chemistry in, 181-84.
+
+Pilot Knob mine, 183.
+
+Piper, Col. John L., partner of Mr. Carnegie, 116, 117;
+  had a craze for horses, 118, 121;
+  attachment to Thomas Carnegie, 118, 119;
+  relations with James B. Eads, 120.
+
+Pitcairn, Robert, division superintendent, Pennsylvania Railroad, 42,
+  44, 49, 66, 189.
+
+Pittencrieff Glen, bought and given to Dunfermline, 286-89, 291.
+
+Pittsburgh, in 1850, 39-41;
+  some of its leading men, 41;
+  in 1860, 93;
+  later development, 348.
+
+Pittsburgh, Bank of, 194.
+
+Pittsburgh Locomotive Works, 115.
+
+Pittsburgh Theater, 46, 48, 49.
+
+Political corruption, 109.
+
+Predestination, doctrine of, 75.
+
+Principals' Week, 272.
+
+Pritchett, Dr. Henry S., president of the Carnegie Endowment for the
+  Advancement of Learning, 268.
+
+Private pension fund, 279, 280.
+
+_Problems of To-day_, quoted, 40, 217.
+
+Protective tariffs, 146-48.
+
+Prousser, Mr., chemist, 222.
+
+Public speaking, 210.
+
+Pullman, George M., 157, 159;
+  forms Pullman Palace Car Company, 160, 161;
+  anecdote of, 162;
+  becomes a director of the Union Pacific, 164.
+
+
+Quality, the most important factor in success, 115, 122, 123.
+
+Queen's Jubilee, the (June, 1887), 320, 321.
+
+Quintana, Manuel, President of Argentina, 346.
+
+
+Railroad Pension Fund, 280.
+
+Rawlins, Gen. John A., and General Grant, 107, 108.
+
+Recitation, value of, in education, 20.
+
+Reed, Speaker Thomas B., 362.
+
+Reid, James D., and Mr. Carnegie, 59 and _n._
+
+Reid, General, of Keokuk, 154.
+
+Republican Party, first national meeting, 68.
+
+Riddle, Robert M., 81.
+
+Ritchie, David, 139, 140.
+
+Ritter, Governor, of Pennsylvania, anecdote of, 342.
+
+Robinson, General, first white child born west of the Ohio River, 40.
+
+Rockefeller, John D., 274.
+
+Rogers, Henry H., 296.
+
+Rolland School, 13.
+
+Roosevelt, Theodore, 260;
+  and Elihu Root, 275;
+  John Morley on, 325;
+  rejects the Arbitration Treaty, 360, 361;
+  and the Philippines, 365.
+
+Root, Elihu, 260, 286 _n._;
+  fund named for, at Hamilton College, 275;
+  "ablest of all our Secretaries of State," 275;
+  on Mr. Carnegie, 276;
+  and John Morley, 324.
+
+Rosebery, Lord, presents Mr. Carnegie with the freedom of Edinburgh,
+  215;
+  relations with, 309, 310;
+  handicapped by being born a peer, 310, 311.
+
+Ross, Dr. John, 269, 271;
+  aids in buying Pittencrieff Glen, 288, 289;
+  receives freedom of Dunfermline, 313.
+
+_Round the World_, 205, 206, 208.
+
+
+Sabbath observance, 52, 53, 133.
+
+St. Andrews University, Mr. Carnegie elected Lord Rector, 271, 273;
+  confers doctor's degree on Benjamin Franklin and on his
+    great-granddaughter, 272, 273.
+
+St. Louis Bridge, 155-57.
+
+Salisbury, Lord, and the Behring Sea troubles, 353-55.
+
+Sampson, ----, financial editor of the London _Times_, 156.
+
+Schiffler, Mr., a partner of Mr. Carnegie in building iron bridges,
+  116, 117.
+
+Schoenberger, Mr., president of the Exchange Bank, Pittsburgh, 192,
+  193.
+
+Schurman, President Jacob G., 363.
+
+Schwab, Charles M., 152, 254-56.
+
+Scott, John, 186.
+
+Scott, Thomas A., 63, 70-74, 77;
+  helps Carnegie to his first investment, 79;
+  made general superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 84;
+  breaks a strike, 84, 85;
+  made vice-president of the Company, 90;
+  Assistant Secretary of War, 99, 102;
+  colonel, 103;
+  returns to the railroad, 109;
+  tries to get contract for sleeping-cars on the Union Pacific, 158,
+    159;
+  becomes president of that road, 164;
+  first serious difference with Carnegie, 165;
+  president of the Texas Pacific Railroad, and then of the
+    Pennsylvania road, 172;
+  financially embarrassed, 173, 192;
+  break with Carnegie and premature death, 174.
+
+Scott, Sir Walter, and Marjory Fleming, 20;
+  bust of, at Stirling, 157;
+  made a burgess of Dunfermline, 210.
+
+Scott, Gen. Winfield, 102, 103.
+
+Seneca Indians, early gatherers of oil, 138.
+
+Sentiment, in the practical affairs of life, 253.
+
+Seton, Ernest Thompson, and John Burroughs, 293.
+
+Seward, William Henry, 102.
+
+Shakespeare, quoted, 10, 214, 219, 255, 294, 297;
+  Mr. Carnegie's interest in, 48, 49.
+
+Shaw, Henry W., _see_ Billings, Josh.
+
+Shaw, Thomas (Lord Shaw), of Dunfermline, 269, 288, 289.
+
+Sherman, Gen. W.T., 107.
+
+Shiras, George, Jr., appointed to the Supreme Court, 353.
+
+Siemens gas furnace, 136.
+
+Singer, George, 225.
+
+Skibo Castle, Scotland, 217, 272, 326.
+
+Sleeping-car, invention of, 87;
+  on the Union Pacific Railway, 158-61.
+
+Sliding scale of wages, solution of the capital and labor problem,
+  246, 247, 252.
+
+Sloane, Mr. and Mrs., 29.
+
+Smith, J.B., friend of John Bright, 11, 12.
+
+Smith, Perry, anecdote of, 124.
+
+Snobs, English, 301.
+
+Spanish War, the, 361-65.
+
+Speculation, 151, 153.
+
+Spencer, Herbert, Mr. Carnegie's relations with, 333-37;
+  a good laugher, 333, 334;
+  opposed to militarism, 335;
+  banquet to, at Delmonico's, 336;
+  very conscientious, 337, 338;
+  his philosophy, 339;
+  on the gift of Carnegie Institute, 348, 349.
+
+Spens, Sir Patrick, ballad of, 7, 367.
+
+Spiegel, manufacture of, 220.
+
+Stanley, Dean A.P., on Burns's theology, 271.
+
+Stanton, Edwin M., 41, 275.
+
+Stanwood, Edward, _James G. Blaine_ quoted, 345 _n._
+
+Steel, the age of, 181-97;
+  King, 224, 225.
+
+Steel Workers' Pension Fund, 281.
+
+Steubenville, bridge at, over the Ohio River, 116, 117.
+
+Stewart, D.A., freight agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 94, 95;
+  joins Mr. Carnegie in manufacture of steel rails, 186.
+
+Stewart, Rebecca, niece of Thomas A. Scott, 90.
+
+Stokes, Major, chief counsel of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 81-83, 86.
+
+Storey, Samuel, M.P., 330.
+
+Storey farm, oil wells on, 138, 139 _n._
+
+Straus, Isidor, 196.
+
+Straus, Oscar S., and the National Civic Federation, 234, 235.
+
+Strikes: on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 84, 85;
+  at Homestead, 228-39;
+  at the steel-rail works, 240, 243.
+
+Sturgis, Russell, 168.
+
+Success, true road to, 176, 177.
+
+Sun City Forge Company, 115 _n._
+
+Superior Rail Mill and Blast Furnaces, 115.
+
+Surplus, the law of the, 227.
+
+Swedenborgianism, 22, 50, 51.
+
+_Sweet By and By, The_, 341, 342.
+
+
+Taft, William H., and the Philippines, 363, 365.
+
+Tariff, protective, 146-48.
+
+Taylor, Charles, president of the Hero Fund, 266, 267.
+
+Taylor, Joseph, 58.
+
+Taylor Hall at Lehigh University, 266.
+
+Teaching, a meanly paid profession, 268.
+
+Temple of Peace, at The Hague, 284, 285.
+
+Tennant, Sir Charles, President of the Scotland Steel Company, 356,
+  357.
+
+Texas, story about, 334.
+
+Texas Pacific Railway, 172 _n._, 173.
+
+Thaw, William, vice-president of the Fort Wayne Railroad, 190.
+
+Thayer, William Roscoe, _Life and Letters of John Hay_, quoted,
+  216, 358, 359.
+
+Thomas, Gen. George H., 107.
+
+Thompson, Moses, 223.
+
+Thomson, John Edgar, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 72;
+  an evidence of his fairness, 117;
+  offers Mr. Carnegie promotion, 140;
+  shows confidence in him, 163;
+  steel mills named for, 188, 189;
+  financially embarrassed, 192.
+
+Tower, Charlemagne, Ambassador to Germany, 366, 368.
+
+Trent affair, the, 102.
+
+Trifles, importance of, 36, 124, 159, 248.
+
+_Triumphant Democracy_, published, 309;
+  origin, 330-32.
+
+Troubles, most of them imaginary, 162.
+
+Tuskegee Institute, 276.
+
+Twain, Mark, letter from, 294, 295;
+  man and hero, 296;
+  devotion to his wife, 297.
+
+
+Union Iron Mills, 133, 134, 176;
+  very profitable, 198.
+
+Union Pacific Railway, sleeping-cars on, 159-61;
+  Mr. Carnegie's connection with, 162-65.
+
+"Unitawrian," prejudice against, 12.
+
+
+Vanderlip, Frank A., 268.
+
+Vandevort, Benjamin, 95.
+
+Vandevort, John W., 95;
+  Mr. Carnegie's closest companion, 142;
+  accompanies him around the world, 204.
+
+Van Dyke, Prof. John C., on the Homestead strike, 235-37, 239.
+
+
+Wagner, Mr., Carnegie's interest in, 49, 50.
+
+Walker, Baillie, 3.
+
+Wallace, William, 16, 17, 367.
+
+War, breeds war, 16;
+  must be abolished, 274, 283, 284;
+  "ferocious and futile folly," 358.
+
+Washington, Booker T., declines gift to himself, 276, 277.
+
+Waterways, inland, improvement of, 342.
+
+Webster Literary Society, 61.
+
+Wellesley College, Cleveland Library at, 275.
+
+Western Reserve University, Hanna Chair at, 275.
+
+White, Andrew D., 23, 150;
+  and the Hague Conference, 284.
+
+White, Henry, 358.
+
+Whitfield, Louise, 213, 214.
+  _See also_, Carnegie, Mrs. Andrew.
+
+Whitwell Brothers, 179.
+
+Wilkins, Judge William, 95, 96.
+
+William IV, German Emperor, 366-71.
+
+Wilmot, Mr., of the Carnegie Relief Fund, 266.
+
+Wilson, James R., 46.
+
+Wilson, Woodrow, 371, 372.
+
+Wilson, Walker & Co., 226.
+
+Women as telegraph operators, 69, 70.
+
+Woodruff, T.T., inventor of the sleeping-car, 87, 161.
+
+Woodward, Dr. Robert S., president of the Carnegie Institution, 260.
+
+Wordsworth, William, quoted, 86.
+
+Workmen's savings, 251.
+
+World peace, 369-71.
+
+Wright, John A., president of the Freedom Iron Works, 185.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, by 
+Andrew Carnegie
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+Project Gutenberg's Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, by Andrew Carnegie
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie
+
+Author: Andrew Carnegie
+
+Editor: John C. Van Dyke
+
+Release Date: March 13, 2006 [EBook #17976]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ANDREW CARNEGIE ***
+
+
+
+
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+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
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+
+
+
+<h1>AUTOBIOGRAPHY</h1>
+
+<h2>OF</h2>
+
+<h1>ANDREW CARNEGIE</h1>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+<h3>WITH ILLUSTRATIONS</h3>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="Frontispiece"><img src="images/image01.jpg" alt="Andrew Carnegie" width="290" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+London<br />
+CONSTABLE &amp; CO. <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br />
+1920
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY LOUISE WHITFIELD CARNEGIE<br />
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span><b>FTER</b> retiring from active business my husband yielded to the earnest
+solicitations of friends, both here and in Great Britain, and began to
+jot down from time to time recollections of his early days. He soon
+found, however, that instead of the leisure he expected, his life was
+more occupied with affairs than ever before, and the writing of these
+memoirs was reserved for his play-time in Scotland. For a few weeks
+each summer we retired to our little bungalow on the moors at
+Aultnagar to enjoy the simple life, and it was there that Mr. Carnegie
+did most of his writing. He delighted in going back to those early
+times, and as he wrote he lived them all over again. He was thus
+engaged in July, 1914, when the war clouds began to gather, and when
+the fateful news of the 4th of August reached us, we immediately left
+our retreat in the hills and returned to Skibo to be more in touch
+with the situation.</p>
+
+<p>These memoirs ended at that time. Henceforth he was never able to
+interest himself in private affairs. Many times he made the attempt to
+continue writing, but found it useless. Until then he had lived the
+life of a man in middle life&#8212;and a young one at that&#8212;golfing,
+fishing, swimming each day, sometimes doing all three in one day.
+Optimist as he always was and tried to be, even in the face of the
+failure of his hopes, the world disaster was too much. His heart was
+broken. A severe attack of influenza followed by two serious attacks
+of pneumonia precipitated old age upon him.</p>
+
+<p>It was said of a contemporary who passed away a few months before Mr.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>Carnegie that &quot;he never could have borne the burden of old age.&quot;
+Perhaps the most inspiring part of Mr. Carnegie's life, to those who
+were privileged to know it intimately, was the way he bore his &quot;burden
+of old age.&quot; Always patient, considerate, cheerful, grateful for any
+little pleasure or service, never thinking of himself, but always of
+the dawning of the better day, his spirit ever shone brighter and
+brighter until &quot;he was not, for God took him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Written with his own hand on the fly-leaf of his manuscript are these
+words: &quot;It is probable that material for a small volume might be
+collected from these memoirs which the public would care to read, and
+that a private and larger volume might please my relatives and
+friends. Much I have written from time to time may, I think, wisely be
+omitted. Whoever arranges these notes should be careful not to burden
+the public with too much. A man with a heart as well as a head should
+be chosen.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Who, then, could so well fill this description as our friend Professor
+John C. Van Dyke? When the manuscript was shown to him, he remarked,
+without having read Mr. Carnegie's notation, &quot;It would be a labor of
+love to prepare this for publication.&quot; Here, then, the choice was
+mutual, and the manner in which he has performed this &quot;labor&quot; proves
+the wisdom of the choice&#8212;a choice made and carried out in the name of
+a rare and beautiful friendship.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Louise Whitfield Carnegie</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<i>New York</i><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>April 16, 1920</i></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>EDITOR'S NOTE</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;T</span><b>HE</b> story of a man's life, especially when it is told by the man
+himself, should not be interrupted by the hecklings of an editor. He
+should be allowed to tell the tale in his own way, and enthusiasm,
+even extravagance in recitation should be received as a part of the
+story. The quality of the man may underlie exuberance of spirit, as
+truth may be found in apparent exaggeration. Therefore, in preparing
+these chapters for publication the editor has done little more than
+arrange the material chronologically and sequentially so that the
+narrative might run on unbrokenly to the end. Some footnotes by way of
+explanation, some illustrations that offer sight-help to the text,
+have been added; but the narrative is the thing.</p>
+
+<p>This is neither the time nor the place to characterize or eulogize the
+maker of &quot;this strange eventful history,&quot; but perhaps it is worth
+while to recognize that the history really was eventful. And strange.
+Nothing stranger ever came out of the <i>Arabian Nights</i> than the story
+of this poor Scotch boy who came to America and step by step, through
+many trials and triumphs, became the great steel master, built up a
+colossal industry, amassed an enormous fortune, and then deliberately
+and systematically gave away the whole of it for the enlightenment and
+betterment of mankind. Not only that. He established a gospel of
+wealth that can be neither ignored nor forgotten, and set a pace in
+distribution that succeeding millionaires have followed as a
+precedent. In the course of his career he became a nation-builder, a
+leader in thought, a writer, a speaker, the friend of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> workmen,
+schoolmen, and statesmen, the associate of both the lowly and the
+lofty. But these were merely interesting happenings in his life as
+compared with his great inspirations&#8212;his distribution of wealth, his
+passion for world peace, and his love for mankind.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps we are too near this history to see it in proper proportions,
+but in the time to come it should gain in perspective and in interest.
+The generations hereafter may realize the wonder of it more fully than
+we of to-day. Happily it is preserved to us, and that, too, in Mr.
+Carnegie's own words and in his own buoyant style. It is a very
+memorable record&#8212;a record perhaps the like of which we shall not look
+upon again.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">John C. Van Dyke</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<i>New York</i><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>August, 1920</i></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" summary="contents" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
+  <tbody>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">I.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">Parents and Childhood</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">II.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">Dunfermline and America</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">III.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">Pittsburgh and Work</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">IV.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Colonel Anderson and Books</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">V.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">The Telegraph Office</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">VI.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Railroad Service</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">VII.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">Superintendent of the Pennsylvania</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">VIII.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">Civil War Period</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">IX.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">Bridge-Building</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">X.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">The Iron Works</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XI.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">New York as Headquarters</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XII.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">Business Negotiations</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XIII.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">The Age of Steel</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XIV.</td>
+    <td>
+   <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">Partners, Books, and Travel</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XV.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">Coaching Trip and Marriage</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XVI.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">Mills and the Men</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XVII.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">The Homestead Strike</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XVIII.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">Problems of Labor</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XIX.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">The &quot;Gospel of Wealth&quot;</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XX.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX">Educational and Pension Funds</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XXI.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI">The Peace Palace and Pittencrieff</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XXII.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXII">Matthew Arnold and Others</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XXIII.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII">British Political Leaders</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_309">309</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>XXIV.</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIV">Gladstone and Morley</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XXV.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXV">Herbert Spencer and His Disciple</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XXVI.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVI">Blaine and Harrison</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XXVII.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVII">Washington Diplomacy</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_350">350</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XXVIII.</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVIII">Hay and McKinley</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_358">358</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">XXIX.</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIX">Meeting the German Emperor</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_366">366</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">&#160;</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_AND_INDEX">Bibliography</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_373">373</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="right">&#160;</td>
+    <td>
+    <span class="smcap"><a href="#INDEX">Index</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_377">377</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" summary="illustrations" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
+  <tbody>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#Frontispiece">Andrew Carnegie</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><i><a href="#Frontispiece">Photogravure frontispiece</a></i></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image02">Andrew Carnegie's Birthplace</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image03">Dunfermline Abbey</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image04">Mr. Carnegie's Mother</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image05">Andrew Carnegie at Sixteen with his Brother Thomas</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image06">David McCargo</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image07">Robert Pitcairn</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image08">Colonel James Anderson</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image09">Henry Phipps</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image10">Thomas A. Scott</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image11">John Edgar Thomson</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image12">Thomas Morrison Carnegie</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image13">George Lauder</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image14">Junius Spencer Morgan</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image15">John Pierpont Morgan</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image16">An American Four-in-Hand in Britain</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image17">Andrew Carnegie (about 1878)</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image18">Mrs. Andrew Carnegie</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image19">Margaret Carnegie at Fifteen</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image20">Charles M. Schwab</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image21">The Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image22">Mr. Carnegie and Viscount Bryce</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image23">Matthew Arnold</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span><span class="smcap"><a href="#image24">William E. Gladstone</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image25">Viscount Morley of Blackburn</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_322">322</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image26">Mr. Carnegie and Viscount Morley</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image27">The Carnegie Family at Skibo</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image28">Herbert Spencer</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_334">334</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image29">James G. Blaine</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image30">Skibo Castle</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_356">356</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+<span class="smcap"><a href="#image31">Mr. Carnegie at Skibo, 1914</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_370">370</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>AUTOBIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+<h3>OF</h3>
+
+<h2>ANDREW CARNEGIE</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h3>PARENTS AND CHILDHOOD</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;I</span><b>F</b> the story of any man's life, truly told, must be interesting, as
+some sage avers, those of my relatives and immediate friends who have
+insisted upon having an account of mine may not be unduly disappointed
+with this result. I may console myself with the assurance that such a
+story must interest at least a certain number of people who have known
+me, and that knowledge will encourage me to proceed.</p>
+
+<p>A book of this kind, written years ago by my friend, Judge Mellon, of
+Pittsburgh, gave me so much pleasure that I am inclined to agree with
+the wise one whose opinion I have given above; for, certainly, the
+story which the Judge told has proved a source of infinite
+satisfaction to his friends, and must continue to influence succeeding
+generations of his family to live life well. And not only this; to
+some beyond his immediate circle it holds rank with their favorite
+authors. The book contains one essential feature of value&#8212;it reveals
+the man. It was written without any intention of attracting public
+notice, being designed only for his family. In like manner I intend to
+tell my story, not as one posturing before the public, but as in the
+midst of my own people and friends, tried and true, to whom I can
+speak with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> the utmost freedom, feeling that even trifling incidents
+may not be wholly destitute of interest for them.</p>
+
+<p>To begin, then, I was born in Dunfermline, in the attic of the small
+one-story house, corner of Moodie Street and Priory Lane, on the 25th
+of November, 1835, and, as the saying is, &quot;of poor but honest parents,
+of good kith and kin.&quot; Dunfermline had long been noted as the center
+of the damask trade in Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> My father, William Carnegie, was a
+damask weaver, the son of Andrew Carnegie after whom I was named.</p>
+
+<p>My Grandfather Carnegie was well known throughout the district for his
+wit and humor, his genial nature and irrepressible spirits. He was
+head of the lively ones of his day, and known far and near as the
+chief of their joyous club&#8212;&quot;Patiemuir College.&quot; Upon my return to
+Dunfermline, after an absence of fourteen years, I remember being
+approached by an old man who had been told that I was the grandson of
+the &quot;Professor,&quot; my grandfather's title among his cronies. He was the
+very picture of palsied eld;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;His nose and chin they threatened ither.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>As he tottered across the room toward me and laid his trembling hand
+upon my head he said: &quot;And ye are the grandson o' Andra Carnegie! Eh,
+mon, I ha'e seen the day when your grandfaither and I could ha'e
+hallooed ony reasonable man oot o' his jidgment.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a name="image02">
+<img src="images/image02.jpg" alt="Andrew Carnegie's Birthplace" width="400" height="306" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ANDREW CARNEGIE'S BIRTHPLACE</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p>Several other old people of Dunfermline told me stories of my
+grandfather. Here is one of them:</p>
+
+<p>One Hogmanay night<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> an old wifey, quite a character<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> in the
+village, being surprised by a disguised face suddenly thrust in at the
+window, looked up and after a moment's pause exclaimed, &quot;Oh, it's jist
+that daft callant Andra Carnegie.&quot; She was right; my grandfather at
+seventy-five was out frightening his old lady friends, disguised like
+other frolicking youngsters.</p>
+
+<p>I think my optimistic nature, my ability to shed trouble and to laugh
+through life, making &quot;all my ducks swans,&quot; as friends say I do, must
+have been inherited from this delightful old masquerading grandfather
+whose name I am proud to bear.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> A sunny disposition is worth more
+than fortune. Young people should know that it can be cultivated; that
+the mind like the body can be moved from the shade into sunshine. Let
+us move it then. Laugh trouble away if possible, and one usually can
+if he be anything of a philosopher, provided that self-reproach comes
+not from his own wrongdoing. That always remains. There is no washing
+out of these &quot;damned spots.&quot; The judge within sits in the supreme
+court and can never be cheated. Hence the grand rule of life which
+Burns gives:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Thine own reproach alone do fear.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This motto adopted early in life has been more to me than all the
+sermons I ever heard, and I have heard not a few, although I may admit
+resemblance to my old friend Baillie Walker in my mature years. He was
+asked by his doctor about his sleep and replied that it was far<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> from
+satisfactory, he was very wakeful, adding with a twinkle in his eye:
+&quot;But I get a bit fine doze i' the kirk noo and then.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>On my mother's side the grandfather was even more marked, for my
+grandfather Thomas Morrison was a friend of William Cobbett, a
+contributor to his &quot;Register,&quot; and in constant correspondence with
+him. Even as I write, in Dunfermline old men who knew Grandfather
+Morrison speak of him as one of the finest orators and ablest men they
+have known. He was publisher of &quot;The Precursor,&quot; a small edition it
+might be said of Cobbett's &quot;Register,&quot; and thought to have been the
+first radical paper in Scotland. I have read some of his writings, and
+in view of the importance now given to technical education, I think
+the most remarkable of them is a pamphlet which he published
+seventy-odd years ago entitled &quot;Head-ication versus Hand-ication.&quot; It
+insists upon the importance of the latter in a manner that would
+reflect credit upon the strongest advocate of technical education
+to-day. It ends with these words, &quot;I thank God that in my youth I
+learned to make and mend shoes.&quot; Cobbett published it in the
+&quot;Register&quot; in 1833, remarking editorially, &quot;One of the most valuable
+communications ever published in the 'Register' upon the subject, is
+that of our esteemed friend and correspondent in Scotland, Thomas
+Morrison, which appears in this issue.&quot; So it seems I come by my
+scribbling propensities by inheritance&#8212;from both sides, for the
+Carnegies were also readers and thinkers.</p>
+
+<p>My Grandfather Morrison was a born orator, a keen politician, and the
+head of the advanced wing of the radical party in the district&#8212;a
+position which his son, my Uncle Bailie Morrison, occupied as his
+successor. More than one well-known Scotsman in America has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> called
+upon me, to shake hands with &quot;the grandson of Thomas Morrison.&quot; Mr.
+Farmer, president of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company,
+once said to me, &quot;I owe all that I have of learning and culture to the
+influence of your grandfather&quot;; and Ebenezer Henderson, author of the
+remarkable history of Dunfermline, stated that he largely owed his
+advancement in life to the fortunate fact that while a boy he entered
+my grandfather's service.</p>
+
+<p>I have not passed so far through life without receiving some
+compliments, but I think nothing of a complimentary character has ever
+pleased me so much as this from a writer in a Glasgow newspaper, who
+had been a listener to a speech on Home Rule in America which I
+delivered in Saint Andrew's Hall. The correspondent wrote that much
+was then being said in Scotland with regard to myself and family and
+especially my grandfather Thomas Morrison, and he went on to say,
+&quot;Judge my surprise when I found in the grandson on the platform, in
+manner, gesture and appearance, a perfect <i>facsimile</i> of the Thomas
+Morrison of old.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>My surprising likeness to my grandfather, whom I do not remember to
+have ever seen, cannot be doubted, because I remember well upon my
+first return to Dunfermline in my twenty-seventh year, while sitting
+upon a sofa with my Uncle Bailie Morrison, that his big black eyes
+filled with tears. He could not speak and rushed out of the room
+overcome. Returning after a time he explained that something in me now
+and then flashed before him his father, who would instantly vanish but
+come back at intervals. Some gesture it was, but what precisely he
+could not make out. My mother continually noticed in me some of my
+grandfather's peculiarities. The doctrine of inherited tendencies is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+proved every day and hour, but how subtle is the law which transmits
+gesture, something as it were beyond the material body. I was deeply
+impressed.</p>
+
+<p>My Grandfather Morrison married Miss Hodge, of Edinburgh, a lady in
+education, manners, and position, who died while the family was still
+young. At this time he was in good circumstances, a leather merchant
+conducting the tanning business in Dunfermline; but the peace after
+the Battle of Waterloo involved him in ruin, as it did thousands; so
+that while my Uncle Bailie, the eldest son, had been brought up in
+what might be termed luxury, for he had a pony to ride, the younger
+members of the family encountered other and harder days.</p>
+
+<p>The second daughter, Margaret, was my mother, about whom I cannot
+trust myself to speak at length. She inherited from her mother the
+dignity, refinement, and air of the cultivated lady. Perhaps some day
+I may be able to tell the world something of this heroine, but I doubt
+it. I feel her to be sacred to myself and not for others to know. None
+could ever really know her&#8212;I alone did that. After my father's early
+death she was all my own. The dedication of my first book<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> tells the
+story. It was: &quot;To my favorite Heroine My Mother.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a name="image03">
+<img src="images/image03.jpg" alt="Dunfermline Abbey" width="400" height="310" /></a>&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>DUNFERMLINE ABBEY</b></p>
+
+<p>&#160;</p>
+
+
+<p>Fortunate in my ancestors I was supremely so in my birthplace. Where
+one is born is very important, for different surroundings and
+traditions appeal to and stimulate different latent tendencies in the
+child. Ruskin truly observes that every bright boy in Edinburgh is
+influenced by the sight of the Castle. So is the child of Dunfermline,
+by its noble Abbey, the Westminster of Scotland, founded early in the
+eleventh century (1070) by Malcolm Canmore and his Queen Margaret,
+Scotland's patron saint. The ruins of the great monastery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> and of
+the Palace where kings were born still stand, and there, too, is
+Pittencrieff Glen, embracing Queen Margaret's shrine and the ruins of
+King Malcolm's Tower, with which the old ballad of &quot;Sir Patrick Spens&quot;
+begins:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;The King sits in Dunfermline <i>tower</i>,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Drinking the bluid red wine.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The tomb of The Bruce is in the center of the Abbey, Saint Margaret's
+tomb is near, and many of the &quot;royal folk&quot; lie sleeping close around.
+Fortunate, indeed, the child who first sees the light in that romantic
+town, which occupies high ground three miles north of the Firth of
+Forth, overlooking the sea, with Edinburgh in sight to the south, and
+to the north the peaks of the Ochils clearly in view. All is still
+redolent of the mighty past when Dunfermline was both nationally and
+religiously the capital of Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>The child privileged to develop amid such surroundings absorbs poetry
+and romance with the air he breathes, assimilates history and
+tradition as he gazes around. These become to him his real world in
+childhood&#8212;the ideal is the ever-present real. The actual has yet to
+come when, later in life, he is launched into the workaday world of
+stern reality. Even then, and till his last day, the early impressions
+remain, sometimes for short seasons disappearing perchance, but only
+apparently driven away or suppressed. They are always rising and
+coming again to the front to exert their influence, to elevate his
+thought and color his life. No bright child of Dunfermline can escape
+the influence of the Abbey, Palace, and Glen. These touch him and set
+fire to the latent spark within, making him something<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> different and
+beyond what, less happily born, he would have become. Under these
+inspiring conditions my parents had also been born, and hence came, I
+doubt not, the potency of the romantic and poetic strain which
+pervaded both.</p>
+
+<p>As my father succeeded in the weaving business we removed from Moodie
+Street to a much more commodious house in Reid's Park. My father's
+four or five looms occupied the lower story; we resided in the upper,
+which was reached, after a fashion common in the older Scottish
+houses, by outside stairs from the pavement. It is here that my
+earliest recollections begin, and, strangely enough, the first trace
+of memory takes me back to a day when I saw a small map of America. It
+was upon rollers and about two feet square. Upon this my father,
+mother, Uncle William, and Aunt Aitken were looking for Pittsburgh and
+pointing out Lake Erie and Niagara. Soon after my uncle and Aunt
+Aitken sailed for the land of promise.</p>
+
+<p>At this time I remember my cousin-brother, George Lauder (&quot;Dod&quot;), and
+myself were deeply impressed with the great danger overhanging us
+because a lawless flag was secreted in the garret. It had been painted
+to be carried, and I believe was carried by my father, or uncle, or
+some other good radical of our family, in a procession during the Corn
+Law agitation. There had been riots in the town and a troop of cavalry
+was quartered in the Guildhall. My grandfathers and uncles on both
+sides, and my father, had been foremost in addressing meetings, and
+the whole family circle was in a ferment.</p>
+
+<p>I remember as if it were yesterday being awakened during the night by
+a tap at the back window by men who had come to inform my parents that
+my uncle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> Bailie Morrison, had been thrown into jail because he had
+dared to hold a meeting which had been forbidden. The sheriff with the
+aid of the soldiers had arrested him a few miles from the town where
+the meeting had been held, and brought him into the town during the
+night, followed by an immense throng of people.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>Serious trouble was feared, for the populace threatened to rescue him,
+and, as we learned afterwards, he had been induced by the provost of
+the town to step forward to a window overlooking the High Street and
+beg the people to retire. This he did, saying: &quot;If there be a friend
+of the good cause here to-night, let him fold his arms.&quot; They did so.
+And then, after a pause, he said, &quot;Now depart in peace!&quot;<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> My uncle,
+like all our family, was a moral-force man and strong for obedience to
+law, but radical to the core and an intense admirer of the American
+Republic.</p>
+
+<p>One may imagine when all this was going on in public how bitter were
+the words that passed from one to the other in private. The
+denunciations of monarchical and aristocratic government, of privilege
+in all its forms, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> grandeur of the republican system, the
+superiority of America, a land peopled by our own race, a home for
+freemen in which every citizen's privilege was every man's
+right&#8212;these were the exciting themes upon which I was nurtured. As a
+child I could have slain king, duke, or lord, and considered their
+deaths a service to the state and hence an heroic act.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the influence of childhood's earliest associations that it was
+long before I could trust myself to speak respectfully of any
+privileged class or person who had not distinguished himself in some
+good way and therefore earned the right to public respect. There was
+still the sneer behind for mere pedigree&#8212;&quot;he is nothing, has done
+nothing, only an accident, a fraud strutting in borrowed plumes; all
+he has to his account is the accident of birth; the most fruitful part
+of his family, as with the potato, lies underground.&quot; I wondered that
+intelligent men could live where another human being was born to a
+privilege which was not also their birthright. I was never tired of
+quoting the only words which gave proper vent to my indignation:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;There was a Brutus once that would have brooked<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Th' eternal devil to keep his state in Rome<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As easily as a king.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But then kings were kings, not mere shadows. All this was inherited,
+of course. I only echoed what I heard at home.</p>
+
+<p>Dunfermline has long been renowned as perhaps the most radical town in
+the Kingdom, although I know Paisley has claims. This is all the more
+creditable to the cause of radicalism because in the days of which I
+speak the population of Dunfermline was in large part composed of men
+who were small manufacturers, each owning his own loom or looms. They
+were not tied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> down to regular hours, their labors being piece work.
+They got webs from the larger manufacturers and the weaving was done
+at home.</p>
+
+<p>These were times of intense political excitement, and there was
+frequently seen throughout the entire town, for a short time after the
+midday meal, small groups of men with their aprons girt about them
+discussing affairs of state. The names of Hume, Cobden, and Bright
+were upon every one's tongue. I was often attracted, small as I was,
+to these circles and was an earnest listener to the conversation,
+which was wholly one-sided. The generally accepted conclusion was that
+there must be a change. Clubs were formed among the townsfolk, and the
+London newspapers were subscribed for. The leading editorials were
+read every evening to the people, strangely enough, from one of the
+pulpits of the town. My uncle, Bailie Morrison, was often the reader,
+and, as the articles were commented upon by him and others after being
+read, the meetings were quite exciting.</p>
+
+<p>These political meetings were of frequent occurrence, and, as might be
+expected, I was as deeply interested as any of the family and attended
+many. One of my uncles or my father was generally to be heard. I
+remember one evening my father addressed a large outdoor meeting in
+the Pends. I had wedged my way in under the legs of the hearers, and
+at one cheer louder than all the rest I could not restrain my
+enthusiasm. Looking up to the man under whose legs I had found
+protection I informed him that was my father speaking. He lifted me on
+his shoulder and kept me there.</p>
+
+<p>To another meeting I was taken by my father to hear John Bright, who
+spoke in favor of J.B. Smith as the Liberal candidate for the Stirling
+Burghs. I made the criticism at home that Mr. Bright did not speak
+cor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>rectly, as he said &quot;men&quot; when he meant &quot;maan.&quot; He did not give the
+broad <i>a</i> we were accustomed to in Scotland. It is not to be wondered
+at that, nursed amid such surroundings, I developed into a violent
+young Republican whose motto was &quot;death to privilege.&quot; At that time I
+did not know what privilege meant, but my father did.</p>
+
+<p>One of my Uncle Lauder's best stories was about this same J.B. Smith,
+the friend of John Bright, who was standing for Parliament in
+Dunfermline. Uncle was a member of his Committee and all went well
+until it was proclaimed that Smith was a &quot;Unitawrian.&quot; The district
+was placarded with the enquiry: Would you vote for a &quot;Unitawrian&quot;? It
+was serious. The Chairman of Smith's Committee in the village of
+Cairney Hill, a blacksmith, was reported as having declared he never
+would. Uncle drove over to remonstrate with him. They met in the
+village tavern over a gill:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Man, I canna vote for a Unitawrian,&quot; said the Chairman.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But,&quot; said my uncle, &quot;Maitland [the opposing candidate] is a
+Trinitawrian.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Damn; that's waur,&quot; was the response.</p>
+
+<p>And the blacksmith voted right. Smith won by a small majority.</p>
+
+<p>The change from hand-loom to steam-loom weaving was disastrous to our
+family. My father did not recognize the impending revolution, and was
+struggling under the old system. His looms sank greatly in value, and
+it became necessary for that power which never failed in any
+emergency&#8212;my mother&#8212;to step forward and endeavor to repair the
+family fortune. She opened a small shop in Moodie Street and
+contributed to the revenues which, though slender, nevertheless at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+that time sufficed to keep us in comfort and &quot;respectable.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I remember that shortly after this I began to learn what poverty
+meant. Dreadful days came when my father took the last of his webs to
+the great manufacturer, and I saw my mother anxiously awaiting his
+return to know whether a new web was to be obtained or that a period
+of idleness was upon us. It was burnt into my heart then that my
+father, though neither &quot;abject, mean, nor vile,&quot; as Burns has it, had
+nevertheless to</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Beg a brother of the earth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To give him leave to toil.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And then and there came the resolve that I would cure that when I got
+to be a man. We were not, however, reduced to anything like poverty
+compared with many of our neighbors. I do not know to what lengths of
+privation my mother would not have gone that she might see her two
+boys wearing large white collars, and trimly dressed.</p>
+
+<p>In an incautious moment my parents had promised that I should never be
+sent to school until I asked leave to go. This promise I afterward
+learned began to give them considerable uneasiness because as I grew
+up I showed no disposition to ask. The schoolmaster, Mr. Robert
+Martin, was applied to and induced to take some notice of me. He took
+me upon an excursion one day with some of my companions who attended
+school, and great relief was experienced by my parents when one day
+soon afterward I came and asked for permission to go to Mr. Martin's
+school.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> I need not say the permission was duly granted. I had then
+entered upon my eighth year, which subsequent experience leads me to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+say is quite early enough for any child to begin attending school.</p>
+
+<p>The school was a perfect delight to me, and if anything occurred which
+prevented my attendance I was unhappy. This happened every now and
+then because my morning duty was to bring water from the well at the
+head of Moodie Street. The supply was scanty and irregular. Sometimes
+it was not allowed to run until late in the morning and a score of old
+wives were sitting around, the turn of each having been previously
+secured through the night by placing a worthless can in the line.
+This, as might be expected, led to numerous contentions in which I
+would not be put down even by these venerable old dames. I earned the
+reputation of being &quot;an awfu' laddie.&quot; In this way I probably
+developed the strain of argumentativeness, or perhaps combativeness,
+which has always remained with me.</p>
+
+<p>In the performance of these duties I was often late for school, but
+the master, knowing the cause, forgave the lapses. In the same
+connection I may mention that I had often the shop errands to run
+after school, so that in looking back upon my life I have the
+satisfaction of feeling that I became useful to my parents even at the
+early age of ten. Soon after that the accounts of the various people
+who dealt with the shop were entrusted to my keeping so that I became
+acquainted, in a small way, with business affairs even in childhood.</p>
+
+<p>One cause of misery there was, however, in my school experience. The
+boys nicknamed me &quot;Martin's pet,&quot; and sometimes called out that
+dreadful epithet to me as I passed along the street. I did not know
+all that it meant, but it seemed to me a term of the utmost
+opprobrium, and I know that it kept me from responding as freely as I
+should otherwise have done to that excellent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> teacher, my only
+schoolmaster, to whom I owe a debt of gratitude which I regret I never
+had opportunity to do more than acknowledge before he died.</p>
+
+<p>I may mention here a man whose influence over me cannot be
+overestimated, my Uncle Lauder, George Lauder's father.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> My father
+was necessarily constantly at work in the loom shop and had little
+leisure to bestow upon me through the day. My uncle being a shopkeeper
+in the High Street was not thus tied down. Note the location, for this
+was among the shopkeeping aristocracy, and high and varied degrees of
+aristocracy there were even among shopkeepers in Dunfermline. Deeply
+affected by my Aunt Seaton's death, which occurred about the beginning
+of my school life, he found his chief solace in the companionship of
+his only son, George, and myself. He possessed an extraordinary gift
+of dealing with children and taught us many things. Among others I
+remember how he taught us British history by imagining each of the
+monarchs in a certain place upon the walls of the room performing the
+act for which he was well known. Thus for me King John sits to this
+day above the mantelpiece signing the Magna Charta, and Queen Victoria
+is on the back of the door with her children on her knee.</p>
+
+<p>It may be taken for granted that the omission which, years after, I
+found in the Chapter House at Westminster Abbey was fully supplied in
+our list of monarchs. A slab in a small chapel at Westminster says
+that the body of Oliver Cromwell was removed from there. In the list
+of the monarchs which I learned at my uncle's knee the grand
+republican monarch appeared writing his message to the Pope of Rome,
+informing His Holiness that &quot;if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> he did not cease persecuting the
+Protestants the thunder of Great Britain's cannon would be heard in
+the Vatican.&quot; It is needless to say that the estimate we formed of
+Cromwell was that he was worth them &quot;a' thegither.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It was from my uncle I learned all that I know of the early history of
+Scotland&#8212;of Wallace and Bruce and Burns, of Blind Harry's history, of
+Scott, Ramsey, Tannahill, Hogg, and Fergusson. I can truly say in the
+words of Burns that there was then and there created in me a vein of
+Scottish prejudice (or patriotism) which will cease to exist only with
+life. Wallace, of course, was our hero. Everything heroic centered in
+him. Sad was the day when a wicked big boy at school told me that
+England was far larger than Scotland. I went to the uncle, who had the
+remedy.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Not at all, Naig; if Scotland were rolled out flat as England,
+Scotland would be the larger, but would you have the Highlands rolled
+down?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Oh, never! There was balm in Gilead for the wounded young patriot.
+Later the greater population of England was forced upon me, and again
+to the uncle I went.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, Naig, seven to one, but there were more than that odds against
+us at Bannockburn.&quot; And again there was joy in my heart&#8212;joy that
+there were more English men there since the glory was the greater.</p>
+
+<p>This is something of a commentary upon the truth that war breeds war,
+that every battle sows the seeds of future battles, and that thus
+nations become traditional enemies. The experience of American boys is
+that of the Scotch. They grow up to read of Washington and Valley
+Forge, of Hessians hired to kill Americans, and they come to hate the
+very name of Englishman. Such was my experience with my American
+nephews. Scotland was all right, but England that had fought Scot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>land
+was the wicked partner. Not till they became men was the prejudice
+eradicated, and even yet some of it may linger.</p>
+
+<p>Uncle Lauder has told me since that he often brought people into the
+room assuring them that he could make &quot;Dod&quot; (George Lauder) and me
+weep, laugh, or close our little fists ready to fight&#8212;in short, play
+upon all our moods through the influence of poetry and song. The
+betrayal of Wallace was his trump card which never failed to cause our
+little hearts to sob, a complete breakdown being the invariable
+result. Often as he told the story it never lost its hold. No doubt it
+received from time to time new embellishments. My uncle's stories
+never wanted &quot;the hat and the stick&quot; which Scott gave his. How
+wonderful is the influence of a hero upon children!</p>
+
+<p>I spent many hours and evenings in the High Street with my uncle and
+&quot;Dod,&quot; and thus began a lifelong brotherly alliance between the latter
+and myself. &quot;Dod&quot; and &quot;Naig&quot; we always were in the family. I could not
+say &quot;George&quot; in infancy and he could not get more than &quot;Naig&quot; out of
+Carnegie, and it has always been &quot;Dod&quot; and &quot;Naig&quot; with us. No other
+names would mean anything.</p>
+
+<p>There were two roads by which to return from my uncle's house in the
+High Street to my home in Moodie Street at the foot of the town, one
+along the eerie churchyard of the Abbey among the dead, where there
+was no light; and the other along the lighted streets by way of the
+May Gate. When it became necessary for me to go home, my uncle, with a
+wicked pleasure, would ask which way I was going. Thinking what
+Wallace would do, I always replied I was going by the Abbey. I have
+the satisfaction of believing that never, not even<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> upon one occasion,
+did I yield to the temptation to take the other turn and follow the
+lamps at the junction of the May Gate. I often passed along that
+churchyard and through the dark arch of the Abbey with my heart in my
+mouth. Trying to whistle and keep up my courage, I would plod through
+the darkness, falling back in all emergencies upon the thought of what
+Wallace would have done if he had met with any foe, natural or
+supernatural.</p>
+
+<p>King Robert the Bruce never got justice from my cousin or myself in
+childhood. It was enough for us that he was a king while Wallace was
+the man of the people. Sir John Graham was our second. The intensity
+of a Scottish boy's patriotism, reared as I was, constitutes a real
+force in his life to the very end. If the source of my stock of that
+prime article&#8212;courage&#8212;were studied, I am sure the final analysis
+would find it founded upon Wallace, the hero of Scotland. It is a
+tower of strength for a boy to have a hero.</p>
+
+<p>It gave me a pang to find when I reached America that there was any
+other country which pretended to have anything to be proud of. What
+was a country without Wallace, Bruce, and Burns? I find in the
+untraveled Scotsman of to-day something still of this feeling. It
+remains for maturer years and wider knowledge to tell us that every
+nation has its heroes, its romance, its traditions, and its
+achievements; and while the true Scotsman will not find reason in
+after years to lower the estimate he has formed of his own country and
+of its position even among the larger nations of the earth, he will
+find ample reason to raise his opinion of other nations because they
+all have much to be proud of&#8212;quite enough to stimulate their sons so
+to act their parts as not to disgrace the land that gave them birth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was years before I could feel that the new land could be anything
+but a temporary abode. My heart was in Scotland. I resembled Principal
+Peterson's little boy who, when in Canada, in reply to a question,
+said he liked Canada &quot;very well for a visit, but he could never live
+so far away from the remains of Bruce and Wallace.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h3>DUNFERMLINE AND AMERICA</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">M&#160;</span><b>Y</b> good Uncle Lauder justly set great value upon recitation in
+education, and many were the pennies which Dod and I received for
+this. In our little frocks or shirts, our sleeves rolled up, paper
+helmets and blackened faces, with laths for swords, my cousin and
+myself were kept constantly reciting Norval and Glenalvon, Roderick
+Dhu and James Fitz-James to our schoolmates and often to the older
+people.</p>
+
+<p>I remember distinctly that in the celebrated dialogue between Norval
+and Glenalvon we had some qualms about repeating the phrase,&#8212;&quot;and
+false as <i>hell</i>.&quot; At first we made a slight cough over the
+objectionable word which always created amusement among the
+spectators. It was a great day for us when my uncle persuaded us that
+we could say &quot;hell&quot; without swearing. I am afraid we practiced it very
+often. I always played the part of Glenalvon and made a great mouthful
+of the word. It had for me the wonderful fascination attributed to
+forbidden fruit. I can well understand the story of Marjory Fleming,
+who being cross one morning when Walter Scott called and asked how she
+was, answered:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am very cross this morning, Mr. Scott. I just want to say 'damn'
+[with a swing], but I winna.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Thereafter the expression of the one fearful word was a great point.
+Ministers could say &quot;damnation&quot; in the pulpit without sin, and so we,
+too, had full range on &quot;hell&quot; in recitation. Another passage made a
+deep impression. In the fight between Norval and Glenalvon, Norval
+says, &quot;When we contend again our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> strife is mortal.&quot; Using these words
+in an article written for the &quot;North American Review&quot; in 1897, my
+uncle came across them and immediately sat down and wrote me from
+Dunfermline that he knew where I had found the words. He was the only
+man living who did.</p>
+
+<p>My power to memorize must have been greatly strengthened by the mode
+of teaching adopted by my uncle. I cannot name a more important means
+of benefiting young people than encouraging them to commit favorite
+pieces to memory and recite them often. Anything which pleased me I
+could learn with a rapidity which surprised partial friends. I could
+memorize anything whether it pleased me or not, but if it did not
+impress me strongly it passed away in a few hours.</p>
+
+<p>One of the trials of my boy's life at school in Dunfermline was
+committing to memory two double verses of the Psalms which I had to
+recite daily. My plan was not to look at the psalm until I had started
+for school. It was not more than five or six minutes' slow walk, but I
+could readily master the task in that time, and, as the psalm was the
+first lesson, I was prepared and passed through the ordeal
+successfully. Had I been asked to repeat the psalm thirty minutes
+afterwards the attempt would, I fear, have ended in disastrous
+failure.</p>
+
+<p>The first penny I ever earned or ever received from any person beyond
+the family circle was one from my school-teacher, Mr. Martin, for
+repeating before the school Burns's poem, &quot;Man was made to Mourn.&quot; In
+writing this I am reminded that in later years, dining with Mr. John
+Morley in London, the conversation turned upon the life of Wordsworth,
+and Mr. Morley said he had been searching his Burns for the poem to
+&quot;Old Age,&quot; so much extolled by him, which he had not been able to find
+under that title. I had the pleasure of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> repeating part of it to him.
+He promptly handed me a second penny. Ah, great as Morley is, he
+wasn't my school-teacher, Mr. Martin&#8212;the first &quot;great&quot; man I ever
+knew. Truly great was he to me. But a hero surely is &quot;Honest John&quot;
+Morley.</p>
+
+<p>In religious matters we were not much hampered. While other boys and
+girls at school were compelled to learn the Shorter Catechism, Dod and
+I, by some arrangement the details of which I never clearly
+understood, were absolved. All of our family connections, Morrisons
+and Lauders, were advanced in their theological as in their political
+views, and had objections to the catechism, I have no doubt. We had
+not one orthodox Presbyterian in our family circle. My father, Uncle
+and Aunt Aitken, Uncle Lauder, and also my Uncle Carnegie, had fallen
+away from the tenets of Calvinism. At a later day most of them found
+refuge for a time in the doctrines of Swedenborg. My mother was always
+reticent upon religious subjects. She never mentioned these to me nor
+did she attend church, for she had no servant in those early days and
+did all the housework, including cooking our Sunday dinner. A great
+reader, always, Channing the Unitarian was in those days her special
+delight. She was a marvel!</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image04">
+<img src="images/image04.jpg" alt="Andrew Carnegie's Mother" width="275" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ANDREW CARNEGIE'S MOTHER</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>During my childhood the atmosphere around me was in a state of violent
+disturbance in matters theological as well as political. Along with
+the most advanced ideas which were being agitated in the political
+world&#8212;the death of privilege, the equality of the citizen,
+Republicanism&#8212;I heard many disputations upon theological subjects
+which the impressionable child drank in to an extent quite unthought
+of by his elders. I well remember that the stern doctrines of
+Calvinism lay as a terrible nightmare upon me, but that state of mind
+was soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> over, owing to the influences of which I have spoken. I
+grew up treasuring within me the fact that my father had risen and
+left the Presbyterian Church one day when the minister preached the
+doctrine of infant damnation. This was shortly after I had made my
+appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Father could not stand it and said: &quot;If that be your religion and that
+your God, I seek a better religion and a nobler God.&quot; He left the
+Presbyterian Church never to return, but he did not cease to attend
+various other churches. I saw him enter the closet every morning to
+pray and that impressed me. He was indeed a saint and always remained
+devout. All sects became to him as agencies for good. He had
+discovered that theologies were many, but religion was one. I was
+quite satisfied that my father knew better than the minister, who
+pictured not the Heavenly Father, but the cruel avenger of the Old
+Testament&#8212;an &quot;Eternal Torturer&quot; as Andrew D. White ventures to call
+him in his autobiography. Fortunately this conception of the Unknown
+is now largely of the past.</p>
+
+<p>One of the chief enjoyments of my childhood was the keeping of pigeons
+and rabbits. I am grateful every time I think of the trouble my father
+took to build a suitable house for these pets. Our home became
+headquarters for my young companions. My mother was always looking to
+home influences as the best means of keeping her two boys in the right
+path. She used to say that the first step in this direction was to
+make home pleasant; and there was nothing she and my father would not
+do to please us and the neighbors' children who centered about us.</p>
+
+<p>My first business venture was securing my companions' services for a
+season as an employer, the compen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>sation being that the young rabbits,
+when such came, should be named after them. The Saturday holiday was
+generally spent by my flock in gathering food for the rabbits. My
+conscience reproves me to-day, looking back, when I think of the hard
+bargain I drove with my young playmates, many of whom were content to
+gather dandelions and clover for a whole season with me, conditioned
+upon this unique reward&#8212;the poorest return ever made to labor. Alas!
+what else had I to offer them! Not a penny.</p>
+
+<p>I treasure the remembrance of this plan as the earliest evidence of
+organizing power upon the development of which my material success in
+life has hung&#8212;a success not to be attributed to what I have known or
+done myself, but to the faculty of knowing and choosing others who did
+know better than myself. Precious knowledge this for any man to
+possess. I did not understand steam machinery, but I tried to
+understand that much more complicated piece of mechanism&#8212;man.
+Stopping at a small Highland inn on our coaching trip in 1898, a
+gentleman came forward and introduced himself. He was Mr. MacIntosh,
+the great furniture manufacturer of Scotland&#8212;a fine character as I
+found out afterward. He said he had ventured to make himself known as
+he was one of the boys who had gathered, and sometimes he feared
+&quot;conveyed,&quot; spoil for the rabbits, and had &quot;one named after him.&quot; It
+may be imagined how glad I was to meet him&#8212;the only one of the rabbit
+boys I have met in after-life. I hope to keep his friendship to the
+last and see him often. [As I read this manuscript to-day, December 1,
+1913, I have a very precious note from him, recalling old times when
+we were boys together. He has a reply by this time that will warm his
+heart as his note did mine.]<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>With the introduction and improvement of steam machinery, trade grew
+worse and worse in Dunfermline for the small manufacturers, and at
+last a letter was written to my mother's two sisters in Pittsburgh
+stating that the idea of our going to them was seriously
+entertained&#8212;not, as I remember hearing my parents say, to benefit
+their own condition, but for the sake of their two young sons.
+Satisfactory letters were received in reply. The decision was taken to
+sell the looms and furniture by auction. And my father's sweet voice
+sang often to mother, brother, and me:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;To the West, to the West, to the land of the free,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where the mighty Missouri rolls down to the sea;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where a man is a man even though he must toil<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the poorest may gather the fruits of the soil.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The proceeds of the sale were most disappointing. The looms brought
+hardly anything, and the result was that twenty pounds more were
+needed to enable the family to pay passage to America. Here let me
+record an act of friendship performed by a lifelong companion of my
+mother&#8212;who always attracted stanch friends because she was so stanch
+herself&#8212;Mrs. Henderson, by birth Ella Ferguson, the name by which she
+was known in our family. She boldly ventured to advance the needful
+twenty pounds, my Uncles Lauder and Morrison guaranteeing repayment.
+Uncle Lauder also lent his aid and advice, managing all the details
+for us, and on the 17th day of May, 1848, we left Dunfermline. My
+father's age was then forty-three, my mother's thirty-three. I was in
+my thirteenth year, my brother Tom in his fifth year&#8212;a beautiful
+white-haired child with lustrous black eyes, who everywhere attracted
+attention.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I had left school forever, with the exception of one winter's
+night-schooling in America, and later a French night-teacher for a
+time, and, strange to say, an elocutionist from whom I learned how to
+declaim. I could read, write, and cipher, and had begun the study of
+algebra and of Latin. A letter written to my Uncle Lauder during the
+voyage, and since returned, shows that I was then a better penman than
+now. I had wrestled with English grammar, and knew as little of what
+it was designed to teach as children usually do. I had read little
+except about Wallace, Bruce, and Burns; but knew many familiar pieces
+of poetry by heart. I should add to this the fairy tales of childhood,
+and especially the &quot;Arabian Nights,&quot; by which I was carried into a new
+world. I was in dreamland as I devoured those stories.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the day we started from beloved Dunfermline, in the
+omnibus that ran upon the coal railroad to Charleston, I remember that
+I stood with tearful eyes looking out of the window until Dunfermline
+vanished from view, the last structure to fade being the grand and
+sacred old Abbey. During my first fourteen years of absence my thought
+was almost daily, as it was that morning, &quot;When shall I see you
+again?&quot; Few days passed in which I did not see in my mind's eye the
+talismanic letters on the Abbey tower&#8212;&quot;King Robert The Bruce.&quot; All my
+recollections of childhood, all I knew of fairyland, clustered around
+the old Abbey and its curfew bell, which tolled at eight o'clock every
+evening and was the signal for me to run to bed before it stopped. I
+have referred to that bell in my &quot;American Four-in-Hand in
+Britain&quot;<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> when passing the Abbey and I may as well quote from it
+now:</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>As we drove down the Pends I was standing on the front seat
+of the coach with Provost Walls, when I heard the first toll
+of the Abbey bell, tolled in honor of my mother and myself.
+My knees sank from under me, the tears came rushing before I
+knew it, and I turned round to tell the Provost that I must
+give in. For a moment I felt as if I were about to faint.
+Fortunately I saw that there was no crowd before us for a
+little distance. I had time to regain control, and biting my
+lips till they actually bled, I murmured to myself, &quot;No
+matter, keep cool, you must go on&quot;; but never can there come
+to my ears on earth, nor enter so deep into my soul, a sound
+that shall haunt and subdue me with its sweet, gracious,
+melting power as that did.</p>
+
+<p>By that curfew bell I had been laid in my little couch to
+sleep the sleep of childish innocence. Father and mother,
+sometimes the one, sometimes the other, had told me as they
+bent lovingly over me night after night, what that bell said
+as it tolled. Many good words has that bell spoken to me
+through their translations. No wrong thing did I do through
+the day which that voice from all I knew of heaven and the
+great Father there did not tell me kindly about ere I sank
+to sleep, speaking the words so plainly that I knew that the
+power that moved it had seen all and was not angry, never
+angry, never, but so very, <i>very</i> sorry. Nor is that bell
+dumb to me to-day when I hear its voice. It still has its
+message, and now it sounded to welcome back the exiled
+mother and son under its precious care again.</p>
+
+<p>The world has not within its power to devise, much less to
+bestow upon us, such reward as that which the Abbey bell
+gave when it tolled in our honor. But my brother Tom should
+have been there also; this was the thought that came. He,
+too, was beginning to know the wonders of that bell ere we
+were away to the newer land.</p>
+
+<p>Rousseau wished to die to the strains of sweet music. Could
+I choose my accompaniment, I could wish to pass into the dim
+beyond with the tolling of the Abbey bell sounding in my
+ears, telling me of the race that had been run, and calling
+me, as it had called the little white-haired child, for the
+last time&#8212;<i>to sleep</i>.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I have had many letters from readers speaking of this passage in my
+book, some of the writers going so far as to say that tears fell as
+they read. It came from the heart and perhaps that is why it reached
+the hearts of others.</p>
+
+<p>We were rowed over in a small boat to the Edinburgh steamer in the
+Firth of Forth. As I was about to be taken from the small boat to the
+steamer, I rushed to Uncle Lauder and clung round his neck, crying
+out: &quot;I cannot leave you! I cannot leave you!&quot; I was torn from him by
+a kind sailor who lifted me up on the deck of the steamer. Upon my
+return visit to Dunfermline this dear old fellow, when he came to see
+me, told me it was the saddest parting he had ever witnessed.</p>
+
+<p>We sailed from the Broomielaw of Glasgow in the 800-ton sailing ship
+Wiscasset. During the seven weeks of the voyage, I came to know the
+sailors quite well, learned the names of the ropes, and was able to
+direct the passengers to answer the call of the boatswain, for the
+ship being undermanned, the aid of the passengers was urgently
+required. In consequence I was invited by the sailors to participate
+on Sundays, in the one delicacy of the sailors' mess, plum duff. I
+left the ship with sincere regret.</p>
+
+<p>The arrival at New York was bewildering. I had been taken to see the
+Queen at Edinburgh, but that was the extent of my travels before
+emigrating. Glasgow we had not time to see before we sailed. New York
+was the first great hive of human industry among the inhabitants of
+which I had mingled, and the bustle and excitement of it overwhelmed
+me. The incident of our stay in New York which impressed me most
+occurred while I was walking through Bowling Green at Castle Garden. I
+was caught up in the arms of one of the Wiscasset sailors, Robert
+Barryman, who was decked out in regular Jack<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>ashore fashion, with blue
+jacket and white trousers. I thought him the most beautiful man I had
+ever seen.</p>
+
+<p>He took me to a refreshment stand and ordered a glass of sarsaparilla
+for me, which I drank with as much relish as if it were the nectar of
+the gods. To this day nothing that I have ever seen of the kind rivals
+the image which remains in my mind of the gorgeousness of the highly
+ornamented brass vessel out of which that nectar came foaming. Often
+as I have passed the identical spot I see standing there the old
+woman's sarsaparilla stand, and I marvel what became of the dear old
+sailor. I have tried to trace him, but in vain, hoping that if found
+he might be enjoying a ripe old age, and that it might be in my power
+to add to the pleasure of his declining years. He was my ideal Tom
+Bowling, and when that fine old song is sung I always see as the &quot;form
+of manly beauty&quot; my dear old friend Barryman. Alas! ere this he's gone
+aloft. Well; by his kindness on the voyage he made one boy his devoted
+friend and admirer.</p>
+
+<p>We knew only Mr. and Mrs. Sloane in New York&#8212;parents of the
+well-known John, Willie, and Henry Sloane. Mrs. Sloane (Euphemia
+Douglas) was my mother's companion in childhood in Dunfermline. Mr.
+Sloane and my father had been fellow weavers. We called upon them and
+were warmly welcomed. It was a genuine pleasure when Willie, his son,
+bought ground from me in 1900 opposite our New York residence for his
+two married daughters so that our children of the third generation
+became playmates as our mothers were in Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>My father was induced by emigration agents in New York to take the
+Erie Canal by way of Buffalo and Lake Erie to Cleveland, and thence
+down the canal to Beaver&#8212;a journey which then lasted three weeks,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+and is made to-day by rail in ten hours. There was no railway
+communication then with Pittsburgh, nor indeed with any western town.
+The Erie Railway was under construction and we saw gangs of men at
+work upon it as we traveled. Nothing comes amiss to youth, and I look
+back upon my three weeks as a passenger upon the canal-boat with
+unalloyed pleasure. All that was disagreeable in my experience has
+long since faded from recollection, excepting the night we were
+compelled to remain upon the wharf-boat at Beaver waiting for the
+steamboat to take us up the Ohio to Pittsburgh. This was our first
+introduction to the mosquito in all its ferocity. My mother suffered
+so severely that in the morning she could hardly see. We were all
+frightful sights, but I do not remember that even the stinging misery
+of that night kept me from sleeping soundly. I could always sleep,
+never knowing &quot;horrid night, the child of hell.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Our friends in Pittsburgh had been anxiously waiting to hear from us,
+and in their warm and affectionate greeting all our troubles were
+forgotten. We took up our residence with them in Allegheny City. A
+brother of my Uncle Hogan had built a small weaver's shop at the back
+end of a lot in Rebecca Street. This had a second story in which there
+were two rooms, and it was in these (free of rent, for my Aunt Aitken
+owned them) that my parents began housekeeping. My uncle soon gave up
+weaving and my father took his place and began making tablecloths,
+which he had not only to weave, but afterwards, acting as his own
+merchant, to travel and sell, as no dealers could be found to take
+them in quantity. He was compelled to market them himself, selling
+from door to door. The returns were meager in the extreme.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image05">
+<img src="images/image05.jpg" alt="Andrew Carnegie at 16 with his brother Thomas" width="298" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ANDREW CARNEGIE AT SIXTEEN WITH HIS BROTHER
+THOMAS</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>As usual, my mother came to the rescue. There was no keeping her down.
+In her youth she had learned to bind shoes in her father's business
+for pin-money, and the skill then acquired was now turned to account
+for the benefit of the family. Mr. Phipps, father of my friend and
+partner Mr. Henry Phipps, was, like my grandfather, a master
+shoemaker. He was our neighbor in Allegheny City. Work was obtained
+from him, and in addition to attending to her household duties&#8212;for,
+of course, we had no servant&#8212;this wonderful woman, my mother, earned
+four dollars a week by binding shoes. Midnight would often find her at
+work. In the intervals during the day and evening, when household
+cares would permit, and my young brother sat at her knee threading
+needles and waxing the thread for her, she recited to him, as she had
+to me, the gems of Scottish minstrelsy which she seemed to have by
+heart, or told him tales which failed not to contain a moral.</p>
+
+<p>This is where the children of honest poverty have the most precious of
+all advantages over those of wealth. The mother, nurse, cook,
+governess, teacher, saint, all in one; the father, exemplar, guide,
+counselor, and friend! Thus were my brother and I brought up. What has
+the child of millionaire or nobleman that counts compared to such a
+heritage?</p>
+
+<p>My mother was a busy woman, but all her work did not prevent her
+neighbors from soon recognizing her as a wise and kindly woman whom
+they could call upon for counsel or help in times of trouble. Many
+have told me what my mother did for them. So it was in after years
+wherever we resided; rich and poor came to her with their trials and
+found good counsel. She towered among her neighbors wherever she
+went.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<h3>PITTSBURGH AND WORK</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">T</span><b>HE</b> great question now was, what could be found for me to do. I had
+just completed my thirteenth year, and I fairly panted to get to work
+that I might help the family to a start in the new land. The prospect
+of want had become to me a frightful nightmare. My thoughts at this
+period centered in the determination that we should make and save
+enough of money to produce three hundred dollars a year&#8212;twenty-five
+dollars monthly, which I figured was the sum required to keep us
+without being dependent upon others. Every necessary thing was very
+cheap in those days.</p>
+
+<p>The brother of my Uncle Hogan would often ask what my parents meant to
+do with me, and one day there occurred the most tragic of all scenes I
+have ever witnessed. Never can I forget it. He said, with the kindest
+intentions in the world, to my mother, that I was a likely boy and apt
+to learn; and he believed that if a basket were fitted out for me with
+knickknacks to sell, I could peddle them around the wharves and make
+quite a considerable sum. I never knew what an enraged woman meant
+till then. My mother was sitting sewing at the moment, but she sprang
+to her feet with outstretched hands and shook them in his face.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What! my son a peddler and go among rough men upon the wharves! I
+would rather throw him into the Allegheny River. Leave me!&quot; she cried,
+pointing to the door, and Mr. Hogan went.</p>
+
+<p>She stood a tragic queen. The next moment she had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> broken down, but
+only for a few moments did tears fall and sobs come. Then she took her
+two boys in her arms and told us not to mind her foolishness. There
+were many things in the world for us to do and we could be useful men,
+honored and respected, if we always did what was right. It was a
+repetition of Helen Macgregor, in her reply to Osbaldistone in which
+she threatened to have her prisoners &quot;chopped into as many pieces as
+there are checks in the tartan.&quot; But the reason for the outburst was
+different. It was not because the occupation suggested was peaceful
+labor, for we were taught that idleness was disgraceful; but because
+the suggested occupation was somewhat vagrant in character and not
+entirely respectable in her eyes. Better death. Yes, mother would have
+taken her two boys, one under each arm, and perished with them rather
+than they should mingle with low company in their extreme youth.</p>
+
+<p>As I look back upon the early struggles this can be said: there was
+not a prouder family in the land. A keen sense of honor, independence,
+self-respect, pervaded the household. Walter Scott said of Burns that
+he had the most extraordinary eye he ever saw in a human being. I can
+say as much for my mother. As Burns has it:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Her eye even turned on empty space,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Beamed keen with honor.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Anything low, mean, deceitful, shifty, coarse, underhand, or gossipy
+was foreign to that heroic soul. Tom and I could not help growing up
+respectable characters, having such a mother and such a father, for
+the father, too, was one of nature's noblemen, beloved by all, a
+saint.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this incident my father found it necessary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> to give up
+hand-loom weaving and to enter the cotton factory of Mr. Blackstock,
+an old Scotsman in Allegheny City, where we lived. In this factory he
+also obtained for me a position as bobbin boy, and my first work was
+done there at one dollar and twenty cents per week. It was a hard
+life. In the winter father and I had to rise and breakfast in the
+darkness, reach the factory before it was daylight, and, with a short
+interval for lunch, work till after dark. The hours hung heavily upon
+me and in the work itself I took no pleasure; but the cloud had a
+silver lining, as it gave me the feeling that I was doing something
+for my world&#8212;our family. I have made millions since, but none of
+those millions gave me such happiness as my first week's earnings. I
+was now a helper of the family, a breadwinner, and no longer a total
+charge upon my parents. Often had I heard my father's beautiful
+singing of &quot;The Boatie Rows&quot; and often I longed to fulfill the last
+lines of the verse:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;When Aaleck, Jock, and Jeanettie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Are up and got their lair</i>,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They'll serve to gar the boatie row,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And lichten a' our care.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I was going to make our tiny craft skim. It should be noted here that
+Aaleck, Jock, and Jeanettie were first to get their education.
+Scotland was the first country that required all parents, high or low,
+to educate their children, and established the parish public schools.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this Mr. John Hay, a fellow-Scotch manufacturer of bobbins
+in Allegheny City, needed a boy, and asked whether I would not go into
+his service. I went, and received two dollars per week; but at first
+the work was even more irksome than the factory. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> had to run a small
+steam-engine and to fire the boiler in the cellar of the bobbin
+factory. It was too much for me. I found myself night after night,
+sitting up in bed trying the steam gauges, fearing at one time that
+the steam was too low and that the workers above would complain that
+they had not power enough, and at another time that the steam was too
+high and that the boiler might burst.</p>
+
+<p>But all this it was a matter of honor to conceal from my parents. They
+had their own troubles and bore them. I must play the man and bear
+mine. My hopes were high, and I looked every day for some change to
+take place. What it was to be I knew not, but that it would come I
+felt certain if I kept on. Besides, at this date I was not beyond
+asking myself what Wallace would have done and what a Scotsman ought
+to do. Of one thing I was sure, he ought never to give up.</p>
+
+<p>One day the chance came. Mr. Hay had to make out some bills. He had no
+clerk, and was himself a poor penman. He asked me what kind of hand I
+could write, and gave me some writing to do. The result pleased him,
+and he found it convenient thereafter to let me make out his bills. I
+was also good at figures; and he soon found it to be to his
+interest&#8212;and besides, dear old man, I believe he was moved by good
+feeling toward the white-haired boy, for he had a kind heart and was
+Scotch and wished to relieve me from the engine&#8212;to put me at other
+things, less objectionable except in one feature.</p>
+
+<p>It now became my duty to bathe the newly made spools in vats of oil.
+Fortunately there was a room reserved for this purpose and I was
+alone, but not all the resolution I could muster, nor all the
+indignation I felt at my own weakness, prevented my stomach from
+be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>having in a most perverse way. I never succeeded in overcoming the
+nausea produced by the smell of the oil. Even Wallace and Bruce proved
+impotent here. But if I had to lose breakfast, or dinner, I had all
+the better appetite for supper, and the allotted work was done. A real
+disciple of Wallace or Bruce could not give up; he would die first.</p>
+
+<p>My service with Mr. Hay was a distinct advance upon the cotton
+factory, and I also made the acquaintance of an employer who was very
+kind to me. Mr. Hay kept his books in single entry, and I was able to
+handle them for him; but hearing that all great firms kept their books
+in double entry, and after talking over the matter with my companions,
+John Phipps, Thomas N. Miller, and William Cowley, we all determined
+to attend night school during the winter and learn the larger system.
+So the four of us went to a Mr. Williams in Pittsburgh and learned
+double-entry bookkeeping.</p>
+
+<p>One evening, early in 1850, when I returned home from work, I was told
+that Mr. David Brooks, manager of the telegraph office, had asked my
+Uncle Hogan if he knew where a good boy could be found to act as
+messenger. Mr. Brooks and my uncle were enthusiastic draught-players,
+and it was over a game of draughts that this important inquiry was
+made. Upon such trifles do the most momentous consequences hang. A
+word, a look, an accent, may affect the destiny not only of
+individuals, but of nations. He is a bold man who calls anything a
+trifle. Who was it who, being advised to disregard trifles, said he
+always would if any one could tell him what a trifle was? The young
+should remember that upon trifles the best gifts of the gods often
+hang.</p>
+
+<p>My uncle mentioned my name, and said he would see whether I would take
+the position. I remember so well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> the family council that was held. Of
+course I was wild with delight. No bird that ever was confined in a
+cage longed for freedom more than I. Mother favored, but father was
+disposed to deny my wish. It would prove too much for me, he said; I
+was too young and too small. For the two dollars and a half per week
+offered it was evident that a much larger boy was expected. Late at
+night I might be required to run out into the country with a telegram,
+and there would be dangers to encounter. Upon the whole my father said
+that it was best that I should remain where I was. He subsequently
+withdrew his objection, so far as to give me leave to try, and I
+believe he went to Mr. Hay and consulted with him. Mr. Hay thought it
+would be for my advantage, and although, as he said, it would be an
+inconvenience to him, still he advised that I should try, and if I
+failed he was kind enough to say that my old place would be open for
+me.</p>
+
+<p>This being decided, I was asked to go over the river to Pittsburgh and
+call on Mr. Brooks. My father wished to go with me, and it was settled
+that he should accompany me as far as the telegraph office, on the
+corner of Fourth and Wood Streets. It was a bright, sunshiny morning
+and this augured well. Father and I walked over from Allegheny to
+Pittsburgh, a distance of nearly two miles from our house. Arrived at
+the door I asked father to wait outside. I insisted upon going alone
+upstairs to the second or operating floor to see the great man and
+learn my fate. I was led to this, perhaps, because I had by that time
+begun to consider myself something of an American. At first boys used
+to call me &quot;Scotchie! Scotchie!&quot; and I answered, &quot;Yes, I'm Scotch and
+I am proud of the name.&quot; But in speech and in address the broad Scotch
+had been worn off to a slight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> extent, and I imagined that I could
+make a smarter showing if alone with Mr. Brooks than if my good old
+Scotch father were present, perhaps to smile at my airs.</p>
+
+<p>I was dressed in my one white linen shirt, which was usually kept
+sacred for the Sabbath day, my blue round-about, and my whole Sunday
+suit. I had at that time, and for a few weeks after I entered the
+telegraph service, but one linen suit of summer clothing; and every
+Saturday night, no matter if that was my night on duty and I did not
+return till near midnight, my mother washed those clothes and ironed
+them, and I put them on fresh on Sabbath morning. There was nothing
+that heroine did not do in the struggle we were making for elbow room
+in the western world. Father's long factory hours tried his strength,
+but he, too, fought the good fight like a hero and never failed to
+encourage me.</p>
+
+<p>The interview was successful. I took care to explain that I did not
+know Pittsburgh, that perhaps I would not do, would not be strong
+enough; but all I wanted was a trial. He asked me how soon I could
+come, and I said that I could stay now if wanted. And, looking back
+over the circumstance, I think that answer might well be pondered by
+young men. It is a great mistake not to seize the opportunity. The
+position was offered to me; something might occur, some other boy
+might be sent for. Having got myself in I proposed to stay there if I
+could. Mr. Brooks very kindly called the other boy&#8212;for it was an
+additional messenger that was wanted&#8212;and asked him to show me about,
+and let me go with him and learn the business. I soon found
+opportunity to run down to the corner of the street and tell my father
+that it was all right, and to go home and tell mother that I had got
+the situation.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a name="image06">
+<img src="images/image06.jpg" alt="David McCargo" width="302" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>DAVID McCARGO</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>And that is how in 1850 I got my first real start in life.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> From the
+dark cellar running a steam-engine at two dollars a week, begrimed
+with coal dirt, without a trace of the elevating influences of life, I
+was lifted into paradise, yes, heaven, as it seemed to me, with
+newspapers, pens, pencils, and sunshine about me. There was scarcely a
+minute in which I could not learn something or find out how much there
+was to learn and how little I knew. I felt that my foot was upon the
+ladder and that I was bound to climb.</p>
+
+<p>I had only one fear, and that was that I could not learn quickly
+enough the addresses of the various business houses to which messages
+had to be delivered. I therefore began to note the signs of these
+houses up one side of the street and down the other. At night I
+exercised my memory by naming in succession the various firms. Before
+long I could shut my eyes and, beginning at the foot of a business
+street, call off the names of the firms in proper order along one side
+to the top of the street, then crossing on the other side go down in
+regular order to the foot again.</p>
+
+<p>The next step was to know the men themselves, for it gave a messenger
+a great advantage, and often saved a long journey, if he knew members
+or employees of firms. He might meet one of these going direct to his
+office. It was reckoned a great triumph among the boys to deliver a
+message upon the street. And there was the additional satisfaction to
+the boy himself, that a great man (and most men are great to
+messengers), stopped upon the street in this way, seldom failed to
+note the boy and compliment him.</p>
+
+<p>The Pittsburgh of 1850 was very different from what it has since
+become. It had not yet recovered from the great fire which destroyed
+the entire business portion of the city on April 10, 1845. The houses
+were mainly of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> wood, a few only were of brick, and not one was
+fire-proof. The entire population in and around Pittsburgh was not
+over forty thousand. The business portion of the city did not extend
+as far as Fifth Avenue, which was then a very quiet street, remarkable
+only for having the theater upon it. Federal Street, Allegheny,
+consisted of straggling business houses with great open spaces between
+them, and I remember skating upon ponds in the very heart of the
+present Fifth Ward. The site of our Union Iron Mills was then, and
+many years later, a cabbage garden.</p>
+
+<p>General Robinson, to whom I delivered many a telegraph message, was
+the first white child born west of the Ohio River. I saw the first
+telegraph line stretched from the east into the city; and, at a later
+date, I also saw the first locomotive, for the Ohio and Pennsylvania
+Railroad, brought by canal from Philadelphia and unloaded from a scow
+in Allegheny City. There was no direct railway communication to the
+East. Passengers took the canal to the foot of the Allegheny
+Mountains, over which they were transported to Hollidaysburg, a
+distance of thirty miles by rail; thence by canal again to Columbia,
+and then eighty-one miles by rail to Philadelphia&#8212;a journey which
+occupied three days.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>The great event of the day in Pittsburgh at that time was the arrival
+and departure of the steam packet to and from Cincinnati, for daily
+communication had been established. The business of the city was
+largely that of forwarding merchandise East and West, for it was the
+great transfer station from river to canal. A rolling mill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> had begun
+to roll iron; but not a ton of pig metal was made, and not a ton of
+steel for many a year thereafter. The pig iron manufacture at first
+was a total failure because of the lack of proper fuel, although the
+most valuable deposit of coking coal in the world lay within a few
+miles, as much undreamt of for coke to smelt ironstone as the stores
+of natural gas which had for ages lain untouched under the city.</p>
+
+<p>There were at that time not half a dozen &quot;carriage&quot; people in the
+town; and not for many years after was the attempt made to introduce
+livery, even for a coachman. As late as 1861, perhaps, the most
+notable financial event which had occurred in the annals of Pittsburgh
+was the retirement from business of Mr. Fahnestock with the enormous
+sum of $174,000, paid by his partners for his interest. How great a
+sum that seemed then and how trifling now!</p>
+
+<p>My position as messenger boy soon made me acquainted with the few
+leading men of the city. The bar of Pittsburgh was distinguished.
+Judge Wilkins was at its head, and he and Judge MacCandless, Judge
+McClure, Charles Shaler and his partner, Edwin M. Stanton, afterwards
+the great War Secretary (&quot;Lincoln's right-hand man&quot;) were all well
+known to me&#8212;the last-named especially, for he was good enough to take
+notice of me as a boy. In business circles among prominent men who
+still survive, Thomas M. Howe, James Park, C.G. Hussey, Benjamin F.
+Jones, William Thaw, John Chalfant, Colonel Herron were great men to
+whom the messenger boys looked as models, and not bad models either,
+as their lives proved. [Alas! all dead as I revise this paragraph in
+1906, so steadily moves the solemn procession.]</p>
+
+<p>My life as a telegraph messenger was in every respect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> a happy one,
+and it was while in this position that I laid the foundation of my
+closest friendships. The senior messenger boy being promoted, a new
+boy was needed, and he came in the person of David McCargo, afterwards
+the well-known superintendent of the Allegheny Valley Railway. He was
+made my companion and we had to deliver all the messages from the
+Eastern line, while two other boys delivered the messages from the
+West. The Eastern and Western Telegraph Companies were then separate,
+although occupying the same building. &quot;Davy&quot; and I became firm friends
+at once, one great bond being that he was Scotch; for, although &quot;Davy&quot;
+was born in America, his father was quite as much a Scotsman, even in
+speech, as my own father.</p>
+
+<p>A short time after &quot;Davy's&quot; appointment a third boy was required, and
+this time I was asked if I could find a suitable one. This I had no
+difficulty in doing in my chum, Robert Pitcairn, later on my successor
+as superintendent and general agent at Pittsburgh of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad. Robert, like myself, was not only Scotch, but Scotch-born,
+so that &quot;Davy,&quot; &quot;Bob,&quot; and &quot;Andy&quot; became the three Scotch boys who
+delivered all the messages of the Eastern Telegraph Line in
+Pittsburgh, for the then magnificent salary of two and a half dollars
+per week. It was the duty of the boys to sweep the office each
+morning, and this we did in turn, so it will be seen that we all began
+at the bottom. Hon. H.W. Oliver,<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> head of the great manufacturing
+firm of Oliver Brothers, and W.C. Morland,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> City Solicitor,
+subsequently joined the corps and started in the same fashion. It is
+not the rich man's son that the young struggler for advancement has to
+fear in the race of life, nor his nephew, nor his cousin. Let him look
+out for the &quot;dark<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> horse&quot; in the boy who begins by sweeping out the
+office.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image07">
+<img src="images/image07.jpg" alt="Robert Pitcairn" width="265" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ROBERT PITCAIRN</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>A messenger boy in those days had many pleasures. There were wholesale
+fruit stores, where a pocketful of apples was sometimes to be had for
+the prompt delivery of a message; bakers' and confectioners' shops,
+where sweet cakes were sometimes given to him. He met with very kind
+men, to whom he looked up with respect; they spoke a pleasant word and
+complimented him on his promptness, perhaps asked him to deliver a
+message on the way back to the office. I do not know a situation in
+which a boy is more apt to attract attention, which is all a really
+clever boy requires in order to rise. Wise men are always looking out
+for clever boys.</p>
+
+<p>One great excitement of this life was the extra charge of ten cents
+which we were permitted to collect for messages delivered beyond a
+certain limit. These &quot;dime messages,&quot; as might be expected, were
+anxiously watched, and quarrels arose among us as to the right of
+delivery. In some cases it was alleged boys had now and then taken a
+dime message out of turn. This was the only cause of serious trouble
+among us. By way of settlement I proposed that we should &quot;pool&quot; these
+messages and divide the cash equally at the end of each week. I was
+appointed treasurer. Peace and good-humor reigned ever afterwards.
+This pooling of extra earnings not being intended to create artificial
+prices was really co&#246;peration. It was my first essay in financial
+organization.</p>
+
+<p>The boys considered that they had a perfect right to spend these
+dividends, and the adjoining confectioner's shop had running accounts
+with most of them. The accounts were sometimes greatly overdrawn. The
+treasurer had accordingly to notify the confectioner, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> he did in
+due form, that he would not be responsible for any debts contracted by
+the too hungry and greedy boys. Robert Pitcairn was the worst offender
+of all, apparently having not only one sweet tooth, but all his teeth
+of that character. He explained to me confidentially one day, when I
+scolded him, that he had live things in his stomach that gnawed his
+insides until fed upon sweets.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<h3>COLONEL ANDERSON AND BOOKS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span><b>ITH</b> all their pleasures the messenger boys were hard worked. Every
+other evening they were required to be on duty until the office
+closed, and on these nights it was seldom that I reached home before
+eleven o'clock. On the alternating nights we were relieved at six.
+This did not leave much time for self-improvement, nor did the wants
+of the family leave any money to spend on books. There came, however,
+like a blessing from above, a means by which the treasures of
+literature were unfolded to me.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel James Anderson&#8212;I bless his name as I write&#8212;announced that he
+would open his library of four hundred volumes to boys, so that any
+young man could take out, each Saturday afternoon, a book which could
+be exchanged for another on the succeeding Saturday. My friend, Mr.
+Thomas N. Miller, reminded me recently that Colonel Anderson's books
+were first opened to &quot;working boys,&quot; and the question arose whether
+messenger boys, clerks, and others, who did not work with their hands,
+were entitled to books. My first communication to the press was a
+note, written to the &quot;Pittsburgh Dispatch,&quot; urging that we should not
+be excluded; that although we did not now work with our hands, some of
+us had done so, and that we were really working boys.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Dear Colonel
+Anderson promptly en<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>larged the classification. So my first appearance
+as a public writer was a success.</p>
+
+<p>My dear friend, Tom Miller, one of the inner circle, lived near
+Colonel Anderson and introduced me to him, and in this way the windows
+were opened in the walls of my dungeon through which the light of
+knowledge streamed in. Every day's toil and even the long hours of
+night service were lightened by the book which I carried about with me
+and read in the intervals that could be snatched from duty. And the
+future was made bright by the thought that when Saturday came a new
+volume could be obtained. In this way I became familiar with
+Macaulay's essays and his history, and with Bancroft's &quot;History of the
+United States,&quot; which I studied with more care than any other book I
+had then read. Lamb's essays were my special delight, but I had at
+this time no knowledge of the great master of all, Shakespeare, beyond
+the selected pieces in the school books. My taste for him I acquired a
+little later at the old Pittsburgh Theater.</p>
+
+<p>John Phipps, James R. Wilson, Thomas N. Miller, William
+Cowley&#8212;members of our circle&#8212;shared with me the invaluable privilege
+of the use of Colonel Anderson's library. Books which it would have
+been impossible for me to obtain elsewhere were, by his wise
+generosity, placed within my reach; and to him I owe a taste for
+literature which I would not exchange for all the millions that were
+ever amassed by man. Life would be quite intolerable without it.
+Nothing contributed so much to keep my companions and myself clear of
+low fellowship and bad habits as the beneficence of the good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+Colonel. Later, when fortune smiled upon me, one of my first duties
+was the erection of a monument to my benefactor. It stands in front of
+the Hall and Library in Diamond Square, which I presented to
+Allegheny, and bears this inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To Colonel James Anderson, Founder of Free Libraries in
+Western Pennsylvania. He opened his Library to working boys
+and upon Saturday afternoons acted as librarian, thus
+dedicating not only his books but himself to the noble work.
+This monument is erected in grateful remembrance by Andrew
+Carnegie, one of the &quot;working boys&quot; to whom were thus opened
+the precious treasures of knowledge and imagination through
+which youth may ascend.</p></div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a name="image08">
+<img src="images/image08.jpg" alt="Col. James Anderson" width="330" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>COLONEL JAMES ANDERSON</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>This is but a slight tribute and gives only a faint idea of the depth
+of gratitude which I feel for what he did for me and my companions. It
+was from my own early experience that I decided there was no use to
+which money could be applied so productive of good to boys and girls
+who have good within them and ability and ambition to develop it, as
+the founding of a public library in a community which is willing to
+support it as a municipal institution. I am sure that the future of
+those libraries I have been privileged to found will prove the
+correctness of this opinion. For if one boy in each library district,
+by having access to one of these libraries, is half as much benefited
+as I was by having access to Colonel Anderson's four hundred well-worn
+volumes, I shall consider they have not been established in vain.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As the twig is bent the tree's inclined.&quot; The treasures of the world
+which books contain were opened to me at the right moment. The
+fundamental advantage of a library is that it gives nothing for
+nothing. Youths must acquire knowledge themselves. There is no escape<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+from this. It gave me great satisfaction to discover, many years
+later, that my father was one of the five weavers in Dunfermline who
+gathered together the few books they had and formed the first
+circulating library in that town.</p>
+
+<p>The history of that library is interesting. It grew, and was removed
+no less than seven times from place to place, the first move being
+made by the founders, who carried the books in their aprons and two
+coal scuttles from the hand-loom shop to the second resting-place.
+That my father was one of the founders of the first library in his
+native town, and that I have been fortunate enough to be the founder
+of the last one, is certainly to me one of the most interesting
+incidents of my life. I have said often, in public speeches, that I
+had never heard of a lineage for which I would exchange that of a
+library-founding weaver.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> I followed my father in library founding
+unknowingly&#8212;I am tempted almost to say providentially&#8212;and it has
+been a source of intense satisfaction to me. Such a father as mine was
+a guide to be followed&#8212;one of the sweetest, purest, and kindest
+natures I have ever known.</p>
+
+<p>I have stated that it was the theater which first stimulated my love
+for Shakespeare. In my messenger days the old Pittsburgh Theater was
+in its glory under the charge of Mr. Foster. His telegraphic business
+was done free, and the telegraph operators were given free admission
+to the theater in return. This privilege extended in some degree also
+to the messengers, who, I fear, sometimes withheld telegrams that
+arrived for him in the late afternoon until they could be presented
+at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> the door of the theater in the evening, with the timid request
+that the messenger might be allowed to slip upstairs to the second
+tier&#8212;a request which was always granted. The boys exchanged duties to
+give each the coveted entrance in turn.</p>
+
+<p>In this way I became acquainted with the world that lay behind the
+green curtain. The plays, generally, were of the spectacular order;
+without much literary merit, but well calculated to dazzle the eye of
+a youth of fifteen. Not only had I never seen anything so grand, but I
+had never seen anything of the kind. I had never been in a theater, or
+even a concert room, or seen any form of public amusement. It was much
+the same with &quot;Davy&quot; McCargo, &quot;Harry&quot; Oliver, and &quot;Bob&quot; Pitcairn. We
+all fell under the fascination of the footlights, and every
+opportunity to attend the theater was eagerly embraced.</p>
+
+<p>A change in my tastes came when &quot;Gust&quot; Adams,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> one of the most
+celebrated tragedians of the day, began to play in Pittsburgh a round
+of Shakespearean characters. Thenceforth there was nothing for me but
+Shakespeare. I seemed to be able to memorize him almost without
+effort. Never before had I realized what magic lay in words. The
+rhythm and the melody all seemed to find a resting-place in me, to
+melt into a solid mass which lay ready to come at call. It was a new
+language and its appreciation I certainly owe to dramatic
+representation, for, until I saw &quot;Macbeth&quot; played, my interest in
+Shakespeare was not aroused. I had not read the plays.</p>
+
+<p>At a much later date, Wagner was revealed to me in &quot;Lohengrin.&quot; I had
+heard at the Academy of Music in New York, little or nothing by him
+when the overture to &quot;Lohengrin&quot; thrilled me as a new revelation.
+Here<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> was a genius, indeed, differing from all before, a new ladder
+upon which to climb upward&#8212;like Shakespeare, a new friend.</p>
+
+<p>I may speak here of another matter which belongs to this same period.
+A few persons in Allegheny&#8212;probably not above a hundred in all&#8212;had
+formed themselves into a Swedenborgian Society, in which our American
+relatives were prominent. My father attended that church after leaving
+the Presbyterian, and, of course, I was taken there. My mother,
+however, took no interest in Swedenborg. Although always inculcating
+respect for all forms of religion, and discouraging theological
+disputes, she maintained for herself a marked reserve. Her position
+might best be defined by the celebrated maxim of Confucius: &quot;To
+perform the duties of this life well, troubling not about another, is
+the prime wisdom.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>She encouraged her boys to attend church and Sunday school; but there
+was no difficulty in seeing that the writings of Swedenborg, and much
+of the Old and New Testaments had been discredited by her as unworthy
+of divine authorship or of acceptance as authoritative guides for the
+conduct of life. I became deeply interested in the mysterious
+doctrines of Swedenborg, and received the congratulations of my devout
+Aunt Aitken upon my ability to expound &quot;spiritual sense.&quot; That dear
+old woman fondly looked forward to a time when I should become a
+shining light in the New Jerusalem, and I know it was sometimes not
+beyond the bounds of her imagination that I might blossom into what
+she called a &quot;preacher of the Word.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>As I more and more wandered from man-made theology these fond hopes
+weakened, but my aunt's interest in and affection for her first
+nephew, whom she had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> dandled on her knee in Scotland, never waned. My
+cousin, Leander Morris, whom she had some hopes of saving through the
+Swedenborgian revelation, grievously disappointed her by actually
+becoming a Baptist and being dipped. This was too much for the
+evangelist, although she should have remembered her father passed
+through that same experience and often preached for the Baptists in
+Edinburgh.</p>
+
+<p>Leander's reception upon his first call after his fall was far from
+cordial. He was made aware that the family record had suffered by his
+backsliding when at the very portals of the New Jerusalem revealed by
+Swedenborg and presented to him by one of the foremost disciples&#8212;his
+aunt. He began deprecatingly:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Why are you so hard on me, aunt? Look at Andy, he is not a member of
+any church and you don't scold him. Surely the Baptist Church is
+better than none.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The quick reply came:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Andy! Oh! Andy, he's naked, but you are clothed in rags.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He never quite regained his standing with dear Aunt Aitken. I might
+yet be reformed, being unattached; but Leander had chosen a sect and
+that sect not of the New Jerusalem.</p>
+
+<p>It was in connection with the Swedenborgian Society that a taste for
+music was first aroused in me. As an appendix to the hymn-book of the
+society there were short selections from the oratorios. I fastened
+instinctively upon these, and although denied much of a voice, yet
+credited with &quot;expression,&quot; I was a constant attendant upon choir
+practice. The leader, Mr. Koethen, I have reason to believe, often
+pardoned the discords I produced in the choir because of my enthusiasm
+in the cause. When, at a later date, I became acquainted with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> the
+oratorios in full, it was a pleasure to find that several of those
+considered in musical circles as the gems of Handel's musical
+compositions were the ones that I as an ignorant boy had chosen as
+favorites. So the beginning of my musical education dates from the
+small choir of the Swedenborgian Society of Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>I must not, however, forget that a very good foundation was laid for
+my love of sweet sounds in the unsurpassed minstrelsy of my native
+land as sung by my father. There was scarcely an old Scottish song
+with which I was not made familiar, both words and tune. Folk-songs
+are the best possible foundation for sure progress to the heights of
+Beethoven and Wagner. My father being one of the sweetest and most
+pathetic singers I ever heard, I probably inherited his love of music
+and of song, though not given his voice. Confucius' exclamation often
+sounds in my ears: &quot;Music, sacred tongue of God! I hear thee calling
+and I come.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>An incident of this same period exhibits the liberality of my parents
+in another matter. As a messenger boy I had no holidays, with the
+exception of two weeks given me in the summer-time, which I spent
+boating on the river with cousins at my uncle's at East Liverpool,
+Ohio. I was very fond of skating, and in the winter about which I am
+speaking, the slack water of the river opposite our house was
+beautifully frozen over. The ice was in splendid condition, and
+reaching home late Saturday night the question arose whether I might
+be permitted to rise early in the morning and go skating before church
+hours. No question of a more serious character could have been
+submitted to ordinary Scottish parents. My mother was clear on the
+subject, that in the circumstances I should be allowed to skate as
+long as I liked. My father said he believed it was right I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> should go
+down and skate, but he hoped I would be back in time to go with him to
+church.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose this decision would be arrived at to-day by nine hundred and
+ninety-nine out of every thousand homes in America, and probably also
+in the majority of homes in England, though not in Scotland. But those
+who hold to-day that the Sabbath in its fullest sense was made for
+man, and who would open picture galleries and museums to the public,
+and make the day somewhat of a day of enjoyment for the masses instead
+of pressing upon them the duty of mourning over sins largely
+imaginary, are not more advanced than were my parents forty years ago.
+They were beyond the orthodox of the period when it was scarcely
+permissible, at least among the Scotch, to take a walk for pleasure or
+read any but religious books on the Sabbath.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<h3>THE TELEGRAPH OFFICE</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;I</span> <b>HAD</b> served as messenger about a year, when Colonel John P. Glass,
+the manager of the downstairs office, who came in contact with the
+public, began selecting me occasionally to watch the office for a few
+minutes during his absence. As Mr. Glass was a highly popular man, and
+had political aspirations, these periods of absence became longer and
+more frequent, so that I soon became an adept in his branch of the
+work. I received messages from the public and saw that those that came
+from the operating-room were properly assigned to the boys for prompt
+delivery.</p>
+
+<p>This was a trying position for a boy to fill, and at that time I was
+not popular with the other boys, who resented my exemption from part
+of my legitimate work. I was also taxed with being penurious in my
+habits&#8212;mean, as the boys had it. I did not spend my extra dimes, but
+they knew not the reason. Every penny that I could save I knew was
+needed at home. My parents were wise and nothing was withheld from me.
+I knew every week the receipts of each of the three who were
+working&#8212;my father, my mother, and myself. I also knew all the
+expenditures. We consulted upon the additions that could be made to
+our scanty stock of furniture and clothing and every new small article
+obtained was a source of joy. There never was a family more united.</p>
+
+<p>Day by day, as mother could spare a silver half-dollar, it was
+carefully placed in a stocking and hid until two hundred were
+gathered, when I obtained a draft<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> to repay the twenty pounds so
+generously lent to us by her friend Mrs. Henderson. That was a day we
+celebrated. The Carnegie family was free from debt. Oh, the happiness
+of that day! The debt was, indeed, discharged, but the debt of
+gratitude remains that never can be paid. Old Mrs. Henderson lives
+to-day. I go to her house as to a shrine, to see her upon my visits to
+Dunfermline; and whatever happens she can never be forgotten. [As I
+read these lines, written some years ago, I moan, &quot;Gone, gone with the
+others!&quot; Peace to the ashes of a dear, good, noble friend of my
+mother's.]</p>
+
+<p>The incident in my messenger life which at once lifted me to the
+seventh heaven, occurred one Saturday evening when Colonel Glass was
+paying the boys their month's wages. We stood in a row before the
+counter, and Mr. Glass paid each one in turn. I was at the head and
+reached out my hand for the first eleven and a quarter dollars as they
+were pushed out by Mr. Glass. To my surprise he pushed them past me
+and paid the next boy. I thought it was a mistake, for I had
+heretofore been paid first, but it followed in turn with each of the
+other boys. My heart began to sink within me. Disgrace seemed coming.
+What had I done or not done? I was about to be told that there was no
+more work for me. I was to disgrace the family. That was the keenest
+pang of all. When all had been paid and the boys were gone, Mr. Glass
+took me behind the counter and said that I was worth more than the
+other boys, and he had resolved to pay me thirteen and a half dollars
+a month.</p>
+
+<p>My head swam; I doubted whether I had heard him correctly. He counted
+out the money. I don't know whether I thanked him; I don't believe I
+did. I took it and made one bound for the door and scarcely stopped
+until I got<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> home. I remember distinctly running or rather bounding
+from end to end of the bridge across the Allegheny River&#8212;inside on
+the wagon track because the foot-walk was too narrow. It was Saturday
+night. I handed over to mother, who was the treasurer of the family,
+the eleven dollars and a quarter and said nothing about the remaining
+two dollars and a quarter in my pocket&#8212;worth more to me then than all
+the millions I have made since.</p>
+
+<p>Tom, a little boy of nine, and myself slept in the attic together, and
+after we were safely in bed I whispered the secret to my dear little
+brother. Even at his early age he knew what it meant, and we talked
+over the future. It was then, for the first time, I sketched to him
+how we would go into business together; that the firm of &quot;Carnegie
+Brothers&quot; would be a great one, and that father and mother should yet
+ride in their carriage. At the time that seemed to us to embrace
+everything known as wealth and most of what was worth striving for.
+The old Scotch woman, whose daughter married a merchant in London,
+being asked by her son-in-law to come to London and live near them,
+promising she should &quot;ride in her carriage,&quot; replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What good could it do me to ride in a carriage gin I could na be seen
+by the folk in Strathbogie?&quot; Father and mother would not only be seen
+in Pittsburgh, but should visit Dunfermline, their old home, in style.</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday morning with father, mother, and Tom at breakfast, I
+produced the extra two dollars and a quarter. The surprise was great
+and it took some moments for them to grasp the situation, but it soon
+dawned upon them. Then father's glance of loving pride and mother's
+blazing eye soon wet with tears, told their feeling. It was their
+boy's first triumph and proof posi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>tive that he was worthy of
+promotion. No subsequent success, or recognition of any kind, ever
+thrilled me as this did. I cannot even imagine one that could. Here
+was heaven upon earth. My whole world was moved to tears of joy.</p>
+
+<p>Having to sweep out the operating-room in the mornings, the boys had
+an opportunity of practicing upon the telegraph instruments before the
+operators arrived. This was a new chance. I soon began to play with
+the key and to talk with the boys who were at the other stations who
+had like purposes to my own. Whenever one learns to do anything he has
+never to wait long for an opportunity of putting his knowledge to use.</p>
+
+<p>One morning I heard the Pittsburgh call given with vigor. It seemed to
+me I could divine that some one wished greatly to communicate. I
+ventured to answer, and let the slip run. It was Philadelphia that
+wanted to send &quot;a death message&quot; to Pittsburgh immediately. Could I
+take it? I replied that I would try if they would send slowly. I
+succeeded in getting the message and ran out with it. I waited
+anxiously for Mr. Brooks to come in, and told him what I had dared to
+do. Fortunately, he appreciated it and complimented me, instead of
+scolding me for my temerity; yet dismissing me with the admonition to
+be very careful and not to make mistakes. It was not long before I was
+called sometimes to watch the instrument, while the operator wished to
+be absent, and in this way I learned the art of telegraphy.</p>
+
+<p>We were blessed at this time with a rather indolent operator, who was
+only too glad to have me do his work. It was then the practice for us
+to receive the messages on a running slip of paper, from which the
+operator read to a copyist, but rumors had reached us that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> a man in
+the West had learned to read by sound and could really take a message
+by ear. This led me to practice the new method. One of the operators
+in the office, Mr. Maclean, became expert at it, and encouraged me by
+his success. I was surprised at the ease with which I learned the new
+language. One day, desiring to take a message in the absence of the
+operator, the old gentleman who acted as copyist resented my
+presumption and refused to &quot;copy&quot; for a messenger boy. I shut off the
+paper slip, took pencil and paper and began taking the message by ear.
+I shall never forget his surprise. He ordered me to give him back his
+pencil and pad, and after that there was never any difficulty between
+dear old Courtney Hughes and myself. He was my devoted friend and
+copyist.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this incident Joseph Taylor, the operator at Greensburg,
+thirty miles from Pittsburgh, wishing to be absent for two weeks,
+asked Mr. Brooks if he could not send some one to take his place. Mr.
+Brooks called me and asked whether I thought I could do the work. I
+replied at once in the affirmative.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; he said, &quot;we will send you out there for a trial.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I went out in the mail stage and had a most delightful trip. Mr. David
+Bruce, a well-known solicitor of Scottish ancestry, and his sister
+happened to be passengers. It was my first excursion, and my first
+glimpse of the country. The hotel at Greensburg was the first public
+house in which I had ever taken a meal. I thought the food wonderfully
+fine.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a name="image09">
+<img src="images/image09.jpg" alt="Henry Phipps" width="275" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>HENRY PHIPPS</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>This was in 1852. Deep cuts and embankments near Greensburg were then
+being made for the Pennsylvania Railroad, and I often walked out in
+the early morning to see the work going forward, little dreaming that
+I was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> so soon to enter the service of that great corporation. This
+was the first responsible position I had occupied in the telegraph
+service, and I was so anxious to be at hand in case I should be
+needed, that one night very late I sat in the office during a storm,
+not wishing to cut off the connection. I ventured too near the key and
+for my boldness was knocked off my stool. A flash of lightning very
+nearly ended my career. After that I was noted in the office for
+caution during lightning storms. I succeeded in doing the small
+business at Greensburg to the satisfaction of my superiors, and
+returned to Pittsburgh surrounded with something like a halo, so far
+as the other boys were concerned. Promotion soon came. A new operator
+was wanted and Mr. Brooks telegraphed to my afterward dear friend
+James D. Reid, then general superintendent of the line, another fine
+specimen of the Scotsman, and took upon himself to recommend me as an
+assistant operator. The telegram from Louisville in reply stated that
+Mr. Reid highly approved of promoting &quot;Andy,&quot; provided Mr. Brooks
+considered him competent. The result was that I began as a telegraph
+operator at the tremendous salary of twenty-five dollars per month,
+which I thought a fortune. To Mr. Brooks and Mr. Reid I owe my
+promotion from the messenger's station to the operating-room.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> I
+was then in my seventeenth year and had served my apprenticeship. I
+was now performing a man's part, no longer a boy's&#8212;earning a dollar
+every working day.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+<p>The operating-room of a telegraph office is an excellent school for a
+young man. He there has to do with pencil and paper, with composition
+and invention. And there my slight knowledge of British and European
+affairs soon stood me in good stead. Knowledge is sure to prove useful
+in one way or another. It always tells. The foreign news was then
+received by wire from Cape Race, and the taking of successive &quot;steamer
+news&quot; was one of the most notable of our duties. I liked this better
+than any other branch of the work, and it was soon tacitly assigned to
+me.</p>
+
+<p>The lines in those days worked poorly, and during a storm much had to
+be guessed at. My guessing powers were said to be phenomenal, and it
+was my favorite diversion to fill up gaps instead of interrupting the
+sender and spending minutes over a lost word or two. This was not a
+dangerous practice in regard to foreign news, for if any undue
+liberties were taken by the bold operator, they were not of a
+character likely to bring him into serious trouble. My knowledge of
+foreign affairs became somewhat extensive, especially regarding the
+affairs of Britain, and my guesses were quite safe, if I got the first
+letter or two right.</p>
+
+<p>The Pittsburgh newspapers had each been in the habit of sending a
+reporter to the office to transcribe the press dispatches. Later on
+one man was appointed for all the papers and he suggested that
+multiple copies could readily be made of the news as received, and it
+was arranged that I should make five copies of all press dispatches
+for him as extra work for which he was to pay me a dollar per week.
+This, my first work for the press, yielded very modest remuneration,
+to be sure; but it made my salary thirty dollars per month, and every
+dollar counted in those days. The family was gradually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> gaining
+ground; already future millionairedom seemed dawning.</p>
+
+<p>Another step which exercised a decided influence over me was joining
+the &quot;Webster Literary Society&quot; along with my companions, the trusty
+five already named. We formed a select circle and stuck closely
+together. This was quite an advantage for all of us. We had before
+this formed a small debating club which met in Mr. Phipps's father's
+room in which his few journeymen shoemakers worked during the day. Tom
+Miller recently alleged that I once spoke nearly an hour and a half
+upon the question, &quot;Should the judiciary be elected by the people?&quot;
+but we must mercifully assume his memory to be at fault. The &quot;Webster&quot;
+was then the foremost club in the city and proud were we to be thought
+fit for membership. We had merely been preparing ourselves in the
+cobbler's room.</p>
+
+<p>I know of no better mode of benefiting a youth than joining such a
+club as this. Much of my reading became such as had a bearing on
+forthcoming debates and that gave clearness and fixity to my ideas.
+The self-possession I afterwards came to have before an audience may
+very safely be attributed to the experience of the &quot;Webster Society.&quot;
+My two rules for speaking then (and now) were: Make yourself perfectly
+at home before your audience, and simply talk <i>to</i> them, not <i>at</i>
+them. Do not try to be somebody else; be your own self and <i>talk</i>,
+never &quot;orate&quot; until you can't help it.</p>
+
+<p>I finally became an operator by sound, discarding printing entirely.
+The accomplishment was then so rare that people visited the office to
+be satisfied of the extraordinary feat. This brought me into such
+notice that when a great flood destroyed all telegraph communication
+between Steubenville and Wheeling, a distance of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> twenty-five miles, I
+was sent to the former town to receive the entire business then
+passing between the East and the West, and to send every hour or two
+the dispatches in small boats down the river to Wheeling. In exchange
+every returning boat brought rolls of dispatches which I wired East,
+and in this way for more than a week the entire telegraphic
+communication between the East and the West <i>via</i> Pittsburgh was
+maintained.</p>
+
+<p>While at Steubenville I learned that my father was going to Wheeling
+and Cincinnati to sell the tablecloths he had woven. I waited for the
+boat, which did not arrive till late in the evening, and went down to
+meet him. I remember how deeply affected I was on finding that instead
+of taking a cabin passage, he had resolved not to pay the price, but
+to go down the river as a deck passenger. I was indignant that one of
+so fine a nature should be compelled to travel thus. But there was
+comfort in saying:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, father, it will not be long before mother and you shall ride in
+your carriage.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>My father was usually shy, reserved, and keenly sensitive, very saving
+of praise (a Scotch trait) lest his sons might be too greatly
+uplifted; but when touched he lost his self-control. He was so upon
+this occasion, and grasped my hand with a look which I often see and
+can never forget. He murmured slowly:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Andra, I am proud of you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The voice trembled and he seemed ashamed of himself for saying so
+much. The tear had to be wiped from his eye, I fondly noticed, as he
+bade me good-night and told me to run back to my office. Those words
+rang in my ear and warmed my heart for years and years. We understood
+each other. How reserved the Scot is! Where he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> feels most he
+expresses least. Quite right. There are holy depths which it is
+sacrilege to disturb. Silence is more eloquent than words. My father
+was one of the most lovable of men, beloved of his companions, deeply
+religious, although non-sectarian and non-theological, not much of a
+man of the world, but a man all over for heaven. He was kindness
+itself, although reserved. Alas! he passed away soon after returning
+from this Western tour just as we were becoming able to give him a
+life of leisure and comfort.</p>
+
+<p>After my return to Pittsburgh it was not long before I made the
+acquaintance of an extraordinary man, Thomas A. Scott, one to whom the
+term &quot;genius&quot; in his department may safely be applied. He had come to
+Pittsburgh as superintendent of that division of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad. Frequent telegraphic communication was necessary between him
+and his superior, Mr. Lombaert, general superintendent at Altoona.
+This brought him to the telegraph office at nights, and upon several
+occasions I happened to be the operator. One day I was surprised by
+one of his assistants, with whom I was acquainted, telling me that Mr.
+Scott had asked him whether he thought that I could be obtained as his
+clerk and telegraph operator, to which this young man told me he had
+replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That is impossible. He is now an operator.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But when I heard this I said at once:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Not so fast. He can have me. I want to get out of a mere office life.
+Please go and tell him so.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The result was I was engaged February 1, 1853, at a salary of
+thirty-five dollars a month as Mr. Scott's clerk and operator. A raise
+in wages from twenty-five to thirty-five dollars per month was the
+greatest I had ever known. The public telegraph line was temporarily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+put into Mr. Scott's office at the outer depot and the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company was given permission to use the wire at seasons when
+such use would not interfere with the general public business, until
+their own line, then being built, was completed.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h3>RAILROAD SERVICE</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;F</span><b>ROM</b> the operating-room of the telegraph office I had now stepped into
+the open world, and the change at first was far from agreeable. I had
+just reached my eighteenth birthday, and I do not see how it could be
+possible for any boy to arrive at that age much freer from a knowledge
+of anything but what was pure and good. I do not believe, up to that
+time, I had ever spoken a bad word in my life and seldom heard one. I
+knew nothing of the base and the vile. Fortunately I had always been
+brought in contact with good people.</p>
+
+<p>I was now plunged at once into the company of coarse men, for the
+office was temporarily only a portion of the shops and the
+headquarters for the freight conductors, brakemen, and firemen. All of
+them had access to the same room with Superintendent Scott and myself,
+and they availed themselves of it. This was a different world, indeed,
+from that to which I had been accustomed. I was not happy about it. I
+ate, necessarily, of the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and
+evil for the first time. But there were still the sweet and pure
+surroundings of home, where nothing coarse or wicked ever entered, and
+besides, there was the world in which I dwelt with my companions, all
+of them refined young men, striving to improve themselves and become
+respected citizens. I passed through this phase of my life detesting
+what was foreign to my nature and my early education. The experience
+with coarse men was probably beneficial because it gave me a &quot;scunner&quot;
+(disgust), to use a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> Scotism, at chewing or smoking tobacco, also at
+swearing or the use of improper language, which fortunately remained
+with me through life.</p>
+
+<p>I do not wish to suggest that the men of whom I have spoken were
+really degraded or bad characters. The habit of swearing, with coarse
+talk, chewing and smoking tobacco, and snuffing were more prevalent
+then than to-day and meant less than in this age. Railroading was new,
+and many rough characters were attracted to it from the river service.
+But many of the men were fine young fellows who have lived to be
+highly respectable citizens and to occupy responsible positions. And I
+must say that one and all of them were most kind to me. Many are yet
+living from whom I hear occasionally and regard with affection. A
+change came at last when Mr. Scott had his own office which he and I
+occupied.</p>
+
+<p>I was soon sent by Mr. Scott to Altoona to get the monthly pay-rolls
+and checks. The railroad line was not completed over the Allegheny
+Mountains at that time, and I had to pass over the inclined planes
+which made the journey a remarkable one to me. Altoona was then
+composed of a few houses built by the company. The shops were under
+construction and there was nothing of the large city which now
+occupies the site. It was there that I saw for the first time the
+great man in our railroad field&#8212;Mr. Lombaert, general superintendent.
+His secretary at that time was my friend, Robert Pitcairn, for whom I
+had obtained a situation on the railroad, so that &quot;Davy,&quot; &quot;Bob,&quot; and
+&quot;Andy&quot; were still together in the same service. We had all left the
+telegraph company for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lombaert was very different from Mr. Scott;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> he was not sociable,
+but rather stern and unbending. Judge then of Robert's surprise, and
+my own, when, after saying a few words to me, Mr. Lombaert added: &quot;You
+must come down and take tea with us to-night.&quot; I stammered out
+something of acceptance and awaited the appointed hour with great
+trepidation. Up to this time I considered that invitation the greatest
+honor I had received. Mrs. Lombaert was exceedingly kind, and Mr.
+Lombaert's introduction of me to her was: &quot;This is Mr. Scott's
+'Andy.'&quot; I was very proud indeed of being recognized as belonging to
+Mr. Scott.</p>
+
+<p>An incident happened on this trip which might have blasted my career
+for a time. I started next morning for Pittsburgh with the pay-rolls
+and checks, as I thought, securely placed under my waistcoat, as it
+was too large a package for my pockets. I was a very enthusiastic
+railroader at that time and preferred riding upon the engine. I got
+upon the engine that took me to Hollidaysburg where the State railroad
+over the mountain was joined up. It was a very rough ride, indeed, and
+at one place, uneasily feeling for the pay-roll package, I was
+horrified to find that the jolting of the train had shaken it out. I
+had lost it!</p>
+
+<p>There was no use in disguising the fact that such a failure would ruin
+me. To have been sent for the pay-rolls and checks and to lose the
+package, which I should have &quot;grasped as my honor,&quot; was a dreadful
+showing. I called the engineer and told him it must have been shaken
+out within the last few miles. Would he reverse his engine and run
+back for it? Kind soul, he did so. I watched the line, and on the very
+banks of a large stream, within a few feet of the water, I saw that
+package lying. I could scarcely believe my eyes. I ran down and
+grasped it. It was all right. Need I add that it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> never passed out of
+my firm grasp again until it was safe in Pittsburgh? The engineer and
+fireman were the only persons who knew of my carelessness, and I had
+their assurance that it would not be told.</p>
+
+<p>It was long after the event that I ventured to tell the story. Suppose
+that package had fallen just a few feet farther away and been swept
+down by the stream, how many years of faithful service would it have
+required upon my part to wipe out the effect of that one piece of
+carelessness! I could no longer have enjoyed the confidence of those
+whose confidence was essential to success had fortune not favored me.
+I have never since believed in being too hard on a young man, even if
+he does commit a dreadful mistake or two; and I have always tried in
+judging such to remember the difference it would have made in my own
+career but for an accident which restored to me that lost package at
+the edge of the stream a few miles from Hollidaysburg. I could go
+straight to the very spot to-day, and often as I passed over that line
+afterwards I never failed to see that light-brown package lying upon
+the bank. It seemed to be calling:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;All right, my boy! the good gods were with you, but don't do it
+again!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At an early age I became a strong anti-slavery partisan and hailed
+with enthusiasm the first national meeting of the Republican Party in
+Pittsburgh, February 22, 1856, although too young to vote. I watched
+the prominent men as they walked the streets, lost in admiration for
+Senators Wilson, Hale, and others. Some time before I had organized
+among the railroad men a club of a hundred for the &quot;New York Weekly
+Tribune,&quot; and ventured occasionally upon short notes to the great
+editor, Horace Greeley, who did so much to arouse the people to action
+upon this vital question.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first time I saw my work in type in the then flaming organ of
+freedom certainly marked a stage in my career. I kept that &quot;Tribune&quot;
+for years. Looking back to-day one cannot help regretting so high a
+price as the Civil War had to be paid to free our land from the curse,
+but it was not slavery alone that needed abolition. The loose Federal
+system with State rights so prominent would inevitably have prevented,
+or at least long delayed, the formation of one solid, all-powerful,
+central government. The tendency under the Southern idea was
+centrifugal. To-day it is centripetal, all drawn toward the center
+under the sway of the Supreme Court, the decisions of which are, very
+properly, half the dicta of lawyers and half the work of statesmen.
+Uniformity in many fields must be secured. Marriage, divorce,
+bankruptcy, railroad supervision, control of corporations, and some
+other departments should in some measure be brought under one head.
+[Re-reading this paragraph to-day, July, 1907, written many years ago,
+it seems prophetic. These are now burning questions.]</p>
+
+<p>It was not long after this that the railroad company constructed its
+own telegraph line. We had to supply it with operators. Most of these
+were taught in our offices at Pittsburgh. The telegraph business
+continued to increase with startling rapidity. We could scarcely
+provide facilities fast enough. New telegraph offices were required.
+My fellow messenger-boy, &quot;Davy&quot; McCargo, I appointed superintendent of
+the telegraph department March 11, 1859. I have been told that &quot;Davy&quot;
+and myself are entitled to the credit of being the first to employ
+young women as telegraph operators in the United States upon
+railroads, or perhaps in any branch. At all events, we placed girls in
+various offices as pupils, taught and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> then put them in charge of
+offices as occasion required. Among the first of these was my cousin,
+Miss Maria Hogan. She was the operator at the freight station in
+Pittsburgh, and with her were placed successive pupils, her office
+becoming a school. Our experience was that young women operators were
+more to be relied upon than young men. Among all the new occupations
+invaded by women I do not know of any better suited for them than that
+of telegraph operator.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Scott was one of the most delightful superiors that anybody could
+have and I soon became warmly attached to him. He was my great man and
+all the hero worship that is inherent in youth I showered upon him. I
+soon began placing him in imagination in the presidency of the great
+Pennsylvania Railroad&#8212;a position which he afterwards attained. Under
+him I gradually performed duties not strictly belonging to my
+department and I can attribute my decided advancement in the service
+to one well-remembered incident.</p>
+
+<p>The railway was a single line. Telegraph orders to trains often became
+necessary, although it was not then a regular practice to run trains
+by telegraph. No one but the superintendent himself was permitted to
+give a train order on any part of the Pennsylvania system, or indeed
+of any other system, I believe, at that time. It was then a dangerous
+expedient to give telegraphic orders, for the whole system of railway
+management was still in its infancy, and men had not yet been trained
+for it. It was necessary for Mr. Scott to go out night after night to
+break-downs or wrecks to superintend the clearing of the line. He was
+necessarily absent from the office on many mornings.</p>
+
+<p>One morning I reached the office and found that a serious accident on
+the Eastern Division had delayed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> the express passenger train
+westward, and that the passenger train eastward was proceeding with a
+flagman in advance at every curve. The freight trains in both
+directions were all standing still upon the sidings. Mr. Scott was not
+to be found. Finally I could not resist the temptation to plunge in,
+take the responsibility, give &quot;train orders,&quot; and set matters going.
+&quot;Death or Westminster Abbey,&quot; flashed across my mind. I knew it was
+dismissal, disgrace, perhaps criminal punishment for me if I erred. On
+the other hand, I could bring in the wearied freight-train men who had
+lain out all night. I could set everything in motion. I knew I could.
+I had often done it in wiring Mr. Scott's orders. I knew just what to
+do, and so I began. I gave the orders in his name, started every
+train, sat at the instrument watching every tick, carried the trains
+along from station to station, took extra precautions, and had
+everything running smoothly when Mr. Scott at last reached the office.
+He had heard of the delays. His first words were:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well! How are matters?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He came to my side quickly, grasped his pencil and began to write his
+orders. I had then to speak, and timidly said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Scott, I could not find you anywhere and I gave these orders in
+your name early this morning.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Are they going all right? Where is the Eastern Express?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I showed him the messages and gave him the position of every train on
+the line&#8212;freights, ballast trains, everything&#8212;showed him the answers
+of the various conductors, the latest reports at the stations where
+the various trains had passed. All was right. He looked in my face for
+a second. I scarcely dared look in his. I did not know what was going
+to happen. He did not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> say one word, but again looked carefully over
+all that had taken place. Still he said nothing. After a little he
+moved away from my desk to his own, and that was the end of it. He was
+afraid to approve what I had done, yet he had not censured me. If it
+came out all right, it was all right; if it came out all wrong, the
+responsibility was mine. So it stood, but I noticed that he came in
+very regularly and in good time for some mornings after that.</p>
+
+<p>Of course I never spoke to any one about it. None of the trainmen knew
+that Mr. Scott had not personally given the orders. I had almost made
+up my mind that if the like occurred again, I would not repeat my
+proceeding of that morning unless I was authorized to do so. I was
+feeling rather distressed about what I had done until I heard from Mr.
+Franciscus, who was then in charge of the freighting department at
+Pittsburgh, that Mr. Scott, the evening after the memorable morning,
+had said to him:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Do you know what that little white-haired Scotch devil of mine did?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I'm blamed if he didn't run every train on the division in my name
+without the slightest authority.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;And did he do it all right?&quot; asked Franciscus.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, yes, all right.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This satisfied me. Of course I had my cue for the next occasion, and
+went boldly in. From that date it was very seldom that Mr. Scott gave
+a train order.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image10">
+<img src="images/image10.jpg" alt="Thomas A. Scott" width="316" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>THOMAS A. SCOTT</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image11">
+<img src="images/image11.jpg" alt="John Edgar Thomson" width="315" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>JOHN EDGAR THOMSON</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>The greatest man of all on my horizon at this time was John Edgar
+Thomson, president of the Pennsylvania, and for whom our steel-rail
+mills were afterward named. He was the most reserved and silent of
+men, next to General Grant, that I ever knew, although General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+Grant was more voluble when at home with friends. He walked about as
+if he saw nobody when he made his periodical visits to Pittsburgh.
+This reserve I learned afterwards was purely the result of shyness. I
+was surprised when in Mr. Scott's office he came to the telegraph
+instrument and greeted me as &quot;Scott's Andy.&quot; But I learned afterwards
+that he had heard of my train-running exploit. The battle of life is
+already half won by the young man who is brought personally in contact
+with high officials; and the great aim of every boy should be to do
+something beyond the sphere of his duties&#8212;something which attracts
+the attention of those over him.</p>
+
+<p>Some time after this Mr. Scott wished to travel for a week or two and
+asked authority from Mr. Lombaert to leave me in charge of the
+division. Pretty bold man he was, for I was then not very far out of
+my teens. It was granted. Here was the coveted opportunity of my life.
+With the exception of one accident caused by the inexcusable
+negligence of a ballast-train crew, everything went well in his
+absence. But that this accident should occur was gall and wormwood to
+me. Determined to fulfill all the duties of the station I held a
+court-martial, examined those concerned, dismissed peremptorily the
+chief offender, and suspended two others for their share in the
+catastrophe. Mr. Scott after his return of course was advised of the
+accident, and proposed to investigate and deal with the matter. I felt
+I had gone too far, but having taken the step, I informed him that all
+that had been settled. I had investigated the matter and punished the
+guilty. Some of these appealed to Mr. Scott for a reopening of the
+case, but this I never could have agreed to, had it been pressed. More
+by look I think than by word Mr. Scott<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> understood my feelings upon
+this delicate point, and acquiesced.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable he was afraid I had been too severe and very likely he
+was correct. Some years after this, when I, myself, was superintendent
+of the division I always had a soft spot in my heart for the men then
+suspended for a time. I had felt qualms of conscience about my action
+in this, my first court. A new judge is very apt to stand so straight
+as really to lean a little backward. Only experience teaches the
+supreme force of gentleness. Light but certain punishment, when
+necessary, is most effective. Severe punishments are not needed and a
+judicious pardon, for the first offense at least, is often best of
+all.</p>
+
+<p>As the half-dozen young men who constituted our inner circle grew in
+knowledge, it was inevitable that the mysteries of life and death, the
+here and the hereafter, should cross our path and have to be grappled
+with. We had all been reared by good, honest, self-respecting parents,
+members of one or another of the religious sects. Through the
+influence of Mrs. McMillan, wife of one of the leading Presbyterian
+ministers of Pittsburgh, we were drawn into the social circle of her
+husband's church. [As I read this on the moors, July 16, 1912, I have
+before me a note from Mrs. McMillan from London in her eightieth year.
+Two of her daughters were married in London last week to university
+professors, one remains in Britain, the other has accepted an
+appointment in Boston. Eminent men both. So draws our English-speaking
+race together.] Mr. McMillan was a good strict Calvinist of the old
+school, his charming wife a born leader of the young. We were all more
+at home with her and enjoyed ourselves more at her home gatherings
+than elsewhere. This led to some of us occasionally attending her
+church.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A sermon of the strongest kind upon predestination which Miller heard
+there brought the subject of theology upon us and it would not down.
+Mr. Miller's people were strong Methodists, and Tom had known little
+of dogmas. This doctrine of predestination, including infant
+damnation&#8212;some born to glory and others to the opposite&#8212;appalled
+him. To my astonishment I learned that, going to Mr. McMillan after
+the sermon to talk over the matter, Tom had blurted out at the finish,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. McMillan, if your idea were correct, your God would be a perfect
+devil,&quot; and left the astonished minister to himself.</p>
+
+<p>This formed the subject of our Sunday afternoon conferences for many a
+week. Was that true or not, and what was to be the consequence of
+Tom's declaration? Should we no longer be welcome guests of Mrs.
+McMillan? We could have spared the minister, perhaps, but none of us
+relished the idea of banishment from his wife's delightful reunions.
+There was one point clear. Carlyle's struggles over these matters had
+impressed us and we could follow him in his resolve: &quot;If it be
+incredible, in God's name let it be discredited.&quot; It was only the
+truth that could make us free, and the truth, the whole truth, we
+should pursue.</p>
+
+<p>Once introduced, of course, the subject remained with us, and one
+after the other the dogmas were voted down as the mistaken ideas of
+men of a less enlightened age. I forget who first started us with a
+second axiom. It was one we often dwelt upon: &quot;A forgiving God would
+be the noblest work of man.&quot; We accepted as proven that each stage of
+civilization creates its own God, and that as man ascends and becomes
+better his conception of the Unknown likewise improves. Thereafter we
+all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> became less theological, but I am sure more truly religious. The
+crisis passed. Happily we were not excluded from Mrs. McMillan's
+society. It was a notable day, however, when we resolved to stand by
+Miller's statement, even if it involved banishment and worse. We young
+men were getting to be pretty wild boys about theology, although more
+truly reverent about religion.</p>
+
+<p>The first great loss to our circle came when John Phipps was killed by
+a fall from a horse. This struck home to all of us, yet I remember I
+could then say to myself: &quot;John has, as it were, just gone home to
+England where he was born. We are all to follow him soon and live
+forever together.&quot; I had then no doubts. It was not a hope I was
+pressing to my heart, but a certainty. Happy those who in their agony
+have such a refuge. We should all take Plato's advice and never give
+up everlasting hope, &quot;alluring ourselves as with enchantments, for the
+hope is noble and the reward is great.&quot; Quite right. It would be no
+greater miracle that brought us into another world to live forever
+with our dearest than that which has brought us into this one to live
+a lifetime with them. Both are equally incomprehensible to finite
+beings. Let us therefore comfort ourselves with everlasting hope, &quot;as
+with enchantments,&quot; as Plato recommends, never forgetting, however,
+that we all have our duties here and that the kingdom of heaven is
+within us. It also passed into an axiom with us that he who proclaims
+there is no hereafter is as foolish as he who proclaims there is,
+since neither can know, though all may and should hope. Meanwhile
+&quot;Home our heaven&quot; instead of &quot;Heaven our home&quot; was our motto.</p>
+
+<p>During these years of which I have been writing, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> family fortunes
+had been steadily improving. My thirty-five dollars a month had grown
+to forty, an unsolicited advance having been made by Mr. Scott. It was
+part of my duty to pay the men every month.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> We used checks upon
+the bank and I drew my salary invariably in two twenty-dollar gold
+pieces. They seemed to me the prettiest works of art in the world. It
+was decided in family council that we could venture to buy the lot and
+the two small frame houses upon it, in one of which we had lived, and
+the other, a four-roomed house, which till then had been occupied by
+my Uncle and Aunt Hogan, who had removed elsewhere. It was through the
+aid of my dear Aunt Aitken that we had been placed in the small house
+above the weaver's shop, and it was now our turn to be able to ask her
+to return to the house that formerly had been her own. In the same way
+after we had occupied the four-roomed house, Uncle Hogan having passed
+away, we were able to restore Aunt Hogan to her old home when we
+removed to Altoona. One hundred dollars cash was paid upon purchase,
+and the total price, as I remember, was seven hundred dollars. The
+struggle then was to make up the semi-annual payments of interest and
+as great an amount of the principal as we could save. It was not long
+before the debt was cleared off and we were property-holders, but
+before that was accomplished, the first sad break occurred in our
+family, in my father's death, October 2, 1855. Fortunately for the
+three remaining members life's duties were pressing. Sorrow and duty
+contended and we had to work. The expenses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> connected with his illness
+had to be saved and paid and we had not up to this time much store in
+reserve.</p>
+
+<p>And here comes in one of the sweet incidents of our early life in
+America. The principal member of our small Swedenborgian Society was
+Mr. David McCandless. He had taken some notice of my father and
+mother, but beyond a few passing words at church on Sundays, I do not
+remember that they had ever been brought in close contact. He knew
+Aunt Aitken well, however, and now sent for her to say that if my
+mother required any money assistance at this sad period he would be
+very pleased to advance whatever was necessary. He had heard much of
+my heroic mother and that was sufficient.</p>
+
+<p>One gets so many kind offers of assistance when assistance is no
+longer necessary, or when one is in a position which would probably
+enable him to repay a favor, that it is delightful to record an act of
+pure and disinterested benevolence. Here was a poor Scottish woman
+bereft of her husband, with her eldest son just getting a start and a
+second in his early teens, whose misfortunes appealed to this man, and
+who in the most delicate manner sought to mitigate them. Although my
+mother was able to decline the proffered aid, it is needless to say
+that Mr. McCandless obtained a place in our hearts sacred to himself.
+I am a firm believer in the doctrine that people deserving necessary
+assistance at critical periods in their career usually receive it.
+There are many splendid natures in the world&#8212;men and women who are
+not only willing, but anxious to stretch forth a helping hand to those
+they know to be worthy. As a rule, those who show willingness to help
+themselves need not fear about obtaining the help of others.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Father's death threw upon me the management of affairs to a greater
+extent than ever. Mother kept on the binding of shoes; Tom went
+steadily to the public school; and I continued with Mr. Scott in the
+service of the railroad company. Just at this time Fortunatus knocked
+at our door. Mr. Scott asked me if I had five hundred dollars. If so,
+he said he wished to make an investment for me. Five hundred cents was
+much nearer my capital. I certainly had not fifty dollars saved for
+investment, but I was not going to miss the chance of becoming
+financially connected with my leader and great man. So I said boldly I
+thought I could manage that sum. He then told me that there were ten
+shares of Adams Express stock that he could buy, which had belonged to
+a station agent, Mr. Reynolds, of Wilkinsburg. Of course this was
+reported to the head of the family that evening, and she was not long
+in suggesting what might be done. When did she ever fail? We had then
+paid five hundred dollars upon the house, and in some way she thought
+this might be pledged as security for a loan.</p>
+
+<p>My mother took the steamer the next morning for East Liverpool,
+arriving at night, and through her brother there the money was
+secured. He was a justice of the peace, a well-known resident of that
+then small town, and had numerous sums in hand from farmers for
+investment. Our house was mortgaged and mother brought back the five
+hundred dollars which I handed over to Mr. Scott, who soon obtained
+for me the coveted ten shares in return. There was, unexpectedly, an
+additional hundred dollars to pay as a premium, but Mr. Scott kindly
+said I could pay that when convenient, and this of course was an easy
+matter to do.</p>
+
+<p>This was my first investment. In those good old days<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> monthly
+dividends were more plentiful than now and Adams Express paid a
+monthly dividend. One morning a white envelope was lying upon my desk,
+addressed in a big John Hancock hand, to &quot;Andrew Carnegie, Esquire.&quot;
+&quot;Esquire&quot; tickled the boys and me inordinately. At one corner was seen
+the round stamp of Adams Express Company. I opened the envelope. All
+it contained was a check for ten dollars upon the Gold Exchange Bank
+of New York. I shall remember that check as long as I live, and that
+John Hancock signature of &quot;J.C. Babcock, Cashier.&quot; It gave me the
+first penny of revenue from capital&#8212;something that I had not worked
+for with the sweat of my brow. &quot;Eureka!&quot; I cried. &quot;Here's the goose
+that lays the golden eggs.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It was the custom of our party to spend Sunday afternoons in the
+woods. I kept the first check and showed it as we sat under the trees
+in a favorite grove we had found near Wood's Run. The effect produced
+upon my companions was overwhelming. None of them had imagined such an
+investment possible. We resolved to save and to watch for the next
+opportunity for investment in which all of us should share, and for
+years afterward we divided our trifling investments and worked
+together almost as partners.</p>
+
+<p>Up to this time my circle of acquaintances had not enlarged much. Mrs.
+Franciscus, wife of our freight agent, was very kind and on several
+occasions asked me to her house in Pittsburgh. She often spoke of the
+first time I rang the bell of the house in Third Street to deliver a
+message from Mr. Scott. She asked me to come in; I bashfully declined
+and it required coaxing upon her part to overcome my shyness. She was
+never able for years to induce me to partake of a meal in her house. I
+had great timidity about going into other people's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> houses, until late
+in life; but Mr. Scott would occasionally insist upon my going to his
+hotel and taking a meal with him, and these were great occasions for
+me. Mr. Franciscus's was the first considerable house, with the
+exception of Mr. Lombaert's at Altoona, I had ever entered, as far as
+I recollect. Every house was fashionable in my eyes that was upon any
+one of the principal streets, provided it had a hall entrance.</p>
+
+<p>I had never spent a night in a strange house in my life until Mr.
+Stokes of Greensburg, chief counsel of the Pennsylvania Railroad,
+invited me to his beautiful home in the country to pass a Sunday. It
+was an odd thing for Mr. Stokes to do, for I could little interest a
+brilliant and educated man like him. The reason for my receiving such
+an honor was a communication I had written for the &quot;Pittsburgh
+Journal.&quot; Even in my teens I was a scribbler for the press. To be an
+editor was one of my ambitions. Horace Greeley and the &quot;Tribune&quot; was
+my ideal of human triumph. Strange that there should have come a day
+when I could have bought the &quot;Tribune&quot;; but by that time the pearl had
+lost its luster. Our air castles are often within our grasp late in
+life, but then they charm not.</p>
+
+<p>The subject of my article was upon the attitude of the city toward the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company. It was signed anonymously and I was
+surprised to find it got a prominent place in the columns of the
+&quot;Journal,&quot; then owned and edited by Robert M. Riddle. I, as operator,
+received a telegram addressed to Mr. Scott and signed by Mr. Stokes,
+asking him to ascertain from Mr. Riddle who the author of that
+communication was. I knew that Mr. Riddle could not tell the author,
+because he did not know him; but at the same time I was afraid that if
+Mr. Scott called upon him he would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> hand him the manuscript, which Mr.
+Scott would certainly recognize at a glance. I therefore made a clean
+breast of it to Mr. Scott and told him I was the author. He seemed
+incredulous. He said he had read it that morning and wondered who had
+written it. His incredulous look did not pass me unnoticed. The pen
+was getting to be a weapon with me. Mr. Stokes's invitation to spend
+Sunday with him followed soon after, and the visit is one of the
+bright spots in my life. Henceforth we were great friends.</p>
+
+<p>The grandeur of Mr. Stokes's home impressed me, but the one feature of
+it that eclipsed all else was a marble mantel in his library. In the
+center of the arch, carved in the marble, was an open book with this
+inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;He that cannot reason is a fool,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He that will not a bigot,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He that dare not a slave.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>These noble words thrilled me. I said to myself, &quot;Some day, some day,
+I'll have a library&quot; (that was a look ahead) &quot;and these words shall
+grace the mantel as here.&quot; And so they do in New York and Skibo
+to-day.</p>
+
+<p>Another Sunday which I spent at his home after an interval of several
+years was also noteworthy. I had then become the superintendent of the
+Pittsburgh Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The South had
+seceded. I was all aflame for the flag. Mr. Stokes, being a leading
+Democrat, argued against the right of the North to use force for the
+preservation of the Union. He gave vent to sentiments which caused me
+to lose my self-control, and I exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Stokes, we shall be hanging men like you in less than six weeks.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I hear his laugh as I write, and his voice calling to his wife in the
+adjoining room:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&quot;Nancy, Nancy, listen to this young Scotch devil. He says they will be
+hanging men like me in less than six weeks.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Strange things happened in those days. A short time after, that same
+Mr. Stokes was applying to me in Washington to help him to a major's
+commission in the volunteer forces. I was then in the Secretary of
+War's office, helping to manage the military railroads and telegraphs
+for the Government. This appointment he secured and ever after was
+Major Stokes, so that the man who doubted the right of the North to
+fight for the Union had himself drawn sword in the good cause. Men at
+first argued and theorized about Constitutional rights. It made all
+the difference in the world when the flag was fired upon. In a moment
+everything was ablaze&#8212;paper constitutions included. The Union and Old
+Glory! That was all the people cared for, but that was enough. The
+Constitution was intended to insure one flag, and as Colonel Ingersoll
+proclaimed: &quot;There was not air enough on the American continent to
+float two.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<h3>SUPERINTENDENT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">M</span><b>R. SCOTT</b> was promoted to be the general superintendent of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad in 1856, taking Mr. Lombaert's place; and he
+took me, then in my twenty-third year, with him to Altoona. This
+breaking-up of associations in Pittsburgh was a sore trial, but
+nothing could be allowed to interfere for a moment with my business
+career. My mother was satisfied upon this point, great as the strain
+was upon her. Besides, &quot;follow my leader&quot; was due to so true a friend
+as Mr. Scott had been.</p>
+
+<p>His promotion to the superintendency gave rise to some jealousy; and
+besides that, he was confronted with a strike at the very beginning of
+his appointment. He had lost his wife in Pittsburgh a short time
+before and had his lonely hours. He was a stranger in Altoona, his new
+headquarters, and there was none but myself seemingly of whom he could
+make a companion. We lived for many weeks at the railway hotel
+together before he took up housekeeping and brought his children from
+Pittsburgh, and at his desire I occupied the same large bedroom with
+him. He seemed anxious always to have me near him.</p>
+
+<p>The strike became more and more threatening. I remember being wakened
+one night and told that the freight-train men had left their trains at
+Mifflin; that the line was blocked on this account and all traffic
+stopped. Mr. Scott was then sleeping soundly. It seemed to me a pity
+to disturb him, knowing how overworked and overanxious he was; but he
+awoke and I suggested<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> that I should go up and attend to the matter.
+He seemed to murmur assent, not being more than half awake. So I went
+to the office and in his name argued the question with the men and
+promised them a hearing next day at Altoona. I succeeded in getting
+them to resume their duties and to start the traffic.</p>
+
+<p>Not only were the trainmen in a rebellious mood, but the men in the
+shops were rapidly organizing to join with the disaffected. This I
+learned in a curious manner. One night, as I was walking home in the
+dark, I became aware that a man was following me. By and by he came up
+to me and said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I must not be seen with you, but you did me a favor once and I then
+resolved if ever I could serve you I would do it. I called at the
+office in Pittsburgh and asked for work as a blacksmith. You said
+there was no work then at Pittsburgh, but perhaps employment could be
+had at Altoona, and if I would wait a few minutes you would ask by
+telegraph. You took the trouble to do so, examined my recommendations,
+and gave me a pass and sent me here. I have a splendid job. My wife
+and family are here and I was never so well situated in my life. And
+now I want to tell you something for your good.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I listened and he went on to say that a paper was being rapidly signed
+by the shopmen, pledging themselves to strike on Monday next. There
+was no time to be lost. I told Mr. Scott in the morning and he at once
+had printed notices posted in the shops that all men who had signed
+the paper, pledging themselves to strike, were dismissed and they
+should call at the office to be paid. A list of the names of the
+signers had come into our possession in the meantime, and this fact
+was announced. Consternation followed and the threatened strike was
+broken.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I have had many incidents, such as that of the blacksmith, in my life.
+Slight attentions or a kind word to the humble often bring back reward
+as great as it is unlooked for. No kind action is ever lost. Even to
+this day I occasionally meet men whom I had forgotten, who recall some
+trifling attention I have been able to pay them, especially when in
+charge at Washington of government railways and telegraphs during the
+Civil War, when I could pass people within the lines&#8212;a father helped
+to reach a wounded or sick son at the front, or enabled to bring home
+his remains, or some similar service. I am indebted to these trifles
+for some of the happiest attentions and the most pleasing incidents of
+my life. And there is this about such actions: they are disinterested,
+and the reward is sweet in proportion to the humbleness of the
+individual whom you have obliged. It counts many times more to do a
+kindness to a poor working-man than to a millionaire, who may be able
+some day to repay the favor. How true Wordsworth's lines:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;That best portion of a good man's life&#8212;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His little, nameless, unremembered acts<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of kindness and of love.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The chief happening, judged by its consequences, of the two years I
+spent with Mr. Scott at Altoona, arose from my being the principal
+witness in a suit against the company, which was being tried at
+Greensburg by the brilliant Major Stokes, my first host. It was feared
+that I was about to be subpoenaed by the plaintiff, and the Major,
+wishing a postponement of the case, asked Mr. Scott to send me out of
+the State as rapidly as possible. This was a happy change for me, as I
+was enabled to visit my two bosom companions, Miller and Wilson, then
+in the railway service at Crestline, Ohio.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> On my way thither, while
+sitting on the end seat of the rear car watching the line, a
+farmer-looking man approached me. He carried a small green bag in his
+hand. He said the brakeman had informed him I was connected with the
+Pennsylvania Railroad. He wished to show me the model of a car which
+he had invented for night traveling. He took a small model out of the
+bag, which showed a section of a sleeping-car.</p>
+
+<p>This was the celebrated T.T. Woodruff, the inventor of that now
+indispensable adjunct of civilization&#8212;the sleeping-car. Its
+importance flashed upon me. I asked him if he would come to Altoona if
+I sent for him, and I promised to lay the matter before Mr. Scott at
+once upon my return. I could not get that sleeping-car idea out of my
+mind, and was most anxious to return to Altoona that I might press my
+views upon Mr. Scott. When I did so, he thought I was taking time by
+the forelock, but was quite receptive and said I might telegraph for
+the patentee. He came and contracted to place two of his cars upon the
+line as soon as they could be built. After this Mr. Woodruff, greatly
+to my surprise, asked me if I would not join him in the new enterprise
+and offered me an eighth interest in the venture.</p>
+
+<p>I promptly accepted his offer, trusting to be able to make payments
+somehow or other. The two cars were to be paid for by monthly
+installments after delivery. When the time came for making the first
+payment, my portion was two hundred and seventeen and a half dollars.
+I boldly decided to apply to the local banker, Mr. Lloyd, for a loan
+of that sum. I explained the matter to him, and I remember that he put
+his great arm (he was six feet three or four) around me, saying:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Why, of course I will lend it. You are all right, Andy.&quot;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>And here I made my first note, and actually got a banker to take it. A
+proud moment that in a young man's career! The sleeping-cars were a
+great success and their monthly receipts paid the monthly
+installments. The first considerable sum I made was from this source.
+[To-day, July 19, 1909, as I re-read this, how glad I am that I have
+recently heard from Mr. Lloyd's married daughter telling me of her
+father's deep affection for me, thus making me very happy, indeed.]</p>
+
+<p>One important change in our life at Altoona, after my mother and
+brother arrived, was that, instead of continuing to live exclusively
+by ourselves, it was considered necessary that we should have a
+servant. It was with the greatest reluctance my mother could be
+brought to admit a stranger into the family circle. She had been
+everything and had done everything for her two boys. This was her
+life, and she resented with all a strong woman's jealousy the
+introduction of a stranger who was to be permitted to do anything
+whatever in the home. She had cooked and served her boys, washed their
+clothes and mended them, made their beds, cleaned their home. Who dare
+rob her of those motherly privileges! But nevertheless we could not
+escape the inevitable servant girl. One came, and others followed, and
+with these came also the destruction of much of that genuine family
+happiness which flows from exclusiveness. Being served by others is a
+poor substitute for a mother's labor of love. The ostentatious meal
+prepared by a strange cook whom one seldom sees, and served by hands
+paid for the task, lacks the sweetness of that which a mother's hands
+lay before you as the expression and proof of her devotion.</p>
+
+<p>Among the manifold blessings I have to be thankful for is that neither
+nurse nor governess was my com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>panion in infancy. No wonder the
+children of the poor are distinguished for the warmest affection and
+the closest adherence to family ties and are characterized by a filial
+regard far stronger than that of those who are mistakenly called more
+fortunate in life. They have passed the impressionable years of
+childhood and youth in constant loving contact with father and mother,
+to each they are all in all, no third person coming between. The child
+that has in his father a teacher, companion, and counselor, and whose
+mother is to him a nurse, seamstress, governess, teacher, companion,
+heroine, and saint all in one, has a heritage to which the child of
+wealth remains a stranger.</p>
+
+<p>There comes a time, although the fond mother cannot see it, when a
+grown son has to put his arms around his saint and kissing her
+tenderly try to explain to her that it would be much better were she
+to let him help her in some ways; that, being out in the world among
+men and dealing with affairs, he sometimes sees changes which it would
+be desirable to make; that the mode of life delightful for young boys
+should be changed in some respects and the house made suitable for
+their friends to enter. Especially should the slaving mother live the
+life of ease hereafter, reading and visiting more and entertaining
+dear friends&#8212;in short, rising to her proper and deserved position as
+Her Ladyship.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the change was very hard upon my mother, but she finally
+recognized the necessity for it, probably realized for the first time
+that her eldest son was getting on. &quot;Dear Mother,&quot; I pleaded, my arms
+still around her, &quot;you have done everything for and have been
+everything to Tom and me, and now do let me do something for you; let
+us be partners and let us always think what is best for each other.
+The time has come for you to play<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> the lady and some of these days you
+are to ride in your carriage; meanwhile do get that girl in to help
+you. Tom and I would like this.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The victory was won, and my mother began to go out with us and visit
+her neighbors. She had not to learn self-possession nor good manners,
+these were innate; and as for education, knowledge, rare good sense,
+and kindliness, seldom was she to meet her equal. I wrote &quot;never&quot;
+instead of &quot;seldom&quot; and then struck it out. Nevertheless my private
+opinion is reserved.</p>
+
+<p>Life at Altoona was made more agreeable for me through Mr. Scott's
+niece, Miss Rebecca Stewart, who kept house for him. She played the
+part of elder sister to me to perfection, especially when Mr. Scott
+was called to Philadelphia or elsewhere. We were much together, often
+driving in the afternoons through the woods. The intimacy did not
+cease for many years, and re-reading some of her letters in 1906 I
+realized more than ever my indebtedness to her. She was not much
+beyond my own age, but always seemed a great deal older. Certainly she
+was more mature and quite capable of playing the elder sister's part.
+It was to her I looked up in those days as the perfect lady. Sorry am
+I our paths parted so widely in later years. Her daughter married the
+Earl of Sussex and her home in late years has been abroad. [July 19,
+1909, Mrs. Carnegie and I found my elder-sister friend April last, now
+in widowhood, in Paris, her sister and also her daughter all well and
+happy. A great pleasure, indeed. There are no substitutes for the true
+friends of youth.]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Scott remained at Altoona for about three years when deserved
+promotion came to him. In 1859 he was made vice-president of the
+company, with his office in Philadelphia. What was to become of me was
+a serious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> question. Would he take me with him or must I remain at
+Altoona with the new official? The thought was to me unbearable. To
+part with Mr. Scott was hard enough; to serve a new official in his
+place I did not believe possible. The sun rose and set upon his head
+so far as I was concerned. The thought of my promotion, except through
+him, never entered my mind.</p>
+
+<p>He returned from his interview with the president at Philadelphia and
+asked me to come into the private room in his house which communicated
+with the office. He told me it had been settled that he should remove
+to Philadelphia. Mr. Enoch Lewis, the division superintendent, was to
+be his successor. I listened with great interest as he approached the
+inevitable disclosure as to what he was going to do with me. He said
+finally:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now about yourself. Do you think you could manage the Pittsburgh
+Division?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I was at an age when I thought I could manage anything. I knew nothing
+that I would not attempt, but it had never occurred to me that anybody
+else, much less Mr. Scott, would entertain the idea that I was as yet
+fit to do anything of the kind proposed. I was only twenty-four years
+old, but my model then was Lord John Russell, of whom it was said he
+would take the command of the Channel Fleet to-morrow. So would
+Wallace or Bruce. I told Mr. Scott I thought I could.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; he said, &quot;Mr. Potts&quot; (who was then superintendent of the
+Pittsburgh Division) &quot;is to be promoted to the transportation
+department in Philadelphia and I recommended you to the president as
+his successor. He agreed to give you a trial. What salary do you think
+you should have?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Salary,&quot; I said, quite offended; &quot;what do I care for salary? I do not
+want the salary; I want the position.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> It is glory enough to go back
+to the Pittsburgh Division in your former place. You can make my
+salary just what you please and you need not give me any more than
+what I am getting now.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>That was sixty-five dollars a month.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You know,&quot; he said, &quot;I received fifteen hundred dollars a year when I
+was there; and Mr. Potts is receiving eighteen hundred. I think it
+would be right to start you at fifteen hundred dollars, and after a
+while if you succeed you will get the eighteen hundred. Would that be
+satisfactory?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, please,&quot; I said, &quot;don't speak to me of money!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It was not a case of mere hire and salary, and then and there my
+promotion was sealed. I was to have a department to myself, and
+instead of signing &quot;T.A.S.&quot; orders between Pittsburgh and Altoona
+would now be signed &quot;A.C.&quot; That was glory enough for me.</p>
+
+<p>The order appointing me superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division was
+issued December 1, 1859. Preparations for removing the family were
+made at once. The change was hailed with joy, for although our
+residence in Altoona had many advantages, especially as we had a large
+house with some ground about it in a pleasant part of the suburbs and
+therefore many of the pleasures of country life, all these did not
+weigh as a feather in the scale as against the return to old friends
+and associations in dirty, smoky Pittsburgh. My brother Tom had
+learned telegraphy during his residence in Altoona and he returned
+with me and became my secretary.</p>
+
+<p>The winter following my appointment was one of the most severe ever
+known. The line was poorly constructed, the equipment inefficient and
+totally inadequate for the business that was crowding upon it. The
+rails were laid upon huge blocks of stone, cast-iron chairs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> for
+holding the rails were used, and I have known as many as forty-seven
+of these to break in one night. No wonder the wrecks were frequent.
+The superintendent of a division in those days was expected to run
+trains by telegraph at night, to go out and remove all wrecks, and
+indeed to do everything. At one time for eight days I was constantly
+upon the line, day and night, at one wreck or obstruction after
+another. I was probably the most inconsiderate superintendent that
+ever was entrusted with the management of a great property, for, never
+knowing fatigue myself, being kept up by a sense of responsibility
+probably, I overworked the men and was not careful enough in
+considering the limits of human endurance. I have always been able to
+sleep at any time. Snatches of half an hour at intervals during the
+night in a dirty freight car were sufficient.</p>
+
+<p>The Civil War brought such extraordinary demands on the Pennsylvania
+line that I was at last compelled to organize a night force; but it
+was with difficulty I obtained the consent of my superiors to entrust
+the charge of the line at night to a train dispatcher. Indeed, I never
+did get their unequivocal authority to do so, but upon my own
+responsibility I appointed perhaps the first night train dispatcher
+that ever acted in America&#8212;at least he was the first upon the
+Pennsylvania system.</p>
+
+<p>Upon our return to Pittsburgh in 1860 we rented a house in Hancock
+Street, now Eighth Street, and resided there for a year or more. Any
+accurate description of Pittsburgh at that time would be set down as a
+piece of the grossest exaggeration. The smoke permeated and penetrated
+everything. If you placed your hand on the balustrade of the stair it
+came away black; if you washed face and hands they were as dirty as
+ever in an hour. The soot gathered in the hair and irritated the skin,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> for a time after our return from the mountain atmosphere of
+Altoona, life was more or less miserable. We soon began to consider
+how we could get to the country, and fortunately at that time Mr. D.A.
+Stewart, then freight agent for the company, directed our attention to
+a house adjoining his residence at Homewood. We moved there at once
+and the telegraph was brought in, which enabled me to operate the
+division from the house when necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Here a new life was opened to us. There were country lanes and gardens
+in abundance. Residences had from five to twenty acres of land about
+them. The Homewood Estate was made up of many hundreds of acres, with
+beautiful woods and glens and a running brook. We, too, had a garden
+and a considerable extent of ground around our house. The happiest
+years of my mother's life were spent here among her flowers and
+chickens and the surroundings of country life. Her love of flowers was
+a passion. She was scarcely ever able to gather a flower. Indeed I
+remember she once reproached me for pulling up a weed, saying &quot;it was
+something green.&quot; I have inherited this peculiarity and have often
+walked from the house to the gate intending to pull a flower for my
+button-hole and then left for town unable to find one I could destroy.</p>
+
+<p>With this change to the country came a whole host of new
+acquaintances. Many of the wealthy families of the district had their
+residences in this delightful suburb. It was, so to speak, the
+aristocratic quarter. To the entertainments at these great houses the
+young superintendent was invited. The young people were musical and we
+had musical evenings a plenty. I heard subjects discussed which I had
+never known before, and I made it a rule when I heard these to learn
+something<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> about them at once. I was pleased every day to feel that I
+was learning something new.</p>
+
+<p>It was here that I first met the Vandevort brothers, Benjamin and
+John. The latter was my traveling-companion on various trips which I
+took later in life. &quot;Dear Vandy&quot; appears as my chum in &quot;Round the
+World.&quot; Our neighbors, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart, became more and more dear
+to us, and the acquaintance we had before ripened into lasting
+friendship. One of my pleasures is that Mr. Stewart subsequently
+embarked in business with us and became a partner, as &quot;Vandy&quot; did
+also. Greatest of all the benefits of our new home, however, was
+making the acquaintance of the leading family of Western Pennsylvania,
+that of the Honorable Judge Wilkins. The Judge was then approaching
+his eightieth year, tall, slender, and handsome, in full possession of
+all his faculties, with a courtly grace of manner, and the most
+wonderful store of knowledge and reminiscence of any man I had yet
+been privileged to meet. His wife, the daughter of George W. Dallas,
+Vice-President of the United States, has ever been my type of gracious
+womanhood in age&#8212;the most beautiful, most charming venerable old lady
+I ever knew or saw. Her daughter, Miss Wilkins, with her sister, Mrs.
+Saunders, and her children resided in the stately mansion at Homewood,
+which was to the surrounding district what the baronial hall in
+Britain is or should be to its district&#8212;the center of all that was
+cultured, refined, and elevating.</p>
+
+<p>To me it was especially pleasing that I seemed to be a welcome guest
+there. Musical parties, charades, and theatricals in which Miss
+Wilkins took the leading parts furnished me with another means of
+self-improvement. The Judge himself was the first man of historical
+note whom I had ever known. I shall never forget the im<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>pression it
+made upon me when in the course of conversation, wishing to illustrate
+a remark, he said: &quot;President Jackson once said to me,&quot; or, &quot;I told
+the Duke of Wellington so and so.&quot; The Judge in his earlier life
+(1834) had been Minister to Russia under Jackson, and in the same easy
+way spoke of his interview with the Czar. It seemed to me that I was
+touching history itself. The house was a new atmosphere, and my
+intercourse with the family was a powerful stimulant to the desire for
+improvement of my own mind and manners.</p>
+
+<p>The only subject upon which there was always a decided, though silent,
+antagonism between the Wilkins family and myself was politics. I was
+an ardent Free-Soiler in days when to be an abolitionist was somewhat
+akin to being a republican in Britain. The Wilkinses were strong
+Democrats with leanings toward the South, being closely connected with
+leading Southern families. On one occasion at Homewood, on entering
+the drawing-room, I found the family excitedly conversing about a
+terrible incident that had recently occurred.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What do you think!&quot; said Mrs. Wilkins to me; &quot;Dallas&quot; (her grandson)
+&quot;writes me that he has been compelled by the commandant of West Point
+to sit next a negro! Did you ever hear the like of that? Is it not
+disgraceful? Negroes admitted to West Point!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh!&quot; I said, &quot;Mrs. Wilkins, there is something even worse than that.
+I understand that some of them have been admitted to heaven!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There was a silence that could be felt. Then dear Mrs. Wilkins said
+gravely:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That is a different matter, Mr. Carnegie.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>By far the most precious gift ever received by me up to that time came
+about in this manner. Dear Mrs. Wilkins began knitting an afghan, and
+during the work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> many were the inquiries as to whom it was for. No,
+the dear queenly old lady would not tell; she kept her secret all the
+long months until, Christmas drawing near, the gift finished and
+carefully wrapped up, and her card with a few loving words enclosed,
+she instructed her daughter to address it to me. It was duly received
+in New York. Such a tribute from such a lady! Well, that afghan,
+though often shown to dear friends, has not been much used. It is
+sacred to me and remains among my precious possessions.</p>
+
+<p>I had been so fortunate as to meet Leila Addison while living in
+Pittsburgh, the talented daughter of Dr. Addison, who had died a short
+time before. I soon became acquainted with the family and record with
+grateful feelings the immense advantage which that acquaintance also
+brought to me. Here was another friendship formed with people who had
+all the advantages of the higher education. Carlyle had been Mrs.
+Addison's tutor for a time, for she was an Edinburgh lady. Her
+daughters had been educated abroad and spoke French, Spanish, and
+Italian as fluently as English. It was through intercourse with this
+family that I first realized the indescribable yet immeasurable gulf
+that separates the highly educated from people like myself. But &quot;the
+wee drap o' Scotch bluid atween us&quot; proved its potency as usual.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Addison became an ideal friend because she undertook to improve
+the rough diamond, if it were indeed a diamond at all. She was my best
+friend, because my severest critic. I began to pay strict attention to
+my language, and to the English classics, which I now read with great
+avidity. I began also to notice how much better it was to be gentle in
+tone and manner, polite and courteous to all&#8212;in short, better
+behaved. Up to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> this time I had been, perhaps, careless in dress and
+rather affected it. Great heavy boots, loose collar, and general
+roughness of attire were then peculiar to the West and in our circle
+considered manly. Anything that could be labeled foppish was looked
+upon with contempt. I remember the first gentleman I ever saw in the
+service of the railway company who wore kid gloves. He was the object
+of derision among us who aspired to be manly men. I was a great deal
+the better in all these respects after we moved to Homewood, owing to
+the Addisons.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<h3>CIVIL WAR PERIOD</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;I</span><b>N 1861</b> the Civil War broke out and I was at once summoned to
+Washington by Mr. Scott, who had been appointed Assistant Secretary of
+War in charge of the Transportation Department. I was to act as his
+assistant in charge of the military railroads and telegraphs of the
+Government and to organize a force of railway men. It was one of the
+most important departments of all at the beginning of the war.</p>
+
+<p>The first regiments of Union troops passing through Baltimore had been
+attacked, and the railway line cut between Baltimore and Annapolis
+Junction, destroying communication with Washington. It was therefore
+necessary for me, with my corps of assistants, to take train at
+Philadelphia for Annapolis, a point from which a branch line extended
+to the Junction, joining the main line to Washington. Our first duty
+was to repair this branch and make it passable for heavy trains, a
+work of some days. General Butler and several regiments of troops
+arrived a few days after us, and we were able to transport his whole
+brigade to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>I took my place upon the first engine which started for the Capital,
+and proceeded very cautiously. Some distance from Washington I noticed
+that the telegraph wires had been pinned to the ground by wooden
+stakes. I stopped the engine and ran forward to release them, but I
+did not notice that the wires had been pulled to one side before
+staking. When released, in their spring upwards, they struck me in the
+face, knocked me over,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> and cut a gash in my cheek which bled
+profusely. In this condition I entered the city of Washington with the
+first troops, so that with the exception of one or two soldiers,
+wounded a few days previously in passing through the streets of
+Baltimore, I can justly claim that I &quot;shed my blood for my country&quot;
+among the first of its defenders. I gloried in being useful to the
+land that had done so much for me, and worked, I can truly say, night
+and day, to open communication to the South.</p>
+
+<p>I soon removed my headquarters to Alexandria,<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Virginia, and was
+stationed there when the unfortunate battle of Bull Run was fought. We
+could not believe the reports that came to us, but it soon became
+evident that we must rush every engine and car to the front to bring
+back our defeated forces. The closest point then was Burke Station. I
+went out there and loaded up train after train of the poor wounded
+volunteers. The rebels were reported to be close upon us and we were
+finally compelled to close Burke Station, the operator and myself
+leaving on the last train for Alexandria where the effect of panic was
+evident upon every side. Some of our railway men were missing, but the
+number at the mess on the following morning showed that, compared with
+other branches of the service, we had cause for congratulation. A few
+conductors and engineers had obtained boats and crossed the Potomac,
+but the great body of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> the men remained, although the roar of the guns
+of the pursuing enemy was supposed to be heard in every sound during
+the night. Of our telegraphers not one was missing the next morning.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this I returned to Washington and made my headquarters in
+the War Building with Colonel Scott. As I had charge of the telegraph
+department, as well as the railways, this gave me an opportunity of
+seeing President Lincoln, Mr. Seward, Secretary Cameron, and others;
+and I was occasionally brought in personal contact with these men,
+which was to me a source of great interest. Mr. Lincoln would
+occasionally come to the office and sit at the desk awaiting replies
+to telegrams, or perhaps merely anxious for information.</p>
+
+<p>All the pictures of this extraordinary man are like him. He was so
+marked of feature that it was impossible for any one to paint him and
+not produce a likeness. He was certainly one of the most homely men I
+ever saw when his features were in repose; but when excited or telling
+a story, intellect shone through his eyes and illuminated his face to
+a degree which I have seldom or never seen in any other. His manners
+were perfect because natural; and he had a kind word for everybody,
+even the youngest boy in the office. His attentions were not
+graduated. They were the same to all, as deferential in talking to the
+messenger boy as to Secretary Seward. His charm lay in the total
+absence of manner. It was not so much, perhaps, what he said as the
+way in which he said it that never failed to win one. I have often
+regretted that I did not note down carefully at the time some of his
+curious sayings, for he said even common things in an original way. I
+never met a great man who so thoroughly made himself one with all men
+as Mr. Lincoln. As Secretary Hay so well says, &quot;It is impossible to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+imagine any one a valet to Mr. Lincoln; he would have been his
+companion.&quot; He was the most perfect democrat, revealing in every word
+and act the equality of men.</p>
+
+<p>When Mason and Slidell in 1861 were taken from the British ship Trent
+there was intense anxiety upon the part of those who, like myself,
+knew what the right of asylum on her ships meant to Britain. It was
+certain war or else a prompt return of the prisoners. Secretary
+Cameron being absent when the Cabinet was summoned to consider the
+question, Mr. Scott was invited to attend as Assistant Secretary of
+War. I did my best to let him understand that upon this issue Britain
+would fight beyond question, and urged that he stand firm for
+surrender, especially since it had been the American doctrine that
+ships should be immune from search. Mr. Scott, knowing nothing of
+foreign affairs, was disposed to hold the captives, but upon his
+return from the meeting he told me that Seward had warned the Cabinet
+it meant war, just as I had said. Lincoln, too, was at first inclined
+to hold the prisoners, but was at last converted to Seward's policy.
+The Cabinet, however, had decided to postpone action until the morrow,
+when Cameron and other absentees would be present. Mr. Scott was
+requested by Seward to meet Cameron on arrival and get him right on
+the subject before going to the meeting, for he was expected to be in
+no surrendering mood. This was done and all went well next day.</p>
+
+<p>The general confusion which reigned at Washington at this time had to
+be seen to be understood. No description can convey my initial
+impression of it. The first time I saw General Scott, then
+Commander-in-Chief, he was being helped by two men across the pavement
+from his office into his carriage. He was an old, decrepit man,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+paralyzed not only in body, but in mind; and it was upon this noble
+relic of the past that the organization of the forces of the Republic
+depended. His chief commissary, General Taylor, was in some degree a
+counterpart of Scott. It was our business to arrange with these, and
+others scarcely less fit, for the opening of communications and for
+the transportation of men and supplies. They were seemingly one and
+all martinets who had passed the age of usefulness. Days would elapse
+before a decision could be obtained upon matters which required prompt
+action. There was scarcely a young active officer at the head of any
+important department&#8212;at least I cannot recall one. Long years of
+peace had fossilized the service.</p>
+
+<p>The same cause had produced like results, I understood, in the Navy
+Department, but I was not brought in personal contact with it. The
+navy was not important at the beginning; it was the army that counted.
+Nothing but defeat was to be looked for until the heads of the various
+departments were changed, and this could not be done in a day. The
+impatience of the country at the apparent delay in producing an
+effective weapon for the great task thrown upon the Government was no
+doubt natural, but the wonder to me is that order was so soon evolved
+from the chaos which prevailed in every branch of the service.</p>
+
+<p>As far as our operations were concerned we had one great advantage.
+Secretary Cameron authorized Mr. Scott (he had been made a Colonel) to
+do what he thought necessary without waiting for the slow movements of
+the officials under the Secretary of War. Of this authority unsparing
+use was made, and the important part played by the railway and
+telegraph department of the Government from the very beginning of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+war is to be attributed to the fact that we had the cordial support of
+Secretary Cameron. He was then in the possession of all his faculties
+and grasped the elements of the problem far better than his generals
+and heads of departments. Popular clamor compelled Lincoln to change
+him at last, but those who were behind the scenes well knew that if
+other departments had been as well managed as was the War Department
+under Cameron, all things considered, much of disaster would have been
+avoided.</p>
+
+<p>Lochiel, as Cameron liked to be called, was a man of sentiment. In his
+ninetieth year he visited us in Scotland and, passing through one of
+our glens, sitting on the front seat of our four-in-hand coach, he
+reverently took off his hat and bareheaded rode through the glen,
+overcome by its grandeur. The conversation turned once upon the
+efforts which candidates for office must themselves put forth and the
+fallacy that office seeks the man, except in very rare emergencies.
+Apropos of this Lochiel told this story about Lincoln's second term:</p>
+
+<p>One day at Cameron's country home near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, he
+received a telegram saying that President Lincoln would like to see
+him. Accordingly he went to Washington. Lincoln began:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Cameron, the people about me are telling me that it is my patriotic
+duty to become a candidate for a second term, that I am the only man
+who can save my country, and so on; and do you know I'm just beginning
+to be fool enough to believe them a little. What do you say, and how
+could it be managed?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, Mr. President, twenty-eight years ago President Jackson sent
+for me as you have now done and told me just the same story. His
+letter reached me in New Orleans and I traveled ten days to reach
+Washington.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> I told President Jackson I thought the best plan would be
+to have the Legislature of one of the States pass resolutions
+insisting that the pilot should not desert the ship during these
+stormy times, and so forth. If one State did this I thought others
+would follow. Mr. Jackson concurred and I went to Harrisburg, and had
+such a resolution prepared and passed. Other States followed as I
+expected and, as you know, he won a second term.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; said Lincoln, &quot;could you do that now?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No,&quot; said I, &quot;I am too near to you, Mr. President; but if you desire
+I might get a friend to attend to it, I think.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; said President Lincoln, &quot;I leave the matter with you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I sent for Foster here&quot; (who was his companion on the coach and our
+guest) &quot;and asked him to look up the Jackson resolutions. We changed
+them a little to meet new conditions and passed them. The like result
+followed as in the case of President Jackson. Upon my next visit to
+Washington I went in the evening to the President's public reception.
+When I entered the crowded and spacious East Room, being like Lincoln
+very tall, the President recognized me over the mass of people and
+holding up both white-gloved hands which looked like two legs of
+mutton, called out: 'Two more in to-day, Cameron, two more.' That is,
+two additional States had passed the Jackson-Lincoln resolutions.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Apart from the light this incident throws upon political life, it is
+rather remarkable that the same man should have been called upon by
+two presidents of the United States, twenty-eight years apart, under
+exactly similar circumstances and asked for advice, and that, the same
+expedient being employed, both men became candidates and both secured
+second terms. As was once<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> explained upon a memorable occasion:
+&quot;There's figuring in all them things.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>When in Washington I had not met General Grant, because he was in the
+West up to the time of my leaving, but on a journey to and from
+Washington he stopped at Pittsburgh to make the necessary arrangements
+for his removal to the East. I met him on the line upon both occasions
+and took him to dine with me in Pittsburgh. There were no dining-cars
+then. He was the most ordinary-looking man of high position I had ever
+met, and the last that one would select at first glance as a
+remarkable man. I remember that Secretary of War Stanton said that
+when he visited the armies in the West, General Grant and his staff
+entered his car; he looked at them, one after the other, as they
+entered and seeing General Grant, said to himself, &quot;Well, I do not
+know which is General Grant, but there is one that cannot be.&quot; Yet
+this was he. [Reading this years after it was written, I laugh. It is
+pretty hard on the General, for I have been taken for him more than
+once.]</p>
+
+<p>In those days of the war much was talked about &quot;strategy&quot; and the
+plans of the various generals. I was amazed at General Grant's freedom
+in talking to me about such things. Of course he knew that I had been
+in the War Office, and was well known to Secretary Stanton,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> and
+had some knowledge of what was going on; but my surprise can be
+imagined when he said to me:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, the President and Stanton want me to go East and take command
+there, and I have agreed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> do it. I am just going West to make the
+necessary arrangements.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I said, &quot;I suspected as much.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am going to put Sherman in charge,&quot; he said.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That will surprise the country,&quot; I said, &quot;for I think the impression
+is that General Thomas should succeed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, I know that,&quot; he said, &quot;but I know the men and Thomas will be
+the first to say that Sherman is the man for the work. There will be
+no trouble about that. The fact is the western end is pretty far down,
+and the next thing we must do is to push the eastern end down a
+little.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>That was exactly what he did. And that was Grant's way of putting
+strategy into words. It was my privilege to become well acquainted
+with him in after years. If ever a man was without the slightest trace
+of affectation, Grant was that man. Even Lincoln did not surpass him
+in that: but Grant was a quiet, slow man while Lincoln was always
+alive and in motion. I never heard Grant use a long or grand word, or
+make any attempt at &quot;manner,&quot; but the general impression that he was
+always reticent is a mistake. He was a surprisingly good talker
+sometimes and upon occasion liked to talk. His sentences were always
+short and to the point, and his observations upon things remarkably
+shrewd. When he had nothing to say he said nothing. I noticed that he
+was never tired of praising his subordinates in the war. He spoke of
+them as a fond father speaks of his children.</p>
+
+<p>The story is told that during the trials of war in the West, General
+Grant began to indulge too freely in liquor. His chief of staff,
+Rawlins, boldly ventured to tell him so. That this was the act of a
+true friend Grant fully recognized.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&quot;You do not mean that? I was wholly unconscious of it. I am
+surprised!&quot; said the General.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, I do mean it. It is even beginning to be a subject of comment
+among your officers.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Why did you not tell me before? I'll never drink a drop of liquor
+again.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He never did. Time after time in later years, dining with the Grants
+in New York, I have seen the General turn down the wine-glasses at his
+side. That indomitable will of his enabled him to remain steadfast to
+his resolve, a rare case as far as my experience goes. Some have
+refrained for a time. In one noted case one of our partners refrained
+for three years, but alas, the old enemy at last recaptured its
+victim.</p>
+
+<p>Grant, when President, was accused of being pecuniarily benefited by
+certain appointments, or acts, of his administration, while his
+friends knew that he was so poor that he had been compelled to
+announce his intention of abandoning the customary state dinners, each
+one of which, he found, cost eight hundred dollars&#8212;a sum which he
+could not afford to pay out of his salary. The increase of the
+presidential salary from $25,000 to $50,000 a year enabled him, during
+his second term, to save a little, although he cared no more about
+money than about uniforms. At the end of his first term I know he had
+nothing. Yet I found, when in Europe, that the impression was
+widespread among the highest officials there that there was something
+in the charge that General Grant had benefited pecuniarily by
+appointments. We know in America how little weight to attach to these
+charges, but it would have been well for those who made them so
+recklessly to have considered what effect they would produce upon
+public opinion in other lands.</p>
+
+<p>The cause of democracy suffers more in Britain to-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>day from the
+generally received opinion that American politics are corrupt, and
+therefore that republicanism necessarily produces corruption, than
+from any other one cause. Yet, speaking with some knowledge of
+politics in both lands, I have not the slightest hesitation in saying
+that for every ounce of corruption of public men in the new land of
+republicanism there is one in the old land of monarchy, only the forms
+of corruption differ. Titles are the bribes in the monarchy, not
+dollars. Office is a common and proper reward in both. There is,
+however, this difference in favor of the monarchy; titles are given
+openly and are not considered by the recipients or the mass of the
+people as bribes.</p>
+
+<p>When I was called to Washington in 1861, it was supposed that the war
+would soon be over; but it was seen shortly afterwards that it was to
+be a question of years. Permanent officials in charge would be
+required. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company was unable to spare Mr.
+Scott, and Mr. Scott, in turn, decided that I must return to
+Pittsburgh, where my services were urgently needed, owing to the
+demands made upon the Pennsylvania by the Government. We therefore
+placed the department at Washington in the hands of others and
+returned to our respective positions.</p>
+
+<p>After my return from Washington reaction followed and I was taken with
+my first serious illness. I was completely broken down, and after a
+struggle to perform my duties was compelled to seek rest. One
+afternoon, when on the railway line in Virginia, I had experienced
+something like a sunstroke, which gave me considerable trouble. It
+passed off, however, but after that I found I could not stand heat and
+had to be careful to keep out of the sun&#8212;a hot day wilting me
+completely. [That is the reason why the cool Highland air in sum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>mer
+has been to me a panacea for many years. My physician has insisted
+that I must avoid our hot American summers.]</p>
+
+<p>Leave of absence was granted me by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company,
+and the long-sought opportunity to visit Scotland came. My mother, my
+bosom friend Tom Miller, and myself, sailed in the steamship Etna,
+June 28, 1862, I in my twenty-seventh year; and on landing in
+Liverpool we proceeded at once to Dunfermline. No change ever affected
+me so much as this return to my native land. I seemed to be in a
+dream. Every mile that brought us nearer to Scotland increased the
+intensity of my feelings. My mother was equally moved, and I remember,
+when her eyes first caught sight of the familiar yellow bush, she
+exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh! there's the broom, the broom!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Her heart was so full she could not restrain her tears, and the more I
+tried to make light of it or to soothe her, the more she was overcome.
+For myself, I felt as if I could throw myself upon the sacred soil and
+kiss it.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>In this mood we reached Dunfermline. Every object we passed was
+recognized at once, but everything seemed so small, compared with what
+I had imagined it, that I was completely puzzled. Finally, reaching
+Uncle Lauder's and getting into the old room where he had taught Dod
+and myself so many things, I exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You are all here; everything is just as I left it, but you are now
+all playing with toys.&quot;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The High Street, which I had considered not a bad Broadway, uncle's
+shop, which I had compared with some New York establishments, the
+little mounds about the town, to which we had run on Sundays to play,
+the distances, the height of the houses, all had shrunk. Here was a
+city of the Lilliputians. I could almost touch the eaves of the house
+in which I was born, and the sea&#8212;to walk to which on a Saturday had
+been considered quite a feat&#8212;was only three miles distant. The rocks
+at the seashore, among which I had gathered wilks (whelks) seemed to
+have vanished, and a tame flat shoal remained. The schoolhouse, around
+which had centered many of my schoolboy recollections&#8212;my only Alma
+Mater&#8212;and the playground, upon which mimic battles had been fought
+and races run, had shrunk into ridiculously small dimensions. The fine
+residences, Broomhall, Fordell, and especially the conservatories at
+Donibristle, fell one after the other into the petty and
+insignificant. What I felt on a later occasion on a visit to Japan,
+with its small toy houses, was something like a repetition of the
+impression my old home made upon me.</p>
+
+<p>Everything was there in miniature. Even the old well at the head of
+Moodie Street, where I began my early struggles, was changed from what
+I had pictured it. But one object remained all that I had dreamed of
+it. There was no disappointment in the glorious old Abbey and its
+Glen. It was big enough and grand enough, and the memorable carved
+letters on the top of the tower&#8212;&quot;King Robert The Bruce&quot;&#8212;filled my
+eye and my heart as fully as of old. Nor was the Abbey bell
+disappointing, when I heard it for the first time after my return. For
+this I was grateful. It gave me a rallying point, and around the old
+Abbey, with its Palace ruins and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> Glen, other objects adjusted
+themselves in their true proportions after a time.</p>
+
+<p>My relatives were exceedingly kind, and the oldest of all, my dear old
+Auntie Charlotte, in a moment of exultation exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, you will just be coming back here some day and <i>keep a shop in
+the High Street</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>To keep a shop in the High Street was her idea of triumph. Her
+son-in-law and daughter, both my full cousins, though unrelated to
+each other, had risen to this sublime height, and nothing was too
+great to predict for her promising nephew. There is an aristocracy
+even in shopkeeping, and the family of the green grocer of the High
+Street mingles not upon equal terms with him of Moodie Street.</p>
+
+<p>Auntie, who had often played my nurse, liked to dwell upon the fact
+that I was a screaming infant that had to be fed with two spoons, as I
+yelled whenever one left my mouth. Captain Jones, our superintendent
+of the steel works at a later day, described me as having been born
+&quot;with two rows of teeth and holes punched for more,&quot; so insatiable was
+my appetite for new works and increased production. As I was the first
+child in our immediate family circle, there were plenty of now
+venerable relatives begging to be allowed to play nurse, my aunties
+among them. Many of my childhood pranks and words they told me in
+their old age. One of them that the aunties remembered struck me as
+rather precocious.</p>
+
+<p>I had been brought up upon wise saws and one that my father had taught
+me was soon given direct application. As a boy, returning from the
+seashore three miles distant, he had to carry me part of the way upon
+his back. Going up a steep hill in the gloaming he remarked upon the
+heavy load, hoping probably I would propose to walk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> a bit. The
+response, however, which he received was:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah, faither, never mind, patience and perseverance make the man, ye
+ken.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He toiled on with his burden, but shaking with laughter. He was hoist
+with his own petard, but his burden grew lighter all the same. I am
+sure of this.</p>
+
+<p>My home, of course, was with my instructor, guide, and inspirer, Uncle
+Lauder&#8212;he who had done so much to make me romantic, patriotic, and
+poetical at eight. Now I was twenty-seven, but Uncle Lauder still
+remained Uncle Lauder. He had not shrunk, no one could fill his place.
+We had our walks and talks constantly and I was &quot;Naig&quot; again to him.
+He had never had any name for me but that and never did have. My dear,
+dear uncle, and more, much more than uncle to me.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>I was still dreaming and so excited that I could not sleep and had
+caught cold in the bargain. The natural result of this was a fever. I
+lay in uncle's house for six weeks, a part of that time in a critical
+condition. Scottish medicine was then as stern as Scottish theology
+(both are now much softened), and I was bled. My thin American blood
+was so depleted that when I was pronounced convalescent it was long
+before I could stand upon my feet. This illness put an end to my
+visit, but by the time I had reached America again, the ocean voyage
+had done me so much good I was able to resume work.</p>
+
+<p>I remember being deeply affected by the reception I met with when I
+returned to my division. The men of the eastern end had gathered
+together with a cannon and while the train passed I was greeted with a
+salvo.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> This was perhaps the first occasion upon which my subordinates
+had an opportunity of making me the subject of any demonstration, and
+their reception made a lasting impression. I knew how much I cared for
+them and it was pleasing to know that they reciprocated my feelings.
+Working-men always do reciprocate kindly feeling. If we truly care for
+others we need not be anxious about their feelings for us. Like draws
+to like.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<h3>BRIDGE-BUILDING</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">D</span><b>URING</b> the Civil War the price of iron went up to something like $130
+per ton. Even at that figure it was not so much a question of money as
+of delivery. The railway lines of America were fast becoming dangerous
+for want of new rails, and this state of affairs led me to organize in
+1864 a rail-making concern at Pittsburgh. There was no difficulty in
+obtaining partners and capital, and the Superior Rail Mill and Blast
+Furnaces were built.</p>
+
+<p>In like manner the demand for locomotives was very great, and with Mr.
+Thomas N. Miller<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> I organized in 1866 the Pittsburgh Locomotive
+Works, which has been a prosperous and creditable concern&#8212;locomotives
+made there having obtained an enviable reputation throughout the
+United States. It sounds like a fairy tale to-day to record that in
+1906 the one-hundred-dollar shares of this company sold for three
+thousand dollars&#8212;that is, thirty dollars for one. Large annual
+dividends had been paid regularly and the company had been very
+successful&#8212;sufficient proof of the policy: &quot;Make nothing but the very
+best.&quot; We never did.</p>
+
+<p>When at Altoona I had seen in the Pennsylvania Railroad Company's
+works the first small bridge built of iron. It proved a success. I saw
+that it would never do to depend further upon wooden bridges for
+permanent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> railway structures. An important bridge on the Pennsylvania
+Railroad had recently burned and the traffic had been obstructed for
+eight days. Iron was the thing. I proposed to H.J. Linville, who had
+designed the iron bridge, and to John L. Piper and his partner, Mr.
+Schiffler, who had charge of bridges on the Pennsylvania line, that
+they should come to Pittsburgh and I would organize a company to build
+iron bridges. It was the first company of its kind. I asked my friend,
+Mr. Scott, of the Pennsylvania Railroad, to go with us in the venture,
+which he did. Each of us paid for a one fifth interest, or $1250. My
+share I borrowed from the bank. Looking back at it now the sum seemed
+very small, but &quot;tall oaks from little acorns grow.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In this way was organized in 1862 the firm of Piper and Schiffler
+which was merged into the Keystone Bridge Company in 1863&#8212;a name
+which I remember I was proud of having thought of as being most
+appropriate for a bridge-building concern in the State of
+Pennsylvania, the Keystone State. From this beginning iron bridges
+came generally into use in America, indeed, in the world at large so
+far as I know. My letters to iron manufacturers in Pittsburgh were
+sufficient to insure the new company credit. Small wooden shops were
+erected and several bridge structures were undertaken. Cast-iron was
+the principal material used, but so well were the bridges built that
+some made at that day and since strengthened for heavier traffic,
+still remain in use upon various lines.</p>
+
+<p>The question of bridging the Ohio River at Steubenville came up, and
+we were asked whether we would undertake to build a railway bridge
+with a span of three hundred feet over the channel. It seems
+ridiculous at the present day to think of the serious doubts
+entertained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> about our ability to do this; but it must be remembered
+this was before the days of steel and almost before the use of
+wrought-iron in America. The top cords and supports were all of
+cast-iron. I urged my partners to try it anyhow, and we finally closed
+a contract, but I remember well when President Jewett<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> of the
+railway company visited the works and cast his eyes upon the piles of
+heavy cast-iron lying about, which were parts of the forthcoming
+bridge, that he turned to me and said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I don't believe these heavy castings can be made to stand up and
+carry themselves, much less carry a train across the Ohio River.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The Judge, however, lived to believe differently. The bridge remained
+until recently, though strengthened to carry heavier traffic. We
+expected to make quite a sum by this first important undertaking, but
+owing to the inflation of the currency, which occurred before the work
+was finished, our margin of profit was almost swallowed up. It is an
+evidence of the fairness of President Edgar Thomson, of the
+Pennsylvania, that, upon learning the facts of the case, he allowed an
+extra sum to secure us from loss. The subsequent position of affairs,
+he said, was not contemplated by either party when the contract was
+made. A great and a good man was Edgar Thomson, a close bargainer for
+the Pennsylvania Railroad, but ever mindful of the fact that the
+spirit of the law was above the letter.</p>
+
+<p>In Linville, Piper, and Schiffler, we had the best talent of that
+day&#8212;Linville an engineer, Piper a hustling, active mechanic, and
+Schiffler sure and steady. Colonel Piper was an exceptional man. I
+heard President Thomson of the Pennsylvania once say he would rather
+have him at a burnt bridge than all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> engineering corps. There was
+one subject upon which the Colonel displayed great weakness
+(fortunately for us) and that was the horse. Whenever a business
+discussion became too warm, and the Colonel showed signs of temper,
+which was not seldom, it was a sure cure to introduce that subject.
+Everything else would pass from his mind; he became absorbed in the
+fascinating topic of horseflesh. If he had overworked himself, and we
+wished to get him to take a holiday, we sent him to Kentucky to look
+after a horse or two that one or the other of us was desirous of
+obtaining, and for the selection of which we would trust no one but
+himself. But his craze for horses sometimes brought him into serious
+difficulties. He made his appearance at the office one day with one
+half of his face as black as mud could make it, his clothes torn, and
+his hat missing, but still holding the whip in one hand. He explained
+that he had attempted to drive a fast Kentucky colt; one of the reins
+had broken and he had lost his &quot;steerage-way,&quot; as he expressed it.</p>
+
+<p>He was a grand fellow, &quot;Pipe&quot; as we called him, and when he took a
+fancy to a person, as he did to me, he was for and with him always. In
+later days when I removed to New York he transferred his affections to
+my brother, whom he invariably called Thomas, instead of Tom. High as
+I stood in his favor, my brother afterwards stood higher. He fairly
+worshiped him, and anything that Tom said was law and gospel. He was
+exceedingly jealous of our other establishments, in which he was not
+directly interested, such as our mills which supplied the Keystone
+Works with iron. Many a dispute arose between the mill managers and
+the Colonel as to quality, price, and so forth. On one occasion he
+came to my brother to complain that a bargain which he had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> made for
+the supply of iron for a year had not been copied correctly. The
+prices were &quot;net,&quot; and nothing had been said about &quot;net&quot; when the
+bargain was made. He wanted to know just what that word &quot;net&quot; meant.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, Colonel,&quot; said my brother, &quot;it means that nothing more is to be
+added.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;All right, Thomas,&quot; said the Colonel, entirely satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>There is much in the way one puts things. &quot;Nothing to be deducted&quot;
+might have caused a dispute.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image12">
+<img src="images/image12.jpg" alt="Thomas Morrison Carnegie" width="333" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>THOMAS MORRISON CARNEGIE</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>He was made furious one day by Bradstreet's volume which gives the
+standing of business concerns. Never having seen such a book before,
+he was naturally anxious to see what rating his concern had. When he
+read that the Keystone Bridge Works were &quot;BC,&quot; which meant &quot;Bad
+Credit,&quot; it was with difficulty he was restrained from going to see
+our lawyers to have a suit brought against the publishers. Tom,
+however, explained to him that the Keystone Bridge Works were in bad
+credit because they never borrowed anything, and he was pacified. No
+debt was one of the Colonel's hobbies. Once, when I was leaving for
+Europe, when many firms were hard up and some failing around us, he
+said to me:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The sheriff can't get us when you are gone if I don't sign any notes,
+can he?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No,&quot; I said, &quot;he can't.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;All right, we'll be here when you come back.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Talking of the Colonel reminds me of another unusual character with
+whom we were brought in contact in these bridge-building days. This
+was Captain Eads, of St. Louis,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> an original genius <i>minus</i>
+scientific knowledge to guide his erratic ideas of things mechanical.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+He was seemingly one of those who wished to have everything done upon
+his own original plans. That a thing had been done in one way before
+was sufficient to cause its rejection. When his plans for the St.
+Louis Bridge were presented to us, I handed them to the one man in the
+United States who knew the subject best&#8212;our Mr. Linville. He came to
+me in great concern, saying:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The bridge if built upon these plans will not stand up; it will not
+carry its own weight.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; I said, &quot;Captain Eads will come to see you and in talking over
+matters explain this to him gently, get it into proper shape, lead him
+into the straight path and say nothing about it to others.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This was successfully accomplished; but in the construction of the
+bridge poor Piper was totally unable to comply with the extraordinary
+requirements of the Captain. At first he was so delighted with having
+received the largest contract that had yet been let that he was all
+graciousness to Captain Eads. It was not even &quot;Captain&quot; at first, but
+&quot;'Colonel' Eads, how do you do? Delighted to see you.&quot; By and by
+matters became a little complicated. We noticed that the greeting
+became less cordial, but still it was &quot;Good-morning, Captain Eads.&quot;
+This fell till we were surprised to hear &quot;Pipe&quot; talking of &quot;Mr. Eads.&quot;
+Before the troubles were over, the &quot;Colonel&quot; had fallen to &quot;Jim Eads,&quot;
+and to tell the truth, long before the work was out of the shops,
+&quot;Jim&quot; was now and then preceded by a big &quot;D.&quot; A man may be possessed
+of great ability, and be a charming, interesting character, as Captain
+Eads undoubtedly was, and yet not be able to construct the first
+bridge of five hundred feet span over the Mississippi River,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>
+without<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> availing himself of the scientific knowledge and practical
+experience of others.</p>
+
+<p>When the work was finished, I had the Colonel with me in St. Louis for
+some days protecting the bridge against a threatened attempt on the
+part of others to take possession of it before we obtained full
+payment. When the Colonel had taken up the planks at both ends, and
+organized a plan of relieving the men who stood guard, he became
+homesick and exceedingly anxious to return to Pittsburgh. He had
+determined to take the night train and I was at a loss to know how to
+keep him with me until I thought of his one vulnerable point. I told
+him, during the day, how anxious I was to obtain a pair of horses for
+my sister. I wished to make her a present of a span, and I had heard
+that St. Louis was a noted place for them. Had he seen anything
+superb?</p>
+
+<p>The bait took. He launched forth into a description of several spans
+of horses he had seen and stables he had visited. I asked him if he
+could possibly stay over and select the horses. I knew very well that
+he would wish to see them and drive them many times which would keep
+him busy. It happened just as I expected. He purchased a splendid
+pair, but then another difficulty occurred about transporting them to
+Pittsburgh. He would not trust them by rail and no suitable boat was
+to leave for several days. Providence was on my side evidently.
+Nothing on earth would induce that man to leave the city until he saw
+those horses fairly started and it was an even wager whether he would
+not insist upon going up on the steamer with them himself. We held the
+bridge. &quot;Pipe&quot; made a splendid Horatius. He was one of the best men
+and one of the most valuable partners I ever was favored with, and
+richly deserved the rewards which he did so much to secure.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Keystone Bridge Works have always been a source of satisfaction to
+me. Almost every concern that had undertaken to erect iron bridges in
+America had failed. Many of the structures themselves had fallen and
+some of the worst railway disasters in America had been caused in that
+way. Some of the bridges had given way under wind pressure but nothing
+has ever happened to a Keystone bridge, and some of them have stood
+where the wind was not tempered. There has been no luck about it. We
+used only the best material and enough of it, making our own iron and
+later our own steel. We were our own severest inspectors, and would
+build a safe structure or none at all. When asked to build a bridge
+which we knew to be of insufficient strength or of unscientific
+design, we resolutely declined. Any piece of work bearing the stamp of
+the Keystone Bridge Works (and there are few States in the Union where
+such are not to be found) we were prepared to underwrite. We were as
+proud of our bridges as Carlyle was of the bridge his father built
+across the Annan. &quot;An honest brig,&quot; as the great son rightly said.</p>
+
+<p>This policy is the true secret of success. Uphill work it will be for
+a few years until your work is proven, but after that it is smooth
+sailing. Instead of objecting to inspectors they should be welcomed by
+all manufacturing establishments. A high standard of excellence is
+easily maintained, and men are educated in the effort to reach
+excellence. I have never known a concern to make a decided success
+that did not do good, honest work, and even in these days of the
+fiercest competition, when everything would seem to be matter of
+price, there lies still at the root of great business success the very
+much more important factor of quality. The effect of attention to
+quality, upon every man in the service, from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> president of the
+concern down to the humblest laborer, cannot be overestimated. And
+bearing on the same question, clean, fine workshops and tools,
+well-kept yards and surroundings are of much greater importance than
+is usually supposed.</p>
+
+<p>I was very much pleased to hear a remark, made by one of the prominent
+bankers who visited the Edgar Thomson Works during a Bankers
+Convention held at Pittsburgh. He was one of a party of some hundreds
+of delegates, and after they had passed through the works he said to
+our manager:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Somebody appears to belong to these works.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He put his finger there upon one of the secrets of success. They did
+belong to somebody. The president of an important manufacturing work
+once boasted to me that their men had chased away the first inspector
+who had ventured to appear among them, and that they had never been
+troubled with another since. This was said as a matter of sincere
+congratulation, but I thought to myself: &quot;This concern will never
+stand the strain of competition; it is bound to fail when hard times
+come.&quot; The result proved the correctness of my belief. The surest
+foundation of a manufacturing concern is quality. After that, and a
+long way after, comes cost.</p>
+
+<p>I gave a great deal of personal attention for some years to the
+affairs of the Keystone Bridge Works, and when important contracts
+were involved often went myself to meet the parties. On one such
+occasion in 1868, I visited Dubuque, Iowa, with our engineer, Walter
+Katte. We were competing for the building of the most important
+railway bridge that had been built up to that time, a bridge across
+the wide Mississippi at Dubuque, to span which was considered a great
+under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>taking. We found the river frozen and crossed it upon a sleigh
+drawn by four horses.</p>
+
+<p>That visit proved how much success turns upon trifles. We found we
+were not the lowest bidder. Our chief rival was a bridge-building
+concern in Chicago to which the board had decided to award the
+contract. I lingered and talked with some of the directors. They were
+delightfully ignorant of the merits of cast- and wrought-iron. We had
+always made the upper cord of the bridge of the latter, while our
+rivals' was made of cast-iron. This furnished my text. I pictured the
+result of a steamer striking against the one and against the other. In
+the case of the wrought-iron cord it would probably only bend; in the
+case of the cast-iron it would certainly break and down would come the
+bridge. One of the directors, the well-known Perry Smith, was
+fortunately able to enforce my argument, by stating to the board that
+what I said was undoubtedly the case about cast-iron. The other night
+he had run his buggy in the dark against a lamp-post which was of
+cast-iron and the lamp-post had broken to pieces. Am I to be censured
+if I had little difficulty here in recognizing something akin to the
+hand of Providence, with Perry Smith the manifest agent?</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah, gentlemen,&quot; I said, &quot;there is the point. A little more money and
+you could have had the indestructible wrought-iron and your bridge
+would stand against any steamboat. We never have built and we never
+will build a cheap bridge. Ours don't fall.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There was a pause; then the president of the bridge company, Mr.
+Allison, the great Senator, asked if I would excuse them for a few
+moments. I retired. Soon they recalled me and offered the contract,
+provided we took the lower price, which was only a few thousand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+dollars less. I agreed to the concession. That cast-iron lamp-post so
+opportunely smashed gave us one of our most profitable contracts and,
+what is more, obtained for us the reputation of having taken the
+Dubuque bridge against all competitors. It also laid the foundation
+for me of a lifelong, unbroken friendship with one of America's best
+and most valuable public men, Senator Allison.</p>
+
+<p>The moral of that story lies on the surface. If you want a contract,
+be on the spot when it is let. A smashed lamp-post or something
+equally unthought of may secure the prize if the bidder be on hand.
+And if possible stay on hand until you can take the written contract
+home in your pocket. This we did at Dubuque, although it was suggested
+we could leave and it would be sent after us to execute. We preferred
+to remain, being anxious to see more of the charms of Dubuque.</p>
+
+<p>After building the Steubenville Bridge, it became a necessity for the
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company to build bridges across the Ohio
+River at Parkersburg and Wheeling, to prevent their great rival, the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, from possessing a decided advantage.
+The days of ferryboats were then fast passing away. It was in
+connection with the contracts for these bridges that I had the
+pleasure of making the acquaintance of a man, then of great position,
+Mr. Garrett, president of the Baltimore and Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>We were most anxious to secure both bridges and all the approaches to
+them, but I found Mr. Garrett decidedly of the opinion that we were
+quite unable to do so much work in the time specified. He wished to
+build the approaches and the short spans in his own shops, and asked
+me if we would permit him to use our patents. I replied that we would
+feel highly honored by the Bal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>timore and Ohio doing so. The stamp of
+approval of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad would be worth ten times
+the patent fees. He could use all, and everything, we had.</p>
+
+<p>There was no doubt as to the favorable impression that made upon the
+great railway magnate. He was much pleased and, to my utter surprise,
+took me into his private room and opened up a frank conversation upon
+matters in general. He touched especially upon his quarrels with the
+Pennsylvania Railroad people, with Mr. Thomson and Mr. Scott, the
+president and vice-president, whom he knew to be my special friends.
+This led me to say that I had passed through Philadelphia on my way to
+see him and had been asked by Mr. Scott where I was going.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I told him that I was going to visit you to obtain the contracts for
+your great bridges over the Ohio River. Mr. Scott said it was not
+often that I went on a fool's errand, but that I was certainly on one
+now; that Mr. Garrett would never think for a moment of giving me his
+contracts, for every one knew that I was, as a former employee, always
+friendly to the Pennsylvania Railroad. Well, I said, we shall build
+Mr. Garrett's bridges.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Garrett promptly replied that when the interests of his company
+were at stake it was the best always that won. His engineers had
+reported that our plans were the best and that Scott and Thomson would
+see that he had only one rule&#8212;the interests of his company. Although
+he very well knew that I was a Pennsylvania Railroad man, yet he felt
+it his duty to award us the work.</p>
+
+<p>The negotiation was still unsatisfactory to me, because we were to get
+all the difficult part of the work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>&#8212;the great spans of which the risk
+was then considerable&#8212;while Mr. Garrett was to build all the small
+and profitable spans at his own shops upon our plans and patents. I
+ventured to ask whether he was dividing the work because he honestly
+believed we could not open his bridges for traffic as soon as his
+masonry would permit. He admitted he was. I told him that he need not
+have any fear upon that point.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Garrett,&quot; I said, &quot;would you consider my personal bond a good
+security?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Certainly,&quot; he said.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, now,&quot; I replied, &quot;bind me! I know what I am doing. I will take
+the risk. How much of a bond do you want me to give you that your
+bridges will be opened for traffic at the specified time if you give
+us the entire contract, provided you get your masonry ready?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, I would want a hundred thousand dollars from you, young man.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;All right,&quot; I said, &quot;prepare your bond. Give us the work. Our firm is
+not going to let me lose a hundred thousand dollars. You know that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes,&quot; he said, &quot;I believe if you are bound for a hundred thousand
+dollars your company will work day and night and I will get my
+bridges.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This was the arrangement which gave us what were then the gigantic
+contracts of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It is needless to say
+that I never had to pay that bond. My partners knew much better than
+Mr. Garrett the conditions of his work. The Ohio River was not to be
+trifled with, and long before his masonry was ready we had relieved
+ourselves from all responsibility upon the bond by placing the
+superstructure on the banks awaiting the completion of the
+substructure which he was still building.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Garrett was very proud of his Scottish blood, and Burns having
+been once touched upon between us we became firm friends. He
+afterwards took me to his fine mansion in the country. He was one of
+the few Americans who then lived in the grand style of a country
+gentleman, with many hundreds of acres of beautiful land, park-like
+drives, a stud of thoroughbred horses, with cattle, sheep, and dogs,
+and a home that realized what one had read of the country life of a
+nobleman in England.</p>
+
+<p>At a later date he had fully determined that his railroad company
+should engage in the manufacture of steel rails and had applied for
+the right to use the Bessemer patents. This was a matter of great
+moment to us. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company was one of our
+best customers, and we were naturally anxious to prevent the building
+of steel-rail rolling mills at Cumberland. It would have been a losing
+enterprise for the Baltimore and Ohio, for I was sure it could buy its
+steel rails at a much cheaper rate than it could possibly make the
+small quantity needed for itself. I visited Mr. Garrett to talk the
+matter over with him. He was then much pleased with the foreign
+commerce and the lines of steamships which made Baltimore their port.
+He drove me, accompanied by several of his staff, to the wharves where
+he was to decide about their extension, and as the foreign goods were
+being discharged from the steamship side and placed in the railway
+cars, he turned to me and said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Carnegie, you can now begin to appreciate the magnitude of our
+vast system and understand why it is necessary that we should make
+everything for ourselves, even our steel rails. We cannot depend upon
+private concerns to supply us with any of the princi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>pal articles we
+consume. We shall be a world to ourselves.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; I said, &quot;Mr. Garrett, it is all very grand, but really your
+'vast system' does not overwhelm me. I read your last annual report
+and saw that you collected last year for transporting the goods of
+others the sum of fourteen millions of dollars. The firms I control
+dug the material from the hills, made their own goods, and sold them
+to a much greater value than that. You are really a very small concern
+compared with Carnegie Brothers and Company.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>My railroad apprenticeship came in there to advantage. We heard no
+more of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company entering into
+competition with us. Mr. Garrett and I remained good friends to the
+end. He even presented me with a Scotch collie dog of his own rearing.
+That I had been a Pennsylvania Railroad man was drowned in the &quot;wee
+drap o' Scotch bluid atween us.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<h3>THE IRON WORKS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;T</span><b>HE</b> Keystone Works have always been my pet as being the parent of all
+the other works. But they had not been long in existence before the
+advantage of wrought- over cast-iron became manifest. Accordingly, to
+insure uniform quality, and also to make certain shapes which were not
+then to be obtained, we determined to embark in the manufacture of
+iron. My brother and I became interested with Thomas N. Miller, Henry
+Phipps, and Andrew Kloman in a small iron mill. Miller was the first
+to embark with Kloman and he brought Phipps in, lending him eight
+hundred dollars to buy a one-sixth interest, in November, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>I must not fail to record that Mr. Miller was the pioneer of our iron
+manufacturing projects. We were all indebted to Tom, who still lives
+(July 20, 1911) and sheds upon us the sweetness and light of a most
+lovable nature, a friend who grows more precious as the years roll by.
+He has softened by age, and even his outbursts against theology as
+antagonistic to true religion are in his fine old age much less
+alarming. We are all prone to grow philosophic in age, and perhaps
+this is well. [In re-reading this&#8212;July 19, 1912&#8212;in our retreat upon
+the high moors at Aultnagar, I drop a tear for my bosom friend, dear
+Tom Miller, who died in Pittsburgh last winter. Mrs. Carnegie and I
+attended his funeral. Henceforth life lacks something, lacks much&#8212;my
+first partner in early years, my dearest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> friend in old age. May I go
+where he is, wherever that may be.]</p>
+
+<p>Andrew Kloman had a small steel-hammer in Allegheny City. As a
+superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad I had found that he made
+the best axles. He was a great mechanic&#8212;one who had discovered, what
+was then unknown in Pittsburgh, that whatever was worth doing with
+machinery was worth doing well. His German mind made him thorough.
+What he constructed cost enormously, but when once started it did the
+work it was intended to do from year's end to year's end. In those
+early days it was a question with axles generally whether they would
+run any specified time or break. There was no analysis of material, no
+scientific treatment of it.</p>
+
+<p>How much this German created! He was the first man to introduce the
+cold saw that cut cold iron the exact lengths. He invented upsetting
+machines to make bridge links, and also built the first &quot;universal&quot;
+mill in America. All these were erected at our works. When Captain
+Eads could not obtain the couplings for the St. Louis Bridge arches
+(the contractors failing to make them) and matters were at a
+standstill, Kloman told us that he could make them and why the others
+had failed. He succeeded in making them. Up to that date they were the
+largest semicircles that had ever been rolled. Our confidence in Mr.
+Kloman may be judged from the fact that when he said he could make
+them we unhesitatingly contracted to furnish them.</p>
+
+<p>I have already spoken of the intimacy between our family and that of
+the Phippses. In the early days my chief companion was the elder
+brother, John. Henry was several years my junior, but had not failed
+to attract my attention as a bright, clever lad. One day he asked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> his
+brother John to lend him a quarter of a dollar. John saw that he had
+important use for it and handed him the shining quarter without
+inquiry. Next morning an advertisement appeared in the &quot;Pittsburgh
+Dispatch&quot;:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;A willing boy wishes work.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This was the use the energetic and willing Harry had made of his
+quarter, probably the first quarter he had ever spent at one time in
+his life. A response came from the well-known firm of Dilworth and
+Bidwell. They asked the &quot;willing boy&quot; to call. Harry went and obtained
+a position as errand boy, and as was then the custom, his first duty
+every morning was to sweep the office. He went to his parents and
+obtained their consent, and in this way the young lad launched himself
+upon the sea of business. There was no holding back a boy like that.
+It was the old story. He soon became indispensable to his employers,
+obtained a small interest in a collateral branch of their business;
+and then, ever on the alert, it was not many years before he attracted
+the attention of Mr. Miller, who made a small investment for him with
+Andrew Kloman. That finally resulted in the building of the iron mill
+in Twenty-Ninth Street. He had been a schoolmate and great crony of my
+brother Tom. As children they had played together, and throughout
+life, until my brother's death in 1886, these two formed, as it were,
+a partnership within a partnership. They invariably held equal
+interests in the various firms with which they were connected. What
+one did the other did.</p>
+
+<p>The errand boy is now one of the richest men in the United States and
+has begun to prove that he knows how to expend his surplus. Years ago
+he gave beautiful conservatories to the public parks of Allegheny and
+Pittsburgh. That he specified &quot;that these should be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> open upon Sunday&quot;
+shows that he is a man of his time. This clause in the gift created
+much excitement. Ministers denounced him from the pulpit and
+assemblies of the church passed resolutions declaring against the
+desecration of the Lord's Day. But the people rose, <i>en masse</i>,
+against this narrow-minded contention and the Council of the city
+accepted the gift with acclamation. The sound common sense of my
+partner was well expressed when he said in reply to a remonstrance by
+ministers:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It is all very well for you, gentlemen, who work one day in the week
+and are masters of your time the other six during which you can view
+the beauties of Nature&#8212;all very well for you&#8212;but I think it shameful
+that you should endeavor to shut out from the toiling masses all that
+is calculated to entertain and instruct them during the only day which
+you well know they have at their disposal.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>These same ministers have recently been quarreling in their convention
+at Pittsburgh upon the subject of instrumental music in churches. But
+while they are debating whether it is right to have organs in
+churches, intelligent people are opening museums, conservatories, and
+libraries upon the Sabbath; and unless the pulpit soon learns how to
+meet the real wants of the people in this life (where alone men's
+duties lie) much better than it is doing at present, these rival
+claimants for popular favor may soon empty their churches.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately Kloman and Phipps soon differed with Miller about the
+business and forced him out. Being convinced that Miller was unfairly
+treated, I united with him in building new works. These were the
+Cyclops Mills of 1864. After they were set running it became possible,
+and therefore advisable, to unite the old and the new works, and the
+Union Iron Mills were formed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> by their consolidation in 1867. I did
+not believe that Mr. Miller's reluctance to associate again with his
+former partners, Phipps and Kloman, could not be overcome, because
+they would not control the Union Works. Mr. Miller, my brother, and I
+would hold the controlling interest. But Mr. Miller proved obdurate
+and begged me to buy his interest, which I reluctantly did after all
+efforts had failed to induce him to let bygones be bygones. He was
+Irish, and the Irish blood when aroused is uncontrollable. Mr. Miller
+has since regretted (to me) his refusal of my earnest request, which
+would have enabled the pioneer of all of us to reap what was only his
+rightful reward&#8212;millionairedom for himself and his followers.</p>
+
+<p>We were young in manufacturing then and obtained for the Cyclops Mills
+what was considered at the time an enormous extent of land&#8212;seven
+acres. For some years we offered to lease a portion of the ground to
+others. It soon became a question whether we could continue the
+manufacture of iron within so small an area. Mr. Kloman succeeded in
+making iron beams and for many years our mill was far in advance of
+any other in that respect. We began at the new mill by making all
+shapes which were required, and especially such as no other concern
+would undertake, depending upon an increasing demand in our growing
+country for things that were only rarely needed at first. What others
+could not or would not do we would attempt, and this was a rule of our
+business which was strictly adhered to. Also we would make nothing
+except of excellent quality. We always accommodated our customers,
+even although at some expense to ourselves, and in cases of dispute we
+gave the other party the benefit of the doubt and settled. These were
+our rules. We had no lawsuits.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As I became acquainted with the manufacture of iron I was greatly
+surprised to find that the cost of each of the various processes was
+unknown. Inquiries made of the leading manufacturers of Pittsburgh
+proved this. It was a lump business, and until stock was taken and the
+books balanced at the end of the year, the manufacturers were in total
+ignorance of results. I heard of men who thought their business at the
+end of the year would show a loss and had found a profit, and
+<i>vice-versa</i>. I felt as if we were moles burrowing in the dark, and
+this to me was intolerable. I insisted upon such a system of weighing
+and accounting being introduced throughout our works as would enable
+us to know what our cost was for each process and especially what each
+man was doing, who saved material, who wasted it, and who produced the
+best results.</p>
+
+<p>To arrive at this was a much more difficult task than one would
+imagine. Every manager in the mills was naturally against the new
+system. Years were required before an accurate system was obtained,
+but eventually, by the aid of many clerks and the introduction of
+weighing scales at various points in the mill, we began to know not
+only what every department was doing, but what each one of the many
+men working at the furnaces was doing, and thus to compare one with
+another. One of the chief sources of success in manufacturing is the
+introduction and strict maintenance of a perfect system of accounting
+so that responsibility for money or materials can be brought home to
+every man. Owners who, in the office, would not trust a clerk with
+five dollars without having a check upon him, were supplying tons of
+material daily to men in the mills without exacting an account of
+their stewardship by weighing what each returned in the finished
+form.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Siemens Gas Furnace had been used to some extent in Great Britain
+for heating steel and iron, but it was supposed to be too expensive. I
+well remember the criticisms made by older heads among the Pittsburgh
+manufacturers about the extravagant expenditure we were making upon
+these new-fangled furnaces. But in the heating of great masses of
+material, almost half the waste could sometimes be saved by using the
+new furnaces. The expenditure would have been justified, even if it
+had been doubled. Yet it was many years before we were followed in
+this new departure; and in some of those years the margin of profit
+was so small that the most of it was made up from the savings derived
+from the adoption of the improved furnaces.</p>
+
+<p>Our strict system of accounting enabled us to detect the great waste
+possible in heating large masses of iron. This improvement revealed to
+us a valuable man in a clerk, William Borntraeger, a distant relative
+of Mr. Kloman, who came from Germany. He surprised us one day by
+presenting a detailed statement showing results for a period, which
+seemed incredible. All the needed labor in preparing this statement he
+had performed at night unasked and unknown to us. The form adapted was
+uniquely original. Needless to say, William soon became superintendent
+of the works and later a partner, and the poor German lad died a
+millionaire. He well deserved his fortune.</p>
+
+<p>It was in 1862 that the great oil wells of Pennsylvania attracted
+attention. My friend Mr. William Coleman, whose daughter became, at a
+later date, my sister-in-law, was deeply interested in the discovery,
+and nothing would do but that I should take a trip with him to the oil
+regions. It was a most interesting excursion. There had been a rush to
+the oil fields and the influx was so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> great that it was impossible for
+all to obtain shelter. This, however, to the class of men who flocked
+thither, was but a slight drawback. A few hours sufficed to knock up a
+shanty, and it was surprising in how short a time they were able to
+surround themselves with many of the comforts of life. They were men
+above the average, men who had saved considerable sums and were able
+to venture something in the search for fortune.</p>
+
+<p>What surprised me was the good humor which prevailed everywhere. It
+was a vast picnic, full of amusing incidents. Everybody was in high
+glee; fortunes were supposedly within reach; everything was booming.
+On the tops of the derricks floated flags on which strange mottoes
+were displayed. I remember looking down toward the river and seeing
+two men working their treadles boring for oil upon the banks of the
+stream, and inscribed upon their flag was &quot;Hell or China.&quot; They were
+going down, no matter how far.</p>
+
+<p>The adaptability of the American was never better displayed than in
+this region. Order was soon evolved out of chaos. When we visited the
+place not long after we were serenaded by a brass band the players of
+which were made up of the new inhabitants along the creek. It would be
+safe to wager that a thousand Americans in a new land would organize
+themselves, establish schools, churches, newspapers, and brass
+bands&#8212;in short, provide themselves with all the appliances of
+civilization&#8212;and go ahead developing their country before an equal
+number of British would have discovered who among them was the highest
+in hereditary rank and had the best claims to leadership owing to his
+grandfather. There is but one rule among Americans&#8212;the tools to those
+who can use them.</p>
+
+<p>To-day Oil Creek is a town of many thousand inhabi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>tants, as is also
+Titusville at the other end of the creek. The district which began by
+furnishing a few barrels of oil every season, gathered with blankets
+from the surface of the creek by the Seneca Indians, has now several
+towns and refineries, with millions of dollars of capital. In those
+early days all the arrangements were of the crudest character. When
+the oil was obtained it was run into flat-bottomed boats which leaked
+badly. Water ran into the boats and the oil overflowed into the river.
+The creek was dammed at various places, and upon a stipulated day and
+hour the dams were opened and upon the flood the oil boats floated to
+the Allegheny River, and thence to Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>In this way not only the creek, but the Allegheny River, became
+literally covered with oil. The loss involved in transportation to
+Pittsburgh was estimated at fully a third of the total quantity, and
+before the oil boats started it is safe to say that another third was
+lost by leakage. The oil gathered by the Indians in the early days was
+bottled in Pittsburgh and sold at high prices as medicine&#8212;a dollar
+for a small vial. It had general reputation as a sure cure for
+rheumatic tendencies. As it became plentiful and cheap its virtues
+vanished. What fools we mortals be!</p>
+
+<p>The most celebrated wells were upon the Storey farm. Upon these we
+obtained an option of purchase for forty thousand dollars. We bought
+them. Mr. Coleman, ever ready at suggestion, proposed to make a lake
+of oil by excavating a pool sufficient to hold a hundred thousand
+barrels (the waste to be made good every day by running streams of oil
+into it), and to hold it for the not far distant day when, as we then
+expected, the oil supply would cease. This was promptly acted upon,
+but after losing many thousands of barrels waiting for the ex<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>pected
+day (which has not yet arrived) we abandoned the reserve. Coleman
+predicted that when the supply stopped, oil would bring ten dollars a
+barrel and therefore we would have a million dollars worth in the
+lake. We did not think then of Nature's storehouse below which still
+keeps on yielding many thousands of barrels per day without apparent
+exhaustion.</p>
+
+<p>This forty-thousand-dollar investment proved for us the best of all so
+far. The revenues from it came at the most opportune time.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> The
+building of the new mill in Pittsburgh required not only all the
+capital we could gather, but the use of our credit, which I consider,
+looking backward, was remarkably good for young men.</p>
+
+<p>Having become interested in this oil venture, I made several
+excursions to the district and also, in 1864, to an oil field in Ohio
+where a great well had been struck which yielded a peculiar quality of
+oil well fitted for lubricating purposes. My journey thither with Mr.
+Coleman and Mr. David Ritchie was one of the strangest experiences I
+ever had. We left the railway line some hundreds of miles from
+Pittsburgh and plunged through a sparsely inhabited district to the
+waters of Duck Creek to see the monster well. We bought it before
+leaving.</p>
+
+<p>It was upon our return that adventures began. The weather had been
+fine and the roads quite passable during our journey thither, but rain
+had set in during our stay. We started back in our wagon, but before
+going far fell into difficulties. The road had become a mass of soft,
+tenacious mud and our wagon labored fearfully. The rain fell in
+torrents, and it soon became evident that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> we were in for a night of
+it. Mr. Coleman lay at full length on one side of the wagon, and Mr.
+Ritchie on the other, and I, being then very thin, weighing not much
+more than a hundred pounds, was nicely sandwiched between the two
+portly gentlemen. Every now and then the wagon proceeded a few feet
+heaving up and down in the most outrageous manner, and finally
+sticking fast. In this fashion we passed the night. There was in front
+a seat across the wagon, under which we got our heads, and in spite of
+our condition the night was spent in uproarious merriment.</p>
+
+<p>By the next night we succeeded in reaching a country town in the worst
+possible plight. We saw the little frame church of the town lighted
+and heard the bell ringing. We had just reached our tavern when a
+committee appeared stating that they had been waiting for us and that
+the congregation was assembled. It appears that a noted exhorter had
+been expected who had no doubt been delayed as we had been. I was
+taken for the absentee minister and asked how soon I would be ready to
+accompany them to the meeting-house. I was almost prepared with my
+companions to carry out the joke (we were in for fun), but I found I
+was too exhausted with fatigue to attempt it. I had never before come
+so near occupying a pulpit.</p>
+
+<p>My investments now began to require so much of my personal attention
+that I resolved to leave the service of the railway company and devote
+myself exclusively to my own affairs. I had been honored a short time
+before this decision by being called by President Thomson to
+Philadelphia. He desired to promote me to the office of assistant
+general superintendent with headquarters at Altoona under Mr. Lewis. I
+declined, telling him that I had decided to give up the railroad
+service altogether,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> that I was determined to make a fortune and I saw
+no means of doing this honestly at any salary the railroad company
+could afford to give, and I would not do it by indirection. When I lay
+down at night I was going to get a verdict of approval from the
+highest of all tribunals, the judge within.</p>
+
+<p>I repeated this in my parting letter to President Thomson, who warmly
+congratulated me upon it in his letter of reply. I resigned my
+position March 28, 1865, and received from the men on the railway a
+gold watch. This and Mr. Thomson's letter I treasure among my most
+precious mementos.</p>
+
+<p>The following letter was written to the men on the Division:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Pennsylvania Railroad Company</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Superintendent's Office, Pittsburgh Division</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Pittsburgh</span>, <i>March 28, 1865</i></p>
+
+<p>To the Officers and Employees of the Pittsburgh Division</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I cannot allow my connection with you to cease without some
+expression of the deep regret felt at parting.</p>
+
+<p>Twelve years of pleasant intercourse have served to inspire
+feelings of personal regard for those who have so faithfully
+labored with me in the service of the Company. The coming
+change is painful only as I reflect that in consequence
+thereof I am not to be in the future, as in the past,
+intimately associated with you and with many others in the
+various departments, who have through business intercourse,
+become my personal friends. I assure you although the
+official relations hitherto existing between us must soon
+close, I can never fail to feel and evince the liveliest
+interest in the welfare of such as have been identified with
+the Pittsburgh Division in times past, and who are, I trust,
+for many years to come to contribute to the success of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and share in its justly
+deserved prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>Thanking you most sincerely for the uniform kindness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> shown
+toward me, for your zealous efforts made at all times to
+meet my wishes, and asking for my successor similar support
+at your hands, I bid you all farewell.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Very respectfully</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) <span class="smcap">Andrew Carnegie</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Thenceforth I never worked for a salary. A man must necessarily occupy
+a narrow field who is at the beck and call of others. Even if he
+becomes president of a great corporation he is hardly his own master,
+unless he holds control of the stock. The ablest presidents are
+hampered by boards of directors and shareholders, who can know but
+little of the business. But I am glad to say that among my best
+friends to-day are those with whom I labored in the service of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1867, Mr. Phipps, Mr. J.W. Vandevort, and myself revisited
+Europe, traveling extensively through England and Scotland, and made
+the tour of the Continent. &quot;Vandy&quot; had become my closest companion. We
+had both been fired by reading Bayard Taylor's &quot;Views Afoot.&quot; It was
+in the days of the oil excitement and shares were going up like
+rockets. One Sunday, lying in the grass, I said to &quot;Vandy&quot;:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;If you could make three thousand dollars would you spend it in a tour
+through Europe with me?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Would a duck swim or an Irishman eat potatoes?&quot; was his reply.</p>
+
+<p>The sum was soon made in oil stock by the investment of a few hundred
+dollars which &quot;Vandy&quot; had saved. This was the beginning of our
+excursion. We asked my partner, Harry Phipps, who was by this time
+quite a capitalist, to join the party. We visited most of the capitals
+of Europe, and in all the enthusiasm of youth climbed every spire,
+slept on mountain-tops, and carried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> our luggage in knapsacks upon our
+backs. We ended our journey upon Vesuvius, where we resolved some day
+to go around the world.</p>
+
+<p>This visit to Europe proved most instructive. Up to this time I had
+known nothing of painting or sculpture, but it was not long before I
+could classify the works of the great painters. One may not at the
+time justly appreciate the advantage he is receiving from examining
+the great masterpieces, but upon his return to America he will find
+himself unconsciously rejecting what before seemed truly beautiful,
+and judging productions which come before him by a new standard. That
+which is truly great has so impressed itself upon him that what is
+false or pretentious proves no longer attractive.</p>
+
+<p>My visit to Europe also gave me my first great treat in music. The
+Handel Anniversary was then being celebrated at the Crystal Palace in
+London, and I had never up to that time, nor have I often since, felt
+the power and majesty of music in such high degree. What I heard at
+the Crystal Palace and what I subsequently heard on the Continent in
+the cathedrals, and at the opera, certainly enlarged my appreciation
+of music. At Rome the Pope's choir and the celebrations in the
+churches at Christmas and Easter furnished, as it were, a grand climax
+to the whole.</p>
+
+<p>These visits to Europe were also of great service in a commercial
+sense. One has to get out of the swirl of the great Republic to form a
+just estimate of the velocity with which it spins. I felt that a
+manufacturing concern like ours could scarcely develop fast enough for
+the wants of the American people, but abroad nothing seemed to be
+going forward. If we excepted a few of the capitals of Europe,
+everything on the Continent seemed to be almost at a standstill, while
+the Republic represented<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> throughout its entire extent such a scene as
+there must have been at the Tower of Babel, as pictured in the
+story-books&#8212;hundreds rushing to and fro, each more active than his
+neighbor, and all engaged in constructing the mighty edifice.</p>
+
+<p>It was Cousin &quot;Dod&quot; (Mr. George Lauder) to whom we were indebted for a
+new development in our mill operations&#8212;the first of its kind in
+America. He it was who took our Mr. Coleman to Wigan in England and
+explained the process of washing and coking the dross from coal mines.
+Mr. Coleman had constantly been telling us how grand it would be to
+utilize what was then being thrown away at our mines, and was indeed
+an expense to dispose of. Our Cousin &quot;Dod&quot; was a mechanical engineer,
+educated under Lord Kelvin at Glasgow University, and as he
+corroborated all that Mr. Coleman stated, in December, 1871, I
+undertook to advance the capital to build works along the line of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad. Contracts for ten years were made with the
+leading coal companies for their dross and with the railway companies
+for transportation, and Mr. Lauder, who came to Pittsburgh and
+superintended the whole operation for years, began the construction of
+the first coal-washing machinery in America. He made a success of
+it&#8212;he never failed to do that in any mining or mechanical operation
+he undertook&#8212;and he soon cleared the cost of the works. No wonder
+that at a later date my partners desired to embrace the coke works in
+our general firm and thus capture not only these, but Lauder also.
+&quot;Dod&quot; had won his spurs.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image13">
+<img src="images/image13.jpg" alt="George Lauder" width="279" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>GEORGE LAUDER</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>The ovens were extended from time to time until we had five hundred of
+them, washing nearly fifteen hundred tons of coal daily. I confess I
+never pass these coal ovens at Larimer's Station without feeling that
+if he who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> makes two blades of grass grow where one grew before is a
+public benefactor and lays the race under obligation, those who
+produce superior coke from material that has been for all previous
+years thrown over the bank as worthless, have great cause for
+self-congratulation. It is fine to make something out of nothing; it
+is also something to be the first firm to do this upon our continent.</p>
+
+<p>We had another valuable partner in a second cousin of mine, a son of
+Cousin Morrison of Dunfermline. Walking through the shops one day, the
+superintendent asked me if I knew I had a relative there who was
+proving an exceptional mechanic. I replied in the negative and asked
+that I might speak with him on our way around. We met. I asked his
+name.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Morrison,&quot; was the reply, &quot;son of Robert&quot;&#8212;my cousin Bob.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, how did you come here?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I thought we could better ourselves,&quot; he said.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Who have you with you?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;My wife,&quot; was the reply.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Why didn't you come first to see your relative who might have been
+able to introduce you here?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, I didn't feel I needed help if I only got a chance.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There spoke the true Morrison, taught to depend on himself, and
+independent as Lucifer. Not long afterwards I heard of his promotion
+to the superintendency of our newly acquired works at Duquesne, and
+from that position he steadily marched upward. He is to-day a
+blooming, but still sensible, millionaire. We are all proud of Tom
+Morrison. [A note received from him yesterday invites Mrs. Carnegie
+and myself to be his guests during our coming visit of a few days at
+the annual celebration of the Carnegie Institute.]<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I was always advising that our iron works should be extended and new
+developments made in connection with the manufacture of iron and
+steel, which I saw was only in its infancy. All apprehension of its
+future development was dispelled by the action of America with regard
+to the tariff upon foreign imports. It was clear to my mind that the
+Civil War had resulted in a fixed determination upon the part of the
+American people to build a nation within itself, independent of Europe
+in all things essential to its safety. America had been obliged to
+import all her steel of every form and most of the iron needed,
+Britain being the chief seller. The people demanded a home supply and
+Congress granted the manufacturers a tariff of twenty-eight per cent
+<i>ad valorem</i> on steel rails&#8212;the tariff then being equal to about
+twenty-eight dollars per ton. Rails were selling at about a hundred
+dollars per ton, and other rates in proportion.</p>
+
+<p>Protection has played a great part in the development of manufacturing
+in the United States. Previous to the Civil War it was a party
+question, the South standing for free trade and regarding a tariff as
+favorable only to the North. The sympathy shown by the British
+Government for the Confederacy, culminating in the escape of the
+Alabama and other privateers to prey upon American commerce, aroused
+hostility against that Government, notwithstanding the majority of her
+common people favored the United States. The tariff became no longer a
+party question, but a national policy, approved by both parties. It
+had become a patriotic duty to develop vital resources. No less than
+ninety Northern Democrats in Congress, including the Speaker of the
+House, agreed upon that point.</p>
+
+<p>Capital no longer hesitated to embark in manufac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>turing, confident as
+it was that the nation would protect it as long as necessary. Years
+after the war, demands for a reduction of the tariff arose and it was
+my lot to be drawn into the controversy. It was often charged that
+bribery of Congressmen by manufacturers was common. So far as I know
+there was no foundation for this. Certainly the manufacturers never
+raised any sums beyond those needed to maintain the Iron and Steel
+Association, a matter of a few thousand dollars per year. They did,
+however, subscribe freely to a campaign when the issue was Protection
+<i>versus</i> Free Trade.</p>
+
+<p>The duties upon steel were successively reduced, with my cordial
+support, until the twenty-eight dollars duty on rails became only one
+fourth or seven dollars per ton. [To-day (1911) the duty is only about
+one half of that, and even that should go in the next revision.] The
+effort of President Cleveland to pass a more drastic new tariff was
+interesting. It cut too deep in many places and its passage would have
+injured more than one manufacture. I was called to Washington, and
+tried to modify and, as I believe, improve, the Wilson Bill. Senator
+Gorman, Democratic leader of the Senate, Governor Flower of New York,
+and a number of the ablest Democrats were as sound protectionists in
+moderation as I was. Several of these were disposed to oppose the
+Wilson Bill as being unnecessarily severe and certain to cripple some
+of our domestic industries. Senator Gorman said to me he wished as
+little as I did to injure any home producer, and he thought his
+colleagues had confidence in and would be guided by me as to iron and
+steel rates, provided that large reductions were made and that the
+Republican Senators would stand unitedly for a bill of that character.
+I remember his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> words, &quot;I can afford to fight the President and beat
+him, but I can't afford to fight him and be beaten.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Governor Flower shared these views. There was little trouble in
+getting our party to agree to the large reductions I proposed. The
+Wilson-Gorman Tariff Bill was adopted. Meeting Senator Gorman later,
+he explained that he had to give way on cotton ties to secure several
+Southern Senators. Cotton ties had to be free. So tariff legislation
+goes.</p>
+
+<p>I was not sufficiently prominent in manufacturing to take part in
+getting the tariff established immediately after the war, so it
+happened that my part has always been to favor reduction of duties,
+opposing extremes&#8212;the unreasonable protectionists who consider the
+higher the duties the better and declaim against any reduction, and
+the other extremists who denounce all duties and would adopt
+unrestrained free trade.</p>
+
+<p>We could now (1907) abolish all duties upon steel and iron without
+injury, essential as these duties were at the beginning. Europe has
+not much surplus production, so that should prices rise exorbitantly
+here only a small amount could be drawn from there and this would
+instantly raise prices in Europe, so that our home manufacturers could
+not be seriously affected. Free trade would only tend to prevent
+exorbitant prices here for a time when the demand was excessive. Home
+iron and steel manufacturers have nothing to fear from free trade. [I
+recently (1910) stated this in evidence before the Tariff Commission
+at Washington.]</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<h3>NEW YORK AS HEADQUARTERS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">O</span><b>UR</b> business continued to expand and required frequent visits on my
+part to the East, especially to New York, which is as London to
+Britain&#8212;the headquarters of all really important enterprises in
+America. No large concern could very well get on without being
+represented there. My brother and Mr. Phipps had full grasp of the
+business at Pittsburgh. My field appeared to be to direct the general
+policy of the companies and negotiate the important contracts.</p>
+
+<p>My brother had been so fortunate as to marry Miss Lucy Coleman,
+daughter of one of our most valued partners and friends. Our family
+residence at Homewood was given over to him, and I was once more
+compelled to break old associations and leave Pittsburgh in 1867 to
+take up my residence in New York. The change was hard enough for me,
+but much harder for my mother; but she was still in the prime of life
+and we could be happy anywhere so long as we were together. Still she
+did feel the leaving of our home very much. We were perfect strangers
+in New York, and at first took up our quarters in the St. Nicholas
+Hotel, then in its glory. I opened an office in Broad Street.</p>
+
+<p>For some time the Pittsburgh friends who came to New York were our
+chief source of happiness, and the Pittsburgh papers seemed necessary
+to our existence. I made frequent visits there and my mother often
+accompanied me, so that our connection with the old home was still
+maintained. But after a time new friend<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>ships were formed and new
+interests awakened and New York began to be called home. When the
+proprietors of the St. Nicholas opened the Windsor Hotel uptown, we
+took up our residence there and up to the year 1887 that was our New
+York home. Mr. Hawk, the proprietor, became one of our valued friends
+and his nephew and namesake still remains so.</p>
+
+<p>Among the educative influences from which I derived great advantage in
+New York, none ranks higher than the Nineteenth Century Club organized
+by Mr. and Mrs. Courtlandt Palmer. The club met at their house once a
+month for the discussion of various topics and soon attracted many
+able men and women. It was to Madame Botta I owed my election to
+membership&#8212;a remarkable woman, wife of Professor Botta, whose
+drawing-room became more of a salon than any in the city, if indeed it
+were not the only one resembling a salon at that time. I was honored
+by an invitation one day to dine at the Bottas' and there met for the
+first time several distinguished people, among them one who became my
+lifelong friend and wise counselor, Andrew D. White, then president of
+Cornell University, afterwards Ambassador to Russia and Germany, and
+our chief delegate to the Hague Conference.</p>
+
+<p>Here in the Nineteenth Century Club was an arena, indeed. Able men and
+women discussed the leading topics of the day in due form, addressing
+the audience one after another. The gatherings soon became too large
+for a private room. The monthly meetings were then held in the
+American Art Galleries. I remember the first evening I took part as
+one of the speakers the subject was &quot;The Aristocracy of the Dollar.&quot;
+Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson was the first speaker. This was my
+introduction to a New York audience.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> Thereafter I spoke now and then.
+It was excellent training, for one had to read and study for each
+appearance.</p>
+
+<p>I had lived long enough in Pittsburgh to acquire the manufacturing, as
+distinguished from the speculative, spirit. My knowledge of affairs,
+derived from my position as telegraph operator, had enabled me to know
+the few Pittsburgh men or firms which then had dealings upon the New
+York Stock Exchange, and I watched their careers with deep interest.
+To me their operations seemed simply a species of gambling. I did not
+then know that the credit of all these men or firms was seriously
+impaired by the knowledge (which it is almost impossible to conceal)
+that they were given to speculation. But the firms were then so few
+that I could have counted them on the fingers of one hand. The Oil and
+Stock Exchanges in Pittsburgh had not as yet been founded and brokers'
+offices with wires in connection with the stock exchanges of the East
+were unnecessary. Pittsburgh was emphatically a manufacturing town.</p>
+
+<p>I was surprised to find how very different was the state of affairs in
+New York. There were few even of the business men who had not their
+ventures in Wall Street to a greater or less extent. I was besieged
+with inquiries from all quarters in regard to the various railway
+enterprises with which I was connected. Offers were made to me by
+persons who were willing to furnish capital for investment and allow
+me to manage it&#8212;the supposition being that from the inside view which
+I was enabled to obtain I could invest for them successfully.
+Invitations were extended to me to join parties who intended quietly
+to buy up the control of certain properties. In fact the whole
+speculative field was laid out before me in its most seductive guise.</p>
+
+<p>All these allurements I declined. The most notable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> offer of this kind
+I ever received was one morning in the Windsor Hotel soon after my
+removal to New York. Jay Gould, then in the height of his career,
+approached me and said he had heard of me and he would purchase
+control of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and give me one half of
+all profits if I would agree to devote myself to its management. I
+thanked him and said that, although Mr. Scott and I had parted company
+in business matters, I would never raise my hand against him.
+Subsequently Mr. Scott told me he had heard I had been selected by New
+York interests to succeed him. I do not know how he had learned this,
+as I had never mentioned it. I was able to reassure him by saying that
+the only railroad company I would be president of would be one I
+owned.</p>
+
+<p>Strange what changes the whirligig of time brings in. It was my part
+one morning in 1900, some thirty years afterwards, to tell the son of
+Mr. Gould of his father's offer and to say to him:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Your father offered me control of the great Pennsylvania system. Now
+I offer his son in return the control of an international line from
+ocean to ocean.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The son and I agreed upon the first step&#8212;that was the bringing of his
+Wabash line to Pittsburgh. This was successfully done under a contract
+given the Wabash of one third of the traffic of our steel company. We
+were about to take up the eastern extension from Pittsburgh to the
+Atlantic when Mr. Morgan approached me in March, 1901, through Mr.
+Schwab, and asked if I really wished to retire from business. I
+answered in the affirmative and that put an end to our railway
+operations.</p>
+
+<p>I have never bought or sold a share of stock speculatively in my life,
+except one small lot of Pennsylvania<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> Railroad shares that I bought
+early in life for investment and for which I did not pay at the time
+because bankers offered to carry it for me at a low rate. I have
+adhered to the rule never to purchase what I did not pay for, and
+never to sell what I did not own. In those early days, however, I had
+several interests that were taken over in the course of business. They
+included some stocks and securities that were quoted on the New York
+Stock Exchange, and I found that when I opened my paper in the morning
+I was tempted to look first at the quotations of the stock market. As
+I had determined to sell all my interests in every outside concern and
+concentrate my attention upon our manufacturing concerns in
+Pittsburgh, I further resolved not even to own any stock that was
+bought and sold upon any stock exchange. With the exception of
+trifling amounts which came to me in various ways I have adhered
+strictly to this rule.</p>
+
+<p>Such a course should commend itself to every man in the manufacturing
+business and to all professional men. For the manufacturing man
+especially the rule would seem all-important. His mind must be kept
+calm and free if he is to decide wisely the problems which are
+continually coming before him. Nothing tells in the long run like good
+judgment, and no sound judgment can remain with the man whose mind is
+disturbed by the mercurial changes of the Stock Exchange. It places
+him under an influence akin to intoxication. What is not, he sees, and
+what he sees, is not. He cannot judge of relative values or get the
+true perspective of things. The molehill seems to him a mountain and
+the mountain a molehill, and he jumps at conclusions which he should
+arrive at by reason. His mind is upon the stock quotations and not
+upon the points that require calm thought.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> Speculation is a parasite
+feeding upon values, creating none.</p>
+
+<p>My first important enterprise after settling in New York was
+undertaking to build a bridge across the Mississippi at Keokuk.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>
+Mr. Thomson, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and I contracted
+for the whole structure, foundation, masonry, and superstructure,
+taking bonds and stocks in payment. The undertaking was a splendid
+success in every respect, except financially. A panic threw the
+connecting railways into bankruptcy. They were unable to pay the
+stipulated sums. Rival systems built a bridge across the Mississippi
+at Burlington and a railway down the west side of the Mississippi to
+Keokuk. The handsome profits which we saw in prospect were never
+realized. Mr. Thomson and myself, however, escaped loss, although
+there was little margin left.</p>
+
+<p>The superstructure for this bridge was built at our Keystone Works in
+Pittsburgh. The undertaking required me to visit Keokuk occasionally,
+and there I made the acquaintance of clever and delightful people,
+among them General and Mrs. Reid, and Mr. and Mrs. Leighton. Visiting
+Keokuk with some English friends at a later date, the impression they
+received of society in the Far West, on what to them seemed the very
+outskirts of civilization, was surprising. A reception given to us one
+evening by General Reid brought together an assembly creditable to any
+town in Britain. More than one of the guests had distinguished himself
+during the war and had risen to prominence in the national councils.</p>
+
+<p>The reputation obtained in the building of the Keokuk bridge led to my
+being applied to by those who were in charge of the scheme for
+bridging the Mississippi at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> St. Louis, to which I have already
+referred. This was connected with my first large financial
+transaction. One day in 1869 the gentleman in charge of the
+enterprise, Mr. Macpherson (he was very Scotch), called at my New York
+office and said they were trying to raise capital to build the bridge.
+He wished to know if I could not enlist some of the Eastern railroad
+companies in the scheme. After careful examination of the project I
+made the contract for the construction of the bridge on behalf of the
+Keystone Bridge Works. I also obtained an option upon four million
+dollars of first mortgage bonds of the bridge company and set out for
+London in March, 1869, to negotiate their sale.</p>
+
+<p>During the voyage I prepared a prospectus which I had printed upon my
+arrival in London, and, having upon my previous visit made the
+acquaintance of Junius S. Morgan, the great banker, I called upon him
+one morning and opened negotiations. I left with him a copy of the
+prospectus, and upon calling next day was delighted to find that Mr.
+Morgan viewed the matter favorably. I sold him part of the bonds with
+the option to take the remainder; but when his lawyers were called in
+for advice a score of changes were required in the wording of the
+bonds. Mr. Morgan said to me that as I was going to Scotland I had
+better go now; I could write the parties in St. Louis and ascertain
+whether they would agree to the changes proposed. It would be time
+enough, he said, to close the matter upon my return three weeks hence.</p>
+
+<p>But I had no idea of allowing the fish to play so long, and informed
+him that I would have a telegram in the morning agreeing to all the
+changes. The Atlantic cable had been open for some time, but it is
+doubtful if it had yet carried so long a private cable as I sent that
+day.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> It was an easy matter to number the lines of the bond and then
+going carefully over them to state what changes, omissions, or
+additions were required in each line. I showed Mr. Morgan the message
+before sending it and he said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, young man, if you succeed in that you deserve a red mark.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>When I entered the office next morning, I found on the desk that had
+been appropriated to my use in Mr. Morgan's private office the colored
+envelope which contained the answer. There it was: &quot;Board meeting last
+night; changes all approved.&quot; &quot;Now, Mr. Morgan,&quot; I said, &quot;we can
+proceed, assuming that the bond is as your lawyers desire.&quot; The papers
+were soon closed.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image14">
+<img src="images/image14.jpg" alt="Junius Spencer Morgan" width="310" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>JUNIUS SPENCER MORGAN</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>While I was in the office Mr. Sampson, the financial editor of &quot;The
+Times,&quot; came in. I had an interview with him, well knowing that a few
+words from him would go far in lifting the price of the bonds on the
+Exchange. American securities had recently been fiercely attacked,
+owing to the proceedings of Fisk and Gould in connection with the Erie
+Railway Company, and their control of the judges in New York, who
+seemed to do their bidding. I knew this would be handed out as an
+objection, and therefore I met it at once. I called Mr. Sampson's
+attention to the fact that the charter of the St. Louis Bridge Company
+was from the National Government. In case of necessity appeal lay
+directly to the Supreme Court of the United States, a body vying with
+their own high tribunals. He said he would be delighted to give
+prominence to this commendable feature. I described the bridge as a
+toll-gate on the continental highway and this appeared to please him.
+It was all plain and easy sailing, and when he left the office, Mr.
+Morgan clapped me on the shoulder and said:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&quot;Thank you, young man; you have raised the price of those bonds five
+per cent this morning.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;All right, Mr. Morgan,&quot; I replied; &quot;now show me how I can raise them
+five per cent more for you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The issue was a great success, and the money for the St. Louis Bridge
+was obtained. I had a considerable margin of profit upon the
+negotiation. This was my first financial negotiation with the bankers
+of Europe. Mr. Pullman told me a few days later that Mr. Morgan at a
+dinner party had told the telegraphic incident and predicted, &quot;That
+young man will be heard from.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After closing with Mr. Morgan, I visited my native town, Dunfermline,
+and at that time made the town a gift of public baths. It is notable
+largely because it was the first considerable gift I had ever made.
+Long before that I had, at my Uncle Lauder's suggestion, sent a
+subscription to the fund for the Wallace Monument on Stirling Heights
+overlooking Bannockburn. It was not much, but I was then in the
+telegraph office and it was considerable out of a revenue of thirty
+dollars per month with family expenses staring us in the face. Mother
+did not grudge it; on the contrary, she was a very proud woman that
+her son's name was seen on the list of contributors, and her son felt
+he was really beginning to be something of a man. Years afterward my
+mother and I visited Stirling, and there unveiled, in the Wallace
+Tower, a bust of Sir Walter Scott, which she had presented to the
+monument committee. We had then made great progress, at least
+financially, since the early subscription. But distribution had not
+yet begun.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> So far with me it had been the age of accumulation.</p>
+
+<p>While visiting the Continent of Europe in 1867 and deeply interested
+in what I saw, it must not be thought that my mind was not upon
+affairs at home. Frequent letters kept me advised of business matters.
+The question of railway communication with the Pacific had been
+brought to the front by the Civil War, and Congress had passed an act
+to encourage the construction of a line. The first sod had just been
+cut at Omaha and it was intended that the line should ultimately be
+pushed through to San Francisco. One day while in Rome it struck me
+that this might be done much sooner than was then anticipated. The
+nation, having made up its mind that its territory must be bound
+together, might be trusted to see that no time was lost in
+accomplishing it. I wrote my friend Mr. Scott, suggesting that we
+should obtain the contract to place sleeping-cars upon the great
+California line. His reply contained these words:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, young man, you do take time by the forelock.&quot;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, upon my return to America. I pursued the idea. The
+sleeping-car business, in which I was interested, had gone on
+increasing so rapidly that it was impossible to obtain cars enough to
+supply the demand. This very fact led to the forming of the present
+Pullman Company. The Central Transportation Company was simply unable
+to cover the territory with sufficient rapidity, and Mr. Pullman
+beginning at the greatest of all railway centers in the
+world&#8212;Chicago&#8212;soon rivaled the parent concern. He had also seen that
+the Pacific Railroad would be the great sleeping-car line of the
+world, and I found him working for what I had started after. He was,
+indeed, a lion in the path. Again, one may learn, from an incident
+which I had from Mr. Pullman himself, by what trifles important
+matters are sometimes determined.</p>
+
+<p>The president of the Union Pacific Railway was passing through
+Chicago. Mr. Pullman called upon him and was shown into his room.
+Lying upon the table was a telegram addressed to Mr. Scott, saying,
+&quot;Your proposition for sleeping-cars is accepted.&quot; Mr. Pullman read
+this involuntarily and before he had time to refrain. He could not
+help seeing it where it lay. When President Durrant entered the room
+he explained this to him and said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I trust you will not decide this matter until I have made a
+proposition to you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Durrant promised to wait. A meeting of the board of directors of
+the Union Pacific Company was held soon after this in New York. Mr.
+Pullman and myself were in attendance, both striving to obtain the
+prize which neither he nor I undervalued. One evening we began to
+mount the broad staircase in the St. Nicholas Hotel at the same time.
+We had met before,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> but were not well acquainted. I said, however, as
+we walked up the stairs:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Good-evening, Mr. Pullman! Here we are together, and are we not
+making a nice couple of fools of ourselves?&quot; He was not disposed to
+admit anything and said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What do you mean?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I explained the situation to him. We were destroying by our rival
+propositions the very advantages we desired to obtain.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; he said, &quot;what do you propose to do about it?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Unite,&quot; I said. &quot;Make a joint proposition to the Union Pacific, your
+party and mine, and organize a company.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What would you call it?&quot; he asked.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Pullman Palace Car Company,&quot; I replied.</p>
+
+<p>This suited him exactly; and it suited me equally well.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Come into my room and talk it over,&quot; said the great sleeping-car man.</p>
+
+<p>I did so, and the result was that we obtained the contract jointly.
+Our company was subsequently merged in the general Pullman Company and
+we took stock in that company for our Pacific interests. Until
+compelled to sell my shares during the subsequent financial panic of
+1873 to protect our iron and steel interests, I was, I believe, the
+largest shareholder in the Pullman Company.</p>
+
+<p>This man Pullman and his career are so thoroughly American that a few
+words about him will not be out of place. Mr. Pullman was at first a
+working carpenter, but when Chicago had to be elevated he took a
+contract on his own account to move or elevate houses for a
+stipu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>lated sum. Of course he was successful, and from this small
+beginning he became one of the principal and best-known contractors in
+that line. If a great hotel was to be raised ten feet without
+disturbing its hundreds of guests or interfering in any way with its
+business, Mr. Pullman was the man. He was one of those rare characters
+who can see the drift of things, and was always to be found, so to
+speak, swimming in the main current where movement was the fastest. He
+soon saw, as I did, that the sleeping-car was a positive necessity
+upon the American continent. He began to construct a few cars at
+Chicago and to obtain contracts upon the lines centering there.</p>
+
+<p>The Eastern concern was in no condition to cope with that of an
+extraordinary man like Mr. Pullman. I soon recognized this, and
+although the original patents were with the Eastern company and Mr.
+Woodruff himself, the original patentee, was a large shareholder, and
+although we might have obtained damages for infringement of patent
+after some years of litigation, yet the time lost before this could be
+done would have been sufficient to make Pullman's the great company of
+the country. I therefore earnestly advocated that we should unite with
+Mr. Pullman, as I had united with him before in the Union Pacific
+contract. As the personal relations between Mr. Pullman and some
+members of the Eastern company were unsatisfactory, it was deemed best
+that I should undertake the negotiations, being upon friendly footing
+with both parties. We soon agreed that the Pullman Company should
+absorb our company, the Central Transportation Company, and by this
+means Mr. Pullman, instead of being confined to the West, obtained
+control of the rights on the great Pennsylvania trunk line to the
+Atlantic seaboard. This placed his company beyond all possible rivals.
+Mr. Pull<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>man was one of the ablest men of affairs I have ever known,
+and I am indebted to him, among other things, for one story which
+carried a moral.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Pullman, like every other man, had his difficulties and
+disappointments, and did not hit the mark every time. No one does.
+Indeed, I do not know any one but himself who could have surmounted
+the difficulties surrounding the business of running sleeping-cars in
+a satisfactory manner and still retained some rights which the railway
+companies were bound to respect. Railway companies should, of course,
+operate their own sleeping-cars. On one occasion when we were
+comparing notes he told me that he always found comfort in this story.
+An old man in a Western county having suffered from all the ills that
+flesh is heir to, and a great many more than it usually encounters,
+and being commiserated by his neighbors, replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, my friends, all that you say is true. I have had a long, long
+life full of troubles, but there is one curious fact about them&#8212;nine
+tenths of them never happened.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>True indeed; most of the troubles of humanity are imaginary and should
+be laughed out of court. It is folly to cross a bridge until you come
+to it, or to bid the Devil good-morning until you meet him&#8212;perfect
+folly. All is well until the stroke falls, and even then nine times
+out of ten it is not so bad as anticipated. A wise man is the
+confirmed optimist.</p>
+
+<p>Success in these various negotiations had brought me into some notice
+in New York, and my next large operation was in connection with the
+Union Pacific Railway in 1871. One of its directors came to me saying
+that they must raise in some way a sum of six hundred thousand dollars
+(equal to many millions to-day) to carry them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> through a crisis; and
+some friends who knew me and were on the executive committee of that
+road had suggested that I might be able to obtain the money and at the
+same time get for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company virtual control of
+that important Western line. I believe Mr. Pullman came with the
+director, or perhaps it was Mr. Pullman himself who first came to me
+on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>I took up the matter, and it occurred to me that if the directors of
+the Union Pacific Railway would be willing to elect to its board of
+directors a few such men as the Pennsylvania Railroad would nominate,
+the traffic to be thus obtained for the Pennsylvania would justify
+that company in helping the Union Pacific. I went to Philadelphia and
+laid the subject before President Thomson. I suggested that if the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company would trust me with securities upon
+which the Union Pacific could borrow money in New York, we could
+control the Union Pacific in the interests of the Pennsylvania. Among
+many marks of Mr. Thomson's confidence this was up to that time the
+greatest. He was much more conservative when handling the money of the
+railroad company than his own, but the prize offered was too great to
+be missed. Even if the six hundred thousand dollars had been lost, it
+would not have been a losing investment for his company, and there was
+little danger of this because we were ready to hand over to him the
+securities which we obtained in return for the loan to the Union
+Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>My interview with Mr. Thomson took place at his house in Philadelphia,
+and as I rose to go he laid his hand upon my shoulder, saying:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Remember, Andy, I look to you in this matter. It is you I trust, and
+I depend on your holding all the securi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>ties you obtain and seeing
+that the Pennsylvania Railroad is never in a position where it can
+lose a dollar.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I accepted the responsibility, and the result was a triumphant
+success. The Union Pacific Company was exceedingly anxious that Mr.
+Thomson himself should take the presidency, but this he said was out
+of the question. He nominated Mr. Thomas A. Scott, vice-president of
+the Pennsylvania Railroad, for the position. Mr. Scott, Mr. Pullman,
+and myself were accordingly elected directors of the Union Pacific
+Railway Company in 1871.</p>
+
+<p>The securities obtained for the loan consisted of three millions of
+the shares of the Union Pacific, which were locked in my safe, with
+the option of taking them at a price. As was to be expected, the
+accession of the Pennsylvania Railroad party rendered the stock of the
+Union Pacific infinitely more valuable. The shares advanced
+enormously. At this time I undertook to negotiate bonds in London for
+a bridge to cross the Missouri at Omaha, and while I was absent upon
+this business Mr. Scott decided to sell our Union Pacific shares. I
+had left instructions with my secretary that Mr. Scott, as one of the
+partners in the venture, should have access to the vault, as it might
+be necessary in my absence that the securities should be within reach
+of some one; but the idea that these should be sold, or that our party
+should lose the splendid position we had acquired in connection with
+the Union Pacific, never entered my brain.</p>
+
+<p>I returned to find that, instead of being a trusted colleague of the
+Union Pacific directors, I was regarded as having used them for
+speculative purposes. No quartet of men ever had a finer opportunity
+for identifying themselves with a great work than we had; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> never
+was an opportunity more recklessly thrown away. Mr. Pullman was
+ignorant of the matter and as indignant as myself, and I believe that
+he at once re-invested his profits in the shares of the Union Pacific.
+I felt that much as I wished to do this and to repudiate what had been
+done, it would be unbecoming and perhaps ungrateful in me to separate
+myself so distinctly from my first of friends, Mr. Scott.</p>
+
+<p>At the first opportunity we were ignominiously but deservedly expelled
+from the Union Pacific board. It was a bitter dose for a young man to
+swallow. And the transaction marked my first serious difference with a
+man who up to that time had the greatest influence with me, the kind
+and affectionate employer of my boyhood, Thomas A. Scott. Mr. Thomson
+regretted the matter, but, as he said, having paid no attention to it
+and having left the whole control of it in the hands of Mr. Scott and
+myself, he presumed that I had thought best to sell out. For a time I
+feared I had lost a valued friend in Levi P. Morton, of Morton, Bliss
+&amp; Co., who was interested in Union Pacific, but at last he found out
+that I was innocent.</p>
+
+<p>The negotiations concerning two and a half millions of bonds for the
+construction of the Omaha Bridge were successful, and as these bonds
+had been purchased by persons connected with the Union Pacific before
+I had anything to do with the company, it was for them and not for the
+Union Pacific Company that the negotiations were conducted. This was
+not explained to me by the director who talked with me before I left
+for London. Unfortunately, when I returned to New York I found that
+the entire proceeds of the bonds, including my profit, had been
+appropriated by the parties to pay their own debts, and I was thus
+beaten out of a hand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>some sum, and had to credit to profit and loss my
+expenses and time. I had never before been cheated and found it out so
+positively and so clearly. I saw that I was still young and had a good
+deal to learn. Many men can be trusted, but a few need watching.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<h3>BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">C</span><b>OMPLETE</b> success attended a negotiation which I conducted about this
+time for Colonel William Phillips, president of the Allegheny Valley
+Railway at Pittsburgh. One day the Colonel entered my New York office
+and told me that he needed money badly, but that he could get no house
+in America to entertain the idea of purchasing five millions of bonds
+of his company although they were to be guaranteed by the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company. The old gentleman felt sure that he was being driven
+from pillar to post by the bankers because they had agreed among
+themselves to purchase the bonds only upon their own terms. He asked
+ninety cents on the dollar for them, but this the bankers considered
+preposterously high. Those were the days when Western railway bonds
+were often sold to the bankers at eighty cents on the dollar.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Phillips said he had come to see whether I could not suggest
+some way out of his difficulty. He had pressing need for two hundred
+and fifty thousand dollars, and this Mr. Thomson, of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, could not give him. The Allegheny bonds were seven per
+cents, but they were payable, not in gold, but in currency, in
+America. They were therefore wholly unsuited for the foreign market.
+But I knew that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company had a large amount
+of Philadelphia and Erie Railroad six per cent gold bonds in its
+treasury. It would be a most desirable exchange on its part, I
+thought, to give these bonds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> for the seven per cent Allegheny bonds
+which bore its guarantee.</p>
+
+<p>I telegraphed Mr. Thomson, asking if the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+would take two hundred and fifty thousand dollars at interest and lend
+it to the Allegheny Railway Company. Mr. Thomson replied, &quot;Certainly.&quot;
+Colonel Phillips was happy. He agreed, in consideration of my
+services, to give me a sixty-days option to take his five millions of
+bonds at the desired ninety cents on the dollar. I laid the matter
+before Mr. Thomson and suggested an exchange, which that company was
+only too glad to make, as it saved one per cent interest on the bonds.
+I sailed at once for London with the control of five millions of first
+mortgage Philadelphia and Erie Bonds, guaranteed by the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company&#8212;a magnificent security for which I wanted a high
+price. And here comes in one of the greatest of the hits and misses of
+my financial life.</p>
+
+<p>I wrote the Barings from Queenstown that I had for sale a security
+which even their house might unhesitatingly consider. On my arrival in
+London I found at the hotel a note from them requesting me to call. I
+did so the next morning, and before I had left their banking house I
+had closed an agreement by which they were to bring out this loan, and
+that until they sold the bonds at par, less their two and a half per
+cent commission, they would advance the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+four millions of dollars at five per cent interest. The sale left me a
+clear profit of more than half a million dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The papers were ordered to be drawn up, but as I was leaving Mr.
+Russell Sturgis said they had just heard that Mr. Baring himself was
+coming up to town in the morning. They had arranged to hold a
+&quot;court,&quot;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> and as it would be fitting to lay the transaction before him
+as a matter of courtesy they would postpone the signing of the papers
+until the morrow. If I would call at two o'clock the transaction would
+be closed.</p>
+
+<p>Never shall I forget the oppressed feeling which overcame me as I
+stepped out and proceeded to the telegraph office to wire President
+Thomson. Something told me that I ought not to do so. I would wait
+till to-morrow when I had the contract in my pocket. I walked from the
+banking house to the Langham Hotel&#8212;four long miles. When I reached
+there I found a messenger waiting breathless to hand me a sealed note
+from the Barings. Bismarck had locked up a hundred millions in
+Magdeburg. The financial world was panic-stricken, and the Barings
+begged to say that under the circumstances they could not propose to
+Mr. Baring to go on with the matter. There was as much chance that I
+should be struck by lightning on my way home as that an arrangement
+agreed to by the Barings should be broken. And yet it was. It was too
+great a blow to produce anything like irritation or indignation. I was
+meek enough to be quite resigned, and merely congratulated myself that
+I had not telegraphed Mr. Thomson.</p>
+
+<p>I decided not to return to the Barings, and although J.S. Morgan &amp; Co.
+had been bringing out a great many American securities I subsequently
+sold the bonds to them at a reduced price as compared with that agreed
+to by the Barings. I thought it best not to go to Morgan &amp; Co. at
+first, because I had understood from Colonel Phillips that the bonds
+had been unsuccessfully offered by him to their house in America and I
+supposed that the Morgans in London might consider themselves
+connected with the negotiations through their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> house in New York. But
+in all subsequent negotiations I made it a rule to give the first
+offer to Junius S. Morgan, who seldom permitted me to leave his
+banking house without taking what I had to offer. If he could not buy
+for his own house, he placed me in communication with a friendly house
+that did, he taking an interest in the issue. It is a great
+satisfaction to reflect that I never negotiated a security which did
+not to the end command a premium. Of course in this case I made a
+mistake in not returning to the Barings, giving them time and letting
+the panic subside, which it soon did. When one party to a bargain
+becomes excited, the other should keep cool and patient.</p>
+
+<p>As an incident of my financial operations I remember saying to Mr.
+Morgan one day:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Morgan, I will give you an idea and help you to carry it forward
+if you will give me one quarter of all the money you make by acting
+upon it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He laughingly said: &quot;That seems fair, and as I have the option to act
+upon it, or not, certainly we ought to be willing to pay you a quarter
+of the profit.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I called attention to the fact that the Allegheny Valley Railway bonds
+which I had exchanged for the Philadelphia and Erie bonds bore the
+guarantee of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and that that great
+company was always in need of money for essential extensions. A price
+might be offered for these bonds which might tempt the company to sell
+them, and that at the moment there appeared to be such a demand for
+American securities that no doubt they could be floated. I would write
+a prospectus which I thought would float the bonds. After examining
+the matter with his usual care he decided that he would act upon my
+suggestion.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Thomson was then in Paris and I ran over there to see him. Knowing
+that the Pennsylvania Railroad had need for money I told him that I
+had recommended these securities to Mr. Morgan and if he would give me
+a price for them I would see if I could not sell them. He named a
+price which was then very high, but less than the price which these
+bonds have since reached. Mr. Morgan purchased part of them with the
+right to buy others, and in this way the whole nine or ten millions of
+Allegheny bonds were marketed and the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+placed in funds.</p>
+
+<p>The sale of the bonds had not gone very far when the panic of 1873 was
+upon us. One of the sources of revenue which I then had was Mr.
+Pierpont Morgan. He said to me one day:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;My father has cabled to ask whether you wish to sell out your
+interest in that idea you gave him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I said: &quot;Yes, I do. In these days I will sell anything for money.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; he said, &quot;what would you take?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I said I believed that a statement recently rendered to me showed that
+there were already fifty thousand dollars to my credit, and I would
+take sixty thousand. Next morning when I called Mr. Morgan handed me
+checks for seventy thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Carnegie,&quot; he said, &quot;you were mistaken. You sold out for ten
+thousand dollars less than the statement showed to your credit. It now
+shows not fifty but sixty thousand to your credit, and the additional
+ten makes seventy.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The payments were in two checks, one for sixty thousand dollars and
+the other for the additional ten thousand. I handed him back the
+ten-thousand-dollar check, saying:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, that is something worthy of you. Will you please accept these
+ten thousand with my best wishes?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No, thank you,&quot; he said, &quot;I cannot do that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Such acts, showing a nice sense of honorable understanding as against
+mere legal rights, are not so uncommon in business as the uninitiated
+might believe. And, after that, it is not to be wondered at if I
+determined that so far as lay in my power neither Morgan, father or
+son, nor their house, should suffer through me. They had in me
+henceforth a firm friend.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image15">
+<img src="images/image15.jpg" alt="John Pierpont Morgan" width="315" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>A great business is seldom if ever built up, except on lines of the
+strictest integrity. A reputation for &quot;cuteness&quot; and sharp dealing is
+fatal in great affairs. Not the letter of the law, but the spirit,
+must be the rule. The standard of commercial morality is now very
+high. A mistake made by any one in favor of the firm is corrected as
+promptly as if the error were in favor of the other party. It is
+essential to permanent success that a house should obtain a reputation
+for being governed by what is fair rather than what is merely legal. A
+rule which we adopted and adhered to has given greater returns than
+one would believe possible, namely: always give the other party the
+benefit of the doubt. This, of course, does not apply to the
+speculative class. An entirely different atmosphere pervades that
+world. Men are only gamblers there. Stock gambling and honorable
+business are incompatible. In recent years it must be admitted that
+the old-fashioned &quot;banker,&quot; like Junius S. Morgan of London, has
+become rare.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after being deposed as president of the Union Pacific, Mr.
+Scott<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> resolved upon the construction of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> the Texas Pacific
+Railway. He telegraphed me one day in New York to meet him at
+Philadelphia without fail. I met him there with several other friends,
+among them Mr. J.N. McCullough, vice-president of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company at Pittsburgh. A large loan for the Texas Pacific had
+fallen due in London and its renewal was agreed to by Morgan &amp; Co.,
+provided I would join the other parties to the loan. I declined. I was
+then asked whether I would bring them all to ruin by refusing to stand
+by my friends. It was one of the most trying moments of my whole life.
+Yet I was not tempted for a moment to entertain the idea of involving
+myself. The question of what was my duty came first and prevented
+that. All my capital was in manufacturing and every dollar of it was
+required. I was the capitalist (then a modest one, indeed) of our
+concern. All depended upon me. My brother with his wife and family,
+Mr. Phipps and his family, Mr. Kloman and his family, all rose up
+before me and claimed protection.</p>
+
+<p>I told Mr. Scott that I had done my best to prevent him from beginning
+to construct a great railway before he had secured the necessary
+capital. I had insisted that thousands of miles of railway lines could
+not be constructed by means of temporary loans. Besides, I had paid
+two hundred and fifty thousand dollars cash for an interest in it,
+which he told me upon my return from Europe he had reserved for me,
+although I had never approved the scheme. But nothing in the world
+would ever induce me to be guilty of endorsing the paper of that
+construction company or of any other concern than our own firm.</p>
+
+<p>I knew that it would be impossible for me to pay the Morgan loan in
+sixty days, or even to pay my propor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>tion of it. Besides, it was not
+that loan by itself, but the half-dozen other loans that would be
+required thereafter that had to be considered. This marked another
+step in the total business separation which had to come between Mr.
+Scott and myself. It gave more pain than all the financial trials to
+which I had been subjected up to that time.</p>
+
+<p>It was not long after this meeting that the disaster came and the
+country was startled by the failure of those whom it had regarded as
+its strongest men. I fear Mr. Scott's premature death<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> can
+measurably be attributed to the humiliation which he had to bear. He
+was a sensitive rather than a proud man, and his seemingly impending
+failure cut him to the quick. Mr. McManus and Mr. Baird, partners in
+the enterprise, also soon passed away. These two men were
+manufacturers like myself and in no position to engage in railway
+construction.</p>
+
+<p>The business man has no rock more dangerous to encounter in his career
+than this very one of endorsing commercial paper. It can easily be
+avoided if he asks himself two questions: Have I surplus means for all
+possible requirements which will enable me to pay without
+inconvenience the utmost sum for which I am liable under this
+endorsement? Secondly: Am I willing to lose this sum for the friend
+for whom I endorse? If these two questions can be answered in the
+affirmative he may be permitted to oblige his friend, but not
+otherwise, if he be a wise man. And if he can answer the first
+question in the affirmative it will be well for him to consider
+whether it would not be better then and there to pay the entire sum
+for which his name is asked. I am sure it would be. A man's means are
+a trust to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> sacredly held for his own creditors as long as he has
+debts and obligations.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding my refusal to endorse the Morgan renewal, I was
+invited to accompany the parties to New York next morning in their
+special car for the purpose of consultation. This I was only too glad
+to do. Anthony Drexel was also called in to accompany us. During the
+journey Mr. McCullough remarked that he had been looking around the
+car and had made up his mind that there was only one sensible man in
+it; the rest had all been &quot;fools.&quot; Here was &quot;Andy&quot; who had paid for
+his shares and did not owe a dollar or have any responsibility in the
+matter, and that was the position they all ought to have been in.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Drexel said he would like me to explain how I had been able to
+steer clear of these unfortunate troubles. I answered: by strict
+adherence to what I believed to be my duty never to put my name to
+anything which I knew I could not pay at maturity; or, to recall the
+familiar saying of a Western friend, never to go in where you couldn't
+wade. This water was altogether too deep for me.</p>
+
+<p>Regard for this rule has kept not only myself but my partners out of
+trouble. Indeed, we had gone so far in our partnership agreement as to
+prevent ourselves from endorsing or committing ourselves in any way
+beyond trifling sums, except for the firm. This I also gave as a
+reason why I could not endorse.</p>
+
+<p>During the period which these events cover I had made repeated
+journeys to Europe to negotiate various securities, and in all I sold
+some thirty millions of dollars worth. This was at a time when the
+Atlantic cable had not yet made New York a part of London financially
+considered, and when London bankers would lend their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> balances to
+Paris, Vienna, or Berlin for a shadow of difference in the rate of
+interest rather than to the United States at a higher rate. The
+Republic was considered less safe than the Continent by these good
+people. My brother and Mr. Phipps conducted the iron business so
+successfully that I could leave for weeks at a time without anxiety.
+There was danger lest I should drift away from the manufacturing to
+the financial and banking business. My successes abroad brought me
+tempting opportunities, but my preference was always for
+manufacturing. I wished to make something tangible and sell it and I
+continued to invest my profits in extending the works at Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>The small shops put up originally for the Keystone Bridge Company had
+been leased for other purposes and ten acres of ground had been
+secured in Lawrenceville on which new and extensive shops were
+erected. Repeated additions to the Union Iron Mills had made them the
+leading mills in the United States for all sorts of structural shapes.
+Business was promising and all the surplus earnings I was making in
+other fields were required to expand the iron business. I had become
+interested, with my friends of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in
+building some railways in the Western States, but gradually withdrew
+from all such enterprises and made up my mind to go entirely contrary
+to the adage not to put all one's eggs in one basket. I determined
+that the proper policy was &quot;to put all good eggs in one basket and
+then watch that basket.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I believe the true road to pre&#235;minent success in any line is to make
+yourself master in that line. I have no faith in the policy of
+scattering one's resources, and in my experience I have rarely if ever
+met a man who achieved pre&#235;minence in money-making&#8212;certainly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> never
+one in manufacturing&#8212;who was interested in many concerns. The men who
+have succeeded are men who have chosen one line and stuck to it. It is
+surprising how few men appreciate the enormous dividends derivable
+from investment in their own business. There is scarcely a
+manufacturer in the world who has not in his works some machinery that
+should be thrown out and replaced by improved appliances; or who does
+not for the want of additional machinery or new methods lose more than
+sufficient to pay the largest dividend obtainable by investment beyond
+his own domain. And yet most business men whom I have known invest in
+bank shares and in far-away enterprises, while the true gold mine lies
+right in their own factories.</p>
+
+<p>I have tried always to hold fast to this important fact. It has been
+with me a cardinal doctrine that I could manage my own capital better
+than any other person, much better than any board of directors. The
+losses men encounter during a business life which seriously embarrass
+them are rarely in their own business, but in enterprises of which the
+investor is not master. My advice to young men would be not only to
+concentrate their whole time and attention on the one business in life
+in which they engage, but to put every dollar of their capital into
+it. If there be any business that will not bear extension, the true
+policy is to invest the surplus in first-class securities which will
+yield a moderate but certain revenue if some other growing business
+cannot be found. As for myself my decision was taken early. I would
+concentrate upon the manufacture of iron and steel and be master in
+that.</p>
+
+<p>My visits to Britain gave me excellent opportunities to renew and make
+acquaintance with those prominent in the iron and steel
+business&#8212;Bessemer in the front,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> Sir Lothian Bell, Sir Bernard
+Samuelson, Sir Windsor Richards, Edward Martin, Bingley, Evans, and
+the whole host of captains in that industry. My election to the
+council, and finally to the presidency of the British Iron and Steel
+Institute soon followed, I being the first president who was not a
+British subject. That honor was highly appreciated, although at first
+declined, because I feared that I could not give sufficient time to
+its duties, owing to my residence in America.</p>
+
+<p>As we had been compelled to engage in the manufacture of wrought-iron
+in order to make bridges and other structures, so now we thought it
+desirable to manufacture our own pig iron. And this led to the
+erection of the Lucy Furnace in the year 1870&#8212;a venture which would
+have been postponed had we fully appreciated its magnitude. We heard
+from time to time the ominous predictions made by our older brethren
+in the manufacturing business with regard to the rapid growth and
+extension of our young concern, but we were not deterred. We thought
+we had sufficient capital and credit to justify the building of one
+blast furnace.</p>
+
+<p>The estimates made of its cost, however, did not cover more than half
+the expenditure. It was an experiment with us. Mr. Kloman knew nothing
+about blast-furnace operations. But even without exact knowledge no
+serious blunder was made. The yield of the Lucy Furnace (named after
+my bright sister-in-law) exceeded our most sanguine expectations and
+the then unprecedented output of a hundred tons per day was made from
+one blast furnace, for one week&#8212;an output that the world had never
+heard of before. We held the record and many visitors came to marvel
+at the marvel.</p>
+
+<p>It was not, however, all smooth sailing with our iron business. Years
+of panic came at intervals. We had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> passed safely through the fall in
+values following the war, when iron from nine cents per pound dropped
+to three. Many failures occurred and our financial manager had his
+time fully occupied in providing funds to meet emergencies. Among many
+wrecks our firm stood with credit unimpaired. But the manufacture of
+pig iron gave us more anxiety than any other department of our
+business so far. The greatest service rendered us in this branch of
+manufacturing was by Mr. Whitwell, of the celebrated Whitwell Brothers
+of England, whose blast-furnace stoves were so generally used. Mr.
+Whitwell was one of the best-known of the visitors who came to marvel
+at the Lucy Furnace, and I laid the difficulty we then were
+experiencing before him. He said immediately:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That comes from the angle of the bell being wrong.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He explained how it should be changed. Our Mr. Kloman was slow to
+believe this, but I urged that a small glass-model furnace and two
+bells be made, one as the Lucy was and the other as Mr. Whitwell
+advised it should be. This was done, and upon my next visit
+experiments were made with each, the result being just as Mr. Whitwell
+had foretold. Our bell distributed the large pieces to the sides of
+the furnace, leaving the center a dense mass through which the blast
+could only partially penetrate. The Whitwell bell threw the pieces to
+the center leaving the circumference dense. This made all the
+difference in the world. The Lucy's troubles were over.</p>
+
+<p>What a kind, big, broad man was Mr. Whitwell, with no narrow jealousy,
+no withholding his knowledge! We had in some departments learned new
+things and were able to be of service to his firm in return. At all
+events, after that everything we had was open to the Whitwells.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+[To-day, as I write, I rejoice that one of the two still is with us
+and that our friendship is still warm. He was my predecessor in the
+presidency of the British Iron and Steel Institute.]</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE AGE OF STEEL</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">L</span><b>OOKING</b> back to-day it seems incredible that only forty years ago
+(1870) chemistry in the United States was an almost unknown agent in
+connection with the manufacture of pig iron. It was the agency, above
+all others, most needful in the manufacture of iron and steel. The
+blast-furnace manager of that day was usually a rude bully, generally
+a foreigner, who in addition to his other acquirements was able to
+knock down a man now and then as a lesson to the other unruly spirits
+under him. He was supposed to diagnose the condition of the furnace by
+instinct, to possess some almost supernatural power of divination,
+like his congener in the country districts who was reputed to be able
+to locate an oil well or water supply by means of a hazel rod. He was
+a veritable quack doctor who applied whatever remedies occurred to him
+for the troubles of his patient.</p>
+
+<p>The Lucy Furnace was out of one trouble and into another, owing to the
+great variety of ores, limestone, and coke which were then supplied
+with little or no regard to their component parts. This state of
+affairs became intolerable to us. We finally decided to dispense with
+the rule-of-thumb-and-intuition manager, and to place a young man in
+charge of the furnace. We had a young shipping clerk, Henry M. Curry,
+who had distinguished himself, and it was resolved to make him
+manager.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Phipps had the Lucy Furnace under his special charge. His daily
+visits to it saved us from failure there. Not that the furnace was not
+doing as well as other fur<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>naces in the West as to money-making, but
+being so much larger than other furnaces its variations entailed much
+more serious results. I am afraid my partner had something to answer
+for in his Sunday morning visits to the Lucy Furnace when his good
+father and sister left the house for more devotional duties. But even
+if he had gone with them his real earnest prayer could not but have
+had reference at times to the precarious condition of the Lucy Furnace
+then absorbing his thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>The next step taken was to find a chemist as Mr. Curry's assistant and
+guide. We found the man in a learned German, Dr. Fricke, and great
+secrets did the doctor open up to us. Iron stone from mines that had a
+high reputation was now found to contain ten, fifteen, and even twenty
+per cent less iron than it had been credited with. Mines that hitherto
+had a poor reputation we found to be now yielding superior ore. The
+good was bad and the bad was good, and everything was topsy-turvy.
+Nine tenths of all the uncertainties of pig-iron making were dispelled
+under the burning sun of chemical knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>At a most critical period when it was necessary for the credit of the
+firm that the blast furnace should make its best product, it had been
+stopped because an exceedingly rich and pure ore had been substituted
+for an inferior ore&#8212;an ore which did not yield more than two thirds
+of the quantity of iron of the other. The furnace had met with
+disaster because too much lime had been used to flux this
+exceptionally pure ironstone. The very superiority of the materials
+had involved us in serious losses.</p>
+
+<p>What fools we had been! But then there was this consolation: we were
+not as great fools as our competitors. It was years after we had taken
+chemistry to guide us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> that it was said by the proprietors of some
+other furnaces that they could not afford to employ a chemist. Had
+they known the truth then, they would have known that they could not
+afford to be without one. Looking back it seems pardonable to record
+that we were the first to employ a chemist at blast
+furnaces&#8212;something our competitors pronounced extravagant.</p>
+
+<p>The Lucy Furnace became the most profitable branch of our business,
+because we had almost the entire monopoly of scientific management.
+Having discovered the secret, it was not long (1872) before we decided
+to erect an additional furnace. This was done with great economy as
+compared with our first experiment. The mines which had no reputation
+and the products of which many firms would not permit to be used in
+their blast furnaces found a purchaser in us. Those mines which were
+able to obtain an enormous price for their products, owing to a
+reputation for quality, we quietly ignored. A curious illustration of
+this was the celebrated Pilot Knob mine in Missouri. Its product was,
+so to speak, under a cloud. A small portion of it only could be used,
+it was said, without obstructing the furnace. Chemistry told us that
+it was low in phosphorus, but very high in silicon. There was no
+better ore and scarcely any as rich, if it were properly fluxed. We
+therefore bought heavily of this and received the thanks of the
+proprietors for rendering their property valuable.</p>
+
+<p>It is hardly believable that for several years we were able to dispose
+of the highly phosphoric cinder from the puddling furnaces at a higher
+price than we had to pay for the pure cinder from the heating furnaces
+of our competitors&#8212;a cinder which was richer in iron than the puddled
+cinder and much freer from phosphorus. Upon some occasion a blast
+furnace had attempted to smelt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> the flue cinder, and from its greater
+purity the furnace did not work well with a mixture intended for an
+impurer article; hence for years it was thrown over the banks of the
+river at Pittsburgh by our competitors as worthless. In some cases we
+were even able to exchange a poor article for a good one and obtain a
+bonus.</p>
+
+<p>But it is still more unbelievable that a prejudice, equally unfounded,
+existed against putting into the blast furnaces the roll-scale from
+the mills which was pure oxide of iron. This reminds me of my dear
+friend and fellow-Dunfermline townsman, Mr. Chisholm, of Cleveland. We
+had many pranks together. One day, when I was visiting his works at
+Cleveland, I saw men wheeling this valuable roll-scale into the yard.
+I asked Mr. Chisholm where they were going with it, and he said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;To throw it over the bank. Our managers have always complained that
+they had bad luck when they attempted to remelt it in the blast
+furnace.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I said nothing, but upon my return to Pittsburgh I set about having a
+joke at his expense. We had then a young man in our service named Du
+Puy, whose father was known as the inventor of a direct process in
+iron-making with which he was then experimenting in Pittsburgh. I
+recommended our people to send Du Puy to Cleveland to contract for all
+the roll-scale of my friend's establishment. He did so, buying it for
+fifty cents per ton and having it shipped to him direct. This
+continued for some time. I expected always to hear of the joke being
+discovered. The premature death of Mr. Chisholm occurred before I
+could apprise him of it. His successors soon, however, followed our
+example.</p>
+
+<p>I had not failed to notice the growth of the Bessemer process. If this
+proved successful I knew that iron was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> destined to give place to
+steel; that the Iron Age would pass away and the Steel Age take its
+place. My friend, John A. Wright, president of the Freedom Iron Works
+at Lewiston, Pennsylvania, had visited England purposely to
+investigate the new process. He was one of our best and most
+experienced manufacturers, and his decision was so strongly in its
+favor that he induced his company to erect Bessemer works. He was
+quite right, but just a little in advance of his time. The capital
+required was greater than he estimated. More than this, it was not to
+be expected that a process which was even then in somewhat of an
+experimental stage in Britain could be transplanted to the new country
+and operated successfully from the start. The experiment was certain
+to be long and costly, and for this my friend had not made sufficient
+allowance.</p>
+
+<p>At a later date, when the process had become established in England,
+capitalists began to erect the present Pennsylvania Steel Works at
+Harrisburg. These also had to pass through an experimental stage and
+at a critical moment would probably have been wrecked but for the
+timely assistance of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. It required a
+broad and able man like President Thomson, of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, to recommend to his board of directors that so large a sum
+as six hundred thousand dollars should be advanced to a manufacturing
+concern on his road, that steel rails might be secured for the line.
+The result fully justified his action.</p>
+
+<p>The question of a substitute for iron rails upon the Pennsylvania
+Railroad and other leading lines had become a very serious one. Upon
+certain curves at Pittsburgh, on the road connecting the Pennsylvania
+with the Fort Wayne, I had seen new iron rails placed every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> six weeks
+or two months. Before the Bessemer process was known I had called
+President Thomson's attention to the efforts of Mr. Dodds in England,
+who had carbonized the heads of iron rails with good results. I went
+to England and obtained control of the Dodds patents and recommended
+President Thomson to appropriate twenty thousand dollars for
+experiments at Pittsburgh, which he did. We built a furnace on our
+grounds at the upper mill and treated several hundred tons of rails
+for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and with remarkably good results
+as compared with iron rails. These were the first hard-headed rails
+used in America. We placed them on some of the sharpest curves and
+their superior service far more than compensated for the advance made
+by Mr. Thomson. Had the Bessemer process not been successfully
+developed, I verily believe that we should ultimately have been able
+to improve the Dodds process sufficiently to make its adoption
+general. But there was nothing to be compared with the solid steel
+article which the Bessemer process produced.</p>
+
+<p>Our friends of the Cambria Iron Company at Johnstown, near
+Pittsburgh&#8212;the principal manufacturers of rails in America&#8212;decided
+to erect a Bessemer plant. In England I had seen it demonstrated, at
+least to my satisfaction, that the process could be made a grand
+success without undue expenditure of capital or great risk. Mr.
+William Coleman, who was ever alive to new methods, arrived at the
+same conclusion. It was agreed we should enter upon the manufacture of
+steel rails at Pittsburgh. He became a partner and also my dear friend
+Mr. David McCandless, who had so kindly offered aid to my mother at my
+father's death. The latter was not forgotten. Mr. John Scott and Mr.
+David A. Stewart, and others joined me; Mr. Edgar Thomson<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> and Mr.
+Thomas A. Scott, president and vice-president of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, also became stockholders, anxious to encourage the
+development of steel. The steel-rail company was organized January 1,
+1873.</p>
+
+<p>The question of location was the first to engage our serious
+attention. I could not reconcile myself to any location that was
+proposed, and finally went to Pittsburgh to consult with my partners
+about it. The subject was constantly in my mind and in bed Sunday
+morning the site suddenly appeared to me. I rose and called to my
+brother:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Tom, you and Mr. Coleman are right about the location; right at
+Braddock's, between the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore and Ohio, and the
+river, is the best situation in America; and let's call the works
+after our dear friend Edgar Thomson. Let us go over to Mr. Coleman's
+and drive out to Braddock's.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We did so that day, and the next morning Mr. Coleman was at work
+trying to secure the property. Mr. McKinney, the owner, had a high
+idea of the value of his farm. What we had expected to purchase for
+five or six hundred dollars an acre cost us two thousand. But since
+then we have been compelled to add to our original purchase at a cost
+of five thousand dollars per acre.</p>
+
+<p>There, on the very field of Braddock's defeat, we began the erection
+of our steel-rail mills. In excavating for the foundations many relics
+of the battle were found&#8212;bayonets, swords, and the like. It was there
+that the then provost of Dunfermline, Sir Arthur Halkett, and his son
+were slain. How did they come to be there will very naturally be
+asked. It must not be forgotten that, in those days, the provosts of
+the cities of Britain were members of the aristocracy&#8212;the great men
+of the district who condescended to enjoy the honor of the po<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>sition
+without performing the duties. No one in trade was considered good
+enough for the provostship. We have remnants of this aristocratic
+notion throughout Britain to-day. There is scarcely any life assurance
+or railway company, or in some cases manufacturing company but must
+have at its head, to enjoy the honors of the presidency, some titled
+person totally ignorant of the duties of the position. So it was that
+Sir Arthur Halkett, as a gentleman, was Provost of Dunfermline, but by
+calling he followed the profession of arms and was killed on this
+spot. It was a coincidence that what had been the field of death to
+two native-born citizens of Dunfermline should be turned into an
+industrial hive by two others.</p>
+
+<p>Another curious fact has recently been discovered. Mr. John Morley's
+address, in 1904 on Founder's Day at the Carnegie Institute,
+Pittsburgh, referred to the capture of Fort Duquesne by General Forbes
+and his writing Prime Minister Pitt that he had rechristened it
+&quot;Pittsburgh&quot; for him. This General Forbes was then Laird of
+Pittencrieff and was born in the Glen which I purchased in 1902 and
+presented to Dunfermline for a public park. So that two Dunfermline
+men have been Lairds of Pittencrieff whose chief work was in
+Pittsburgh. One named Pittsburgh and the other labored for its
+development.</p>
+
+<p>In naming the steel mills as we did the desire was to honor my friend
+Edgar Thomson, but when I asked permission to use his name his reply
+was significant. He said that as far as American steel rails were
+concerned, he did not feel that he wished to connect his name with
+them, for they had proved to be far from creditable. Uncertainty was,
+of course, inseparable from the experimental stage; but, when I
+assured him that it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> now possible to make steel rails in America
+as good in every particular as the foreign article, and that we
+intended to obtain for our rails the reputation enjoyed by the
+Keystone bridges and the Kloman axles, he consented.</p>
+
+<p>He was very anxious to have us purchase land upon the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, as his first thought was always for that company. This would
+have given the Pennsylvania a monopoly of our traffic. When he visited
+Pittsburgh a few months later and Mr. Robert Pitcairn, my successor as
+superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division of the Pennsylvania, pointed
+out to him the situation of the new works at Braddock's Station, which
+gave us not only a connection with his own line, but also with the
+rival Baltimore and Ohio line, and with a rival in one respect greater
+than either&#8212;the Ohio River&#8212;he said, with a twinkle of his eye to
+Robert, as Robert told me:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Andy should have located his works a few miles farther east.&quot; But Mr.
+Thomson knew the good and sufficient reasons which determined the
+selection of the unrivaled site.</p>
+
+<p>The works were well advanced when the financial panic of September,
+1873, came upon us. I then entered upon the most anxious period of my
+business life. All was going well when one morning in our summer
+cottage, in the Allegheny Mountains at Cresson, a telegram came
+announcing the failure of Jay Cooke &amp; Co. Almost every hour after
+brought news of some fresh disaster. House after house failed. The
+question every morning was which would go next. Every failure depleted
+the resources of other concerns. Loss after loss ensued, until a total
+paralysis of business set in. Every weak spot was discovered and
+houses that otherwise would have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> strong were borne down largely
+because our country lacked a proper banking system.</p>
+
+<p>We had not much reason to be anxious about our debts. Not what we had
+to pay of our own debts could give us much trouble, but rather what we
+might have to pay for our debtors. It was not our bills payable but
+our bills receivable which required attention, for we soon had to
+begin meeting both. Even our own banks had to beg us not to draw upon
+our balances. One incident will shed some light upon the currency
+situation. One of our pay-days was approaching. One hundred thousand
+dollars in small notes were absolutely necessary, and to obtain these
+we paid a premium of twenty-four hundred dollars in New York and had
+them expressed to Pittsburgh. It was impossible to borrow money, even
+upon the best collaterals; but by selling securities, which I had in
+reserve, considerable sums were realized&#8212;the company undertaking to
+replace them later.</p>
+
+<p>It happened that some of the railway companies whose lines centered in
+Pittsburgh owed us large sums for material furnished&#8212;the Fort Wayne
+road being the largest debtor. I remember calling upon Mr. Thaw, the
+vice-president of the Fort Wayne, and telling him we must have our
+money. He replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You ought to have your money, but we are not paying anything these
+days that is not protestable.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Very good,&quot; I said, &quot;your freight bills are in that category and we
+shall follow your excellent example. Now I am going to order that we
+do not pay you one dollar for freight.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, if you do that,&quot; he said, &quot;we will stop your freight.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I said we would risk that. The railway company could not proceed to
+that extremity. And as a matter of fact<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> we ran for some time without
+paying the freight bills. It was simply impossible for the
+manufacturers of Pittsburgh to pay their accruing liabilities when
+their customers stopped payment. The banks were forced to renew
+maturing paper. They behaved splendidly to us, as they always have
+done, and we steered safely through. But in a critical period like
+this there was one thought uppermost with me, to gather more capital
+and keep it in our business so that come what would we should never
+again be called upon to endure such nights and days of racking
+anxiety.</p>
+
+<p>Speaking for myself in this great crisis, I was at first the most
+excited and anxious of the partners. I could scarcely control myself.
+But when I finally saw the strength of our financial position I became
+philosophically cool and found myself quite prepared, if necessary, to
+enter the directors' rooms of the various banks with which we dealt,
+and lay our entire position before their boards. I felt that this
+could result in nothing discreditable to us. No one interested in our
+business had lived extravagantly. Our manner of life had been the very
+reverse of this. No money had been withdrawn from the business to
+build costly homes, and, above all, not one of us had made speculative
+ventures upon the stock exchange, or invested in any other enterprises
+than those connected with the main business. Neither had we exchanged
+endorsements with others. Besides this we could show a prosperous
+business that was making money every year.</p>
+
+<p>I was thus enabled to laugh away the fears of my partners, but none of
+them rejoiced more than I did that the necessity for opening our lips
+to anybody about our finances did not arise. Mr. Coleman, good friend
+and true, with plentiful means and splendid credit, did not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> fail to
+volunteer to give us his endorsements. In this we stood alone; William
+Coleman's name, a tower of strength, was for us only. How the grand
+old man comes before me as I write. His patriotism knew no bounds.
+Once when visiting his mills, stopped for the Fourth of July, as they
+always were, he found a corps of men at work repairing the boilers. He
+called the manager to him and asked what this meant. He ordered all
+work suspended.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Work on the Fourth of July!&quot; he exclaimed, &quot;when there's plenty of
+Sundays for repairs!&quot; He was furious.</p>
+
+<p>When the cyclone of 1873 struck us we at once began to reef sail in
+every quarter. Very reluctantly did we decide that the construction of
+the new steel works must cease for a time. Several prominent persons,
+who had invested in them, became unable to meet their payments and I
+was compelled to take over their interests, repaying the full cost to
+all. In that way control of the company came into my hands.</p>
+
+<p>The first outburst of the storm had affected the financial world
+connected with the Stock Exchange. It was some time before it reached
+the commercial and manufacturing world. But the situation grew worse
+and worse and finally led to the crash which involved my friends in
+the Texas Pacific enterprise, of which I have already spoken. This was
+to me the severest blow of all. People could, with difficulty, believe
+that occupying such intimate relations as I did with the Texas group,
+I could by any possibility have kept myself clear of their financial
+obligations.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Schoenberger, president of the Exchange Bank at Pittsburgh, with
+which we conducted a large business, was in New York when the news
+reached him of the embarrassment of Mr. Scott and Mr. Thomson. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>
+hastened to Pittsburgh, and at a meeting of his board next morning
+said it was simply impossible that I was not involved with them. He
+suggested that the bank should refuse to discount more of our bills
+receivable. He was alarmed to find that the amount of these bearing
+our endorsement and under discount, was so large. Prompt action on my
+part was necessary to prevent serious trouble. I took the first train
+for Pittsburgh, and was able to announce there to all concerned that,
+although I was a shareholder in the Texas enterprise, my interest was
+paid for. My name was not upon one dollar of their paper or of any
+other outstanding paper. I stood clear and clean without a financial
+obligation or property which I did not own and which was not fully
+paid for. My only obligations were those connected with our business;
+and I was prepared to pledge for it every dollar I owned, and to
+endorse every obligation the firm had outstanding.</p>
+
+<p>Up to this time I had the reputation in business of being a bold,
+fearless, and perhaps a somewhat reckless young man. Our operations
+had been extensive, our growth rapid and, although still young, I had
+been handling millions. My own career was thought by the elderly ones
+of Pittsburgh to have been rather more brilliant than substantial. I
+know of an experienced one who declared that if &quot;Andrew Carnegie's
+brains did not carry him through his luck would.&quot; But I think nothing
+could be farther from the truth than the estimate thus suggested. I am
+sure that any competent judge would be surprised to find how little I
+ever risked for myself or my partners. When I did big things, some
+large corporation like the Pennsylvania Railroad Company was behind me
+and the responsible party. My supply of Scotch caution never has been
+small; but I was appar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>ently something of a dare-devil now and then to
+the manufacturing fathers of Pittsburgh. They were old and I was
+young, which made all the difference.</p>
+
+<p>The fright which Pittsburgh financial institutions had with regard to
+myself and our enterprises rapidly gave place to perhaps somewhat
+unreasoning confidence. Our credit became unassailable, and thereafter
+in times of financial pressure the offerings of money to us increased
+rather than diminished, just as the deposits of the old Bank of
+Pittsburgh were never so great as when the deposits in other banks ran
+low. It was the only bank in America which redeemed its circulation in
+gold, disdaining to take refuge under the law and pay its obligations
+in greenbacks. It had few notes, and I doubt not the decision paid as
+an advertisement.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the embarrassment of my friends Mr. Scott, Mr. Thomson,
+and others, there came upon us later an even severer trial in the
+discovery that our partner, Mr. Andrew Kloman, had been led by a party
+of speculative people into the Escanaba Iron Company. He was assured
+that the concern was to be made a stock company, but before this was
+done his colleagues had succeeded in creating an enormous amount of
+liabilities&#8212;about seven hundred thousand dollars. There was nothing
+but bankruptcy as a means of reinstating Mr. Kloman.</p>
+
+<p>This gave us more of a shock than all that had preceded, because Mr.
+Kloman, being a partner, had no right to invest in another iron
+company, or in any other company involving personal debt, without
+informing his partners. There is one imperative rule for men in
+business&#8212;no secrets from partners. Disregard of this rule involved
+not only Mr. Kloman himself, but our company, in peril, coming, as it
+did, atop of the difficul<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>ties of my Texas Pacific friends with whom I
+had been intimately associated. The question for a time was whether
+there was anything really sound. Where could we find bedrock upon
+which we could stand?</p>
+
+<p>Had Mr. Kloman been a business man it would have been impossible ever
+to allow him to be a partner with us again after this discovery. He
+was not such, however, but the ablest of practical mechanics with some
+business ability. Mr. Kloman's ambition had been to be in the office,
+where he was worse than useless, rather than in the mill devising and
+running new machinery, where he was without a peer. We had some
+difficulty in placing him in his proper position and keeping him
+there, which may have led him to seek an outlet elsewhere. He was
+perhaps flattered by men who were well known in the community; and in
+this case he was led by persons who knew how to reach him by extolling
+his wonderful business abilities in addition to his mechanical
+genius&#8212;abilities which his own partners, as already suggested, but
+faintly recognized.</p>
+
+<p>After Mr. Kloman had passed through the bankruptcy court and was again
+free, we offered him a ten per cent interest in our business, charging
+for it only the actual capital invested, with nothing whatever for
+good-will. This we were to carry for him until the profits paid for
+it. We were to charge interest only on the cost, and he was to assume
+no responsibility. The offer was accompanied by the condition that he
+should not enter into any other business or endorse for others, but
+give his whole time and attention to the mechanical and not the
+business management of the mills. Could he have been persuaded to
+accept this, he would have been a multimillionaire; but his pride, and
+more particularly that of his family, perhaps, would not permit this.
+He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> would go into business on his own account, and, notwithstanding
+the most urgent appeals on my part, and that of my colleagues, he
+persisted in the determination to start a new rival concern with his
+sons as business managers. The result was failure and premature death.</p>
+
+<p>How foolish we are not to recognize what we are best fitted for and
+can perform, not only with ease but with pleasure, as masters of the
+craft. More than one able man I have known has persisted in blundering
+in an office when he had great talent for the mill, and has worn
+himself out, oppressed with cares and anxieties, his life a continual
+round of misery, and the result at last failure. I never regretted
+parting with any man so much as Mr. Kloman. His was a good heart, a
+great mechanical brain, and had he been left to himself I believe he
+would have been glad to remain with us. Offers of capital from
+others&#8212;offers which failed when needed&#8212;turned his head, and the
+great mechanic soon proved the poor man of affairs.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV</h2>
+
+<h3>PARTNERS, BOOKS, AND TRAVEL</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span><b>HEN</b> Mr. Kloman had severed his connection with us there was no
+hesitation in placing William Borntraeger in charge of the mills. It
+has always been with especial pleasure that I have pointed to the
+career of William. He came direct from Germany&#8212;a young man who could
+not speak English, but being distantly connected with Mr. Kloman was
+employed in the mills, at first in a minor capacity. He promptly
+learned English and became a shipping clerk at six dollars per week.
+He had not a particle of mechanical knowledge, and yet such was his
+unflagging zeal and industry for the interests of his employer that he
+soon became marked for being everywhere about the mill, knowing
+everything, and attending to everything.</p>
+
+<p>William was a character. He never got over his German idioms and his
+inverted English made his remarks very effective. Under his
+superintendence the Union Iron Mills became a most profitable branch
+of our business. He had overworked himself after a few years'
+application and we decided to give him a trip to Europe. He came to
+New York by way of Washington. When he called upon me in New York he
+expressed himself as more anxious to return to Pittsburgh than to
+revisit Germany. In ascending the Washington Monument he had seen the
+Carnegie beams in the stairway and also at other points in public
+buildings, and as he expressed it:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It yust make me so broud dat I want to go right back and see dat
+everyting is going right at de mill.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Early hours in the morning and late in the dark hours<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> at night
+William was in the mills. His life was there. He was among the first
+of the young men we admitted to partnership, and the poor German lad
+at his death was in receipt of an income, as I remember, of about
+$50,000 a year, every cent of which was deserved. Stories about him
+are many. At a dinner of our partners to celebrate the year's
+business, short speeches were in order from every one. William summed
+up his speech thus:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What we haf to do, shentlemens, is to get brices up and costs down
+and efery man <i>stand on his own bottom</i>.&quot; There was loud, prolonged,
+and repeated laughter.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Evans (&quot;Fighting Bob&quot;) was at one time government inspector at
+our mills. He was a severe one. William was sorely troubled at times
+and finally offended the Captain, who complained of his behavior. We
+tried to get William to realize the importance of pleasing a
+government official. William's reply was:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But he gomes in and smokes my cigars&quot; (bold Captain! William reveled
+in one-cent Wheeling tobies) &quot;and then he goes and contems my iron.
+What does you tinks of a man like dat? But I apologize and dreat him
+right to-morrow.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The Captain was assured William had agreed to make due amends, but he
+laughingly told us afterward that William's apology was:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Vell, Captain, I hope you vas all right dis morning. I haf noting
+against you, Captain,&quot; holding out his hand, which the Captain finally
+took and all was well.</p>
+
+<p>William once sold to our neighbor, the pioneer steel-maker of
+Pittsburgh, James Park, a large lot of old rails which we could not
+use. Mr. Park found them of a very bad quality. He made claims for
+damages and William was told that he must go with Mr. Phipps to meet
+Mr. Park and settle. Mr. Phipps went into Mr. Park's office,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> while
+William took a look around the works in search of the condemned
+material, which was nowhere to be seen. Well did William know where to
+look. He finally entered the office, and before Mr. Park had time to
+say a word William began:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Park, I vas glad to hear dat de old rails what I sell you don't
+suit for steel. I will buy dem all from you back, five dollars ton
+profit for you.&quot; Well did William know that they had all been used.
+Mr. Park was non-plussed, and the affair ended. William had triumphed.</p>
+
+<p>Upon one of my visits to Pittsburgh William told me he had something
+&quot;particular&quot; he wished to tell me&#8212;something he couldn't tell any one
+else. This was upon his return from the trip to Germany. There he had
+been asked to visit for a few days a former schoolfellow, who had
+risen to be a professor:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, Mr. Carnegie, his sister who kept his house was very kind to
+me, and ven I got to Hamburg I tought I sent her yust a little
+present. She write me a letter, then I write her a letter. She write
+me and I write her, and den I ask her would she marry me. She was very
+educated, but she write yes. Den I ask her to come to New York, and I
+meet her dere, but, Mr. Carnegie, dem people don't know noting about
+business and de mills. Her bruder write me dey want me to go dere
+again and marry her in Chairmany, and I can go away not again from de
+mills. I tought I yust ask you aboud it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Of course you can go again. Quite right, William, you should go. I
+think the better of her people for feeling so. You go over at once and
+bring her home. I'll arrange it.&quot; Then, when parting, I said:
+&quot;William, I suppose your sweetheart is a beautiful, tall,
+'peaches-and-cream' kind of German young lady.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Vell, Mr. Carnegie, she is a leetle stout. If <i>I had the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> rolling of
+her I give her yust one more pass</i>.&quot; All William's illustrations were
+founded on mill practice. [I find myself bursting into fits of
+laughter this morning (June, 1912) as I re-read this story. But I did
+this also when reading that &quot;Every man must stand on his own bottom.&quot;]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Phipps had been head of the commercial department of the mills,
+but when our business was enlarged, he was required for the steel
+business. Another young man, William L. Abbott, took his place. Mr.
+Abbott's history is somewhat akin to Borntraeger's. He came to us as a
+clerk upon a small salary and was soon assigned to the front in charge
+of the business of the iron mills. He was no less successful than was
+William. He became a partner with an interest equal to William's, and
+finally was promoted to the presidency of the company.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Curry had distinguished himself by this time in his management of
+the Lucy Furnaces, and he took his place among the partners, sharing
+equally with the others. There is no way of making a business
+successful that can vie with the policy of promoting those who render
+exceptional service. We finally converted the firm of Carnegie,
+McCandless &amp; Co. into the Edgar Thomson Steel Company, and included my
+brother and Mr. Phipps, both of whom had declined at first to go into
+the steel business with their too enterprising senior. But when I
+showed them the earnings for the first year and told them if they did
+not get into steel they would find themselves in the wrong boat, they
+both reconsidered and came with us. It was fortunate for them as for
+us.</p>
+
+<p>My experience has been that no partnership of new men gathered
+promiscuously from various fields can prove a good working
+organization as at first consti<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>tuted. Changes are required. Our Edgar
+Thomson Steel Company was no exception to this rule. Even before we
+began to make rails, Mr. Coleman became dissatisfied with the
+management of a railway official who had come to us with a great and
+deserved reputation for method and ability. I had, therefore, to take
+over Mr. Coleman's interest. It was not long, however, before we found
+that his judgment was correct. The new man had been a railway auditor,
+and was excellent in accounts, but it was unjust to expect him, or any
+other office man, to be able to step into manufacturing and be
+successful from the start. He had neither the knowledge nor the
+training for this new work. This does not mean that he was not a
+splendid auditor. It was our own blunder in expecting the impossible.</p>
+
+<p>The mills were at last about ready to begin<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> and an organization
+the auditor proposed was laid before me for approval. I found he had
+divided the works into two departments and had given control of one to
+Mr. Stevenson, a Scotsman who afterwards made a fine record as a
+manufacturer, and control of the other to a Mr. Jones. Nothing, I am
+certain, ever affected the success of the steel company more than the
+decision which I gave upon that proposal. Upon no account could two
+men be in the same works with equal authority. An army with two
+commanders-in-chief, a ship with two captains, could not fare more
+disastrously than a manufacturing concern with two men in command upon
+the same ground, even though in two different departments. I said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This will not do. I do not know Mr. Stevenson, nor do I know Mr.
+Jones, but one or the other must be made captain and he alone must
+report to you.&quot;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+<p>The decision fell upon Mr. Jones and in this way we obtained &quot;The
+Captain,&quot; who afterward made his name famous wherever the manufacture
+of Bessemer steel is known.</p>
+
+<p>The Captain was then quite young, spare and active, bearing traces of
+his Welsh descent even in his stature, for he was quite short. He came
+to us as a two-dollar-a-day mechanic from the neighboring works at
+Johnstown. We soon saw that he was a character. Every movement told
+it. He had volunteered as a private during the Civil War and carried
+himself so finely that he became captain of a company which was never
+known to flinch. Much of the success of the Edgar Thomson Works
+belongs to this man.</p>
+
+<p>In later years he declined an interest in the firm which would have
+made him a millionaire. I told him one day that some of the young men
+who had been given an interest were now making much more than he was
+and we had voted to make him a partner. This entailed no financial
+responsibility, as we always provided that the cost of the interest
+given was payable only out of profits.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No,&quot; he said, &quot;I don't want to have my thoughts running on business.
+I have enough trouble looking after these works. Just give me a h&#8212;l
+of a salary if you think I'm worth it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;All right, Captain, the salary of the President of the United States
+is yours.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That's the talk,&quot; said the little Welshman.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p>
+<p>Our competitors in steel were at first disposed to ignore us. Knowing
+the difficulties they had in starting their own steel works, they
+could not believe we would be ready to deliver rails for another year
+and declined to recognize us as competitors. The price of steel rails
+when we began was about seventy dollars per ton. We sent our agent
+through the country with instructions to take orders at the best
+prices he could obtain; and before our competitors knew it, we had
+obtained a large number&#8212;quite sufficient to justify us in making a
+start.</p>
+
+<p>So perfect was the machinery, so admirable the plans, so skillful were
+the men selected by Captain Jones, and so great a manager was he
+himself, that our success was phenomenal. I think I place a unique
+statement on record when I say that the result of the first month's
+operations left a margin of profit of $11,000. It is also remarkable
+that so perfect was our system of accounts that we knew the exact
+amount of the profit. We had learned from experience in our iron works
+what exact accounting meant. There is nothing more profitable than
+clerks to check up each transfer of material from one department to
+another in process of manufacture.</p>
+
+<p>The new venture in steel having started off so promisingly, I began to
+think of taking a holiday, and my long-cherished purpose of going
+around the world came to the front. Mr. J.W. Vandevort (&quot;Vandy&quot;) and I
+accordingly set out in the autumn of 1878. I took with me several pads
+suitable for penciling and began to make a few notes day by day, not
+with any intention of publishing a book; but thinking, perhaps, I
+might print a few copies of my notes for private circulation. The
+sensation which one has when he first sees his remarks in the form of
+a printed book is great. When the package<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> came from the printers I
+re-read the book trying to decide whether it was worth while to send
+copies to my friends. I came to the conclusion that upon the whole it
+was best to do so and await the verdict.</p>
+
+<p>The writer of a book designed for his friends has no reason to
+anticipate an unkind reception, but there is always some danger of its
+being damned with faint praise. The responses in my case, however,
+exceeded expectations, and were of such a character as to satisfy me
+that the writers really had enjoyed the book, or meant at least a part
+of what they said about it. Every author is prone to believe sweet
+words. Among the first that came were in a letter from Anthony Drexel,
+Philadelphia's great banker, complaining that I had robbed him of
+several hours of sleep. Having begun the book he could not lay it down
+and retired at two o'clock in the morning after finishing. Several
+similar letters were received. I remember Mr. Huntington, president of
+the Central Pacific Railway, meeting me one morning and saying he was
+going to pay me a great compliment.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What is it?&quot; Tasked.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, I read your book from end to end.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; I said, &quot;that is not such a great compliment. Others of our
+mutual friends have done that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, yes, but probably none of your friends are like me. I have not
+read a book for years except my ledger and I did not intend to read
+yours, but when I began it I could not lay it down. My ledger is the
+only book I have gone through for five years.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I was not disposed to credit all that my friends said, but others who
+had obtained the book from them were pleased with it and I lived for
+some months under intoxicating, but I trust not perilously pernicious,
+flattery. Several editions of the book were printed to meet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> the
+request for copies. Some notices of it and extracts got into the
+papers, and finally Charles Scribner's Sons asked to publish it for
+the market. So &quot;Round the World&quot;<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> came before the public and I was
+at last &quot;an author.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A new horizon was opened up to me by this voyage. It quite changed my
+intellectual outlook. Spencer and Darwin were then high in the zenith,
+and I had become deeply interested in their work. I began to view the
+various phases of human life from the standpoint of the evolutionist.
+In China I read Confucius; in India, Buddha and the sacred books of
+the Hindoos; among the Parsees, in Bombay, I studied Zoroaster. The
+result of my journey was to bring a certain mental peace. Where there
+had been chaos there was now order. My mind was at rest. I had a
+philosophy at last. The words of Christ &quot;The Kingdom of Heaven is
+within you,&quot; had a new meaning for me. Not in the past or in the
+future, but now and here is Heaven within us. All our duties lie in
+this world and in the present, and trying impatiently to peer into
+that which lies beyond is as vain as fruitless.</p>
+
+<p>All the remnants of theology in which I had been born and bred, all
+the impressions that Swedenborg had made upon me, now ceased to
+influence me or to occupy my thoughts. I found that no nation had all
+the truth in the revelation it regards as divine, and no tribe is so
+low as to be left without some truth; that every people has had its
+great teacher; Buddha for one; Confucius for another; Zoroaster for a
+third; Christ for a fourth. The teachings of all these I found
+ethically akin so that I could say with Matthew Arnold, one I was so
+proud to call friend:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Children of men! the unseen Power, whose eye<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For ever doth accompany mankind<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hath looked on no religion scornfully<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That men did ever find.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Which has not taught weak wills how much they can?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which has not fall'n in the dry heart like rain?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which has not cried to sunk, self-weary man,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4"><i>Thou must be born again</i>.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>&quot;The Light of Asia,&quot; by Edwin Arnold, came out at this time and gave
+me greater delight than any similar poetical work I had recently read.
+I had just been in India and the book took me there again. My
+appreciation of it reached the author's ears and later having made his
+acquaintance in London, he presented me with the original manuscript
+of the book. It is one of my most precious treasures. Every person who
+can, even at a sacrifice, make the voyage around the world should do
+so. All other travel compared to it seems incomplete, gives us merely
+vague impressions of parts of the whole. When the circle has been
+completed, you feel on your return that you have seen (of course only
+in the mass) all there is to be seen. The parts fit into one
+symmetrical whole and you see humanity wherever it is placed working
+out a destiny tending to one definite end.</p>
+
+<p>The world traveler who gives careful study to the bibles of the
+various religions of the East will be well repaid. The conclusion
+reached will be that the inhabitants of each country consider their
+own religion the best of all. They rejoice that their lot has been
+cast where it is, and are disposed to pity the less fortunate
+condemned to live beyond their sacred limits. The masses of all
+nations are usually happy, each mass certain that:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;East or West<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Home is best.&quot;<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></div></div>
+
+<p>Two illustrations of this from our &quot;Round the World&quot; trip may be
+noted:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Visiting the tapioca workers in the woods near Singapore, we
+found them busily engaged, the children running about stark
+naked, the parents clothed in the usual loose rags. Our
+party attracted great attention. We asked our guide to tell
+the people that we came from a country where the water in
+such a pond as that before us would become solid at this
+season of the year and we could walk upon it and that
+sometimes it would be so hard horses and wagons crossed wide
+rivers on the ice. They wondered and asked why we didn't
+come and live among them. They really were very happy.</p></div>
+
+<p>Again:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On the way to the North Cape we visited a reindeer camp of
+the Laplanders. A sailor from the ship was deputed to go
+with the party. I walked homeward with him, and as we
+approached the fiord looking down and over to the opposite
+shore we saw a few straggling huts and one two-story house
+under construction. What is that new building for? we asked.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That is to be the home of a man born in Tromso who has made
+a great deal of money and has now come back to spend his
+days there. He is very rich.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You told me you had travelled all over the world. You have
+seen London, New York, Calcutta, Melbourne, and other
+places. If you made a fortune like that man what place would
+you make your home in old age?&quot; His eye glistened as he
+said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah, there's no place like Tromso.&quot; This is in the arctic
+circle, six months of night, but he had been born in Tromso.
+Home, sweet, sweet home!</p></div>
+
+<p>Among the conditions of life or the laws of nature, some of which seem
+to us faulty, some apparently unjust and merciless, there are many
+that amaze us by their beauty and sweetness. Love of home, regardless
+of its character or location, certainly is one of these. And what a
+pleasure it is to find that, instead of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> Supreme Being confining
+revelation to one race or nation, every race has the message best
+adapted for it in its present stage of development. The Unknown Power
+has neglected none.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV</h2>
+
+<h3>COACHING TRIP AND MARRIAGE</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;T</span><b>HE</b> Freedom of my native town (Dunfermline) was conferred upon me July
+12, 1877, the first Freedom and the greatest honor I ever received. I
+was overwhelmed. Only two signatures upon the roll came between mine
+and Sir Walter Scott's, who had been made a Burgess. My parents had
+seen him one day sketching Dunfermline Abbey and often told me about
+his appearance. My speech in reply to the Freedom was the subject of
+much concern. I spoke to my Uncle Bailie Morrison, telling him I just
+felt like saying so and so, as this really was in my heart. He was an
+orator himself and he spoke words of wisdom to me then.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Just say that, Andra; nothing like saying just what you really feel.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It was a lesson in public speaking which I took to heart. There is one
+rule I might suggest for youthful orators. When you stand up before an
+audience reflect that there are before you only men and women. You
+should speak to them as you speak to other men and women in daily
+intercourse. If you are not trying to be something different from
+yourself, there is no more occasion for embarrassment than if you were
+talking in your office to a party of your own people&#8212;none whatever.
+It is trying to be other than one's self that unmans one. Be your own
+natural self and go ahead. I once asked Colonel Ingersoll, the most
+effective public speaker I ever heard, to what he attributed his
+power. &quot;Avoid elocutionists like snakes,&quot; he said, &quot;and be yourself.&quot;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;<a name="image16"><img src="images/image16.jpg" alt="An American Four-in-Hand in Britain" width="400" height="273" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>AN AMERICAN FOUR-IN-HAND IN BRITAIN</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>I spoke again at Dunfermline, July 27, 1881, when my mother laid the
+foundation stone there of the first free library building I ever gave.
+My father was one of five weavers who founded the earliest library in
+the town by opening their own books to their neighbors. Dunfermline
+named the building I gave &quot;Carnegie Library.&quot; The architect asked for
+my coat of arms. I informed him I had none, but suggested that above
+the door there might be carved a rising sun shedding its rays with the
+motto: &quot;Let there be light.&quot; This he adopted.</p>
+
+<p>We had come up to Dunfermline with a coaching party. When walking
+through England in the year 1867 with George Lauder and Harry Phipps I
+had formed the idea of coaching from Brighton to Inverness with a
+party of my dearest friends. The time had come for the long-promised
+trip, and in the spring of 1881 we sailed from New York, a party of
+eleven, to enjoy one of the happiest excursions of my life. It was one
+of the holidays from business that kept me young and happy&#8212;worth all
+the medicine in the world.</p>
+
+<p>All the notes I made of the coaching trip were a few lines a day in
+twopenny pass-books bought before we started. As with &quot;Round the
+World,&quot; I thought that I might some day write a magazine article, or
+give some account of my excursion for those who accompanied me; but
+one wintry day I decided that it was scarcely worth while to go down
+to the New York office, three miles distant, and the question was how
+I should occupy the spare time. I thought of the coaching trip, and
+decided to write a few lines just to see how I should get on. The
+narrative flowed freely, and before the day was over I had written
+between three and four thousand words. I took up the pleasing task
+every stormy day<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> when it was unnecessary for me to visit the office,
+and in exactly twenty sittings I had finished a book. I handed the
+notes to Scribner's people and asked them to print a few hundred
+copies for private circulation. The volume pleased my friends, as
+&quot;Round the World&quot; had done. Mr. Champlin one day told me that Mr.
+Scribner had read the book and would like very much to publish it for
+general circulation upon his own account, subject to a royalty.</p>
+
+<p>The vain author is easily persuaded that what he has done is
+meritorious, and I consented. [Every year this still nets me a small
+sum in royalties. And thirty years have gone by, 1912.] The letters I
+received upon the publication<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> of it were so numerous and some so
+gushing that my people saved them and they are now bound together in
+scrapbook form, to which additions are made from time to time. The
+number of invalids who have been pleased to write me, stating that the
+book had brightened their lives, has been gratifying. Its reception in
+Britain was cordial; the &quot;Spectator&quot; gave it a favorable review. But
+any merit that the book has comes, I am sure, from the total absence
+of effort on my part to make an impression. I wrote for my friends;
+and what one does easily, one does well. I reveled in the writing of
+the book, as I had in the journey itself.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1886 ended in deep gloom for me. My life as a happy careless
+young man, with every want looked after, was over. I was left alone in
+the world. My mother and brother passed away in November, within a few
+days of each other, while I lay in bed under a severe attack of
+typhoid fever, unable to move and, perhaps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> fortunately, unable to
+feel the full weight of the catastrophe, being myself face to face
+with death.</p>
+
+<p>I was the first stricken, upon returning from a visit in the East to
+our cottage at Cresson Springs on top of the Alleghanies where my
+mother and I spent our happy summers. I had been quite unwell for a
+day or two before leaving New York. A physician being summoned, my
+trouble was pronounced typhoid fever. Professor Dennis was called from
+New York and he corroborated the diagnosis. An attendant physician and
+trained nurse were provided at once. Soon after my mother broke down
+and my brother in Pittsburgh also was reported ill.</p>
+
+<p>I was despaired of, I was so low, and then my whole nature seemed to
+change. I became reconciled, indulged in pleasing meditations, was
+without the slightest pain. My mother's and brother's serious
+condition had not been revealed to me, and when I was informed that
+both had left me forever it seemed only natural that I should follow
+them. We had never been separated; why should we be now? But it was
+decreed otherwise.</p>
+
+<p>I recovered slowly and the future began to occupy my thoughts. There
+was only one ray of hope and comfort in it. Toward that my thoughts
+always turned. For several years I had known Miss Louise Whitfield.
+Her mother permitted her to ride with me in the Central Park. We were
+both very fond of riding. Other young ladies were on my list. I had
+fine horses and often rode in the Park and around New York with one or
+the other of the circle. In the end the others all faded into ordinary
+beings. Miss Whitfield remained alone as the perfect one beyond any I
+had met. Finally I began to find and admit to myself that she stood
+the supreme test I had applied to several fair ones in my time. She
+alone did so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> of all I had ever known. I could recommend young men to
+apply this test before offering themselves. If they can honestly
+believe the following lines, as I did, then all is well:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Full many a lady<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I've eyed with best regard: for several virtues<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Have I liked several women, never any<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With so full soul, but some defect in her<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And put it to the foil; but you, O you,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So perfect and so peerless are created<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of every creature's best.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In my soul I could echo those very words. To-day, after twenty years
+of life with her, if I could find stronger words I could truthfully
+use them.</p>
+
+<p>My advances met with indifferent success. She was not without other
+and younger admirers. My wealth and future plans were against me. I
+was rich and had everything and she felt she could be of little use or
+benefit to me. Her ideal was to be the real helpmeet of a young,
+struggling man to whom she could and would be indispensable, as her
+mother had been to her father. The care of her own family had largely
+fallen upon her after her father's death when she was twenty-one. She
+was now twenty-eight; her views of life were formed. At times she
+seemed more favorable and we corresponded. Once, however, she returned
+my letters saying she felt she must put aside all thought of accepting
+me.</p>
+
+<p>Professor and Mrs. Dennis took me from Cresson to their own home in
+New York, as soon as I could be removed, and I lay there some time
+under the former's personal supervision. Miss Whitfield called to see
+me, for I had written her the first words from Cresson I was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> able
+to write. She saw now that I needed her. I was left alone in the
+world. Now she could be in every sense the &quot;helpmeet.&quot; Both her heart
+and head were now willing and the day was fixed. We were married in
+New York April 22, 1887, and sailed for our honeymoon which was passed
+on the Isle of Wight.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image17">
+<img src="images/image17.jpg" alt="Andrew Carnegie about 1878" width="275" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ANDREW CARNEGIE (ABOUT 1878)</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>Her delight was intense in finding the wild flowers. She had read of
+Wandering Willie, Heartsease, Forget-me-nots, the Primrose, Wild
+Thyme, and the whole list of homely names that had been to her only
+names till now. Everything charmed her. Uncle Lauder and one of my
+cousins came down from Scotland and visited us, and then we soon
+followed to the residence at Kilgraston they had selected for us in
+which to spend the summer. Scotland captured her. There was no doubt
+about that. Her girlish reading had been of Scotland&#8212;Scott's novels
+and &quot;Scottish Chiefs&quot; being her favorites. She soon became more Scotch
+than I. All this was fulfilling my fondest dreams.</p>
+
+<p>We spent some days in Dunfermline and enjoyed them much. The haunts
+and incidents of my boyhood were visited and recited to her by all and
+sundry. She got nothing but flattering accounts of her husband which
+gave me a good start with her.</p>
+
+<p>I was presented with the Freedom of Edinburgh as we passed
+northward&#8212;Lord Rosebery making the speech. The crowd in Edinburgh was
+great. I addressed the working-men in the largest hall and received a
+present from them as did Mrs. Carnegie also&#8212;a brooch she values
+highly. She heard and saw the pipers in all their glory and begged
+there should be one at our home&#8212;a piper to walk around and waken us
+in the morning and also to play us in to dinner. American as she is to
+the core, and Connecticut Puritan at that, she declared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> that if
+condemned to live upon a lonely island and allowed to choose only one
+musical instrument, it would be the pipes. The piper was secured
+quickly enough. One called and presented credentials from Cluny
+McPherson. We engaged him and were preceded by him playing the pipes
+as we entered our Kilgraston house.</p>
+
+<p>We enjoyed Kilgraston, although Mrs. Carnegie still longed for a
+wilder and more Highland home. Matthew Arnold visited us, as did Mr.
+and Mrs. Blaine, Senator and Mrs. Eugene Hale, and many friends.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>
+Mrs. Carnegie would have my relatives up from Dunfermline, especially
+the older uncles and aunties. She charmed every one. They expressed
+their surprise to me that she ever married me, but I told them I was
+equally surprised. The match had evidently been predestined.</p>
+
+<p>We took our piper with us when we returned to New York, and also our
+housekeeper and some of the servants. Mrs. Nicoll remains with us
+still and is now, after twenty years' faithful service, as a member of
+the family. George Irvine, our butler, came to us a year later and is
+also as one of us. Maggie Anderson, one of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> servants, is the same.
+They are devoted people, of high character and true loyalty.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next year we were offered and took Cluny Castle. Our piper was
+just the man to tell us all about it. He had been born and bred there
+and perhaps influenced our selection of that residence where we spent
+several summers.</p>
+
+<p>On March 30, 1897, there came to us our daughter. As I first gazed
+upon her Mrs. Carnegie said,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Her name is Margaret after your mother. Now one request I have to
+make.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What is it, Lou?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;We must get a summer home since this little one has been given us. We
+cannot rent one and be obliged to go in and go out at a certain date.
+It should be our home.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes,&quot; I agreed.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I make only one condition.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What is that?&quot; I asked.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It must be in the Highlands of Scotland.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Bless you,&quot; was my reply. &quot;That suits me. You know I have to keep out
+of the sun's rays, and where can we do that so surely as among the
+heather? I'll be a committee of one to inquire and report.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Skibo Castle was the result.</p>
+
+<p>It is now twenty years since Mrs. Carnegie entered and changed my
+life, a few months after the passing of my mother and only brother
+left me alone in the world. My life has been made so happy by her that
+I cannot imagine myself living without her guardianship. I thought I
+knew her when she stood Ferdinand's test,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> but it was only the
+surface of her qualities I had seen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> and felt. Of their purity,
+holiness, wisdom, I had not sounded the depth. In every emergency of
+our active, changing, and in later years somewhat public life, in all
+her relations with others, including my family and her own, she has
+proved the diplomat and peace-maker. Peace and good-will attend her
+footsteps wherever her blessed influence extends. In the rare
+instances demanding heroic action it is she who first realizes this
+and plays the part.</p>
+
+<p>The Peace-Maker has never had a quarrel in all her life, not even with
+a schoolmate, and there does not live a soul upon the earth who has
+met her who has the slightest cause to complain of neglect. Not that
+she does not welcome the best and gently avoid the undesirable&#8212;none
+is more fastidious than she&#8212;but neither rank, wealth, nor social
+position affects her one iota. She is incapable of acting or speaking
+rudely; all is in perfect good taste. Still, she never lowers the
+standard. Her intimates are only of the best. She is always thinking
+how she can do good to those around her&#8212;planning for this one and
+that in case of need and making such judicious arrangements or
+presents as surprise those co&#246;perating with her.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot imagine myself going through these twenty years without her.
+Nor can I endure the thought of living after her. In the course of
+nature I have not that to meet; but then the thought of what will be
+cast upon her, a woman left alone with so much requiring attention and
+needing a man to decide, gives me intense pain and I sometimes wish I
+had this to endure for her. But then she will have our blessed
+daughter in her life and perhaps that will keep her patient. Besides,
+Margaret needs her more than she does her father.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image18">
+<img src="images/image18.jpg" alt="Mrs. Andrew Carnegie" width="309" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>MRS. ANDREW CARNEGIE</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image19">
+<img src="images/image19.jpg" alt="Margaret Carnegie at 15" width="277" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>MARGARET CARNEGIE AT FIFTEEN</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>Why, oh, why, are we compelled to leave the heaven<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> we have found on
+earth and go we know not where! For I can say with Jessica:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">&quot;It is very meet<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Lord Bassanio live an upright life;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For, having such a blessing in his lady,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He finds the joys of heaven here on earth.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI</h2>
+
+<h3>MILLS AND THE MEN</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;T</span><b>HE</b> one vital lesson in iron and steel that I learned in Britain was
+the necessity for owning raw materials and finishing the completed
+article ready for its purpose. Having solved the steel-rail problem at
+the Edgar Thomson Works, we soon proceeded to the next step. The
+difficulties and uncertainties of obtaining regular supplies of pig
+iron compelled us to begin the erection of blast furnaces. Three of
+these were built, one, however, being a reconstructed blast furnace
+purchased from the Escanaba Iron Company, with which Mr. Kloman had
+been connected. As is usual in such cases, the furnace cost us as much
+as a new one, and it never was as good. There is nothing so
+unsatisfactory as purchases of inferior plants.</p>
+
+<p>But although this purchase was a mistake, directly considered, it
+proved, at a subsequent date, a source of great profit because it gave
+us a furnace small enough for the manufacture of spiegel and, at a
+later date, of ferro-manganese. We were the second firm in the United
+States to manufacture our own spiegel, and the first, and for years
+the only, firm in America that made ferro-manganese. We had been
+dependent upon foreigners for a supply of this indispensable article,
+paying as high as eighty dollars a ton for it. The manager of our
+blast furnaces, Mr. Julian Kennedy, is entitled to the credit of
+suggesting that with the ores within reach we could make
+ferro-manganese in our small furnace. The experiment was worth trying
+and the result was a great success. We were able to supply the entire
+American de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>mand and prices fell from eighty to fifty dollars per ton
+as a consequence.</p>
+
+<p>While testing the ores of Virginia we found that these were being
+quietly purchased by Europeans for ferro-manganese, the owners of the
+mine being led to believe that they were used for other purposes. Our
+Mr. Phipps at once set about purchasing that mine. He obtained an
+option from the owners, who had neither capital nor skill to work it
+efficiently. A high price was paid to them for their interests, and
+(with one of them, Mr. Davis, a very able young man) we became the
+owners, but not until a thorough investigation of the mine had proved
+that there was enough of manganese ore in sight to repay us. All this
+was done with speed; not a day was lost when the discovery was made.
+And here lies the great advantage of a partnership over a corporation.
+The president of the latter would have had to consult a board of
+directors and wait several weeks and perhaps months for their
+decision. By that time the mine would probably have become the
+property of others.</p>
+
+<p>We continued to develop our blast-furnace plant, every new one being a
+great improvement upon the preceding, until at last we thought we had
+arrived at a standard furnace. Minor improvements would no doubt be
+made, but so far as we could see we had a perfect plant and our
+capacity was then fifty thousand tons per month of pig iron.</p>
+
+<p>The blast-furnace department was no sooner added than another step was
+seen to be essential to our independence and success. The supply of
+superior coke was a fixed quantity&#8212;the Connellsville field being
+defined. We found that we could not get on without a supply of the
+fuel essential to the smelting of pig iron; and a very thorough
+investigation of the question led us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> to the conclusion that the Frick
+Coke Company had not only the best coal and coke property, but that it
+had in Mr. Frick himself a man with a positive genius for its
+management. He had proved his ability by starting as a poor railway
+clerk and succeeding. In 1882 we purchased one half of the stock of
+this company, and by subsequent purchases from other holders we became
+owners of the great bulk of the shares.</p>
+
+<p>There now remained to be acquired only the supply of iron stone. If we
+could obtain this we should be in the position occupied by only two or
+three of the European concerns. We thought at one time we had
+succeeded in discovering in Pennsylvania this last remaining link in
+the chain. We were misled, however, in our investment in the Tyrone
+region, and lost considerable sums as the result of our attempts to
+mine and use the ores of that section. They promised well at the edges
+of the mines, where the action of the weather for ages had washed away
+impurities and enriched the ore, but when we penetrated a small
+distance they proved too &quot;lean&quot; to work.</p>
+
+<p>Our chemist, Mr. Prousser, was then sent to a Pennsylvania furnace
+among the hills which we had leased, with instructions to analyze all
+the materials brought to him from the district, and to encourage
+people to bring him specimens of minerals. A striking example of the
+awe inspired by the chemist in those days was that only with great
+difficulty could he obtain a man or a boy to assist him in the
+laboratory. He was suspected of illicit intercourse with the Powers of
+Evil when he undertook to tell by his suspicious-looking apparatus
+what a stone contained. I believe that at last we had to send him a
+man from our office at Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>One day he sent us a report of analyses of ore re<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>markable for the
+absence of phosphorus. It was really an ore suitable for making
+Bessemer steel. Such a discovery attracted our attention at once. The
+owner of the property was Moses Thompson, a rich farmer, proprietor of
+seven thousand acres of the most beautiful agricultural land in Center
+County, Pennsylvania. An appointment was made to meet him upon the
+ground from which the ore had been obtained. We found the mine had
+been worked for a charcoal blast furnace fifty or sixty years before,
+but it had not borne a good reputation then, the reason no doubt being
+that its product was so much purer than other ores that the same
+amount of flux used caused trouble in smelting. It was so good it was
+good for nothing in those days of old.</p>
+
+<p>We finally obtained the right to take the mine over at any time within
+six months, and we therefore began the work of examination, which
+every purchaser of mineral property should make most carefully. We ran
+lines across the hillside fifty feet apart, with cross-lines at
+distances of a hundred feet apart, and at each point of intersection
+we put a shaft down through the ore. I believe there were eighty such
+shafts in all and the ore was analyzed at every few feet of depth, so
+that before we paid over the hundred thousand dollars asked we knew
+exactly what there was of ore. The result hoped for was more than
+realized. Through the ability of my cousin and partner, Mr. Lauder,
+the cost of mining and washing was reduced to a low figure, and the
+Scotia ore made good all the losses we had incurred in the other
+mines, paid for itself, and left a profit besides. In this case, at
+least, we snatched victory from the jaws of defeat. We trod upon sure
+ground with the chemist as our guide. It will be seen that we were
+determined to get raw materials and were active in the pursuit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We had lost and won, but the escapes in business affairs are sometimes
+very narrow. Driving with Mr. Phipps from the mills one day we passed
+the National Trust Company office on Penn Street, Pittsburgh. I
+noticed the large gilt letters across the window, &quot;Stockholders
+individually liable.&quot; That very morning in looking over a statement of
+our affairs I had noticed twenty shares &quot;National Trust Company&quot; on
+the list of assets. I said to Harry:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;If this is the concern we own shares in, won't you please sell them
+before you return to the office this afternoon?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He saw no need for haste. It would be done in good time.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No, Harry, oblige me by doing it instantly.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He did so and had it transferred. Fortunate, indeed, was this, for in
+a short time the bank failed with an enormous deficit. My cousin, Mr.
+Morris, was among the ruined shareholders. Many others met the same
+fate. Times were panicky, and had we been individually liable for all
+the debts of the National Trust Company our credit would inevitably
+have been seriously imperiled. It was a narrow escape. And with only
+twenty shares (two thousand dollars' worth of stock), taken to oblige
+friends who wished our name on their list of shareholders! The lesson
+was not lost. The sound rule in business is that you may give money
+freely when you have a surplus, but your name never&#8212;neither as
+endorser nor as member of a corporation with individual liability. A
+trifling investment of a few thousand dollars, a mere trifle&#8212;yes, but
+a trifle possessed of deadly explosive power.</p>
+
+<p>The rapid substitution of steel for iron in the immediate future had
+become obvious to us. Even in our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> Keystone Bridge Works, steel was
+being used more and more in place of iron. King Iron was about to be
+deposed by the new King Steel, and we were becoming more and more
+dependent upon it. We had about concluded in 1886 to build alongside
+of the Edgar Thomson Mills new works for the manufacture of
+miscellaneous shapes of steel when it was suggested to us that the
+five or six leading manufacturers of Pittsburgh, who had combined to
+build steel mills at Homestead, were willing to sell their mills to
+us.</p>
+
+<p>These works had been built originally by a syndicate of manufacturers,
+with the view of obtaining the necessary supplies of steel which they
+required in their various concerns, but the steel-rail business, being
+then in one of its booms, they had been tempted to change plans and
+construct a steel-rail mill. They had been able to make rails as long
+as prices remained high, but, as the mills had not been specially
+designed for this purpose, they were without the indispensable blast
+furnaces for the supply of pig iron, and had no coke lands for the
+supply of fuel. They were in no condition to compete with us.</p>
+
+<p>It was advantageous for us to purchase these works. I felt there was
+only one way we could deal with their owners, and that was to propose
+a consolidation with Carnegie Brothers &amp; Co. We offered to do so on
+equal terms, every dollar they had invested to rank against our
+dollars. Upon this basis the negotiation was promptly concluded. We,
+however, gave to all parties the option to take cash, and most
+fortunately for us, all elected to do so except Mr. George Singer, who
+continued with us to his and our entire satisfaction. Mr. Singer told
+us afterwards that his associates had been greatly exercised as to how
+they could meet the proposition I was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> to lay before them. They were
+much afraid of being overreached but when I proposed equality all
+around, dollar for dollar, they were speechless.</p>
+
+<p>This purchase led to the reconstruction of all our firms. The new firm
+of Carnegie, Phipps &amp; Co. was organized in 1886 to run the Homestead
+Mills. The firm of Wilson, Walker &amp; Co. was embraced in the firm of
+Carnegie, Phipps &amp; Co., Mr. Walker being elected chairman. My brother
+was chairman of Carnegie Brothers &amp; Co. and at the head of all. A
+further extension of our business was the establishing of the Hartman
+Steel Works at Beaver Falls, designed to work into a hundred various
+forms the product of the Homestead Mills. So now we made almost
+everything in steel from a wire nail up to a twenty-inch steel girder,
+and it was then not thought probable that we should enter into any new
+field.</p>
+
+<p>It may be interesting here to note the progress of our works during
+the decade 1888 to 1897. In 1888 we had twenty millions of dollars
+invested; in 1897 more than double or over forty-five millions. The
+600,000 tons of pig iron we made per annum in 1888 was trebled; we
+made nearly 2,000,000. Our product of iron and steel was in 1888, say,
+2000 tons per day; it grew to exceed 6000 tons. Our coke works then
+embraced about 5000 ovens; they were trebled in number, and our
+capacity, then 6000 tons, became 18,000 tons per day. Our Frick Coke
+Company in 1897 had 42,000 acres of coal land, more than two thirds of
+the true Connellsville vein. Ten years hence increased production may
+be found to have been equally rapid. It may be accepted as an axiom
+that a manufacturing concern in a growing country like ours begins to
+decay when it stops extending.</p>
+
+<p>To make a ton of steel one and a half tons of iron<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> stone has to be
+mined, transported by rail a hundred miles to the Lakes, carried by
+boat hundreds of miles, transferred to cars, transported by rail one
+hundred and fifty miles to Pittsburgh; one and a half tons of coal
+must be mined and manufactured into coke and carried fifty-odd miles
+by rail; and one ton of limestone mined and carried one hundred and
+fifty miles to Pittsburgh. How then could steel be manufactured and
+sold without loss at three pounds for two cents? This, I confess,
+seemed to me incredible, and little less than miraculous, but it was
+so.</p>
+
+<p>America is soon to change from being the dearest steel manufacturing
+country to the cheapest. Already the shipyards of Belfast are our
+customers. This is but the beginning. Under present conditions America
+can produce steel as cheaply as any other land, notwithstanding its
+higher-priced labor. There is no labor so cheap as the dearest in the
+mechanical field, provided it is free, contented, zealous, and reaping
+reward as it renders service. And here America leads.</p>
+
+<p>One great advantage which America will have in competing in the
+markets of the world is that her manufacturers will have the best home
+market. Upon this they can depend for a return upon capital, and the
+surplus product can be exported with advantage, even when the prices
+received for it do not more than cover actual cost, provided the
+exports be charged with their proportion of all expenses. The nation
+that has the best home market, especially if products are
+standardized, as ours are, can soon outsell the foreign producer. The
+phrase I used in Britain in this connection was: &quot;The Law of the
+Surplus.&quot; It afterward came into general use in commercial
+discussions.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII</h2>
+
+<h3>THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span><b>HILE</b> upon the subject of our manufacturing interests, I may record
+that on July 1, 1892, during my absence in the Highlands of Scotland,
+there occurred the one really serious quarrel with our workmen in our
+whole history. For twenty-six years I had been actively in charge of
+the relations between ourselves and our men, and it was the pride of
+my life to think how delightfully satisfactory these had been and
+were. I hope I fully deserved what my chief partner, Mr. Phipps, said
+in his letter to the &quot;New York Herald,&quot; January 30, 1904, in reply to
+one who had declared I had remained abroad during the Homestead
+strike, instead of flying back to support my partners. It was to the
+effect that &quot;I was always disposed to yield to the demands of the men,
+however unreasonable&quot;; hence one or two of my partners did not wish me
+to return.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> Taking no account of the reward that comes from
+feel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>ing that you and your employees are friends and judging only from
+economical results, I believe that higher wages to men who respect
+their employers and are happy and contented are a good investment,
+yielding, indeed, big dividends.</p>
+
+<p>The manufacture of steel was revolutionized by the Bessemer
+open-hearth and basic inventions. The machinery hitherto employed had
+become obsolete, and our firm, recognizing this, spent several
+millions at Homestead reconstructing and enlarging the works. The new
+machinery made about sixty per cent more steel than the old. Two
+hundred and eighteen tonnage men (that is, men who were paid by the
+ton of steel produced) were working under a three years' contract,
+part of the last year being with the new machinery. Thus their
+earnings had increased almost sixty per cent before the end of the
+contract.</p>
+
+<p>The firm offered to divide this sixty per cent with them in the new
+scale to be made thereafter. That is to say, the earnings of the men
+would have been thirty per cent greater than under the old scale and
+the other thirty per cent would have gone to the firm to recompense it
+for its outlay. The work of the men would not have been much harder
+than it had been hitherto, as the improved machinery did the work.
+This was not only fair and liberal, it was generous, and under
+ordinary circumstances would have been accepted by the men with
+thanks. But the firm was then engaged in making armor for the United
+States Government, which we had declined twice to manufacture and
+which was urgently needed. It had also the contract to furnish
+material for the Chicago Exhibition. Some of the leaders of the men,
+knowing these conditions, insisted upon demanding the whole sixty per
+cent, thinking the firm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> would be compelled to give it. The firm could
+not agree, nor should it have agreed to such an attempt as this to
+take it by the throat and say, &quot;Stand and deliver.&quot; It very rightly
+declined. Had I been at home nothing would have induced me to yield to
+this unfair attempt to extort.</p>
+
+<p>Up to this point all had been right enough. The policy I had pursued
+in cases of difference with our men was that of patiently waiting,
+reasoning with them, and showing them that their demands were unfair;
+but never attempting to employ new men in their places&#8212;never. The
+superintendent of Homestead, however, was assured by the three
+thousand men who were not concerned in the dispute that they could run
+the works, and were anxious to rid themselves of the two hundred and
+eighteen men who had banded themselves into a union and into which
+they had hitherto refused to admit those in other departments&#8212;only
+the &quot;heaters&quot; and &quot;rollers&quot; of steel being eligible.</p>
+
+<p>My partners were misled by this superintendent, who was himself
+misled. He had not had great experience in such affairs, having
+recently been promoted from a subordinate position. The unjust demands
+of the few union men, and the opinion of the three thousand non-union
+men that they were unjust, very naturally led him into thinking there
+would be no trouble and that the workmen would do as they had
+promised. There were many men among the three thousand who could take,
+and wished to take, the places of the two hundred and eighteen&#8212;at
+least so it was reported to me.</p>
+
+<p>It is easy to look back and say that the vital step of opening the
+works should never have been taken. All the firm had to do was to say
+to the men: &quot;There is a labor dispute here and you must settle it
+between your<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>selves. The firm has made you a most liberal offer. The
+works will run when the dispute is adjusted, and not till then.
+Meanwhile your places remain open to you.&quot; Or, it might have been well
+if the superintendent had said to the three thousand men, &quot;All right,
+if you will come and run the works without protection,&quot; thus throwing
+upon them the responsibility of protecting themselves&#8212;three thousand
+men as against two hundred and eighteen. Instead of this it was
+thought advisable (as an additional precaution by the state officials,
+I understand) to have the sheriff with guards to protect the thousands
+against the hundreds. The leaders of the latter were violent and
+aggressive men; they had guns and pistols, and, as was soon proved,
+were able to intimidate the thousands.</p>
+
+<p>I quote what I once laid down in writing as our rule: &quot;My idea is that
+the Company should be known as determined to let the men at any works
+stop work; that it will confer freely with them and wait patiently
+until they decide to return to work, never thinking of trying new
+men&#8212;never.&quot; The best men as men, and the best workmen, are not
+walking the streets looking for work. Only the inferior class as a
+rule is idle. The kind of men we desired are rarely allowed to lose
+their jobs, even in dull times. It is impossible to get new men to run
+successfully the complicated machinery of a modern steel plant. The
+attempt to put in new men converted the thousands of old men who
+desired to work, into lukewarm supporters of our policy, for workmen
+can always be relied upon to resent the employment of new men. Who can
+blame them?</p>
+
+<p>If I had been at home, however, I might have been persuaded to open
+the works, as the superintendent desired, to test whether our old men
+would go to work as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> they had promised. But it should be noted that
+the works were not opened at first by my partners for new men. On the
+contrary, it was, as I was informed upon my return, at the wish of the
+thousands of our old men that they were opened. This is a vital point.
+My partners were in no way blamable for making the trial so
+recommended by the superintendent. Our rule never to employ new men,
+but to wait for the old to return, had not been violated so far. In
+regard to the second opening of the works, after the strikers had shot
+the sheriff's officers, it is also easy to look back and say, &quot;How
+much better had the works been closed until the old men voted to
+return&quot;; but the Governor of Pennsylvania, with eight thousand troops,
+had meanwhile taken charge of the situation.</p>
+
+<p>I was traveling in the Highlands of Scotland when the trouble arose,
+and did not hear of it until two days after. Nothing I have ever had
+to meet in all my life, before or since, wounded me so deeply. No
+pangs remain of any wound received in my business career save that of
+Homestead. It was so unnecessary. The men were outrageously wrong. The
+strikers, with the new machinery, would have made from four to nine
+dollars a day under the new scale&#8212;thirty per cent more than they were
+making with the old machinery. While in Scotland I received the
+following cable from the officers of the union of our workmen:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Kind master, tell us what you wish us to do and we shall do it for
+you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This was most touching, but, alas, too late. The mischief was done,
+the works were in the hands of the Governor; it was too late.</p>
+
+<p>I received, while abroad, numerous kind messages from friends
+conversant with the circumstances, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> imagined my unhappiness. The
+following from Mr. Gladstone was greatly appreciated:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">My dear Mr. Carnegie</span>,</p>
+
+<p>My wife has long ago offered her thanks, with my own, for
+your most kind congratulations. But I do not forget that you
+have been suffering yourself from anxieties, and have been
+exposed to imputations in connection with your gallant
+efforts to direct rich men into a course of action more
+enlightened than that which they usually follow. I wish I
+could relieve you from these imputations of journalists, too
+often rash, conceited or censorious, rancorous, ill-natured.
+I wish to do the little, the very little, that is in my
+power, which is simply to say how sure I am that no one who
+knows you will be prompted by the unfortunate occurrences
+across the water (of which manifestly we cannot know the
+exact merits) to qualify in the slightest degree either his
+confidence in your generous views or his admiration of the
+good and great work you have already done.</p>
+
+<p>Wealth is at present like a monster threatening to swallow
+up the moral life of man; you by precept and by example have
+been teaching him to disgorge. I for one thank you.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Believe me</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Very faithfully yours</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) <span class="smcap">W.E. Gladstone</span></p></div>
+
+<p>I insert this as giving proof, if proof were needed, of Mr.
+Gladstone's large, sympathetic nature, alive and sensitive to
+everything transpiring of a nature to arouse sympathy&#8212;Neapolitans,
+Greeks, and Bulgarians one day, or a stricken friend the next.</p>
+
+<p>The general public, of course, did not know that I was in Scotland and
+knew nothing of the initial trouble at Homestead. Workmen had been
+killed at the Carnegie Works, of which I was the controlling owner.
+That was sufficient to make my name a by-word for years. But at last
+some satisfaction came. Senator Hanna was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> president of the National
+Civic Federation, a body composed of capitalists and workmen which
+exerted a benign influence over both employers and employed, and the
+Honorable Oscar Straus, who was then vice-president, invited me to
+dine at his house and meet the officials of the Federation. Before the
+date appointed Mark Hanna, its president, my lifelong friend and
+former agent at Cleveland, had suddenly passed away. I attended the
+dinner. At its close Mr. Straus arose and said that the question of a
+successor to Mr. Hanna had been considered, and he had to report that
+every labor organization heard from had favored me for the position.
+There were present several of the labor leaders who, one after
+another, arose and corroborated Mr. Straus.</p>
+
+<p>I do not remember so complete a surprise and, I shall confess, one so
+grateful to me. That I deserved well from labor I felt. I knew myself
+to be warmly sympathetic with the working-man, and also that I had the
+regard of our own workmen; but throughout the country it was naturally
+the reverse, owing to the Homestead riot. The Carnegie Works meant to
+the public Mr. Carnegie's war upon labor's just earnings.</p>
+
+<p>I arose to explain to the officials at the Straus dinner that I could
+not possibly accept the great honor, because I had to escape the heat
+of summer and the head of the Federation must be on hand at all
+seasons ready to grapple with an outbreak, should one occur. My
+embarrassment was great, but I managed to let all understand that this
+was felt to be the most welcome tribute I could have received&#8212;a balm
+to the hurt mind. I closed by saying that if elected to my lamented
+friend's place upon the Executive Committee I should esteem it an
+honor to serve. To this position I was elected by unanimous vote. I
+was thus relieved from the feeling that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> was considered responsible
+by labor generally, for the Homestead riot and the killing of workmen.</p>
+
+<p>I owe this vindication to Mr. Oscar Straus, who had read my articles
+and speeches of early days upon labor questions, and who had quoted
+these frequently to workmen. The two labor leaders of the Amalgamated
+Union, White and Schaeffer from Pittsburgh, who were at this dinner,
+were also able and anxious to enlighten their fellow-workmen members
+of the Board as to my record with labor, and did not fail to do so.</p>
+
+<p>A mass meeting of the workmen and their wives was afterwards held in
+the Library Hall at Pittsburgh to greet me, and I addressed them from
+both my head and my heart. The one sentence I remember, and always
+shall, was to the effect that capital, labor, and employer were a
+three-legged stool, none before or after the others, all equally
+indispensable. Then came the cordial hand-shaking and all was well.
+Having thus rejoined hands and hearts with our employees and their
+wives, I felt that a great weight had been effectually lifted, but I
+had had a terrible experience although thousands of miles from the
+scene.</p>
+
+<p>An incident flowing from the Homestead trouble is told by my friend,
+Professor John C. Van Dyke, of Rutgers College.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In the spring of 1900, I went up from Guaymas, on the Gulf
+of California, to the ranch of a friend at La Noria Verde,
+thinking to have a week's shooting in the mountains of
+Sonora. The ranch was far enough removed from civilization,
+and I had expected meeting there only a few Mexicans and
+many Yaqui Indians, but much to my surprise I found an
+English-speaking man, who proved to be an American. I did
+not have long to wait in order to find out what brought him
+there, for he was very lonesome and disposed to talk. His
+name was McLuckie, and up to 1892 he had been a skilled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+mechanic in the employ of the Carnegie Steel Works at
+Homestead. He was what was called a &quot;top hand,&quot; received
+large wages, was married, and at that time had a home and
+considerable property. In addition, he had been honored by
+his fellow-townsmen and had been made burgomaster of
+Homestead.</p>
+
+<p>When the strike of 1892 came McLuckie naturally sided with
+the strikers, and in his capacity as burgomaster gave the
+order to arrest the Pinkerton detectives who had come to
+Homestead by steamer to protect the works and preserve
+order. He believed he was fully justified in doing this. As
+he explained it to me, the detectives were an armed force
+invading his bailiwick, and he had a right to arrest and
+disarm them. The order led to bloodshed, and the conflict
+was begun in real earnest.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the strike is, of course, well known to all.
+The strikers were finally defeated. As for McLuckie, he was
+indicted for murder, riot, treason, and I know not what
+other offenses. He was compelled to flee from the State, was
+wounded, starved, pursued by the officers of the law, and
+obliged to go into hiding until the storm blew over. Then he
+found that he was blacklisted by all the steel men in the
+United States and could not get employment anywhere. His
+money was gone, and, as a final blow, his wife died and his
+home was broken up. After many vicissitudes he resolved to
+go to Mexico, and at the time I met him he was trying to get
+employment in the mines about fifteen miles from La Noria
+Verde. But he was too good a mechanic for the Mexicans, who
+required in mining the cheapest kind of unskilled peon
+labor. He could get nothing to do and had no money. He was
+literally down to his last copper. Naturally, as he told the
+story of his misfortunes, I felt very sorry for him,
+especially as he was a most intelligent person and did no
+unnecessary whining about his troubles.</p>
+
+<p>I do not think I told him at the time that I knew Mr.
+Carnegie and had been with him at Cluny in Scotland shortly
+after the Homestead strike, nor that I knew from Mr.
+Carnegie the other side of the story. But McLuckie was
+rather careful not to blame Mr. Carnegie, saying to me
+several times that if &quot;Andy&quot; had been there the trouble
+would never have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> arisen. He seemed to think &quot;the boys&quot;
+could get on very well with &quot;Andy&quot; but not so well with some
+of his partners.</p>
+
+<p>I was at the ranch for a week and saw a good deal of
+McLuckie in the evenings. When I left there, I went directly
+to Tucson, Arizona, and from there I had occasion to write
+to Mr. Carnegie, and in the letter I told him about meeting
+with McLuckie. I added that I felt very sorry for the man
+and thought he had been treated rather badly. Mr. Carnegie
+answered at once, and on the margin of the letter wrote in
+lead pencil: &quot;Give McLuckie all the money he wants, but
+don't mention my name.&quot; I wrote to McLuckie immediately,
+offering him what money he needed, mentioning no sum, but
+giving him to understand that it would be sufficient to put
+him on his feet again. He declined it. He said he would
+fight it out and make his own way, which was the
+right-enough American spirit. I could not help but admire it
+in him.</p>
+
+<p>As I remember now, I spoke about him later to a friend, Mr.
+J.A. Naugle, the general manager of the Sonora Railway. At
+any rate, McLuckie got a job with the railway at driving
+wells, and made a great success of it. A year later, or
+perhaps it was in the autumn of the same year, I again met
+him at Guaymas, where he was superintending some repairs on
+his machinery at the railway shops. He was much changed for
+the better, seemed happy, and to add to his contentment, had
+taken unto himself a Mexican wife. And now that his sky was
+cleared, I was anxious to tell him the truth about my offer
+that he might not think unjustly of those who had been
+compelled to fight him. So before I left him, I said,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;McLuckie, I want you to know now that the money I offered
+you was not mine. That was Andrew Carnegie's money. It was
+his offer, made through me.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>McLuckie was fairly stunned, and all he could say was:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, that was damned white of Andy, wasn't it?&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>I would rather risk that verdict of McLuckie's as a passport to
+Paradise than all the theological dogmas invented by man. I knew
+McLuckie well as a good fellow. It was said his property in Homestead
+was worth thirty thousand dollars. He was under arrest for the
+shooting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> of the police officers because he was the burgomaster, and
+also the chairman of the Men's Committee of Homestead. He had to fly,
+leaving all behind him.</p>
+
+<p>After this story got into print, the following skit appeared in the
+newspapers because I had declared I'd rather have McLuckie's few words
+on my tombstone than any other inscription, for it indicated I had
+been kind to one of our workmen:</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&quot;JUST BY THE WAY&quot;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Sandy on Andy</span></p>
+
+<p>
+Oh! hae ye heared what Andy's spiered to hae upo' his tomb,<br />
+When a' his gowd is gie'n awa an' Death has sealed his doom!<br />
+Nae Scriptur' line wi' tribute fine that dealers aye keep handy,<br />
+But juist this irreleegious screed&#8212;&quot;That's damned white of Andy!&quot;<br />
+<br />
+The gude Scot laughs at epitaphs that are but meant to flatter,<br />
+But never are was sae profane, an' that's nae laughin' matter.<br />
+Yet, gin he gies his siller all awa, mon, he's a dandy,<br />
+An' we'll admit his right to it, for &quot;That's damned white of Andy!&quot;<br />
+<br />
+There's not to be a &quot;big, big D,&quot; an' then a dash thereafter,<br />
+For Andy would na spoil the word by trying to make it safter;<br />
+He's not the lad to juggle terms, or soothing speech to bandy.<br />
+A blunt, straightforward mon is he&#8212;an' &quot;That's damned white of Andy!&quot;<br />
+<br />
+Sae when he's deid, we'll gie good heed, an' write it as he askit;<br />
+We'll carve it on his headstone an' we'll stamp it on his casket:<br />
+&quot;Wha dees rich, dees disgraced,&quot; says he, an' sure's my name is Sandy,<br />
+'T wull be nae rich man that he'll dee&#8212;an' &quot;That's damned white of Andy!&quot;<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII</h2>
+
+<h3>PROBLEMS OF LABOR</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;I</span> <b>SHOULD</b> like to record here some of the labor disputes I have had to
+deal with, as these may point a moral to both capital and labor.</p>
+
+<p>The workers at the blast furnaces in our steel-rail works once sent in
+a &quot;round-robin&quot; stating that unless the firm gave them an advance of
+wages by Monday afternoon at four o'clock they would leave the
+furnaces. Now, the scale upon which these men had agreed to work did
+not lapse until the end of the year, several months off. I felt if men
+would break an agreement there was no use in making a second agreement
+with them, but nevertheless I took the night train from New York and
+was at the works early in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>I asked the superintendent to call together the three committees which
+governed the works&#8212;not only the blast-furnace committee that was
+alone involved, but the mill and the converting works committees as
+well. They appeared and, of course, were received by me with great
+courtesy, not because it was good policy to be courteous, but because
+I have always enjoyed meeting our men. I am bound to say that the more
+I know of working-men the higher I rate their virtues. But it is with
+them as Barrie says with women: &quot;Dootless the Lord made a' things
+weel, but he left some michty queer kinks in women.&quot; They have their
+prejudices and &quot;red rags,&quot; which have to be respected, for the main
+root of trouble is ignorance, not hostility. The committee sat in a
+semicircle before me, all with their hats off, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> course, as mine
+was also; and really there was the appearance of a model assembly.</p>
+
+<p>Addressing the chairman of the mill committee, I said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Mackay&quot; (he was an old gentleman and wore spectacles), &quot;have we
+an agreement with you covering the remainder of the year?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Taking the spectacles off slowly, and holding them in his hand, he
+said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, sir, you have, Mr. Carnegie, and you haven't got enough money to
+make us break it either.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There spoke the true American workman,&quot; I said. &quot;I am proud of you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Johnson&quot; (who was chairman of the rail converters' committee),
+&quot;have we a similar agreement with you?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Johnson was a small, spare man; he spoke very deliberately:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Carnegie, when an agreement is presented to me to sign, I read it
+carefully, and if it don't suit me, I don't sign it, and if it does
+suit me, I do sign it, and when I sign it I keep it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There again speaks the self-respecting American workman,&quot; I said.</p>
+
+<p>Turning now to the chairman of the blast-furnaces committee, an
+Irishman named Kelly, I addressed the same question to him:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Kelly, have we an agreement with you covering the remainder of
+this year?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Kelly answered that he couldn't say exactly. There was a paper
+sent round and he signed it, but didn't read it over carefully, and
+didn't understand just what was in it. At this moment our
+superintendent, Captain Jones, excellent manager, but impulsive,
+exclaimed abruptly:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now, Mr. Kelly, you know I read that over twice and discussed it with
+you!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Order, order, Captain! Mr. Kelly is entitled to give his explanation.
+I sign many a paper that I do not read&#8212;documents our lawyers and
+partners present to me to sign. Mr. Kelly states that he signed this
+document under such circumstances and his statement must be received.
+But, Mr. Kelly, I have always found that the best way is to carry out
+the provisions of the agreement one signs carelessly and resolve to be
+more careful next time. Would it not be better for you to continue
+four months longer under this agreement, and then, when you sign the
+next one, see that you understand it?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There was no answer to this, and I arose and said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen of the Blast-Furnace Committee, you have threatened our
+firm that you will break your agreement and that you will leave these
+blast furnaces (which means disaster) unless you get a favorable
+answer to your threat by four o'clock to-day. It is not yet three, but
+your answer is ready. You may leave the blast furnaces. The grass will
+grow around them before we yield to your threat. The worst day that
+labor has ever seen in this world is that day in which it dishonors
+itself by breaking its agreement. You have your answer.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The committee filed out slowly and there was silence among the
+partners. A stranger who was coming in on business met the committee
+in the passage and he reported:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;As I came in, a man wearing spectacles pushed up alongside of an
+Irishman he called Kelly, and he said: 'You fellows might just as well
+understand it now as later. There's to be no d&#8212;&#8212;d monkeying round
+these works.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>That meant business. Later we heard from one of our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> clerks what took
+place at the furnaces. Kelly and his committee marched down to them.
+Of course, the men were waiting and watching for the committee and a
+crowd had gathered. When the furnaces were reached, Kelly called out
+to them:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Get to work, you spalpeens, what are you doing here? Begorra, the
+little boss just hit from the shoulder. He won't fight, but he says he
+has sat down, and begorra, we all know he'll be a skeleton afore he
+rises. Get to work, ye spalpeens.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The Irish and Scotch-Irish are queer, but the easiest and best fellows
+to get on with, if you only know how. That man Kelly was my stanch
+friend and admirer ever afterward, and he was before that one of our
+most violent men. My experience is that you can always rely upon the
+great body of working-men to do what is right, provided they have not
+taken up a position and promised their leaders to stand by them. But
+their loyalty to their leaders even when mistaken, is something to
+make us proud of them. Anything can be done with men who have this
+feeling of loyalty within them. They only need to be treated fairly.</p>
+
+<p>The way a strike was once broken at our steel-rail mills is
+interesting. Here again, I am sorry to say, one hundred and
+thirty-four men in one department had bound themselves under secret
+oath to demand increased wages at the end of the year, several months
+away. The new year proved very unfavorable for business, and other
+iron and steel manufacturers throughout the country had effected
+reductions in wages. Nevertheless, these men, having secretly sworn
+months previously that they would not work unless they got increased
+wages, thought themselves bound to insist upon their demands. We could
+not advance wages when our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> competitors were reducing them, and the
+works were stopped in consequence. Every department of the works was
+brought to a stand by these strikers. The blast furnaces were
+abandoned a day or two before the time agreed upon, and we were
+greatly troubled in consequence.</p>
+
+<p>I went to Pittsburgh and was surprised to find the furnaces had been
+banked, contrary to agreement. I was to meet the men in the morning
+upon arrival at Pittsburgh, but a message was sent to me from the
+works stating that the men had &quot;left the furnaces and would meet me
+to-morrow.&quot; Here was a nice reception! My reply was:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No they won't. Tell them I shall not be here to-morrow. Anybody can
+stop work; the trick is to start it again. Some fine day these men
+will want the works started and will be looking around for somebody
+who can start them, and I will tell them then just what I do now: that
+the works will never start except upon a sliding scale based upon the
+prices we get for our products. That scale will last three years and
+it will not be submitted by the men. They have submitted many scales
+to us. It is our turn now, and we are going to submit a scale to them.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now,&quot; I said to my partners, &quot;I am going back to New York in the
+afternoon. Nothing more is to be done.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A short time after my message was received by the men they asked if
+they could come in and see me that afternoon before I left.</p>
+
+<p>I answered: &quot;Certainly!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>They came in and I said to them:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Gentlemen, your chairman here, Mr. Bennett, assured you that I would
+make my appearance and settle with you in some way or other, as I
+always have settled.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> That is true. And he told you that I would not
+fight, which is also true. He is a true prophet. But he told you
+something else in which he was slightly mistaken. He said I <i>could</i>
+not fight. Gentlemen,&quot; looking Mr. Bennett straight in the eye and
+closing and raising my fist, &quot;he forgot that I was Scotch. But I will
+tell you something; I will never fight you. I know better than to
+fight labor. I will not fight, but I can beat any committee that was
+ever made at sitting down, and I have sat down. These works will never
+start until the men vote by a two-thirds majority to start them, and
+then, as I told you this morning, they will start on our sliding
+scale. I have nothing more to say.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>They retired. It was about two weeks afterwards that one of the house
+servants came to my library in New York with a card, and I found upon
+it the names of two of our workmen, and also the name of a reverend
+gentleman. The men said they were from the works at Pittsburgh and
+would like to see me.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ask if either of these gentlemen belongs to the blast-furnace workers
+who banked the furnaces contrary to agreement.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The man returned and said &quot;No.&quot; I replied: &quot;In that case go down and
+tell them that I shall be pleased to have them come up.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Of course they were received with genuine warmth and cordiality and we
+sat and talked about New York, for some time, this being their first
+visit.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Carnegie, we really came to talk about the trouble at the works,&quot;
+the minister said at last.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, indeed!&quot; I answered. &quot;Have the men voted?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No,&quot; he said.</p>
+
+<p>My rejoinder was:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You will have to excuse me from entering upon that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> subject; I said I
+never would discuss it until they voted by a two-thirds majority to
+start the mills. Gentlemen, you have never seen New York. Let me take
+you out and show you Fifth Avenue and the Park, and we shall come back
+here to lunch at half-past one.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This we did, talking about everything except the one thing that they
+wished to talk about. We had a good time, and I know they enjoyed
+their lunch. There is one great difference between the American
+working-man and the foreigner. The American is a man; he sits down at
+lunch with people as if he were (as he generally is) a gentleman born.
+It is splendid.</p>
+
+<p>They returned to Pittsburgh, not another word having been said about
+the works. But the men soon voted (there were very few votes against
+starting) and I went again to Pittsburgh. I laid before the committee
+the scale under which they were to work. It was a sliding scale based
+on the price of the product. Such a scale really makes capital and
+labor partners, sharing prosperous and disastrous times together. Of
+course it has a minimum, so that the men are always sure of living
+wages. As the men had seen these scales, it was unnecessary to go over
+them. The chairman said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Carnegie, we will agree to everything. And now,&quot; he said
+hesitatingly, &quot;we have one favor to ask of you, and we hope you will
+not refuse it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, gentlemen, if it be reasonable I shall surely grant it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, it is this: That you permit the officers of the union to sign
+these papers for the men.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Why, certainly, gentlemen! With the greatest pleasure! And then I
+have a small favor to ask of you, which I hope you will not refuse, as
+I have granted yours. Just to please me, after the officers have
+signed, let<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> every workman sign also for himself. You see, Mr.
+Bennett, this scale lasts for three years, and some man, or body of
+men, might dispute whether your president of the union had authority
+to bind them for so long, but if we have his signature also, there
+cannot be any misunderstanding.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There was a pause; then one man at his side whispered to Mr. Bennett
+(but I heard him perfectly):</p>
+
+<p>&quot;By golly, the jig's up!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>So it was, but it was not by direct attack, but by a flank movement.
+Had I not allowed the union officers to sign, they would have had a
+grievance and an excuse for war. As it was, having allowed them to do
+so, how could they refuse so simple a request as mine, that each free
+and independent American citizen should also sign for himself. My
+recollection is that as a matter of fact the officers of the union
+never signed, but they may have done so. Why should they, if every
+man's signature was required? Besides this, the workmen, knowing that
+the union could do nothing for them when the scale was adopted,
+neglected to pay dues and the union was deserted. We never heard of it
+again. [That was in 1889, now twenty-seven years ago. The scale has
+never been changed. The men would not change it if they could; it
+works for their benefit, as I told them it would.]</p>
+
+<p>Of all my services rendered to labor the introduction of the sliding
+scale is chief. It is the solution of the capital and labor problem,
+because it really makes them partners&#8212;alike in prosperity and
+adversity. There was a yearly scale in operation in the Pittsburgh
+district in the early years, but it is not a good plan because men and
+employers at once begin preparing for a struggle which is almost
+certain to come. It is far better for both employers and employed to
+set no date for an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> agreed-upon scale to end. It should be subject to
+six months' or a year's notice on either side, and in that way might
+and probably would run on for years.</p>
+
+<p>To show upon what trifles a contest between capital and labor may
+turn, let me tell of two instances which were amicably settled by mere
+incidents of seemingly little consequence. Once when I went out to
+meet a men's committee, which had in our opinion made unfair demands,
+I was informed that they were influenced by a man who secretly owned a
+drinking saloon, although working in the mills. He was a great bully.
+The sober, quiet workmen were afraid of him, and the drinking men were
+his debtors. He was the real instigator of the movement.</p>
+
+<p>We met in the usual friendly fashion. I was glad to see the men, many
+of whom I had long known and could call by name. When we sat down at
+the table the leader's seat was at one end and mine at the other. We
+therefore faced each other. After I had laid our proposition before
+the meeting, I saw the leader pick up his hat from the floor and
+slowly put it on his head, intimating that he was about to depart.
+Here was my chance.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Sir, you are in the presence of gentlemen! Please be so good as to
+take your hat off or leave the room!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>My eyes were kept full upon him. There was a silence that could be
+felt. The great bully hesitated, but I knew whatever he did, he was
+beaten. If he left it was because he had treated the meeting
+discourteously by keeping his hat on, he was no gentleman; if he
+remained and took off his hat, he had been crushed by the rebuke. I
+didn't care which course he took. He had only two and either of them
+was fatal. He had delivered himself into my hands. He very slowly took
+off the hat and put it on the floor. Not a word did he speak
+thereafter in that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> conference. I was told afterward that he had to
+leave the place. The men rejoiced in the episode and a settlement was
+harmoniously effected.</p>
+
+<p>When the three years' scale was proposed to the men, a committee of
+sixteen was chosen by them to confer with us. Little progress was made
+at first, and I announced my engagements compelled me to return the
+next day to New York. Inquiry was made as to whether we would meet a
+committee of thirty-two, as the men wished others added to the
+committee&#8212;a sure sign of division in their ranks. Of course we
+agreed. The committee came from the works to meet me at the office in
+Pittsburgh. The proceedings were opened by one of our best men, Billy
+Edwards (I remember him well; he rose to high position afterwards),
+who thought that the total offered was fair, but that the scale was
+not equable. Some departments were all right, others were not fairly
+dealt with. Most of the men were naturally of this opinion, but when
+they came to indicate the underpaid, there was a difference, as was to
+be expected. No two men in the different departments could agree.
+Billy began:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Carnegie, we agree that the total sum per ton to be paid is fair,
+but we think it is not properly distributed among us. Now, Mr.
+Carnegie, you take my job&#8212;&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Order, order!&quot; I cried. &quot;None of that, Billy. Mr. Carnegie 'takes no
+man's job.' Taking another's job is an unpardonable offense among
+high-classed workmen.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There was loud laughter, followed by applause, and then more laughter.
+I laughed with them. We had scored on Billy. Of course the dispute was
+soon settled. It is not solely, often it is not chiefly, a matter of
+dollars with workmen. Appreciation, kind treatment, a fair<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>
+deal&#8212;these are often the potent forces with the American workmen.</p>
+
+<p>Employers can do so many desirable things for their men at little
+cost. At one meeting when I asked what we could do for them, I
+remember this same Billy Edwards rose and said that most of the men
+had to run in debt to the storekeepers because they were paid monthly.
+Well I remember his words:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I have a good woman for wife who manages well. We go into Pittsburgh
+every fourth Saturday afternoon and buy our supplies wholesale for the
+next month and save one third. Not many of your men can do this.
+Shopkeepers here charge so much. And another thing, they charge very
+high for coal. If you paid your men every two weeks, instead of
+monthly, it would be as good for the careful men as a raise in wages
+of ten per cent or more.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Edwards, that shall be done,&quot; I replied.</p>
+
+<p>It involved increased labor and a few more clerks, but that was a
+small matter. The remark about high prices charged set me to thinking
+why the men could not open a co&#246;perative store. This was also
+arranged&#8212;the firm agreeing to pay the rent of the building, but
+insisting that the men themselves take the stock and manage it. Out of
+that came the Braddock's Co&#246;perative Society, a valuable institution
+for many reasons, not the least of them that it taught the men that
+business had its difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>The coal trouble was cured effectively by our agreeing that the
+company sell all its men coal at the net cost price to us (about half
+of what had been charged by coal dealers, so I was told) and arranging
+to deliver it at the men's houses&#8212;the buyer paying only actual cost
+of cartage.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There was another matter. We found that the men's savings caused them
+anxiety, for little faith have the prudent, saving men in banks and,
+unfortunately, our Government at that time did not follow the British
+in having post-office deposit banks. We offered to take the actual
+savings of each workman, up to two thousand dollars, and pay six per
+cent interest upon them, to encourage thrift. Their money was kept
+separate from the business, in a trust fund, and lent to such as
+wished to build homes for themselves. I consider this one of the best
+things that can be done for the saving workman.</p>
+
+<p>It was such concessions as these that proved the most profitable
+investments ever made by the company, even from an economical
+standpoint. It pays to go beyond the letter of the bond with your men.
+Two of my partners, as Mr. Phipps has put it, &quot;knew my extreme
+disposition to always grant the demands of labor, however
+unreasonable,&quot; but looking back upon my failing in this respect, I
+wish it had been greater&#8212;much greater. No expenditure returned such
+dividends as the friendship of our workmen.</p>
+
+<p>We soon had a body of workmen, I truly believe, wholly unequaled&#8212;the
+best workmen and the best men ever drawn together. Quarrels and
+strikes became things of the past. Had the Homestead men been our own
+old men, instead of men we had to pick up, it is scarcely possible
+that the trouble there in 1892 could have arisen. The scale at the
+steel-rail mills, introduced in 1889, has been running up to the
+present time (1914), and I think there never has been a labor
+grievance at the works since. The men, as I have already stated,
+dissolved their old union because there was no use paying dues to a
+union when the men themselves had a three years' contract. Although
+their labor union is dissolved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> another and a better one has taken its
+place&#8212;a cordial union between the employers and their men, the best
+union of all for both parties.</p>
+
+<p>It is for the interest of the employer that his men shall make good
+earnings and have steady work. The sliding scale enables the company
+to meet the market; and sometimes to take orders and keep the works
+running, which is the main thing for the working-men. High wages are
+well enough, but they are not to be compared with steady employment.
+The Edgar Thomson Mills are, in my opinion, the ideal works in respect
+to the relations of capital and labor. I am told the men in our day,
+and even to this day (1914) prefer two to three turns, but three turns
+are sure to come. Labor's hours are to be shortened as we progress.
+Eight hours will be the rule&#8212;eight for work, eight for sleep, and
+eight for rest and recreation.</p>
+
+<p>There have been many incidents in my business life proving that labor
+troubles are not solely founded upon wages. I believe the best
+preventive of quarrels to be recognition of, and sincere interest in,
+the men, satisfying them that you really care for them and that you
+rejoice in their success. This I can sincerely say&#8212;that I always
+enjoyed my conferences with our workmen, which were not always in
+regard to wages, and that the better I knew the men the more I liked
+them. They have usually two virtues to the employer's one, and they
+are certainly more generous to each other.</p>
+
+<p>Labor is usually helpless against capital. The employer, perhaps,
+decides to shut up the shops; he ceases to make profits for a short
+time. There is no change in his habits, food, clothing, pleasures&#8212;no
+agonizing fear of want. Contrast this with his workman whose lessening
+means of subsistence torment him. He has few com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>forts, scarcely the
+necessities for his wife and children in health, and for the sick
+little ones no proper treatment. It is not capital we need to guard,
+but helpless labor. If I returned to business to-morrow, fear of labor
+troubles would not enter my mind, but tenderness for poor and
+sometimes misguided though well-meaning laborers would fill my heart
+and soften it; and thereby soften theirs.</p>
+
+<p>Upon my return to Pittsburgh in 1892, after the Homestead trouble, I
+went to the works and met many of the old men who had not been
+concerned in the riot. They expressed the opinion that if I had been
+at home the strike would never have happened. I told them that the
+company had offered generous terms and beyond its offer I should not
+have gone; that before their cable reached me in Scotland, the
+Governor of the State had appeared on the scene with troops and wished
+the law vindicated; that the question had then passed out of my
+partners' hands. I added:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You were badly advised. My partners' offer should have been accepted.
+It was very generous. I don't know that I would have offered so much.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>To this one of the rollers said to me:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, Mr. Carnegie, it wasn't a question of dollars. The boys would
+have let you kick 'em, but they wouldn't let that other man stroke
+their hair.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>So much does sentiment count for in the practical affairs of life,
+even with the laboring classes. This is not generally believed by
+those who do not know them, but I am certain that disputes about wages
+do not account for one half the disagreements between capital and
+labor. There is lack of due appreciation and of kind treatment of
+employees upon the part of the employers.</p>
+
+<p>Suits had been entered against many of the strikers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> but upon my
+return these were promptly dismissed. All the old men who remained,
+and had not been guilty of violence, were taken back. I had cabled
+from Scotland urging that Mr. Schwab be sent back to Homestead. He had
+been only recently promoted to the Edgar Thomson Works. He went back,
+and &quot;Charlie,&quot; as he was affectionately called, soon restored order,
+peace, and harmony. Had he remained at the Homestead Works, in all
+probability no serious trouble would have arisen. &quot;Charlie&quot; liked his
+workmen and they liked him; but there still remained at Homestead an
+unsatisfactory element in the men who had previously been discarded
+from our various works for good reasons and had found employment at
+the new works before we purchased them.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX</h2>
+
+<h3>THE &quot;GOSPEL OF WEALTH&quot;</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">A</span><b>FTER</b> my book, &quot;The Gospel of Wealth,&quot;<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44">[44]</a> was published, it was
+inevitable that I should live up to its teachings by ceasing to
+struggle for more wealth. I resolved to stop accumulating and begin
+the infinitely more serious and difficult task of wise distribution.
+Our profits had reached forty millions of dollars per year and the
+prospect of increased earnings before us was amazing. Our successors,
+the United States Steel Corporation, soon after the purchase, netted
+sixty millions in one year. Had our company continued in business and
+adhered to our plans of extension, we figured that seventy millions in
+that year might have been earned.</p>
+
+<p>Steel had ascended the throne and was driving away all inferior
+material. It was clearly seen that there was a great future ahead; but
+so far as I was concerned I knew the task of distribution before me
+would tax me in my old age to the utmost. As usual, Shakespeare had
+placed his talismanic touch upon the thought and framed the sentence&#8212;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;So distribution should undo excess,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And each man have enough.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>At this juncture&#8212;that is March, 1901&#8212;Mr. Schwab<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> told me Mr. Morgan
+had said to him he should really like to know if I wished to retire
+from business; if so he thought he could arrange it. He also said he
+had consulted our partners and that they were disposed to sell, being
+attracted by the terms Mr. Morgan had offered. I told Mr. Schwab that
+if my partners were desirous to sell I would concur, and we finally
+sold.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image20">
+<img src="images/image20.jpg" alt="Charles M. Schwab" width="286" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>CHARLES M. SCHWAB</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>There had been so much deception by speculators buying old iron and
+steel mills and foisting them upon innocent purchasers at inflated
+values&#8212;hundred-dollar shares in some cases selling for a trifle&#8212;that
+I declined to take anything for the common stock. Had I done so, it
+would have given me just about one hundred millions more of five per
+cent bonds, which Mr. Morgan said afterwards I could have obtained.
+Such was the prosperity and such the money value of our steel
+business. Events proved I should have been quite justified in asking
+the additional sum named, for the common stock has paid five per cent
+continuously since.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> But I had enough, as has been proved, to keep
+me busier than ever before, trying to distribute it.</p>
+
+<p>My first distribution was to the men in the mills. The following
+letters and papers will explain the gift:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right"><i>New York, N.Y., March 12, 1901</i></p>
+
+<p>I make this first use of surplus wealth, four millions of
+first mortgage 5% Bonds, upon retiring from business, as an
+ac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>knowledgment of the deep debt which I owe to the
+workmen who have contributed so greatly to my success. It is
+designed to relieve those who may suffer from accidents, and
+provide small pensions for those needing help in old age.</p>
+
+<p>In addition I give one million dollars of such bonds, the
+proceeds thereof to be used to maintain the libraries and
+halls I have built for our workmen.</p></div>
+
+<p>In return, the Homestead workmen presented the following address:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right"><i>Munhall, Pa., Feb'y 23, 1903</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Andrew Carnegie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">New York, N.Y.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</p>
+
+<p>We, the employees of the Homestead Steel Works, desire by
+this means to express to you through our Committee our great
+appreciation of your benevolence in establishing the &quot;Andrew
+Carnegie Relief Fund,&quot; the first annual report of its
+operation having been placed before us during the past
+month.</p>
+
+<p>The interest which you have always shown in your workmen has
+won for you an appreciation which cannot be expressed by
+mere words. Of the many channels through which you have
+sought to do good, we believe that the &quot;Andrew Carnegie
+Relief Fund&quot; stands first. We have personal knowledge of
+cares lightened and of hope and strength renewed in homes
+where human prospects seemed dark and discouraging.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">Respectfully yours</p></div>
+
+  <table border="0" summary="committee" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
+    <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&#160;</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">Harry F. Rose</span>, <i>Roller</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&#160;</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">John Bell, Jr.</span>, <i>Blacksmith</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Committee</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">J.A. Horton</span>, <i>Timekeeper</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&#160;</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">Walter A. Greig</span>, <i>Electric Foreman</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&#160;</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">Harry Cusack</span>, <i>Yardmaster</i></td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+  </table>
+
+<p>The Lucy Furnace men presented me with a beautiful silver plate and
+inscribed upon it the following address:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Andrew Carnegie Relief Fund</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Lucy Furnaces</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Whereas</i>, Mr. Andrew Carnegie, in his munificent
+philanthropy, has endowed the &quot;Andrew Carnegie Relief Fund&quot;
+for the benefit of employees of the Carnegie Company,
+Therefore be it</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, that the employees of the Lucy Furnaces, in
+special meeting assembled, do convey to Mr. Andrew Carnegie
+their sincere thanks for and appreciation of his unexcelled
+and bounteous endowment, and furthermore be it</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, that it is their earnest wish and prayer that
+his life may be long spared to enjoy the fruits of his
+works.</p></div>
+
+  <table border="0" summary="committee" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
+    <tbody>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&#160;</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">James Scott</span>, <i>Chairman</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&#160;</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">Louis A. Hutchison</span>, <i>Secretary</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&#160;</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">James Daly</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Committee</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">R.C. Taylor</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&#160;</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">John V. Ward</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&#160;</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">Frederick Voelker</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&#160;</td>
+      <td>{ <span class="smcap">John M. Veigh</span></td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+  </table>
+
+<p>I sailed soon for Europe, and as usual some of my partners did not
+fail to accompany me to the steamer and bade me good-bye. But, oh! the
+difference to me! Say what we would, do what we would, the solemn
+change had come. This I could not fail to realize. The wrench was
+indeed severe and there was pain in the good-bye which was also a
+farewell.</p>
+
+<p>Upon my return to New York some months later, I felt myself entirely
+out of place, but was much cheered by seeing several of &quot;the boys&quot; on
+the pier to welcome me&#8212;the same dear friends, but so different. I had
+lost my partners, but not my friends. This was something; it was much.
+Still a vacancy was left. I had now to take up my self-appointed task
+of wisely disposing of surplus wealth. That would keep me deeply
+interested.</p>
+
+<p>One day my eyes happened to see a line in that most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> valuable paper,
+the &quot;Scottish American,&quot; in which I had found many gems. This was the
+line:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The gods send thread for a web begun.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It seemed almost as if it had been sent directly to me. This sank into
+my heart, and I resolved to begin at once my first web. True enough,
+the gods sent thread in the proper form. Dr. J.S. Billings, of the New
+York Public Libraries, came as their agent, and of dollars, five and a
+quarter millions went at one stroke for sixty-eight branch libraries,
+promised for New York City. Twenty more libraries for Brooklyn
+followed.</p>
+
+<p>My father, as I have stated, had been one of the five pioneers in
+Dunfermline who combined and gave access to their few books to their
+less fortunate neighbors. I had followed in his footsteps by giving my
+native town a library&#8212;its foundation stone laid by my mother&#8212;so that
+this public library was really my first gift. It was followed by
+giving a public library and hall to Allegheny City&#8212;our first home in
+America. President Harrison kindly accompanied me from Washington and
+opened these buildings. Soon after this, Pittsburgh asked for a
+library, which was given. This developed, in due course, into a group
+of buildings embracing a museum, a picture gallery, technical schools,
+and the Margaret Morrison School for Young Women. This group of
+buildings I opened to the public November 5, 1895. In Pittsburgh I had
+made my fortune and in the twenty-four millions already spent on this
+group,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> she gets back only a small part of what she gave, and to
+which she is richly entitled.</p>
+
+<p>The second large gift was to found the Carnegie Institution of
+Washington. The 28th of January, 1902,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> I gave ten million dollars in
+five per cent bonds, to which there has been added sufficient to make
+the total cash value twenty-five millions of dollars, the additions
+being made upon record of results obtained. I naturally wished to
+consult President Roosevelt upon the matter, and if possible to induce
+the Secretary of State, Mr. John Hay, to serve as chairman, which he
+readily agreed to do. With him were associated as directors my old
+friend Abram S. Hewitt, Dr. Billings, William E. Dodge, Elihu Root,
+Colonel Higginson, D.O. Mills, Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, and others.</p>
+
+<p>When I showed President Roosevelt the list of the distinguished men
+who had agreed to serve, he remarked: &quot;You could not duplicate it.&quot; He
+strongly favored the foundation, which was incorporated by an act of
+Congress April 28, 1904, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To encourage in the broadest and most liberal manner
+investigations, research and discovery, and the application
+of knowledge to the improvement of mankind; and, in
+particular, to conduct, endow and assist investigation in
+any department of science, literature or art, and to this
+end to co&#246;perate with governments, universities, colleges,
+technical schools, learned societies, and individuals.</p></div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image21">
+<img src="images/image21.jpg" alt="Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh" width="400" height="221" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE AT PITTSBURGH</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>I was indebted to Dr. Billings as my guide, in selecting Dr. Daniel C.
+Gilman as the first President. He passed away some years later. Dr.
+Billings then recommended the present highly successful president, Dr.
+Robert S. Woodward. Long may he continue to guide the affairs of the
+Institution! The history of its achievements is so well known through
+its publications that details here are unnecessary. I may, however,
+refer to two of its undertakings that are somewhat unique. It is doing
+a world-wide service with the wood-and-bronze yacht, &quot;Carnegie,&quot; which
+is voyaging around the world<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> correcting the errors of the earlier
+surveys. Many of these ocean surveys have been found misleading, owing
+to variations of the compass. Bronze being non-magnetic, while iron
+and steel are highly so, previous observations have proved liable to
+error. A notable instance is that of the stranding of a Cunard
+steamship near the Azores. Captain Peters, of the &quot;Carnegie,&quot; thought
+it advisable to test this case and found that the captain of the
+ill-fated steamer was sailing on the course laid down upon the
+admiralty map, and was not to blame. The original observation was
+wrong. The error caused by variation was promptly corrected.</p>
+
+<p>This is only one of numerous corrections reported to the nations who
+go down to the sea in ships. Their thanks are our ample reward. In the
+deed of gift I expressed the hope that our young Republic might some
+day be able to repay, at least in some degree, the great debt it owes
+to the older lands. Nothing gives me deeper satisfaction than the
+knowledge that it has to some extent already begun to do so.</p>
+
+<p>With the unique service rendered by the wandering &quot;Carnegie,&quot; we may
+rank that of the fixed observatory upon Mount Wilson, California, at
+an altitude of 5886 feet. Professor Hale is in charge of it. He
+attended the gathering of leading astronomers in Rome one year, and
+such were his revelations there that these savants resolved their next
+meeting should be on top of Mount Wilson. And so it was.</p>
+
+<p>There is but one Mount Wilson. From a depth seventy-two feet down in
+the earth photographs have been taken of new stars. On the first of
+these plates many new worlds&#8212;I believe sixteen&#8212;were discovered. On
+the second I think it was sixty new worlds which had come into our
+ken, and on the third plate there were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> estimated to be more than a
+hundred&#8212;several of them said to be twenty times the size of our sun.
+Some of them were so distant as to require eight years for their light
+to reach us, which inclines us to bow our heads whispering to
+ourselves, &quot;All we know is as nothing to the unknown.&quot; When the
+monster new glass, three times larger than any existing, is in
+operation, what revelations are to come! I am assured if a race
+inhabits the moon they will be clearly seen.</p>
+
+<p>The third delightful task was founding the Hero Fund, in which my
+whole heart was concerned. I had heard of a serious accident in a coal
+pit near Pittsburgh, and how the former superintendent, Mr. Taylor,
+although then engaged in other pursuits, had instantly driven to the
+scene, hoping to be of use in the crisis. Rallying volunteers, who
+responded eagerly, he led them down the pit to rescue those below.
+Alas, alas, he the heroic leader lost his own life.</p>
+
+<p>I could not get the thought of this out of my mind. My dear, dear
+friend, Mr. Richard Watson Gilder, had sent me the following true and
+beautiful poem, and I re-read it the morning after the accident, and
+resolved then to establish the Hero Fund.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<span class="i0">IN THE TIME OF PEACE<br /></span>
+</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Twas said: &quot;When roll of drum and battle's roar<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shall cease upon the earth, O, then no more<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The deed&#8212;the race&#8212;of heroes in the land.&quot;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But scarce that word was breathed when one small hand<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Lifted victorious o'er a giant wrong<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That had its victims crushed through ages long;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Some woman set her pale and quivering face<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Firm as a rock against a man's disgrace;<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A little child suffered in silence lest<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His savage pain should wound a mother's breast;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Some quiet scholar flung his gauntlet down<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And risked, in Truth's great name, the synod's frown;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A civic hero, in the calm realm of laws,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Did that which suddenly drew a world's applause;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And one to the pest his lithe young body gave<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That he a thousand thousand lives might save.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Hence arose the five-million-dollar fund to reward heroes, or to
+support the families of heroes, who perish in the effort to serve or
+save their fellows, and to supplement what employers or others do in
+contributing to the support of the families of those left destitute
+through accidents. This fund, established April 15, 1904, has proved
+from every point of view a decided success. I cherish a fatherly
+regard for it since no one suggested it to me. As far as I know, it
+never had been thought of; hence it is emphatically &quot;my ain bairn.&quot;
+Later I extended it to my native land, Great Britain, with
+headquarters at Dunfermline&#8212;the Trustees of the Carnegie Dunfermline
+Trust undertaking its administration, and splendidly have they
+succeeded. In due time it was extended to France, Germany, Italy,
+Belgium, Holland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Denmark.</p>
+
+<p>Regarding its workings in Germany, I received a letter from David
+Jayne Hill, our American Ambassador at Berlin, from which I quote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>My main object in writing now is to tell you how pleased His
+Majesty is with the working of the German Hero Fund. He is
+enthusiastic about it and spoke in most complimentary terms
+of your discernment, as well as your generosity in founding
+it. He did not believe it would fill so important a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> place
+as it is doing. He told me of several cases that are really
+touching, and which would otherwise have been wholly
+unprovided for. One was that of a young man who saved a boy
+from drowning and just as they were about to lift him out of
+the water, after passing up the child into a boat, his heart
+failed, and he sank. He left a lovely young wife and a
+little boy. She has already been helped by the Hero Fund to
+establish a little business from which she can make a
+living, and the education of the boy, who is very bright,
+will be looked after. This is but one example.</p>
+
+<p>Valentini (Chief of the Civil Cabinet), who was somewhat
+skeptical at first regarding the need of such a fund, is now
+glowing with enthusiasm about it, and he tells me the whole
+Commission, which is composed of carefully chosen men, is
+earnestly devoted to the work of making the very best and
+wisest use of their means and has devoted much time to their
+decisions.</p>
+
+<p>They have corresponded with the English and French
+Commission, arranged to exchange reports, and made plans to
+keep in touch with one another in their work. They were
+deeply interested in the American report and have learned
+much from it.</p></div>
+
+<p>King Edward of Britain was deeply impressed by the provisions of the
+fund, and wrote me an autograph letter of appreciation of this and
+other gifts to my native land, which I deeply value, and hence insert.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right"><i>Windsor Castle, November 21, 1908</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Carnegie</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I have for some time past been anxious to express to you my
+sense of your generosity for the great public objects which
+you have presented to this country, the land of your birth.</p>
+
+<p>Scarcely less admirable than the gifts themselves is the
+great care and thought you have taken in guarding against
+their misuse.</p>
+
+<p>I am anxious to tell you how warmly I recognize your most
+generous benefactions and the great services they are likely
+to confer upon the country.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As a mark of recognition, I hope you will accept the
+portrait of myself which I am sending to you.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Believe me, dear Mr. Carnegie,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Sincerely yours</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Edward R. &amp; I.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Some of the newspapers in America were doubtful of the merits of the
+Hero Fund and the first annual report was criticized, but all this has
+passed away and the action of the fund is now warmly extolled. It has
+conquered, and long will it be before the trust is allowed to perish!
+The heroes of the barbarian past wounded or killed their fellows; the
+heroes of our civilized day serve or save theirs. Such the difference
+between physical and moral courage, between barbarism and
+civilization. Those who belong to the first class are soon to pass
+away, for we are finally to regard men who slay each other as we now
+do cannibals who eat each other; but those in the latter class will
+not die as long as man exists upon the earth, for such heroism as they
+display is god-like.</p>
+
+<p>The Hero Fund will prove chiefly a pension fund. Already it has many
+pensioners, heroes or the widows or children of heroes. A strange
+misconception arose at first about it. Many thought that its purpose
+was to stimulate heroic action, that heroes were to be induced to play
+their parts for the sake of reward. This never entered my mind. It is
+absurd. True heroes think not of reward. They are inspired and think
+only of their fellows endangered; never of themselves. The fund is
+intended to pension or provide in the most suitable manner for the
+hero should he be disabled, or for those dependent upon him should he
+perish in his attempt to save others. It has made a fine start and
+will grow in popularity year after year as its aims and services are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
+better understood. To-day we have in America 1430 hero pensioners or
+their families on our list.</p>
+
+<p>I found the president for the Hero Fund in a Carnegie veteran, one of
+the original boys, Charlie Taylor. No salary for Charlie&#8212;not a cent
+would he ever take. He loves the work so much that I believe he would
+pay highly for permission to live with it. He is the right man in the
+right place. He has charge also, with Mr. Wilmot's able assistance, of
+the pensions for Carnegie workmen (Carnegie Relief Fund<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>); also the
+pensions for railway employees of my old division. Three relief funds
+and all of them benefiting others.</p>
+
+<p>I got my revenge one day upon Charlie, who was always urging me to do
+for others. He is a graduate of Lehigh University and one of her most
+loyal sons. Lehigh wished a building and Charlie was her chief
+advocate. I said nothing, but wrote President Drinker offering the
+funds for the building conditioned upon my naming it. He agreed, and I
+called it &quot;Taylor Hall.&quot; When Charlie discovered this, he came and
+protested that it would make him ridiculous, that he had only been a
+modest graduate, and was not entitled to have his name publicly
+honored, and so on. I enjoyed his plight immensely, waiting until he
+had finished, and then said that it would probably make him somewhat
+ridiculous if I insisted upon &quot;Taylor Hall,&quot; but he ought to be
+willing to sacrifice himself somewhat for Lehigh. If he wasn't
+consumed with vanity he would not care much how his name was used if
+it helped his Alma Mater. Taylor was not much of a name anyhow. It was
+his insufferable vanity that made such a fuss. He should conquer it.
+He could make his decision. He could sacrifice the name of Taylor or
+sacrifice Lehigh, just as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> he liked, but: &quot;No Taylor, no Hall.&quot; I had
+him! Visitors who may look upon that structure in after days and
+wonder who Taylor was may rest assured that he was a loyal son of
+Lehigh, a working, not merely a preaching, apostle of the gospel of
+service to his fellow-men, and one of the best men that ever lived.
+Such is our Lord High Commissioner of Pensions.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX</h2>
+
+<h3>EDUCATIONAL AND PENSION FUNDS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;T</span><b>HE</b> fifteen-million-dollar pension fund for aged university professors
+(The Carnegie Endowment for the Advancement of Learning), the fourth
+important gift, given in June, 1905, required the selection of
+twenty-five trustees from among the presidents of educational
+institutions in the United States. When twenty-four of
+these&#8212;President Harper, of Chicago University, being absent through
+illness&#8212;honored me by meeting at our house for organization, I
+obtained an important accession of those who were to become more
+intimate friends. Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip proved of great service at
+the start&#8212;his Washington experience being most valuable&#8212;and in our
+president, Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, we found the indispensable man.</p>
+
+<p>This fund is very near and dear to me&#8212;knowing, as I do, many who are
+soon to become beneficiaries, and convinced as I am of their worth and
+the value of the service already rendered by them. Of all professions,
+that of teaching is probably the most unfairly, yes, most meanly paid,
+though it should rank with the highest. Educated men, devoting their
+lives to teaching the young, receive mere pittances. When I first took
+my seat as a trustee of Cornell University, I was shocked to find how
+small were the salaries of the professors, as a rule ranking below the
+salaries of some of our clerks. To save for old age with these men is
+impossible. Hence the universities without pension funds are compelled
+to retain men who are no longer able, should no longer be required, to
+perform their duties. Of the usefulness of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> the fund no doubt can be
+entertained.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> The first list of beneficiaries published was
+conclusive upon this point, containing as it did several names of
+world-wide reputation, so great had been their contributions to the
+stock of human knowledge. Many of these beneficiaries and their widows
+have written me most affecting letters. These I can never destroy, for
+if I ever have a fit of melancholy, I know the cure lies in re-reading
+these letters.</p>
+
+<p>My friend, Mr. Thomas Shaw (now Lord Shaw), of Dunfermline had written
+an article for one of the English reviews showing that many poor
+people in Scotland were unable to pay the fees required to give their
+children a university education, although some had deprived themselves
+of comforts in order to do so. After reading Mr. Shaw's article the
+idea came to me to give ten millions in five per cent bonds, one half
+of the &#163;104,000 yearly revenue from it to be used to pay the fees of
+the deserving poor students and the other half to improve the
+universities.</p>
+
+<p>The first meeting of the trustees of this fund (The Carnegie Trust for
+the Universities of Scotland) was held in the Edinburgh office of the
+Secretary of State for Scotland in 1902, Lord Balfour of Burleigh
+presiding. It was a notable body of men&#8212;Prime Minister Balfour, Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman (afterwards Prime Minister), John Morley (now
+Viscount Morley), James Bryce (now Viscount Bryce), the Earl of Elgin,
+Lord Rosebery, Lord Reay, Mr. Shaw (now Lord Shaw), Dr. John Ross of
+Dunfermline, &quot;the man-of-all-work&quot; that makes for the happiness or
+instruction of his fellow-man, and others. I explained that I had
+asked them to act because I could not entrust funds to the faculties
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> the Scottish universities after reading the report of a recent
+commission. Mr. Balfour promptly exclaimed: &quot;Not a penny, not a
+penny!&quot; The Earl of Elgin, who had been a member of the commission,
+fully concurred.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image22">
+<img src="images/image22.jpg" alt="Andrew Carnegie and Viscount Bryce" width="244" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ANDREW CARNEGIE AND VISCOUNT BRYCE</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>The details of the proposed fund being read, the Earl of Elgin was not
+sure about accepting a trust which was not strict and specific. He
+wished to know just what his duties were. I had given a majority of
+the trustees the right to change the objects of beneficence and modes
+of applying funds, should they in after days decide that the purposes
+and modes prescribed for education in Scotland had become unsuitable
+or unnecessary for the advanced times. Balfour of Burleigh agreed with
+the Earl and so did Prime Minister Balfour, who said he had never
+heard of a testator before who was willing to give such powers. He
+questioned the propriety of doing so.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; I said, &quot;Mr. Balfour, I have never known of a body of men
+capable of legislating for the generation ahead, and in some cases
+those who attempt to legislate even for their own generation are not
+thought to be eminently successful.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There was a ripple of laughter in which the Prime Minister himself
+heartily joined, and he then said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You are right, quite right; but you are, I think, the first great
+giver who has been wise enough to take this view.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I had proposed that a majority should have the power, but Lord Balfour
+suggested not less than two thirds. This was accepted by the Earl of
+Elgin and approved by all. I am very sure it is a wise provision, as
+after days will prove. It is incorporated in all my large gifts, and I
+rest assured that this feature will in future times prove valuable.
+The Earl of Elgin, of Dunfermline, did not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> hesitate to become
+Chairman of this trust. When I told Premier Balfour that I hoped Elgin
+could be induced to assume this duty, he said promptly, &quot;You could not
+get a better man in Great Britain.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We are all entirely satisfied now upon that point. The query is: where
+could we get his equal?</p>
+
+<p>It is an odd coincidence that there are only four living men who have
+been made Burgesses and received the Freedom of Dunfermline, and all
+are connected with the trust for the Universities of Scotland, Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the Earl of Elgin, Dr. John Ross, and
+myself. But there is a lady in the circle to-day, the only one ever so
+greatly honored with the Freedom of Dunfermline, Mrs. Carnegie, whose
+devotion to the town, like my own, is intense.</p>
+
+<p>My election to the Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews in 1902 proved a
+very important event in my life. It admitted me to the university
+world, to which I had been a stranger. Few incidents in my life have
+so deeply impressed me as the first meeting of the faculty, when I
+took my seat in the old chair occupied successively by so many
+distinguished Lord Rectors during the nearly five hundred years which
+have elapsed since St. Andrews was founded. I read the collection of
+rectorial speeches as a preparation for the one I was soon to make.
+The most remarkable paragraph I met with in any of them was Dean
+Stanley's advice to the students to &quot;go to Burns for your theology.&quot;
+That a high dignitary of the Church and a favorite of Queen Victoria
+should venture to say this to the students of John Knox's University
+is most suggestive as showing how even theology improves with the
+years. The best rules of conduct are in Burns. First there is: &quot;Thine
+own reproach alone do fear.&quot; I took it as a motto early in life. And
+secondly:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;The fear o' hell's a hangman's whip<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To haud the wretch in order;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But where ye feel your honor grip,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let that aye be your border.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>John Stuart Mill's rectorial address to the St. Andrews students is
+remarkable. He evidently wished to give them of his best. The
+prominence he assigns to music as an aid to high living and pure
+refined enjoyment is notable. Such is my own experience.</p>
+
+<p>An invitation given to the principals of the four Scotch universities
+and their wives or daughters to spend a week at Skibo resulted in much
+joy to Mrs. Carnegie and myself. The first meeting was attended by the
+Earl of Elgin, chairman of the Trust for the Universities of Scotland,
+and Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Secretary for Scotland, and Lady
+Balfour. After that &quot;Principals' Week&quot; each year became an established
+custom. They as well as we became friends, and thereby, they all
+agree, great good results to the universities. A spirit of co&#246;peration
+is stimulated. Taking my hand upon leaving after the first yearly
+visit, Principal Lang said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;It has taken the principals of the Scotch universities five hundred
+years to learn how to begin our sessions. Spending a week together is
+the solution.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>One of the memorable results of the gathering at Skibo in 1906 was
+that Miss Agnes Irwin, Dean of Radcliffe College, and
+great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin, spent the principals' week
+with us and all were charmed with her. Franklin received his first
+doctor's degree from St. Andrews University, nearly one hundred and
+fifty years ago. The second centenary of his birth was finely
+celebrated in Philadelphia, and St. Andrews, with numerous other
+universities throughout the world, sent addresses. St. Andrews also
+sent a de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>gree to the great-granddaughter. As Lord Rector, I was
+deputed to confer it and place the mantle upon her. This was done the
+first evening before a large audience, when more than two hundred
+addresses were presented.</p>
+
+<p>The audience was deeply impressed, as well it might be. St. Andrews
+University, the first to confer the degree upon the great-grandfather,
+conferred the same degree upon the great-grandchild one hundred and
+forty-seven years later (and this upon her own merits as Dean of
+Radcliffe College); sent it across the Atlantic to be bestowed by the
+hands of its Lord Rector, the first who was not a British subject, but
+who was born one as Franklin was, and who became an American citizen
+as Franklin did; the ceremony performed in Philadelphia where Franklin
+rests, in the presence of a brilliant assembly met to honor his
+memory. It was all very beautiful, and I esteemed myself favored,
+indeed, to be the medium of such a graceful and appropriate ceremony.
+Principal Donaldson of St. Andrews was surely inspired when he thought
+of it!</p>
+
+<p>My unanimous re&#235;lection by the students of St. Andrews, without a
+contest for a second term, was deeply appreciated. And I liked the
+Rector's nights, when the students claim him for themselves, no member
+of the faculty being invited. We always had a good time. After the
+first one, Principal Donaldson gave me the verdict of the Secretary as
+rendered to him: &quot;Rector So-and-So talked <i>to</i> us, Rector Thus-and-So
+talked <i>at</i> us, both from the platform; Mr. Carnegie sat down in our
+circle and talked <i>with</i> us.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The question of aid to our own higher educational institutions often
+intruded itself upon me, but my belief was that our chief
+universities, such as Harvard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> and Columbia, with five to ten thousand
+students,<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> were large enough; that further growth was undesirable;
+that the smaller institutions (the colleges especially) were in
+greater need of help and that it would be a better use of surplus
+wealth to aid them. Accordingly, I afterwards confined myself to these
+and am satisfied that this was wise. At a later date we found Mr.
+Rockefeller's splendid educational fund, The General Education Board,
+and ourselves were working in this fruitful field without
+consultation, with sometimes undesirable results. Mr. Rockefeller
+wished me to join his board and this I did. Co&#246;peration was soon found
+to be much to our mutual advantage, and we now work in unison.</p>
+
+<p>In giving to colleges quite a number of my friends have been honored
+as was my partner Charlie Taylor. Conway Hall at Dickinson College,
+was named for Moncure D. Conway, whose Autobiography, recently
+published, is pronounced &quot;literature&quot; by the &quot;Athen&#230;um.&quot; It says:
+&quot;These two volumes lie on the table glistening like gems 'midst the
+piles of autobiographical rubbish by which they are surrounded.&quot; That
+is rather suggestive for one who is adding to the pile.</p>
+
+<p>The last chapter in Mr. Conway's Autobiography ends with the following
+paragraph:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Implore Peace, O my reader, from whom I now part. Implore
+peace not of deified thunder clouds but of every man, woman,
+child thou shalt meet. Do not merely offer the prayer, &quot;Give
+peace in our time,&quot; but do thy part to answer it! Then, at
+least, though the world be at strife, there shall be peace
+in thee.</p></div>
+
+<p>My friend has put his finger upon our deepest disgrace. It surely must
+soon be abolished between civilized nations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Stanton Chair of Economics at Kenyon College, Ohio, was founded in
+memory of Edwin M. Stanton, who kindly greeted me as a boy in
+Pittsburgh when I delivered telegrams to him, and was ever cordial to
+me in Washington, when I was an assistant to Secretary Scott. The
+Hanna Chair in Western Reserve University, Cleveland; the John Hay
+Library at Brown University; the second Elihu Root Fund for Hamilton,
+the Mrs. Cleveland Library for Wellesley, gave me pleasure to christen
+after these friends. I hope more are to follow, commemorating those I
+have known, liked, and honored. I also wished a General Dodge Library
+and a Gayley Library to be erected from my gifts, but these friends
+had already obtained such honor from their respective Alma Maters.</p>
+
+<p>My first gift to Hamilton College was to be named the Elihu Root
+Foundation, but that ablest of all our Secretaries of State, and in
+the opinion of President Roosevelt, &quot;the wisest man he ever knew,&quot;
+took care, it seems, not to mention the fact to the college
+authorities. When I reproached him with this dereliction, he
+laughingly replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, I promise not to cheat you the next gift you give us.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>And by a second gift this lapse was repaired after all, but I took
+care not to entrust the matter directly to him. The Root Fund of
+Hamilton<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> is now established beyond his power to destroy. Root is a
+great man, and, as the greatest only are he is, in his simplicity,
+sublime. President Roosevelt declared he would crawl on his hands and
+knees from the White House to the Capitol if this would insure Root's
+nomination to the presidency with a prospect of success. He was
+considered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> vulnerable because he had been counsel for corporations
+and was too little of the spouter and the demagogue, too much of the
+modest, retiring statesman to split the ears of the groundlings.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>
+The party foolishly decided not to risk Root.</p>
+
+<p>My connection with Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, which promote the
+elevation of the colored race we formerly kept in slavery, has been a
+source of satisfaction and pleasure, and to know Booker Washington is
+a rare privilege. We should all take our hats off to the man who not
+only raised himself from slavery, but helped raise millions of his
+race to a higher stage of civilization. Mr. Washington called upon me
+a few days after my gift of six hundred thousand dollars was made to
+Tuskegee and asked if he might be allowed to make one suggestion. I
+said: &quot;Certainly.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You have kindly specified that a sum from that fund be set aside for
+the future support of myself and wife during our lives, and we are
+very grateful, but, Mr. Carnegie, the sum is far beyond our needs and
+will seem to my race a fortune. Some might feel that I was no longer a
+poor man giving my services without thought of saving money. Would you
+have any objection to changing that clause, striking out the sum, and
+substituting 'only suitable provision'? I'll trust<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> the trustees. Mrs.
+Washington and myself need very little.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I did so, and the deed now stands, but when Mr. Baldwin asked for the
+original letter to exchange it for the substitute, he told me that the
+noble soul objected. That document addressed to him was to be
+preserved forever, and handed down; but he would put it aside and let
+the substitute go on file.</p>
+
+<p>This is an indication of the character of the leader of his race. No
+truer, more self-sacrificing hero ever lived: a man compounded of all
+the virtues. It makes one better just to know such pure and noble
+souls&#8212;human nature in its highest types is already divine here on
+earth. If it be asked which man of our age, or even of the past ages,
+has risen from the lowest to the highest, the answer must be Booker
+Washington. He rose from slavery to the leadership of his people&#8212;a
+modern Moses and Joshua combined, leading his people both onward and
+upward.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with these institutions I came in contact with their
+officers and trustees&#8212;men like Principal Hollis B. Frissell of
+Hampton, Robert C. Ogden, George Foster Peabody, V. Everit Macy,
+George McAneny and William H. Baldwin&#8212;recently lost to us, alas!&#8212;men
+who labor for others. It was a blessing to know them intimately. The
+Cooper Union, the Mechanics and Tradesmen's Society, indeed every
+institution<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> in which I became interested, revealed many men and
+women devoting their time and thought, not to &quot;miserable aims that end
+with self,&quot; but to high ideals which mean the relief and uplift of
+their less fortunate brethren.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p>
+<p>My giving of organs to churches came very early in my career, I having
+presented to less than a hundred members of the Swedenborgian Church
+in Allegheny which my father favored, an organ, after declining to
+contribute to the building of a new church for so few. Applications
+from other churches soon began to pour in, from the grand Catholic
+Cathedral of Pittsburgh down to the small church in the country
+village, and I was kept busy. Every church seemed to need a better
+organ than it had, and as the full price for the new instrument was
+paid, what the old one brought was clear profit. Some ordered organs
+for very small churches which would almost split the rafters, as was
+the case with the first organ given the Swedenborgians; others had
+bought organs before applying but our check to cover the amount was
+welcome. Finally, however, a rigid system of giving was developed. A
+printed schedule requiring answers to many questions has now to be
+filled and returned before action is taken. The department is now
+perfectly systematized and works admirably because we graduate the
+gift according to the size of the church.</p>
+
+<p>Charges were made in the rigid Scottish Highlands that I was
+demoralizing Christian worship by giving organs to churches. The very
+strict Presbyterians there still denounce as wicked an attempt &quot;to
+worship God with a kist fu' o' whistles,&quot; instead of using the human
+God-given voice. After that I decided that I should require a partner
+in my sin, and therefore asked each congregation to pay one half of
+the desired new organ. Upon this basis the organ department still
+operates and continues to do a thriving business, the demand for
+improved organs still being great. Besides, many new churches are
+required for increasing populations and for these organs are
+essential.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I see no end to it. In requiring the congregation to pay one half the
+cost of better instruments, there is assurance of needed and
+reasonable expenditure. Believing from my own experience that it is
+salutary for the congregation to hear sacred music at intervals in the
+service and then slowly to disperse to the strains of the
+reverence-compelling organ after such sermons as often show us little
+of a Heavenly Father, I feel the money spent for organs is well spent.
+So we continue the organ department.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+<p>Of all my work of a philanthropic character, my private pension fund
+gives me the highest and noblest return. No satisfaction equals that
+of feeling you have been permitted to place in comfortable
+circumstances, in their old age, people whom you have long known to be
+kind and good and in every way deserving, but who from no fault of
+their own, have not sufficient means to live respectably, free from
+solicitude as to their mere maintenance. Modest sums insure this
+freedom. It surprised me to find how numerous were those who needed
+some aid to make the difference between an old age of happiness and
+one of misery. Some such cases had arisen before my retirement from
+business, and I had sweet satisfaction from this source. Not one
+person have I ever placed upon the pension list<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> that did not fully
+deserve assistance. It is a real roll of honor and mutual affection.
+All are worthy. There is no publicity about it. No one knows who is
+embraced. Not a word is ever breathed to others.</p>
+
+<p>This is my favorite and best answer to the question which will never
+down in my thoughts: &quot;What good am<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> I doing in the world to deserve
+all my mercies?&quot; Well, the dear friends of the pension list give me a
+satisfactory reply, and this always comes to me in need. I have had
+far beyond my just share of life's blessings; therefore I never ask
+the Unknown for anything. We are in the presence of universal law and
+should bow our heads in silence and obey the Judge within, asking
+nothing, fearing nothing, just doing our duty right along, seeking no
+reward here or hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>It is, indeed, more blessed to give than to receive. These dear good
+friends would do for me and mine as I do for them were positions
+reversed. I am sure of this. Many precious acknowledgments have I
+received. Some venture to tell me they remember me every night in
+their prayers and ask for me every blessing. Often I cannot refrain
+from giving expression to my real feelings in return.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Pray, don't,&quot; I say. &quot;Don't ask anything more for me. I've got far
+beyond my just share already. Any fair committee sitting upon my case
+would take away more than half the blessings already bestowed.&quot; These
+are not mere words, I feel their truth.</p>
+
+<p>The Railroad Pension Fund is of a similar nature. Many of the old boys
+of the Pittsburgh Division (or their widows) are taken care of by it.
+It began years ago and grew to its present proportions. It now
+benefits the worthy railroad men who served under me when I was
+superintendent on the Pennsylvania, or their widows, who need help. I
+was only a boy when I first went among these trainmen and got to know
+them by name. They were very kind to me. Most of the men beneficiaries
+of the fund I have known personally. They are dear friends.</p>
+
+<p>Although the four-million-dollar fund I gave for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> workmen in the mills
+(Steel Workers' Pensions) embraces hundreds that I never saw, there
+are still a sufficient number upon it that I do remember to give that
+fund also a strong hold upon me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI</h2>
+
+<h3>THE PEACE PALACE AND PITTENCRIEFF</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;P</span><b>EACE</b>, at least as between English-speaking peoples,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55">[55]</a> must have
+been early in my thoughts. In 1869, when Britain launched the monster
+Monarch, then the largest warship known, there was, for some
+now-forgotten reason, talk of how she could easily compel tribute from
+our American cities one after the other. Nothing could resist her. I
+cabled John Bright, then in the British Cabinet (the cable had
+recently been opened):</p>
+
+<p>&quot;First and best service possible for Monarch, bringing home body
+Peabody.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
+
+<p>No signature was given. Strange to say, this was done, and thus the
+Monarch became the messenger of peace, not of destruction. Many years
+afterwards I met Mr. Bright at a small dinner party in Birmingham and
+told him I was his young anonymous correspondent. He was surprised
+that no signature was attached and said his heart was in the act. I am
+sure it was. He is entitled to all credit.</p>
+
+<p>He was the friend of the Republic when she needed friends during the
+Civil War. He had always been my favorite living hero in public life
+as he had been my father's. Denounced as a wild radical at first, he
+kept<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> steadily on until the nation came to his point of view. Always
+for peace he would have avoided the Crimean War, in which Britain
+backed the wrong horse, as Lord Salisbury afterwards acknowledged. It
+was a great privilege that the Bright family accorded me, as a friend,
+to place a replica of the Manchester Bright statue in Parliament, in
+the stead of a poor one removed.</p>
+
+<p>I became interested in the Peace Society of Great Britain upon one of
+my early visits and attended many of its meetings, and in later days I
+was especially drawn to the Parliamentary Union established by Mr.
+Cremer, the famous working-man's representative in Parliament. Few men
+living can be compared to Mr. Cremer. When he received the Nobel Prize
+of &#163;8000 as the one who had done the most that year for peace, he
+promptly gave all but &#163;1000, needed for pressing wants, to the
+Arbitration Committee. It was a noble sacrifice. What is money but
+dross to the true hero! Mr. Cremer is paid a few dollars a week by his
+trade to enable him to exist in London as their member of Parliament,
+and here was fortune thrown in his lap only to be devoted by him to
+the cause of peace. This is the heroic in its finest form.</p>
+
+<p>I had the great pleasure of presenting the Committee to President
+Cleveland at Washington in 1887, who received the members cordially
+and assured them of his hearty co&#246;peration. From that day the
+abolition of war grew in importance with me until it finally
+overshadowed all other issues. The surprising action of the first
+Hague Conference gave me intense joy. Called primarily to consider
+disarmament (which proved a dream), it created the commanding reality
+of a permanent tribunal to settle international disputes. I saw in
+this the greatest step toward peace that humanity had ever taken, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>
+taken as if by inspiration, without much previous discussion. No
+wonder the sublime idea captivated the conference.</p>
+
+<p>If Mr. Holls, whose death I so deeply deplored, were alive to-day and
+a delegate to the forthcoming second Conference with his chief, Andrew
+D. White, I feel that these two might possibly bring about the
+creation of the needed International Court for the abolition of war.
+He it was who started from The Hague at night for Germany, upon
+request of his chief, and saw the German Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+and the Emperor and finally prevailed upon them to approve of the High
+Court, and not to withdraw their delegates as threatened&#8212;a service
+for which Mr. Holls deserves to be enrolled among the greatest
+servants of mankind. Alas, death came to him while still in his prime.</p>
+
+<p>The day that International Court is established will become one of the
+most memorable days in the world's history.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> It will ring the knell
+of man killing man&#8212;the deepest and blackest of crimes. It should be
+celebrated in every land as I believe it will be some day, and that
+time, perchance, not so remote as expected. In that era not a few of
+those hitherto extolled as heroes will have found oblivion because
+they failed to promote peace and good-will instead of war.</p>
+
+<p>When Andrew D. White and Mr. Holls, upon their return from The Hague,
+suggested that I offer the funds needed for a Temple of Peace at The
+Hague, I informed them that I never could be so presumptuous; that if
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> Government of the Netherlands informed me of its desire to have
+such a temple and hoped I would furnish the means, the request would
+be favorably considered. They demurred, saying this could hardly be
+expected from any Government. Then I said I could never act in the
+matter.</p>
+
+<p>Finally the Dutch Government did make application, through its
+Minister, Baron Gevers in Washington, and I rejoiced. Still, in
+writing him, I was careful to say that the drafts of his Government
+would be duly honored. I did not send the money. The Government drew
+upon me for it, and the draft for a million and a half is kept as a
+memento. It seems to me almost too much that any individual should be
+permitted to perform so noble a duty as that of providing means for
+this Temple of Peace&#8212;the most holy building in the world because it
+has the holiest end in view. I do not even except St. Peter's, or any
+building erected to the glory of God, whom, as Luther says, &quot;we cannot
+serve or aid; He needs no help from us.&quot; This temple is to bring
+peace, which is so greatly needed among His erring creatures. &quot;The
+highest worship of God is service to man.&quot; At least, I feel so with
+Luther and Franklin.</p>
+
+<p>When in 1907 friends came and asked me to accept the presidency of the
+Peace Society of New York, which they had determined to organize, I
+declined, alleging that I was kept very busy with many affairs, which
+was true; but my conscience troubled me afterwards for declining. If I
+were not willing to sacrifice myself for the cause of peace what
+should I sacrifice for? What was I good for? Fortunately, in a few
+days, the Reverend Lyman Abbott, the Reverend Mr. Lynch, and some
+other notable laborers for good causes called to urge my
+reconsideration. I divined their errand and frankly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> told them they
+need not speak. My conscience had been tormenting me for declining and
+I would accept the presidency and do my duty. After that came the
+great national gathering (the following April) when for the first time
+in the history of Peace Society meetings, there attended delegates
+from thirty-five of the states of the Union, besides many foreigners
+of distinction.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+<p>My first decoration then came unexpectedly. The French Government had
+made me Knight Commander of the Legion of Honor, and at the Peace
+Banquet in New York, over which I presided, Baron d'Estournelles de
+Constant appeared upon the stage and in a compelling speech invested
+me with the regalia amid the cheers of the company. It was a great
+honor, indeed, and appreciated by me because given for my services to
+the cause of International Peace. Such honors humble, they do not
+exalt; so let them come.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> They serve also to remind me that I must
+strive harder than ever, and watch every act and word more closely,
+that I may reach just a little nearer the standard the givers&#8212;deluded
+souls&#8212;mistakenly assume in their speeches, that I have already
+attained.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>No gift I have made or can ever make can possibly approach that of
+Pittencrieff Glen, Dunfermline. It is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> saturated with childish
+sentiment&#8212;all of the purest and sweetest. I must tell that story:</p>
+
+<p>Among my earliest recollections are the struggles of Dunfermline to
+obtain the rights of the town to part of the Abbey grounds and the
+Palace ruins. My Grandfather Morrison began the campaign, or, at
+least, was one of those who did. The struggle was continued by my
+Uncles Lauder and Morrison, the latter honored by being charged with
+having incited and led a band of men to tear down a certain wall. The
+citizens won a victory in the highest court and the then Laird ordered
+that thereafter &quot;no Morrison be admitted to the Glen.&quot; I, being a
+Morrison like my brother-cousin, Dod, was debarred. The Lairds of
+Pittencrieff for generations had been at variance with the
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>The Glen is unique, as far as I know. It adjoins the Abbey and Palace
+grounds, and on the west and north it lies along two of the main
+streets of the town. Its area (between sixty and seventy acres) is
+finely sheltered, its high hills grandly wooded. It always meant
+paradise to the child of Dunfermline. It certainly did to me. When I
+heard of paradise, I translated the word into Pittencrieff Glen,
+believing it to be as near to paradise as anything I could think of.
+Happy were we if through an open lodge gate, or over the wall or under
+the iron grill over the burn, now and then we caught a glimpse inside.</p>
+
+<p>Almost every Sunday Uncle Lauder took &quot;Dod&quot; and &quot;Naig&quot; for a walk
+around the Abbey to a part that overlooked the Glen&#8212;the busy crows
+fluttering around in the big trees below. Its Laird was to us children
+the embodiment of rank and wealth. The Queen, we knew, lived in
+Windsor Castle, but she didn't own Pittencrieff, not she! Hunt of
+Pittencrieff wouldn't exchange<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> with her or with any one. Of this we
+were sure, because certainly neither of us would. In all my
+childhood's&#8212;yes and in my early manhood's&#8212;air-castle building (which
+was not small), nothing comparable in grandeur approached
+Pittencrieff. My Uncle Lauder predicted many things for me when I
+became a man, but had he foretold that some day I should be rich
+enough, and so supremely fortunate as to become Laird of Pittencrieff,
+he might have turned my head. And then to be able to hand it over to
+Dunfermline as a public park&#8212;my paradise of childhood! Not for a
+crown would I barter that privilege.</p>
+
+<p>When Dr. Ross whispered to me that Colonel Hunt might be induced to
+sell, my ears cocked themselves instantly. He wished an extortionate
+price, the doctor thought, and I heard nothing further for some time.
+When indisposed in London in the autumn of 1902, my mind ran upon the
+subject, and I intended to wire Dr. Ross to come up and see me. One
+morning, Mrs. Carnegie came into my room and asked me to guess who had
+arrived and I guessed Dr. Ross. Sure enough, there he was. We talked
+over Pittencrieff. I suggested that if our mutual friend and
+fellow-townsman, Mr. Shaw in Edinburgh (Lord Shaw of Dunfermline) ever
+met Colonel Hunt's agents he could intimate that their client might
+some day regret not closing with me as another purchaser equally
+anxious to buy might not be met with, and I might change my mind or
+pass away. Mr. Shaw told the doctor when he mentioned this that he had
+an appointment to meet with Hunt's lawyer on other business the next
+morning and would certainly say so.</p>
+
+<p>I sailed shortly after for New York and received there one day a cable
+from Mr. Shaw stating that the Laird<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> would accept forty-five thousand
+pounds. Should he close? I wired: &quot;Yes, provided it is under Ross's
+conditions&quot;; and on Christmas Eve, I received Shaw's reply: &quot;Hail,
+Laird of Pittencrieff!&quot; So I was the happy possessor of the grandest
+title on earth in my estimation. The King&#8212;well, he was only the King.
+He didn't own King Malcolm's tower nor St. Margaret's shrine, nor
+Pittencrieff Glen. Not he, poor man. I did, and I shall be glad to
+condescendingly show the King those treasures should he ever visit
+Dunfermline.</p>
+
+<p>As the possessor of the Park and the Glen I had a chance to find out
+what, if anything, money could do for the good of the masses of a
+community, if placed in the hands of a body of public-spirited
+citizens. Dr. Ross was taken into my confidence so far as Pittencrieff
+Park was concerned, and with his advice certain men intended for a
+body of trustees were agreed upon and invited to Skibo to organize.
+They imagined it was in regard to transferring the Park to the town;
+not even to Dr. Ross was any other subject mentioned. When they heard
+that half a million sterling in bonds, bearing five per cent interest,
+was also to go to them for the benefit of Dunfermline, they were
+surprised.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is twelve years since the Glen was handed over to the trustees and
+certainly no public park was ever dearer to a people. The children's
+yearly gala day, the flower shows and the daily use of the Park by the
+people are surprising. The Glen now attracts people from neighboring
+towns. In numerous ways the trustees have succeeded finely in the
+direction indicated in the trust deed, namely:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To bring into the monotonous lives of the toiling masses of
+Dunfermline, more &quot;of sweetness and light,&quot; to give to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>
+them&#8212;especially the young&#8212;some charm, some happiness, some
+elevating conditions of life which residence elsewhere would
+have denied, that the child of my native town, looking back
+in after years, however far from home it may have roamed,
+will feel that simply by virtue of being such, life has been
+made happier and better. If this be the fruit of your
+labors, you will have succeeded; if not, you will have
+failed.</p></div>
+
+<p>To this paragraph I owe the friendship of Earl Grey, formerly
+Governor-General of Canada. He wrote Dr. Ross:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I must know the man who wrote that document in the 'Times' this
+morning.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We met in London and became instantly sympathetic. He is a great soul
+who passes instantly into the heart and stays there. Lord Grey is also
+to-day a member (trustee) of the ten-million-dollar fund for the
+United Kingdom.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p>
+<p>Thus, Pittencrieff Glen is the most soul-satisfying public gift I ever
+made, or ever can make. It is poetic justice that the grandson of
+Thomas Morrison, radical leader in his day, nephew of Bailie Morrison,
+his son and successor, and above all son of my sainted father and my
+most heroic mother, should arise and dispossess the lairds, should
+become the agent for conveying the Glen and Park to the people of
+Dunfermline forever. It is a true romance, which no air-castle can
+quite equal or fiction conceive. The hand of destiny seems to hover
+over it, and I hear something whispering: &quot;Not altogether in vain have
+you lived&#8212;not altogether in vain.&quot; This is the crowning mercy of my
+career! I set it apart from all my other public gifts. Truly the
+whirligig of time brings in some strange revenges.</p>
+
+<p>It is now thirteen years since I ceased to accumulate wealth and began
+to distribute it. I could never have succeeded in either had I stopped
+with having enough to retire upon, but nothing to retire to. But there
+was the habit and the love of reading, writing and speaking upon
+occasion, and also the acquaintance and friendship of educated men
+which I had made before I gave up business. For some years after
+retiring I could not force myself to visit the works. This, alas,
+would recall so many who had gone before. Scarcely one of my early
+friends would remain to give me the hand-clasp of the days of old.
+Only one or two of these old men would call me &quot;Andy.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Do not let it be thought, however, that my younger partners were
+forgotten, or that they have not played a very important part in
+sustaining me in the effort of reconciling myself to the new
+conditions. Far otherwise! The most soothing influence of all was
+their prompt organization of the Carnegie Veteran Association, to
+ex<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>pire only when the last member dies. Our yearly dinner together, in
+our own home in New York, is a source of the greatest pleasure,&#8212;so
+great that it lasts from one year to the other. Some of the Veterans
+travel far to be present, and what occurs between us constitutes one
+of the dearest joys of my life. I carry with me the affection of &quot;my
+boys.&quot; I am certain I do. There is no possible mistake about that
+because my heart goes out to them. This I number among my many
+blessings and in many a brooding hour this fact comes to me, and I say
+to myself: &quot;Rather this, minus fortune, than multi-millionairedom
+without it&#8212;yes, a thousand times, yes.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Many friends, great and good men and women, Mrs. Carnegie and I are
+favored to know, but not one whit shall these ever change our joint
+love for the &quot;boys.&quot; For to my infinite delight her heart goes out to
+them as does mine. She it was who christened our new New York home
+with the first Veteran dinner. &quot;The partners first&quot; was her word. It
+was no mere idle form when they elected Mrs. Carnegie the first
+honorary member, and our daughter the second. Their place in our
+hearts is secure. Although I was the senior, still we were &quot;boys
+together.&quot; Perfect trust and common aims, not for self only, but for
+each other, and deep affection, moulded us into a brotherhood. We were
+friends first and partners afterwards. Forty-three out of forty-five
+partners are thus bound together for life.</p>
+
+<p>Another yearly event that brings forth many choice spirits is our
+Literary Dinner, at home, our dear friend Mr. Richard Watson Gilder,
+editor of the &quot;Century,&quot; being the manager.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> His devices and
+quotations from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> the writings of the guest of the year, placed upon
+the cards of the guests, are so appropriate, as to cause much
+hilarity. Then the speeches of the novitiates give zest to the
+occasion. John Morley was the guest of honor when with us in 1895 and
+a quotation from his works was upon the card at each plate.</p>
+
+<p>One year Gilder appeared early in the evening of the dinner as he
+wished to seat the guests. This had been done, but he came to me
+saying it was well he had looked them over. He had found John
+Burroughs and Ernest Thompson Seton were side by side, and as they
+were then engaged in a heated controversy upon the habits of beasts
+and birds, in which both had gone too far in their criticisms, they
+were at dagger's points. Gilder said it would never do to seat them
+together. He had separated them. I said nothing, but slipped into the
+dining-room unobserved and replaced the cards as before. Gilder's
+surprise was great when he saw the men next each other, but the result
+was just as I had expected. A reconciliation took place and they
+parted good friends. Moral: If you wish to play peace-maker, seat
+adversaries next each other where they must begin by being civil.</p>
+
+<p>Burroughs and Seton both enjoyed the trap I set for them. True it is,
+we only hate those whom we do not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> know. It certainly is often the way
+to peace to invite your adversary to dinner and even beseech him to
+come, taking no refusal. Most quarrels become acute from the parties
+not seeing and communicating with each other and hearing too much of
+their disagreement from others. They do not fully understand the
+other's point of view and all that can be said for it. Wise is he who
+offers the hand of reconciliation should a difference with a friend
+arise. Unhappy he to the end of his days who refuses it. No possible
+gain atones for the loss of one who has been a friend even if that
+friend has become somewhat less dear to you than before. He is still
+one with whom you have been intimate, and as age comes on friends pass
+rapidly away and leave you.</p>
+
+<p>He is the happy man who feels there is not a human being to whom he
+does not wish happiness, long life, and deserved success, not one in
+whose path he would cast an obstacle nor to whom he would not do a
+service if in his power. All this he can feel without being called
+upon to retain as a friend one who has proved unworthy beyond question
+by dishonorable conduct. For such there should be nothing felt but
+pity, infinite pity. And pity for your own loss also, for true
+friendship can only feed and grow upon the virtues.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;When love begins to sicken and decay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It useth an enforced ceremony.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The former geniality may be gone forever, but each can wish the other
+nothing but happiness.</p>
+
+<p>None of my friends hailed my retirement from business more warmly than
+Mark Twain. I received from him the following note, at a time when the
+newspapers were talking much about my wealth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir and Friend</span>:</p>
+
+<p>You seem to be prosperous these days. Could you lend an
+admirer a dollar and a half to buy a hymn-book with? God
+will bless you if you do; I feel it, I know it. So will I.
+If there should be other applications this one not to count.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Yours</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Mark</span></p>
+
+<p>P.S. Don't send the hymn-book, send the money. I want to
+make the selection myself.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">M.</p></div>
+
+<p>When he was lying ill in New York I went to see him frequently, and we
+had great times together, for even lying in bed he was as bright as
+ever. One call was to say good-bye, before my sailing for Scotland.
+The Pension Fund for University Professors was announced in New York
+soon after I sailed. A letter about it from Mark, addressed to &quot;Saint
+Andrew,&quot; reached me in Scotland, from which I quote the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>You can take my halo. If you had told me what you had done
+when at my bedside you would have got it there and then. It
+is pure tin and paid &quot;the duty&quot; when it came down.</p></div>
+
+<p>Those intimate with Mr. Clemens (Mark Twain) will certify that he was
+one of the charmers. Joe Jefferson is the only man who can be conceded
+his twin brother in manner and speech, their charm being of the same
+kind. &quot;Uncle Remus&quot; (Joel Chandler Harris) is another who has charm,
+and so has George W. Cable; yes, and Josh Billings also had it. Such
+people brighten the lives of their friends, regardless of themselves.
+They make sunshine wherever they go. In Rip Van Winkle's words: &quot;All
+pretty much alike, dem fellers.&quot; Every one of them is unselfish and
+warm of heart.</p>
+
+<p>The public only knows one side of Mr. Clemens&#8212;the amusing part.
+Little does it suspect that he was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> man of strong convictions upon
+political and social questions and a moralist of no mean order. For
+instance, upon the capture of Aguinaldo by deception, his pen was the
+most trenchant of all. Junius was weak in comparison.</p>
+
+<p>The gathering to celebrate his seventieth birthday was unique. The
+literary element was there in force, but Mark had not forgotten to ask
+to have placed near him the multi-millionaire, Mr. H.H. Rogers, one
+who had been his friend in need. Just like Mark. Without exception,
+the leading literary men dwelt in their speeches exclusively upon the
+guest's literary work. When my turn came, I referred to this and asked
+them to note that what our friend had done as a man would live as long
+as what he had written. Sir Walter Scott and he were linked
+indissolubly together. Our friend, like Scott, was ruined by the
+mistakes of partners, who had become hopelessly bankrupt. Two courses
+lay before him. One the smooth, easy, and short way&#8212;the legal path.
+Surrender all your property, go through bankruptcy, and start afresh.
+This was all he owed to creditors. The other path, long, thorny, and
+dreary, a life struggle, with everything sacrificed. There lay the two
+paths and this was his decision:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Not what I owe to my creditors, but what I owe to myself is the
+issue.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There are times in most men's lives that test whether they be dross or
+pure gold. It is the decision made in the crisis which proves the man.
+Our friend entered the fiery furnace a man and emerged a hero. He paid
+his debts to the utmost farthing by lecturing around the world. &quot;An
+amusing cuss, Mark Twain,&quot; is all very well as a popular verdict, but
+what of Mr. Clemens the man and the hero, for he is both and in the
+front rank, too, with Sir Walter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He had a heroine in his wife. She it was who sustained him and
+traveled the world round with him as his guardian angel, and enabled
+him to conquer as Sir Walter did. This he never failed to tell to his
+intimates. Never in my life did three words leave so keen a pang as
+those uttered upon my first call after Mrs. Clemens passed away. I
+fortunately found him alone and while my hand was still in his, and
+before one word had been spoken by either, there came from him, with a
+stronger pressure of my hand, these words: &quot;A ruined home, a ruined
+home.&quot; The silence was unbroken. I write this years after, but still I
+hear the words again and my heart responds.</p>
+
+<p>One mercy, denied to our forefathers, comes to us of to-day. If the
+Judge within give us a verdict of acquittal as having lived this life
+well, we have no other Judge to fear.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&quot;To thine own self be true,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And it must follow, as the night the day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou canst not then be false to any man.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Eternal punishment, because of a few years' shortcomings here on
+earth, would be the reverse of Godlike. Satan himself would recoil
+from it.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII</h2>
+
+<h3>MATHEW ARNOLD AND OTHERS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;T</span><b>HE</b> most charming man, John Morley and I agree, that we ever knew was
+Matthew Arnold. He had, indeed, &quot;a charm&quot;&#8212;that is the only word which
+expresses the effect of his presence and his conversation. Even his
+look and grave silences charmed.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image23">
+<img src="images/image23.jpg" alt="Matthew Arnold" width="275" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"> <i>Photograph from Underwood &amp; Underwood, N.Y.</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>MATTHEW ARNOLD</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>He coached with us in 1880, I think, through Southern England&#8212;William
+Black and Edwin A. Abbey being of the party. Approaching a pretty
+village he asked me if the coach might stop there a few minutes. He
+explained that this was the resting-place of his godfather, Bishop
+Keble, and he should like to visit his grave. He continued:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah, dear, dear Keble! I caused him much sorrow by my views upon
+theological subjects, which caused me sorrow also, but notwithstanding
+he was deeply grieved, dear friend as he was, he traveled to Oxford
+and voted for me for Professor of English Poetry.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We walked to the quiet churchyard together. Matthew Arnold in silent
+thought at the grave of Keble made upon me a lasting impression. Later
+the subject of his theological views was referred to. He said they had
+caused sorrow to his best friends.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Gladstone once gave expression to his deep disappointment, or to
+something like displeasure, saying I ought to have been a bishop. No
+doubt my writings prevented my promotion, as well as grieved my
+friends, but I could not help it. I had to express my views.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I remember well the sadness of tone with which these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> last words
+were spoken, and how very slowly. They came as from the deep. He had
+his message to deliver. Steadily has the age advanced to receive it.
+His teachings pass almost uncensured to-day. If ever there was a
+seriously religious man it was Matthew Arnold. No irreverent word ever
+escaped his lips. In this he and Gladstone were equally above
+reproach, and yet he had in one short sentence slain the supernatural.
+&quot;The case against miracles is closed. They do not happen.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He and his daughter, now Mrs. Whitridge, were our guests when in New
+York in 1883, and also at our mountain home in the Alleghanies, so
+that I saw a great deal, but not enough, of him. My mother and myself
+drove him to the hall upon his first public appearance in New York.
+Never was there a finer audience gathered. The lecture was not a
+success, owing solely to his inability to speak well in public. He was
+not heard. When we returned home his first words were:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, what have you all to say? Tell me! Will I do as a lecturer?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I was so keenly interested in his success that I did not hesitate to
+tell him it would never do for him to go on unless he fitted himself
+for public speaking. He must get an elocutionist to give him lessons
+upon two or three points. I urged this so strongly that he consented
+to do so. After we all had our say, he turned to my mother, saying:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Now, dear Mrs. Carnegie, they have all given me their opinions, but I
+wish to know what you have to say about my first night as a lecturer
+in America.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Too ministerial, Mr. Arnold, too ministerial,&quot; was the reply slowly
+and softly delivered. And to the last Mr. Arnold would occasionally
+refer to that, saying he felt it hit the nail on the head. When he
+returned to New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> York from his Western tour, he had so much improved
+that his voice completely filled the Brooklyn Academy of Music. He had
+taken a few lessons from a professor of elocution in Boston, as
+advised, and all went well thereafter.</p>
+
+<p>He expressed a desire to hear the noted preacher, Mr. Beecher; and we
+started for Brooklyn one Sunday morning. Mr. Beecher had been apprized
+of our coming so that after the services he might remain to meet Mr.
+Arnold. When I presented Mr. Arnold he was greeted warmly. Mr. Beecher
+expressed his delight at meeting one in the flesh whom he had long
+known so well in the spirit, and, grasping his hand, he said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There is nothing you have written, Mr. Arnold, which I have not
+carefully read at least once and a great deal many times, and always
+with profit, always with profit!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah, then, I fear, Mr. Beecher,&quot; replied Arnold, &quot;you may have found
+some references to yourself which would better have been omitted.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, no, no, those did me the most good of all,&quot; said the smiling
+Beecher, and they both laughed.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Beecher was never at a loss. After presenting Matthew Arnold to
+him, I had the pleasure of presenting the daughter of Colonel
+Ingersoll, saying, as I did so:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Beecher, this is the first time Miss Ingersoll has ever been in a
+Christian church.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He held out both hands and grasped hers, and looking straight at her
+and speaking slowly, said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, well, you are the most beautiful heathen I ever saw.&quot; Those who
+remember Miss Ingersoll in her youth will not differ greatly with Mr.
+Beecher. Then: &quot;How's your father, Miss Ingersoll? I hope he's well.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>
+Many a time he and I have stood together on the platform, and wasn't
+it lucky for me we were on the same side!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Beecher was, indeed, a great, broad, generous man, who absorbed what
+was good wherever found. Spencer's philosophy, Arnold's insight
+tempered with sound sense, Ingersoll's staunch support of high
+political ends were powers for good in the Republic. Mr. Beecher was
+great enough to appreciate and hail as helpful friends all of these
+men.</p>
+
+<p>Arnold visited us in Scotland in 1887, and talking one day of sport he
+said he did not shoot, he could not kill anything that had wings and
+could soar in the clear blue sky; but, he added, he could not give up
+fishing&#8212;&quot;the accessories are so delightful.&quot; He told of his happiness
+when a certain duke gave him a day's fishing twice or three times a
+year. I forget who the kind duke was, but there was something unsavory
+about him and mention was made of this. He was asked how he came to be
+upon intimate terms with such a man.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah!&quot; he said, &quot;a duke is always a personage with us, always a
+personage, independent of brains or conduct. We are all snobs.
+Hundreds of years have made us so, all snobs. We can't help it. It is
+in the blood.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This was smilingly said, and I take it he made some mental
+reservations. He was no snob himself, but one who naturally &quot;smiled at
+the claims of long descent,&quot; for generally the &quot;descent&quot; cannot be
+questioned.</p>
+
+<p>He was interested, however, in men of rank and wealth, and I remember
+when in New York he wished particularly to meet Mr. Vanderbilt. I
+ventured to say he would not find him different from other men.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No, but it is something to know the richest man in the world,&quot; he
+replied. &quot;Certainly the man who makes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> his own wealth eclipses those
+who inherit rank from others.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I asked him one day why he had never written critically upon
+Shakespeare and assigned him his place upon the throne among the
+poets. He said that thoughts of doing so had arisen, but reflection
+always satisfied him that he was incompetent to write upon, much less
+to criticize, Shakespeare. He believed it could not be successfully
+done. Shakespeare was above all, could be measured by no rules of
+criticism; and much as he should have liked to dwell upon his
+transcendent genius, he had always recoiled from touching the subject.
+I said that I was prepared for this, after his tribute which stands
+to-day unequaled, and I recalled his own lines from his sonnet:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<span class="i0">SHAKESPEARE<br /></span>
+</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Others abide our question. Thou art free.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We ask and ask&#8212;Thou smilest and art still,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Out-topping knowledge. For the loftiest hill<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who to the stars uncrowns his majesty,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Planting his steadfast footsteps in the sea,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Making the heaven of heavens his dwelling-place,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spares but the cloudy border of his base<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To the foil'd searching of mortality;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And thou, who didst the stars and sunbeams know,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Self-school'd, self-scann'd, self-honour'd, self-secure,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Didst stand on earth unguess'd at&#8212;Better so!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">All pains the immortal spirit must endure,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All weakness which impairs, all griefs which bow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Find their sole voice in that victorious brow.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I knew Mr. Shaw (Josh Billings) and wished Mr. Arnold, the apostle of
+sweetness and light, to meet that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> rough diamond&#8212;rough, but still a
+diamond. Fortunately one morning Josh came to see me in the Windsor
+Hotel, where we were then living, and referred to our guest,
+expressing his admiration for him. I replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You are going to dine with him to-night. The ladies are going out and
+Arnold and myself are to dine alone; you complete the trinity.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>To this he demurred, being a modest man, but I was inexorable. No
+excuse would be taken; he must come to oblige me. He did. I sat
+between them at dinner and enjoyed this meeting of extremes. Mr.
+Arnold became deeply interested in Mr. Shaw's way of putting things
+and liked his Western anecdotes, laughing more heartily than I had
+ever seen him do before. One incident after another was told from the
+experience of the lecturer, for Mr. Shaw had lectured for fifteen
+years in every place of ten thousand inhabitants or more in the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Arnold was desirous of hearing how the lecturer held his
+audiences.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; he said, &quot;you mustn't keep them laughing too long, or they
+will think you are laughing at them. After giving the audience
+amusement you must become earnest and play the serious r&#244;le. For
+instance, 'There are two things in this life for which no man is ever
+prepared. Who will tell me what these are?' Finally some one cries out
+'Death.' 'Well, who gives me the other?' Many respond&#8212;wealth,
+happiness, strength, marriage, taxes. At last Josh begins, solemnly:
+'None of you has given the second. There are two things on earth for
+which no man is ever prepared, and them's twins,' and the house
+shakes.&quot; Mr. Arnold did also.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Do you keep on inventing new stories?&quot; was asked.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, always. You can't lecture year after year unless<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> you find new
+stories, and sometimes these fail to crack. I had one nut which I felt
+sure would crack and bring down the house, but try as I would it never
+did itself justice, all because I could not find the indispensable
+word, just one word. I was sitting before a roaring wood fire one
+night up in Michigan when the word came to me which I knew would crack
+like a whip. I tried it on the boys and it did. It lasted longer than
+any one word I used. I began: 'This is a highly critical age. People
+won't believe until they fully understand. Now there's Jonah and the
+whale. They want to know all about it, and it's my opinion that
+neither Jonah nor the whale fully understood it. And then they ask
+what Jonah was doing in the whale's&#8212;the whale's society.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Shaw was walking down Broadway one day when accosted by a real
+Westerner, who said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I think you are Josh Billings.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, sometimes I am called that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I have five thousand dollars for you right here in my pocket-book.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Here's Delmonico's, come in and tell me all about it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>After seating themselves, the stranger said he was part owner in a
+gold mine in California, and explained that there had been a dispute
+about its ownership and that the conference of partners broke up in
+quarreling. The stranger said he had left, threatening he would take
+the bull by the horns and begin legal proceedings. &quot;The next morning I
+went to the meeting and told them I had turned over Josh Billings's
+almanac that morning and the lesson for the day was: 'When you take
+the bull by the horns, take him by the tail; you can get a better hold
+and let go when you're a mind to.' We laughed and laughed and felt
+that was good sense. We<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> took your advice, settled, and parted good
+friends. Some one moved that five thousand dollars be given Josh, and
+as I was coming East they appointed me treasurer and I promised to
+hand it over. There it is.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The evening ended by Mr. Arnold saying:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, Mr. Shaw, if ever you come to lecture in England, I shall be
+glad to welcome and introduce you to your first audience. Any foolish
+man called a lord could do you more good than I by introducing you,
+but I should so much like to do it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Imagine Matthew Arnold, the apostle of sweetness and light,
+introducing Josh Billings, the foremost of jesters, to a select London
+audience.</p>
+
+<p>In after years he never failed to ask after &quot;our leonine friend, Mr.
+Shaw.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Meeting Josh at the Windsor one morning after the notable dinner I sat
+down with him in the rotunda and he pulled out a small memorandum
+book, saying as he did so:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Where's Arnold? I wonder what he would say to this. The 'Century'
+gives me $100 a week, I agreeing to send them any trifle that occurs
+to me. I try to give it something. Here's this from Uncle Zekiel, my
+weekly budget: 'Of course the critic is a greater man than the author.
+Any fellow who can point out the mistakes another fellow has made is a
+darned sight smarter fellow than the fellow who made them.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I told Mr. Arnold a Chicago story, or rather a story about Chicago. A
+society lady of Boston visiting her schoolmate friend in Chicago, who
+was about to be married, was overwhelmed with attention. Asked by a
+noted citizen one evening what had charmed her most in Chicago, she
+graciously replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What surprises me most isn't the bustle of business,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> or your
+remarkable development materially, or your grand residences; it is the
+degree of culture and refinement I find here.&quot; The response promptly
+came:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, we are just dizzy on cult out here, you bet.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Arnold was not prepared to enjoy Chicago, which had impressed him
+as the headquarters of Philistinism. He was, however, surprised and
+gratified at meeting with so much &quot;culture and refinement.&quot; Before he
+started he was curious to know what he should find most interesting. I
+laughingly said that he would probably first be taken to see the most
+wonderful sight there, which was said to be the slaughter houses, with
+new machines so perfected that the hog driven in at one end came out
+hams at the other before its squeal was out of one's ears. Then after
+a pause he asked reflectively:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But why should one go to slaughter houses, why should one hear hogs
+squeal?&quot; I could give no reason, so the matter rested.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Arnold's Old Testament favorite was certainly Isaiah: at least his
+frequent quotations from that great poet, as he called him, led one to
+this conclusion. I found in my tour around the world that the sacred
+books of other religions had been stripped of the dross that had
+necessarily accumulated around their legends. I remembered Mr. Arnold
+saying that the Scriptures should be so dealt with. The gems from
+Confucius and others which delight the world have been selected with
+much care and appear as &quot;collects.&quot; The disciple has not the
+objectionable accretions of the ignorant past presented to him.</p>
+
+<p>The more one thinks over the matter, the stronger one's opinion
+becomes that the Christian will have to follow the Eastern example and
+winnow the wheat from the chaff&#8212;worse than chaff, sometimes the
+positively pernicious and even poisonous refuse. Burns, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>
+&quot;Cotter's Saturday Night,&quot; pictures the good man taking down the big
+Bible for the evening service:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;He wales a portion with judicious care.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>We should have those portions selected and use the selections only. In
+this, and much besides, the man whom I am so thankful for having known
+and am so favored as to call friend, has proved the true teacher in
+advance of his age, the greatest poetic teacher in the domain of &quot;the
+future and its viewless things.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I took Arnold down from our summer home at Cresson in the Alleghanies
+to see black, smoky Pittsburgh. In the path from the Edgar Thomson
+Steel Works to the railway station there are two flights of steps to
+the bridge across the railway, the second rather steep. When we had
+ascended about three quarters of it he suddenly stopped to gain
+breath. Leaning upon the rail and putting his hand upon his heart, he
+said to me:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah, this will some day do for me, as it did for my father.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I did not know then of the weakness of his heart, but I never forgot
+this incident, and when not long after the sad news came of his sudden
+death, after exertion in England endeavoring to evade an obstacle, it
+came back to me with a great pang that our friend had foretold his
+fate. Our loss was great. To no man I have known could Burns's epitaph
+upon Tam Samson be more appropriately applied:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Tam Samson's weel-worn clay here lies:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ye canting zealots, spare him!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If honest worth in heaven rise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ye'll mend or ye win near him.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The name of a dear man comes to me just here, Dr. Oliver Wendell
+Holmes, of Boston, everybody's doctor,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> whose only ailment toward the
+end was being eighty years of age. He was a boy to the last. When
+Matthew Arnold died a few friends could not resist taking steps toward
+a suitable memorial to his memory. These friends quietly provided the
+necessary sum, as no public appeal could be thought of. No one could
+be permitted to contribute to such a fund except such as had a right
+to the privilege, for privilege it was felt to be. Double, triple the
+sum could readily have been obtained. I had the great satisfaction of
+being permitted to join the select few and to give the matter a little
+attention upon our side of the Atlantic. Of course I never thought of
+mentioning the matter to dear Dr. Holmes&#8212;not that he was not one of
+the elect, but that no author or professional man should be asked to
+contribute money to funds which, with rare exceptions, are best
+employed when used for themselves. One morning, however, I received a
+note from the doctor, saying that it had been whispered to him that
+there was such a movement on foot, and that I had been mentioned in
+connection with it, and if he were judged worthy to have his name upon
+the roll of honor, he would be gratified. Since he had heard of it he
+could not rest without writing to me, and he should like to hear in
+reply. That he was thought worthy goes without saying.</p>
+
+<p>This is the kind of memorial any man might wish. I venture to say that
+there was not one who contributed to it who was not grateful to the
+kind fates for giving him the opportunity.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII</h2>
+
+<h3>BRITISH POLITICAL LEADERS</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;I</span><b>N</b> London, Lord Rosebery, then in Gladstone's Cabinet and a rising
+statesman, was good enough to invite me to dine with him to meet Mr.
+Gladstone, and I am indebted to him for meeting the world's first
+citizen. This was, I think, in 1885, for my &quot;Triumphant Democracy&quot;<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>
+appeared in 1886, and I remember giving Mr. Gladstone, upon that
+occasion, some startling figures which I had prepared for it.</p>
+
+<p>I never did what I thought right in a social matter with greater
+self-denial, than when later the first invitation came from Mr.
+Gladstone to dine with him. I was engaged to dine elsewhere and sorely
+tempted to plead that an invitation from the real ruler of Great
+Britain should be considered as much of a command as that of the
+ornamental dignitary. But I kept my engagement and missed the man I
+most wished to meet. The privilege came later, fortunately, when
+subsequent visits to him at Hawarden were made.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Rosebery opened the first library I ever gave, that of
+Dunfermline, and he has recently (1905) opened the latest given by
+me&#8212;one away over in Stornoway. When he last visited New York I drove
+him along the Riverside Drive, and he declared that no city in the
+world possessed such an attraction. He was a man of brilliant parts,
+but his resolutions were</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought.&quot;<br /></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></div></div>
+
+<p>Had he been born to labor and entered the House of Commons in youth,
+instead of being dropped without effort into the gilded upper chamber,
+he might have acquired in the rough-and-tumble of life the tougher
+skin, for he was highly sensitive and lacked tenacity of purpose
+essential to command in political life. He was a charming speaker&#8212;a
+eulogist with the lightest touch and the most graceful style upon
+certain themes of any speaker of his day. [Since these lines were
+written he has become, perhaps, the foremost eulogist of our race. He
+has achieved a high place. All honor to him!]</p>
+
+<p>One morning I called by appointment upon him. After greetings he took
+up an envelope which I saw as I entered had been carefully laid on his
+desk, and handed it to me, saying:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I wish you to dismiss your secretary.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That is a big order, Your Lordship. He is indispensable, and a
+Scotsman,&quot; I replied. &quot;What is the matter with him?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This isn't your handwriting; it is his. What do you think of a man
+who spells Rosebery with two <i>r's</i>?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I said if I were sensitive on that point life would not be endurable
+for me. &quot;I receive many letters daily when at home and I am sure that
+twenty to thirty per cent of them mis-spell my name, ranging from
+'Karnaghie' to 'Carnagay.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But he was in earnest. Just such little matters gave him great
+annoyance. Men of action should learn to laugh at and enjoy these
+small things, or they themselves may become &quot;small.&quot; A charming
+personality withal, but shy, sensitive, capricious, and reserved,
+qualities which a few years in the Commons would probably have
+modified.</p>
+
+<p>When he was, as a Liberal, surprising the House of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> Lords and creating
+some stir, I ventured to let off a little of my own democracy upon
+him.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Stand for Parliament boldly. Throw off your hereditary rank,
+declaring you scorn to accept a privilege which is not the right of
+every citizen. Thus make yourself the real leader of the people, which
+you never can be while a peer. You are young, brilliant, captivating,
+with the gift of charming speech. No question of your being Prime
+Minister if you take the plunge.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>To my surprise, although apparently interested, he said very quietly:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;But the House of Commons couldn't admit me as a peer.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That's what I should hope. If I were in your place, and rejected, I
+would stand again for the next vacancy and force the issue. Insist
+that one having renounced his hereditary privileges becomes elevated
+to citizenship and is eligible for any position to which he is
+elected. Victory is certain. That's playing the part of a Cromwell.
+Democracy worships a precedent-breaker or a precedent-maker.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We dropped the subject. Telling Morley of this afterward, I shall
+never forget his comment:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;My friend, Cromwell doesn't reside at Number 38 Berkeley Square.&quot;
+Slowly, solemnly spoken, but conclusive.</p>
+
+<p>Fine fellow, Rosebery, only he was handicapped by being born a peer.
+On the other hand, Morley, rising from the ranks, his father a surgeon
+hard-pressed to keep his son at college, is still &quot;Honest John,&quot;
+unaffected in the slightest degree by the so-called elevation to the
+peerage and the Legion of Honor, both given for merit. The same with
+&quot;Bob&quot; Reid, M.P., who became Earl Loreburn and Lord High Chancellor,
+Lord Haldane, his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> successor as Chancellor; Asquith, Prime Minister,
+Lloyd George, and others. Not even the rulers of our Republic to-day
+are more democratic or more thorough men of the people.</p>
+
+<p>When the world's foremost citizen passed away, the question was, Who
+is to succeed Gladstone; who can succeed him? The younger members of
+the Cabinet agreed to leave the decision to Morley. Harcourt or
+Campbell-Bannerman? There was only one impediment in the path of the
+former, but that was fatal&#8212;inability to control his temper. The issue
+had unfortunately aroused him to such outbursts as really unfitted him
+for leadership, and so the man of calm, sober, unclouded judgment was
+considered indispensable.</p>
+
+<p>I was warmly attached to Harcourt, who in turn was a devoted admirer
+of our Republic, as became the husband of Motley's daughter. Our
+census and our printed reports, which I took care that he should
+receive, interested him deeply. Of course, the elevation of the
+representative of my native town of Dunfermline
+(Campbell-Bannerman)<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> gave me unalloyed pleasure, the more so since
+in returning thanks from the Town House to the people assembled he
+used these words:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I owe my election to my Chairman, Bailie Morrison.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The Bailie, Dunfermline's leading radical, was my uncle. We were
+radical families in those days and are so still, both Carnegies and
+Morrisons, and intense admirers of the Great Republic, like that one
+who extolled Washington and his colleagues as &quot;men who knew and dared
+proclaim the royalty of man&quot;&#8212;a proclamation worth while. There is
+nothing more certain than that the English-speaking race in orderly,
+lawful develop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>ment will soon establish the golden rule of citizenship
+through evolution, never revolution:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;The rank is but the guinea's stamp,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The man's the gowd for a' that.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This feeling already prevails in all the British colonies. The dear
+old Motherland hen has ducks for chickens which give her much anxiety
+breasting the waves, while she, alarmed, screams wildly from the
+shore; but she will learn to swim also by and by.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1905 Mrs. Carnegie and I attended the ceremony of
+giving the Freedom of Dunfermline to our friend, Dr. John Ross,
+chairman of the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, foremost and most zealous
+worker for the good of the town. Provost Macbeth in his speech
+informed the audience that the honor was seldom conferred, that there
+were only three living burgesses&#8212;one their member of Parliament, H.
+Campbell-Bannerman, then Prime Minister; the Earl of Elgin of
+Dunfermline, ex-Viceroy of India, then Colonial Secretary; and the
+third myself. This seemed great company for me, so entirely out of the
+running was I as regards official station.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Elgin is the descendant of The Bruce. Their family vault
+is in Dunfermline Abbey, where his great ancestor lies under the Abbey
+bell. It has been noted how Secretary Stanton selected General Grant
+as the one man in the party who could not possibly be the commander.
+One would be very apt to make a similar mistake about the Earl. When
+the Scottish Universities were to be reformed the Earl was second on
+the committee. When the Conservative Government formed its Committee
+upon the Boer War, the Earl, a Liberal, was appointed chairman. When
+the decision of the House<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> of Lords brought dire confusion upon the
+United Free Church of Scotland, Lord Elgin was called upon as the
+Chairman of Committee to settle the matter. Parliament embodied his
+report in a bill, and again he was placed at the head to apply it.
+When trustees for the Universities of Scotland Fund were to be
+selected, I told Prime Minister Balfour I thought the Earl of Elgin as
+a Dunfermline magnate could be induced to take the chairmanship. He
+said I could not get a better man in Great Britain. So it has proved.
+John Morley said to me one day afterwards, but before he had, as a
+member of the Dunfermline Trust, experience of the chairman:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I used to think Elgin about the most problematical public man in high
+position I had ever met, but I now know him one of the ablest. Deeds,
+not words; judgment, not talk.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Such the descendant of The Bruce to-day, the embodiment of modest
+worth and wisdom combined.</p>
+
+<p>Once started upon a Freedom-getting career, there seemed no end to
+these honors.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> With headquarters in London in 1906, I received six
+Freedoms in six consecutive days, and two the week following, going
+out by morning train and returning in the evening. It might be thought
+that the ceremony would become monotonous, but this was not so, the
+conditions being different in each case. I met remarkable men in the
+mayors and provosts and the leading citizens connected with municipal
+affairs, and each community had its own individual stamp and its
+problems, successes, and failures. There was generally one greatly
+desired improvement overshadowing all other questions engrossing the
+attention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> of the people. Each was a little world in itself. The City
+Council is a Cabinet in miniature and the Mayor the Prime Minister.
+Domestic politics keep the people agog. Foreign relations are not
+wanting. There are inter-city questions with neighboring communities,
+joint water or gas or electrical undertakings of mighty import,
+conferences deciding for or against alliances or separations.</p>
+
+<p>In no department is the contrast greater between the old world and the
+new than in municipal government. In the former the families reside
+for generations in the place of birth with increasing devotion to the
+town and all its surroundings. A father achieving the mayorship
+stimulates the son to aspire to it. That invaluable asset, city pride,
+is created, culminating in romantic attachment to native places.
+Councilorships are sought that each in his day and generation may be
+of some service to the town. To the best citizens this is a creditable
+object of ambition. Few, indeed, look beyond it&#8212;membership in
+Parliament being practically reserved for men of fortune, involving as
+it does residence in London without compensation. This latter,
+however, is soon to be changed and Britain follow the universal
+practice of paying legislators for service rendered. [In 1908; since
+realized; four hundred pounds is now paid.]</p>
+
+<p>After this she will probably follow the rest of the world by having
+Parliament meet in the daytime, its members fresh and ready for the
+day's work, instead of giving all day to professional work and then
+with exhausted brains undertaking the work of governing the country
+after dinner. Cavendish, the authority on whist, being asked if a man
+could possibly finesse a knave, second round, third player, replied,
+after reflecting, &quot;Yes, he might <i>after dinner</i>.&quot;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The best people are on the councils of British towns, incorruptible,
+public-spirited men, proud of and devoted to their homes. In the
+United States progress is being made in this direction, but we are
+here still far behind Britain. Nevertheless, people tend to settle
+permanently in places as the country becomes thickly populated. We
+shall develop the local patriot who is anxious to leave the place of
+his birth a little better than he found it. It is only one generation
+since the provostship of Scotch towns was generally reserved for one
+of the local landlords belonging to the upper classes. That &quot;the
+Briton dearly loves a lord&quot; is still true, but the love is rapidly
+disappearing.</p>
+
+<p>In Eastbourne, Kings-Lynn, Salisbury, Ilkeston, and many other ancient
+towns, I found the mayor had risen from the ranks, and had generally
+worked with his hands. The majority of the council were also of this
+type. All gave their time gratuitously. It was a source of much
+pleasure to me to know the provosts and leaders in council of so many
+towns in Scotland and England, not forgetting Ireland where my Freedom
+tour was equally attractive. Nothing could excel the reception
+accorded me in Cork, Waterford, and Limerick. It was surprising to see
+the welcome on flags expressed in the same Gaelic words, <i>Cead mille
+failthe</i> (meaning &quot;a hundred thousand welcomes&quot;) as used by the
+tenants of Skibo.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing could have given me such insight into local public life and
+patriotism in Britain as Freedom-taking, which otherwise might have
+become irksome. I felt myself so much at home among the city chiefs
+that the embarrassment of flags and crowds and people at the windows
+along our route was easily met as part of the duty of the day, and
+even the address of the chief magistrate usually furnished new phases
+of life upon which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> I could dwell. The lady mayoresses were delightful
+in all their pride and glory.</p>
+
+<p>My conclusion is that the United Kingdom is better served by the
+leading citizens of her municipalities, elected by popular vote, than
+any other country far and away can possibly be; and that all is sound
+to the core in that important branch of government. Parliament itself
+could readily be constituted of a delegation of members from the town
+councils without impairing its efficiency. Perhaps when the sufficient
+payment of members is established, many of these will be found at
+Westminster and that to the advantage of the Kingdom.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV</h2>
+
+<h3>GLADSTONE AND MORLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">M</span><b>R. GLADSTONE</b> paid my &quot;American Four-in-Hand in Britain&quot; quite a
+compliment when Mrs. Carnegie and I were his guests at Hawarden in
+April, 1892. He suggested one day that I should spend the morning with
+him in his new library, while he arranged his books (which no one
+except himself was ever allowed to touch), and we could converse. In
+prowling about the shelves I found a unique volume and called out to
+my host, then on top of a library ladder far from me handling heavy
+volumes:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Gladstone, I find here a book 'Dunfermline Worthies,' by a friend
+of my father's. I knew some of the worthies when a child.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes,&quot; he replied, &quot;and if you will pass your hand three or four books
+to the left I think you will find another book by a Dunfermline man.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I did so and saw my book &quot;An American Four-in-Hand in Britain.&quot; Ere I
+had done so, however, I heard that organ voice orating in full swing
+from the top of the ladder:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What Mecca is to the Mohammedan, Benares to the Hindoo, Jerusalem to
+the Christian, all that Dunfermline is to me.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>My ears heard the voice some moments before my brain realized that
+these were my own words called forth by the first glimpse caught of
+Dunfermline as we approached it from the south.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p>
+<p>&quot;How on earth did you come to get this book?&quot; I asked. &quot;I had not the
+honor of knowing you when it was written and could not have sent you a
+copy.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No!&quot; he replied, &quot;I had not then the pleasure of your acquaintance,
+but some one, I think Rosebery, told me of the book and I sent for it
+and read it with delight. That tribute to Dunfermline struck me as so
+extraordinary it lingered with me. I could never forget it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This incident occurred eight years after the &quot;American Four-in-Hand&quot;
+was written, and adds another to the many proofs of Mr. Gladstone's
+wonderful memory. Perhaps as a vain author I may be pardoned for
+confessing my grateful appreciation of his no less wonderful judgment.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image24">
+<img src="images/image24.jpg" alt="William E. Gladstone" width="310" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"> <i>Photograph from Underwood &amp; Underwood, N.Y.</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>The politician who figures publicly as &quot;reader of the lesson&quot; on
+Sundays, is apt to be regarded suspiciously. I confess that until I
+had known Mr. Gladstone well, I had found the thought arising now and
+then that the wary old gentleman might feel at least that these
+appearances cost him no votes. But all this vanished as I learned his
+true character. He was devout and sincere if ever man was. Yes, even
+when he records in his diary (referred to by Morley in his &quot;Life of
+Gladstone&quot;) that, while addressing the House of Commons on the budget
+for several hours with great acceptance, he was &quot;conscious of being
+sustained by the Divine Power above.&quot; Try as one may, who can deny
+that to one of such abounding faith this belief in the support of the
+Unknown Power must really have proved a sustaining<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> influence,
+although it may shock others to think that any mortal being could be
+so bold as to imagine that the Creator of the Universe would concern
+himself about Mr. Gladstone's budget, prepared for a little speck of
+this little speck of earth? It seems almost sacrilegious, yet to Mr.
+Gladstone we know it was the reverse&#8212;a religious belief such as has
+no doubt often enabled men to accomplish wonders as direct agents of
+God and doing His work.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the Queen's Jubilee in June, 1887, Mr. Blaine and I
+were to dine at Lord Wolverton's in Piccadilly, to meet Mr. and Mrs.
+Gladstone&#8212;Mr. Blaine's first introduction to him. We started in a cab
+from the Metropole Hotel in good time, but the crowds were so dense
+that the cab had to be abandoned in the middle of St. James's Street.
+Reaching the pavement, Mr. Blaine following, I found a policeman and
+explained to him who my companion was, where we were going, and asked
+him if he could not undertake to get us there. He did so, pushing his
+way through the masses with all the authority of his office and we
+followed. But it was nine o'clock before we reached Lord Wolverton's.
+We separated after eleven.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gladstone explained that he and Mrs. Gladstone had been able to
+reach the house by coming through Hyde Park and around the back way.
+They expected to get back to their residence, then in Carlton Terrace,
+in the same way. Mr. Blaine and I thought we should enjoy the streets
+and take our chances of getting back to the hotel by pushing through
+the crowds. We were doing this successfully and were moving slowly
+with the current past the Reform Club when I heard a word or two
+spoken by a voice close to the building on my right. I said to Mr.
+Blaine:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&quot;That is Mr. Gladstone's voice.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He said: &quot;It is impossible. We have just left him returning to his
+residence.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I don't care; I recognize voices better than faces, and I am sure
+that is Gladstone's.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Finally I prevailed upon him to return a few steps. We got close to
+the side of the house and moved back. I came to a muffled figure and
+whispered:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What does 'Gravity' out of its bed at midnight?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gladstone was discovered. I told him I recognized his voice
+whispering to his companion.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;And so,&quot; I said, &quot;the real ruler comes out to see the illuminations
+prepared for the nominal ruler!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He replied: &quot;Young man, I think it is time you were in bed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We remained a few minutes with him, he being careful not to remove
+from his head and face the cloak that covered them. It was then past
+midnight and he was eighty, but, boylike, after he got Mrs. Gladstone
+safely home he had determined to see the show.</p>
+
+<p>The conversation at the dinner between Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Blaine
+turned upon the differences in Parliamentary procedure between Britain
+and America. During the evening Mr. Gladstone cross-examined Mr.
+Blaine very thoroughly upon the mode of procedure of the House of
+Representatives of which Mr. Blaine had been the Speaker. I saw the
+&quot;previous question,&quot; and summary rules with us for restricting
+needless debate made a deep impression upon Mr. Gladstone. At
+intervals the conversation took a wider range.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gladstone was interested in more subjects than perhaps any other
+man in Britain. When I was last with him in Scotland, at Mr.
+Armistead's, his mind was as clear and vigorous as ever, his interest
+in affairs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> equally strong. The topic which then interested him most,
+and about which he plied me with questions, was the tall steel
+buildings in our country, of which he had been reading. What puzzled
+him was how it could be that the masonry of a fifth floor or sixth
+story was often finished before the third or fourth. This I explained,
+much to his satisfaction. In getting to the bottom of things he was
+indefatigable.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Morley (although a lord he still remains as an author plain John
+Morley) became one of our British friends quite early as editor of the
+&quot;Fortnightly Review,&quot; which published my first contribution to a
+British periodical.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> The friendship has widened and deepened in our
+old age until we mutually confess we are very close friends to each
+other.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> We usually exchange short notes (sometimes long ones) on
+Sunday afternoons as the spirit moves us. We are not alike; far from
+it. We are drawn together because opposites are mutually beneficial to
+each other. I am optimistic; all my ducks being swans. He is
+pessimistic, looking out soberly, even darkly, upon the real dangers
+ahead, and sometimes imagining vain things. He is inclined to see
+&quot;an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> officer in every bush.&quot; The world seems bright to me, and earth
+is often a real heaven&#8212;so happy I am and so thankful to the kind
+fates. Morley is seldom if ever wild about anything; his judgment is
+always deliberate and his eyes are ever seeing the spots on the sun.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image25">
+<img src="images/image25.jpg" alt="Viscount Morley of Blackburn" width="283" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"> <i>Photograph from Underwood &amp; Underwood, N.Y.</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>VISCOUNT MORLEY OF BLACKBURN</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>I told him the story of the pessimist whom nothing ever pleased, and
+the optimist whom nothing ever displeased, being congratulated by the
+angels upon their having obtained entrance to heaven. The pessimist
+replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, very good place, but somehow or other this halo don't fit my
+head exactly.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The optimist retorted by telling the story of a man being carried down
+to purgatory and the Devil laying his victim up against a bank while
+he got a drink at a spring&#8212;temperature very high. An old friend
+accosted him:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, Jim, how's this? No remedy possible; you're a gone coon sure.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The reply came: &quot;Hush, it might be worse.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;How's that, when you are being carried down to the bottomless pit?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Hush&quot;&#8212;pointing to his Satanic Majesty&#8212;&quot;he might take a notion to
+make me carry him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Morley, like myself, was very fond of music and reveled in the morning
+hour during which the organ was being played at Skibo. He was
+attracted by the oratorios as also Arthur Balfour. I remember they got
+tickets together for an oratorio at the Crystal Palace. Both are sane
+but philosophic, and not very far apart as philosophers, I understand;
+but some recent productions of Balfour send him far afield
+speculatively&#8212;a field which Morley never attempts. He keeps his foot
+on the firm ground and only treads where the way is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> cleared. No
+danger of his being &quot;lost in the woods&quot; while searching for the path.</p>
+
+<p>Morley's most astonishing announcement of recent days was in his
+address to the editors of the world, assembled in London. He informed
+them in effect that a few lines from Burns had done more to form and
+maintain the present improved political and social conditions of the
+people than all the millions of editorials ever written. This followed
+a remark that there were now and then a few written or spoken words
+which were in themselves events; they accomplished what they
+described. Tom Paine's &quot;Rights of Man&quot; was mentioned as such.</p>
+
+<p>Upon his arrival at Skibo after this address we talked it over. I
+referred to his tribute to Burns and his six lines, and he replied
+that he didn't need to tell me what lines these were.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No,&quot; I said, &quot;I know them by heart.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In a subsequent address, unveiling a statue of Burns in the park at
+Montrose, I repeated the lines I supposed he referred to, and he
+approved them. He and I, strange to say, had received the Freedom of
+Montrose together years before, so we are fellow-freemen.</p>
+
+<p>At last I induced Morley to visit us in America, and he made a tour
+through a great part of our country in 1904. We tried to have him meet
+distinguished men like himself. One day Senator Elihu Root called at
+my request and Morley had a long interview with him. After the Senator
+left Morley remarked to me that he had enjoyed his companion greatly,
+as being the most satisfactory American statesman he had yet met. He
+was not mistaken. For sound judgment and wide knowledge of our public
+affairs Elihu Root has no superior.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Morley left us to pay a visit to President Roosevelt at the White
+House, and spent several fruitful days in company with that
+extraordinary man. Later, Morley's remark was:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, I've seen two wonders in America, Roosevelt and Niagara.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>That was clever and true to life&#8212;a great pair of roaring, tumbling,
+dashing and splashing wonders, knowing no rest, but both doing their
+appointed work, such as it is.</p>
+
+<p>Morley was the best person to have the Acton library and my gift of it
+to him came about in this way. When Mr. Gladstone told me the position
+Lord Acton was in, I agreed, at his suggestion, to buy Acton's library
+and allow it to remain for his use during life. Unfortunately, he did
+not live long to enjoy it&#8212;only a few years&#8212;and then I had the
+library upon my hands. I decided that Morley could make the best use
+of it for himself and would certainly leave it eventually to the
+proper institution. I began to tell him that I owned it when he
+interrupted me, saying:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, I must tell you I have known this from the day you bought it.
+Mr. Gladstone couldn't keep the secret, being so overjoyed that Lord
+Acton had it secure for life.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Here were he and I in close intimacy, and yet never had one mentioned
+the situation to the other; but it was a surprise to me that Morley
+was not surprised. This incident proved the closeness of the bond
+between Gladstone and Morley&#8212;the only man he could not resist sharing
+his happiness with regarding earthly affairs. Yet on theological
+subjects they were far apart where Acton and Gladstone were akin.</p>
+
+<p>The year after I gave the fund for the Scottish uni<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>versities Morley
+went to Balmoral as minister in attendance upon His Majesty, and wired
+that he must see me before we sailed. We met and he informed me His
+Majesty was deeply impressed with the gift to the universities and the
+others I had made to my native land, and wished him to ascertain
+whether there was anything in his power to bestow which I would
+appreciate.</p>
+
+<p>I asked: &quot;What did you say?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Morley replied: &quot;I do not think so.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I said: &quot;You are quite right, except that if His Majesty would write
+me a note expressing his satisfaction with what I had done, as he has
+to you, this would be deeply appreciated and handed down to my
+descendants as something they would all be proud of.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This was done. The King's autograph note I have already transcribed
+elsewhere in these pages.</p>
+
+<p>That Skibo has proved the best of all health resorts for Morley is
+indeed fortunate, for he comes to us several times each summer and is
+one of the family, Lady Morley accompanying him. He is as fond of the
+yacht as I am myself, and, fortunately again, it is the best medicine
+for both of us. Morley is, and must always remain, &quot;Honest John.&quot; No
+prevarication with him, no nonsense, firm as a rock upon all questions
+and in all emergencies; yet always looking around, fore and aft, right
+and left, with a big heart not often revealed in all its tenderness,
+but at rare intervals and upon fit occasion leaving no doubt of its
+presence and power. And after that silence.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image26">
+<img src="images/image26.jpg" alt="Mr. Carnegie with Viscount Morley" width="400" height="292" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>MR. CARNEGIE WITH VISCOUNT MORLEY</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a name="image27">
+<img src="images/image27.jpg" alt="The Carnegie Family at Skibo" width="400" height="292" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>THE CARNEGIE FAMILY AT SKIBO</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>Chamberlain and Morley were fast friends as advanced radicals, and I
+often met and conferred with them when in Britain. When the Home Rule
+issue was raised, much interest was aroused in Britain over our
+American Federal system. I was appealed to freely and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> delivered
+public addresses in several cities, explaining and extolling our
+union, many in one, the freest government of the parts producing the
+strongest government of the whole. I sent Mr. Chamberlain Miss Anna L.
+Dawes's &quot;How We Are Governed,&quot; at his request for information, and had
+conversations with Morley, Gladstone, and many others upon the
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>I had to write Mr. Morley that I did not approve of the first Home
+Rule Bill for reasons which I gave. When I met Mr. Gladstone he
+expressed his regret at this and a full talk ensued. I objected to the
+exclusion of the Irish members from Parliament as being a practical
+separation. I said we should never have allowed the Southern States to
+cease sending representatives to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What would you have done if they refused?&quot; he asked.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Employed all the resources of civilization&#8212;first, stopped the
+mails,&quot; I replied.</p>
+
+<p>He paused and repeated:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Stop the mails.&quot; He felt the paralysis this involved and was silent,
+and changed the subject.</p>
+
+<p>In answer to questions as to what I should do, I always pointed out
+that America had many legislatures, but only one Congress. Britain
+should follow her example, one Parliament and local legislatures (not
+parliaments) for Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. These should be made
+states like New York and Virginia. But as Britain has no Supreme
+Court, as we have, to decide upon laws passed, not only by state
+legislatures but by Congress, the judicial being the final authority
+and not the political, Britain should have Parliament as the one
+national final authority over Irish measures. Therefore, the acts of
+the local legislature of Ireland<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> should lie for three months'
+continuous session upon the table of the House of Commons, subject to
+adverse action of the House, but becoming operative unless
+disapproved. The provision would be a dead letter unless improper
+legislation were enacted, but if there were improper legislation, then
+it would be salutary. The clause, I said, was needed to assure timid
+people that no secession could arise.</p>
+
+<p>Urging this view upon Mr. Morley afterwards, he told me this had been
+proposed to Parnell, but rejected. Mr. Gladstone might then have said:
+&quot;Very well, this provision is not needed for myself and others who
+think with me, but it is needed to enable us to carry Britain with us.
+I am now unable to take up the question. The responsibility is yours.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>One morning at Hawarden Mrs. Gladstone said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;William tells me he has such extraordinary conversations with you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>These he had, no doubt. He had not often, if ever, heard the breezy
+talk of a genuine republican and did not understand my inability to
+conceive of different hereditary ranks. It seemed strange to me that
+men should deliberately abandon the name given them by their parents,
+and that name the parents' name. Especially amusing were the new
+titles which required the old hereditary nobles much effort to refrain
+from smiling at as they greeted the newly made peer who had perhaps
+bought his title for ten thousand pounds, more or less, given to the
+party fund.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blaine was with us in London and I told Mr. Gladstone he had
+expressed to me his wonder and pain at seeing him in his old age hat
+in hand, cold day as it was, at a garden party doing homage to titled
+nobodies. Union of Church and State was touched upon, and also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> my
+&quot;Look Ahead,&quot; which foretells the reunion of our race owing to the
+inability of the British Islands to expand. I had held that the
+disestablishment of the English Church was inevitable, because among
+other reasons it was an anomaly. No other part of the race had it. All
+religions were fostered, none favored, in every other English-speaking
+state. Mr. Gladstone asked:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;How long do you give our Established Church to live?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>My reply was I could not fix a date; he had had more experience than I
+in disestablishing churches. He nodded and smiled.</p>
+
+<p>When I had enlarged upon a certain relative decrease of population in
+Britain that must come as compared with other countries of larger
+area, he asked:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What future do you forecast for her?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I referred to Greece among ancient nations and said that it was,
+perhaps, not accident that Chaucer, Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton,
+Burns, Scott, Stevenson, Bacon, Cromwell, Wallace, Bruce, Hume, Watt,
+Spencer, Darwin, and other celebrities had arisen here. Genius did not
+depend upon material resources. Long after Britain could not figure
+prominently as an industrial nation, not by her decline, but through
+the greater growth of others, she might in my opinion become the
+modern Greece and achieve among nations moral ascendancy.</p>
+
+<p>He caught at the words, repeating them musingly:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Moral ascendancy, moral ascendancy, I like that, I like that.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I had never before so thoroughly enjoyed a conference with a man. I
+visited him again at Hawarden, but my last visit to him was at Lord
+Randall's at Cannes the winter of 1897 when he was suffering keenly.
+He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> had still the old charm and was especially attentive to my
+sister-in-law, Lucy, who saw him then for the first time and was
+deeply impressed. As we drove off, she murmured, &quot;A sick eagle! A sick
+eagle!&quot; Nothing could better describe this wan and worn leader of men
+as he appeared to me that day. He was not only a great, but a truly
+good man, stirred by the purest impulses, a high, imperious soul
+always looking upward. He had, indeed, earned the title: &quot;Foremost
+Citizen of the World.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>In Britain, in 1881, I had entered into business relations with Samuel
+Storey, M.P., a very able man, a stern radical, and a genuine
+republican. We purchased several British newspapers and began a
+campaign of political progress upon radical lines. Passmore Edwards
+and some others joined us, but the result was not encouraging. Harmony
+did not prevail among my British friends and finally I decided to
+withdraw, which I was fortunately able to do without loss.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p>
+
+<p>My third literary venture, &quot;Triumphant Democracy,&quot;<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> had its origin
+in realizing how little the best-informed foreigner, or even Briton,
+knew of America, and how distorted that little was. It was prodigious
+what these eminent Englishmen did not then know about the Republic. My
+first talk with Mr. Gladstone in 1882 can never be forgotten. When I
+had occasion to say that the majority of the English-speaking race was
+now republican and it was a minority of monarchists who were upon the
+defensive, he said:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&quot;Why, how is that?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, Mr. Gladstone,&quot; I said, &quot;the Republic holds sway over a larger
+number of English-speaking people than the population of Great Britain
+and all her colonies even if the English-speaking colonies were
+numbered twice over.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah! how is that? What is your population?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Sixty-six millions, and yours is not much more than half.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah, yes, surprising!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the wealth of the nations, it was equally surprising
+for him to learn that the census of 1880 proved the hundred-year-old
+Republic could purchase Great Britain and Ireland and all their
+realized capital and investments and then pay off Britain's debt, and
+yet not exhaust her fortune. But the most startling statement of all
+was that which I was able to make when the question of Free Trade was
+touched upon. I pointed out that America was now the greatest
+manufacturing nation in the world. [At a later date I remember Lord
+Chancellor Haldane fell into the same error, calling Britain the
+greatest manufacturing country in the world, and thanked me for
+putting him right.] I quoted Mulhall's figures: British manufactures
+in 1880, eight hundred and sixteen millions sterling; American
+manufactures eleven hundred and twenty-six millions sterling.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> His
+one word was:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Incredible!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Other startling statements followed and he asked:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Why does not some writer take up this subject and present the facts
+in a simple and direct form to the world?&quot;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I was then, as a matter of fact, gathering material for &quot;Triumphant
+Democracy,&quot; in which I intended to perform the very service which he
+indicated, as I informed him.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Round the World&quot; and the &quot;American Four-in-Hand&quot; gave me not the
+slightest effort but the preparation of &quot;Triumphant Democracy,&quot; which
+I began in 1882, was altogether another matter. It required steady,
+laborious work. Figures had to be examined and arranged, but as I went
+forward the study became fascinating. For some months I seemed to have
+my head filled with statistics. The hours passed away unheeded. It was
+evening when I supposed it was midday. The second serious illness of
+my life dates from the strain brought upon me by this work, for I had
+to attend to business as well. I shall think twice before I trust
+myself again with anything so fascinating as figures.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV</h2>
+
+<h3>HERBERT SPENCER AND HIS DISCIPLE</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">H</span><b>ERBERT SPENCER</b>, with his friend Mr. Lott and myself, were fellow
+travelers on the Servia from Liverpool to New York in 1882. I bore a
+note of introduction to him from Mr. Morley, but I had met the
+philosopher in London before that. I was one of his disciples. As an
+older traveler, I took Mr. Lott and him in charge. We sat at the same
+table during the voyage.</p>
+
+<p>One day the conversation fell upon the impression made upon us by
+great men at first meeting. Did they, or did they not, prove to be as
+we had imagined them? Each gave his experience. Mine was that nothing
+could be more different than the being imagined and that being beheld
+in the flesh.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh!&quot; said Mr. Spencer, &quot;in my case, for instance, was this so?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes,&quot; I replied, &quot;you more than any. I had imagined my teacher, the
+great calm philosopher brooding, Buddha-like, over all things,
+unmoved; never did I dream of seeing him excited over the question of
+Cheshire or Cheddar cheese.&quot; The day before he had peevishly pushed
+away the former when presented by the steward, exclaiming &quot;Cheddar,
+Cheddar, not Cheshire; I said <i>Cheddar</i>.&quot; There was a roar in which
+none joined more heartily than the sage himself. He refers to this
+incident of the voyage in his Autobiography.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p>
+
+<p>Spencer liked stories and was a good laugher. American stories seemed
+to please him more than others, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> of those I was able to tell him
+not a few, which were usually followed by explosive laughter. He was
+anxious to learn about our Western Territories, which were then
+attracting attention in Europe, and a story I told him about Texas
+struck him as amusing. When a returning disappointed emigrant from
+that State was asked about the then barren country, he said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Stranger, all that I have to say about Texas is that if I owned Texas
+and h&#8212;l, I would sell Texas.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>What a change from those early days! Texas has now over four millions
+of population and is said to have the soil to produce more cotton than
+the whole world did in 1882.</p>
+
+<p>The walk up to the house, when I had the philosopher out at
+Pittsburgh, reminded me of another American story of the visitor who
+started to come up the garden walk. When he opened the gate a big dog
+from the house rushed down upon him. He retreated and closed the
+garden gate just in time, the host calling out:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;He won't touch you, you know barking dogs never bite.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes,&quot; exclaimed the visitor, tremblingly, &quot;I know that and you know
+it, but does the dog know it?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>One day my eldest nephew was seen to open the door quietly and peep in
+where we were seated. His mother afterwards asked him why he had done
+so and the boy of eleven replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mamma, I wanted to see the man who wrote in a book that there was no
+use studying grammar.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Spencer was greatly pleased when he heard the story and often referred
+to it. He had faith in that nephew.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image28">
+<img src="images/image28.jpg" alt="Herbert Spencer at 78" width="308" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>HERBERT SPENCER AT SEVENTY-EIGHT</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>Speaking to him one day about his having signed a remonstrance against
+a tunnel between Calais and Dover as having surprised me, he explained
+that for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> himself he was as anxious to have the tunnel as any one
+and that he did not believe in any of the objections raised against
+it, but signed the remonstrance because he knew his countrymen were
+such fools that the military and naval element in Britain could
+stampede the masses, frighten them, and stimulate militarism. An
+increased army and navy would then be demanded. He referred to a scare
+which had once arisen and involved the outlay of many millions in
+fortifications which had proved useless.</p>
+
+<p>One day we were sitting in our rooms in the Grand Hotel looking out
+over Trafalgar Square. The Life Guards passed and the following took
+place:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Spencer, I never see men dressed up like Merry Andrews without
+being saddened and indignant that in the nineteenth century the most
+civilized race, as we consider ourselves, still finds men willing to
+adopt as a profession&#8212;until lately the only profession for
+gentlemen&#8212;the study of the surest means of killing other men.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Spencer said: &quot;I feel just so myself, but I will tell you how I
+curb my indignation. Whenever I feel it rising I am calmed by this
+story of Emerson's: He had been hooted and hustled from the platform
+in Faneuil Hall for daring to speak against slavery. He describes
+himself walking home in violent anger, until opening his garden gate
+and looking up through the branches of the tall elms that grew between
+the gate and his modest home, he saw the stars shining through. They
+said to him: 'What, so hot, my little sir?'&quot; I laughed and he laughed,
+and I thanked him for that story. Not seldom I have to repeat to
+myself, &quot;What, so hot, my little sir?&quot; and it suffices.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Spencer's visit to America had its climax in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> banquet given
+for him at Delmonico's. I drove him to it and saw the great man there
+in a funk. He could think of nothing but the address he was to
+deliver.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> I believe he had rarely before spoken in public. His
+great fear was that he should be unable to say anything that would be
+of advantage to the American people, who had been the first to
+appreciate his works. He may have attended many banquets, but never
+one comprised of more distinguished people than this one. It was a
+remarkable gathering. The tributes paid Spencer by the ablest men were
+unique. The climax was reached when Henry Ward Beecher, concluding his
+address, turned round and addressed Mr. Spencer in these words:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;To my father and my mother I owe my physical being; to you, sir, I
+owe my intellectual being. At a critical moment you provided the safe
+paths through the bogs and morasses; you were my teacher.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>These words were spoken in slow, solemn tones. I do not remember ever
+having noticed more depth of feeling; evidently they came from a
+grateful debtor. Mr. Spencer was touched by the words. They gave rise
+to considerable remark, and shortly afterwards Mr. Beecher preached a
+course of sermons, giving his views upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> Evolution. The conclusion of
+the series was anxiously looked for, because his acknowledgment of
+debt to Spencer as his teacher had created alarm in church circles. In
+the concluding article, as in his speech, if I remember rightly, Mr.
+Beecher said that, although he believed in evolution (Darwinism) up to
+a certain point, yet when man had reached his highest human level his
+Creator then invested him (and man alone of all living things) with
+the Holy Spirit, thereby bringing him into the circle of the godlike.
+Thus he answered his critics.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Spencer took intense interest in mechanical devices. When he
+visited our works with me the new appliances impressed him, and in
+after years he sometimes referred to these and said his estimate of
+American invention and push had been fully realized. He was naturally
+pleased with the deference and attention paid him in America.</p>
+
+<p>I seldom if ever visited England without going to see him, even after
+he had removed to Brighton that he might live looking out upon the
+sea, which appealed to and soothed him. I never met a man who seemed
+to weigh so carefully every action, every word&#8212;even the pettiest&#8212;and
+so completely to find guidance through his own conscience. He was no
+scoffer in religious matters. In the domain of theology, however, he
+had little regard for decorum. It was to him a very faulty system
+hindering true growth, and the idea of rewards and punishments struck
+him as an appeal to very low natures indeed. Still he never went to
+such lengths as Tennyson did upon an occasion when some of the old
+ideas were under discussion. Knowles<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> told me that Tennyson lost
+control of himself. Knowles said he was greatly dis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>appointed with the
+son's life of the poet as giving no true picture of his father in his
+revolt against stern theology.</p>
+
+<p>Spencer was always the calm philosopher. I believe that from childhood
+to old age&#8212;when the race was run&#8212;he never was guilty of an immoral
+act or did an injustice to any human being. He was certainly one of
+the most conscientious men in all his doings that ever was born. Few
+men have wished to know another man more strongly than I to know
+Herbert Spencer, for seldom has one been more deeply indebted than I
+to him and to Darwin.</p>
+
+<p>Reaction against the theology of past days comes to many who have been
+surrounded in youth by church people entirely satisfied that the truth
+and faith indispensable to future happiness were derived only through
+strictest Calvinistic creeds. The thoughtful youth is naturally
+carried along and disposed to concur in this. He cannot but think, up
+to a certain period of development, that what is believed by the best
+and the highest educated around him&#8212;those to whom he looks for
+example and instruction&#8212;must be true. He resists doubt as inspired by
+the Evil One seeking his soul, and sure to get it unless faith comes
+to the rescue. Unfortunately he soon finds that faith is not exactly
+at his beck and call. Original sin he thinks must be at the root of
+this inability to see as he wishes to see, to believe as he wishes to
+believe. It seems clear to him that already he is little better than
+one of the lost. Of the elect he surely cannot be, for these must be
+ministers, elders, and strictly orthodox men.</p>
+
+<p>The young man is soon in chronic rebellion, trying to assume godliness
+with the others, acquiescing outwardly in the creed and all its
+teachings, and yet at heart totally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> unable to reconcile his outward
+accordance with his inward doubt. If there be intellect and virtue in
+the man but one result is possible; that is, Carlyle's position after
+his terrible struggle when after weeks of torment he came forth: &quot;If
+it be incredible, in God's name, then, let it be discredited.&quot; With
+that the load of doubt and fear fell from him forever.</p>
+
+<p>When I, along with three or four of my boon companions, was in this
+stage of doubt about theology, including the supernatural element, and
+indeed the whole scheme of salvation through vicarious atonement and
+all the fabric built upon it, I came fortunately upon Darwin's and
+Spencer's works &quot;The Data of Ethics,&quot; &quot;First Principles,&quot; &quot;Social
+Statics,&quot; &quot;The Descent of Man.&quot; Reaching the pages which explain how
+man has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining
+what was salutary, rejecting what was deleterious, I remember that
+light came as in a flood and all was clear. Not only had I got rid of
+theology and the supernatural, but I had found the truth of evolution.
+&quot;All is well since all grows better&quot; became my motto, my true source
+of comfort. Man was not created with an instinct for his own
+degradation, but from the lower he had risen to the higher forms. Nor
+is there any conceivable end to his march to perfection. His face is
+turned to the light; he stands in the sun and looks upward.</p>
+
+<p>Humanity is an organism, inherently rejecting all that is deleterious,
+that is, wrong, and absorbing after trial what is beneficial, that is,
+right. If so disposed, the Architect of the Universe, we must assume,
+might have made the world and man perfect, free from evil and from
+pain, as angels in heaven are thought to be; but although this was not
+done, man has been given the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> power of advancement rather than of
+retrogression. The Old and New Testaments remain, like other sacred
+writings of other lands, of value as records of the past and for such
+good lessons as they inculcate. Like the ancient writers of the Bible
+our thoughts should rest upon this life and our duties here. &quot;To
+perform the duties of this world well, troubling not about another, is
+the prime wisdom,&quot; says Confucius, great sage and teacher. The next
+world and its duties we shall consider when we are placed in it.</p>
+
+<p>I am as a speck of dust in the sun, and not even so much, in this
+solemn, mysterious, unknowable universe. I shrink back. One truth I
+see. Franklin was right. &quot;The highest worship of God is service to
+Man.&quot; All this, however, does not prevent everlasting hope of
+immortality. It would be no greater miracle to be born to a future
+life than to have been born to live in this present life. The one has
+been created, why not the other? Therefore there is reason to hope for
+immortality. Let us hope.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI</h2>
+
+<h3>BLAINE AND HARRISON</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">W</span><b>HILE</b> one is known by the company he keeps, it is equally true that
+one is known by the stories he tells. Mr. Blaine was one of the best
+story-tellers I ever met. His was a bright sunny nature with a witty,
+pointed story for every occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blaine's address at Yorktown (I had accompanied him there) was
+greatly admired. It directed special attention to the cordial
+friendship which had grown up between the two branches of the
+English-speaking race, and ended with the hope that the prevailing
+peace and good-will between the two nations would exist for many
+centuries to come. When he read this to me, I remember that the word
+&quot;many&quot; jarred, and I said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Secretary, might I suggest the change of one word? I don't like
+'many'; why not 'all' the centuries to come?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Good, that is perfect!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>And so it was given in the address: &quot;for <i>all</i> the centuries to come.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We had a beautiful night returning from Yorktown, and, sitting in the
+stern of the ship in the moonlight, the military band playing forward,
+we spoke of the effect of music. Mr. Blaine said that his favorite
+just then was the &quot;Sweet By and By,&quot; which he had heard played last by
+the same band at President Garfield's funeral, and he thought upon
+that occasion he was more deeply moved by sweet sounds than he had
+ever been in his life. He requested that it should be the last piece
+played<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> that night. Both he and Gladstone were fond of simple music.
+They could enjoy Beethoven and the classic masters, but Wagner was as
+yet a sealed book to them.</p>
+
+<p>In answer to my inquiry as to the most successful speech he ever heard
+in Congress, he replied it was that of the German, ex-Governor Ritter
+of Pennsylvania. The first bill appropriating money for inland <i>fresh</i>
+waters was under consideration. The house was divided. Strict
+constructionists held this to be unconstitutional; only harbors upon
+the salt sea were under the Federal Government. The contest was keen
+and the result doubtful, when to the astonishment of the House,
+Governor Ritter slowly arose for the first time. Silence at once
+reigned. What was the old German ex-Governor going to say&#8212;he who had
+never said anything at all? Only this:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Speaker, I don't know much particulars about de constitution, but
+I know dis; I wouldn't gif a d&#8212;&#8212;d cent for a constitution dat didn't
+wash in fresh water as well as in salt.&quot; The House burst into an
+uproar of uncontrollable laughter, and the bill passed.</p>
+
+<p>So came about this new departure and one of the most beneficent ways
+of spending government money, and of employing army and navy
+engineers. Little of the money spent by the Government yields so great
+a return. So expands our flexible constitution to meet the new wants
+of an expanding population. Let who will make the constitution if we
+of to-day are permitted to interpret it.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image29">
+<img src="images/image29.jpg" alt="James G. Blaine" width="314" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"> <i>Photograph from Underwood &amp; Underwood, N.Y.</i></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>JAMES G. BLAINE</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blaine's best story, if one can be selected from so many that were
+excellent, I think was the following:</p>
+
+<p>In the days of slavery and the underground railroads, there lived on
+the banks of the Ohio River near Gallipolis, a noted Democrat named
+Judge French, who said<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> to some anti-slavery friends that he should
+like them to bring to his office the first runaway negro that crossed
+the river, bound northward by the underground. He couldn't understand
+why they wished to run away. This was done, and the following
+conversation took place:</p>
+
+<p><i>Judge:</i> &quot;So you have run away from Kentucky. Bad master, I suppose?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Slave:</i> &quot;Oh, no, Judge; very good, kind massa.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Judge:</i> &quot;He worked you too hard?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Slave:</i> &quot;No, sah, never overworked myself all my life.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Judge, hesitatingly:</i> &quot;He did not give you enough to eat?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Slave:</i> &quot;Not enough to eat down in Kaintuck? Oh, Lor', plenty to
+eat.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Judge:</i> &quot;He did not clothe you well?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Slave:</i> &quot;Good enough clothes for me, Judge.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Judge:</i> &quot;You hadn't a comfortable home?&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Slave:</i> &quot;Oh, Lor', makes me cry to think of my pretty little cabin
+down dar in old Kaintuck.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Judge, after a pause:</i> &quot;You had a good, kind master, you were not
+overworked, plenty to eat, good clothes, fine home. I don't see why
+the devil you wished to run away.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Slave:</i> &quot;Well, Judge, I lef de situation down dar open. You kin go
+rite down and git it.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The Judge had seen a great light.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Freedom has a thousand charms to show,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That slaves, howe'er contented, never know.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>That the colored people in such numbers risked all for liberty is the
+best possible proof that they will steadily approach and finally reach
+the full stature of citizenship in the Republic.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I never saw Mr. Blaine so happy as while with us at Cluny. He was a
+boy again and we were a rollicking party together. He had never fished
+with a fly. I took him out on Loch Laggan and he began awkwardly, as
+all do, but he soon caught the swing. I shall never forget his first
+capture:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;My friend, you have taught me a new pleasure in life. There are a
+hundred fishing lochs in Maine, and I'll spend my holidays in future
+upon them trout-fishing.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At Cluny there is no night in June and we danced on the lawn in the
+bright twilight until late. Mrs. Blaine, Miss Dodge, Mr. Blaine, and
+other guests were trying to do the Scotch reel, and &quot;whooping&quot; like
+Highlanders. We were gay revelers during those two weeks. One night
+afterwards, at a dinner in our home in New York, chiefly made up of
+our Cluny visitors, Mr. Blaine told the company that he had discovered
+at Cluny what a real holiday was. &quot;It is when the merest trifles
+become the most serious events of life.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>President Harrison's nomination for the presidency in 1888 came to Mr.
+Blaine while on a coaching trip with us. Mr. and Mrs. Blaine, Miss
+Margaret Blaine, Senator and Mrs. Hale, Miss Dodge, and Walter
+Damrosch were on the coach with us from London to Cluny Castle. In
+approaching Linlithgow from Edinburgh, we found the provost and
+magistrates in their gorgeous robes at the hotel to receive us. I was
+with them when Mr. Blaine came into the room with a cablegram in his
+hand which he showed to me, asking what it meant. It read: &quot;Use
+cipher.&quot; It was from Senator Elkins at the Chicago Convention. Mr.
+Blaine had cabled the previous day, declining to accept the nomination
+for the presidency unless Secretary Sherman of Ohio agreed, and
+Senator Elkins no doubt wished to be certain that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> was in
+correspondence with Mr. Blaine and not with some interloper.</p>
+
+<p>I said to Mr. Blaine that the Senator had called to see me before
+sailing, and suggested we should have cipher words for the prominent
+candidates. I gave him a few and kept a copy upon a slip, which I put
+in my pocket-book. I looked and fortunately found it. Blaine was
+&quot;Victor&quot;; Harrison, &quot;Trump&quot;; Phelps of New Jersey, &quot;Star&quot;; and so on.
+I wired &quot;Trump&quot; and &quot;Star.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> This was in the evening.</p>
+
+<p>We retired for the night, and next day the whole party was paraded by
+the city authorities in their robes up the main street to the palace
+grounds which were finely decorated with flags. Speeches of welcome
+were made and replied to. Mr. Blaine was called upon by the people,
+and responded in a short address. Just then a cablegram was handed to
+him: &quot;Harrison and Morton nominated.&quot; Phelps had declined. So passed
+forever Mr. Blaine's chance of holding the highest of all political
+offices&#8212;the elected of the majority of the English-speaking race. But
+he was once fairly elected to the presidency and done out of New York
+State, as was at last clearly proven, the perpetrators having been
+punished for an attempted repetition of the same fraud at a subsequent
+election.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blaine, as Secretary of State in Harrison's Cabinet, was a decided
+success and the Pan-American Congress his most brilliant triumph. My
+only political ap<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>pointment came at this time and was that of a United
+States delegate to the Congress. It gave me a most interesting view of
+the South American Republics and their various problems. We sat down
+together, representatives of all the republics but Brazil. One morning
+the announcement was made that a new constitution had been ratified.
+Brazil had become a member of the sisterhood, making seventeen
+republics in all&#8212;now twenty-one. There was great applause and cordial
+greeting of the representatives of Brazil thus suddenly elevated. I
+found the South American representatives rather suspicious of their
+big brother's intentions. A sensitive spirit of independence was
+manifest, which it became our duty to recognize. In this I think we
+succeeded, but it will behoove subsequent governments to scrupulously
+respect the national feeling of our Southern neighbors. It is not
+control, but friendly co&#246;peration upon terms of perfect equality we
+should seek.</p>
+
+<p>I sat next to Manuel Quintana who afterwards became President of
+Argentina. He took a deep interest in the proceedings, and one day
+became rather critical upon a trifling issue, which led to an excited
+colloquy between him and Chairman Blaine. I believe it had its origin
+in a false translation from one language to another. I rose, slipped
+behind the chairman on the platform, whispering to him as I passed
+that if an adjournment was moved I was certain the differences could
+be adjusted. He nodded assent. I returned to my seat and moved
+adjournment, and during the interval all was satisfactorily arranged.
+Passing the delegates, as we were about to leave the hall, an incident
+occurred which comes back to me as I write. A delegate threw one arm
+around me and with the other hand patting me on the breast, exclaimed:
+&quot;Mr. Carnegie, you have more here<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> than here&quot;&#8212;pointing to his pocket.
+Our Southern brethren are so lovingly demonstrative. Warm climes and
+warm hearts.</p>
+
+<p>In 1891 President Harrison went with me from Washington to Pittsburgh,
+as I have already stated, to open the Carnegie Hall and Library, which
+I had presented to Allegheny City. We traveled over the Baltimore and
+Ohio Railroad by daylight, and enjoyed the trip, the president being
+especially pleased with the scenery. Reaching Pittsburgh at dark, the
+flaming coke ovens and dense pillars of smoke and fire amazed him. The
+well-known description of Pittsburgh, seen from the hilltops, as &quot;H&#8212;l
+with the lid off,&quot; seemed to him most appropriate. He was the first
+President who ever visited Pittsburgh. President Harrison, his
+grandfather, had, however, passed from steamboat to canal-boat there,
+on his way to Washington after election.</p>
+
+<p>The opening ceremony was largely attended owing to the presence of the
+President and all passed off well. Next morning the President wished
+to see our steel works, and he was escorted there, receiving a cordial
+welcome from the workmen. I called up each successive manager of
+department as we passed and presented him. Finally, when Mr. Schwab
+was presented, the President turned to me and said,</p>
+
+<p>&quot;How is this, Mr. Carnegie? You present only boys to me.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, Mr. President, but do you notice what kind of boys they are?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, hustlers, every one of them,&quot; was his comment.</p>
+
+<p>He was right. No such young men could have been found for such work
+elsewhere in this world. They had been promoted to partnership without
+cost or risk. If the profits did not pay for their shares, no
+responsibility<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> remained upon the young men. A giving thus to
+&quot;partners&quot; is very different from paying wages to &quot;employees&quot; in
+corporations.</p>
+
+<p>The President's visit, not to Pittsburgh, but to Allegheny over the
+river, had one beneficial result. Members of the City Council of
+Pittsburgh reminded me that I had first offered Pittsburgh money for a
+library and hall, which it declined, and that then Allegheny City had
+asked if I would give them to her, which I did. The President visiting
+Allegheny to open the library and hall there, and the ignoring of
+Pittsburgh, was too much. Her authorities came to me again the morning
+after the Allegheny City opening, asking if I would renew my offer to
+Pittsburgh. If so, the city would accept and agree to expend upon
+maintenance a larger percentage than I had previously asked. I was
+only too happy to do this and, instead of two hundred and fifty
+thousand, I offered a million dollars. My ideas had expanded. Thus was
+started the Carnegie Institute.</p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh's leading citizens are spending freely upon artistic
+things. This center of manufacturing has had its permanent orchestra
+for some years&#8212;Boston and Chicago being the only other cities in
+America that can boast of one. A naturalist club and a school of
+painting have sprung up. The success of Library, Art Gallery, Museum,
+and Music Hall&#8212;a noble quartet in an immense building&#8212;is one of the
+chief satisfactions of my life. This is my monument, because here I
+lived my early life and made my start, and I am to-day in heart a
+devoted son of dear old smoky Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>Herbert Spencer heard, while with us in Pittsburgh, some account of
+the rejection of my first offer of a library to Pittsburgh. When the
+second offer was made, he wrote me that he did not understand how I
+could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> renew it; he never could have done so; they did not deserve it.
+I wrote the philosopher that if I had made the first offer to
+Pittsburgh that I might receive her thanks and gratitude, I deserved
+the personal arrows shot at me and the accusations made that only my
+own glorification and a monument to my memory were sought. I should
+then probably have felt as he did. But, as it was the good of the
+people of Pittsburgh I had in view, among whom I had made my fortune,
+the unfounded suspicions of some natures only quickened my desire to
+work their good by planting in their midst a potent influence for
+higher things. This the Institute, thank the kind fates, has done.
+Pittsburgh has played her part nobly.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII</h2>
+
+<h3>WASHINGTON DIPLOMACY</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;P</span><b>RESIDENT HARRISON</b> had been a soldier and as President was a little
+disposed to fight. His attitude gave some of his friends concern. He
+was opposed to arbitrating the Behring Sea question when Lord
+Salisbury, at the dictation of Canada, had to repudiate the Blaine
+agreement for its settlement, and was disposed to proceed to extreme
+measures. But calmer counsels prevailed. He was determined also to
+uphold the Force Bill against the South.</p>
+
+<p>When the quarrel arose with Chili, there was a time when it seemed
+almost impossible to keep the President from taking action which would
+have resulted in war. He had great personal provocation because the
+Chilian authorities had been most indiscreet in their statements in
+regard to his action. I went to Washington to see whether I could not
+do something toward reconciling the belligerents, because, having been
+a member of the first Pan-American Conference, I had become acquainted
+with the representatives from our southern sister-republics and was on
+good terms with them.</p>
+
+<p>As luck would have it, I was just entering the Shoreham Hotel when I
+saw Senator Henderson of Missouri, who had been my fellow-delegate to
+the Conference. He stopped and greeted me, and looking across the
+street he said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;There's the President beckoning to you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I crossed the street.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Hello, Carnegie, when did you arrive?&quot;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&quot;Just arrived, Mr. President; I was entering the hotel.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What are you here for?&quot;</p>
+<p>&quot;To have a talk with you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, come along and talk as we walk.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The President took my arm and we promenaded the streets of Washington
+in the dusk for more than an hour, during which time the discussion
+was lively. I told him that he had appointed me a delegate to the
+Pan-American Conference, that he had assured the South-American
+delegates when they parted that he had given a military review in
+their honor to show them, not that we had an army, but rather that we
+had none and needed none, that we were the big brother in the family
+of republics, and that all disputes, if any arose, would be settled by
+peaceful arbitration. I was therefore surprised and grieved to find
+that he was now apparently taking a different course, threatening to
+resort to war in a paltry dispute with little Chili.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You're a New Yorker and think of nothing but business and dollars.
+That is the way with New Yorkers; they care nothing for the dignity
+and honor of the Republic,&quot; said his Excellency.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. President, I am one of the men in the United States who would
+profit most by war; it might throw millions into my pockets as the
+largest manufacturer of steel.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, that is probably true in your case; I had forgotten.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. President, if I were going to fight, I would take some one of my
+size.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, would you let any nation insult and dishonor you because of its
+size?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. President, no man can dishonor me except myself. Honor wounds
+must be self-inflicted.&quot;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&quot;You see our sailors were attacked on shore and two of them killed,
+and you would stand that?&quot; he asked.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. President, I do not think the United States dishonored every time
+a row among drunken sailors takes place; besides, these were not
+American sailors at all; they were foreigners, as you see by their
+names. I would be disposed to cashier the captain of that ship for
+allowing the sailors to go on shore when there was rioting in the town
+and the public peace had been already disturbed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The discussion continued until we had finally reached the door of the
+White House in the dark. The President told me he had an engagement to
+dine out that night, but invited me to dine with him the next evening,
+when, as he said, there would be only the family and we could talk.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;I am greatly honored and shall be with you to-morrow evening,&quot; I
+said. And so we parted.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning I went over to see Mr. Blaine, then Secretary of
+State. He rose from his seat and held out both hands.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, why weren't you dining with us last night? When the President
+told Mrs. Blaine that you were in town, she said: 'Just think, Mr.
+Carnegie is in town and I had a vacant seat here he could have
+occupied.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, Mr. Blaine, I think it is rather fortunate that I have not seen
+you,&quot; I replied; and I then told him what had occurred with the
+President.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes,&quot; he said, &quot;it really was fortunate. The President might have
+thought you and I were in collusion.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Senator Elkins, of West Virginia, a bosom friend of Mr. Blaine, and
+also a very good friend of the President, happened to come in, and he
+said he had seen the President, who told him that he had had a talk
+with me upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> the Chilian affair last evening and that I had come down
+hot upon the subject.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, Mr. President,&quot; said Senator Elkins, &quot;it is not probable that
+Mr. Carnegie would speak as plainly to you as he would to me. He feels
+very keenly, but he would naturally be somewhat reserved in talking to
+you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The President replied: &quot;I didn't see the slightest indication of
+reserve, I assure you.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The matter was adjusted, thanks to the peace policy characteristic of
+Mr. Blaine. More than once he kept the United States out of foreign
+trouble as I personally knew. The reputation that he had of being an
+aggressive American really enabled that great man to make concessions
+which, made by another, might not have been readily accepted by the
+people.</p>
+
+<p>I had a long and friendly talk with the President that evening at
+dinner, but he was not looking at all well. I ventured to say to him
+he needed a rest. By all means he should get away. He said he had
+intended going off on a revenue cutter for a few days, but Judge
+Bradley of the Supreme Court had died and he must find a worthy
+successor. I said there was one I could not recommend because we had
+fished together and were such intimate friends that we could not judge
+each other disinterestedly, but he might inquire about him&#8212;Mr.
+Shiras, of Pittsburgh. He did so and appointed him. Mr. Shiras
+received the strong support of the best elements everywhere. Neither
+my recommendation, nor that of any one else, would have weighed with
+President Harrison one particle in making the appointment if he had
+not found Mr. Shiras the very man he wanted.</p>
+
+<p>In the Behring Sea dispute the President was incensed at Lord
+Salisbury's repudiation of the stipulations for set<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>tling the question
+which had been agreed to. The President had determined to reject the
+counter-proposition to submit it to arbitration. Mr. Blaine was with
+the President in this and naturally indignant that his plan, which
+Salisbury had extolled through his Ambassador, had been discarded. I
+found both of them in no compromising mood. The President was much the
+more excited of the two, however. Talking it over with Mr. Blaine
+alone, I explained to him that Salisbury was powerless. Against
+Canada's protest he could not force acceptance of the stipulations to
+which he had hastily agreed. There was another element. He had a
+dispute with Newfoundland on hand, which the latter was insisting must
+be settled to her advantage. No Government in Britain could add
+Canadian dissatisfaction to that of Newfoundland. Salisbury had done
+the best he could. After a while Blaine was convinced of this and
+succeeded in bringing the President into line.</p>
+
+<p>The Behring Sea troubles brought about some rather amusing situations.
+One day Sir John Macdonald, Canadian Premier, and his party reached
+Washington and asked Mr. Blaine to arrange an interview with the
+President upon this subject. Mr. Blaine replied that he would see the
+President and inform Sir John the next morning.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Of course,&quot; said Mr. Blaine, telling me the story in Washington just
+after the incident occurred, &quot;I knew very well that the President
+could not meet Sir John and his friends officially, and when they
+called I told them so.&quot; Sir John said that Canada was independent, &quot;as
+sovereign as the State of New York was in the Union.&quot; Mr. Blaine
+replied he was afraid that if he ever obtained an interview as Premier
+of Canada with the State authorities of New York he would soon hear
+some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>thing on the subject from Washington; and so would the New York
+State authorities.</p>
+
+<p>It was because the President and Mr. Blaine were convinced that the
+British Government at home could not fulfill the stipulations agreed
+upon that they accepted Salisbury's proposal for arbitration,
+believing he had done his best. That was a very sore disappointment to
+Mr. Blaine. He had suggested that Britain and America should each
+place two small vessels on Behring Sea with equal rights to board or
+arrest fishing vessels under either flag&#8212;in fact, a joint police
+force. To give Salisbury due credit, he cabled the British Ambassador,
+Sir Julian Pauncefote, to congratulate Mr. Blaine upon this &quot;brilliant
+suggestion.&quot; It would have given equal rights to each and under either
+or both flags for the first time in history&#8212;a just and brotherly
+compact. Sir Julian had shown this cable to Mr. Blaine. I mention this
+here to suggest that able and willing statesmen, anxious to co&#246;perate,
+are sometimes unable to do so.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blaine was indeed a great statesman, a man of wide views, sound
+judgment, and always for peace. Upon war with Chili, upon the Force
+Bill, and the Behring Sea question, he was calm, wise, and
+peace-pursuing. Especially was he favorable to drawing closer and
+closer to our own English-speaking race. For France he had gratitude
+unbounded for the part she had played in our Revolutionary War, but
+this did not cause him to lose his head.</p>
+
+<p>One night at dinner in London Mr. Blaine was at close quarters for a
+moment. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty came up. A leading statesman present
+said that the impression they had was that Mr. Blaine had always been
+inimical to the Mother country. Mr. Blaine disclaimed this, and justly
+so, as far as I knew his senti<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span>ments. His correspondence upon the
+Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was instanced. Mr. Blaine replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When I became Secretary of State and had to take up that subject I
+was surprised to find that your Secretary for Foreign Affairs was
+always informing us what Her Majesty 'expected,' while our Secretary
+of State was telling you what our President 'ventured to hope.' When I
+received a dispatch telling us what Her Majesty expected, I replied,
+telling you what our President 'expected.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, you admit you changed the character of the correspondence?&quot; was
+shot at him.</p>
+
+<p>Quick as a flash came the response: &quot;Not more than conditions had
+changed. The United States had passed the stage of 'venturing to hope'
+with any power that 'expects.' I only followed your example, and
+should ever Her Majesty 'venture to hope,' the President will always
+be found doing the same. I am afraid that as long as you 'expect' the
+United States will also 'expect' in return.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>One night there was a dinner, where Mr. Joseph Chamberlain and Sir
+Charles Tennant, President of the Scotland Steel Company, were guests.
+During the evening the former said that his friend Carnegie was a good
+fellow and they all delighted to see him succeeding, but he didn't
+know why the United States should give him protection worth a million
+sterling per year or more, for condescending to manufacture steel
+rails.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well,&quot; said Mr. Blaine, &quot;we don't look at it in that light. I am
+interested in railroads, and we formerly used to pay you for steel
+rails ninety dollars per ton for every ton we got&#8212;nothing less. Now,
+just before I sailed from home our people made a large contract with
+our friend Carnegie at thirty dollars per ton. I am some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span>what under
+the impression that if Carnegie and others had not risked their
+capital in developing their manufacture on our side of the Atlantic,
+we would still be paying you ninety dollars per ton to-day.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Here Sir Charles broke in: &quot;You may be sure you would. Ninety dollars
+was our agreed-upon price for you foreigners.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blaine smilingly remarked: &quot;Mr. Chamberlain, I don't think you
+have made a very good case against our friend Carnegie.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No,&quot; he replied; &quot;how could I, with Sir Charles giving me away like
+that?&quot;&#8212;and there was general laughter.</p>
+
+<p>Blaine was a rare raconteur and his talk had this great merit: never
+did I hear him tell a story or speak a word unsuitable for any, even
+the most fastidious company to hear. He was as quick as a steel trap,
+a delightful companion, and he would have made an excellent and yet
+safe President. I found him truly conservative, and strong for peace
+upon all international questions.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image30">
+<img src="images/image30.jpg" alt="Skibo Castle" width="400" height="297" /></a></p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>SKIBO CASTLE</b></p>
+
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII</h2>
+
+<h3>HAY AND McKINLEY</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">&#160;J</span><b>OHN HAY</b> was our frequent guest in England and Scotland, and was on
+the eve of coming to us at Skibo in 1898 when called home by President
+McKinley to become Secretary of State. Few have made such a record in
+that office. He inspired men with absolute confidence in his
+sincerity, and his aspirations were always high. War he detested, and
+meant what he said when he pronounced it &quot;the most ferocious and yet
+the most futile folly of man.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The Philippines annexation was a burning question when I met him and
+Henry White (Secretary of Legation and later Ambassador to France) in
+London, on my way to New York. It gratified me to find our views were
+similar upon that proposed serious departure from our traditional
+policy of avoiding distant and disconnected possessions and keeping
+our empire within the continent, especially keeping it out of the
+vortex of militarism. Hay, White, and I clasped hands together in
+Hay's office in London, and agreed upon this. Before that he had
+written me the following note:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p style="text-align: right"><i>London, August 22, 1898</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Carnegie</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I thank you for the Skibo grouse and also for your kind
+letter. It is a solemn and absorbing thing to hear so many
+kind and unmerited words as I have heard and read this last
+week. It seems to me another man they are talking about,
+while I am expected to do the work. I wish a little of the
+kindness could be saved till I leave office finally.</p>
+
+<p>I have read with the keenest interest your article in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>
+&quot;North American.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> I am not allowed to say in my present
+fix how much I agree with you. The only question on my mind
+is how far it is now <i>possible</i> for us to withdraw from the
+Philippines. I am rather thankful it is not given to me to
+solve that momentous question.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>It was a strange fate that placed upon him the very task he had
+congratulated himself was never to be his.</p>
+
+<p>He stood alone at first as friendly to China in the Boxer troubles and
+succeeded in securing for her fair terms of peace. His regard for
+Britain, as part of our own race, was deep, and here the President was
+thoroughly with him, and grateful beyond measure to Britain for
+standing against other European powers disposed to favor Spain in the
+Cuban War.</p>
+
+<p>The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty concerning the Panama Canal seemed to many
+of us unsatisfactory. Senator Elkins told me my objections, given in
+the &quot;New York Tribune,&quot; reached him the day he was to speak upon it,
+and were useful. Visiting Washington soon after the article appeared,
+I went with Senator Hanna to the White House early in the morning and
+found the President much exercised over the Senate's amendment to the
+treaty. I had no doubt of Britain's prompt acquiescence in the
+Senate's requirements, and said so. Anything in reason she would give,
+since it was we who had to furnish the funds for the work from which
+she would be, next to ourselves, the greatest gainer.</p>
+
+<p>Senator Hanna asked if I had seen &quot;John,&quot; as he and President McKinley
+always called Mr. Hay. I said I had not. Then he asked me to go over
+and cheer him up,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> for he was disconsolate about the amendments. I did
+so. I pointed out to Mr. Hay that the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty had been
+amended by the Senate and scarcely any one knew this now and no one
+cared. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty would be executed as amended and no
+one would care a fig whether it was in its original form or not. He
+doubted this and thought Britain would be indisposed to recede. A
+short time after this, dining with him, he said I had proved a true
+prophet and all was well.</p>
+
+<p>Of course it was. Britain had practically told us she wished the canal
+built and would act in any way desired. The canal is now as it should
+be&#8212;that is, all American, with no international complications
+possible. It was perhaps not worth building at that time, but it was
+better to spend three or four hundred millions upon it than in
+building sea monsters of destruction to fight imaginary foes. One may
+be a loss and there an end; the other might be a source of war, for</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Oft the sight of means to do ill deeds<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Make deeds ill done.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Hay's <i>b&#234;te noire</i> was the Senate. Upon this, and this only, was
+he disregardful of the proprieties. When it presumed to alter one
+word, substituting &quot;treaty&quot; for &quot;agreement,&quot; which occurred in one
+place only in the proposed Arbitration Treaty of 1905, he became
+unduly excited. I believe this was owing in great degree to poor
+health, for it was clear by that time to intimate friends that his
+health was seriously impaired.</p>
+
+<p>The last time I saw him was at lunch at his house, when the
+Arbitration Treaty, as amended by the Senate, was under the
+consideration of President Roosevelt. The arbitrationists, headed by
+ex-Secretary of State Foster,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> urged the President's acceptance of the
+amended treaty. We thought he was favorable to this, but from my
+subsequent talk with Secretary Hay, I saw that the President's
+agreeing would be keenly felt. I should not be surprised if
+Roosevelt's rejection of the treaty was resolved upon chiefly to
+soothe his dear friend John Hay in his illness. I am sure I felt that
+I could be brought to do, only with the greatest difficulty, anything
+that would annoy that noble soul. But upon this point Hay was
+obdurate; no surrender to the Senate. Leaving his house I said to Mrs.
+Carnegie that I doubted if ever we should meet our friend again. We
+never did.</p>
+
+<p>The Carnegie Institution of Washington, of which Hay was the chairman
+and a trustee from the start, received his endorsement and close
+attention, and much were we indebted to him for wise counsel. As a
+statesman he made his reputation in shorter time and with a surer
+touch than any one I know of. And it may be doubted if any public man
+ever had more deeply attached friends. One of his notes I have long
+kept. It would have been the most flattering of any to my literary
+vanity but for my knowledge of his most lovable nature and undue
+warmth for his friends. The world is poorer to me to-day as I write,
+since he has left it.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish War was the result of a wave of passion started by the
+reports of the horrors of the Cuban Revolution. President McKinley
+tried hard to avoid it. When the Spanish Minister left Washington, the
+French Ambassador became Spain's agent, and peaceful negotiations were
+continued. Spain offered autonomy for Cuba. The President replied that
+he did not know exactly what &quot;autonomy&quot; meant. What he wished for Cuba
+was the rights that Canada possessed. He understood these. A cable was
+shown to the President by the French Min<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span>ister stating that Spain
+granted this and he, dear man, supposed all was settled. So it was,
+apparently.</p>
+
+<p>Speaker Reed usually came to see me Sunday mornings when in New York,
+and it was immediately after my return from Europe that year that he
+called and said he had never lost control of the House before. For one
+moment he thought of leaving the chair and going on the floor to
+address the House and try to quiet it. In vain it was explained that
+the President had received from Spain the guarantee of self-government
+for Cuba. Alas! it was too late, too late!</p>
+
+<p>&quot;What is Spain doing over here, anyhow?&quot; was the imperious inquiry of
+Congress. A sufficient number of Republicans had agreed to vote with
+the Democrats in Congress for war. A whirlwind of passion swept over
+the House, intensified, no doubt, by the unfortunate explosion of the
+warship Maine in Havana Harbor, supposed by some to be Spanish work.
+The supposition gave Spain far too much credit for skill and activity.</p>
+
+<p>War was declared&#8212;the Senate being shocked by Senator Proctor's
+statement of the concentration camps he had seen in Cuba. The country
+responded to the cry, &quot;What is Spain doing over here anyhow?&quot;
+President McKinley and his peace policy were left high and dry, and
+nothing remained for him but to go with the country. The Government
+then announced that war was not undertaken for territorial
+aggrandizement, and Cuba was promised independence&#8212;a promise
+faithfully kept. We should not fail to remember this, for it is the
+one cheering feature of the war.</p>
+
+<p>The possession of the Philippines left a stain. They were not only
+territorial acquisition; they were dragged from reluctant Spain and
+twenty million dollars paid for them. The Filipinos had been our
+allies in fighting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> Spain. The Cabinet, under the lead of the
+President, had agreed that only a coaling station in the Philippines
+should be asked for, and it is said such were the instructions given
+by cable at first to the Peace Commissioners at Paris. President
+McKinley then made a tour through the West and, of course, was cheered
+when he spoke of the flag and Dewey's victory. He returned, impressed
+with the idea that withdrawal would be unpopular, and reversed his
+former policy. I was told by one of his Cabinet that every member was
+opposed to the reversal. A senator told me Judge Day, one of the Peace
+Commissioners, wrote a remonstrance from Paris, which if ever
+published, would rank next to Washington's Farewell Address, so fine
+was it.</p>
+
+<p>At this stage an important member of the Cabinet, my friend Cornelius
+N. Bliss, called and asked me to visit Washington and see the
+President on the subject. He said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You have influence with him. None of us have been able to move him
+since he returned from the West.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I went to Washington and had an interview with him. But he was
+obdurate. Withdrawal would create a revolution at home, he said.
+Finally, by persuading his secretaries that he had to bend to the
+blast, and always holding that it would be only a temporary occupation
+and that a way out would be found, the Cabinet yielded.</p>
+
+<p>He sent for President Schurman, of Cornell University, who had opposed
+annexation and made him chairman of the committee to visit the
+Filipinos; and later for Judge Taft, who had been prominent against
+such a violation of American policy, to go as Governor. When the Judge
+stated that it seemed strange to send for one, who had publicly
+denounced annexation, the President said that was the very reason why
+he wished him for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> the place. This was all very well, but to refrain
+from annexing and to relinquish territory once purchased are different
+propositions. This was soon seen.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bryan had it in his power at one time to defeat in the Senate this
+feature of the Treaty of Peace with Spain. I went to Washington to try
+to effect this, and remained there until the vote was taken. I was
+told that when Mr. Bryan was in Washington he had advised his friends
+that it would be good party policy to allow the treaty to pass. This
+would discredit the Republican Party before the people; that &quot;paying
+twenty millions for a revolution&quot; would defeat any party. There were
+seven staunch Bryan men anxious to vote against Philippine annexation.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bryan had called to see me in New York upon the subject, because
+my opposition to the purchase had been so pronounced, and I now wired
+him at Omaha explaining the situation and begging him to wire me that
+his friends could use their own judgment. His reply was what I have
+stated&#8212;better have the Republicans pass it and let it then go before
+the people. I thought it unworthy of him to subordinate such an issue,
+fraught with deplorable consequences, to mere party politics. It
+required the casting vote of the Speaker to carry the measure. One
+word from Mr. Bryan would have saved the country from the disaster. I
+could not be cordial to him for years afterwards. He had seemed to me
+a man who was willing to sacrifice his country and his personal
+convictions for party advantage.</p>
+
+<p>When I called upon President McKinley immediately after the vote, I
+condoled with him upon being dependent for support upon his leading
+opponent. I explained just how his victory had been won and suggested
+that he should send his grateful acknowledgments to Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> Bryan. A
+Colonial possession thousands of miles away was a novel problem to
+President McKinley, and indeed to all American statesmen. Nothing did
+they know of the troubles and dangers it would involve. Here the
+Republic made its first grievous international mistake&#8212;a mistake
+which dragged it into the vortex of international militarism and a
+great navy. What a change has come over statesmen since!</p>
+
+<p>At supper with President Roosevelt at the White House a few weeks ago
+(1907), he said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;If you wish to see the two men in the United States who are the most
+anxious to get out of the Philippines, here they are,&quot; pointing to
+Secretary Taft and himself.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Then why don't you?&quot; I responded. &quot;The American people would be glad
+indeed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But both the President and Judge Taft believed our duty required us to
+prepare the Islands for self-government first. This is the policy of
+&quot;Don't go into the water until you learn to swim.&quot; But the plunge has
+to be and will be taken some day.</p>
+
+<p>It was urged that if we did not occupy the Philippines, Germany would.
+It never occurred to the urgers that this would mean Britain agreeing
+that Germany should establish a naval base at Macao, a short sail from
+Britain's naval base in the East. Britain would as soon permit her to
+establish a base at Kingston, Ireland, eighty miles from Liverpool. I
+was surprised to hear men&#8212;men like Judge Taft, although he was
+opposed at first to the annexation&#8212;give this reason when we were
+discussing the question after the fatal step had been taken. But we
+know little of foreign relations. We have hitherto been a consolidated
+country. It will be a sad day if we ever become anything otherwise.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXIX</h2>
+
+<h3>MEETING THE GERMAN EMPEROR</h3>
+
+
+<p><span class="dropcap">M</span><b>Y</b> first Rectorial Address to the students of St. Andrews University
+attracted the attention of the German Emperor, who sent word to me in
+New York by Herr Ballin that he had read every word of it. He also
+sent me by him a copy of his address upon his eldest son's
+consecration. Invitations to meet him followed; but it was not until
+June, 1907, that I could leave, owing to other engagements. Mrs.
+Carnegie and I went to Kiel. Mr. Tower, our American Ambassador to
+Germany, and Mrs. Tower met us there and were very kind in their
+attentions. Through them we met many of the distinguished public men
+during our three days' stay there.</p>
+
+<p>The first morning, Mr. Tower took me to register on the Emperor's
+yacht. I had no expectation of seeing the Emperor, but he happened to
+come on deck, and seeing Mr. Tower he asked what had brought him on
+the yacht so early. Mr. Tower explained he had brought me over to
+register, and that Mr. Carnegie was on board. He asked:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Why not present him now? I wish to see him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I was talking to the admirals who were assembling for a conference,
+and did not see Mr. Tower and the Emperor approaching from behind. A
+touch on my shoulder and I turned around.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Mr. Carnegie, the Emperor.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It was a moment before I realized that the Emperor was before me. I
+raised both hands, and exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;This has happened just as I could have wished,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> with no ceremony, and
+the Man of Destiny dropped from the clouds.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Then I continued: &quot;Your Majesty, I have traveled two nights to accept
+your generous invitation, and never did so before to meet a crowned
+head.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Then the Emperor, smiling&#8212;and such a captivating smile:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh! yes, yes, I have read your books. You do not like kings.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No, Your Majesty, I do not like kings, but I do like a man behind a
+king when I find him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah! there is one king you like, I know, a Scottish king, Robert the
+Bruce. He was my hero in my youth. I was brought up on him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Yes, Your Majesty, so was I, and he lies buried in Dunfermline Abbey,
+in my native town. When a boy, I used to walk often around the
+towering square monument on the Abbey&#8212;one word on each block in big
+stone letters 'King Robert the Bruce'&#8212;with all the fervor of a
+Catholic counting his beads. But Bruce was much more than a king, Your
+Majesty, he was the leader of his people. And not the first; Wallace
+the man of the people comes first. Your Majesty, I now own King
+Malcolm's tower in Dunfermline<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>&#8212;he from whom you derive your
+precious heritage of Scottish blood. Perhaps you know the fine old
+ballad, 'Sir Patrick Spens.'</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;'The King sits in Dunfermline tower<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Drinking the bluid red wine.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I should like to escort you some day to the tower of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> your Scottish
+ancestor, that you may do homage to his memory.&quot; He exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;That would be very fine. The Scotch are much quicker and cleverer
+than the Germans. The Germans are too slow.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Your Majesty, where anything Scotch is concerned, I must decline to
+accept you as an impartial judge.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He laughed and waved adieu, calling out:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;You are to dine with me this evening&quot;&#8212;and excusing himself went to
+greet the arriving admirals.</p>
+
+<p>About sixty were present at the dinner and we had a pleasant time,
+indeed. His Majesty, opposite whom I sat, was good enough to raise his
+glass and invite me to drink with him. After he had done so with Mr.
+Tower, our Ambassador, who sat at his right, he asked across the
+table&#8212;heard by those near&#8212;whether I had told Prince von B&#252;low, next
+whom I sat, that his (the Emperor's) hero, Bruce, rested in my native
+town of Dunfermline, and his ancestor's tower in Pittencrieff Glen,
+was in my possession.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;No,&quot; I replied; &quot;with Your Majesty I am led into such frivolities,
+but my intercourse with your Lord High Chancellor, I assure you, will
+always be of a serious import.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>We dined with Mrs. Goelet upon her yacht, one evening, and His Majesty
+being present, I told him President Roosevelt had said recently to me
+that he wished custom permitted him to leave the country so he could
+run over and see him (the Emperor). He thought a substantial talk
+would result in something good being accomplished. I believed that
+also. The Emperor agreed and said he wished greatly to see him and
+hoped he would some day come to Germany. I suggested that he (the
+Emperor) was free from con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>stitutional barriers and could sail over
+and see the President.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah, but my country needs me here! How can I leave?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I replied:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Before leaving home one year, when I went to our mills to bid the
+officials good-bye and expressed regret at leaving them all hard at
+work, sweltering in the hot sun, but that I found I had now every year
+to rest and yet no matter how tired I might be one half-hour on the
+bow of the steamer, cutting the Atlantic waves, gave me perfect
+relief, my clever manager, Captain Jones, retorted: 'And, oh, Lord!
+think of the relief we all get.' It might be the same with your
+people, Your Majesty.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He laughed heartily over and over again. It opened a new train of
+thought. He repeated his desire to meet President Roosevelt, and I
+said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Well, Your Majesty, when you two do get together, I think I shall
+have to be with you. You and he, I fear, might get into mischief.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He laughed and said:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Oh, I see! You wish to drive us together. Well, I agree if you make
+Roosevelt first horse, I shall follow.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Ah, no, Your Majesty, I know horse-flesh better than to attempt to
+drive two such gay colts tandem. You never get proper purchase on the
+first horse. I must yoke you both in the shafts, neck and neck, so I
+can hold you in.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I never met a man who enjoyed stories more keenly than the Emperor. He
+is fine company, and I believe an earnest man, anxious for the peace
+and progress of the world. Suffice it to say he insists that he is,
+and always has been, for peace. [1907.] He cherishes the fact that he
+has reigned for twenty-four years and has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> never shed human blood. He
+considers that the German navy is too small to affect the British and
+was never intended to be a rival. Nevertheless, it is in my opinion
+very unwise, because unnecessary, to enlarge it. Prince von B&#252;low
+holds these sentiments and I believe the peace of the world has little
+to fear from Germany. Her interests are all favorable to peace,
+industrial development being her aim; and in this desirable field she
+is certainly making great strides.</p>
+
+<p>I sent the Emperor by his Ambassador, Baron von Sternberg, the book,
+&quot;The Roosevelt Policy,&quot;<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> to which I had written an introduction
+that pleased the President, and I rejoice in having received from him
+a fine bronze of himself with a valued letter. He is not only an
+Emperor, but something much higher&#8212;a man anxious to improve existing
+conditions, untiring in his efforts to promote temperance, prevent
+dueling, and, I believe, to secure International Peace.</p>
+
+<p>I have for some time been haunted with the feeling that the Emperor
+was indeed a Man of Destiny. My interviews with him have strengthened
+that feeling. I have great hopes of him in the future doing something
+really great and good. He may yet have a part to play that will give
+him a place among the immortals. He has ruled Germany in peace for
+twenty-seven years, but something beyond even this record is due from
+one who has the power to establish peace among civilized nations
+through positive action. Maintaining peace in his own land is not
+sufficient from one whose invitation to other leading civilized
+nations to combine and establish arbitration of all international
+disputes would be gladly responded to. Whether he is to pass into
+history as only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> the preserver of internal peace at home or is to
+rise to his appointed mission as the Apostle of Peace among leading
+civilized nations, the future has still to reveal.</p>
+
+<p>The year before last (1912) I stood before him in the grand palace in
+Berlin and presented the American address of congratulation upon his
+peaceful reign of twenty-five years, his hand unstained by human
+blood. As I approached to hand to him the casket containing the
+address, he recognized me and with outstretched arms, exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Carnegie, twenty-five years of peace, and we hope for many more.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I could not help responding:</p>
+
+<p>&quot;And in this noblest of all missions you are our chief ally.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>He had hitherto sat silent and motionless, taking the successive
+addresses from one officer and handing them to another to be placed
+upon the table. The chief subject under discussion had been World
+Peace, which he could have, and in my opinion, would have secured, had
+he not been surrounded by the military caste which inevitably gathers
+about one born to the throne&#8212;a caste which usually becomes as
+permanent as the potentate himself, and which has so far in Germany
+proved its power of control whenever the war issue has been presented.
+Until militarism is subordinated, there can be no World Peace.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>As I read this to-day [1914], what a change! The world convulsed by
+war as never before! Men slaying each other like wild beasts! I dare
+not relinquish all hope. In recent days I see another ruler coming
+forward upon the world stage, who may prove himself the immortal one.
+The man who vindicated his country's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> honor in the Panama Canal toll
+dispute is now President. He has the indomitable will of genius, and
+true hope which we are told,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Kings it makes gods, and meaner creatures kings.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Nothing is impossible to genius! Watch President Wilson! He has Scotch
+blood in his veins.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">[Here the manuscript ends abruptly.]</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">&#160;</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><a name="image31">
+<img src="images/image31.jpg" alt="Andrew Carnegie at Skibo 1914" width="306" height="400" /></a></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>ANDREW CARNEGIE AT SKIBO</b></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>(1914)</b></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY_AND_INDEX" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY_AND_INDEX"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span></p>
+<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Carnegie</span>'s chief publications are as follows:</p>
+
+<p><i>An American Four-in-Hand in Britain.</i> New York, 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Round the World.</i> New York, 1884.</p>
+
+<p><i>Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' March of the Republic.</i> New
+York, 1886.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays.</i> New York, 1900.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Empire of Business.</i> New York, 1903.</p>
+
+<p><i>James Watt.</i> New York, 1905.</p>
+
+<p><i>Problems of To-day. Wealth&#8212;Labor&#8212;Socialism.</i> New York, 1908.</p>
+
+<p>He was a contributor to English and American magazines and newspapers,
+and many of the articles as well as many of his speeches have been
+published in pamphlet form. Among the latter are the addresses on
+Edwin M. Stanton, Ezra Cornell, William Chambers, his pleas for
+international peace, his numerous dedicatory and founders day
+addresses. A fuller list of these publications is given in Margaret
+Barclay Wilson's <i>A Carnegie Anthology</i>, privately printed in New
+York, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>A great many articles have been written about Mr. Carnegie, but the
+chief sources of information are:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alderson (Bernard)</span>. <i>Andrew Carnegie. The Man and His Work.</i>
+New York, 1905.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Berglund (Abraham)</span>. <i>The United States Steel Corporation.</i>
+New York, 1907.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Carnegie (Andrew)</span>. <i>How I served My Apprenticeship as a
+Business Man.</i> Reprint from <i>Youth's Companion</i>. April 23, 1896.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cotter (Arundel)</span>. <i>Authentic History of the United States
+Steel Corporation.</i> New York, 1916.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hubbard (Elbert)</span>. <i>Andrew Carnegie</i>. New York, 1909.
+(Amusing, but inaccurate.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mackie (J.B.)</span>. <i>Andrew Carnegie. His Dunfermline Ties and
+Benefactions.</i> Dunfermline, n.d.</p>
+
+<p><i>Manual of the Public Benefactions of Andrew Carnegie.</i> Published by
+the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Washington, 1919.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Memorial Addresses on the Life and Work of Andrew Carnegie.</i> New
+York, 1920.</p>
+
+<p><i>Memorial Service in Honor of Andrew Carnegie on his Birthday,
+Tuesday, November 25, 1919.</i> Carnegie Music Hall, Pittsburgh,
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pittencrieff Glen: Its Antiquities, History and Legends.</i>
+Dunfermline, 1903.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Poynton (John A.)</span>. <i>A Millionaire's Mail Bag.</i> New York,
+1915. (Mr. Poynton was Mr. Carnegie's secretary.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pritchett (Henry S.)</span>. <i>Andrew Carnegie.</i> Anniversary Address
+before Carnegie Institute, November 24, 1915.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Schwab (Charles M.)</span>. <i>Andrew Carnegie. His Methods with His
+Men.</i> Address at Memorial Service, Carnegie Music Hall, Pittsburgh,
+November 25, 1919.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wilson (Margaret Barclay)</span>. <i>A Carnegie Anthology.</i> Privately
+printed. New York, 1915.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Abbey</span>, Edwin A., <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Abbott, Rev. Lyman, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Abbott, William L., becomes partner of Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Accounting system, importance of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Acton, Lord, library bought by Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, Edwin, tragedian, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams Express Company, investment in, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Addison, Leila, friend and critic of young Carnegie, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aitken, Aunt, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alderson, Barnard, <i>Andrew Carnegie</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_282">282</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+Allegheny City, the Carnegies in, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">public library and hall, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Allegheny Valley Railway, bonds marketed by Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-71.<br />
+<br />
+Allison, Senator W.B., <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Altoona, beginnings of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>American Four-in-Hand in Britain, An</i>, Mr. Carnegie's first book, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a> <i>n.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">published, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Anderson, Col. James, and his library, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-47.<br />
+<br />
+Arnold, Edwin, gives Mr. Carnegie the MS. of <i>The Light of Asia</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arnold, Matthew, quoted, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a charming man, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seriously religious, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a lecturer, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Henry Ward Beecher, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Shakespeare, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Josh Billings, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>-05;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Chicago, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">memorial to, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Baldwin, William H., <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Balfour, Prime Minister, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>-71;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a philosopher, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Balfour of Burleigh, Lord, and Trust for the Universities of Scotland, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Mr. Carnegie's relations with, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-29.<br />
+<br />
+Baring Brother, dealings with, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barryman, Robert, an ideal Tom Bowling, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bates, David Homer, quoted, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beecher, Henry Ward, and Matthew Arnold, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Robert G. Ingersoll, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Herbert Spencer, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Behring Sea question, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>-55.<br />
+<br />
+Bessemer steel process, revolutionized steel manufacture, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Billings, Dr. J.S., of the New York Public Libraries, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">director of the Carnegie Institution, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<a name="Billings">Billings, Josh</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Matthew Arnold, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>-05;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anecdotes, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bismarck, Prince, disturbs the financial world, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black, William, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blaine, James G., visits Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Mr. Gladstone, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a good story-teller, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>-43, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Yorktown address, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cluny Castle, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">misses the Presidency, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Secretary of State, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>-56;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Pan-American Congress, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bliss, Cornelius N., <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Borntraeger, William, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">put in charge of the Union Iron Mills, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anecdotes of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-201.</span><br />
+<br />
+Botta, Professor and Madame, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Braddock's Co&#246;perative Society, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bridge-building, of iron, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-29;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Steubenville, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Keokuk, Iowa, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at St. Louis, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bright, John, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and George Peabody, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+British Iron and Steel Institute, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brooks, David, manager of the Pittsburgh telegraph office, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-38, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-59.<br />
+<br />
+Brown University, John Hay Library at, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bruce, King Robert, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bryan, William J., and the treaty with Spain, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bull Run, battle of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+B&#252;low, Prince von, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns, Robert, quoted, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dean Stanley on, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rules of conduct, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Burroughs, John, and Ernest Thompson Seton, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Butler, Gen. B.F., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Cable, George W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Calvinism, revolt from, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>Cambria Iron Company, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cameron, Simon, in Lincoln's Cabinet, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a man of sentiment, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anecdote of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Trust for the Universities of Scotland, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prime Minister, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Carnegie, Andrew, grandfather of A.C., <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie, Andrew, birth, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ancestry, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>-6;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fortunate in his birthplace, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-8;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">childhood in Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-18;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a violent young republican, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-12;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to school, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-15, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early usefulness to his parents, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">learns history from his Uncle Lauder, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intensely Scottish, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trained in recitation, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">power to memorize, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">animal pets, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early evidence of organizing power, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sails for America, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Erie Canal, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Allegheny City, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes a bobbin boy, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">works in a bobbin factory, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">telegraph messenger, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-44;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first real start in life, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first communication to the press, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cultivates taste for literature, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">love for Shakespeare stimulated, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swedenborgian influence, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taste for music aroused, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first wage raise, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">learns to telegraph, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes a telegraph operator, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i><a name="Railroad">Railroad experience:</a></i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clerk and operator for Thomas A. Scott, division superintendent of Pennsylvania Railroad, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">loses pay-rolls, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">an anti-slavery partisan, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">employs women as telegraph operators, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes unauthorized responsibility, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in temporary charge of division, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">theological discussions, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-76;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first investment, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">transferred to Altoona, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invests in building of sleeping-cars, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made division superintendent on the Pennsylvania Railroad, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gets a house at Homewood, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Civil War service, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>-109;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gift to Kenyon College, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first serious illness, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first return to Scotland, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-13;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">organizes rail-making and locomotive works, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">also a company to build iron bridges, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-18;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bridge-building, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-29;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">begins making iron, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-34;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">introduces cost accounting system, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes interested in oil wells, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-39;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mistaken for a noted exhorter, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves the railroad company, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Period of acquisition:</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Travels extensively in Europe, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">deepening appreciation of art and music, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">builds coke works, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attitude toward protective tariff, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-48;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opens an office in New York, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins the Nineteenth Century Club, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposed to speculation, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-54;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">builds bridge at Keokuk, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and another at St. Louis, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-57;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dealings with the Morgans, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-57, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-73;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives public baths to Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his ambitions at thirty-three, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rivalry with Pullman, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposes forming Pullman Palace Car Company, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">helps the Union Pacific Railway through a crisis, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes a director of that company, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">but is forced out, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friction with Mr. Scott, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">floats bonds of the Allegheny Valley Railway, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-71;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations with Baring Brothers, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">some business rules, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-75, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">concentrates on manufacturing, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">president of the British Iron and Steel Institute, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">begins making pig iron, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proves the value of chemistry at a blast furnace, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-83;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">making steel rails, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>-89;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the panic of 1873, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-93;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">parts with Mr. Kloman, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-97;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">some of his partners, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>-203;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes around the world, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>-09;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his philosophy of life, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dunfermline confers the freedom of the town, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coaching in Great Britain, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dangerously ill, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of his mother and brother, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">courtship, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">presented with the freedom of Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">birth of his daughter, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys Skibo Castle, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manufactures spiegel and ferro-manganese, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys mines, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>-23;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">acquires the Frick Coke Company, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys the Homestead steel mills, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">progress between 1888 and 1897, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Homestead strike, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>-33;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">succeeds Mark Hanna on executive committee of the National Civic Federation, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">incident of Burgomaster McLuckie, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>-39;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">some labor disputes, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>-54;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dealing with a mill committee, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">breaking a strike, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>-46;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a sliding scale of wages, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>-47;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">beating a bully, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">settling differences by conference, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">workmen's savings, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Period of distribution:</i></span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carnegie Steel Company sells out to United States Steel Corporation, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew Carnegie Relief Fund established for men in the mills, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">libraries built, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carnegie Institution founded, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>-61;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hero funds established for several countries, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-67;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pension fund for aged professors, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>-71;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trustee of Cornell University, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord Rector of St. Andrews, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>-73;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">aid to American colleges, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a> <i>n.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">connection with Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives organs to many churches, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">private pension fund, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Railroad Pension Fund, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early interested in peace movements, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on a League of Nations, <a href="#Page_284">284</a> <i>n.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">provides funds for Temple of Peace at The Hague, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">president of the Peace Society of New York, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">decorated by several governments, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys Pittencrieff Glen and gives it to Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>-90;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendship with Earl Grey, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">other trusts established, <a href="#Page_290">290</a> <i>n.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dinners of the Carnegie Veteran Association, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Literary Dinner, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations with Mark Twain, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>-97;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Matthew Arnold, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>-308;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Josh Billings, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>-05;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first meets Mr. Gladstone, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">estimate of Lord Rosebery, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>-11;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his own name often misspelled, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attachment to Harcourt and Campbell-Bannerman, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Earl of Elgin, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Freedom-getting career, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opinion on British municipal government, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>-17;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits Mr. Gladstone at Hawarden, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">incident of the Queen's Jubilee, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations with J.G. Blaine, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>-46;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendship with John Morley, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>-28;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">estimate of Elihu Root, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">buys Lord Acton's library, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Irish Home Rule, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempts newspaper campaign of political progress, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes <i>Triumphant Democracy</i>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>-32;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a disciple of Herbert Spencer, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>-40;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delegate to the Pan-American Congress, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertains President Harrison, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence in the Chilian quarrel, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>-52;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggests Mr. Shiras for the Supreme Court, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Behring Sea dispute, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opinion of Mr. Blaine, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations with John Hay, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>-61;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and with President McKinley, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on annexation of the Philippines, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>-65;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticism of W.J. Bryan, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">impressions of the German emperor, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>-71;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hopeful of President Wilson, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<a name="Carnegie_L">Carnegie, Louise Whitfield</a>, wife of A.C., <a href="#Page_215">215</a>-19;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charmed by Scotland, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her enjoyment of the pipers, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Peace-Maker, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">honored with freedom of Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first honorary member of Carnegie Veteran Association, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<a name="Carnegie_M">Carnegie, Margaret Morrison</a>, mother of A.C., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reticent on religious subjects, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a wonderful woman, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>-90;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives bust of Sir Walter Scott to Stirling, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lays corner stone of Carnegie Library in Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advice to Matthew Arnold, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Carnegie, Margaret, daughter of A.C., born, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie, Thomas Morrison, brother of A.C., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a favorite of Col. Piper, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interested in iron-making, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendship with Henry Phipps, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marries Lucy Coleman, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Carnegie, William, father of A.C., <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a damask weaver, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a radical republican, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">liberal in theology, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">works in a cotton factory in Allegheny City, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">one of the founders of a library in Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a sweet singer, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shy and reserved, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">one of the most lovable of men, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+&quot;Carnegie,&quot; the wood-and-bronze yacht, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie Brothers &amp; Co., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie Corporation of New York, <a href="#Page_290">290</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, <a href="#Page_286">286</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+Carnegie Endowment for the Advancement of Learning, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie Hero Fund, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-66.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie Institution, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie, Kloman &amp; Co., <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,
+<a href="#Footnote_33_33">197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie, McCandless &amp; Co., <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie, Phipps &amp; Co., <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie Relief Fund, for Carnegie workmen, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie Steel Company, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, trustees of, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">duties of, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, <a href="#Page_290">290</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>Carnegie Veteran Association, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;Cavendish&quot; (Henry Jones), anecdote of, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Central Transportation Company, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chamberlain, Joseph, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chemistry, value of, in iron manufacture, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chicago, &quot;dizzy on cult,&quot; <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chili, quarrel with, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>-53.<br />
+<br />
+Chisholm, Mr., Cleveland iron manufacturer, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clemens, Samuel L., <i>see</i> <a href="#Twain">Twain, Mark</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cleveland, Frances, Library at Wellesley College, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cleveland, President, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and tariff revision, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Cluny Castle, Scotland, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Blaine at, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Coal-washing, introduced into America by George Lauder, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cobbett, William, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coke, manufacture of, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coleman, Lucy, afterwards Mrs. Thomas Carnegie, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coleman, William, interested in oil wells, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-40;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and in coke, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manufacturer of steel rails, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anecdote of, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sells out to Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Columbia University, <a href="#Page_274">274</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+Confucius, quoted, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Constant, Baron d'Estournelles de, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Conway, Moncure D., Autobiography quoted, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Co&#246;perative store, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Corn Law agitation, the, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornell University, salaries of professors, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cowley, William, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cremer, William Randall, receives Nobel Prize for promotion of peace, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+Cresson Springs, Mr. Carnegie's summer home in the Alleghanies, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cromwell, Oliver, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crystal Palace, London, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Curry, Henry M., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes a partner of Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Cyclops Mills, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Damask trade in Scotland, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dawes, Anna L., <i>How we are Governed</i>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dennis, Prof. F.S., <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dickinson College, Conway Hall at, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Disestablishment of the English Church, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dodds process, the, for carbonizing the heads of iron rails, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dodge, William E., <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Donaldson, Principal, of St. Andrews University, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Douglas, Euphemia (Mrs. Sloane), <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drexel, Anthony, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dunfermline, birthplace of Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a radical town, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">libraries in, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">revisited, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-12, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives Mr. Carnegie the freedom of the town, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carnegie Library in, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">confers freedom of the town on Mrs. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Dunfermline Abbey, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Durrant, President, of the Union Pacific Railway, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Eads, Capt. James B., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edgar Thomson Steel Company, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Education, compulsory, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edwards, &quot;Billy,&quot; <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edwards, Passmore, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elgin, Earl of, and Trust for the Universities of Scotland, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>-72, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elkins, Sen. Stephen B., and Mr. Blaine, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Emerson, Ralph Waldo, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Endorsing notes, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Erie Canal, the, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Escanaba Iron Company, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-97, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Evans, Captain (&quot;Fighting Bob&quot;), as government inspector, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Evarts, William M., <a href="#Page_336">336</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Fahnestock, Mr., Pittsburgh financier, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farmer, President, of Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Co., <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ferguson, Ella (Mrs. Henderson), <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ferro-manganese, manufacture of, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fleming, Marjory, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flower, Governor Roswell P., and the tariff, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Forbes, Gen. John, Laird of Pittencrieff, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Franciscus, Mr., freight agent at Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Franciscus, Mrs., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Franklin, Benjamin, and St. Andrews University, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Frick, Henry C., <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Frick Coke Company, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fricke, Dr., chemist at the Lucy Furnace, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Frissell, Hollis B., of Hampton Institute, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Garrett, John W., President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-29.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>General Education Board, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Germany, and the Philippines, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor William, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>-71.</span><br />
+<br />
+Gilder, Richard Watson, poem by, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manager of the Literary Dinner, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_293">293</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a> <i>n.</i></span><br />
+<br />
+Gilman, Daniel C., first president of the Carnegie Institution, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gladstone, W.E., letter from, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Matthew Arnold, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Carnegie and, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>-31;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his library, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">devout and sincere, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anecdote of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and J.G. Blaine, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and John Morley, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Glass, John P., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br />
+<br />
+God, each stage of civilization creates its own, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gorman, Senator Arthur P., and the tariff, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Gospel of Wealth, The</i>, published, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gould, Jay, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grant, Gen. U.S., and Secretary Stanton, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">some characteristics of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unjustly suspected, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Greeley, Horace, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grey, Earl, trustee of Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, <a href="#Page_290">290</a> and <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Hague Conference, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Haldane, Lord Chancellor, error as to British manufactures, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hale, Eugene, visits Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hale, Prof. George E., of the Mount Wilson Observatory, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Halkett, Sir Arthur, killed at Braddock's defeat, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton College, Elihu Root Foundation at, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hampton Institute, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hanna, Senator Mark, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chair in Western Reserve University named for, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Harcourt, Sir William Vernon, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harris, Joel Chandler, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harrison, President Benjamin, opens Carnegie Hall at Allegheny City, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his nomination, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dispute with Chili, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>-53;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Behring Sea question, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>-55.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hartman Steel Works, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hawk, Mr., of the Windsor Hotel, New York, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hay, Secretary John, comment on Lincoln, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">chairman of directors of Carnegie Institution, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Library, at Brown University, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Secretary of State, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Senate his <i>b&#234;te noire</i>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hay, John, of Allegheny City, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-37.<br />
+<br />
+Head-ication versus Hand-ication, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henderson, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henderson, Ella Ferguson, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hero Fund, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-66.<br />
+<br />
+Hewitt, Abram S., <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Higginson, Maj. F.L., <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Higginson, Col. Thomas Wentworth, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hill, David Jayne, on the German Hero Fund, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hogan, Maria, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hogan, Uncle, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holls, G.F.W., and the Hague Conference, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holmes, Oliver Wendell, and the Matthew Arnold memorial, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Homestead Steel Mills, consolidated with Carnegie Brothers &amp; Co., <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">strike at, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>-39;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address of workmen to Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hughes, Courtney, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Huntington, Collis P., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ignorance, the main root of industrial trouble, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>In the Time of Peace</i>, by Richard Watson Gilder, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ingersoll, Col. Robert G., <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Integrity, importance of, in business, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ireland, Mr. Carnegie's freedom tour in, <a href="#Page_314">314</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Irish Home Rule, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Irwin, Agnes, receives doctor's degree from St. Andrews University, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Isle of Wight, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, Andrew, and Simon Cameron, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jewett, Thomas L., President of the Panhandle Railroad, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jones, Henry (&quot;Cavendish&quot;), anecdote of, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jones, &#8212;&#8212; (&quot;The Captain&quot;), <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prefers large salary to partnership, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Just by the Way</i>, poem on Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Kaiser Wilhelm, and Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>-71.<br />
+<br />
+Katte, Walter, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Keble, Bishop, godfather of Matthew Arnold, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kelly, Mr., chairman of blast-furnaces committee, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>-43.<br />
+<br />
+Kennedy, Julian, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kenyon College, gift to, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stanton Chair of Economics, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Keokuk, Iowa, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Keystone Bridge Works, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-28, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Keystone Iron Works, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kilgraston, Scotland, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kind action never lost, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King Edward VII, letter from, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kloman, Andrew, partner with Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a great mechanic, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in bankruptcy, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-96.</span><br />
+<br />
+Knowledge, sure to prove useful, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Knowles, James, on Tennyson, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Koethen, Mr., choir leader, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Labor, some problems of, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>-54.<br />
+<br />
+Lang, Principal, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lauder, George, uncle of A.C., <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">teaches him history, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-17;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and recitation, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Lauder, George, cousin of A.C., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">develops coal-washing machinery, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Lauder Technical College, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lehigh University, Mr. Carnegie gives Taylor Hall, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lewis, Enoch, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Libraries, founded by Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Library, public, usefulness of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lincoln, Abraham, some characteristics of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second nomination sought, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Linville, H.J., partner of Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Literature, value of a taste for, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lloyd, Mr., banker at Altoona, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lombaert, Mr., general superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lucy Furnace, the, erected, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in charge of Henry Phipps, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enlarged, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gift from the workmen in, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Lynch, Rev. Frederick, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Mabie, Hamilton Wright, quoted, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McAneny, George, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McCandless, David, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McCargo, David, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McCullough, J.N., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+MacIntosh, Mr., Scottish furniture manufacturer, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McKinley, President William, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Panama Canal, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Spanish War, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>-65.</span><br />
+<br />
+McLuckie, Burgomaster, and Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>-37.<br />
+<br />
+McMillan, Rev. Mr., Presbyterian minister, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-76.<br />
+<br />
+Macdonald, Sir John, and the Behring Sea troubles, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mackie, J.B., quoted, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Macy, V. Everit, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martin, Robert, Mr. Carnegie's only schoolmaster, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-15, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mason and Slidell, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mellon, Judge, of Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Memorizing, benefit of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mill, John Stuart, as rector of St. Andrews, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Miller, Thomas N., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the doctrine of predestination, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">partner with Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sells his interest, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Mills, D.O., <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morgan, J. Pierpont, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morgan, Junius S., <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morgan, J.S., &amp; Co., negotiations with, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-72.<br />
+<br />
+Morland, W.C., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morley, John, and Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address at Carnegie Institute, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Lord Rosebery, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Earl of Elgin, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_322">322</a> <i>n.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pessimistic, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits America, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Elihu Root, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Theodore Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Lord Acton's library, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Joseph Chamberlain, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Morley, R.F., <a href="#Page_100">100</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+Morris, Leander, cousin of Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morrison, Bailie, uncle of Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-6, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morrison, Margaret, <i>see</i> <a href="#Carnegie_M">Carnegie, Margaret</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morrison, Thomas, maternal grandfather of Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-6, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morrison, Thomas, second cousin of Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morton, Levi P., <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mount Wilson Observatory, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Municipal government, British and American, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>-16.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+&quot;Naig,&quot; Mr. Carnegie's nickname, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+National Civic Federation, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br />
+<br />
+National Trust Company, Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Naugle, J.A., <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York, first impressions of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">business headquarters of America, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Nineteenth Century Club, New York, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ocean surveys, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span>Ogden, Robert C., <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Oil wells, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-39.<br />
+<br />
+Oliver, Hon. H.W., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Omaha Bridge, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Optimism, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">optimist and pessimist, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Organs, in churches, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Our Coaching Trip</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">privately published, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Palmer, Courtlandt, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Panama Canal, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pan-American Congress, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Panic of 1873, the, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-93.<br />
+<br />
+Park, James, pioneer steel-maker of Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parliament, membership and meetings, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Partnership better than corporation, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Patiemuir College, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pauncefote, Sir Julian, and Mr. Blaine, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Peabody, George, his body brought home on the warship Monarch, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Peabody, George Foster, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Peace, Mr. Carnegie's work for, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>-86;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palace, at The Hague, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Peace Society of New York, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Peacock, Alexander R., partner of Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, builds first iron bridge, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-17;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">aids Union Pacific Railway, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">aids Allegheny Valley Railway, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-71;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">aids Pennsylvania Steel Works, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Railroad">Carnegie, Andrew, <i>Railroad experience</i></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Pennsylvania Steel Works, the, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pessimist and optimist, story of, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-70.<br />
+<br />
+Philippines, the, annexation of, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>-65.<br />
+<br />
+Phillips, Col. William, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phipps, Henry, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advertises for work, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crony and partner of Thomas Carnegie, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">controversy over opening conservatories on Sunday, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">European tour, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in charge of the Lucy Furnace, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">statement about Mr. Carnegie and his partners, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Footnote_33_33">197</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes into the steel business, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Phipps, John, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Pig iron, manufacture of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">importance of chemistry in, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-84.</span><br />
+<br />
+Pilot Knob mine, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Piper, Col. John L., partner of Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">had a craze for horses, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attachment to Thomas Carnegie, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations with James B. Eads, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Pitcairn, Robert, division superintendent, Pennsylvania Railroad, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pittencrieff Glen, bought and given to Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>-89, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pittsburgh, in 1850, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-41;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">some of its leading men, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in 1860, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later development, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Pittsburgh, Bank of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pittsburgh Locomotive Works, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pittsburgh Theater, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Political corruption, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Predestination, doctrine of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Principals' Week, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pritchett, Dr. Henry S., president of the Carnegie Endowment for the Advancement of Learning, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Private pension fund, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Problems of To-day</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Protective tariffs, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-48.<br />
+<br />
+Prousser, Mr., chemist, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Public speaking, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pullman, George M., <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">forms Pullman Palace Car Company, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anecdote of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes a director of the Union Pacific, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Quality, the most important factor in success, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Queen's Jubilee, the (June, 1887), <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Quintana, Manuel, President of Argentina, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Railroad Pension Fund, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rawlins, Gen. John A., and General Grant, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Recitation, value of, in education, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reed, Speaker Thomas B., <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reid, James D., and Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_59">59</a> and <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+Reid, General, of Keokuk, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Republican Party, first national meeting, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Riddle, Robert M., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ritchie, David, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ritter, Governor, of Pennsylvania, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robinson, General, first white child born west of the Ohio River, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rockefeller, John D., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers, Henry H., <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rolland School, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roosevelt, Theodore, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Elihu Root, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Morley on, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rejects the Arbitration Treaty, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Philippines, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Root, Elihu, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a> <i>n.</i>;<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">fund named for, at Hamilton College, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;ablest of all our Secretaries of State,&quot; <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Mr. Carnegie, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and John Morley, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Rosebery, Lord, presents Mr. Carnegie with the freedom of Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations with, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">handicapped by being born a peer, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ross, Dr. John, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">aids in buying Pittencrieff Glen, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives freedom of Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Round the World</i>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Sabbath observance, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Andrews University, Mr. Carnegie elected Lord Rector, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">confers doctor's degree on Benjamin Franklin and on his great-granddaughter, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+St. Louis Bridge, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-57.<br />
+<br />
+Salisbury, Lord, and the Behring Sea troubles, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>-55.<br />
+<br />
+Sampson, &#8212;&#8212;, financial editor of the London <i>Times</i>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schiffler, Mr., a partner of Mr. Carnegie in building iron bridges, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schoenberger, Mr., president of the Exchange Bank, Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schurman, President Jacob G., <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schwab, Charles M., <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>-56.<br />
+<br />
+Scott, John, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scott, Thomas A., <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-74, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">helps Carnegie to his first investment, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made general superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">breaks a strike, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made vice-president of the Company, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Assistant Secretary of War, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">colonel, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to the railroad, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tries to get contract for sleeping-cars on the Union Pacific, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes president of that road, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first serious difference with Carnegie, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">president of the Texas Pacific Railroad, and then of the Pennsylvania road, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">financially embarrassed, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">break with Carnegie and premature death, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Scott, Sir Walter, and Marjory Fleming, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bust of, at Stirling, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made a burgess of Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Scott, Gen. Winfield, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seneca Indians, early gatherers of oil, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sentiment, in the practical affairs of life, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seton, Ernest Thompson, and John Burroughs, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seward, William Henry, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shakespeare, quoted, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Carnegie's interest in, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Shaw, Henry W., <i>see</i> <a href="#Billings">Billings, Josh</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shaw, Thomas (Lord Shaw), of Dunfermline, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sherman, Gen. W.T., <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shiras, George, Jr., appointed to the Supreme Court, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Siemens gas furnace, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Singer, George, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Skibo Castle, Scotland, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sleeping-car, invention of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Union Pacific Railway, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-61.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sliding scale of wages, solution of the capital and labor problem, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sloane, Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, J.B., friend of John Bright, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Perry, anecdote of, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Snobs, English, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spanish War, the, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>-65.<br />
+<br />
+Speculation, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spencer, Herbert, Mr. Carnegie's relations with, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>-37;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a good laugher, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposed to militarism, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">banquet to, at Delmonico's, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">very conscientious, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his philosophy, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the gift of Carnegie Institute, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Spens, Sir Patrick, ballad of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spiegel, manufacture of, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stanley, Dean A.P., on Burns's theology, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stanton, Edwin M., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stanwood, Edward, <i>James G. Blaine</i> quoted, <a href="#Page_345">345</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+Steel, the age of, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-97;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Steel Workers' Pension Fund, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Steubenville, bridge at, over the Ohio River, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stewart, D.A., freight agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins Mr. Carnegie in manufacture of steel rails, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Stewart, Rebecca, niece of Thomas A. Scott, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stokes, Major, chief counsel of the Pennsylvania Railroad, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-83, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Storey, Samuel, M.P., <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Storey farm, oil wells on, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+Straus, Isidor, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Straus, Oscar S., and the National Civic Federation, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strikes: on the Pennsylvania Railroad, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Homestead, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>-39;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the steel-rail works, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Sturgis, Russell, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Success, true road to, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>Sun City Forge Company, <a href="#Page_115">115</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+<br />
+Superior Rail Mill and Blast Furnaces, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Surplus, the law of the, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swedenborgianism, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Sweet By and By, The</i>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Taft, William H., and the Philippines, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tariff, protective, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-48.<br />
+<br />
+Taylor, Charles, president of the Hero Fund, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taylor, Joseph, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taylor Hall at Lehigh University, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Teaching, a meanly paid profession, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Temple of Peace, at The Hague, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tennant, Sir Charles, President of the Scotland Steel Company, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Texas, story about, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Texas Pacific Railway, <a href="#Page_172">172</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thaw, William, vice-president of the Fort Wayne Railroad, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thayer, William Roscoe, <i>Life and Letters of John Hay</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thomas, Gen. George H., <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thompson, Moses, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thomson, John Edgar, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">an evidence of his fairness, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers Mr. Carnegie promotion, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shows confidence in him, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">steel mills named for, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">financially embarrassed, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Tower, Charlemagne, Ambassador to Germany, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Trent affair, the, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Trifles, importance of, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Triumphant Democracy</i>, published, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">origin, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>-32.</span><br />
+<br />
+Troubles, most of them imaginary, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tuskegee Institute, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<a name="Twain">Twain</a>, Mark, letter from, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">man and hero, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">devotion to his wife, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Union Iron Mills, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">very profitable, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Union Pacific Railway, sleeping-cars on, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-61;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Carnegie's connection with, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-65.</span><br />
+<br />
+&quot;Unitawrian,&quot; prejudice against, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Vanderlip, Frank A., <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandevort, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandevort, John W., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. Carnegie's closest companion, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanies him around the world, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Van Dyke, Prof. John C., on the Homestead strike, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>-37,
+<a href="#Footnote_43_43">239</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Wagner, Mr., Carnegie's interest in, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walker, Baillie, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wallace, William, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+War, breeds war, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">must be abolished, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&quot;ferocious and futile folly,&quot; <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Washington, Booker T., declines gift to himself, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waterways, inland, improvement of, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webster Literary Society, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wellesley College, Cleveland Library at, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Western Reserve University, Hanna Chair at, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+White, Andrew D., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and the Hague Conference, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+White, Henry, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whitfield, Louise, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i>, <a href="#Carnegie_L">Carnegie, Mrs. Andrew</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Whitwell Brothers, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilkins, Judge William, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+William IV, German Emperor, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>-71.<br />
+<br />
+Wilmot, Mr., of the Carnegie Relief Fund, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilson, James R., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilson, Woodrow, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilson, Walker &amp; Co., <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Women as telegraph operators, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Woodruff, T.T., inventor of the sleeping-car, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Woodward, Dr. Robert S., president of the Carnegie Institution, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wordsworth, William, quoted, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Workmen's savings, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+World peace, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>-71.<br />
+<br />
+Wright, John A., president of the Freedom Iron Works, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The Eighteenth-Century Carnegies lived at the picturesque
+hamlet of Patiemuir, two miles south of Dunfermline. The growing
+importance of the linen industry in Dunfermline finally led the
+Carnegies to move to that town.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The 31st of December.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> &quot;There is no sign that Andrew, though he prospered in his
+wooing, was specially successful in acquisition of worldly gear.
+Otherwise, however, he became an outstanding character not only in the
+village, but in the adjoining city and district. A 'brainy' man who
+read and thought for himself he became associated with the radical
+weavers of Dunfermline, who in Patiemuir formed a meeting-place which
+they named a college (Andrew was the 'Professor' of it).&quot; (<i>Andrew
+Carnegie: His Dunfermline Ties and Benefactions</i>, by J.B. Mackie,
+F.J.I.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>An American Four-in-Hand in Great Britain.</i> New York,
+1888.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>The Percy Reliques</i> and <i>The Oxford Book of Ballads</i>
+give &quot;town&quot; instead of &quot;tower&quot;; but Mr. Carnegie insisted that it
+should be &quot;tower.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> At the opening of the Lauder Technical School in October,
+1880, nearly half a century after the disquieting scenes of 1842, Mr.
+Carnegie thus recalled the shock which was given to his boy mind: &quot;One
+of my earliest recollections is that of being wakened in the darkness
+to be told that my Uncle Morrison was in jail. Well, it is one of the
+proudest boasts I can make to-day to be able to say that I had an
+uncle who was in jail. But, ladies and gentlemen, my uncle went to
+jail to vindicate the rights of public assembly.&quot; (Mackie.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> &quot;The Crown agents wisely let the proceedings lapse....
+Mr. Morrison was given a gratifying assurance of the appreciation of
+his fellow citizens by his election to the Council and his elevation
+to the Magisterial Bench, followed shortly after by his appointment to
+the office of Burgh Chamberlain. The patriotic reformer whom the
+criminal authorities endeavored to convict as a law-breaker became by
+the choice of his fellow citizens a Magistrate, and was further given
+a certificate for trustworthiness and integrity.&quot; (Mackie.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> It was known as Rolland School.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The Lauder Technical College given by Mr. Carnegie to
+Dunfermline was named in honor of this uncle, George Lauder.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>An American Four-in-Hand in Britain</i>. New York, 1886.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Education.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> &quot;Beyond Philadelphia was the Camden and Amboy Railway;
+beyond Pittsburgh, the Fort Wayne and Chicago, separate organizations
+with which we had nothing to do.&quot; (<i>Problems of To-day</i>, by Andrew
+Carnegie, p. 187. New York, 1908.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Died 1904.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Died 1889.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> The note was signed &quot;Working Boy.&quot; The librarian
+responded in the columns of the <i>Dispatch</i> defending the rules, which
+he claimed meant that &quot;a Working Boy should have a trade.&quot; Carnegie's
+rejoinder was signed &quot;A Working Boy, though without a Trade,&quot; and a
+day or two thereafter the <i>Dispatch</i> had an item on its editorial page
+which read: &quot;Will 'a Working Boy without a Trade' please call at this
+office.&quot; (David Homer Bates in <i>Century Magazine</i>, July, 1908.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> &quot;It's a God's mercy we are all from honest weavers; let
+us pity those who haven't ancestors of whom they can be proud, dukes
+or duchesses though they be.&quot; (<i>Our Coaching Trip</i>, by Andrew
+Carnegie. New York, 1882.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Edwin Adams.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> &quot;I liked the boy's looks, and it was very easy to see
+that though he was little he was full of spirit. He had not been with
+me a month when he began to ask whether I would teach him to
+telegraph. I began to instruct him and found him an apt pupil.&quot; (James
+D. Reid, <i>The Telegraph in America</i>, New York, 1879.)
+</p><p>
+Reid was born near Dunfermline and forty years afterwards Mr. Carnegie
+was able to secure for him the appointment of United States Consul at
+Dunfermline.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> &quot;I remember well when I used to write out the monthly
+pay-roll and came to Mr. Scott's name for $125. I wondered what he did
+with it all. I was then getting thirty-five.&quot; (Andrew Carnegie in
+speech at Reunion of U.S. Military Telegraph Corps, March 28, 1907.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> &quot;When Carnegie reached Washington his first task was to
+establish a ferry to Alexandria and to extend the Baltimore and Ohio
+Railroad track from the old depot in Washington, along Maryland Avenue
+to and across the Potomac, so that locomotives and cars might be
+crossed for use in Virginia. Long Bridge, over the Potomac, had to be
+rebuilt, and I recall the fact that under the direction of Carnegie
+and R.F. Morley the railroad between Washington and Alexandria was
+completed in the remarkably short period of seven days. All hands,
+from Carnegie down, worked day and night to accomplish the task.&quot;
+(Bates, <i>Lincoln in the Telegraph Office</i>, p. 22. New York, 1907.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Mr. Carnegie gave to Stanton's college, Kenyon, $80,000,
+and on April 26, 1906, delivered at the college an address on the
+great War Secretary. It has been published under the title <i>Edwin M.
+Stanton, an Address by Andrew Carnegie on Stanton Memorial Day at
+Kenyon College</i>. (New York, 1906.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> &quot;It's a God's mercy I was born a Scotchman, for I do not
+see how I could ever have been contented to be anything else. The
+little dour deevil, set in her own ways, and getting them, too,
+level-headed and shrewd, with an eye to the main chance always and yet
+so lovingly weak, so fond, so led away by song or story, so easily
+touched to fine issues, so leal, so true. Ah! you suit me, Scotia, and
+proud am I that I am your son.&quot; (Andrew Carnegie, <i>Our Coaching Trip</i>,
+p. 152. New York, 1882.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> &quot;This uncle, who loved liberty because it is the
+heritage of brave souls, in the dark days of the American Civil War
+stood almost alone in his community for the cause which Lincoln
+represented.&quot; (Hamilton Wright Mabie in <i>Century Magazine</i>, vol. 64,
+p. 958.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Mr. Carnegie had previous to this&#8212;as early as
+1861&#8212;been associated with Mr. Miller in the Sun City Forge Company,
+doing a small iron business.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Thomas L. Jewett, President of the Panhandle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Captain James B. Eads, afterward famous for his jetty
+system in the Mississippi River.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> The span was 515 feet, and at that time considered the
+finest metal arch in the world.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> The wells on the Storey farm paid in one year a million
+dollars in cash and dividends, and the farm itself eventually became
+worth, on a stock basis, five million dollars.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> It was an iron bridge 2300 feet in length with a
+380-foot span.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The ambitions of Mr. Carnegie at this time (1868) are
+set forth in the following memorandum made by him. It has only
+recently come to light:
+</p><p>
+<i>St. Nicholas Hotel, New York, December, 1868</i>
+</p><p>
+Thirty-three and an income of $50,000 per annum! By this time two
+years I can so arrange all my business as to secure at least $50,000
+per annum. Beyond this never earn&#8212;make no effort to increase fortune,
+but spend the surplus each year for benevolent purposes. Cast aside
+business forever, except for others.
+</p><p>
+Settle in Oxford and get a thorough education, making the acquaintance
+of literary men&#8212;this will take three years' active work&#8212;pay especial
+attention to speaking in public. Settle then in London and purchase a
+controlling interest in some newspaper or live review and give the
+general management of it attention, taking a part in public matters,
+especially those connected with education and improvement of the
+poorer classes.
+</p><p>
+Man must have an idol&#8212;the amassing of wealth is one of the worst
+species of idolatry&#8212;no idol more debasing than the worship of money.
+Whatever I engage in I must push inordinately; therefore should I be
+careful to choose that life which will be the most elevating in its
+character. To continue much longer overwhelmed by business cares and
+with most of my thoughts wholly upon the way to make more money in the
+shortest time, must degrade me beyond hope of permanent recovery. I
+will resign business at thirty-five, but during the ensuing two years
+I wish to spend the afternoons in receiving instruction and in reading
+systematically.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Colonel Thomas A. Scott left the Union Pacific in 1872.
+The same year he became president of the Texas Pacific, and in 1874
+president of the Pennsylvania.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Died May 21, 1881.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Long after the circumstances here recited, Mr. Isidor
+Straus called upon Mr. Henry Phipps and asked him if two statements
+which had been publicly made about Mr. Carnegie and his partners in
+the steel company were true. Mr. Phipps replied they were not. Then
+said Mr. Straus:
+</p><p>
+&quot;Mr. Phipps, you owe it to yourself and also to Mr. Carnegie to say so
+publicly.&quot;
+</p><p>
+This Mr. Phipps did in the <i>New York Herald</i>, January 30, 1904, in the
+following handsome manner and without Mr. Carnegie's knowledge:
+</p><p>
+<i>Question:</i> &quot;In a recent publication mention was made of Mr.
+Carnegie's not having treated Mr. Miller, Mr. Kloman, and yourself
+properly during your early partnership, and at its termination. Can
+you tell me anything about this?&quot;
+</p><p>
+<i>Answer:</i> &quot;Mr. Miller has already spoken for himself in this matter,
+and I can say that the treatment received from Mr. Carnegie during our
+partnership, so far as I was concerned, was always fair and liberal.
+</p><p>
+&quot;My association with Mr. Kloman in business goes back forty-three
+years. Everything in connection with Mr. Carnegie's partnership with
+Mr. Kloman was of a pleasant nature.
+</p><p>
+&quot;At a much more recent date, when the firm of Carnegie, Kloman and
+Company was formed, the partners were Andrew Carnegie, Thomas M.
+Carnegie, Andrew Kloman, and myself. The Carnegies held the
+controlling interest.
+</p><p>
+&quot;After the partnership agreement was signed, Mr. Kloman said to me
+that the Carnegies, owning the larger interest, might be too
+enterprising in making improvements, which might lead us into serious
+trouble; and he thought that they should consent to an article in the
+partnership agreement requiring the consent of three partners to make
+effective any vote for improvements. I told him that we could not
+exact what he asked, as their larger interest assured them control,
+but I would speak to them. When the subject was broached, Mr. Carnegie
+promptly said that if he could not carry Mr. Kloman or myself with his
+brother in any improvements he would not wish them made. Other matters
+were arranged by courtesy during our partnership in the same manner.&quot;
+</p><p>
+<i>Question:</i> &quot;What you have told me suggests the question, why did Mr.
+Kloman leave the firm?&quot;
+</p><p>
+<i>Answer:</i> &quot;During the great depression which followed the panic of
+1873, Mr. Kloman, through an unfortunate partnership in the Escanaba
+Furnace Company, lost his means, and his interest in our firm had to
+be disposed of. We bought it at book value at a time when
+manufacturing properties were selling at ruinous prices, often as low
+as one third or one half their cost.
+</p><p>
+&quot;After the settlement had been made with the creditors of the Escanaba
+Company, Mr. Kloman was offered an interest by Mr. Carnegie of
+$100,000 in our firm, to be paid only from future profits. This Mr.
+Kloman declined, as he did not feel like taking an interest which
+formerly had been much larger. Mr. Carnegie gave him $40,000 from the
+firm to make a new start. This amount was invested in a rival concern,
+which soon closed.
+</p><p>
+&quot;I knew of no disagreement during this early period with Mr. Carnegie,
+and their relations continued pleasant as long as Mr. Kloman lived.
+Harmony always marked their intercourse, and they had the kindliest
+feeling one for the other.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> The steel-rail mills were ready and rails were rolled in
+1874.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> The story is told that when Mr. Carnegie was selecting
+his younger partners he one day sent for a young Scotsman, Alexander
+R. Peacock, and asked him rather abruptly:
+</p><p>
+&quot;Peacock, what would you give to be made a millionaire?&quot;
+</p><p>
+&quot;A liberal discount for cash, sir,&quot; was the answer.
+</p><p>
+He was a partner owning a two per cent interest when the Carnegie
+Steel Company was merged into the United States Steel Corporation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>Round the World</i>, by Andrew Carnegie. New York and
+London, 1884.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Published privately in 1882 under the title <i>Our
+Coaching Trip, Brighton to Inverness</i>. Published by the Scribners in
+1883 under the title of <i>An American Four-in-Hand in Britain</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Ferdinand to Miranda in <i>The Tempest</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> John Hay, writing to his friend Henry Adams under date
+of London, August 25, 1887, has the following to say about the party
+at Kilgraston: &quot;After that we went to Andy Carnegie in Perthshire, who
+is keeping his honeymoon, having just married a pretty girl.... The
+house is thronged with visitors&#8212;sixteen when we came away&#8212;we merely
+stayed three days: the others were there for a fortnight. Among them
+were your friends Blaine and Hale of Maine. Carnegie likes it so well
+he is going to do it every summer and is looking at all the great
+estates in the County with a view of renting or purchasing. We went
+with him one day to Dupplin Castle, where I saw the most beautiful
+trees I ever beheld in my wandering life. The old Earl of &#8212;&#8212; is
+miserably poor&#8212;not able to buy a bottle of seltzer&#8212;with an estate
+worth millions in the hands of his creditors, and sure to be sold one
+of these days to some enterprising Yankee or British Buttonmaker. I
+wish you or Carnegie would buy it. I would visit you frequently.&quot;
+(Thayer, <i>Life and Letters of John Hay</i>, vol. II, p. 74.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> &quot;No man is a true gentleman who does not inspire the
+affection and devotion of his servants.&quot; (<i>Problems of To-day</i>, by
+Andrew Carnegie. New York, 1908, p. 59.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> The reference is to the quotation from <i>The Tempest</i> on
+  <a href="#Page_214">page 214</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> The full statement of Mr. Phipps is as follows:
+</p><p>
+<i>Question:</i> &quot;It was stated that Mr. Carnegie acted in a cowardly
+manner in not returning to America from Scotland and being present
+when the strike was in progress at Homestead.&quot;
+</p><p>
+<i>Answer:</i> &quot;When Mr. Carnegie heard of the trouble at Homestead he
+immediately wired that he would take the first ship for America, but
+his partners begged him not to appear, as they were of the opinion
+that the welfare of the Company required that he should not be in this
+country at the time. They knew of his extreme disposition to always
+grant the demands of labor, however unreasonable.
+</p><p>
+&quot;I have never known of any one interested in the business to make any
+complaint about Mr. Carnegie's absence at that time, but all the
+partners rejoiced that they were permitted to manage the affair in
+their own way.&quot; (Henry Phipps in the <i>New York Herald</i>, January 30,
+1904.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Mr. Carnegie was very fond of this story because, being
+human, he was fond of applause and, being a Robert Burns radical, he
+preferred the applause of Labor to that of Rank. That one of his men
+thought he had acted &quot;white&quot; pleased him beyond measure. He stopped
+short with that tribute and never asked, never knew, why or how the
+story happened to be told. Perhaps this is the time and place to tell
+the story of the story.
+</p><p>
+Sometime in 1901 over a dinner table in New York, I heard a statement
+regarding Mr. Carnegie that he never gave anything without the
+requirement that his name be attached to the gift. The remark came
+from a prominent man who should have known he was talking nonsense. It
+rather angered me. I denied the statement, saying that I, personally,
+had given away money for Mr. Carnegie that only he and I knew about,
+and that he had given many thousands in this way through others. By
+way of illustration I told the story about McLuckie. A Pittsburgh man
+at the table carried the story back to Pittsburgh, told it there, and
+it finally got into the newspapers. Of course the argument of the
+story, namely, that Mr. Carnegie sometimes gave without publicity, was
+lost sight of and only the refrain, &quot;It was damned white of Andy,&quot;
+remained. Mr. Carnegie never knew that there was an argument. He liked
+the refrain. Some years afterward at Skibo (1906), when he was writing
+this Autobiography, he asked me if I would not write out the story for
+him. I did so. I am now glad of the chance to write an explanatory
+note about it.... <i>John C. Van Dyke.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>The Gospel of Wealth</i> (Century Company, New York, 1900)
+contains various magazine articles written between 1886 and 1899 and
+published in the <i>Youth's Companion</i>, the <i>Century Magazine</i>, the
+<i>North American Review</i>, the <i>Forum</i>, the <i>Contemporary Review</i>, the
+<i>Fortnightly Review</i>, the <i>Nineteenth Century</i>, and the <i>Scottish
+Leader</i>. Gladstone asked that the article in the <i>North American
+Review</i> be printed in England. It was published in the <i>Pall Mall
+Budget</i> and christened the &quot;Gospel of Wealth.&quot; Gladstone, Cardinal
+Manning, Rev. Hugh Price, and Rev. Dr. Hermann Adler answered it, and
+Mr. Carnegie replied to them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> The Carnegie Steel Company was bought by Mr. Morgan at
+Mr. Carnegie's own price. There was some talk at the time of his
+holding out for a higher price than he received, but testifying before
+a committee of the House of Representatives in January, 1912, Mr.
+Carnegie said: &quot;I considered what was fair: and that is the option
+Morgan got. Schwab went down and arranged it. I never saw Morgan on
+the subject or any man connected with him. Never a word passed between
+him and me. I gave my memorandum and Morgan saw it was eminently fair.
+I have been told many times since by insiders that I should have asked
+$100,000,000 more and could have got it easily. Once for all, I want
+to put a stop to all this talk about Mr. Carnegie 'forcing high prices
+for anything.'&quot;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The total gifts to the Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh
+amounted to about twenty-eight million dollars.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> This fund is now managed separately.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> The total amount of this fund in 1919 was $29,250,000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Columbia University in 1920 numbered all told some
+25,000 students in the various departments.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> It amounts to $250,000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> At the Meeting in Memory of the Life and Work of Andrew
+Carnegie held on April 25, 1920, in the Engineering Societies Building
+in New York, Mr. Root made an address in the course of which, speaking
+of Mr. Carnegie, he said:
+</p><p>
+&quot;He belonged to that great race of nation-builders who have made the
+development of America the wonder of the world.... He was the
+kindliest man I ever knew. Wealth had brought to him no hardening of
+the heart, nor made him forget the dreams of his youth. Kindly,
+affectionate, charitable in his judgments, unrestrained in his
+sympathies, noble in his impulses, I wish that all the people who
+think of him as a rich man giving away money he did not need could
+know of the hundreds of kindly things he did unknown to the world.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The universities, colleges, and educational institutions
+to which Mr. Carnegie gave either endowment funds or buildings number
+five hundred. All told his gifts to them amounted to $27,000,000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> The &quot;organ department&quot; up to 1919 had given 7689 organs
+to as many different churches at a cost of over six million dollars.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> This amounted to over $250,000 a year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> &quot;Let men say what they will, I say that as surely as the
+sun in the heavens once shone upon Britain and America united, so
+surely it is one morning to rise, shine upon, and greet again the
+Reunited States&#8212;the British-American Union.&quot; (Quoted in Alderson's
+<i>Andrew Carnegie, The Man and His Work</i>, p. 108. New York, 1909.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> George Peabody, the American merchant and
+philanthropist, who died in London in 1869.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> &quot;I submit that the only measure required to-day for the
+maintenance of world peace is an agreement between three or four of
+the leading Civilized Powers (and as many more as desire to join&#8212;the
+more the better) pledged to co&#246;perate against disturbers of world
+peace, should such arise.&quot; (Andrew Carnegie, in address at unveiling
+of a bust of William Randall Cremer at the Peace Palace of The Hague,
+August 29, 1913.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Mr. Carnegie does not mention the fact that in December,
+1910, he gave to a board of trustees $10,000,000, the revenue of which
+was to be administered for &quot;the abolition of international war, the
+foulest blot upon our civilization.&quot; This is known as the Carnegie
+Endowment for International Peace. The Honorable Elihu Root is
+president of the board of trustees.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Mr. Carnegie received also the Grand Cross Order of
+Orange-Nassau from Holland, the Grand Cross Order of Danebrog from
+Denmark, a gold medal from twenty-one American Republics and had
+doctors' degrees from innumerable universities and colleges. He was
+also a member of many institutes, learned societies and clubs&#8212;over
+190 in number.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Additional gifts, made later, brought this gift up to
+$3,750,000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Mr. Carnegie refers to the gift of ten million dollars
+to the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust merely in connection with Earl
+Grey. His references to his gifts are casual, in that he refers only
+to the ones in which he happens for the moment to be interested. Those
+he mentions are merely a part of the whole. He gave to the Church
+Peace Union over $2,000,000, to the United Engineering Society
+$1,500,000, to the International Bureau of American Republics
+$850,000, and to a score or more of research, hospital, and
+educational boards sums ranging from $100,000 to $500,000. He gave to
+various towns and cities over twenty-eight hundred library buildings
+at a cost of over $60,000,000. The largest of his gifts he does not
+mention at all. This was made in 1911 to the Carnegie Corporation of
+New York and was $125,000,000. The Corporation is the residuary
+legatee under Mr. Carnegie's will and it is not yet known what further
+sum may come to it through that instrument. The object of the
+Corporation, as defined by Mr. Carnegie himself in a letter to the
+trustees, is:
+</p><p>
+&quot;To promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and
+understanding among the people of the United States by aiding
+technical schools, institutions of higher learning, libraries,
+scientific research, hero funds, useful publications and by such other
+agencies and means as shall from time to time be found appropriate
+therefor.&quot;
+</p><p>
+The Carnegie benefactions, all told, amount to something over
+$350,000,000&#8212;surely a huge sum to have been brought together and then
+distributed by one man.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> &quot;Yesterday we had a busy day in Toronto. The grand event
+was a dinner at six o'clock where we all spoke, A.C. making a
+remarkable address.... I can't tell you how I am enjoying this. Not
+only seeing new places, but the talks with our own party. It is,
+indeed, a liberal education. A.C. is truly a 'great' man; that is, a
+man of enormous faculty and a great imagination. I don't remember any
+friend who has such a range of poetical quotation, unless it is
+Stedman. (Not so much <i>range</i> as numerous quotations from Shakespeare,
+Burns, Byron, etc.) His views are truly large and prophetic. And,
+unless I am mistaken, he has a genuine ethical character. He is not
+perfect, but he is most interesting and remarkable; a true democrat;
+his benevolent actions having a root in principle and character. He is
+not accidentally the intimate friend of such high natures as Arnold
+and Morley.&quot; (<i>Letters of Richard Watson Gilder</i>, edited by his
+daughter Rosamond Gilder, p. 374. New York, 1916.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' March of the
+Republic.</i> London and New York, 1886.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Campbell-Bannerman was chosen leader of the Liberal
+Party in December, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Mr. Carnegie had received no less than fifty-four
+Freedoms of cities in Great Britain and Ireland. This was a
+record&#8212;Mr. Gladstone coming second with seventeen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> The whole paragraph is as follows: &quot;How beautiful is
+Dunfermline seen from the Ferry Hills, its grand old Abbey towering
+over all, seeming to hallow the city, and to lend a charm and dignity
+to the lowliest tenement! Nor is there in all broad Scotland, nor in
+many places elsewhere that I know of, a more varied and delightful
+view than that obtained from the Park upon a fine day. What Benares is
+to the Hindoo, Mecca to the Mohammedan, Jerusalem to the Christian,
+all that Dunfermline is to me.&quot; (<i>An American Four-in-Hand in
+Britain</i>, p. 282.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>An American Four-in-Hand in Britain.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> &quot;Mr. Carnegie had proved his originality, fullness of
+mind, and bold strength of character, as much or more in the
+distribution of wealth as he had shown skill and foresight in its
+acquisition. We had become known to one another more than twenty years
+before through Matthew Arnold. His extraordinary freshness of spirit
+easily carried Arnold, Herbert Spencer, myself, and afterwards many
+others, high over an occasional crudity or haste in judgment such as
+befalls the best of us in ardent hours. People with a genius for
+picking up pins made as much as they liked of this: it was wiser to do
+justice to his spacious feel for the great objects of the world&#8212;for
+knowledge and its spread, invention, light, improvement of social
+relations, equal chances to the talents, the passion for peace. These
+are glorious things; a touch of exaggeration in expression is easy to
+set right.... A man of high and wide and well-earned mark in his
+generation.&quot; (John, Viscount Morley, in <i>Recollections</i>, vol. II, pp.
+110, 112. New York, 1919.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Mr. Carnegie acquired no less than eighteen British
+newspapers with the idea of promoting radical views. The political
+results were disappointing, but with his genius for making money the
+pecuniary results were more than satisfactory.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' March of the
+Republic.</i> London, 1886; New York, 1888.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> The estimated value of manufactures in Great Britain in
+1900 was five billions of dollars as compared to thirteen billions for
+the United States. In 1914 the United States had gone to over
+twenty-four billions.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>An Autobiography</i>, by Herbert Spencer, vol. I, p. 424.
+New York, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> &quot;An occasion, on which more, perhaps, than any other in
+my life, I ought to have been in good condition, bodily and mentally,
+came when I was in a condition worse than I had been for six and
+twenty years. 'Wretched night; no sleep at all; kept in my room all
+day' says my diary, and I entertained 'great fear I should collapse.'
+When the hour came for making my appearance at Delmonico's, where the
+dinner was given, I got my friends to secrete me in an anteroom until
+the last moment, so that I might avoid all excitements of
+introductions and congratulations; and as Mr. Evarts, who presided,
+handed me on the dais, I begged him to limit his conversation with me
+as much as possible, and to expect very meagre responses. The event
+proved that, trying though the tax was, there did not result the
+disaster I feared; and when Mr. Evarts had duly uttered the
+compliments of the occasion, I was able to get through my prepared
+speech without difficulty, though not with much effect.&quot; (Spencer's
+<i>Autobiography</i>, vol. II, p. 478.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> James Knowles, founder of <i>Nineteenth Century</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> &quot;A.C. is really a tremendous personality&#8212;dramatic,
+wilful, generous, whimsical, at times almost cruel in pressing his own
+conviction upon others, and then again tender, affectionate,
+emotional, always imaginative, unusual and wide-visioned in his views.
+He is well worth Boswellizing, but I am urging him to be 'his own
+Boswell.'... He is inconsistent in many ways, but with a passion for
+lofty views; the brotherhood of man, peace among nations, religious
+purity&#8212;I mean the purification of religion from gross
+superstition&#8212;the substitution for a Westminster-Catechism God, of a
+Righteous, a Just God.&quot; (<i>Letters of Richard Watson Gilder</i>, p. 375.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> &quot;A code had been agreed upon between his friends in the
+United States and himself, and when a deadlock or a long contest
+seemed inevitable, the following dispatch was sent from Mr. Carnegie's
+estate in Scotland, where Blaine was staying, to a prominent
+Republican leader:
+</p><p>
+&quot;'June 25. Too late victor immovable take trump and star.'
+<span class="smcap">Whip</span>. Interpreted, it reads: 'Too late. Blaine immovable.
+Take Harrison and Phelps. <span class="smcap">Carnegie</span>.'&quot; (<i>James G. Blaine</i>, by
+Edward Stanwood, p. 308. Boston, 1905.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> The reference is to an article by Mr. Carnegie in the
+<i>North American Review</i>, August, 1898, entitled: &quot;Distant
+Possessions&#8212;The Parting of the Ways.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Published in Thayer, <i>Life and Letters of John Hay</i>,
+vol. II, p. 175. Boston and New York, 1915.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> In the deed of trust conveying Pittencrieff Park and
+Glen to Dunfermline an unspecified reservation of property was made.
+The &quot;with certain exceptions&quot; related to King Malcolm's Tower. For
+reasons best known to himself Mr. Carnegie retained the ownership of
+this relic of the past.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <i>The Roosevelt Policy: Speeches, Letters and State
+Papers relating to Corporate Wealth and closely Allied Topics.</i> New
+York, 1908.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, by 
+Andrew Carnegie
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+Project Gutenberg's Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, by Andrew Carnegie
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie
+
+Author: Andrew Carnegie
+
+Editor: John C. Van Dyke
+
+Release Date: March 13, 2006 [EBook #17976]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ANDREW CARNEGIE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Linda Cantoni, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTOBIOGRAPHY
+
+OF
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE
+
+
+WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+[Illustration: [signature] Andrew Carnegie]
+
+
+London
+CONSTABLE & CO. LIMITED
+1920
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY LOUISE WHITFIELD CARNEGIE
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+After retiring from active business my husband yielded to the earnest
+solicitations of friends, both here and in Great Britain, and began to
+jot down from time to time recollections of his early days. He soon
+found, however, that instead of the leisure he expected, his life was
+more occupied with affairs than ever before, and the writing of these
+memoirs was reserved for his play-time in Scotland. For a few weeks
+each summer we retired to our little bungalow on the moors at
+Aultnagar to enjoy the simple life, and it was there that Mr. Carnegie
+did most of his writing. He delighted in going back to those early
+times, and as he wrote he lived them all over again. He was thus
+engaged in July, 1914, when the war clouds began to gather, and when
+the fateful news of the 4th of August reached us, we immediately left
+our retreat in the hills and returned to Skibo to be more in touch
+with the situation.
+
+These memoirs ended at that time. Henceforth he was never able to
+interest himself in private affairs. Many times he made the attempt to
+continue writing, but found it useless. Until then he had lived the
+life of a man in middle life--and a young one at that--golfing,
+fishing, swimming each day, sometimes doing all three in one day.
+Optimist as he always was and tried to be, even in the face of the
+failure of his hopes, the world disaster was too much. His heart was
+broken. A severe attack of influenza followed by two serious attacks
+of pneumonia precipitated old age upon him.
+
+It was said of a contemporary who passed away a few months before Mr.
+Carnegie that "he never could have borne the burden of old age."
+Perhaps the most inspiring part of Mr. Carnegie's life, to those who
+were privileged to know it intimately, was the way he bore his "burden
+of old age." Always patient, considerate, cheerful, grateful for any
+little pleasure or service, never thinking of himself, but always of
+the dawning of the better day, his spirit ever shone brighter and
+brighter until "he was not, for God took him."
+
+Written with his own hand on the fly-leaf of his manuscript are these
+words: "It is probable that material for a small volume might be
+collected from these memoirs which the public would care to read, and
+that a private and larger volume might please my relatives and
+friends. Much I have written from time to time may, I think, wisely be
+omitted. Whoever arranges these notes should be careful not to burden
+the public with too much. A man with a heart as well as a head should
+be chosen."
+
+Who, then, could so well fill this description as our friend Professor
+John C. Van Dyke? When the manuscript was shown to him, he remarked,
+without having read Mr. Carnegie's notation, "It would be a labor of
+love to prepare this for publication." Here, then, the choice was
+mutual, and the manner in which he has performed this "labor" proves
+the wisdom of the choice--a choice made and carried out in the name of
+a rare and beautiful friendship.
+
+LOUISE WHITFIELD CARNEGIE
+
+_New York_
+     _April 16, 1920_
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S NOTE
+
+
+The story of a man's life, especially when it is told by the man
+himself, should not be interrupted by the hecklings of an editor. He
+should be allowed to tell the tale in his own way, and enthusiasm,
+even extravagance in recitation should be received as a part of the
+story. The quality of the man may underlie exuberance of spirit, as
+truth may be found in apparent exaggeration. Therefore, in preparing
+these chapters for publication the editor has done little more than
+arrange the material chronologically and sequentially so that the
+narrative might run on unbrokenly to the end. Some footnotes by way of
+explanation, some illustrations that offer sight-help to the text,
+have been added; but the narrative is the thing.
+
+This is neither the time nor the place to characterize or eulogize the
+maker of "this strange eventful history," but perhaps it is worth
+while to recognize that the history really was eventful. And strange.
+Nothing stranger ever came out of the _Arabian Nights_ than the story
+of this poor Scotch boy who came to America and step by step, through
+many trials and triumphs, became the great steel master, built up a
+colossal industry, amassed an enormous fortune, and then deliberately
+and systematically gave away the whole of it for the enlightenment and
+betterment of mankind. Not only that. He established a gospel of
+wealth that can be neither ignored nor forgotten, and set a pace in
+distribution that succeeding millionaires have followed as a
+precedent. In the course of his career he became a nation-builder, a
+leader in thought, a writer, a speaker, the friend of workmen,
+schoolmen, and statesmen, the associate of both the lowly and the
+lofty. But these were merely interesting happenings in his life as
+compared with his great inspirations--his distribution of wealth, his
+passion for world peace, and his love for mankind.
+
+Perhaps we are too near this history to see it in proper proportions,
+but in the time to come it should gain in perspective and in interest.
+The generations hereafter may realize the wonder of it more fully than
+we of to-day. Happily it is preserved to us, and that, too, in Mr.
+Carnegie's own words and in his own buoyant style. It is a very
+memorable record--a record perhaps the like of which we shall not look
+upon again.
+
+JOHN C. VAN DYKE
+
+_New York_
+     _August, 1920_
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+     I. PARENTS AND CHILDHOOD                                1
+
+    II. DUNFERMLINE AND AMERICA                             20
+
+   III. PITTSBURGH AND WORK                                 32
+
+    IV. COLONEL ANDERSON AND BOOKS                          45
+
+     V. THE TELEGRAPH OFFICE                                54
+
+    VI. RAILROAD SERVICE                                    65
+
+   VII. SUPERINTENDENT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA                  84
+
+  VIII. CIVIL WAR PERIOD                                    99
+
+    IX. BRIDGE-BUILDING                                    115
+
+     X. THE IRON WORKS                                     130
+
+    XI. NEW YORK AS HEADQUARTERS                           149
+
+   XII. BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS                              167
+
+  XIII. THE AGE OF STEEL                                   181
+
+   XIV. PARTNERS, BOOKS, AND TRAVEL                        198
+
+    XV. COACHING TRIP AND MARRIAGE                         210
+
+   XVI. MILLS AND THE MEN                                  220
+
+  XVII. THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE                               228
+
+ XVIII. PROBLEMS OF LABOR                                  240
+
+   XIX. THE "GOSPEL OF WEALTH"                             255
+
+    XX. EDUCATIONAL AND PENSION FUNDS                      268
+
+   XXI. THE PEACE PALACE AND PITTENCRIEFF                  282
+
+  XXII. MATTHEW ARNOLD AND OTHERS                          298
+
+ XXIII. BRITISH POLITICAL LEADERS                          309
+
+  XXIV. GLADSTONE AND MORLEY                               318
+
+   XXV. HERBERT SPENCER AND HIS DISCIPLE                   333
+
+  XXVI. BLAINE AND HARRISON                                341
+
+ XXVII. WASHINGTON DIPLOMACY                               350
+
+XXVIII. HAY AND MCKINLEY                                   358
+
+  XXIX. MEETING THE GERMAN EMPEROR                         366
+
+        BIBLIOGRAPHY                                       373
+
+        INDEX                                              377
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE                    _Photogravure frontispiece_
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE'S BIRTHPLACE                                 2
+
+DUNFERMLINE ABBEY                                            6
+
+MR. CARNEGIE'S MOTHER                                       22
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE AT SIXTEEN WITH HIS BROTHER THOMAS          30
+
+DAVID MCCARGO                                               38
+
+ROBERT PITCAIRN                                             42
+
+COLONEL JAMES ANDERSON                                      46
+
+HENRY PHIPPS                                                58
+
+THOMAS A. SCOTT                                             72
+
+JOHN EDGAR THOMSON                                          72
+
+THOMAS MORRISON CARNEGIE                                   118
+
+GEORGE LAUDER                                              144
+
+JUNIUS SPENCER MORGAN                                      156
+
+JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN                                       172
+
+AN AMERICAN FOUR-IN-HAND IN BRITAIN                        210
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE (ABOUT 1878)                               214
+
+MRS. ANDREW CARNEGIE                                       218
+
+MARGARET CARNEGIE AT FIFTEEN                               240
+
+CHARLES M. SCHWAB                                          256
+
+THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE AT PITTSBURGH                       262
+
+MR. CARNEGIE AND VISCOUNT BRYCE                            270
+
+MATTHEW ARNOLD                                             298
+
+WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE                                       318
+
+VISCOUNT MORLEY OF BLACKBURN                               322
+
+MR. CARNEGIE AND VISCOUNT MORLEY                           326
+
+THE CARNEGIE FAMILY AT SKIBO                               326
+
+HERBERT SPENCER                                            334
+
+JAMES G. BLAINE                                            342
+
+SKIBO CASTLE                                               356
+
+MR. CARNEGIE AT SKIBO, 1914                                370
+
+
+
+
+AUTOBIOGRAPHY
+
+OF
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+PARENTS AND CHILDHOOD
+
+
+If the story of any man's life, truly told, must be interesting, as
+some sage avers, those of my relatives and immediate friends who have
+insisted upon having an account of mine may not be unduly disappointed
+with this result. I may console myself with the assurance that such a
+story must interest at least a certain number of people who have known
+me, and that knowledge will encourage me to proceed.
+
+A book of this kind, written years ago by my friend, Judge Mellon, of
+Pittsburgh, gave me so much pleasure that I am inclined to agree with
+the wise one whose opinion I have given above; for, certainly, the
+story which the Judge told has proved a source of infinite
+satisfaction to his friends, and must continue to influence succeeding
+generations of his family to live life well. And not only this; to
+some beyond his immediate circle it holds rank with their favorite
+authors. The book contains one essential feature of value--it reveals
+the man. It was written without any intention of attracting public
+notice, being designed only for his family. In like manner I intend to
+tell my story, not as one posturing before the public, but as in the
+midst of my own people and friends, tried and true, to whom I can
+speak with the utmost freedom, feeling that even trifling incidents
+may not be wholly destitute of interest for them.
+
+To begin, then, I was born in Dunfermline, in the attic of the small
+one-story house, corner of Moodie Street and Priory Lane, on the 25th
+of November, 1835, and, as the saying is, "of poor but honest parents,
+of good kith and kin." Dunfermline had long been noted as the center
+of the damask trade in Scotland.[1] My father, William Carnegie, was a
+damask weaver, the son of Andrew Carnegie after whom I was named.
+
+[Footnote 1: The Eighteenth-Century Carnegies lived at the picturesque
+hamlet of Patiemuir, two miles south of Dunfermline. The growing
+importance of the linen industry in Dunfermline finally led the
+Carnegies to move to that town.]
+
+My Grandfather Carnegie was well known throughout the district for his
+wit and humor, his genial nature and irrepressible spirits. He was
+head of the lively ones of his day, and known far and near as the
+chief of their joyous club--"Patiemuir College." Upon my return to
+Dunfermline, after an absence of fourteen years, I remember being
+approached by an old man who had been told that I was the grandson of
+the "Professor," my grandfather's title among his cronies. He was the
+very picture of palsied eld;
+
+    "His nose and chin they threatened ither."
+
+As he tottered across the room toward me and laid his trembling hand
+upon my head he said: "And ye are the grandson o' Andra Carnegie! Eh,
+mon, I ha'e seen the day when your grandfaither and I could ha'e
+hallooed ony reasonable man oot o' his jidgment."
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE'S BIRTHPLACE]
+
+Several other old people of Dunfermline told me stories of my
+grandfather. Here is one of them:
+
+One Hogmanay night[2] an old wifey, quite a character in the
+village, being surprised by a disguised face suddenly thrust in at the
+window, looked up and after a moment's pause exclaimed, "Oh, it's jist
+that daft callant Andra Carnegie." She was right; my grandfather at
+seventy-five was out frightening his old lady friends, disguised like
+other frolicking youngsters.
+
+[Footnote 2: The 31st of December.]
+
+I think my optimistic nature, my ability to shed trouble and to laugh
+through life, making "all my ducks swans," as friends say I do, must
+have been inherited from this delightful old masquerading grandfather
+whose name I am proud to bear.[3] A sunny disposition is worth more
+than fortune. Young people should know that it can be cultivated; that
+the mind like the body can be moved from the shade into sunshine. Let
+us move it then. Laugh trouble away if possible, and one usually can
+if he be anything of a philosopher, provided that self-reproach comes
+not from his own wrongdoing. That always remains. There is no washing
+out of these "damned spots." The judge within sits in the supreme
+court and can never be cheated. Hence the grand rule of life which
+Burns gives:
+
+    "Thine own reproach alone do fear."
+
+[Footnote 3: "There is no sign that Andrew, though he prospered in his
+wooing, was specially successful in acquisition of worldly gear.
+Otherwise, however, he became an outstanding character not only in the
+village, but in the adjoining city and district. A 'brainy' man who
+read and thought for himself he became associated with the radical
+weavers of Dunfermline, who in Patiemuir formed a meeting-place which
+they named a college (Andrew was the 'Professor' of it)." (_Andrew
+Carnegie: His Dunfermline Ties and Benefactions_, by J.B. Mackie,
+F.J.I.)]
+
+This motto adopted early in life has been more to me than all the
+sermons I ever heard, and I have heard not a few, although I may admit
+resemblance to my old friend Baillie Walker in my mature years. He was
+asked by his doctor about his sleep and replied that it was far from
+satisfactory, he was very wakeful, adding with a twinkle in his eye:
+"But I get a bit fine doze i' the kirk noo and then."
+
+On my mother's side the grandfather was even more marked, for my
+grandfather Thomas Morrison was a friend of William Cobbett, a
+contributor to his "Register," and in constant correspondence with
+him. Even as I write, in Dunfermline old men who knew Grandfather
+Morrison speak of him as one of the finest orators and ablest men they
+have known. He was publisher of "The Precursor," a small edition it
+might be said of Cobbett's "Register," and thought to have been the
+first radical paper in Scotland. I have read some of his writings, and
+in view of the importance now given to technical education, I think
+the most remarkable of them is a pamphlet which he published
+seventy-odd years ago entitled "Head-ication versus Hand-ication." It
+insists upon the importance of the latter in a manner that would
+reflect credit upon the strongest advocate of technical education
+to-day. It ends with these words, "I thank God that in my youth I
+learned to make and mend shoes." Cobbett published it in the
+"Register" in 1833, remarking editorially, "One of the most valuable
+communications ever published in the 'Register' upon the subject, is
+that of our esteemed friend and correspondent in Scotland, Thomas
+Morrison, which appears in this issue." So it seems I come by my
+scribbling propensities by inheritance--from both sides, for the
+Carnegies were also readers and thinkers.
+
+My Grandfather Morrison was a born orator, a keen politician, and the
+head of the advanced wing of the radical party in the district--a
+position which his son, my Uncle Bailie Morrison, occupied as his
+successor. More than one well-known Scotsman in America has called
+upon me, to shake hands with "the grandson of Thomas Morrison." Mr.
+Farmer, president of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company,
+once said to me, "I owe all that I have of learning and culture to the
+influence of your grandfather"; and Ebenezer Henderson, author of the
+remarkable history of Dunfermline, stated that he largely owed his
+advancement in life to the fortunate fact that while a boy he entered
+my grandfather's service.
+
+I have not passed so far through life without receiving some
+compliments, but I think nothing of a complimentary character has ever
+pleased me so much as this from a writer in a Glasgow newspaper, who
+had been a listener to a speech on Home Rule in America which I
+delivered in Saint Andrew's Hall. The correspondent wrote that much
+was then being said in Scotland with regard to myself and family and
+especially my grandfather Thomas Morrison, and he went on to say,
+"Judge my surprise when I found in the grandson on the platform, in
+manner, gesture and appearance, a perfect _facsimile_ of the Thomas
+Morrison of old."
+
+My surprising likeness to my grandfather, whom I do not remember to
+have ever seen, cannot be doubted, because I remember well upon my
+first return to Dunfermline in my twenty-seventh year, while sitting
+upon a sofa with my Uncle Bailie Morrison, that his big black eyes
+filled with tears. He could not speak and rushed out of the room
+overcome. Returning after a time he explained that something in me now
+and then flashed before him his father, who would instantly vanish but
+come back at intervals. Some gesture it was, but what precisely he
+could not make out. My mother continually noticed in me some of my
+grandfather's peculiarities. The doctrine of inherited tendencies is
+proved every day and hour, but how subtle is the law which transmits
+gesture, something as it were beyond the material body. I was deeply
+impressed.
+
+My Grandfather Morrison married Miss Hodge, of Edinburgh, a lady in
+education, manners, and position, who died while the family was still
+young. At this time he was in good circumstances, a leather merchant
+conducting the tanning business in Dunfermline; but the peace after
+the Battle of Waterloo involved him in ruin, as it did thousands; so
+that while my Uncle Bailie, the eldest son, had been brought up in
+what might be termed luxury, for he had a pony to ride, the younger
+members of the family encountered other and harder days.
+
+The second daughter, Margaret, was my mother, about whom I cannot
+trust myself to speak at length. She inherited from her mother the
+dignity, refinement, and air of the cultivated lady. Perhaps some day
+I may be able to tell the world something of this heroine, but I doubt
+it. I feel her to be sacred to myself and not for others to know. None
+could ever really know her--I alone did that. After my father's early
+death she was all my own. The dedication of my first book[4] tells the
+story. It was: "To my favorite Heroine My Mother."
+
+[Footnote 4: _An American Four-in-Hand in Great Britain._ New York,
+1888.]
+
+[Illustration: DUNFERMLINE ABBEY]
+
+Fortunate in my ancestors I was supremely so in my birthplace. Where
+one is born is very important, for different surroundings and
+traditions appeal to and stimulate different latent tendencies in the
+child. Ruskin truly observes that every bright boy in Edinburgh is
+influenced by the sight of the Castle. So is the child of Dunfermline,
+by its noble Abbey, the Westminster of Scotland, founded early in the
+eleventh century (1070) by Malcolm Canmore and his Queen Margaret,
+Scotland's patron saint. The ruins of the great monastery and of
+the Palace where kings were born still stand, and there, too, is
+Pittencrieff Glen, embracing Queen Margaret's shrine and the ruins of
+King Malcolm's Tower, with which the old ballad of "Sir Patrick Spens"
+begins:
+
+    "The King sits in Dunfermline _tower_,[5]
+    Drinking the bluid red wine."
+
+[Footnote 5: _The Percy Reliques_ and _The Oxford Book of Ballads_
+give "town" instead of "tower"; but Mr. Carnegie insisted that it
+should be "tower."]
+
+The tomb of The Bruce is in the center of the Abbey, Saint Margaret's
+tomb is near, and many of the "royal folk" lie sleeping close around.
+Fortunate, indeed, the child who first sees the light in that romantic
+town, which occupies high ground three miles north of the Firth of
+Forth, overlooking the sea, with Edinburgh in sight to the south, and
+to the north the peaks of the Ochils clearly in view. All is still
+redolent of the mighty past when Dunfermline was both nationally and
+religiously the capital of Scotland.
+
+The child privileged to develop amid such surroundings absorbs poetry
+and romance with the air he breathes, assimilates history and
+tradition as he gazes around. These become to him his real world in
+childhood--the ideal is the ever-present real. The actual has yet to
+come when, later in life, he is launched into the workaday world of
+stern reality. Even then, and till his last day, the early impressions
+remain, sometimes for short seasons disappearing perchance, but only
+apparently driven away or suppressed. They are always rising and
+coming again to the front to exert their influence, to elevate his
+thought and color his life. No bright child of Dunfermline can escape
+the influence of the Abbey, Palace, and Glen. These touch him and set
+fire to the latent spark within, making him something different and
+beyond what, less happily born, he would have become. Under these
+inspiring conditions my parents had also been born, and hence came, I
+doubt not, the potency of the romantic and poetic strain which
+pervaded both.
+
+As my father succeeded in the weaving business we removed from Moodie
+Street to a much more commodious house in Reid's Park. My father's
+four or five looms occupied the lower story; we resided in the upper,
+which was reached, after a fashion common in the older Scottish
+houses, by outside stairs from the pavement. It is here that my
+earliest recollections begin, and, strangely enough, the first trace
+of memory takes me back to a day when I saw a small map of America. It
+was upon rollers and about two feet square. Upon this my father,
+mother, Uncle William, and Aunt Aitken were looking for Pittsburgh and
+pointing out Lake Erie and Niagara. Soon after my uncle and Aunt
+Aitken sailed for the land of promise.
+
+At this time I remember my cousin-brother, George Lauder ("Dod"), and
+myself were deeply impressed with the great danger overhanging us
+because a lawless flag was secreted in the garret. It had been painted
+to be carried, and I believe was carried by my father, or uncle, or
+some other good radical of our family, in a procession during the Corn
+Law agitation. There had been riots in the town and a troop of cavalry
+was quartered in the Guildhall. My grandfathers and uncles on both
+sides, and my father, had been foremost in addressing meetings, and
+the whole family circle was in a ferment.
+
+I remember as if it were yesterday being awakened during the night by
+a tap at the back window by men who had come to inform my parents that
+my uncle, Bailie Morrison, had been thrown into jail because he had
+dared to hold a meeting which had been forbidden. The sheriff with the
+aid of the soldiers had arrested him a few miles from the town where
+the meeting had been held, and brought him into the town during the
+night, followed by an immense throng of people.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: At the opening of the Lauder Technical School in October,
+1880, nearly half a century after the disquieting scenes of 1842, Mr.
+Carnegie thus recalled the shock which was given to his boy mind: "One
+of my earliest recollections is that of being wakened in the darkness
+to be told that my Uncle Morrison was in jail. Well, it is one of the
+proudest boasts I can make to-day to be able to say that I had an
+uncle who was in jail. But, ladies and gentlemen, my uncle went to
+jail to vindicate the rights of public assembly." (Mackie.)]
+
+Serious trouble was feared, for the populace threatened to rescue him,
+and, as we learned afterwards, he had been induced by the provost of
+the town to step forward to a window overlooking the High Street and
+beg the people to retire. This he did, saying: "If there be a friend
+of the good cause here to-night, let him fold his arms." They did so.
+And then, after a pause, he said, "Now depart in peace!"[7] My uncle,
+like all our family, was a moral-force man and strong for obedience to
+law, but radical to the core and an intense admirer of the American
+Republic.
+
+[Footnote 7: "The Crown agents wisely let the proceedings lapse....
+Mr. Morrison was given a gratifying assurance of the appreciation of
+his fellow citizens by his election to the Council and his elevation
+to the Magisterial Bench, followed shortly after by his appointment to
+the office of Burgh Chamberlain. The patriotic reformer whom the
+criminal authorities endeavored to convict as a law-breaker became by
+the choice of his fellow citizens a Magistrate, and was further given
+a certificate for trustworthiness and integrity." (Mackie.)]
+
+One may imagine when all this was going on in public how bitter were
+the words that passed from one to the other in private. The
+denunciations of monarchical and aristocratic government, of privilege
+in all its forms, the grandeur of the republican system, the
+superiority of America, a land peopled by our own race, a home for
+freemen in which every citizen's privilege was every man's
+right--these were the exciting themes upon which I was nurtured. As a
+child I could have slain king, duke, or lord, and considered their
+deaths a service to the state and hence an heroic act.
+
+Such is the influence of childhood's earliest associations that it was
+long before I could trust myself to speak respectfully of any
+privileged class or person who had not distinguished himself in some
+good way and therefore earned the right to public respect. There was
+still the sneer behind for mere pedigree--"he is nothing, has done
+nothing, only an accident, a fraud strutting in borrowed plumes; all
+he has to his account is the accident of birth; the most fruitful part
+of his family, as with the potato, lies underground." I wondered that
+intelligent men could live where another human being was born to a
+privilege which was not also their birthright. I was never tired of
+quoting the only words which gave proper vent to my indignation:
+
+    "There was a Brutus once that would have brooked
+    Th' eternal devil to keep his state in Rome
+    As easily as a king."
+
+But then kings were kings, not mere shadows. All this was inherited,
+of course. I only echoed what I heard at home.
+
+Dunfermline has long been renowned as perhaps the most radical town in
+the Kingdom, although I know Paisley has claims. This is all the more
+creditable to the cause of radicalism because in the days of which I
+speak the population of Dunfermline was in large part composed of men
+who were small manufacturers, each owning his own loom or looms. They
+were not tied down to regular hours, their labors being piece work.
+They got webs from the larger manufacturers and the weaving was done
+at home.
+
+These were times of intense political excitement, and there was
+frequently seen throughout the entire town, for a short time after the
+midday meal, small groups of men with their aprons girt about them
+discussing affairs of state. The names of Hume, Cobden, and Bright
+were upon every one's tongue. I was often attracted, small as I was,
+to these circles and was an earnest listener to the conversation,
+which was wholly one-sided. The generally accepted conclusion was that
+there must be a change. Clubs were formed among the townsfolk, and the
+London newspapers were subscribed for. The leading editorials were
+read every evening to the people, strangely enough, from one of the
+pulpits of the town. My uncle, Bailie Morrison, was often the reader,
+and, as the articles were commented upon by him and others after being
+read, the meetings were quite exciting.
+
+These political meetings were of frequent occurrence, and, as might be
+expected, I was as deeply interested as any of the family and attended
+many. One of my uncles or my father was generally to be heard. I
+remember one evening my father addressed a large outdoor meeting in
+the Pends. I had wedged my way in under the legs of the hearers, and
+at one cheer louder than all the rest I could not restrain my
+enthusiasm. Looking up to the man under whose legs I had found
+protection I informed him that was my father speaking. He lifted me on
+his shoulder and kept me there.
+
+To another meeting I was taken by my father to hear John Bright, who
+spoke in favor of J.B. Smith as the Liberal candidate for the Stirling
+Burghs. I made the criticism at home that Mr. Bright did not speak
+correctly, as he said "men" when he meant "maan." He did not give the
+broad _a_ we were accustomed to in Scotland. It is not to be wondered
+at that, nursed amid such surroundings, I developed into a violent
+young Republican whose motto was "death to privilege." At that time I
+did not know what privilege meant, but my father did.
+
+One of my Uncle Lauder's best stories was about this same J.B. Smith,
+the friend of John Bright, who was standing for Parliament in
+Dunfermline. Uncle was a member of his Committee and all went well
+until it was proclaimed that Smith was a "Unitawrian." The district
+was placarded with the enquiry: Would you vote for a "Unitawrian"? It
+was serious. The Chairman of Smith's Committee in the village of
+Cairney Hill, a blacksmith, was reported as having declared he never
+would. Uncle drove over to remonstrate with him. They met in the
+village tavern over a gill:
+
+"Man, I canna vote for a Unitawrian," said the Chairman.
+
+"But," said my uncle, "Maitland [the opposing candidate] is a
+Trinitawrian."
+
+"Damn; that's waur," was the response.
+
+And the blacksmith voted right. Smith won by a small majority.
+
+The change from hand-loom to steam-loom weaving was disastrous to our
+family. My father did not recognize the impending revolution, and was
+struggling under the old system. His looms sank greatly in value, and
+it became necessary for that power which never failed in any
+emergency--my mother--to step forward and endeavor to repair the
+family fortune. She opened a small shop in Moodie Street and
+contributed to the revenues which, though slender, nevertheless at
+that time sufficed to keep us in comfort and "respectable."
+
+I remember that shortly after this I began to learn what poverty
+meant. Dreadful days came when my father took the last of his webs to
+the great manufacturer, and I saw my mother anxiously awaiting his
+return to know whether a new web was to be obtained or that a period
+of idleness was upon us. It was burnt into my heart then that my
+father, though neither "abject, mean, nor vile," as Burns has it, had
+nevertheless to
+
+    "Beg a brother of the earth
+    To give him leave to toil."
+
+And then and there came the resolve that I would cure that when I got
+to be a man. We were not, however, reduced to anything like poverty
+compared with many of our neighbors. I do not know to what lengths of
+privation my mother would not have gone that she might see her two
+boys wearing large white collars, and trimly dressed.
+
+In an incautious moment my parents had promised that I should never be
+sent to school until I asked leave to go. This promise I afterward
+learned began to give them considerable uneasiness because as I grew
+up I showed no disposition to ask. The schoolmaster, Mr. Robert
+Martin, was applied to and induced to take some notice of me. He took
+me upon an excursion one day with some of my companions who attended
+school, and great relief was experienced by my parents when one day
+soon afterward I came and asked for permission to go to Mr. Martin's
+school.[8] I need not say the permission was duly granted. I had then
+entered upon my eighth year, which subsequent experience leads me to
+say is quite early enough for any child to begin attending school.
+
+[Footnote 8: It was known as Rolland School.]
+
+The school was a perfect delight to me, and if anything occurred which
+prevented my attendance I was unhappy. This happened every now and
+then because my morning duty was to bring water from the well at the
+head of Moodie Street. The supply was scanty and irregular. Sometimes
+it was not allowed to run until late in the morning and a score of old
+wives were sitting around, the turn of each having been previously
+secured through the night by placing a worthless can in the line.
+This, as might be expected, led to numerous contentions in which I
+would not be put down even by these venerable old dames. I earned the
+reputation of being "an awfu' laddie." In this way I probably
+developed the strain of argumentativeness, or perhaps combativeness,
+which has always remained with me.
+
+In the performance of these duties I was often late for school, but
+the master, knowing the cause, forgave the lapses. In the same
+connection I may mention that I had often the shop errands to run
+after school, so that in looking back upon my life I have the
+satisfaction of feeling that I became useful to my parents even at the
+early age of ten. Soon after that the accounts of the various people
+who dealt with the shop were entrusted to my keeping so that I became
+acquainted, in a small way, with business affairs even in childhood.
+
+One cause of misery there was, however, in my school experience. The
+boys nicknamed me "Martin's pet," and sometimes called out that
+dreadful epithet to me as I passed along the street. I did not know
+all that it meant, but it seemed to me a term of the utmost
+opprobrium, and I know that it kept me from responding as freely as I
+should otherwise have done to that excellent teacher, my only
+schoolmaster, to whom I owe a debt of gratitude which I regret I never
+had opportunity to do more than acknowledge before he died.
+
+I may mention here a man whose influence over me cannot be
+overestimated, my Uncle Lauder, George Lauder's father.[9] My father
+was necessarily constantly at work in the loom shop and had little
+leisure to bestow upon me through the day. My uncle being a shopkeeper
+in the High Street was not thus tied down. Note the location, for this
+was among the shopkeeping aristocracy, and high and varied degrees of
+aristocracy there were even among shopkeepers in Dunfermline. Deeply
+affected by my Aunt Seaton's death, which occurred about the beginning
+of my school life, he found his chief solace in the companionship of
+his only son, George, and myself. He possessed an extraordinary gift
+of dealing with children and taught us many things. Among others I
+remember how he taught us British history by imagining each of the
+monarchs in a certain place upon the walls of the room performing the
+act for which he was well known. Thus for me King John sits to this
+day above the mantelpiece signing the Magna Charta, and Queen Victoria
+is on the back of the door with her children on her knee.
+
+[Footnote 9: The Lauder Technical College given by Mr. Carnegie to
+Dunfermline was named in honor of this uncle, George Lauder.]
+
+It may be taken for granted that the omission which, years after, I
+found in the Chapter House at Westminster Abbey was fully supplied in
+our list of monarchs. A slab in a small chapel at Westminster says
+that the body of Oliver Cromwell was removed from there. In the list
+of the monarchs which I learned at my uncle's knee the grand
+republican monarch appeared writing his message to the Pope of Rome,
+informing His Holiness that "if he did not cease persecuting the
+Protestants the thunder of Great Britain's cannon would be heard in
+the Vatican." It is needless to say that the estimate we formed of
+Cromwell was that he was worth them "a' thegither."
+
+It was from my uncle I learned all that I know of the early history of
+Scotland--of Wallace and Bruce and Burns, of Blind Harry's history, of
+Scott, Ramsey, Tannahill, Hogg, and Fergusson. I can truly say in the
+words of Burns that there was then and there created in me a vein of
+Scottish prejudice (or patriotism) which will cease to exist only with
+life. Wallace, of course, was our hero. Everything heroic centered in
+him. Sad was the day when a wicked big boy at school told me that
+England was far larger than Scotland. I went to the uncle, who had the
+remedy.
+
+"Not at all, Naig; if Scotland were rolled out flat as England,
+Scotland would be the larger, but would you have the Highlands rolled
+down?"
+
+Oh, never! There was balm in Gilead for the wounded young patriot.
+Later the greater population of England was forced upon me, and again
+to the uncle I went.
+
+"Yes, Naig, seven to one, but there were more than that odds against
+us at Bannockburn." And again there was joy in my heart--joy that
+there were more English men there since the glory was the greater.
+
+This is something of a commentary upon the truth that war breeds war,
+that every battle sows the seeds of future battles, and that thus
+nations become traditional enemies. The experience of American boys is
+that of the Scotch. They grow up to read of Washington and Valley
+Forge, of Hessians hired to kill Americans, and they come to hate the
+very name of Englishman. Such was my experience with my American
+nephews. Scotland was all right, but England that had fought Scotland
+was the wicked partner. Not till they became men was the prejudice
+eradicated, and even yet some of it may linger.
+
+Uncle Lauder has told me since that he often brought people into the
+room assuring them that he could make "Dod" (George Lauder) and me
+weep, laugh, or close our little fists ready to fight--in short, play
+upon all our moods through the influence of poetry and song. The
+betrayal of Wallace was his trump card which never failed to cause our
+little hearts to sob, a complete breakdown being the invariable
+result. Often as he told the story it never lost its hold. No doubt it
+received from time to time new embellishments. My uncle's stories
+never wanted "the hat and the stick" which Scott gave his. How
+wonderful is the influence of a hero upon children!
+
+I spent many hours and evenings in the High Street with my uncle and
+"Dod," and thus began a lifelong brotherly alliance between the latter
+and myself. "Dod" and "Naig" we always were in the family. I could not
+say "George" in infancy and he could not get more than "Naig" out of
+Carnegie, and it has always been "Dod" and "Naig" with us. No other
+names would mean anything.
+
+There were two roads by which to return from my uncle's house in the
+High Street to my home in Moodie Street at the foot of the town, one
+along the eerie churchyard of the Abbey among the dead, where there
+was no light; and the other along the lighted streets by way of the
+May Gate. When it became necessary for me to go home, my uncle, with a
+wicked pleasure, would ask which way I was going. Thinking what
+Wallace would do, I always replied I was going by the Abbey. I have
+the satisfaction of believing that never, not even upon one occasion,
+did I yield to the temptation to take the other turn and follow the
+lamps at the junction of the May Gate. I often passed along that
+churchyard and through the dark arch of the Abbey with my heart in my
+mouth. Trying to whistle and keep up my courage, I would plod through
+the darkness, falling back in all emergencies upon the thought of what
+Wallace would have done if he had met with any foe, natural or
+supernatural.
+
+King Robert the Bruce never got justice from my cousin or myself in
+childhood. It was enough for us that he was a king while Wallace was
+the man of the people. Sir John Graham was our second. The intensity
+of a Scottish boy's patriotism, reared as I was, constitutes a real
+force in his life to the very end. If the source of my stock of that
+prime article--courage--were studied, I am sure the final analysis
+would find it founded upon Wallace, the hero of Scotland. It is a
+tower of strength for a boy to have a hero.
+
+It gave me a pang to find when I reached America that there was any
+other country which pretended to have anything to be proud of. What
+was a country without Wallace, Bruce, and Burns? I find in the
+untraveled Scotsman of to-day something still of this feeling. It
+remains for maturer years and wider knowledge to tell us that every
+nation has its heroes, its romance, its traditions, and its
+achievements; and while the true Scotsman will not find reason in
+after years to lower the estimate he has formed of his own country and
+of its position even among the larger nations of the earth, he will
+find ample reason to raise his opinion of other nations because they
+all have much to be proud of--quite enough to stimulate their sons so
+to act their parts as not to disgrace the land that gave them birth.
+
+It was years before I could feel that the new land could be anything
+but a temporary abode. My heart was in Scotland. I resembled Principal
+Peterson's little boy who, when in Canada, in reply to a question,
+said he liked Canada "very well for a visit, but he could never live
+so far away from the remains of Bruce and Wallace."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+DUNFERMLINE AND AMERICA
+
+
+My good Uncle Lauder justly set great value upon recitation in
+education, and many were the pennies which Dod and I received for
+this. In our little frocks or shirts, our sleeves rolled up, paper
+helmets and blackened faces, with laths for swords, my cousin and
+myself were kept constantly reciting Norval and Glenalvon, Roderick
+Dhu and James Fitz-James to our schoolmates and often to the older
+people.
+
+I remember distinctly that in the celebrated dialogue between Norval
+and Glenalvon we had some qualms about repeating the phrase,--"and
+false as _hell_." At first we made a slight cough over the
+objectionable word which always created amusement among the
+spectators. It was a great day for us when my uncle persuaded us that
+we could say "hell" without swearing. I am afraid we practiced it very
+often. I always played the part of Glenalvon and made a great mouthful
+of the word. It had for me the wonderful fascination attributed to
+forbidden fruit. I can well understand the story of Marjory Fleming,
+who being cross one morning when Walter Scott called and asked how she
+was, answered:
+
+"I am very cross this morning, Mr. Scott. I just want to say 'damn'
+[with a swing], but I winna."
+
+Thereafter the expression of the one fearful word was a great point.
+Ministers could say "damnation" in the pulpit without sin, and so we,
+too, had full range on "hell" in recitation. Another passage made a
+deep impression. In the fight between Norval and Glenalvon, Norval
+says, "When we contend again our strife is mortal." Using these words
+in an article written for the "North American Review" in 1897, my
+uncle came across them and immediately sat down and wrote me from
+Dunfermline that he knew where I had found the words. He was the only
+man living who did.
+
+My power to memorize must have been greatly strengthened by the mode
+of teaching adopted by my uncle. I cannot name a more important means
+of benefiting young people than encouraging them to commit favorite
+pieces to memory and recite them often. Anything which pleased me I
+could learn with a rapidity which surprised partial friends. I could
+memorize anything whether it pleased me or not, but if it did not
+impress me strongly it passed away in a few hours.
+
+One of the trials of my boy's life at school in Dunfermline was
+committing to memory two double verses of the Psalms which I had to
+recite daily. My plan was not to look at the psalm until I had started
+for school. It was not more than five or six minutes' slow walk, but I
+could readily master the task in that time, and, as the psalm was the
+first lesson, I was prepared and passed through the ordeal
+successfully. Had I been asked to repeat the psalm thirty minutes
+afterwards the attempt would, I fear, have ended in disastrous
+failure.
+
+The first penny I ever earned or ever received from any person beyond
+the family circle was one from my school-teacher, Mr. Martin, for
+repeating before the school Burns's poem, "Man was made to Mourn." In
+writing this I am reminded that in later years, dining with Mr. John
+Morley in London, the conversation turned upon the life of Wordsworth,
+and Mr. Morley said he had been searching his Burns for the poem to
+"Old Age," so much extolled by him, which he had not been able to find
+under that title. I had the pleasure of repeating part of it to him.
+He promptly handed me a second penny. Ah, great as Morley is, he
+wasn't my school-teacher, Mr. Martin--the first "great" man I ever
+knew. Truly great was he to me. But a hero surely is "Honest John"
+Morley.
+
+In religious matters we were not much hampered. While other boys and
+girls at school were compelled to learn the Shorter Catechism, Dod and
+I, by some arrangement the details of which I never clearly
+understood, were absolved. All of our family connections, Morrisons
+and Lauders, were advanced in their theological as in their political
+views, and had objections to the catechism, I have no doubt. We had
+not one orthodox Presbyterian in our family circle. My father, Uncle
+and Aunt Aitken, Uncle Lauder, and also my Uncle Carnegie, had fallen
+away from the tenets of Calvinism. At a later day most of them found
+refuge for a time in the doctrines of Swedenborg. My mother was always
+reticent upon religious subjects. She never mentioned these to me nor
+did she attend church, for she had no servant in those early days and
+did all the housework, including cooking our Sunday dinner. A great
+reader, always, Channing the Unitarian was in those days her special
+delight. She was a marvel!
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE'S MOTHER]
+
+During my childhood the atmosphere around me was in a state of violent
+disturbance in matters theological as well as political. Along with
+the most advanced ideas which were being agitated in the political
+world--the death of privilege, the equality of the citizen,
+Republicanism--I heard many disputations upon theological subjects
+which the impressionable child drank in to an extent quite unthought
+of by his elders. I well remember that the stern doctrines of
+Calvinism lay as a terrible nightmare upon me, but that state of mind
+was soon over, owing to the influences of which I have spoken. I
+grew up treasuring within me the fact that my father had risen and
+left the Presbyterian Church one day when the minister preached the
+doctrine of infant damnation. This was shortly after I had made my
+appearance.
+
+Father could not stand it and said: "If that be your religion and that
+your God, I seek a better religion and a nobler God." He left the
+Presbyterian Church never to return, but he did not cease to attend
+various other churches. I saw him enter the closet every morning to
+pray and that impressed me. He was indeed a saint and always remained
+devout. All sects became to him as agencies for good. He had
+discovered that theologies were many, but religion was one. I was
+quite satisfied that my father knew better than the minister, who
+pictured not the Heavenly Father, but the cruel avenger of the Old
+Testament--an "Eternal Torturer" as Andrew D. White ventures to call
+him in his autobiography. Fortunately this conception of the Unknown
+is now largely of the past.
+
+One of the chief enjoyments of my childhood was the keeping of pigeons
+and rabbits. I am grateful every time I think of the trouble my father
+took to build a suitable house for these pets. Our home became
+headquarters for my young companions. My mother was always looking to
+home influences as the best means of keeping her two boys in the right
+path. She used to say that the first step in this direction was to
+make home pleasant; and there was nothing she and my father would not
+do to please us and the neighbors' children who centered about us.
+
+My first business venture was securing my companions' services for a
+season as an employer, the compensation being that the young rabbits,
+when such came, should be named after them. The Saturday holiday was
+generally spent by my flock in gathering food for the rabbits. My
+conscience reproves me to-day, looking back, when I think of the hard
+bargain I drove with my young playmates, many of whom were content to
+gather dandelions and clover for a whole season with me, conditioned
+upon this unique reward--the poorest return ever made to labor. Alas!
+what else had I to offer them! Not a penny.
+
+I treasure the remembrance of this plan as the earliest evidence of
+organizing power upon the development of which my material success in
+life has hung--a success not to be attributed to what I have known or
+done myself, but to the faculty of knowing and choosing others who did
+know better than myself. Precious knowledge this for any man to
+possess. I did not understand steam machinery, but I tried to
+understand that much more complicated piece of mechanism--man.
+Stopping at a small Highland inn on our coaching trip in 1898, a
+gentleman came forward and introduced himself. He was Mr. MacIntosh,
+the great furniture manufacturer of Scotland--a fine character as I
+found out afterward. He said he had ventured to make himself known as
+he was one of the boys who had gathered, and sometimes he feared
+"conveyed," spoil for the rabbits, and had "one named after him." It
+may be imagined how glad I was to meet him--the only one of the rabbit
+boys I have met in after-life. I hope to keep his friendship to the
+last and see him often. [As I read this manuscript to-day, December 1,
+1913, I have a very precious note from him, recalling old times when
+we were boys together. He has a reply by this time that will warm his
+heart as his note did mine.]
+
+With the introduction and improvement of steam machinery, trade grew
+worse and worse in Dunfermline for the small manufacturers, and at
+last a letter was written to my mother's two sisters in Pittsburgh
+stating that the idea of our going to them was seriously
+entertained--not, as I remember hearing my parents say, to benefit
+their own condition, but for the sake of their two young sons.
+Satisfactory letters were received in reply. The decision was taken to
+sell the looms and furniture by auction. And my father's sweet voice
+sang often to mother, brother, and me:
+
+    "To the West, to the West, to the land of the free,
+    Where the mighty Missouri rolls down to the sea;
+    Where a man is a man even though he must toil
+    And the poorest may gather the fruits of the soil."
+
+The proceeds of the sale were most disappointing. The looms brought
+hardly anything, and the result was that twenty pounds more were
+needed to enable the family to pay passage to America. Here let me
+record an act of friendship performed by a lifelong companion of my
+mother--who always attracted stanch friends because she was so stanch
+herself--Mrs. Henderson, by birth Ella Ferguson, the name by which she
+was known in our family. She boldly ventured to advance the needful
+twenty pounds, my Uncles Lauder and Morrison guaranteeing repayment.
+Uncle Lauder also lent his aid and advice, managing all the details
+for us, and on the 17th day of May, 1848, we left Dunfermline. My
+father's age was then forty-three, my mother's thirty-three. I was in
+my thirteenth year, my brother Tom in his fifth year--a beautiful
+white-haired child with lustrous black eyes, who everywhere attracted
+attention.
+
+I had left school forever, with the exception of one winter's
+night-schooling in America, and later a French night-teacher for a
+time, and, strange to say, an elocutionist from whom I learned how to
+declaim. I could read, write, and cipher, and had begun the study of
+algebra and of Latin. A letter written to my Uncle Lauder during the
+voyage, and since returned, shows that I was then a better penman than
+now. I had wrestled with English grammar, and knew as little of what
+it was designed to teach as children usually do. I had read little
+except about Wallace, Bruce, and Burns; but knew many familiar pieces
+of poetry by heart. I should add to this the fairy tales of childhood,
+and especially the "Arabian Nights," by which I was carried into a new
+world. I was in dreamland as I devoured those stories.
+
+On the morning of the day we started from beloved Dunfermline, in the
+omnibus that ran upon the coal railroad to Charleston, I remember that
+I stood with tearful eyes looking out of the window until Dunfermline
+vanished from view, the last structure to fade being the grand and
+sacred old Abbey. During my first fourteen years of absence my thought
+was almost daily, as it was that morning, "When shall I see you
+again?" Few days passed in which I did not see in my mind's eye the
+talismanic letters on the Abbey tower--"King Robert The Bruce." All my
+recollections of childhood, all I knew of fairyland, clustered around
+the old Abbey and its curfew bell, which tolled at eight o'clock every
+evening and was the signal for me to run to bed before it stopped. I
+have referred to that bell in my "American Four-in-Hand in
+Britain"[10] when passing the Abbey and I may as well quote from it
+now:
+
+[Footnote 10: _An American Four-in-Hand in Britain_. New York, 1886.]
+
+     As we drove down the Pends I was standing on the front seat
+     of the coach with Provost Walls, when I heard the first toll
+     of the Abbey bell, tolled in honor of my mother and myself.
+     My knees sank from under me, the tears came rushing before I
+     knew it, and I turned round to tell the Provost that I must
+     give in. For a moment I felt as if I were about to faint.
+     Fortunately I saw that there was no crowd before us for a
+     little distance. I had time to regain control, and biting my
+     lips till they actually bled, I murmured to myself, "No
+     matter, keep cool, you must go on"; but never can there come
+     to my ears on earth, nor enter so deep into my soul, a sound
+     that shall haunt and subdue me with its sweet, gracious,
+     melting power as that did.
+
+     By that curfew bell I had been laid in my little couch to
+     sleep the sleep of childish innocence. Father and mother,
+     sometimes the one, sometimes the other, had told me as they
+     bent lovingly over me night after night, what that bell said
+     as it tolled. Many good words has that bell spoken to me
+     through their translations. No wrong thing did I do through
+     the day which that voice from all I knew of heaven and the
+     great Father there did not tell me kindly about ere I sank
+     to sleep, speaking the words so plainly that I knew that the
+     power that moved it had seen all and was not angry, never
+     angry, never, but so very, _very_ sorry. Nor is that bell
+     dumb to me to-day when I hear its voice. It still has its
+     message, and now it sounded to welcome back the exiled
+     mother and son under its precious care again.
+
+     The world has not within its power to devise, much less to
+     bestow upon us, such reward as that which the Abbey bell
+     gave when it tolled in our honor. But my brother Tom should
+     have been there also; this was the thought that came. He,
+     too, was beginning to know the wonders of that bell ere we
+     were away to the newer land.
+
+     Rousseau wished to die to the strains of sweet music. Could
+     I choose my accompaniment, I could wish to pass into the dim
+     beyond with the tolling of the Abbey bell sounding in my
+     ears, telling me of the race that had been run, and calling
+     me, as it had called the little white-haired child, for the
+     last time--_to sleep_.
+
+I have had many letters from readers speaking of this passage in my
+book, some of the writers going so far as to say that tears fell as
+they read. It came from the heart and perhaps that is why it reached
+the hearts of others.
+
+We were rowed over in a small boat to the Edinburgh steamer in the
+Firth of Forth. As I was about to be taken from the small boat to the
+steamer, I rushed to Uncle Lauder and clung round his neck, crying
+out: "I cannot leave you! I cannot leave you!" I was torn from him by
+a kind sailor who lifted me up on the deck of the steamer. Upon my
+return visit to Dunfermline this dear old fellow, when he came to see
+me, told me it was the saddest parting he had ever witnessed.
+
+We sailed from the Broomielaw of Glasgow in the 800-ton sailing ship
+Wiscasset. During the seven weeks of the voyage, I came to know the
+sailors quite well, learned the names of the ropes, and was able to
+direct the passengers to answer the call of the boatswain, for the
+ship being undermanned, the aid of the passengers was urgently
+required. In consequence I was invited by the sailors to participate
+on Sundays, in the one delicacy of the sailors' mess, plum duff. I
+left the ship with sincere regret.
+
+The arrival at New York was bewildering. I had been taken to see the
+Queen at Edinburgh, but that was the extent of my travels before
+emigrating. Glasgow we had not time to see before we sailed. New York
+was the first great hive of human industry among the inhabitants of
+which I had mingled, and the bustle and excitement of it overwhelmed
+me. The incident of our stay in New York which impressed me most
+occurred while I was walking through Bowling Green at Castle Garden. I
+was caught up in the arms of one of the Wiscasset sailors, Robert
+Barryman, who was decked out in regular Jackashore fashion, with blue
+jacket and white trousers. I thought him the most beautiful man I had
+ever seen.
+
+He took me to a refreshment stand and ordered a glass of sarsaparilla
+for me, which I drank with as much relish as if it were the nectar of
+the gods. To this day nothing that I have ever seen of the kind rivals
+the image which remains in my mind of the gorgeousness of the highly
+ornamented brass vessel out of which that nectar came foaming. Often
+as I have passed the identical spot I see standing there the old
+woman's sarsaparilla stand, and I marvel what became of the dear old
+sailor. I have tried to trace him, but in vain, hoping that if found
+he might be enjoying a ripe old age, and that it might be in my power
+to add to the pleasure of his declining years. He was my ideal Tom
+Bowling, and when that fine old song is sung I always see as the "form
+of manly beauty" my dear old friend Barryman. Alas! ere this he's gone
+aloft. Well; by his kindness on the voyage he made one boy his devoted
+friend and admirer.
+
+We knew only Mr. and Mrs. Sloane in New York--parents of the
+well-known John, Willie, and Henry Sloane. Mrs. Sloane (Euphemia
+Douglas) was my mother's companion in childhood in Dunfermline. Mr.
+Sloane and my father had been fellow weavers. We called upon them and
+were warmly welcomed. It was a genuine pleasure when Willie, his son,
+bought ground from me in 1900 opposite our New York residence for his
+two married daughters so that our children of the third generation
+became playmates as our mothers were in Scotland.
+
+My father was induced by emigration agents in New York to take the
+Erie Canal by way of Buffalo and Lake Erie to Cleveland, and thence
+down the canal to Beaver--a journey which then lasted three weeks,
+and is made to-day by rail in ten hours. There was no railway
+communication then with Pittsburgh, nor indeed with any western town.
+The Erie Railway was under construction and we saw gangs of men at
+work upon it as we traveled. Nothing comes amiss to youth, and I look
+back upon my three weeks as a passenger upon the canal-boat with
+unalloyed pleasure. All that was disagreeable in my experience has
+long since faded from recollection, excepting the night we were
+compelled to remain upon the wharf-boat at Beaver waiting for the
+steamboat to take us up the Ohio to Pittsburgh. This was our first
+introduction to the mosquito in all its ferocity. My mother suffered
+so severely that in the morning she could hardly see. We were all
+frightful sights, but I do not remember that even the stinging misery
+of that night kept me from sleeping soundly. I could always sleep,
+never knowing "horrid night, the child of hell."
+
+Our friends in Pittsburgh had been anxiously waiting to hear from us,
+and in their warm and affectionate greeting all our troubles were
+forgotten. We took up our residence with them in Allegheny City. A
+brother of my Uncle Hogan had built a small weaver's shop at the back
+end of a lot in Rebecca Street. This had a second story in which there
+were two rooms, and it was in these (free of rent, for my Aunt Aitken
+owned them) that my parents began housekeeping. My uncle soon gave up
+weaving and my father took his place and began making tablecloths,
+which he had not only to weave, but afterwards, acting as his own
+merchant, to travel and sell, as no dealers could be found to take
+them in quantity. He was compelled to market them himself, selling
+from door to door. The returns were meager in the extreme.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE AT SIXTEEN WITH HIS BROTHER THOMAS]
+
+As usual, my mother came to the rescue. There was no keeping her down.
+In her youth she had learned to bind shoes in her father's business
+for pin-money, and the skill then acquired was now turned to account
+for the benefit of the family. Mr. Phipps, father of my friend and
+partner Mr. Henry Phipps, was, like my grandfather, a master
+shoemaker. He was our neighbor in Allegheny City. Work was obtained
+from him, and in addition to attending to her household duties--for,
+of course, we had no servant--this wonderful woman, my mother, earned
+four dollars a week by binding shoes. Midnight would often find her at
+work. In the intervals during the day and evening, when household
+cares would permit, and my young brother sat at her knee threading
+needles and waxing the thread for her, she recited to him, as she had
+to me, the gems of Scottish minstrelsy which she seemed to have by
+heart, or told him tales which failed not to contain a moral.
+
+This is where the children of honest poverty have the most precious of
+all advantages over those of wealth. The mother, nurse, cook,
+governess, teacher, saint, all in one; the father, exemplar, guide,
+counselor, and friend! Thus were my brother and I brought up. What has
+the child of millionaire or nobleman that counts compared to such a
+heritage?
+
+My mother was a busy woman, but all her work did not prevent her
+neighbors from soon recognizing her as a wise and kindly woman whom
+they could call upon for counsel or help in times of trouble. Many
+have told me what my mother did for them. So it was in after years
+wherever we resided; rich and poor came to her with their trials and
+found good counsel. She towered among her neighbors wherever she
+went.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+PITTSBURGH AND WORK
+
+
+The great question now was, what could be found for me to do. I had
+just completed my thirteenth year, and I fairly panted to get to work
+that I might help the family to a start in the new land. The prospect
+of want had become to me a frightful nightmare. My thoughts at this
+period centered in the determination that we should make and save
+enough of money to produce three hundred dollars a year--twenty-five
+dollars monthly, which I figured was the sum required to keep us
+without being dependent upon others. Every necessary thing was very
+cheap in those days.
+
+The brother of my Uncle Hogan would often ask what my parents meant to
+do with me, and one day there occurred the most tragic of all scenes I
+have ever witnessed. Never can I forget it. He said, with the kindest
+intentions in the world, to my mother, that I was a likely boy and apt
+to learn; and he believed that if a basket were fitted out for me with
+knickknacks to sell, I could peddle them around the wharves and make
+quite a considerable sum. I never knew what an enraged woman meant
+till then. My mother was sitting sewing at the moment, but she sprang
+to her feet with outstretched hands and shook them in his face.
+
+"What! my son a peddler and go among rough men upon the wharves! I
+would rather throw him into the Allegheny River. Leave me!" she cried,
+pointing to the door, and Mr. Hogan went.
+
+She stood a tragic queen. The next moment she had broken down, but
+only for a few moments did tears fall and sobs come. Then she took her
+two boys in her arms and told us not to mind her foolishness. There
+were many things in the world for us to do and we could be useful men,
+honored and respected, if we always did what was right. It was a
+repetition of Helen Macgregor, in her reply to Osbaldistone in which
+she threatened to have her prisoners "chopped into as many pieces as
+there are checks in the tartan." But the reason for the outburst was
+different. It was not because the occupation suggested was peaceful
+labor, for we were taught that idleness was disgraceful; but because
+the suggested occupation was somewhat vagrant in character and not
+entirely respectable in her eyes. Better death. Yes, mother would have
+taken her two boys, one under each arm, and perished with them rather
+than they should mingle with low company in their extreme youth.
+
+As I look back upon the early struggles this can be said: there was
+not a prouder family in the land. A keen sense of honor, independence,
+self-respect, pervaded the household. Walter Scott said of Burns that
+he had the most extraordinary eye he ever saw in a human being. I can
+say as much for my mother. As Burns has it:
+
+    "Her eye even turned on empty space,
+    Beamed keen with honor."
+
+Anything low, mean, deceitful, shifty, coarse, underhand, or gossipy
+was foreign to that heroic soul. Tom and I could not help growing up
+respectable characters, having such a mother and such a father, for
+the father, too, was one of nature's noblemen, beloved by all, a
+saint.
+
+Soon after this incident my father found it necessary to give up
+hand-loom weaving and to enter the cotton factory of Mr. Blackstock,
+an old Scotsman in Allegheny City, where we lived. In this factory he
+also obtained for me a position as bobbin boy, and my first work was
+done there at one dollar and twenty cents per week. It was a hard
+life. In the winter father and I had to rise and breakfast in the
+darkness, reach the factory before it was daylight, and, with a short
+interval for lunch, work till after dark. The hours hung heavily upon
+me and in the work itself I took no pleasure; but the cloud had a
+silver lining, as it gave me the feeling that I was doing something
+for my world--our family. I have made millions since, but none of
+those millions gave me such happiness as my first week's earnings. I
+was now a helper of the family, a breadwinner, and no longer a total
+charge upon my parents. Often had I heard my father's beautiful
+singing of "The Boatie Rows" and often I longed to fulfill the last
+lines of the verse:
+
+    "When Aaleck, Jock, and Jeanettie,
+    _Are up and got their lair_,[11]
+    They'll serve to gar the boatie row,
+    And lichten a' our care."
+
+[Footnote 11: Education.]
+
+I was going to make our tiny craft skim. It should be noted here that
+Aaleck, Jock, and Jeanettie were first to get their education.
+Scotland was the first country that required all parents, high or low,
+to educate their children, and established the parish public schools.
+
+Soon after this Mr. John Hay, a fellow-Scotch manufacturer of bobbins
+in Allegheny City, needed a boy, and asked whether I would not go into
+his service. I went, and received two dollars per week; but at first
+the work was even more irksome than the factory. I had to run a small
+steam-engine and to fire the boiler in the cellar of the bobbin
+factory. It was too much for me. I found myself night after night,
+sitting up in bed trying the steam gauges, fearing at one time that
+the steam was too low and that the workers above would complain that
+they had not power enough, and at another time that the steam was too
+high and that the boiler might burst.
+
+But all this it was a matter of honor to conceal from my parents. They
+had their own troubles and bore them. I must play the man and bear
+mine. My hopes were high, and I looked every day for some change to
+take place. What it was to be I knew not, but that it would come I
+felt certain if I kept on. Besides, at this date I was not beyond
+asking myself what Wallace would have done and what a Scotsman ought
+to do. Of one thing I was sure, he ought never to give up.
+
+One day the chance came. Mr. Hay had to make out some bills. He had no
+clerk, and was himself a poor penman. He asked me what kind of hand I
+could write, and gave me some writing to do. The result pleased him,
+and he found it convenient thereafter to let me make out his bills. I
+was also good at figures; and he soon found it to be to his
+interest--and besides, dear old man, I believe he was moved by good
+feeling toward the white-haired boy, for he had a kind heart and was
+Scotch and wished to relieve me from the engine--to put me at other
+things, less objectionable except in one feature.
+
+It now became my duty to bathe the newly made spools in vats of oil.
+Fortunately there was a room reserved for this purpose and I was
+alone, but not all the resolution I could muster, nor all the
+indignation I felt at my own weakness, prevented my stomach from
+behaving in a most perverse way. I never succeeded in overcoming the
+nausea produced by the smell of the oil. Even Wallace and Bruce proved
+impotent here. But if I had to lose breakfast, or dinner, I had all
+the better appetite for supper, and the allotted work was done. A real
+disciple of Wallace or Bruce could not give up; he would die first.
+
+My service with Mr. Hay was a distinct advance upon the cotton
+factory, and I also made the acquaintance of an employer who was very
+kind to me. Mr. Hay kept his books in single entry, and I was able to
+handle them for him; but hearing that all great firms kept their books
+in double entry, and after talking over the matter with my companions,
+John Phipps, Thomas N. Miller, and William Cowley, we all determined
+to attend night school during the winter and learn the larger system.
+So the four of us went to a Mr. Williams in Pittsburgh and learned
+double-entry bookkeeping.
+
+One evening, early in 1850, when I returned home from work, I was told
+that Mr. David Brooks, manager of the telegraph office, had asked my
+Uncle Hogan if he knew where a good boy could be found to act as
+messenger. Mr. Brooks and my uncle were enthusiastic draught-players,
+and it was over a game of draughts that this important inquiry was
+made. Upon such trifles do the most momentous consequences hang. A
+word, a look, an accent, may affect the destiny not only of
+individuals, but of nations. He is a bold man who calls anything a
+trifle. Who was it who, being advised to disregard trifles, said he
+always would if any one could tell him what a trifle was? The young
+should remember that upon trifles the best gifts of the gods often
+hang.
+
+My uncle mentioned my name, and said he would see whether I would take
+the position. I remember so well the family council that was held. Of
+course I was wild with delight. No bird that ever was confined in a
+cage longed for freedom more than I. Mother favored, but father was
+disposed to deny my wish. It would prove too much for me, he said; I
+was too young and too small. For the two dollars and a half per week
+offered it was evident that a much larger boy was expected. Late at
+night I might be required to run out into the country with a telegram,
+and there would be dangers to encounter. Upon the whole my father said
+that it was best that I should remain where I was. He subsequently
+withdrew his objection, so far as to give me leave to try, and I
+believe he went to Mr. Hay and consulted with him. Mr. Hay thought it
+would be for my advantage, and although, as he said, it would be an
+inconvenience to him, still he advised that I should try, and if I
+failed he was kind enough to say that my old place would be open for
+me.
+
+This being decided, I was asked to go over the river to Pittsburgh and
+call on Mr. Brooks. My father wished to go with me, and it was settled
+that he should accompany me as far as the telegraph office, on the
+corner of Fourth and Wood Streets. It was a bright, sunshiny morning
+and this augured well. Father and I walked over from Allegheny to
+Pittsburgh, a distance of nearly two miles from our house. Arrived at
+the door I asked father to wait outside. I insisted upon going alone
+upstairs to the second or operating floor to see the great man and
+learn my fate. I was led to this, perhaps, because I had by that time
+begun to consider myself something of an American. At first boys used
+to call me "Scotchie! Scotchie!" and I answered, "Yes, I'm Scotch and
+I am proud of the name." But in speech and in address the broad Scotch
+had been worn off to a slight extent, and I imagined that I could
+make a smarter showing if alone with Mr. Brooks than if my good old
+Scotch father were present, perhaps to smile at my airs.
+
+I was dressed in my one white linen shirt, which was usually kept
+sacred for the Sabbath day, my blue round-about, and my whole Sunday
+suit. I had at that time, and for a few weeks after I entered the
+telegraph service, but one linen suit of summer clothing; and every
+Saturday night, no matter if that was my night on duty and I did not
+return till near midnight, my mother washed those clothes and ironed
+them, and I put them on fresh on Sabbath morning. There was nothing
+that heroine did not do in the struggle we were making for elbow room
+in the western world. Father's long factory hours tried his strength,
+but he, too, fought the good fight like a hero and never failed to
+encourage me.
+
+The interview was successful. I took care to explain that I did not
+know Pittsburgh, that perhaps I would not do, would not be strong
+enough; but all I wanted was a trial. He asked me how soon I could
+come, and I said that I could stay now if wanted. And, looking back
+over the circumstance, I think that answer might well be pondered by
+young men. It is a great mistake not to seize the opportunity. The
+position was offered to me; something might occur, some other boy
+might be sent for. Having got myself in I proposed to stay there if I
+could. Mr. Brooks very kindly called the other boy--for it was an
+additional messenger that was wanted--and asked him to show me about,
+and let me go with him and learn the business. I soon found
+opportunity to run down to the corner of the street and tell my father
+that it was all right, and to go home and tell mother that I had got
+the situation.
+
+[Illustration: DAVID McCARGO]
+
+And that is how in 1850 I got my first real start in life. From the
+dark cellar running a steam-engine at two dollars a week, begrimed
+with coal dirt, without a trace of the elevating influences of life, I
+was lifted into paradise, yes, heaven, as it seemed to me, with
+newspapers, pens, pencils, and sunshine about me. There was scarcely a
+minute in which I could not learn something or find out how much there
+was to learn and how little I knew. I felt that my foot was upon the
+ladder and that I was bound to climb.
+
+I had only one fear, and that was that I could not learn quickly
+enough the addresses of the various business houses to which messages
+had to be delivered. I therefore began to note the signs of these
+houses up one side of the street and down the other. At night I
+exercised my memory by naming in succession the various firms. Before
+long I could shut my eyes and, beginning at the foot of a business
+street, call off the names of the firms in proper order along one side
+to the top of the street, then crossing on the other side go down in
+regular order to the foot again.
+
+The next step was to know the men themselves, for it gave a messenger
+a great advantage, and often saved a long journey, if he knew members
+or employees of firms. He might meet one of these going direct to his
+office. It was reckoned a great triumph among the boys to deliver a
+message upon the street. And there was the additional satisfaction to
+the boy himself, that a great man (and most men are great to
+messengers), stopped upon the street in this way, seldom failed to
+note the boy and compliment him.
+
+The Pittsburgh of 1850 was very different from what it has since
+become. It had not yet recovered from the great fire which destroyed
+the entire business portion of the city on April 10, 1845. The houses
+were mainly of wood, a few only were of brick, and not one was
+fire-proof. The entire population in and around Pittsburgh was not
+over forty thousand. The business portion of the city did not extend
+as far as Fifth Avenue, which was then a very quiet street, remarkable
+only for having the theater upon it. Federal Street, Allegheny,
+consisted of straggling business houses with great open spaces between
+them, and I remember skating upon ponds in the very heart of the
+present Fifth Ward. The site of our Union Iron Mills was then, and
+many years later, a cabbage garden.
+
+General Robinson, to whom I delivered many a telegraph message, was
+the first white child born west of the Ohio River. I saw the first
+telegraph line stretched from the east into the city; and, at a later
+date, I also saw the first locomotive, for the Ohio and Pennsylvania
+Railroad, brought by canal from Philadelphia and unloaded from a scow
+in Allegheny City. There was no direct railway communication to the
+East. Passengers took the canal to the foot of the Allegheny
+Mountains, over which they were transported to Hollidaysburg, a
+distance of thirty miles by rail; thence by canal again to Columbia,
+and then eighty-one miles by rail to Philadelphia--a journey which
+occupied three days.[12]
+
+[Footnote 12: "Beyond Philadelphia was the Camden and Amboy Railway;
+beyond Pittsburgh, the Fort Wayne and Chicago, separate organizations
+with which we had nothing to do." (_Problems of To-day_, by Andrew
+Carnegie, p. 187. New York, 1908.)]
+
+The great event of the day in Pittsburgh at that time was the arrival
+and departure of the steam packet to and from Cincinnati, for daily
+communication had been established. The business of the city was
+largely that of forwarding merchandise East and West, for it was the
+great transfer station from river to canal. A rolling mill had begun
+to roll iron; but not a ton of pig metal was made, and not a ton of
+steel for many a year thereafter. The pig iron manufacture at first
+was a total failure because of the lack of proper fuel, although the
+most valuable deposit of coking coal in the world lay within a few
+miles, as much undreamt of for coke to smelt ironstone as the stores
+of natural gas which had for ages lain untouched under the city.
+
+There were at that time not half a dozen "carriage" people in the
+town; and not for many years after was the attempt made to introduce
+livery, even for a coachman. As late as 1861, perhaps, the most
+notable financial event which had occurred in the annals of Pittsburgh
+was the retirement from business of Mr. Fahnestock with the enormous
+sum of $174,000, paid by his partners for his interest. How great a
+sum that seemed then and how trifling now!
+
+My position as messenger boy soon made me acquainted with the few
+leading men of the city. The bar of Pittsburgh was distinguished.
+Judge Wilkins was at its head, and he and Judge MacCandless, Judge
+McClure, Charles Shaler and his partner, Edwin M. Stanton, afterwards
+the great War Secretary ("Lincoln's right-hand man") were all well
+known to me--the last-named especially, for he was good enough to take
+notice of me as a boy. In business circles among prominent men who
+still survive, Thomas M. Howe, James Park, C.G. Hussey, Benjamin F.
+Jones, William Thaw, John Chalfant, Colonel Herron were great men to
+whom the messenger boys looked as models, and not bad models either,
+as their lives proved. [Alas! all dead as I revise this paragraph in
+1906, so steadily moves the solemn procession.]
+
+My life as a telegraph messenger was in every respect a happy one,
+and it was while in this position that I laid the foundation of my
+closest friendships. The senior messenger boy being promoted, a new
+boy was needed, and he came in the person of David McCargo, afterwards
+the well-known superintendent of the Allegheny Valley Railway. He was
+made my companion and we had to deliver all the messages from the
+Eastern line, while two other boys delivered the messages from the
+West. The Eastern and Western Telegraph Companies were then separate,
+although occupying the same building. "Davy" and I became firm friends
+at once, one great bond being that he was Scotch; for, although "Davy"
+was born in America, his father was quite as much a Scotsman, even in
+speech, as my own father.
+
+A short time after "Davy's" appointment a third boy was required, and
+this time I was asked if I could find a suitable one. This I had no
+difficulty in doing in my chum, Robert Pitcairn, later on my successor
+as superintendent and general agent at Pittsburgh of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad. Robert, like myself, was not only Scotch, but Scotch-born,
+so that "Davy," "Bob," and "Andy" became the three Scotch boys who
+delivered all the messages of the Eastern Telegraph Line in
+Pittsburgh, for the then magnificent salary of two and a half dollars
+per week. It was the duty of the boys to sweep the office each
+morning, and this we did in turn, so it will be seen that we all began
+at the bottom. Hon. H.W. Oliver,[13] head of the great manufacturing
+firm of Oliver Brothers, and W.C. Morland,[14] City Solicitor,
+subsequently joined the corps and started in the same fashion. It is
+not the rich man's son that the young struggler for advancement has to
+fear in the race of life, nor his nephew, nor his cousin. Let him look
+out for the "dark horse" in the boy who begins by sweeping out the
+office.
+
+[Footnote 13: Died 1904.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Died 1889.]
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT PITCAIRN]
+
+A messenger boy in those days had many pleasures. There were wholesale
+fruit stores, where a pocketful of apples was sometimes to be had for
+the prompt delivery of a message; bakers' and confectioners' shops,
+where sweet cakes were sometimes given to him. He met with very kind
+men, to whom he looked up with respect; they spoke a pleasant word and
+complimented him on his promptness, perhaps asked him to deliver a
+message on the way back to the office. I do not know a situation in
+which a boy is more apt to attract attention, which is all a really
+clever boy requires in order to rise. Wise men are always looking out
+for clever boys.
+
+One great excitement of this life was the extra charge of ten cents
+which we were permitted to collect for messages delivered beyond a
+certain limit. These "dime messages," as might be expected, were
+anxiously watched, and quarrels arose among us as to the right of
+delivery. In some cases it was alleged boys had now and then taken a
+dime message out of turn. This was the only cause of serious trouble
+among us. By way of settlement I proposed that we should "pool" these
+messages and divide the cash equally at the end of each week. I was
+appointed treasurer. Peace and good-humor reigned ever afterwards.
+This pooling of extra earnings not being intended to create artificial
+prices was really cooeperation. It was my first essay in financial
+organization.
+
+The boys considered that they had a perfect right to spend these
+dividends, and the adjoining confectioner's shop had running accounts
+with most of them. The accounts were sometimes greatly overdrawn. The
+treasurer had accordingly to notify the confectioner, which he did in
+due form, that he would not be responsible for any debts contracted by
+the too hungry and greedy boys. Robert Pitcairn was the worst offender
+of all, apparently having not only one sweet tooth, but all his teeth
+of that character. He explained to me confidentially one day, when I
+scolded him, that he had live things in his stomach that gnawed his
+insides until fed upon sweets.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+COLONEL ANDERSON AND BOOKS
+
+
+With all their pleasures the messenger boys were hard worked. Every
+other evening they were required to be on duty until the office
+closed, and on these nights it was seldom that I reached home before
+eleven o'clock. On the alternating nights we were relieved at six.
+This did not leave much time for self-improvement, nor did the wants
+of the family leave any money to spend on books. There came, however,
+like a blessing from above, a means by which the treasures of
+literature were unfolded to me.
+
+Colonel James Anderson--I bless his name as I write--announced that he
+would open his library of four hundred volumes to boys, so that any
+young man could take out, each Saturday afternoon, a book which could
+be exchanged for another on the succeeding Saturday. My friend, Mr.
+Thomas N. Miller, reminded me recently that Colonel Anderson's books
+were first opened to "working boys," and the question arose whether
+messenger boys, clerks, and others, who did not work with their hands,
+were entitled to books. My first communication to the press was a
+note, written to the "Pittsburgh Dispatch," urging that we should not
+be excluded; that although we did not now work with our hands, some of
+us had done so, and that we were really working boys.[15] Dear Colonel
+Anderson promptly enlarged the classification. So my first appearance
+as a public writer was a success.
+
+[Footnote 15: The note was signed "Working Boy." The librarian
+responded in the columns of the _Dispatch_ defending the rules, which
+he claimed meant that "a Working Boy should have a trade." Carnegie's
+rejoinder was signed "A Working Boy, though without a Trade," and a
+day or two thereafter the _Dispatch_ had an item on its editorial page
+which read: "Will 'a Working Boy without a Trade' please call at this
+office." (David Homer Bates in _Century Magazine_, July, 1908.)]
+
+My dear friend, Tom Miller, one of the inner circle, lived near
+Colonel Anderson and introduced me to him, and in this way the windows
+were opened in the walls of my dungeon through which the light of
+knowledge streamed in. Every day's toil and even the long hours of
+night service were lightened by the book which I carried about with me
+and read in the intervals that could be snatched from duty. And the
+future was made bright by the thought that when Saturday came a new
+volume could be obtained. In this way I became familiar with
+Macaulay's essays and his history, and with Bancroft's "History of the
+United States," which I studied with more care than any other book I
+had then read. Lamb's essays were my special delight, but I had at
+this time no knowledge of the great master of all, Shakespeare, beyond
+the selected pieces in the school books. My taste for him I acquired a
+little later at the old Pittsburgh Theater.
+
+John Phipps, James R. Wilson, Thomas N. Miller, William
+Cowley--members of our circle--shared with me the invaluable privilege
+of the use of Colonel Anderson's library. Books which it would have
+been impossible for me to obtain elsewhere were, by his wise
+generosity, placed within my reach; and to him I owe a taste for
+literature which I would not exchange for all the millions that were
+ever amassed by man. Life would be quite intolerable without it.
+Nothing contributed so much to keep my companions and myself clear of
+low fellowship and bad habits as the beneficence of the good
+Colonel. Later, when fortune smiled upon me, one of my first duties
+was the erection of a monument to my benefactor. It stands in front of
+the Hall and Library in Diamond Square, which I presented to
+Allegheny, and bears this inscription:
+
+     To Colonel James Anderson, Founder of Free Libraries in
+     Western Pennsylvania. He opened his Library to working boys
+     and upon Saturday afternoons acted as librarian, thus
+     dedicating not only his books but himself to the noble work.
+     This monument is erected in grateful remembrance by Andrew
+     Carnegie, one of the "working boys" to whom were thus opened
+     the precious treasures of knowledge and imagination through
+     which youth may ascend.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL JAMES ANDERSON]
+
+This is but a slight tribute and gives only a faint idea of the depth
+of gratitude which I feel for what he did for me and my companions. It
+was from my own early experience that I decided there was no use to
+which money could be applied so productive of good to boys and girls
+who have good within them and ability and ambition to develop it, as
+the founding of a public library in a community which is willing to
+support it as a municipal institution. I am sure that the future of
+those libraries I have been privileged to found will prove the
+correctness of this opinion. For if one boy in each library district,
+by having access to one of these libraries, is half as much benefited
+as I was by having access to Colonel Anderson's four hundred well-worn
+volumes, I shall consider they have not been established in vain.
+
+"As the twig is bent the tree's inclined." The treasures of the world
+which books contain were opened to me at the right moment. The
+fundamental advantage of a library is that it gives nothing for
+nothing. Youths must acquire knowledge themselves. There is no escape
+from this. It gave me great satisfaction to discover, many years
+later, that my father was one of the five weavers in Dunfermline who
+gathered together the few books they had and formed the first
+circulating library in that town.
+
+The history of that library is interesting. It grew, and was removed
+no less than seven times from place to place, the first move being
+made by the founders, who carried the books in their aprons and two
+coal scuttles from the hand-loom shop to the second resting-place.
+That my father was one of the founders of the first library in his
+native town, and that I have been fortunate enough to be the founder
+of the last one, is certainly to me one of the most interesting
+incidents of my life. I have said often, in public speeches, that I
+had never heard of a lineage for which I would exchange that of a
+library-founding weaver.[16] I followed my father in library founding
+unknowingly--I am tempted almost to say providentially--and it has
+been a source of intense satisfaction to me. Such a father as mine was
+a guide to be followed--one of the sweetest, purest, and kindest
+natures I have ever known.
+
+[Footnote 16: "It's a God's mercy we are all from honest weavers; let
+us pity those who haven't ancestors of whom they can be proud, dukes
+or duchesses though they be." (_Our Coaching Trip_, by Andrew
+Carnegie. New York, 1882.)]
+
+I have stated that it was the theater which first stimulated my love
+for Shakespeare. In my messenger days the old Pittsburgh Theater was
+in its glory under the charge of Mr. Foster. His telegraphic business
+was done free, and the telegraph operators were given free admission
+to the theater in return. This privilege extended in some degree also
+to the messengers, who, I fear, sometimes withheld telegrams that
+arrived for him in the late afternoon until they could be presented
+at the door of the theater in the evening, with the timid request
+that the messenger might be allowed to slip upstairs to the second
+tier--a request which was always granted. The boys exchanged duties to
+give each the coveted entrance in turn.
+
+In this way I became acquainted with the world that lay behind the
+green curtain. The plays, generally, were of the spectacular order;
+without much literary merit, but well calculated to dazzle the eye of
+a youth of fifteen. Not only had I never seen anything so grand, but I
+had never seen anything of the kind. I had never been in a theater, or
+even a concert room, or seen any form of public amusement. It was much
+the same with "Davy" McCargo, "Harry" Oliver, and "Bob" Pitcairn. We
+all fell under the fascination of the footlights, and every
+opportunity to attend the theater was eagerly embraced.
+
+A change in my tastes came when "Gust" Adams,[17] one of the most
+celebrated tragedians of the day, began to play in Pittsburgh a round
+of Shakespearean characters. Thenceforth there was nothing for me but
+Shakespeare. I seemed to be able to memorize him almost without
+effort. Never before had I realized what magic lay in words. The
+rhythm and the melody all seemed to find a resting-place in me, to
+melt into a solid mass which lay ready to come at call. It was a new
+language and its appreciation I certainly owe to dramatic
+representation, for, until I saw "Macbeth" played, my interest in
+Shakespeare was not aroused. I had not read the plays.
+
+[Footnote 17: Edwin Adams.]
+
+At a much later date, Wagner was revealed to me in "Lohengrin." I had
+heard at the Academy of Music in New York, little or nothing by him
+when the overture to "Lohengrin" thrilled me as a new revelation.
+Here was a genius, indeed, differing from all before, a new ladder
+upon which to climb upward--like Shakespeare, a new friend.
+
+I may speak here of another matter which belongs to this same period.
+A few persons in Allegheny--probably not above a hundred in all--had
+formed themselves into a Swedenborgian Society, in which our American
+relatives were prominent. My father attended that church after leaving
+the Presbyterian, and, of course, I was taken there. My mother,
+however, took no interest in Swedenborg. Although always inculcating
+respect for all forms of religion, and discouraging theological
+disputes, she maintained for herself a marked reserve. Her position
+might best be defined by the celebrated maxim of Confucius: "To
+perform the duties of this life well, troubling not about another, is
+the prime wisdom."
+
+She encouraged her boys to attend church and Sunday school; but there
+was no difficulty in seeing that the writings of Swedenborg, and much
+of the Old and New Testaments had been discredited by her as unworthy
+of divine authorship or of acceptance as authoritative guides for the
+conduct of life. I became deeply interested in the mysterious
+doctrines of Swedenborg, and received the congratulations of my devout
+Aunt Aitken upon my ability to expound "spiritual sense." That dear
+old woman fondly looked forward to a time when I should become a
+shining light in the New Jerusalem, and I know it was sometimes not
+beyond the bounds of her imagination that I might blossom into what
+she called a "preacher of the Word."
+
+As I more and more wandered from man-made theology these fond hopes
+weakened, but my aunt's interest in and affection for her first
+nephew, whom she had dandled on her knee in Scotland, never waned. My
+cousin, Leander Morris, whom she had some hopes of saving through the
+Swedenborgian revelation, grievously disappointed her by actually
+becoming a Baptist and being dipped. This was too much for the
+evangelist, although she should have remembered her father passed
+through that same experience and often preached for the Baptists in
+Edinburgh.
+
+Leander's reception upon his first call after his fall was far from
+cordial. He was made aware that the family record had suffered by his
+backsliding when at the very portals of the New Jerusalem revealed by
+Swedenborg and presented to him by one of the foremost disciples--his
+aunt. He began deprecatingly:
+
+"Why are you so hard on me, aunt? Look at Andy, he is not a member of
+any church and you don't scold him. Surely the Baptist Church is
+better than none."
+
+The quick reply came:
+
+"Andy! Oh! Andy, he's naked, but you are clothed in rags."
+
+He never quite regained his standing with dear Aunt Aitken. I might
+yet be reformed, being unattached; but Leander had chosen a sect and
+that sect not of the New Jerusalem.
+
+It was in connection with the Swedenborgian Society that a taste for
+music was first aroused in me. As an appendix to the hymn-book of the
+society there were short selections from the oratorios. I fastened
+instinctively upon these, and although denied much of a voice, yet
+credited with "expression," I was a constant attendant upon choir
+practice. The leader, Mr. Koethen, I have reason to believe, often
+pardoned the discords I produced in the choir because of my enthusiasm
+in the cause. When, at a later date, I became acquainted with the
+oratorios in full, it was a pleasure to find that several of those
+considered in musical circles as the gems of Handel's musical
+compositions were the ones that I as an ignorant boy had chosen as
+favorites. So the beginning of my musical education dates from the
+small choir of the Swedenborgian Society of Pittsburgh.
+
+I must not, however, forget that a very good foundation was laid for
+my love of sweet sounds in the unsurpassed minstrelsy of my native
+land as sung by my father. There was scarcely an old Scottish song
+with which I was not made familiar, both words and tune. Folk-songs
+are the best possible foundation for sure progress to the heights of
+Beethoven and Wagner. My father being one of the sweetest and most
+pathetic singers I ever heard, I probably inherited his love of music
+and of song, though not given his voice. Confucius' exclamation often
+sounds in my ears: "Music, sacred tongue of God! I hear thee calling
+and I come."
+
+An incident of this same period exhibits the liberality of my parents
+in another matter. As a messenger boy I had no holidays, with the
+exception of two weeks given me in the summer-time, which I spent
+boating on the river with cousins at my uncle's at East Liverpool,
+Ohio. I was very fond of skating, and in the winter about which I am
+speaking, the slack water of the river opposite our house was
+beautifully frozen over. The ice was in splendid condition, and
+reaching home late Saturday night the question arose whether I might
+be permitted to rise early in the morning and go skating before church
+hours. No question of a more serious character could have been
+submitted to ordinary Scottish parents. My mother was clear on the
+subject, that in the circumstances I should be allowed to skate as
+long as I liked. My father said he believed it was right I should go
+down and skate, but he hoped I would be back in time to go with him to
+church.
+
+I suppose this decision would be arrived at to-day by nine hundred and
+ninety-nine out of every thousand homes in America, and probably also
+in the majority of homes in England, though not in Scotland. But those
+who hold to-day that the Sabbath in its fullest sense was made for
+man, and who would open picture galleries and museums to the public,
+and make the day somewhat of a day of enjoyment for the masses instead
+of pressing upon them the duty of mourning over sins largely
+imaginary, are not more advanced than were my parents forty years ago.
+They were beyond the orthodox of the period when it was scarcely
+permissible, at least among the Scotch, to take a walk for pleasure or
+read any but religious books on the Sabbath.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE TELEGRAPH OFFICE
+
+
+I had served as messenger about a year, when Colonel John P. Glass,
+the manager of the downstairs office, who came in contact with the
+public, began selecting me occasionally to watch the office for a few
+minutes during his absence. As Mr. Glass was a highly popular man, and
+had political aspirations, these periods of absence became longer and
+more frequent, so that I soon became an adept in his branch of the
+work. I received messages from the public and saw that those that came
+from the operating-room were properly assigned to the boys for prompt
+delivery.
+
+This was a trying position for a boy to fill, and at that time I was
+not popular with the other boys, who resented my exemption from part
+of my legitimate work. I was also taxed with being penurious in my
+habits--mean, as the boys had it. I did not spend my extra dimes, but
+they knew not the reason. Every penny that I could save I knew was
+needed at home. My parents were wise and nothing was withheld from me.
+I knew every week the receipts of each of the three who were
+working--my father, my mother, and myself. I also knew all the
+expenditures. We consulted upon the additions that could be made to
+our scanty stock of furniture and clothing and every new small article
+obtained was a source of joy. There never was a family more united.
+
+Day by day, as mother could spare a silver half-dollar, it was
+carefully placed in a stocking and hid until two hundred were
+gathered, when I obtained a draft to repay the twenty pounds so
+generously lent to us by her friend Mrs. Henderson. That was a day we
+celebrated. The Carnegie family was free from debt. Oh, the happiness
+of that day! The debt was, indeed, discharged, but the debt of
+gratitude remains that never can be paid. Old Mrs. Henderson lives
+to-day. I go to her house as to a shrine, to see her upon my visits to
+Dunfermline; and whatever happens she can never be forgotten. [As I
+read these lines, written some years ago, I moan, "Gone, gone with the
+others!" Peace to the ashes of a dear, good, noble friend of my
+mother's.]
+
+The incident in my messenger life which at once lifted me to the
+seventh heaven, occurred one Saturday evening when Colonel Glass was
+paying the boys their month's wages. We stood in a row before the
+counter, and Mr. Glass paid each one in turn. I was at the head and
+reached out my hand for the first eleven and a quarter dollars as they
+were pushed out by Mr. Glass. To my surprise he pushed them past me
+and paid the next boy. I thought it was a mistake, for I had
+heretofore been paid first, but it followed in turn with each of the
+other boys. My heart began to sink within me. Disgrace seemed coming.
+What had I done or not done? I was about to be told that there was no
+more work for me. I was to disgrace the family. That was the keenest
+pang of all. When all had been paid and the boys were gone, Mr. Glass
+took me behind the counter and said that I was worth more than the
+other boys, and he had resolved to pay me thirteen and a half dollars
+a month.
+
+My head swam; I doubted whether I had heard him correctly. He counted
+out the money. I don't know whether I thanked him; I don't believe I
+did. I took it and made one bound for the door and scarcely stopped
+until I got home. I remember distinctly running or rather bounding
+from end to end of the bridge across the Allegheny River--inside on
+the wagon track because the foot-walk was too narrow. It was Saturday
+night. I handed over to mother, who was the treasurer of the family,
+the eleven dollars and a quarter and said nothing about the remaining
+two dollars and a quarter in my pocket--worth more to me then than all
+the millions I have made since.
+
+Tom, a little boy of nine, and myself slept in the attic together, and
+after we were safely in bed I whispered the secret to my dear little
+brother. Even at his early age he knew what it meant, and we talked
+over the future. It was then, for the first time, I sketched to him
+how we would go into business together; that the firm of "Carnegie
+Brothers" would be a great one, and that father and mother should yet
+ride in their carriage. At the time that seemed to us to embrace
+everything known as wealth and most of what was worth striving for.
+The old Scotch woman, whose daughter married a merchant in London,
+being asked by her son-in-law to come to London and live near them,
+promising she should "ride in her carriage," replied:
+
+"What good could it do me to ride in a carriage gin I could na be seen
+by the folk in Strathbogie?" Father and mother would not only be seen
+in Pittsburgh, but should visit Dunfermline, their old home, in style.
+
+On Sunday morning with father, mother, and Tom at breakfast, I
+produced the extra two dollars and a quarter. The surprise was great
+and it took some moments for them to grasp the situation, but it soon
+dawned upon them. Then father's glance of loving pride and mother's
+blazing eye soon wet with tears, told their feeling. It was their
+boy's first triumph and proof positive that he was worthy of
+promotion. No subsequent success, or recognition of any kind, ever
+thrilled me as this did. I cannot even imagine one that could. Here
+was heaven upon earth. My whole world was moved to tears of joy.
+
+Having to sweep out the operating-room in the mornings, the boys had
+an opportunity of practicing upon the telegraph instruments before the
+operators arrived. This was a new chance. I soon began to play with
+the key and to talk with the boys who were at the other stations who
+had like purposes to my own. Whenever one learns to do anything he has
+never to wait long for an opportunity of putting his knowledge to use.
+
+One morning I heard the Pittsburgh call given with vigor. It seemed to
+me I could divine that some one wished greatly to communicate. I
+ventured to answer, and let the slip run. It was Philadelphia that
+wanted to send "a death message" to Pittsburgh immediately. Could I
+take it? I replied that I would try if they would send slowly. I
+succeeded in getting the message and ran out with it. I waited
+anxiously for Mr. Brooks to come in, and told him what I had dared to
+do. Fortunately, he appreciated it and complimented me, instead of
+scolding me for my temerity; yet dismissing me with the admonition to
+be very careful and not to make mistakes. It was not long before I was
+called sometimes to watch the instrument, while the operator wished to
+be absent, and in this way I learned the art of telegraphy.
+
+We were blessed at this time with a rather indolent operator, who was
+only too glad to have me do his work. It was then the practice for us
+to receive the messages on a running slip of paper, from which the
+operator read to a copyist, but rumors had reached us that a man in
+the West had learned to read by sound and could really take a message
+by ear. This led me to practice the new method. One of the operators
+in the office, Mr. Maclean, became expert at it, and encouraged me by
+his success. I was surprised at the ease with which I learned the new
+language. One day, desiring to take a message in the absence of the
+operator, the old gentleman who acted as copyist resented my
+presumption and refused to "copy" for a messenger boy. I shut off the
+paper slip, took pencil and paper and began taking the message by ear.
+I shall never forget his surprise. He ordered me to give him back his
+pencil and pad, and after that there was never any difficulty between
+dear old Courtney Hughes and myself. He was my devoted friend and
+copyist.
+
+Soon after this incident Joseph Taylor, the operator at Greensburg,
+thirty miles from Pittsburgh, wishing to be absent for two weeks,
+asked Mr. Brooks if he could not send some one to take his place. Mr.
+Brooks called me and asked whether I thought I could do the work. I
+replied at once in the affirmative.
+
+"Well," he said, "we will send you out there for a trial."
+
+I went out in the mail stage and had a most delightful trip. Mr. David
+Bruce, a well-known solicitor of Scottish ancestry, and his sister
+happened to be passengers. It was my first excursion, and my first
+glimpse of the country. The hotel at Greensburg was the first public
+house in which I had ever taken a meal. I thought the food wonderfully
+fine.
+
+[Illustration: HENRY PHIPPS]
+
+This was in 1852. Deep cuts and embankments near Greensburg were then
+being made for the Pennsylvania Railroad, and I often walked out in
+the early morning to see the work going forward, little dreaming that
+I was so soon to enter the service of that great corporation. This
+was the first responsible position I had occupied in the telegraph
+service, and I was so anxious to be at hand in case I should be
+needed, that one night very late I sat in the office during a storm,
+not wishing to cut off the connection. I ventured too near the key and
+for my boldness was knocked off my stool. A flash of lightning very
+nearly ended my career. After that I was noted in the office for
+caution during lightning storms. I succeeded in doing the small
+business at Greensburg to the satisfaction of my superiors, and
+returned to Pittsburgh surrounded with something like a halo, so far
+as the other boys were concerned. Promotion soon came. A new operator
+was wanted and Mr. Brooks telegraphed to my afterward dear friend
+James D. Reid, then general superintendent of the line, another fine
+specimen of the Scotsman, and took upon himself to recommend me as an
+assistant operator. The telegram from Louisville in reply stated that
+Mr. Reid highly approved of promoting "Andy," provided Mr. Brooks
+considered him competent. The result was that I began as a telegraph
+operator at the tremendous salary of twenty-five dollars per month,
+which I thought a fortune. To Mr. Brooks and Mr. Reid I owe my
+promotion from the messenger's station to the operating-room.[18] I
+was then in my seventeenth year and had served my apprenticeship. I
+was now performing a man's part, no longer a boy's--earning a dollar
+every working day.
+
+[Footnote 18: "I liked the boy's looks, and it was very easy to see
+that though he was little he was full of spirit. He had not been with
+me a month when he began to ask whether I would teach him to
+telegraph. I began to instruct him and found him an apt pupil." (James
+D. Reid, _The Telegraph in America_, New York, 1879.)
+
+Reid was born near Dunfermline and forty years afterwards Mr. Carnegie
+was able to secure for him the appointment of United States Consul at
+Dunfermline.]
+
+The operating-room of a telegraph office is an excellent school for a
+young man. He there has to do with pencil and paper, with composition
+and invention. And there my slight knowledge of British and European
+affairs soon stood me in good stead. Knowledge is sure to prove useful
+in one way or another. It always tells. The foreign news was then
+received by wire from Cape Race, and the taking of successive "steamer
+news" was one of the most notable of our duties. I liked this better
+than any other branch of the work, and it was soon tacitly assigned to
+me.
+
+The lines in those days worked poorly, and during a storm much had to
+be guessed at. My guessing powers were said to be phenomenal, and it
+was my favorite diversion to fill up gaps instead of interrupting the
+sender and spending minutes over a lost word or two. This was not a
+dangerous practice in regard to foreign news, for if any undue
+liberties were taken by the bold operator, they were not of a
+character likely to bring him into serious trouble. My knowledge of
+foreign affairs became somewhat extensive, especially regarding the
+affairs of Britain, and my guesses were quite safe, if I got the first
+letter or two right.
+
+The Pittsburgh newspapers had each been in the habit of sending a
+reporter to the office to transcribe the press dispatches. Later on
+one man was appointed for all the papers and he suggested that
+multiple copies could readily be made of the news as received, and it
+was arranged that I should make five copies of all press dispatches
+for him as extra work for which he was to pay me a dollar per week.
+This, my first work for the press, yielded very modest remuneration,
+to be sure; but it made my salary thirty dollars per month, and every
+dollar counted in those days. The family was gradually gaining
+ground; already future millionairedom seemed dawning.
+
+Another step which exercised a decided influence over me was joining
+the "Webster Literary Society" along with my companions, the trusty
+five already named. We formed a select circle and stuck closely
+together. This was quite an advantage for all of us. We had before
+this formed a small debating club which met in Mr. Phipps's father's
+room in which his few journeymen shoemakers worked during the day. Tom
+Miller recently alleged that I once spoke nearly an hour and a half
+upon the question, "Should the judiciary be elected by the people?"
+but we must mercifully assume his memory to be at fault. The "Webster"
+was then the foremost club in the city and proud were we to be thought
+fit for membership. We had merely been preparing ourselves in the
+cobbler's room.
+
+I know of no better mode of benefiting a youth than joining such a
+club as this. Much of my reading became such as had a bearing on
+forthcoming debates and that gave clearness and fixity to my ideas.
+The self-possession I afterwards came to have before an audience may
+very safely be attributed to the experience of the "Webster Society."
+My two rules for speaking then (and now) were: Make yourself perfectly
+at home before your audience, and simply talk _to_ them, not _at_
+them. Do not try to be somebody else; be your own self and _talk_,
+never "orate" until you can't help it.
+
+I finally became an operator by sound, discarding printing entirely.
+The accomplishment was then so rare that people visited the office to
+be satisfied of the extraordinary feat. This brought me into such
+notice that when a great flood destroyed all telegraph communication
+between Steubenville and Wheeling, a distance of twenty-five miles, I
+was sent to the former town to receive the entire business then
+passing between the East and the West, and to send every hour or two
+the dispatches in small boats down the river to Wheeling. In exchange
+every returning boat brought rolls of dispatches which I wired East,
+and in this way for more than a week the entire telegraphic
+communication between the East and the West _via_ Pittsburgh was
+maintained.
+
+While at Steubenville I learned that my father was going to Wheeling
+and Cincinnati to sell the tablecloths he had woven. I waited for the
+boat, which did not arrive till late in the evening, and went down to
+meet him. I remember how deeply affected I was on finding that instead
+of taking a cabin passage, he had resolved not to pay the price, but
+to go down the river as a deck passenger. I was indignant that one of
+so fine a nature should be compelled to travel thus. But there was
+comfort in saying:
+
+"Well, father, it will not be long before mother and you shall ride in
+your carriage."
+
+My father was usually shy, reserved, and keenly sensitive, very saving
+of praise (a Scotch trait) lest his sons might be too greatly
+uplifted; but when touched he lost his self-control. He was so upon
+this occasion, and grasped my hand with a look which I often see and
+can never forget. He murmured slowly:
+
+"Andra, I am proud of you."
+
+The voice trembled and he seemed ashamed of himself for saying so
+much. The tear had to be wiped from his eye, I fondly noticed, as he
+bade me good-night and told me to run back to my office. Those words
+rang in my ear and warmed my heart for years and years. We understood
+each other. How reserved the Scot is! Where he feels most he
+expresses least. Quite right. There are holy depths which it is
+sacrilege to disturb. Silence is more eloquent than words. My father
+was one of the most lovable of men, beloved of his companions, deeply
+religious, although non-sectarian and non-theological, not much of a
+man of the world, but a man all over for heaven. He was kindness
+itself, although reserved. Alas! he passed away soon after returning
+from this Western tour just as we were becoming able to give him a
+life of leisure and comfort.
+
+After my return to Pittsburgh it was not long before I made the
+acquaintance of an extraordinary man, Thomas A. Scott, one to whom the
+term "genius" in his department may safely be applied. He had come to
+Pittsburgh as superintendent of that division of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad. Frequent telegraphic communication was necessary between him
+and his superior, Mr. Lombaert, general superintendent at Altoona.
+This brought him to the telegraph office at nights, and upon several
+occasions I happened to be the operator. One day I was surprised by
+one of his assistants, with whom I was acquainted, telling me that Mr.
+Scott had asked him whether he thought that I could be obtained as his
+clerk and telegraph operator, to which this young man told me he had
+replied:
+
+"That is impossible. He is now an operator."
+
+But when I heard this I said at once:
+
+"Not so fast. He can have me. I want to get out of a mere office life.
+Please go and tell him so."
+
+The result was I was engaged February 1, 1853, at a salary of
+thirty-five dollars a month as Mr. Scott's clerk and operator. A raise
+in wages from twenty-five to thirty-five dollars per month was the
+greatest I had ever known. The public telegraph line was temporarily
+put into Mr. Scott's office at the outer depot and the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company was given permission to use the wire at seasons when
+such use would not interfere with the general public business, until
+their own line, then being built, was completed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+RAILROAD SERVICE
+
+
+From the operating-room of the telegraph office I had now stepped into
+the open world, and the change at first was far from agreeable. I had
+just reached my eighteenth birthday, and I do not see how it could be
+possible for any boy to arrive at that age much freer from a knowledge
+of anything but what was pure and good. I do not believe, up to that
+time, I had ever spoken a bad word in my life and seldom heard one. I
+knew nothing of the base and the vile. Fortunately I had always been
+brought in contact with good people.
+
+I was now plunged at once into the company of coarse men, for the
+office was temporarily only a portion of the shops and the
+headquarters for the freight conductors, brakemen, and firemen. All of
+them had access to the same room with Superintendent Scott and myself,
+and they availed themselves of it. This was a different world, indeed,
+from that to which I had been accustomed. I was not happy about it. I
+ate, necessarily, of the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and
+evil for the first time. But there were still the sweet and pure
+surroundings of home, where nothing coarse or wicked ever entered, and
+besides, there was the world in which I dwelt with my companions, all
+of them refined young men, striving to improve themselves and become
+respected citizens. I passed through this phase of my life detesting
+what was foreign to my nature and my early education. The experience
+with coarse men was probably beneficial because it gave me a "scunner"
+(disgust), to use a Scotism, at chewing or smoking tobacco, also at
+swearing or the use of improper language, which fortunately remained
+with me through life.
+
+I do not wish to suggest that the men of whom I have spoken were
+really degraded or bad characters. The habit of swearing, with coarse
+talk, chewing and smoking tobacco, and snuffing were more prevalent
+then than to-day and meant less than in this age. Railroading was new,
+and many rough characters were attracted to it from the river service.
+But many of the men were fine young fellows who have lived to be
+highly respectable citizens and to occupy responsible positions. And I
+must say that one and all of them were most kind to me. Many are yet
+living from whom I hear occasionally and regard with affection. A
+change came at last when Mr. Scott had his own office which he and I
+occupied.
+
+I was soon sent by Mr. Scott to Altoona to get the monthly pay-rolls
+and checks. The railroad line was not completed over the Allegheny
+Mountains at that time, and I had to pass over the inclined planes
+which made the journey a remarkable one to me. Altoona was then
+composed of a few houses built by the company. The shops were under
+construction and there was nothing of the large city which now
+occupies the site. It was there that I saw for the first time the
+great man in our railroad field--Mr. Lombaert, general superintendent.
+His secretary at that time was my friend, Robert Pitcairn, for whom I
+had obtained a situation on the railroad, so that "Davy," "Bob," and
+"Andy" were still together in the same service. We had all left the
+telegraph company for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
+
+Mr. Lombaert was very different from Mr. Scott; he was not sociable,
+but rather stern and unbending. Judge then of Robert's surprise, and
+my own, when, after saying a few words to me, Mr. Lombaert added: "You
+must come down and take tea with us to-night." I stammered out
+something of acceptance and awaited the appointed hour with great
+trepidation. Up to this time I considered that invitation the greatest
+honor I had received. Mrs. Lombaert was exceedingly kind, and Mr.
+Lombaert's introduction of me to her was: "This is Mr. Scott's
+'Andy.'" I was very proud indeed of being recognized as belonging to
+Mr. Scott.
+
+An incident happened on this trip which might have blasted my career
+for a time. I started next morning for Pittsburgh with the pay-rolls
+and checks, as I thought, securely placed under my waistcoat, as it
+was too large a package for my pockets. I was a very enthusiastic
+railroader at that time and preferred riding upon the engine. I got
+upon the engine that took me to Hollidaysburg where the State railroad
+over the mountain was joined up. It was a very rough ride, indeed, and
+at one place, uneasily feeling for the pay-roll package, I was
+horrified to find that the jolting of the train had shaken it out. I
+had lost it!
+
+There was no use in disguising the fact that such a failure would ruin
+me. To have been sent for the pay-rolls and checks and to lose the
+package, which I should have "grasped as my honor," was a dreadful
+showing. I called the engineer and told him it must have been shaken
+out within the last few miles. Would he reverse his engine and run
+back for it? Kind soul, he did so. I watched the line, and on the very
+banks of a large stream, within a few feet of the water, I saw that
+package lying. I could scarcely believe my eyes. I ran down and
+grasped it. It was all right. Need I add that it never passed out of
+my firm grasp again until it was safe in Pittsburgh? The engineer and
+fireman were the only persons who knew of my carelessness, and I had
+their assurance that it would not be told.
+
+It was long after the event that I ventured to tell the story. Suppose
+that package had fallen just a few feet farther away and been swept
+down by the stream, how many years of faithful service would it have
+required upon my part to wipe out the effect of that one piece of
+carelessness! I could no longer have enjoyed the confidence of those
+whose confidence was essential to success had fortune not favored me.
+I have never since believed in being too hard on a young man, even if
+he does commit a dreadful mistake or two; and I have always tried in
+judging such to remember the difference it would have made in my own
+career but for an accident which restored to me that lost package at
+the edge of the stream a few miles from Hollidaysburg. I could go
+straight to the very spot to-day, and often as I passed over that line
+afterwards I never failed to see that light-brown package lying upon
+the bank. It seemed to be calling:
+
+"All right, my boy! the good gods were with you, but don't do it
+again!"
+
+At an early age I became a strong anti-slavery partisan and hailed
+with enthusiasm the first national meeting of the Republican Party in
+Pittsburgh, February 22, 1856, although too young to vote. I watched
+the prominent men as they walked the streets, lost in admiration for
+Senators Wilson, Hale, and others. Some time before I had organized
+among the railroad men a club of a hundred for the "New York Weekly
+Tribune," and ventured occasionally upon short notes to the great
+editor, Horace Greeley, who did so much to arouse the people to action
+upon this vital question.
+
+The first time I saw my work in type in the then flaming organ of
+freedom certainly marked a stage in my career. I kept that "Tribune"
+for years. Looking back to-day one cannot help regretting so high a
+price as the Civil War had to be paid to free our land from the curse,
+but it was not slavery alone that needed abolition. The loose Federal
+system with State rights so prominent would inevitably have prevented,
+or at least long delayed, the formation of one solid, all-powerful,
+central government. The tendency under the Southern idea was
+centrifugal. To-day it is centripetal, all drawn toward the center
+under the sway of the Supreme Court, the decisions of which are, very
+properly, half the dicta of lawyers and half the work of statesmen.
+Uniformity in many fields must be secured. Marriage, divorce,
+bankruptcy, railroad supervision, control of corporations, and some
+other departments should in some measure be brought under one head.
+[Re-reading this paragraph to-day, July, 1907, written many years ago,
+it seems prophetic. These are now burning questions.]
+
+It was not long after this that the railroad company constructed its
+own telegraph line. We had to supply it with operators. Most of these
+were taught in our offices at Pittsburgh. The telegraph business
+continued to increase with startling rapidity. We could scarcely
+provide facilities fast enough. New telegraph offices were required.
+My fellow messenger-boy, "Davy" McCargo, I appointed superintendent of
+the telegraph department March 11, 1859. I have been told that "Davy"
+and myself are entitled to the credit of being the first to employ
+young women as telegraph operators in the United States upon
+railroads, or perhaps in any branch. At all events, we placed girls in
+various offices as pupils, taught and then put them in charge of
+offices as occasion required. Among the first of these was my cousin,
+Miss Maria Hogan. She was the operator at the freight station in
+Pittsburgh, and with her were placed successive pupils, her office
+becoming a school. Our experience was that young women operators were
+more to be relied upon than young men. Among all the new occupations
+invaded by women I do not know of any better suited for them than that
+of telegraph operator.
+
+Mr. Scott was one of the most delightful superiors that anybody could
+have and I soon became warmly attached to him. He was my great man and
+all the hero worship that is inherent in youth I showered upon him. I
+soon began placing him in imagination in the presidency of the great
+Pennsylvania Railroad--a position which he afterwards attained. Under
+him I gradually performed duties not strictly belonging to my
+department and I can attribute my decided advancement in the service
+to one well-remembered incident.
+
+The railway was a single line. Telegraph orders to trains often became
+necessary, although it was not then a regular practice to run trains
+by telegraph. No one but the superintendent himself was permitted to
+give a train order on any part of the Pennsylvania system, or indeed
+of any other system, I believe, at that time. It was then a dangerous
+expedient to give telegraphic orders, for the whole system of railway
+management was still in its infancy, and men had not yet been trained
+for it. It was necessary for Mr. Scott to go out night after night to
+break-downs or wrecks to superintend the clearing of the line. He was
+necessarily absent from the office on many mornings.
+
+One morning I reached the office and found that a serious accident on
+the Eastern Division had delayed the express passenger train
+westward, and that the passenger train eastward was proceeding with a
+flagman in advance at every curve. The freight trains in both
+directions were all standing still upon the sidings. Mr. Scott was not
+to be found. Finally I could not resist the temptation to plunge in,
+take the responsibility, give "train orders," and set matters going.
+"Death or Westminster Abbey," flashed across my mind. I knew it was
+dismissal, disgrace, perhaps criminal punishment for me if I erred. On
+the other hand, I could bring in the wearied freight-train men who had
+lain out all night. I could set everything in motion. I knew I could.
+I had often done it in wiring Mr. Scott's orders. I knew just what to
+do, and so I began. I gave the orders in his name, started every
+train, sat at the instrument watching every tick, carried the trains
+along from station to station, took extra precautions, and had
+everything running smoothly when Mr. Scott at last reached the office.
+He had heard of the delays. His first words were:
+
+"Well! How are matters?"
+
+He came to my side quickly, grasped his pencil and began to write his
+orders. I had then to speak, and timidly said:
+
+"Mr. Scott, I could not find you anywhere and I gave these orders in
+your name early this morning."
+
+"Are they going all right? Where is the Eastern Express?"
+
+I showed him the messages and gave him the position of every train on
+the line--freights, ballast trains, everything--showed him the answers
+of the various conductors, the latest reports at the stations where
+the various trains had passed. All was right. He looked in my face for
+a second. I scarcely dared look in his. I did not know what was going
+to happen. He did not say one word, but again looked carefully over
+all that had taken place. Still he said nothing. After a little he
+moved away from my desk to his own, and that was the end of it. He was
+afraid to approve what I had done, yet he had not censured me. If it
+came out all right, it was all right; if it came out all wrong, the
+responsibility was mine. So it stood, but I noticed that he came in
+very regularly and in good time for some mornings after that.
+
+Of course I never spoke to any one about it. None of the trainmen knew
+that Mr. Scott had not personally given the orders. I had almost made
+up my mind that if the like occurred again, I would not repeat my
+proceeding of that morning unless I was authorized to do so. I was
+feeling rather distressed about what I had done until I heard from Mr.
+Franciscus, who was then in charge of the freighting department at
+Pittsburgh, that Mr. Scott, the evening after the memorable morning,
+had said to him:
+
+"Do you know what that little white-haired Scotch devil of mine did?"
+
+"No."
+
+"I'm blamed if he didn't run every train on the division in my name
+without the slightest authority."
+
+"And did he do it all right?" asked Franciscus.
+
+"Oh, yes, all right."
+
+This satisfied me. Of course I had my cue for the next occasion, and
+went boldly in. From that date it was very seldom that Mr. Scott gave
+a train order.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS A. SCOTT]
+
+[Illustration: JOHN EDGAR THOMSON]
+
+The greatest man of all on my horizon at this time was John Edgar
+Thomson, president of the Pennsylvania, and for whom our steel-rail
+mills were afterward named. He was the most reserved and silent of
+men, next to General Grant, that I ever knew, although General
+Grant was more voluble when at home with friends. He walked about as
+if he saw nobody when he made his periodical visits to Pittsburgh.
+This reserve I learned afterwards was purely the result of shyness. I
+was surprised when in Mr. Scott's office he came to the telegraph
+instrument and greeted me as "Scott's Andy." But I learned afterwards
+that he had heard of my train-running exploit. The battle of life is
+already half won by the young man who is brought personally in contact
+with high officials; and the great aim of every boy should be to do
+something beyond the sphere of his duties--something which attracts
+the attention of those over him.
+
+Some time after this Mr. Scott wished to travel for a week or two and
+asked authority from Mr. Lombaert to leave me in charge of the
+division. Pretty bold man he was, for I was then not very far out of
+my teens. It was granted. Here was the coveted opportunity of my life.
+With the exception of one accident caused by the inexcusable
+negligence of a ballast-train crew, everything went well in his
+absence. But that this accident should occur was gall and wormwood to
+me. Determined to fulfill all the duties of the station I held a
+court-martial, examined those concerned, dismissed peremptorily the
+chief offender, and suspended two others for their share in the
+catastrophe. Mr. Scott after his return of course was advised of the
+accident, and proposed to investigate and deal with the matter. I felt
+I had gone too far, but having taken the step, I informed him that all
+that had been settled. I had investigated the matter and punished the
+guilty. Some of these appealed to Mr. Scott for a reopening of the
+case, but this I never could have agreed to, had it been pressed. More
+by look I think than by word Mr. Scott understood my feelings upon
+this delicate point, and acquiesced.
+
+It is probable he was afraid I had been too severe and very likely he
+was correct. Some years after this, when I, myself, was superintendent
+of the division I always had a soft spot in my heart for the men then
+suspended for a time. I had felt qualms of conscience about my action
+in this, my first court. A new judge is very apt to stand so straight
+as really to lean a little backward. Only experience teaches the
+supreme force of gentleness. Light but certain punishment, when
+necessary, is most effective. Severe punishments are not needed and a
+judicious pardon, for the first offense at least, is often best of
+all.
+
+As the half-dozen young men who constituted our inner circle grew in
+knowledge, it was inevitable that the mysteries of life and death, the
+here and the hereafter, should cross our path and have to be grappled
+with. We had all been reared by good, honest, self-respecting parents,
+members of one or another of the religious sects. Through the
+influence of Mrs. McMillan, wife of one of the leading Presbyterian
+ministers of Pittsburgh, we were drawn into the social circle of her
+husband's church. [As I read this on the moors, July 16, 1912, I have
+before me a note from Mrs. McMillan from London in her eightieth year.
+Two of her daughters were married in London last week to university
+professors, one remains in Britain, the other has accepted an
+appointment in Boston. Eminent men both. So draws our English-speaking
+race together.] Mr. McMillan was a good strict Calvinist of the old
+school, his charming wife a born leader of the young. We were all more
+at home with her and enjoyed ourselves more at her home gatherings
+than elsewhere. This led to some of us occasionally attending her
+church.
+
+A sermon of the strongest kind upon predestination which Miller heard
+there brought the subject of theology upon us and it would not down.
+Mr. Miller's people were strong Methodists, and Tom had known little
+of dogmas. This doctrine of predestination, including infant
+damnation--some born to glory and others to the opposite--appalled
+him. To my astonishment I learned that, going to Mr. McMillan after
+the sermon to talk over the matter, Tom had blurted out at the finish,
+
+"Mr. McMillan, if your idea were correct, your God would be a perfect
+devil," and left the astonished minister to himself.
+
+This formed the subject of our Sunday afternoon conferences for many a
+week. Was that true or not, and what was to be the consequence of
+Tom's declaration? Should we no longer be welcome guests of Mrs.
+McMillan? We could have spared the minister, perhaps, but none of us
+relished the idea of banishment from his wife's delightful reunions.
+There was one point clear. Carlyle's struggles over these matters had
+impressed us and we could follow him in his resolve: "If it be
+incredible, in God's name let it be discredited." It was only the
+truth that could make us free, and the truth, the whole truth, we
+should pursue.
+
+Once introduced, of course, the subject remained with us, and one
+after the other the dogmas were voted down as the mistaken ideas of
+men of a less enlightened age. I forget who first started us with a
+second axiom. It was one we often dwelt upon: "A forgiving God would
+be the noblest work of man." We accepted as proven that each stage of
+civilization creates its own God, and that as man ascends and becomes
+better his conception of the Unknown likewise improves. Thereafter we
+all became less theological, but I am sure more truly religious. The
+crisis passed. Happily we were not excluded from Mrs. McMillan's
+society. It was a notable day, however, when we resolved to stand by
+Miller's statement, even if it involved banishment and worse. We young
+men were getting to be pretty wild boys about theology, although more
+truly reverent about religion.
+
+The first great loss to our circle came when John Phipps was killed by
+a fall from a horse. This struck home to all of us, yet I remember I
+could then say to myself: "John has, as it were, just gone home to
+England where he was born. We are all to follow him soon and live
+forever together." I had then no doubts. It was not a hope I was
+pressing to my heart, but a certainty. Happy those who in their agony
+have such a refuge. We should all take Plato's advice and never give
+up everlasting hope, "alluring ourselves as with enchantments, for the
+hope is noble and the reward is great." Quite right. It would be no
+greater miracle that brought us into another world to live forever
+with our dearest than that which has brought us into this one to live
+a lifetime with them. Both are equally incomprehensible to finite
+beings. Let us therefore comfort ourselves with everlasting hope, "as
+with enchantments," as Plato recommends, never forgetting, however,
+that we all have our duties here and that the kingdom of heaven is
+within us. It also passed into an axiom with us that he who proclaims
+there is no hereafter is as foolish as he who proclaims there is,
+since neither can know, though all may and should hope. Meanwhile
+"Home our heaven" instead of "Heaven our home" was our motto.
+
+During these years of which I have been writing, the family fortunes
+had been steadily improving. My thirty-five dollars a month had grown
+to forty, an unsolicited advance having been made by Mr. Scott. It was
+part of my duty to pay the men every month.[19] We used checks upon
+the bank and I drew my salary invariably in two twenty-dollar gold
+pieces. They seemed to me the prettiest works of art in the world. It
+was decided in family council that we could venture to buy the lot and
+the two small frame houses upon it, in one of which we had lived, and
+the other, a four-roomed house, which till then had been occupied by
+my Uncle and Aunt Hogan, who had removed elsewhere. It was through the
+aid of my dear Aunt Aitken that we had been placed in the small house
+above the weaver's shop, and it was now our turn to be able to ask her
+to return to the house that formerly had been her own. In the same way
+after we had occupied the four-roomed house, Uncle Hogan having passed
+away, we were able to restore Aunt Hogan to her old home when we
+removed to Altoona. One hundred dollars cash was paid upon purchase,
+and the total price, as I remember, was seven hundred dollars. The
+struggle then was to make up the semi-annual payments of interest and
+as great an amount of the principal as we could save. It was not long
+before the debt was cleared off and we were property-holders, but
+before that was accomplished, the first sad break occurred in our
+family, in my father's death, October 2, 1855. Fortunately for the
+three remaining members life's duties were pressing. Sorrow and duty
+contended and we had to work. The expenses connected with his illness
+had to be saved and paid and we had not up to this time much store in
+reserve.
+
+[Footnote 19: "I remember well when I used to write out the monthly
+pay-roll and came to Mr. Scott's name for $125. I wondered what he did
+with it all. I was then getting thirty-five." (Andrew Carnegie in
+speech at Reunion of U.S. Military Telegraph Corps, March 28, 1907.)]
+
+And here comes in one of the sweet incidents of our early life in
+America. The principal member of our small Swedenborgian Society was
+Mr. David McCandless. He had taken some notice of my father and
+mother, but beyond a few passing words at church on Sundays, I do not
+remember that they had ever been brought in close contact. He knew
+Aunt Aitken well, however, and now sent for her to say that if my
+mother required any money assistance at this sad period he would be
+very pleased to advance whatever was necessary. He had heard much of
+my heroic mother and that was sufficient.
+
+One gets so many kind offers of assistance when assistance is no
+longer necessary, or when one is in a position which would probably
+enable him to repay a favor, that it is delightful to record an act of
+pure and disinterested benevolence. Here was a poor Scottish woman
+bereft of her husband, with her eldest son just getting a start and a
+second in his early teens, whose misfortunes appealed to this man, and
+who in the most delicate manner sought to mitigate them. Although my
+mother was able to decline the proffered aid, it is needless to say
+that Mr. McCandless obtained a place in our hearts sacred to himself.
+I am a firm believer in the doctrine that people deserving necessary
+assistance at critical periods in their career usually receive it.
+There are many splendid natures in the world--men and women who are
+not only willing, but anxious to stretch forth a helping hand to those
+they know to be worthy. As a rule, those who show willingness to help
+themselves need not fear about obtaining the help of others.
+
+Father's death threw upon me the management of affairs to a greater
+extent than ever. Mother kept on the binding of shoes; Tom went
+steadily to the public school; and I continued with Mr. Scott in the
+service of the railroad company. Just at this time Fortunatus knocked
+at our door. Mr. Scott asked me if I had five hundred dollars. If so,
+he said he wished to make an investment for me. Five hundred cents was
+much nearer my capital. I certainly had not fifty dollars saved for
+investment, but I was not going to miss the chance of becoming
+financially connected with my leader and great man. So I said boldly I
+thought I could manage that sum. He then told me that there were ten
+shares of Adams Express stock that he could buy, which had belonged to
+a station agent, Mr. Reynolds, of Wilkinsburg. Of course this was
+reported to the head of the family that evening, and she was not long
+in suggesting what might be done. When did she ever fail? We had then
+paid five hundred dollars upon the house, and in some way she thought
+this might be pledged as security for a loan.
+
+My mother took the steamer the next morning for East Liverpool,
+arriving at night, and through her brother there the money was
+secured. He was a justice of the peace, a well-known resident of that
+then small town, and had numerous sums in hand from farmers for
+investment. Our house was mortgaged and mother brought back the five
+hundred dollars which I handed over to Mr. Scott, who soon obtained
+for me the coveted ten shares in return. There was, unexpectedly, an
+additional hundred dollars to pay as a premium, but Mr. Scott kindly
+said I could pay that when convenient, and this of course was an easy
+matter to do.
+
+This was my first investment. In those good old days monthly
+dividends were more plentiful than now and Adams Express paid a
+monthly dividend. One morning a white envelope was lying upon my desk,
+addressed in a big John Hancock hand, to "Andrew Carnegie, Esquire."
+"Esquire" tickled the boys and me inordinately. At one corner was seen
+the round stamp of Adams Express Company. I opened the envelope. All
+it contained was a check for ten dollars upon the Gold Exchange Bank
+of New York. I shall remember that check as long as I live, and that
+John Hancock signature of "J.C. Babcock, Cashier." It gave me the
+first penny of revenue from capital--something that I had not worked
+for with the sweat of my brow. "Eureka!" I cried. "Here's the goose
+that lays the golden eggs."
+
+It was the custom of our party to spend Sunday afternoons in the
+woods. I kept the first check and showed it as we sat under the trees
+in a favorite grove we had found near Wood's Run. The effect produced
+upon my companions was overwhelming. None of them had imagined such an
+investment possible. We resolved to save and to watch for the next
+opportunity for investment in which all of us should share, and for
+years afterward we divided our trifling investments and worked
+together almost as partners.
+
+Up to this time my circle of acquaintances had not enlarged much. Mrs.
+Franciscus, wife of our freight agent, was very kind and on several
+occasions asked me to her house in Pittsburgh. She often spoke of the
+first time I rang the bell of the house in Third Street to deliver a
+message from Mr. Scott. She asked me to come in; I bashfully declined
+and it required coaxing upon her part to overcome my shyness. She was
+never able for years to induce me to partake of a meal in her house. I
+had great timidity about going into other people's houses, until late
+in life; but Mr. Scott would occasionally insist upon my going to his
+hotel and taking a meal with him, and these were great occasions for
+me. Mr. Franciscus's was the first considerable house, with the
+exception of Mr. Lombaert's at Altoona, I had ever entered, as far as
+I recollect. Every house was fashionable in my eyes that was upon any
+one of the principal streets, provided it had a hall entrance.
+
+I had never spent a night in a strange house in my life until Mr.
+Stokes of Greensburg, chief counsel of the Pennsylvania Railroad,
+invited me to his beautiful home in the country to pass a Sunday. It
+was an odd thing for Mr. Stokes to do, for I could little interest a
+brilliant and educated man like him. The reason for my receiving such
+an honor was a communication I had written for the "Pittsburgh
+Journal." Even in my teens I was a scribbler for the press. To be an
+editor was one of my ambitions. Horace Greeley and the "Tribune" was
+my ideal of human triumph. Strange that there should have come a day
+when I could have bought the "Tribune"; but by that time the pearl had
+lost its luster. Our air castles are often within our grasp late in
+life, but then they charm not.
+
+The subject of my article was upon the attitude of the city toward the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company. It was signed anonymously and I was
+surprised to find it got a prominent place in the columns of the
+"Journal," then owned and edited by Robert M. Riddle. I, as operator,
+received a telegram addressed to Mr. Scott and signed by Mr. Stokes,
+asking him to ascertain from Mr. Riddle who the author of that
+communication was. I knew that Mr. Riddle could not tell the author,
+because he did not know him; but at the same time I was afraid that if
+Mr. Scott called upon him he would hand him the manuscript, which Mr.
+Scott would certainly recognize at a glance. I therefore made a clean
+breast of it to Mr. Scott and told him I was the author. He seemed
+incredulous. He said he had read it that morning and wondered who had
+written it. His incredulous look did not pass me unnoticed. The pen
+was getting to be a weapon with me. Mr. Stokes's invitation to spend
+Sunday with him followed soon after, and the visit is one of the
+bright spots in my life. Henceforth we were great friends.
+
+The grandeur of Mr. Stokes's home impressed me, but the one feature of
+it that eclipsed all else was a marble mantel in his library. In the
+center of the arch, carved in the marble, was an open book with this
+inscription:
+
+    "He that cannot reason is a fool,
+    He that will not a bigot,
+    He that dare not a slave."
+
+These noble words thrilled me. I said to myself, "Some day, some day,
+I'll have a library" (that was a look ahead) "and these words shall
+grace the mantel as here." And so they do in New York and Skibo
+to-day.
+
+Another Sunday which I spent at his home after an interval of several
+years was also noteworthy. I had then become the superintendent of the
+Pittsburgh Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The South had
+seceded. I was all aflame for the flag. Mr. Stokes, being a leading
+Democrat, argued against the right of the North to use force for the
+preservation of the Union. He gave vent to sentiments which caused me
+to lose my self-control, and I exclaimed:
+
+"Mr. Stokes, we shall be hanging men like you in less than six weeks."
+
+I hear his laugh as I write, and his voice calling to his wife in the
+adjoining room:
+
+"Nancy, Nancy, listen to this young Scotch devil. He says they will be
+hanging men like me in less than six weeks."
+
+Strange things happened in those days. A short time after, that same
+Mr. Stokes was applying to me in Washington to help him to a major's
+commission in the volunteer forces. I was then in the Secretary of
+War's office, helping to manage the military railroads and telegraphs
+for the Government. This appointment he secured and ever after was
+Major Stokes, so that the man who doubted the right of the North to
+fight for the Union had himself drawn sword in the good cause. Men at
+first argued and theorized about Constitutional rights. It made all
+the difference in the world when the flag was fired upon. In a moment
+everything was ablaze--paper constitutions included. The Union and Old
+Glory! That was all the people cared for, but that was enough. The
+Constitution was intended to insure one flag, and as Colonel Ingersoll
+proclaimed: "There was not air enough on the American continent to
+float two."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+SUPERINTENDENT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA
+
+
+Mr. Scott was promoted to be the general superintendent of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad in 1856, taking Mr. Lombaert's place; and he
+took me, then in my twenty-third year, with him to Altoona. This
+breaking-up of associations in Pittsburgh was a sore trial, but
+nothing could be allowed to interfere for a moment with my business
+career. My mother was satisfied upon this point, great as the strain
+was upon her. Besides, "follow my leader" was due to so true a friend
+as Mr. Scott had been.
+
+His promotion to the superintendency gave rise to some jealousy; and
+besides that, he was confronted with a strike at the very beginning of
+his appointment. He had lost his wife in Pittsburgh a short time
+before and had his lonely hours. He was a stranger in Altoona, his new
+headquarters, and there was none but myself seemingly of whom he could
+make a companion. We lived for many weeks at the railway hotel
+together before he took up housekeeping and brought his children from
+Pittsburgh, and at his desire I occupied the same large bedroom with
+him. He seemed anxious always to have me near him.
+
+The strike became more and more threatening. I remember being wakened
+one night and told that the freight-train men had left their trains at
+Mifflin; that the line was blocked on this account and all traffic
+stopped. Mr. Scott was then sleeping soundly. It seemed to me a pity
+to disturb him, knowing how overworked and overanxious he was; but he
+awoke and I suggested that I should go up and attend to the matter.
+He seemed to murmur assent, not being more than half awake. So I went
+to the office and in his name argued the question with the men and
+promised them a hearing next day at Altoona. I succeeded in getting
+them to resume their duties and to start the traffic.
+
+Not only were the trainmen in a rebellious mood, but the men in the
+shops were rapidly organizing to join with the disaffected. This I
+learned in a curious manner. One night, as I was walking home in the
+dark, I became aware that a man was following me. By and by he came up
+to me and said:
+
+"I must not be seen with you, but you did me a favor once and I then
+resolved if ever I could serve you I would do it. I called at the
+office in Pittsburgh and asked for work as a blacksmith. You said
+there was no work then at Pittsburgh, but perhaps employment could be
+had at Altoona, and if I would wait a few minutes you would ask by
+telegraph. You took the trouble to do so, examined my recommendations,
+and gave me a pass and sent me here. I have a splendid job. My wife
+and family are here and I was never so well situated in my life. And
+now I want to tell you something for your good."
+
+I listened and he went on to say that a paper was being rapidly signed
+by the shopmen, pledging themselves to strike on Monday next. There
+was no time to be lost. I told Mr. Scott in the morning and he at once
+had printed notices posted in the shops that all men who had signed
+the paper, pledging themselves to strike, were dismissed and they
+should call at the office to be paid. A list of the names of the
+signers had come into our possession in the meantime, and this fact
+was announced. Consternation followed and the threatened strike was
+broken.
+
+I have had many incidents, such as that of the blacksmith, in my life.
+Slight attentions or a kind word to the humble often bring back reward
+as great as it is unlooked for. No kind action is ever lost. Even to
+this day I occasionally meet men whom I had forgotten, who recall some
+trifling attention I have been able to pay them, especially when in
+charge at Washington of government railways and telegraphs during the
+Civil War, when I could pass people within the lines--a father helped
+to reach a wounded or sick son at the front, or enabled to bring home
+his remains, or some similar service. I am indebted to these trifles
+for some of the happiest attentions and the most pleasing incidents of
+my life. And there is this about such actions: they are disinterested,
+and the reward is sweet in proportion to the humbleness of the
+individual whom you have obliged. It counts many times more to do a
+kindness to a poor working-man than to a millionaire, who may be able
+some day to repay the favor. How true Wordsworth's lines:
+
+    "That best portion of a good man's life--
+    His little, nameless, unremembered acts
+    Of kindness and of love."
+
+The chief happening, judged by its consequences, of the two years I
+spent with Mr. Scott at Altoona, arose from my being the principal
+witness in a suit against the company, which was being tried at
+Greensburg by the brilliant Major Stokes, my first host. It was feared
+that I was about to be subpoenaed by the plaintiff, and the Major,
+wishing a postponement of the case, asked Mr. Scott to send me out of
+the State as rapidly as possible. This was a happy change for me, as I
+was enabled to visit my two bosom companions, Miller and Wilson, then
+in the railway service at Crestline, Ohio. On my way thither, while
+sitting on the end seat of the rear car watching the line, a
+farmer-looking man approached me. He carried a small green bag in his
+hand. He said the brakeman had informed him I was connected with the
+Pennsylvania Railroad. He wished to show me the model of a car which
+he had invented for night traveling. He took a small model out of the
+bag, which showed a section of a sleeping-car.
+
+This was the celebrated T.T. Woodruff, the inventor of that now
+indispensable adjunct of civilization--the sleeping-car. Its
+importance flashed upon me. I asked him if he would come to Altoona if
+I sent for him, and I promised to lay the matter before Mr. Scott at
+once upon my return. I could not get that sleeping-car idea out of my
+mind, and was most anxious to return to Altoona that I might press my
+views upon Mr. Scott. When I did so, he thought I was taking time by
+the forelock, but was quite receptive and said I might telegraph for
+the patentee. He came and contracted to place two of his cars upon the
+line as soon as they could be built. After this Mr. Woodruff, greatly
+to my surprise, asked me if I would not join him in the new enterprise
+and offered me an eighth interest in the venture.
+
+I promptly accepted his offer, trusting to be able to make payments
+somehow or other. The two cars were to be paid for by monthly
+installments after delivery. When the time came for making the first
+payment, my portion was two hundred and seventeen and a half dollars.
+I boldly decided to apply to the local banker, Mr. Lloyd, for a loan
+of that sum. I explained the matter to him, and I remember that he put
+his great arm (he was six feet three or four) around me, saying:
+
+"Why, of course I will lend it. You are all right, Andy."
+
+And here I made my first note, and actually got a banker to take it. A
+proud moment that in a young man's career! The sleeping-cars were a
+great success and their monthly receipts paid the monthly
+installments. The first considerable sum I made was from this source.
+[To-day, July 19, 1909, as I re-read this, how glad I am that I have
+recently heard from Mr. Lloyd's married daughter telling me of her
+father's deep affection for me, thus making me very happy, indeed.]
+
+One important change in our life at Altoona, after my mother and
+brother arrived, was that, instead of continuing to live exclusively
+by ourselves, it was considered necessary that we should have a
+servant. It was with the greatest reluctance my mother could be
+brought to admit a stranger into the family circle. She had been
+everything and had done everything for her two boys. This was her
+life, and she resented with all a strong woman's jealousy the
+introduction of a stranger who was to be permitted to do anything
+whatever in the home. She had cooked and served her boys, washed their
+clothes and mended them, made their beds, cleaned their home. Who dare
+rob her of those motherly privileges! But nevertheless we could not
+escape the inevitable servant girl. One came, and others followed, and
+with these came also the destruction of much of that genuine family
+happiness which flows from exclusiveness. Being served by others is a
+poor substitute for a mother's labor of love. The ostentatious meal
+prepared by a strange cook whom one seldom sees, and served by hands
+paid for the task, lacks the sweetness of that which a mother's hands
+lay before you as the expression and proof of her devotion.
+
+Among the manifold blessings I have to be thankful for is that neither
+nurse nor governess was my companion in infancy. No wonder the
+children of the poor are distinguished for the warmest affection and
+the closest adherence to family ties and are characterized by a filial
+regard far stronger than that of those who are mistakenly called more
+fortunate in life. They have passed the impressionable years of
+childhood and youth in constant loving contact with father and mother,
+to each they are all in all, no third person coming between. The child
+that has in his father a teacher, companion, and counselor, and whose
+mother is to him a nurse, seamstress, governess, teacher, companion,
+heroine, and saint all in one, has a heritage to which the child of
+wealth remains a stranger.
+
+There comes a time, although the fond mother cannot see it, when a
+grown son has to put his arms around his saint and kissing her
+tenderly try to explain to her that it would be much better were she
+to let him help her in some ways; that, being out in the world among
+men and dealing with affairs, he sometimes sees changes which it would
+be desirable to make; that the mode of life delightful for young boys
+should be changed in some respects and the house made suitable for
+their friends to enter. Especially should the slaving mother live the
+life of ease hereafter, reading and visiting more and entertaining
+dear friends--in short, rising to her proper and deserved position as
+Her Ladyship.
+
+Of course the change was very hard upon my mother, but she finally
+recognized the necessity for it, probably realized for the first time
+that her eldest son was getting on. "Dear Mother," I pleaded, my arms
+still around her, "you have done everything for and have been
+everything to Tom and me, and now do let me do something for you; let
+us be partners and let us always think what is best for each other.
+The time has come for you to play the lady and some of these days you
+are to ride in your carriage; meanwhile do get that girl in to help
+you. Tom and I would like this."
+
+The victory was won, and my mother began to go out with us and visit
+her neighbors. She had not to learn self-possession nor good manners,
+these were innate; and as for education, knowledge, rare good sense,
+and kindliness, seldom was she to meet her equal. I wrote "never"
+instead of "seldom" and then struck it out. Nevertheless my private
+opinion is reserved.
+
+Life at Altoona was made more agreeable for me through Mr. Scott's
+niece, Miss Rebecca Stewart, who kept house for him. She played the
+part of elder sister to me to perfection, especially when Mr. Scott
+was called to Philadelphia or elsewhere. We were much together, often
+driving in the afternoons through the woods. The intimacy did not
+cease for many years, and re-reading some of her letters in 1906 I
+realized more than ever my indebtedness to her. She was not much
+beyond my own age, but always seemed a great deal older. Certainly she
+was more mature and quite capable of playing the elder sister's part.
+It was to her I looked up in those days as the perfect lady. Sorry am
+I our paths parted so widely in later years. Her daughter married the
+Earl of Sussex and her home in late years has been abroad. [July 19,
+1909, Mrs. Carnegie and I found my elder-sister friend April last, now
+in widowhood, in Paris, her sister and also her daughter all well and
+happy. A great pleasure, indeed. There are no substitutes for the true
+friends of youth.]
+
+Mr. Scott remained at Altoona for about three years when deserved
+promotion came to him. In 1859 he was made vice-president of the
+company, with his office in Philadelphia. What was to become of me was
+a serious question. Would he take me with him or must I remain at
+Altoona with the new official? The thought was to me unbearable. To
+part with Mr. Scott was hard enough; to serve a new official in his
+place I did not believe possible. The sun rose and set upon his head
+so far as I was concerned. The thought of my promotion, except through
+him, never entered my mind.
+
+He returned from his interview with the president at Philadelphia and
+asked me to come into the private room in his house which communicated
+with the office. He told me it had been settled that he should remove
+to Philadelphia. Mr. Enoch Lewis, the division superintendent, was to
+be his successor. I listened with great interest as he approached the
+inevitable disclosure as to what he was going to do with me. He said
+finally:
+
+"Now about yourself. Do you think you could manage the Pittsburgh
+Division?"
+
+I was at an age when I thought I could manage anything. I knew nothing
+that I would not attempt, but it had never occurred to me that anybody
+else, much less Mr. Scott, would entertain the idea that I was as yet
+fit to do anything of the kind proposed. I was only twenty-four years
+old, but my model then was Lord John Russell, of whom it was said he
+would take the command of the Channel Fleet to-morrow. So would
+Wallace or Bruce. I told Mr. Scott I thought I could.
+
+"Well," he said, "Mr. Potts" (who was then superintendent of the
+Pittsburgh Division) "is to be promoted to the transportation
+department in Philadelphia and I recommended you to the president as
+his successor. He agreed to give you a trial. What salary do you think
+you should have?"
+
+"Salary," I said, quite offended; "what do I care for salary? I do not
+want the salary; I want the position. It is glory enough to go back
+to the Pittsburgh Division in your former place. You can make my
+salary just what you please and you need not give me any more than
+what I am getting now."
+
+That was sixty-five dollars a month.
+
+"You know," he said, "I received fifteen hundred dollars a year when I
+was there; and Mr. Potts is receiving eighteen hundred. I think it
+would be right to start you at fifteen hundred dollars, and after a
+while if you succeed you will get the eighteen hundred. Would that be
+satisfactory?"
+
+"Oh, please," I said, "don't speak to me of money!"
+
+It was not a case of mere hire and salary, and then and there my
+promotion was sealed. I was to have a department to myself, and
+instead of signing "T.A.S." orders between Pittsburgh and Altoona
+would now be signed "A.C." That was glory enough for me.
+
+The order appointing me superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division was
+issued December 1, 1859. Preparations for removing the family were
+made at once. The change was hailed with joy, for although our
+residence in Altoona had many advantages, especially as we had a large
+house with some ground about it in a pleasant part of the suburbs and
+therefore many of the pleasures of country life, all these did not
+weigh as a feather in the scale as against the return to old friends
+and associations in dirty, smoky Pittsburgh. My brother Tom had
+learned telegraphy during his residence in Altoona and he returned
+with me and became my secretary.
+
+The winter following my appointment was one of the most severe ever
+known. The line was poorly constructed, the equipment inefficient and
+totally inadequate for the business that was crowding upon it. The
+rails were laid upon huge blocks of stone, cast-iron chairs for
+holding the rails were used, and I have known as many as forty-seven
+of these to break in one night. No wonder the wrecks were frequent.
+The superintendent of a division in those days was expected to run
+trains by telegraph at night, to go out and remove all wrecks, and
+indeed to do everything. At one time for eight days I was constantly
+upon the line, day and night, at one wreck or obstruction after
+another. I was probably the most inconsiderate superintendent that
+ever was entrusted with the management of a great property, for, never
+knowing fatigue myself, being kept up by a sense of responsibility
+probably, I overworked the men and was not careful enough in
+considering the limits of human endurance. I have always been able to
+sleep at any time. Snatches of half an hour at intervals during the
+night in a dirty freight car were sufficient.
+
+The Civil War brought such extraordinary demands on the Pennsylvania
+line that I was at last compelled to organize a night force; but it
+was with difficulty I obtained the consent of my superiors to entrust
+the charge of the line at night to a train dispatcher. Indeed, I never
+did get their unequivocal authority to do so, but upon my own
+responsibility I appointed perhaps the first night train dispatcher
+that ever acted in America--at least he was the first upon the
+Pennsylvania system.
+
+Upon our return to Pittsburgh in 1860 we rented a house in Hancock
+Street, now Eighth Street, and resided there for a year or more. Any
+accurate description of Pittsburgh at that time would be set down as a
+piece of the grossest exaggeration. The smoke permeated and penetrated
+everything. If you placed your hand on the balustrade of the stair it
+came away black; if you washed face and hands they were as dirty as
+ever in an hour. The soot gathered in the hair and irritated the skin,
+and for a time after our return from the mountain atmosphere of
+Altoona, life was more or less miserable. We soon began to consider
+how we could get to the country, and fortunately at that time Mr. D.A.
+Stewart, then freight agent for the company, directed our attention to
+a house adjoining his residence at Homewood. We moved there at once
+and the telegraph was brought in, which enabled me to operate the
+division from the house when necessary.
+
+Here a new life was opened to us. There were country lanes and gardens
+in abundance. Residences had from five to twenty acres of land about
+them. The Homewood Estate was made up of many hundreds of acres, with
+beautiful woods and glens and a running brook. We, too, had a garden
+and a considerable extent of ground around our house. The happiest
+years of my mother's life were spent here among her flowers and
+chickens and the surroundings of country life. Her love of flowers was
+a passion. She was scarcely ever able to gather a flower. Indeed I
+remember she once reproached me for pulling up a weed, saying "it was
+something green." I have inherited this peculiarity and have often
+walked from the house to the gate intending to pull a flower for my
+button-hole and then left for town unable to find one I could destroy.
+
+With this change to the country came a whole host of new
+acquaintances. Many of the wealthy families of the district had their
+residences in this delightful suburb. It was, so to speak, the
+aristocratic quarter. To the entertainments at these great houses the
+young superintendent was invited. The young people were musical and we
+had musical evenings a plenty. I heard subjects discussed which I had
+never known before, and I made it a rule when I heard these to learn
+something about them at once. I was pleased every day to feel that I
+was learning something new.
+
+It was here that I first met the Vandevort brothers, Benjamin and
+John. The latter was my traveling-companion on various trips which I
+took later in life. "Dear Vandy" appears as my chum in "Round the
+World." Our neighbors, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart, became more and more dear
+to us, and the acquaintance we had before ripened into lasting
+friendship. One of my pleasures is that Mr. Stewart subsequently
+embarked in business with us and became a partner, as "Vandy" did
+also. Greatest of all the benefits of our new home, however, was
+making the acquaintance of the leading family of Western Pennsylvania,
+that of the Honorable Judge Wilkins. The Judge was then approaching
+his eightieth year, tall, slender, and handsome, in full possession of
+all his faculties, with a courtly grace of manner, and the most
+wonderful store of knowledge and reminiscence of any man I had yet
+been privileged to meet. His wife, the daughter of George W. Dallas,
+Vice-President of the United States, has ever been my type of gracious
+womanhood in age--the most beautiful, most charming venerable old lady
+I ever knew or saw. Her daughter, Miss Wilkins, with her sister, Mrs.
+Saunders, and her children resided in the stately mansion at Homewood,
+which was to the surrounding district what the baronial hall in
+Britain is or should be to its district--the center of all that was
+cultured, refined, and elevating.
+
+To me it was especially pleasing that I seemed to be a welcome guest
+there. Musical parties, charades, and theatricals in which Miss
+Wilkins took the leading parts furnished me with another means of
+self-improvement. The Judge himself was the first man of historical
+note whom I had ever known. I shall never forget the impression it
+made upon me when in the course of conversation, wishing to illustrate
+a remark, he said: "President Jackson once said to me," or, "I told
+the Duke of Wellington so and so." The Judge in his earlier life
+(1834) had been Minister to Russia under Jackson, and in the same easy
+way spoke of his interview with the Czar. It seemed to me that I was
+touching history itself. The house was a new atmosphere, and my
+intercourse with the family was a powerful stimulant to the desire for
+improvement of my own mind and manners.
+
+The only subject upon which there was always a decided, though silent,
+antagonism between the Wilkins family and myself was politics. I was
+an ardent Free-Soiler in days when to be an abolitionist was somewhat
+akin to being a republican in Britain. The Wilkinses were strong
+Democrats with leanings toward the South, being closely connected with
+leading Southern families. On one occasion at Homewood, on entering
+the drawing-room, I found the family excitedly conversing about a
+terrible incident that had recently occurred.
+
+"What do you think!" said Mrs. Wilkins to me; "Dallas" (her grandson)
+"writes me that he has been compelled by the commandant of West Point
+to sit next a negro! Did you ever hear the like of that? Is it not
+disgraceful? Negroes admitted to West Point!"
+
+"Oh!" I said, "Mrs. Wilkins, there is something even worse than that.
+I understand that some of them have been admitted to heaven!"
+
+There was a silence that could be felt. Then dear Mrs. Wilkins said
+gravely:
+
+"That is a different matter, Mr. Carnegie."
+
+By far the most precious gift ever received by me up to that time came
+about in this manner. Dear Mrs. Wilkins began knitting an afghan, and
+during the work many were the inquiries as to whom it was for. No,
+the dear queenly old lady would not tell; she kept her secret all the
+long months until, Christmas drawing near, the gift finished and
+carefully wrapped up, and her card with a few loving words enclosed,
+she instructed her daughter to address it to me. It was duly received
+in New York. Such a tribute from such a lady! Well, that afghan,
+though often shown to dear friends, has not been much used. It is
+sacred to me and remains among my precious possessions.
+
+I had been so fortunate as to meet Leila Addison while living in
+Pittsburgh, the talented daughter of Dr. Addison, who had died a short
+time before. I soon became acquainted with the family and record with
+grateful feelings the immense advantage which that acquaintance also
+brought to me. Here was another friendship formed with people who had
+all the advantages of the higher education. Carlyle had been Mrs.
+Addison's tutor for a time, for she was an Edinburgh lady. Her
+daughters had been educated abroad and spoke French, Spanish, and
+Italian as fluently as English. It was through intercourse with this
+family that I first realized the indescribable yet immeasurable gulf
+that separates the highly educated from people like myself. But "the
+wee drap o' Scotch bluid atween us" proved its potency as usual.
+
+Miss Addison became an ideal friend because she undertook to improve
+the rough diamond, if it were indeed a diamond at all. She was my best
+friend, because my severest critic. I began to pay strict attention to
+my language, and to the English classics, which I now read with great
+avidity. I began also to notice how much better it was to be gentle in
+tone and manner, polite and courteous to all--in short, better
+behaved. Up to this time I had been, perhaps, careless in dress and
+rather affected it. Great heavy boots, loose collar, and general
+roughness of attire were then peculiar to the West and in our circle
+considered manly. Anything that could be labeled foppish was looked
+upon with contempt. I remember the first gentleman I ever saw in the
+service of the railway company who wore kid gloves. He was the object
+of derision among us who aspired to be manly men. I was a great deal
+the better in all these respects after we moved to Homewood, owing to
+the Addisons.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+CIVIL WAR PERIOD
+
+
+In 1861 the Civil War broke out and I was at once summoned to
+Washington by Mr. Scott, who had been appointed Assistant Secretary of
+War in charge of the Transportation Department. I was to act as his
+assistant in charge of the military railroads and telegraphs of the
+Government and to organize a force of railway men. It was one of the
+most important departments of all at the beginning of the war.
+
+The first regiments of Union troops passing through Baltimore had been
+attacked, and the railway line cut between Baltimore and Annapolis
+Junction, destroying communication with Washington. It was therefore
+necessary for me, with my corps of assistants, to take train at
+Philadelphia for Annapolis, a point from which a branch line extended
+to the Junction, joining the main line to Washington. Our first duty
+was to repair this branch and make it passable for heavy trains, a
+work of some days. General Butler and several regiments of troops
+arrived a few days after us, and we were able to transport his whole
+brigade to Washington.
+
+I took my place upon the first engine which started for the Capital,
+and proceeded very cautiously. Some distance from Washington I noticed
+that the telegraph wires had been pinned to the ground by wooden
+stakes. I stopped the engine and ran forward to release them, but I
+did not notice that the wires had been pulled to one side before
+staking. When released, in their spring upwards, they struck me in the
+face, knocked me over, and cut a gash in my cheek which bled
+profusely. In this condition I entered the city of Washington with the
+first troops, so that with the exception of one or two soldiers,
+wounded a few days previously in passing through the streets of
+Baltimore, I can justly claim that I "shed my blood for my country"
+among the first of its defenders. I gloried in being useful to the
+land that had done so much for me, and worked, I can truly say, night
+and day, to open communication to the South.
+
+I soon removed my headquarters to Alexandria,[20] Virginia, and was
+stationed there when the unfortunate battle of Bull Run was fought. We
+could not believe the reports that came to us, but it soon became
+evident that we must rush every engine and car to the front to bring
+back our defeated forces. The closest point then was Burke Station. I
+went out there and loaded up train after train of the poor wounded
+volunteers. The rebels were reported to be close upon us and we were
+finally compelled to close Burke Station, the operator and myself
+leaving on the last train for Alexandria where the effect of panic was
+evident upon every side. Some of our railway men were missing, but the
+number at the mess on the following morning showed that, compared with
+other branches of the service, we had cause for congratulation. A few
+conductors and engineers had obtained boats and crossed the Potomac,
+but the great body of the men remained, although the roar of the guns
+of the pursuing enemy was supposed to be heard in every sound during
+the night. Of our telegraphers not one was missing the next morning.
+
+[Footnote 20: "When Carnegie reached Washington his first task was to
+establish a ferry to Alexandria and to extend the Baltimore and Ohio
+Railroad track from the old depot in Washington, along Maryland Avenue
+to and across the Potomac, so that locomotives and cars might be
+crossed for use in Virginia. Long Bridge, over the Potomac, had to be
+rebuilt, and I recall the fact that under the direction of Carnegie
+and R.F. Morley the railroad between Washington and Alexandria was
+completed in the remarkably short period of seven days. All hands,
+from Carnegie down, worked day and night to accomplish the task."
+(Bates, _Lincoln in the Telegraph Office_, p. 22. New York, 1907.)]
+
+Soon after this I returned to Washington and made my headquarters in
+the War Building with Colonel Scott. As I had charge of the telegraph
+department, as well as the railways, this gave me an opportunity of
+seeing President Lincoln, Mr. Seward, Secretary Cameron, and others;
+and I was occasionally brought in personal contact with these men,
+which was to me a source of great interest. Mr. Lincoln would
+occasionally come to the office and sit at the desk awaiting replies
+to telegrams, or perhaps merely anxious for information.
+
+All the pictures of this extraordinary man are like him. He was so
+marked of feature that it was impossible for any one to paint him and
+not produce a likeness. He was certainly one of the most homely men I
+ever saw when his features were in repose; but when excited or telling
+a story, intellect shone through his eyes and illuminated his face to
+a degree which I have seldom or never seen in any other. His manners
+were perfect because natural; and he had a kind word for everybody,
+even the youngest boy in the office. His attentions were not
+graduated. They were the same to all, as deferential in talking to the
+messenger boy as to Secretary Seward. His charm lay in the total
+absence of manner. It was not so much, perhaps, what he said as the
+way in which he said it that never failed to win one. I have often
+regretted that I did not note down carefully at the time some of his
+curious sayings, for he said even common things in an original way. I
+never met a great man who so thoroughly made himself one with all men
+as Mr. Lincoln. As Secretary Hay so well says, "It is impossible to
+imagine any one a valet to Mr. Lincoln; he would have been his
+companion." He was the most perfect democrat, revealing in every word
+and act the equality of men.
+
+When Mason and Slidell in 1861 were taken from the British ship Trent
+there was intense anxiety upon the part of those who, like myself,
+knew what the right of asylum on her ships meant to Britain. It was
+certain war or else a prompt return of the prisoners. Secretary
+Cameron being absent when the Cabinet was summoned to consider the
+question, Mr. Scott was invited to attend as Assistant Secretary of
+War. I did my best to let him understand that upon this issue Britain
+would fight beyond question, and urged that he stand firm for
+surrender, especially since it had been the American doctrine that
+ships should be immune from search. Mr. Scott, knowing nothing of
+foreign affairs, was disposed to hold the captives, but upon his
+return from the meeting he told me that Seward had warned the Cabinet
+it meant war, just as I had said. Lincoln, too, was at first inclined
+to hold the prisoners, but was at last converted to Seward's policy.
+The Cabinet, however, had decided to postpone action until the morrow,
+when Cameron and other absentees would be present. Mr. Scott was
+requested by Seward to meet Cameron on arrival and get him right on
+the subject before going to the meeting, for he was expected to be in
+no surrendering mood. This was done and all went well next day.
+
+The general confusion which reigned at Washington at this time had to
+be seen to be understood. No description can convey my initial
+impression of it. The first time I saw General Scott, then
+Commander-in-Chief, he was being helped by two men across the pavement
+from his office into his carriage. He was an old, decrepit man,
+paralyzed not only in body, but in mind; and it was upon this noble
+relic of the past that the organization of the forces of the Republic
+depended. His chief commissary, General Taylor, was in some degree a
+counterpart of Scott. It was our business to arrange with these, and
+others scarcely less fit, for the opening of communications and for
+the transportation of men and supplies. They were seemingly one and
+all martinets who had passed the age of usefulness. Days would elapse
+before a decision could be obtained upon matters which required prompt
+action. There was scarcely a young active officer at the head of any
+important department--at least I cannot recall one. Long years of
+peace had fossilized the service.
+
+The same cause had produced like results, I understood, in the Navy
+Department, but I was not brought in personal contact with it. The
+navy was not important at the beginning; it was the army that counted.
+Nothing but defeat was to be looked for until the heads of the various
+departments were changed, and this could not be done in a day. The
+impatience of the country at the apparent delay in producing an
+effective weapon for the great task thrown upon the Government was no
+doubt natural, but the wonder to me is that order was so soon evolved
+from the chaos which prevailed in every branch of the service.
+
+As far as our operations were concerned we had one great advantage.
+Secretary Cameron authorized Mr. Scott (he had been made a Colonel) to
+do what he thought necessary without waiting for the slow movements of
+the officials under the Secretary of War. Of this authority unsparing
+use was made, and the important part played by the railway and
+telegraph department of the Government from the very beginning of the
+war is to be attributed to the fact that we had the cordial support of
+Secretary Cameron. He was then in the possession of all his faculties
+and grasped the elements of the problem far better than his generals
+and heads of departments. Popular clamor compelled Lincoln to change
+him at last, but those who were behind the scenes well knew that if
+other departments had been as well managed as was the War Department
+under Cameron, all things considered, much of disaster would have been
+avoided.
+
+Lochiel, as Cameron liked to be called, was a man of sentiment. In his
+ninetieth year he visited us in Scotland and, passing through one of
+our glens, sitting on the front seat of our four-in-hand coach, he
+reverently took off his hat and bareheaded rode through the glen,
+overcome by its grandeur. The conversation turned once upon the
+efforts which candidates for office must themselves put forth and the
+fallacy that office seeks the man, except in very rare emergencies.
+Apropos of this Lochiel told this story about Lincoln's second term:
+
+One day at Cameron's country home near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, he
+received a telegram saying that President Lincoln would like to see
+him. Accordingly he went to Washington. Lincoln began:
+
+"Cameron, the people about me are telling me that it is my patriotic
+duty to become a candidate for a second term, that I am the only man
+who can save my country, and so on; and do you know I'm just beginning
+to be fool enough to believe them a little. What do you say, and how
+could it be managed?"
+
+"Well, Mr. President, twenty-eight years ago President Jackson sent
+for me as you have now done and told me just the same story. His
+letter reached me in New Orleans and I traveled ten days to reach
+Washington. I told President Jackson I thought the best plan would be
+to have the Legislature of one of the States pass resolutions
+insisting that the pilot should not desert the ship during these
+stormy times, and so forth. If one State did this I thought others
+would follow. Mr. Jackson concurred and I went to Harrisburg, and had
+such a resolution prepared and passed. Other States followed as I
+expected and, as you know, he won a second term."
+
+"Well," said Lincoln, "could you do that now?"
+
+"No," said I, "I am too near to you, Mr. President; but if you desire
+I might get a friend to attend to it, I think."
+
+"Well," said President Lincoln, "I leave the matter with you."
+
+"I sent for Foster here" (who was his companion on the coach and our
+guest) "and asked him to look up the Jackson resolutions. We changed
+them a little to meet new conditions and passed them. The like result
+followed as in the case of President Jackson. Upon my next visit to
+Washington I went in the evening to the President's public reception.
+When I entered the crowded and spacious East Room, being like Lincoln
+very tall, the President recognized me over the mass of people and
+holding up both white-gloved hands which looked like two legs of
+mutton, called out: 'Two more in to-day, Cameron, two more.' That is,
+two additional States had passed the Jackson-Lincoln resolutions."
+
+Apart from the light this incident throws upon political life, it is
+rather remarkable that the same man should have been called upon by
+two presidents of the United States, twenty-eight years apart, under
+exactly similar circumstances and asked for advice, and that, the same
+expedient being employed, both men became candidates and both secured
+second terms. As was once explained upon a memorable occasion:
+"There's figuring in all them things."
+
+When in Washington I had not met General Grant, because he was in the
+West up to the time of my leaving, but on a journey to and from
+Washington he stopped at Pittsburgh to make the necessary arrangements
+for his removal to the East. I met him on the line upon both occasions
+and took him to dine with me in Pittsburgh. There were no dining-cars
+then. He was the most ordinary-looking man of high position I had ever
+met, and the last that one would select at first glance as a
+remarkable man. I remember that Secretary of War Stanton said that
+when he visited the armies in the West, General Grant and his staff
+entered his car; he looked at them, one after the other, as they
+entered and seeing General Grant, said to himself, "Well, I do not
+know which is General Grant, but there is one that cannot be." Yet
+this was he. [Reading this years after it was written, I laugh. It is
+pretty hard on the General, for I have been taken for him more than
+once.]
+
+In those days of the war much was talked about "strategy" and the
+plans of the various generals. I was amazed at General Grant's freedom
+in talking to me about such things. Of course he knew that I had been
+in the War Office, and was well known to Secretary Stanton,[21] and
+had some knowledge of what was going on; but my surprise can be
+imagined when he said to me:
+
+"Well, the President and Stanton want me to go East and take command
+there, and I have agreed to do it. I am just going West to make the
+necessary arrangements."
+
+I said, "I suspected as much."
+
+"I am going to put Sherman in charge," he said.
+
+"That will surprise the country," I said, "for I think the impression
+is that General Thomas should succeed."
+
+"Yes, I know that," he said, "but I know the men and Thomas will be
+the first to say that Sherman is the man for the work. There will be
+no trouble about that. The fact is the western end is pretty far down,
+and the next thing we must do is to push the eastern end down a
+little."
+
+[Footnote 21: Mr. Carnegie gave to Stanton's college, Kenyon, $80,000,
+and on April 26, 1906, delivered at the college an address on the
+great War Secretary. It has been published under the title _Edwin M.
+Stanton, an Address by Andrew Carnegie on Stanton Memorial Day at
+Kenyon College_. (New York, 1906.)]
+
+That was exactly what he did. And that was Grant's way of putting
+strategy into words. It was my privilege to become well acquainted
+with him in after years. If ever a man was without the slightest trace
+of affectation, Grant was that man. Even Lincoln did not surpass him
+in that: but Grant was a quiet, slow man while Lincoln was always
+alive and in motion. I never heard Grant use a long or grand word, or
+make any attempt at "manner," but the general impression that he was
+always reticent is a mistake. He was a surprisingly good talker
+sometimes and upon occasion liked to talk. His sentences were always
+short and to the point, and his observations upon things remarkably
+shrewd. When he had nothing to say he said nothing. I noticed that he
+was never tired of praising his subordinates in the war. He spoke of
+them as a fond father speaks of his children.
+
+The story is told that during the trials of war in the West, General
+Grant began to indulge too freely in liquor. His chief of staff,
+Rawlins, boldly ventured to tell him so. That this was the act of a
+true friend Grant fully recognized.
+
+"You do not mean that? I was wholly unconscious of it. I am
+surprised!" said the General.
+
+"Yes, I do mean it. It is even beginning to be a subject of comment
+among your officers."
+
+"Why did you not tell me before? I'll never drink a drop of liquor
+again."
+
+He never did. Time after time in later years, dining with the Grants
+in New York, I have seen the General turn down the wine-glasses at his
+side. That indomitable will of his enabled him to remain steadfast to
+his resolve, a rare case as far as my experience goes. Some have
+refrained for a time. In one noted case one of our partners refrained
+for three years, but alas, the old enemy at last recaptured its
+victim.
+
+Grant, when President, was accused of being pecuniarily benefited by
+certain appointments, or acts, of his administration, while his
+friends knew that he was so poor that he had been compelled to
+announce his intention of abandoning the customary state dinners, each
+one of which, he found, cost eight hundred dollars--a sum which he
+could not afford to pay out of his salary. The increase of the
+presidential salary from $25,000 to $50,000 a year enabled him, during
+his second term, to save a little, although he cared no more about
+money than about uniforms. At the end of his first term I know he had
+nothing. Yet I found, when in Europe, that the impression was
+widespread among the highest officials there that there was something
+in the charge that General Grant had benefited pecuniarily by
+appointments. We know in America how little weight to attach to these
+charges, but it would have been well for those who made them so
+recklessly to have considered what effect they would produce upon
+public opinion in other lands.
+
+The cause of democracy suffers more in Britain to-day from the
+generally received opinion that American politics are corrupt, and
+therefore that republicanism necessarily produces corruption, than
+from any other one cause. Yet, speaking with some knowledge of
+politics in both lands, I have not the slightest hesitation in saying
+that for every ounce of corruption of public men in the new land of
+republicanism there is one in the old land of monarchy, only the forms
+of corruption differ. Titles are the bribes in the monarchy, not
+dollars. Office is a common and proper reward in both. There is,
+however, this difference in favor of the monarchy; titles are given
+openly and are not considered by the recipients or the mass of the
+people as bribes.
+
+When I was called to Washington in 1861, it was supposed that the war
+would soon be over; but it was seen shortly afterwards that it was to
+be a question of years. Permanent officials in charge would be
+required. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company was unable to spare Mr.
+Scott, and Mr. Scott, in turn, decided that I must return to
+Pittsburgh, where my services were urgently needed, owing to the
+demands made upon the Pennsylvania by the Government. We therefore
+placed the department at Washington in the hands of others and
+returned to our respective positions.
+
+After my return from Washington reaction followed and I was taken with
+my first serious illness. I was completely broken down, and after a
+struggle to perform my duties was compelled to seek rest. One
+afternoon, when on the railway line in Virginia, I had experienced
+something like a sunstroke, which gave me considerable trouble. It
+passed off, however, but after that I found I could not stand heat and
+had to be careful to keep out of the sun--a hot day wilting me
+completely. [That is the reason why the cool Highland air in summer
+has been to me a panacea for many years. My physician has insisted
+that I must avoid our hot American summers.]
+
+Leave of absence was granted me by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company,
+and the long-sought opportunity to visit Scotland came. My mother, my
+bosom friend Tom Miller, and myself, sailed in the steamship Etna,
+June 28, 1862, I in my twenty-seventh year; and on landing in
+Liverpool we proceeded at once to Dunfermline. No change ever affected
+me so much as this return to my native land. I seemed to be in a
+dream. Every mile that brought us nearer to Scotland increased the
+intensity of my feelings. My mother was equally moved, and I remember,
+when her eyes first caught sight of the familiar yellow bush, she
+exclaimed:
+
+"Oh! there's the broom, the broom!"
+
+Her heart was so full she could not restrain her tears, and the more I
+tried to make light of it or to soothe her, the more she was overcome.
+For myself, I felt as if I could throw myself upon the sacred soil and
+kiss it.[22]
+
+[Footnote 22: "It's a God's mercy I was born a Scotchman, for I do not
+see how I could ever have been contented to be anything else. The
+little dour deevil, set in her own ways, and getting them, too,
+level-headed and shrewd, with an eye to the main chance always and yet
+so lovingly weak, so fond, so led away by song or story, so easily
+touched to fine issues, so leal, so true. Ah! you suit me, Scotia, and
+proud am I that I am your son." (Andrew Carnegie, _Our Coaching Trip_,
+p. 152. New York, 1882.)]
+
+In this mood we reached Dunfermline. Every object we passed was
+recognized at once, but everything seemed so small, compared with what
+I had imagined it, that I was completely puzzled. Finally, reaching
+Uncle Lauder's and getting into the old room where he had taught Dod
+and myself so many things, I exclaimed:
+
+"You are all here; everything is just as I left it, but you are now
+all playing with toys."
+
+The High Street, which I had considered not a bad Broadway, uncle's
+shop, which I had compared with some New York establishments, the
+little mounds about the town, to which we had run on Sundays to play,
+the distances, the height of the houses, all had shrunk. Here was a
+city of the Lilliputians. I could almost touch the eaves of the house
+in which I was born, and the sea--to walk to which on a Saturday had
+been considered quite a feat--was only three miles distant. The rocks
+at the seashore, among which I had gathered wilks (whelks) seemed to
+have vanished, and a tame flat shoal remained. The schoolhouse, around
+which had centered many of my schoolboy recollections--my only Alma
+Mater--and the playground, upon which mimic battles had been fought
+and races run, had shrunk into ridiculously small dimensions. The fine
+residences, Broomhall, Fordell, and especially the conservatories at
+Donibristle, fell one after the other into the petty and
+insignificant. What I felt on a later occasion on a visit to Japan,
+with its small toy houses, was something like a repetition of the
+impression my old home made upon me.
+
+Everything was there in miniature. Even the old well at the head of
+Moodie Street, where I began my early struggles, was changed from what
+I had pictured it. But one object remained all that I had dreamed of
+it. There was no disappointment in the glorious old Abbey and its
+Glen. It was big enough and grand enough, and the memorable carved
+letters on the top of the tower--"King Robert The Bruce"--filled my
+eye and my heart as fully as of old. Nor was the Abbey bell
+disappointing, when I heard it for the first time after my return. For
+this I was grateful. It gave me a rallying point, and around the old
+Abbey, with its Palace ruins and the Glen, other objects adjusted
+themselves in their true proportions after a time.
+
+My relatives were exceedingly kind, and the oldest of all, my dear old
+Auntie Charlotte, in a moment of exultation exclaimed:
+
+"Oh, you will just be coming back here some day and _keep a shop in
+the High Street_."
+
+To keep a shop in the High Street was her idea of triumph. Her
+son-in-law and daughter, both my full cousins, though unrelated to
+each other, had risen to this sublime height, and nothing was too
+great to predict for her promising nephew. There is an aristocracy
+even in shopkeeping, and the family of the green grocer of the High
+Street mingles not upon equal terms with him of Moodie Street.
+
+Auntie, who had often played my nurse, liked to dwell upon the fact
+that I was a screaming infant that had to be fed with two spoons, as I
+yelled whenever one left my mouth. Captain Jones, our superintendent
+of the steel works at a later day, described me as having been born
+"with two rows of teeth and holes punched for more," so insatiable was
+my appetite for new works and increased production. As I was the first
+child in our immediate family circle, there were plenty of now
+venerable relatives begging to be allowed to play nurse, my aunties
+among them. Many of my childhood pranks and words they told me in
+their old age. One of them that the aunties remembered struck me as
+rather precocious.
+
+I had been brought up upon wise saws and one that my father had taught
+me was soon given direct application. As a boy, returning from the
+seashore three miles distant, he had to carry me part of the way upon
+his back. Going up a steep hill in the gloaming he remarked upon the
+heavy load, hoping probably I would propose to walk a bit. The
+response, however, which he received was:
+
+"Ah, faither, never mind, patience and perseverance make the man, ye
+ken."
+
+He toiled on with his burden, but shaking with laughter. He was hoist
+with his own petard, but his burden grew lighter all the same. I am
+sure of this.
+
+My home, of course, was with my instructor, guide, and inspirer, Uncle
+Lauder--he who had done so much to make me romantic, patriotic, and
+poetical at eight. Now I was twenty-seven, but Uncle Lauder still
+remained Uncle Lauder. He had not shrunk, no one could fill his place.
+We had our walks and talks constantly and I was "Naig" again to him.
+He had never had any name for me but that and never did have. My dear,
+dear uncle, and more, much more than uncle to me.[23]
+
+[Footnote 23: "This uncle, who loved liberty because it is the
+heritage of brave souls, in the dark days of the American Civil War
+stood almost alone in his community for the cause which Lincoln
+represented." (Hamilton Wright Mabie in _Century Magazine_, vol. 64,
+p. 958.)]
+
+I was still dreaming and so excited that I could not sleep and had
+caught cold in the bargain. The natural result of this was a fever. I
+lay in uncle's house for six weeks, a part of that time in a critical
+condition. Scottish medicine was then as stern as Scottish theology
+(both are now much softened), and I was bled. My thin American blood
+was so depleted that when I was pronounced convalescent it was long
+before I could stand upon my feet. This illness put an end to my
+visit, but by the time I had reached America again, the ocean voyage
+had done me so much good I was able to resume work.
+
+I remember being deeply affected by the reception I met with when I
+returned to my division. The men of the eastern end had gathered
+together with a cannon and while the train passed I was greeted with a
+salvo. This was perhaps the first occasion upon which my subordinates
+had an opportunity of making me the subject of any demonstration, and
+their reception made a lasting impression. I knew how much I cared for
+them and it was pleasing to know that they reciprocated my feelings.
+Working-men always do reciprocate kindly feeling. If we truly care for
+others we need not be anxious about their feelings for us. Like draws
+to like.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+BRIDGE-BUILDING
+
+
+During the Civil War the price of iron went up to something like $130
+per ton. Even at that figure it was not so much a question of money as
+of delivery. The railway lines of America were fast becoming dangerous
+for want of new rails, and this state of affairs led me to organize in
+1864 a rail-making concern at Pittsburgh. There was no difficulty in
+obtaining partners and capital, and the Superior Rail Mill and Blast
+Furnaces were built.
+
+In like manner the demand for locomotives was very great, and with Mr.
+Thomas N. Miller[24] I organized in 1866 the Pittsburgh Locomotive
+Works, which has been a prosperous and creditable concern--locomotives
+made there having obtained an enviable reputation throughout the
+United States. It sounds like a fairy tale to-day to record that in
+1906 the one-hundred-dollar shares of this company sold for three
+thousand dollars--that is, thirty dollars for one. Large annual
+dividends had been paid regularly and the company had been very
+successful--sufficient proof of the policy: "Make nothing but the very
+best." We never did.
+
+[Footnote 24: Mr. Carnegie had previous to this--as early as
+1861--been associated with Mr. Miller in the Sun City Forge Company,
+doing a small iron business.]
+
+When at Altoona I had seen in the Pennsylvania Railroad Company's
+works the first small bridge built of iron. It proved a success. I saw
+that it would never do to depend further upon wooden bridges for
+permanent railway structures. An important bridge on the Pennsylvania
+Railroad had recently burned and the traffic had been obstructed for
+eight days. Iron was the thing. I proposed to H.J. Linville, who had
+designed the iron bridge, and to John L. Piper and his partner, Mr.
+Schiffler, who had charge of bridges on the Pennsylvania line, that
+they should come to Pittsburgh and I would organize a company to build
+iron bridges. It was the first company of its kind. I asked my friend,
+Mr. Scott, of the Pennsylvania Railroad, to go with us in the venture,
+which he did. Each of us paid for a one fifth interest, or $1250. My
+share I borrowed from the bank. Looking back at it now the sum seemed
+very small, but "tall oaks from little acorns grow."
+
+In this way was organized in 1862 the firm of Piper and Schiffler
+which was merged into the Keystone Bridge Company in 1863--a name
+which I remember I was proud of having thought of as being most
+appropriate for a bridge-building concern in the State of
+Pennsylvania, the Keystone State. From this beginning iron bridges
+came generally into use in America, indeed, in the world at large so
+far as I know. My letters to iron manufacturers in Pittsburgh were
+sufficient to insure the new company credit. Small wooden shops were
+erected and several bridge structures were undertaken. Cast-iron was
+the principal material used, but so well were the bridges built that
+some made at that day and since strengthened for heavier traffic,
+still remain in use upon various lines.
+
+The question of bridging the Ohio River at Steubenville came up, and
+we were asked whether we would undertake to build a railway bridge
+with a span of three hundred feet over the channel. It seems
+ridiculous at the present day to think of the serious doubts
+entertained about our ability to do this; but it must be remembered
+this was before the days of steel and almost before the use of
+wrought-iron in America. The top cords and supports were all of
+cast-iron. I urged my partners to try it anyhow, and we finally closed
+a contract, but I remember well when President Jewett[25] of the
+railway company visited the works and cast his eyes upon the piles of
+heavy cast-iron lying about, which were parts of the forthcoming
+bridge, that he turned to me and said:
+
+"I don't believe these heavy castings can be made to stand up and
+carry themselves, much less carry a train across the Ohio River."
+
+[Footnote 25: Thomas L. Jewett, President of the Panhandle.]
+
+The Judge, however, lived to believe differently. The bridge remained
+until recently, though strengthened to carry heavier traffic. We
+expected to make quite a sum by this first important undertaking, but
+owing to the inflation of the currency, which occurred before the work
+was finished, our margin of profit was almost swallowed up. It is an
+evidence of the fairness of President Edgar Thomson, of the
+Pennsylvania, that, upon learning the facts of the case, he allowed an
+extra sum to secure us from loss. The subsequent position of affairs,
+he said, was not contemplated by either party when the contract was
+made. A great and a good man was Edgar Thomson, a close bargainer for
+the Pennsylvania Railroad, but ever mindful of the fact that the
+spirit of the law was above the letter.
+
+In Linville, Piper, and Schiffler, we had the best talent of that
+day--Linville an engineer, Piper a hustling, active mechanic, and
+Schiffler sure and steady. Colonel Piper was an exceptional man. I
+heard President Thomson of the Pennsylvania once say he would rather
+have him at a burnt bridge than all the engineering corps. There was
+one subject upon which the Colonel displayed great weakness
+(fortunately for us) and that was the horse. Whenever a business
+discussion became too warm, and the Colonel showed signs of temper,
+which was not seldom, it was a sure cure to introduce that subject.
+Everything else would pass from his mind; he became absorbed in the
+fascinating topic of horseflesh. If he had overworked himself, and we
+wished to get him to take a holiday, we sent him to Kentucky to look
+after a horse or two that one or the other of us was desirous of
+obtaining, and for the selection of which we would trust no one but
+himself. But his craze for horses sometimes brought him into serious
+difficulties. He made his appearance at the office one day with one
+half of his face as black as mud could make it, his clothes torn, and
+his hat missing, but still holding the whip in one hand. He explained
+that he had attempted to drive a fast Kentucky colt; one of the reins
+had broken and he had lost his "steerage-way," as he expressed it.
+
+He was a grand fellow, "Pipe" as we called him, and when he took a
+fancy to a person, as he did to me, he was for and with him always. In
+later days when I removed to New York he transferred his affections to
+my brother, whom he invariably called Thomas, instead of Tom. High as
+I stood in his favor, my brother afterwards stood higher. He fairly
+worshiped him, and anything that Tom said was law and gospel. He was
+exceedingly jealous of our other establishments, in which he was not
+directly interested, such as our mills which supplied the Keystone
+Works with iron. Many a dispute arose between the mill managers and
+the Colonel as to quality, price, and so forth. On one occasion he
+came to my brother to complain that a bargain which he had made for
+the supply of iron for a year had not been copied correctly. The
+prices were "net," and nothing had been said about "net" when the
+bargain was made. He wanted to know just what that word "net" meant.
+
+"Well, Colonel," said my brother, "it means that nothing more is to be
+added."
+
+"All right, Thomas," said the Colonel, entirely satisfied.
+
+There is much in the way one puts things. "Nothing to be deducted"
+might have caused a dispute.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS MORRISON CARNEGIE]
+
+He was made furious one day by Bradstreet's volume which gives the
+standing of business concerns. Never having seen such a book before,
+he was naturally anxious to see what rating his concern had. When he
+read that the Keystone Bridge Works were "BC," which meant "Bad
+Credit," it was with difficulty he was restrained from going to see
+our lawyers to have a suit brought against the publishers. Tom,
+however, explained to him that the Keystone Bridge Works were in bad
+credit because they never borrowed anything, and he was pacified. No
+debt was one of the Colonel's hobbies. Once, when I was leaving for
+Europe, when many firms were hard up and some failing around us, he
+said to me:
+
+"The sheriff can't get us when you are gone if I don't sign any notes,
+can he?"
+
+"No," I said, "he can't."
+
+"All right, we'll be here when you come back."
+
+Talking of the Colonel reminds me of another unusual character with
+whom we were brought in contact in these bridge-building days. This
+was Captain Eads, of St. Louis,[26] an original genius _minus_
+scientific knowledge to guide his erratic ideas of things mechanical.
+He was seemingly one of those who wished to have everything done upon
+his own original plans. That a thing had been done in one way before
+was sufficient to cause its rejection. When his plans for the St.
+Louis Bridge were presented to us, I handed them to the one man in the
+United States who knew the subject best--our Mr. Linville. He came to
+me in great concern, saying:
+
+"The bridge if built upon these plans will not stand up; it will not
+carry its own weight."
+
+"Well," I said, "Captain Eads will come to see you and in talking over
+matters explain this to him gently, get it into proper shape, lead him
+into the straight path and say nothing about it to others."
+
+[Footnote 26: Captain James B. Eads, afterward famous for his jetty
+system in the Mississippi River.]
+
+This was successfully accomplished; but in the construction of the
+bridge poor Piper was totally unable to comply with the extraordinary
+requirements of the Captain. At first he was so delighted with having
+received the largest contract that had yet been let that he was all
+graciousness to Captain Eads. It was not even "Captain" at first, but
+"'Colonel' Eads, how do you do? Delighted to see you." By and by
+matters became a little complicated. We noticed that the greeting
+became less cordial, but still it was "Good-morning, Captain Eads."
+This fell till we were surprised to hear "Pipe" talking of "Mr. Eads."
+Before the troubles were over, the "Colonel" had fallen to "Jim Eads,"
+and to tell the truth, long before the work was out of the shops,
+"Jim" was now and then preceded by a big "D." A man may be possessed
+of great ability, and be a charming, interesting character, as Captain
+Eads undoubtedly was, and yet not be able to construct the first
+bridge of five hundred feet span over the Mississippi River,[27]
+without availing himself of the scientific knowledge and practical
+experience of others.
+
+[Footnote 27: The span was 515 feet, and at that time considered the
+finest metal arch in the world.]
+
+When the work was finished, I had the Colonel with me in St. Louis for
+some days protecting the bridge against a threatened attempt on the
+part of others to take possession of it before we obtained full
+payment. When the Colonel had taken up the planks at both ends, and
+organized a plan of relieving the men who stood guard, he became
+homesick and exceedingly anxious to return to Pittsburgh. He had
+determined to take the night train and I was at a loss to know how to
+keep him with me until I thought of his one vulnerable point. I told
+him, during the day, how anxious I was to obtain a pair of horses for
+my sister. I wished to make her a present of a span, and I had heard
+that St. Louis was a noted place for them. Had he seen anything
+superb?
+
+The bait took. He launched forth into a description of several spans
+of horses he had seen and stables he had visited. I asked him if he
+could possibly stay over and select the horses. I knew very well that
+he would wish to see them and drive them many times which would keep
+him busy. It happened just as I expected. He purchased a splendid
+pair, but then another difficulty occurred about transporting them to
+Pittsburgh. He would not trust them by rail and no suitable boat was
+to leave for several days. Providence was on my side evidently.
+Nothing on earth would induce that man to leave the city until he saw
+those horses fairly started and it was an even wager whether he would
+not insist upon going up on the steamer with them himself. We held the
+bridge. "Pipe" made a splendid Horatius. He was one of the best men
+and one of the most valuable partners I ever was favored with, and
+richly deserved the rewards which he did so much to secure.
+
+The Keystone Bridge Works have always been a source of satisfaction to
+me. Almost every concern that had undertaken to erect iron bridges in
+America had failed. Many of the structures themselves had fallen and
+some of the worst railway disasters in America had been caused in that
+way. Some of the bridges had given way under wind pressure but nothing
+has ever happened to a Keystone bridge, and some of them have stood
+where the wind was not tempered. There has been no luck about it. We
+used only the best material and enough of it, making our own iron and
+later our own steel. We were our own severest inspectors, and would
+build a safe structure or none at all. When asked to build a bridge
+which we knew to be of insufficient strength or of unscientific
+design, we resolutely declined. Any piece of work bearing the stamp of
+the Keystone Bridge Works (and there are few States in the Union where
+such are not to be found) we were prepared to underwrite. We were as
+proud of our bridges as Carlyle was of the bridge his father built
+across the Annan. "An honest brig," as the great son rightly said.
+
+This policy is the true secret of success. Uphill work it will be for
+a few years until your work is proven, but after that it is smooth
+sailing. Instead of objecting to inspectors they should be welcomed by
+all manufacturing establishments. A high standard of excellence is
+easily maintained, and men are educated in the effort to reach
+excellence. I have never known a concern to make a decided success
+that did not do good, honest work, and even in these days of the
+fiercest competition, when everything would seem to be matter of
+price, there lies still at the root of great business success the very
+much more important factor of quality. The effect of attention to
+quality, upon every man in the service, from the president of the
+concern down to the humblest laborer, cannot be overestimated. And
+bearing on the same question, clean, fine workshops and tools,
+well-kept yards and surroundings are of much greater importance than
+is usually supposed.
+
+I was very much pleased to hear a remark, made by one of the prominent
+bankers who visited the Edgar Thomson Works during a Bankers
+Convention held at Pittsburgh. He was one of a party of some hundreds
+of delegates, and after they had passed through the works he said to
+our manager:
+
+"Somebody appears to belong to these works."
+
+He put his finger there upon one of the secrets of success. They did
+belong to somebody. The president of an important manufacturing work
+once boasted to me that their men had chased away the first inspector
+who had ventured to appear among them, and that they had never been
+troubled with another since. This was said as a matter of sincere
+congratulation, but I thought to myself: "This concern will never
+stand the strain of competition; it is bound to fail when hard times
+come." The result proved the correctness of my belief. The surest
+foundation of a manufacturing concern is quality. After that, and a
+long way after, comes cost.
+
+I gave a great deal of personal attention for some years to the
+affairs of the Keystone Bridge Works, and when important contracts
+were involved often went myself to meet the parties. On one such
+occasion in 1868, I visited Dubuque, Iowa, with our engineer, Walter
+Katte. We were competing for the building of the most important
+railway bridge that had been built up to that time, a bridge across
+the wide Mississippi at Dubuque, to span which was considered a great
+undertaking. We found the river frozen and crossed it upon a sleigh
+drawn by four horses.
+
+That visit proved how much success turns upon trifles. We found we
+were not the lowest bidder. Our chief rival was a bridge-building
+concern in Chicago to which the board had decided to award the
+contract. I lingered and talked with some of the directors. They were
+delightfully ignorant of the merits of cast- and wrought-iron. We had
+always made the upper cord of the bridge of the latter, while our
+rivals' was made of cast-iron. This furnished my text. I pictured the
+result of a steamer striking against the one and against the other. In
+the case of the wrought-iron cord it would probably only bend; in the
+case of the cast-iron it would certainly break and down would come the
+bridge. One of the directors, the well-known Perry Smith, was
+fortunately able to enforce my argument, by stating to the board that
+what I said was undoubtedly the case about cast-iron. The other night
+he had run his buggy in the dark against a lamp-post which was of
+cast-iron and the lamp-post had broken to pieces. Am I to be censured
+if I had little difficulty here in recognizing something akin to the
+hand of Providence, with Perry Smith the manifest agent?
+
+"Ah, gentlemen," I said, "there is the point. A little more money and
+you could have had the indestructible wrought-iron and your bridge
+would stand against any steamboat. We never have built and we never
+will build a cheap bridge. Ours don't fall."
+
+There was a pause; then the president of the bridge company, Mr.
+Allison, the great Senator, asked if I would excuse them for a few
+moments. I retired. Soon they recalled me and offered the contract,
+provided we took the lower price, which was only a few thousand
+dollars less. I agreed to the concession. That cast-iron lamp-post so
+opportunely smashed gave us one of our most profitable contracts and,
+what is more, obtained for us the reputation of having taken the
+Dubuque bridge against all competitors. It also laid the foundation
+for me of a lifelong, unbroken friendship with one of America's best
+and most valuable public men, Senator Allison.
+
+The moral of that story lies on the surface. If you want a contract,
+be on the spot when it is let. A smashed lamp-post or something
+equally unthought of may secure the prize if the bidder be on hand.
+And if possible stay on hand until you can take the written contract
+home in your pocket. This we did at Dubuque, although it was suggested
+we could leave and it would be sent after us to execute. We preferred
+to remain, being anxious to see more of the charms of Dubuque.
+
+After building the Steubenville Bridge, it became a necessity for the
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company to build bridges across the Ohio
+River at Parkersburg and Wheeling, to prevent their great rival, the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, from possessing a decided advantage.
+The days of ferryboats were then fast passing away. It was in
+connection with the contracts for these bridges that I had the
+pleasure of making the acquaintance of a man, then of great position,
+Mr. Garrett, president of the Baltimore and Ohio.
+
+We were most anxious to secure both bridges and all the approaches to
+them, but I found Mr. Garrett decidedly of the opinion that we were
+quite unable to do so much work in the time specified. He wished to
+build the approaches and the short spans in his own shops, and asked
+me if we would permit him to use our patents. I replied that we would
+feel highly honored by the Baltimore and Ohio doing so. The stamp of
+approval of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad would be worth ten times
+the patent fees. He could use all, and everything, we had.
+
+There was no doubt as to the favorable impression that made upon the
+great railway magnate. He was much pleased and, to my utter surprise,
+took me into his private room and opened up a frank conversation upon
+matters in general. He touched especially upon his quarrels with the
+Pennsylvania Railroad people, with Mr. Thomson and Mr. Scott, the
+president and vice-president, whom he knew to be my special friends.
+This led me to say that I had passed through Philadelphia on my way to
+see him and had been asked by Mr. Scott where I was going.
+
+"I told him that I was going to visit you to obtain the contracts for
+your great bridges over the Ohio River. Mr. Scott said it was not
+often that I went on a fool's errand, but that I was certainly on one
+now; that Mr. Garrett would never think for a moment of giving me his
+contracts, for every one knew that I was, as a former employee, always
+friendly to the Pennsylvania Railroad. Well, I said, we shall build
+Mr. Garrett's bridges."
+
+Mr. Garrett promptly replied that when the interests of his company
+were at stake it was the best always that won. His engineers had
+reported that our plans were the best and that Scott and Thomson would
+see that he had only one rule--the interests of his company. Although
+he very well knew that I was a Pennsylvania Railroad man, yet he felt
+it his duty to award us the work.
+
+The negotiation was still unsatisfactory to me, because we were to get
+all the difficult part of the work--the great spans of which the risk
+was then considerable--while Mr. Garrett was to build all the small
+and profitable spans at his own shops upon our plans and patents. I
+ventured to ask whether he was dividing the work because he honestly
+believed we could not open his bridges for traffic as soon as his
+masonry would permit. He admitted he was. I told him that he need not
+have any fear upon that point.
+
+"Mr. Garrett," I said, "would you consider my personal bond a good
+security?"
+
+"Certainly," he said.
+
+"Well, now," I replied, "bind me! I know what I am doing. I will take
+the risk. How much of a bond do you want me to give you that your
+bridges will be opened for traffic at the specified time if you give
+us the entire contract, provided you get your masonry ready?"
+
+"Well, I would want a hundred thousand dollars from you, young man."
+
+"All right," I said, "prepare your bond. Give us the work. Our firm is
+not going to let me lose a hundred thousand dollars. You know that."
+
+"Yes," he said, "I believe if you are bound for a hundred thousand
+dollars your company will work day and night and I will get my
+bridges."
+
+This was the arrangement which gave us what were then the gigantic
+contracts of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It is needless to say
+that I never had to pay that bond. My partners knew much better than
+Mr. Garrett the conditions of his work. The Ohio River was not to be
+trifled with, and long before his masonry was ready we had relieved
+ourselves from all responsibility upon the bond by placing the
+superstructure on the banks awaiting the completion of the
+substructure which he was still building.
+
+Mr. Garrett was very proud of his Scottish blood, and Burns having
+been once touched upon between us we became firm friends. He
+afterwards took me to his fine mansion in the country. He was one of
+the few Americans who then lived in the grand style of a country
+gentleman, with many hundreds of acres of beautiful land, park-like
+drives, a stud of thoroughbred horses, with cattle, sheep, and dogs,
+and a home that realized what one had read of the country life of a
+nobleman in England.
+
+At a later date he had fully determined that his railroad company
+should engage in the manufacture of steel rails and had applied for
+the right to use the Bessemer patents. This was a matter of great
+moment to us. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company was one of our
+best customers, and we were naturally anxious to prevent the building
+of steel-rail rolling mills at Cumberland. It would have been a losing
+enterprise for the Baltimore and Ohio, for I was sure it could buy its
+steel rails at a much cheaper rate than it could possibly make the
+small quantity needed for itself. I visited Mr. Garrett to talk the
+matter over with him. He was then much pleased with the foreign
+commerce and the lines of steamships which made Baltimore their port.
+He drove me, accompanied by several of his staff, to the wharves where
+he was to decide about their extension, and as the foreign goods were
+being discharged from the steamship side and placed in the railway
+cars, he turned to me and said:
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, you can now begin to appreciate the magnitude of our
+vast system and understand why it is necessary that we should make
+everything for ourselves, even our steel rails. We cannot depend upon
+private concerns to supply us with any of the principal articles we
+consume. We shall be a world to ourselves."
+
+"Well," I said, "Mr. Garrett, it is all very grand, but really your
+'vast system' does not overwhelm me. I read your last annual report
+and saw that you collected last year for transporting the goods of
+others the sum of fourteen millions of dollars. The firms I control
+dug the material from the hills, made their own goods, and sold them
+to a much greater value than that. You are really a very small concern
+compared with Carnegie Brothers and Company."
+
+My railroad apprenticeship came in there to advantage. We heard no
+more of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company entering into
+competition with us. Mr. Garrett and I remained good friends to the
+end. He even presented me with a Scotch collie dog of his own rearing.
+That I had been a Pennsylvania Railroad man was drowned in the "wee
+drap o' Scotch bluid atween us."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE IRON WORKS
+
+
+The Keystone Works have always been my pet as being the parent of all
+the other works. But they had not been long in existence before the
+advantage of wrought- over cast-iron became manifest. Accordingly, to
+insure uniform quality, and also to make certain shapes which were not
+then to be obtained, we determined to embark in the manufacture of
+iron. My brother and I became interested with Thomas N. Miller, Henry
+Phipps, and Andrew Kloman in a small iron mill. Miller was the first
+to embark with Kloman and he brought Phipps in, lending him eight
+hundred dollars to buy a one-sixth interest, in November, 1861.
+
+I must not fail to record that Mr. Miller was the pioneer of our iron
+manufacturing projects. We were all indebted to Tom, who still lives
+(July 20, 1911) and sheds upon us the sweetness and light of a most
+lovable nature, a friend who grows more precious as the years roll by.
+He has softened by age, and even his outbursts against theology as
+antagonistic to true religion are in his fine old age much less
+alarming. We are all prone to grow philosophic in age, and perhaps
+this is well. [In re-reading this--July 19, 1912--in our retreat upon
+the high moors at Aultnagar, I drop a tear for my bosom friend, dear
+Tom Miller, who died in Pittsburgh last winter. Mrs. Carnegie and I
+attended his funeral. Henceforth life lacks something, lacks much--my
+first partner in early years, my dearest friend in old age. May I go
+where he is, wherever that may be.]
+
+Andrew Kloman had a small steel-hammer in Allegheny City. As a
+superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad I had found that he made
+the best axles. He was a great mechanic--one who had discovered, what
+was then unknown in Pittsburgh, that whatever was worth doing with
+machinery was worth doing well. His German mind made him thorough.
+What he constructed cost enormously, but when once started it did the
+work it was intended to do from year's end to year's end. In those
+early days it was a question with axles generally whether they would
+run any specified time or break. There was no analysis of material, no
+scientific treatment of it.
+
+How much this German created! He was the first man to introduce the
+cold saw that cut cold iron the exact lengths. He invented upsetting
+machines to make bridge links, and also built the first "universal"
+mill in America. All these were erected at our works. When Captain
+Eads could not obtain the couplings for the St. Louis Bridge arches
+(the contractors failing to make them) and matters were at a
+standstill, Kloman told us that he could make them and why the others
+had failed. He succeeded in making them. Up to that date they were the
+largest semicircles that had ever been rolled. Our confidence in Mr.
+Kloman may be judged from the fact that when he said he could make
+them we unhesitatingly contracted to furnish them.
+
+I have already spoken of the intimacy between our family and that of
+the Phippses. In the early days my chief companion was the elder
+brother, John. Henry was several years my junior, but had not failed
+to attract my attention as a bright, clever lad. One day he asked his
+brother John to lend him a quarter of a dollar. John saw that he had
+important use for it and handed him the shining quarter without
+inquiry. Next morning an advertisement appeared in the "Pittsburgh
+Dispatch":
+
+"A willing boy wishes work."
+
+This was the use the energetic and willing Harry had made of his
+quarter, probably the first quarter he had ever spent at one time in
+his life. A response came from the well-known firm of Dilworth and
+Bidwell. They asked the "willing boy" to call. Harry went and obtained
+a position as errand boy, and as was then the custom, his first duty
+every morning was to sweep the office. He went to his parents and
+obtained their consent, and in this way the young lad launched himself
+upon the sea of business. There was no holding back a boy like that.
+It was the old story. He soon became indispensable to his employers,
+obtained a small interest in a collateral branch of their business;
+and then, ever on the alert, it was not many years before he attracted
+the attention of Mr. Miller, who made a small investment for him with
+Andrew Kloman. That finally resulted in the building of the iron mill
+in Twenty-Ninth Street. He had been a schoolmate and great crony of my
+brother Tom. As children they had played together, and throughout
+life, until my brother's death in 1886, these two formed, as it were,
+a partnership within a partnership. They invariably held equal
+interests in the various firms with which they were connected. What
+one did the other did.
+
+The errand boy is now one of the richest men in the United States and
+has begun to prove that he knows how to expend his surplus. Years ago
+he gave beautiful conservatories to the public parks of Allegheny and
+Pittsburgh. That he specified "that these should be open upon Sunday"
+shows that he is a man of his time. This clause in the gift created
+much excitement. Ministers denounced him from the pulpit and
+assemblies of the church passed resolutions declaring against the
+desecration of the Lord's Day. But the people rose, _en masse_,
+against this narrow-minded contention and the Council of the city
+accepted the gift with acclamation. The sound common sense of my
+partner was well expressed when he said in reply to a remonstrance by
+ministers:
+
+"It is all very well for you, gentlemen, who work one day in the week
+and are masters of your time the other six during which you can view
+the beauties of Nature--all very well for you--but I think it shameful
+that you should endeavor to shut out from the toiling masses all that
+is calculated to entertain and instruct them during the only day which
+you well know they have at their disposal."
+
+These same ministers have recently been quarreling in their convention
+at Pittsburgh upon the subject of instrumental music in churches. But
+while they are debating whether it is right to have organs in
+churches, intelligent people are opening museums, conservatories, and
+libraries upon the Sabbath; and unless the pulpit soon learns how to
+meet the real wants of the people in this life (where alone men's
+duties lie) much better than it is doing at present, these rival
+claimants for popular favor may soon empty their churches.
+
+Unfortunately Kloman and Phipps soon differed with Miller about the
+business and forced him out. Being convinced that Miller was unfairly
+treated, I united with him in building new works. These were the
+Cyclops Mills of 1864. After they were set running it became possible,
+and therefore advisable, to unite the old and the new works, and the
+Union Iron Mills were formed by their consolidation in 1867. I did
+not believe that Mr. Miller's reluctance to associate again with his
+former partners, Phipps and Kloman, could not be overcome, because
+they would not control the Union Works. Mr. Miller, my brother, and I
+would hold the controlling interest. But Mr. Miller proved obdurate
+and begged me to buy his interest, which I reluctantly did after all
+efforts had failed to induce him to let bygones be bygones. He was
+Irish, and the Irish blood when aroused is uncontrollable. Mr. Miller
+has since regretted (to me) his refusal of my earnest request, which
+would have enabled the pioneer of all of us to reap what was only his
+rightful reward--millionairedom for himself and his followers.
+
+We were young in manufacturing then and obtained for the Cyclops Mills
+what was considered at the time an enormous extent of land--seven
+acres. For some years we offered to lease a portion of the ground to
+others. It soon became a question whether we could continue the
+manufacture of iron within so small an area. Mr. Kloman succeeded in
+making iron beams and for many years our mill was far in advance of
+any other in that respect. We began at the new mill by making all
+shapes which were required, and especially such as no other concern
+would undertake, depending upon an increasing demand in our growing
+country for things that were only rarely needed at first. What others
+could not or would not do we would attempt, and this was a rule of our
+business which was strictly adhered to. Also we would make nothing
+except of excellent quality. We always accommodated our customers,
+even although at some expense to ourselves, and in cases of dispute we
+gave the other party the benefit of the doubt and settled. These were
+our rules. We had no lawsuits.
+
+As I became acquainted with the manufacture of iron I was greatly
+surprised to find that the cost of each of the various processes was
+unknown. Inquiries made of the leading manufacturers of Pittsburgh
+proved this. It was a lump business, and until stock was taken and the
+books balanced at the end of the year, the manufacturers were in total
+ignorance of results. I heard of men who thought their business at the
+end of the year would show a loss and had found a profit, and
+_vice-versa_. I felt as if we were moles burrowing in the dark, and
+this to me was intolerable. I insisted upon such a system of weighing
+and accounting being introduced throughout our works as would enable
+us to know what our cost was for each process and especially what each
+man was doing, who saved material, who wasted it, and who produced the
+best results.
+
+To arrive at this was a much more difficult task than one would
+imagine. Every manager in the mills was naturally against the new
+system. Years were required before an accurate system was obtained,
+but eventually, by the aid of many clerks and the introduction of
+weighing scales at various points in the mill, we began to know not
+only what every department was doing, but what each one of the many
+men working at the furnaces was doing, and thus to compare one with
+another. One of the chief sources of success in manufacturing is the
+introduction and strict maintenance of a perfect system of accounting
+so that responsibility for money or materials can be brought home to
+every man. Owners who, in the office, would not trust a clerk with
+five dollars without having a check upon him, were supplying tons of
+material daily to men in the mills without exacting an account of
+their stewardship by weighing what each returned in the finished
+form.
+
+The Siemens Gas Furnace had been used to some extent in Great Britain
+for heating steel and iron, but it was supposed to be too expensive. I
+well remember the criticisms made by older heads among the Pittsburgh
+manufacturers about the extravagant expenditure we were making upon
+these new-fangled furnaces. But in the heating of great masses of
+material, almost half the waste could sometimes be saved by using the
+new furnaces. The expenditure would have been justified, even if it
+had been doubled. Yet it was many years before we were followed in
+this new departure; and in some of those years the margin of profit
+was so small that the most of it was made up from the savings derived
+from the adoption of the improved furnaces.
+
+Our strict system of accounting enabled us to detect the great waste
+possible in heating large masses of iron. This improvement revealed to
+us a valuable man in a clerk, William Borntraeger, a distant relative
+of Mr. Kloman, who came from Germany. He surprised us one day by
+presenting a detailed statement showing results for a period, which
+seemed incredible. All the needed labor in preparing this statement he
+had performed at night unasked and unknown to us. The form adapted was
+uniquely original. Needless to say, William soon became superintendent
+of the works and later a partner, and the poor German lad died a
+millionaire. He well deserved his fortune.
+
+It was in 1862 that the great oil wells of Pennsylvania attracted
+attention. My friend Mr. William Coleman, whose daughter became, at a
+later date, my sister-in-law, was deeply interested in the discovery,
+and nothing would do but that I should take a trip with him to the oil
+regions. It was a most interesting excursion. There had been a rush to
+the oil fields and the influx was so great that it was impossible for
+all to obtain shelter. This, however, to the class of men who flocked
+thither, was but a slight drawback. A few hours sufficed to knock up a
+shanty, and it was surprising in how short a time they were able to
+surround themselves with many of the comforts of life. They were men
+above the average, men who had saved considerable sums and were able
+to venture something in the search for fortune.
+
+What surprised me was the good humor which prevailed everywhere. It
+was a vast picnic, full of amusing incidents. Everybody was in high
+glee; fortunes were supposedly within reach; everything was booming.
+On the tops of the derricks floated flags on which strange mottoes
+were displayed. I remember looking down toward the river and seeing
+two men working their treadles boring for oil upon the banks of the
+stream, and inscribed upon their flag was "Hell or China." They were
+going down, no matter how far.
+
+The adaptability of the American was never better displayed than in
+this region. Order was soon evolved out of chaos. When we visited the
+place not long after we were serenaded by a brass band the players of
+which were made up of the new inhabitants along the creek. It would be
+safe to wager that a thousand Americans in a new land would organize
+themselves, establish schools, churches, newspapers, and brass
+bands--in short, provide themselves with all the appliances of
+civilization--and go ahead developing their country before an equal
+number of British would have discovered who among them was the highest
+in hereditary rank and had the best claims to leadership owing to his
+grandfather. There is but one rule among Americans--the tools to those
+who can use them.
+
+To-day Oil Creek is a town of many thousand inhabitants, as is also
+Titusville at the other end of the creek. The district which began by
+furnishing a few barrels of oil every season, gathered with blankets
+from the surface of the creek by the Seneca Indians, has now several
+towns and refineries, with millions of dollars of capital. In those
+early days all the arrangements were of the crudest character. When
+the oil was obtained it was run into flat-bottomed boats which leaked
+badly. Water ran into the boats and the oil overflowed into the river.
+The creek was dammed at various places, and upon a stipulated day and
+hour the dams were opened and upon the flood the oil boats floated to
+the Allegheny River, and thence to Pittsburgh.
+
+In this way not only the creek, but the Allegheny River, became
+literally covered with oil. The loss involved in transportation to
+Pittsburgh was estimated at fully a third of the total quantity, and
+before the oil boats started it is safe to say that another third was
+lost by leakage. The oil gathered by the Indians in the early days was
+bottled in Pittsburgh and sold at high prices as medicine--a dollar
+for a small vial. It had general reputation as a sure cure for
+rheumatic tendencies. As it became plentiful and cheap its virtues
+vanished. What fools we mortals be!
+
+The most celebrated wells were upon the Storey farm. Upon these we
+obtained an option of purchase for forty thousand dollars. We bought
+them. Mr. Coleman, ever ready at suggestion, proposed to make a lake
+of oil by excavating a pool sufficient to hold a hundred thousand
+barrels (the waste to be made good every day by running streams of oil
+into it), and to hold it for the not far distant day when, as we then
+expected, the oil supply would cease. This was promptly acted upon,
+but after losing many thousands of barrels waiting for the expected
+day (which has not yet arrived) we abandoned the reserve. Coleman
+predicted that when the supply stopped, oil would bring ten dollars a
+barrel and therefore we would have a million dollars worth in the
+lake. We did not think then of Nature's storehouse below which still
+keeps on yielding many thousands of barrels per day without apparent
+exhaustion.
+
+This forty-thousand-dollar investment proved for us the best of all so
+far. The revenues from it came at the most opportune time.[28] The
+building of the new mill in Pittsburgh required not only all the
+capital we could gather, but the use of our credit, which I consider,
+looking backward, was remarkably good for young men.
+
+[Footnote 28: The wells on the Storey farm paid in one year a million
+dollars in cash and dividends, and the farm itself eventually became
+worth, on a stock basis, five million dollars.]
+
+Having become interested in this oil venture, I made several
+excursions to the district and also, in 1864, to an oil field in Ohio
+where a great well had been struck which yielded a peculiar quality of
+oil well fitted for lubricating purposes. My journey thither with Mr.
+Coleman and Mr. David Ritchie was one of the strangest experiences I
+ever had. We left the railway line some hundreds of miles from
+Pittsburgh and plunged through a sparsely inhabited district to the
+waters of Duck Creek to see the monster well. We bought it before
+leaving.
+
+It was upon our return that adventures began. The weather had been
+fine and the roads quite passable during our journey thither, but rain
+had set in during our stay. We started back in our wagon, but before
+going far fell into difficulties. The road had become a mass of soft,
+tenacious mud and our wagon labored fearfully. The rain fell in
+torrents, and it soon became evident that we were in for a night of
+it. Mr. Coleman lay at full length on one side of the wagon, and Mr.
+Ritchie on the other, and I, being then very thin, weighing not much
+more than a hundred pounds, was nicely sandwiched between the two
+portly gentlemen. Every now and then the wagon proceeded a few feet
+heaving up and down in the most outrageous manner, and finally
+sticking fast. In this fashion we passed the night. There was in front
+a seat across the wagon, under which we got our heads, and in spite of
+our condition the night was spent in uproarious merriment.
+
+By the next night we succeeded in reaching a country town in the worst
+possible plight. We saw the little frame church of the town lighted
+and heard the bell ringing. We had just reached our tavern when a
+committee appeared stating that they had been waiting for us and that
+the congregation was assembled. It appears that a noted exhorter had
+been expected who had no doubt been delayed as we had been. I was
+taken for the absentee minister and asked how soon I would be ready to
+accompany them to the meeting-house. I was almost prepared with my
+companions to carry out the joke (we were in for fun), but I found I
+was too exhausted with fatigue to attempt it. I had never before come
+so near occupying a pulpit.
+
+My investments now began to require so much of my personal attention
+that I resolved to leave the service of the railway company and devote
+myself exclusively to my own affairs. I had been honored a short time
+before this decision by being called by President Thomson to
+Philadelphia. He desired to promote me to the office of assistant
+general superintendent with headquarters at Altoona under Mr. Lewis. I
+declined, telling him that I had decided to give up the railroad
+service altogether, that I was determined to make a fortune and I saw
+no means of doing this honestly at any salary the railroad company
+could afford to give, and I would not do it by indirection. When I lay
+down at night I was going to get a verdict of approval from the
+highest of all tribunals, the judge within.
+
+I repeated this in my parting letter to President Thomson, who warmly
+congratulated me upon it in his letter of reply. I resigned my
+position March 28, 1865, and received from the men on the railway a
+gold watch. This and Mr. Thomson's letter I treasure among my most
+precious mementos.
+
+The following letter was written to the men on the Division:
+
+     PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY
+     SUPERINTENDENT'S OFFICE, PITTSBURGH DIVISION
+     PITTSBURGH, _March 28, 1865_
+
+     To the Officers and Employees of the Pittsburgh Division
+
+     GENTLEMEN:
+
+     I cannot allow my connection with you to cease without some
+     expression of the deep regret felt at parting.
+
+     Twelve years of pleasant intercourse have served to inspire
+     feelings of personal regard for those who have so faithfully
+     labored with me in the service of the Company. The coming
+     change is painful only as I reflect that in consequence
+     thereof I am not to be in the future, as in the past,
+     intimately associated with you and with many others in the
+     various departments, who have through business intercourse,
+     become my personal friends. I assure you although the
+     official relations hitherto existing between us must soon
+     close, I can never fail to feel and evince the liveliest
+     interest in the welfare of such as have been identified with
+     the Pittsburgh Division in times past, and who are, I trust,
+     for many years to come to contribute to the success of the
+     Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and share in its justly
+     deserved prosperity.
+
+     Thanking you most sincerely for the uniform kindness shown
+     toward me, for your zealous efforts made at all times to
+     meet my wishes, and asking for my successor similar support
+     at your hands, I bid you all farewell.
+
+     Very respectfully
+
+     (Signed) ANDREW CARNEGIE
+
+Thenceforth I never worked for a salary. A man must necessarily occupy
+a narrow field who is at the beck and call of others. Even if he
+becomes president of a great corporation he is hardly his own master,
+unless he holds control of the stock. The ablest presidents are
+hampered by boards of directors and shareholders, who can know but
+little of the business. But I am glad to say that among my best
+friends to-day are those with whom I labored in the service of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
+
+In the year 1867, Mr. Phipps, Mr. J.W. Vandevort, and myself revisited
+Europe, traveling extensively through England and Scotland, and made
+the tour of the Continent. "Vandy" had become my closest companion. We
+had both been fired by reading Bayard Taylor's "Views Afoot." It was
+in the days of the oil excitement and shares were going up like
+rockets. One Sunday, lying in the grass, I said to "Vandy":
+
+"If you could make three thousand dollars would you spend it in a tour
+through Europe with me?"
+
+"Would a duck swim or an Irishman eat potatoes?" was his reply.
+
+The sum was soon made in oil stock by the investment of a few hundred
+dollars which "Vandy" had saved. This was the beginning of our
+excursion. We asked my partner, Harry Phipps, who was by this time
+quite a capitalist, to join the party. We visited most of the capitals
+of Europe, and in all the enthusiasm of youth climbed every spire,
+slept on mountain-tops, and carried our luggage in knapsacks upon our
+backs. We ended our journey upon Vesuvius, where we resolved some day
+to go around the world.
+
+This visit to Europe proved most instructive. Up to this time I had
+known nothing of painting or sculpture, but it was not long before I
+could classify the works of the great painters. One may not at the
+time justly appreciate the advantage he is receiving from examining
+the great masterpieces, but upon his return to America he will find
+himself unconsciously rejecting what before seemed truly beautiful,
+and judging productions which come before him by a new standard. That
+which is truly great has so impressed itself upon him that what is
+false or pretentious proves no longer attractive.
+
+My visit to Europe also gave me my first great treat in music. The
+Handel Anniversary was then being celebrated at the Crystal Palace in
+London, and I had never up to that time, nor have I often since, felt
+the power and majesty of music in such high degree. What I heard at
+the Crystal Palace and what I subsequently heard on the Continent in
+the cathedrals, and at the opera, certainly enlarged my appreciation
+of music. At Rome the Pope's choir and the celebrations in the
+churches at Christmas and Easter furnished, as it were, a grand climax
+to the whole.
+
+These visits to Europe were also of great service in a commercial
+sense. One has to get out of the swirl of the great Republic to form a
+just estimate of the velocity with which it spins. I felt that a
+manufacturing concern like ours could scarcely develop fast enough for
+the wants of the American people, but abroad nothing seemed to be
+going forward. If we excepted a few of the capitals of Europe,
+everything on the Continent seemed to be almost at a standstill, while
+the Republic represented throughout its entire extent such a scene as
+there must have been at the Tower of Babel, as pictured in the
+story-books--hundreds rushing to and fro, each more active than his
+neighbor, and all engaged in constructing the mighty edifice.
+
+It was Cousin "Dod" (Mr. George Lauder) to whom we were indebted for a
+new development in our mill operations--the first of its kind in
+America. He it was who took our Mr. Coleman to Wigan in England and
+explained the process of washing and coking the dross from coal mines.
+Mr. Coleman had constantly been telling us how grand it would be to
+utilize what was then being thrown away at our mines, and was indeed
+an expense to dispose of. Our Cousin "Dod" was a mechanical engineer,
+educated under Lord Kelvin at Glasgow University, and as he
+corroborated all that Mr. Coleman stated, in December, 1871, I
+undertook to advance the capital to build works along the line of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad. Contracts for ten years were made with the
+leading coal companies for their dross and with the railway companies
+for transportation, and Mr. Lauder, who came to Pittsburgh and
+superintended the whole operation for years, began the construction of
+the first coal-washing machinery in America. He made a success of
+it--he never failed to do that in any mining or mechanical operation
+he undertook--and he soon cleared the cost of the works. No wonder
+that at a later date my partners desired to embrace the coke works in
+our general firm and thus capture not only these, but Lauder also.
+"Dod" had won his spurs.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE LAUDER]
+
+The ovens were extended from time to time until we had five hundred of
+them, washing nearly fifteen hundred tons of coal daily. I confess I
+never pass these coal ovens at Larimer's Station without feeling that
+if he who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew before is a
+public benefactor and lays the race under obligation, those who
+produce superior coke from material that has been for all previous
+years thrown over the bank as worthless, have great cause for
+self-congratulation. It is fine to make something out of nothing; it
+is also something to be the first firm to do this upon our continent.
+
+We had another valuable partner in a second cousin of mine, a son of
+Cousin Morrison of Dunfermline. Walking through the shops one day, the
+superintendent asked me if I knew I had a relative there who was
+proving an exceptional mechanic. I replied in the negative and asked
+that I might speak with him on our way around. We met. I asked his
+name.
+
+"Morrison," was the reply, "son of Robert"--my cousin Bob.
+
+"Well, how did you come here?"
+
+"I thought we could better ourselves," he said.
+
+"Who have you with you?"
+
+"My wife," was the reply.
+
+"Why didn't you come first to see your relative who might have been
+able to introduce you here?"
+
+"Well, I didn't feel I needed help if I only got a chance."
+
+There spoke the true Morrison, taught to depend on himself, and
+independent as Lucifer. Not long afterwards I heard of his promotion
+to the superintendency of our newly acquired works at Duquesne, and
+from that position he steadily marched upward. He is to-day a
+blooming, but still sensible, millionaire. We are all proud of Tom
+Morrison. [A note received from him yesterday invites Mrs. Carnegie
+and myself to be his guests during our coming visit of a few days at
+the annual celebration of the Carnegie Institute.]
+
+I was always advising that our iron works should be extended and new
+developments made in connection with the manufacture of iron and
+steel, which I saw was only in its infancy. All apprehension of its
+future development was dispelled by the action of America with regard
+to the tariff upon foreign imports. It was clear to my mind that the
+Civil War had resulted in a fixed determination upon the part of the
+American people to build a nation within itself, independent of Europe
+in all things essential to its safety. America had been obliged to
+import all her steel of every form and most of the iron needed,
+Britain being the chief seller. The people demanded a home supply and
+Congress granted the manufacturers a tariff of twenty-eight per cent
+_ad valorem_ on steel rails--the tariff then being equal to about
+twenty-eight dollars per ton. Rails were selling at about a hundred
+dollars per ton, and other rates in proportion.
+
+Protection has played a great part in the development of manufacturing
+in the United States. Previous to the Civil War it was a party
+question, the South standing for free trade and regarding a tariff as
+favorable only to the North. The sympathy shown by the British
+Government for the Confederacy, culminating in the escape of the
+Alabama and other privateers to prey upon American commerce, aroused
+hostility against that Government, notwithstanding the majority of her
+common people favored the United States. The tariff became no longer a
+party question, but a national policy, approved by both parties. It
+had become a patriotic duty to develop vital resources. No less than
+ninety Northern Democrats in Congress, including the Speaker of the
+House, agreed upon that point.
+
+Capital no longer hesitated to embark in manufacturing, confident as
+it was that the nation would protect it as long as necessary. Years
+after the war, demands for a reduction of the tariff arose and it was
+my lot to be drawn into the controversy. It was often charged that
+bribery of Congressmen by manufacturers was common. So far as I know
+there was no foundation for this. Certainly the manufacturers never
+raised any sums beyond those needed to maintain the Iron and Steel
+Association, a matter of a few thousand dollars per year. They did,
+however, subscribe freely to a campaign when the issue was Protection
+_versus_ Free Trade.
+
+The duties upon steel were successively reduced, with my cordial
+support, until the twenty-eight dollars duty on rails became only one
+fourth or seven dollars per ton. [To-day (1911) the duty is only about
+one half of that, and even that should go in the next revision.] The
+effort of President Cleveland to pass a more drastic new tariff was
+interesting. It cut too deep in many places and its passage would have
+injured more than one manufacture. I was called to Washington, and
+tried to modify and, as I believe, improve, the Wilson Bill. Senator
+Gorman, Democratic leader of the Senate, Governor Flower of New York,
+and a number of the ablest Democrats were as sound protectionists in
+moderation as I was. Several of these were disposed to oppose the
+Wilson Bill as being unnecessarily severe and certain to cripple some
+of our domestic industries. Senator Gorman said to me he wished as
+little as I did to injure any home producer, and he thought his
+colleagues had confidence in and would be guided by me as to iron and
+steel rates, provided that large reductions were made and that the
+Republican Senators would stand unitedly for a bill of that character.
+I remember his words, "I can afford to fight the President and beat
+him, but I can't afford to fight him and be beaten."
+
+Governor Flower shared these views. There was little trouble in
+getting our party to agree to the large reductions I proposed. The
+Wilson-Gorman Tariff Bill was adopted. Meeting Senator Gorman later,
+he explained that he had to give way on cotton ties to secure several
+Southern Senators. Cotton ties had to be free. So tariff legislation
+goes.
+
+I was not sufficiently prominent in manufacturing to take part in
+getting the tariff established immediately after the war, so it
+happened that my part has always been to favor reduction of duties,
+opposing extremes--the unreasonable protectionists who consider the
+higher the duties the better and declaim against any reduction, and
+the other extremists who denounce all duties and would adopt
+unrestrained free trade.
+
+We could now (1907) abolish all duties upon steel and iron without
+injury, essential as these duties were at the beginning. Europe has
+not much surplus production, so that should prices rise exorbitantly
+here only a small amount could be drawn from there and this would
+instantly raise prices in Europe, so that our home manufacturers could
+not be seriously affected. Free trade would only tend to prevent
+exorbitant prices here for a time when the demand was excessive. Home
+iron and steel manufacturers have nothing to fear from free trade. [I
+recently (1910) stated this in evidence before the Tariff Commission
+at Washington.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+NEW YORK AS HEADQUARTERS
+
+
+Our business continued to expand and required frequent visits on my
+part to the East, especially to New York, which is as London to
+Britain--the headquarters of all really important enterprises in
+America. No large concern could very well get on without being
+represented there. My brother and Mr. Phipps had full grasp of the
+business at Pittsburgh. My field appeared to be to direct the general
+policy of the companies and negotiate the important contracts.
+
+My brother had been so fortunate as to marry Miss Lucy Coleman,
+daughter of one of our most valued partners and friends. Our family
+residence at Homewood was given over to him, and I was once more
+compelled to break old associations and leave Pittsburgh in 1867 to
+take up my residence in New York. The change was hard enough for me,
+but much harder for my mother; but she was still in the prime of life
+and we could be happy anywhere so long as we were together. Still she
+did feel the leaving of our home very much. We were perfect strangers
+in New York, and at first took up our quarters in the St. Nicholas
+Hotel, then in its glory. I opened an office in Broad Street.
+
+For some time the Pittsburgh friends who came to New York were our
+chief source of happiness, and the Pittsburgh papers seemed necessary
+to our existence. I made frequent visits there and my mother often
+accompanied me, so that our connection with the old home was still
+maintained. But after a time new friendships were formed and new
+interests awakened and New York began to be called home. When the
+proprietors of the St. Nicholas opened the Windsor Hotel uptown, we
+took up our residence there and up to the year 1887 that was our New
+York home. Mr. Hawk, the proprietor, became one of our valued friends
+and his nephew and namesake still remains so.
+
+Among the educative influences from which I derived great advantage in
+New York, none ranks higher than the Nineteenth Century Club organized
+by Mr. and Mrs. Courtlandt Palmer. The club met at their house once a
+month for the discussion of various topics and soon attracted many
+able men and women. It was to Madame Botta I owed my election to
+membership--a remarkable woman, wife of Professor Botta, whose
+drawing-room became more of a salon than any in the city, if indeed it
+were not the only one resembling a salon at that time. I was honored
+by an invitation one day to dine at the Bottas' and there met for the
+first time several distinguished people, among them one who became my
+lifelong friend and wise counselor, Andrew D. White, then president of
+Cornell University, afterwards Ambassador to Russia and Germany, and
+our chief delegate to the Hague Conference.
+
+Here in the Nineteenth Century Club was an arena, indeed. Able men and
+women discussed the leading topics of the day in due form, addressing
+the audience one after another. The gatherings soon became too large
+for a private room. The monthly meetings were then held in the
+American Art Galleries. I remember the first evening I took part as
+one of the speakers the subject was "The Aristocracy of the Dollar."
+Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson was the first speaker. This was my
+introduction to a New York audience. Thereafter I spoke now and then.
+It was excellent training, for one had to read and study for each
+appearance.
+
+I had lived long enough in Pittsburgh to acquire the manufacturing, as
+distinguished from the speculative, spirit. My knowledge of affairs,
+derived from my position as telegraph operator, had enabled me to know
+the few Pittsburgh men or firms which then had dealings upon the New
+York Stock Exchange, and I watched their careers with deep interest.
+To me their operations seemed simply a species of gambling. I did not
+then know that the credit of all these men or firms was seriously
+impaired by the knowledge (which it is almost impossible to conceal)
+that they were given to speculation. But the firms were then so few
+that I could have counted them on the fingers of one hand. The Oil and
+Stock Exchanges in Pittsburgh had not as yet been founded and brokers'
+offices with wires in connection with the stock exchanges of the East
+were unnecessary. Pittsburgh was emphatically a manufacturing town.
+
+I was surprised to find how very different was the state of affairs in
+New York. There were few even of the business men who had not their
+ventures in Wall Street to a greater or less extent. I was besieged
+with inquiries from all quarters in regard to the various railway
+enterprises with which I was connected. Offers were made to me by
+persons who were willing to furnish capital for investment and allow
+me to manage it--the supposition being that from the inside view which
+I was enabled to obtain I could invest for them successfully.
+Invitations were extended to me to join parties who intended quietly
+to buy up the control of certain properties. In fact the whole
+speculative field was laid out before me in its most seductive guise.
+
+All these allurements I declined. The most notable offer of this kind
+I ever received was one morning in the Windsor Hotel soon after my
+removal to New York. Jay Gould, then in the height of his career,
+approached me and said he had heard of me and he would purchase
+control of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and give me one half of
+all profits if I would agree to devote myself to its management. I
+thanked him and said that, although Mr. Scott and I had parted company
+in business matters, I would never raise my hand against him.
+Subsequently Mr. Scott told me he had heard I had been selected by New
+York interests to succeed him. I do not know how he had learned this,
+as I had never mentioned it. I was able to reassure him by saying that
+the only railroad company I would be president of would be one I
+owned.
+
+Strange what changes the whirligig of time brings in. It was my part
+one morning in 1900, some thirty years afterwards, to tell the son of
+Mr. Gould of his father's offer and to say to him:
+
+"Your father offered me control of the great Pennsylvania system. Now
+I offer his son in return the control of an international line from
+ocean to ocean."
+
+The son and I agreed upon the first step--that was the bringing of his
+Wabash line to Pittsburgh. This was successfully done under a contract
+given the Wabash of one third of the traffic of our steel company. We
+were about to take up the eastern extension from Pittsburgh to the
+Atlantic when Mr. Morgan approached me in March, 1901, through Mr.
+Schwab, and asked if I really wished to retire from business. I
+answered in the affirmative and that put an end to our railway
+operations.
+
+I have never bought or sold a share of stock speculatively in my life,
+except one small lot of Pennsylvania Railroad shares that I bought
+early in life for investment and for which I did not pay at the time
+because bankers offered to carry it for me at a low rate. I have
+adhered to the rule never to purchase what I did not pay for, and
+never to sell what I did not own. In those early days, however, I had
+several interests that were taken over in the course of business. They
+included some stocks and securities that were quoted on the New York
+Stock Exchange, and I found that when I opened my paper in the morning
+I was tempted to look first at the quotations of the stock market. As
+I had determined to sell all my interests in every outside concern and
+concentrate my attention upon our manufacturing concerns in
+Pittsburgh, I further resolved not even to own any stock that was
+bought and sold upon any stock exchange. With the exception of
+trifling amounts which came to me in various ways I have adhered
+strictly to this rule.
+
+Such a course should commend itself to every man in the manufacturing
+business and to all professional men. For the manufacturing man
+especially the rule would seem all-important. His mind must be kept
+calm and free if he is to decide wisely the problems which are
+continually coming before him. Nothing tells in the long run like good
+judgment, and no sound judgment can remain with the man whose mind is
+disturbed by the mercurial changes of the Stock Exchange. It places
+him under an influence akin to intoxication. What is not, he sees, and
+what he sees, is not. He cannot judge of relative values or get the
+true perspective of things. The molehill seems to him a mountain and
+the mountain a molehill, and he jumps at conclusions which he should
+arrive at by reason. His mind is upon the stock quotations and not
+upon the points that require calm thought. Speculation is a parasite
+feeding upon values, creating none.
+
+My first important enterprise after settling in New York was
+undertaking to build a bridge across the Mississippi at Keokuk.[29]
+Mr. Thomson, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and I contracted
+for the whole structure, foundation, masonry, and superstructure,
+taking bonds and stocks in payment. The undertaking was a splendid
+success in every respect, except financially. A panic threw the
+connecting railways into bankruptcy. They were unable to pay the
+stipulated sums. Rival systems built a bridge across the Mississippi
+at Burlington and a railway down the west side of the Mississippi to
+Keokuk. The handsome profits which we saw in prospect were never
+realized. Mr. Thomson and myself, however, escaped loss, although
+there was little margin left.
+
+[Footnote 29: It was an iron bridge 2300 feet in length with a
+380-foot span.]
+
+The superstructure for this bridge was built at our Keystone Works in
+Pittsburgh. The undertaking required me to visit Keokuk occasionally,
+and there I made the acquaintance of clever and delightful people,
+among them General and Mrs. Reid, and Mr. and Mrs. Leighton. Visiting
+Keokuk with some English friends at a later date, the impression they
+received of society in the Far West, on what to them seemed the very
+outskirts of civilization, was surprising. A reception given to us one
+evening by General Reid brought together an assembly creditable to any
+town in Britain. More than one of the guests had distinguished himself
+during the war and had risen to prominence in the national councils.
+
+The reputation obtained in the building of the Keokuk bridge led to my
+being applied to by those who were in charge of the scheme for
+bridging the Mississippi at St. Louis, to which I have already
+referred. This was connected with my first large financial
+transaction. One day in 1869 the gentleman in charge of the
+enterprise, Mr. Macpherson (he was very Scotch), called at my New York
+office and said they were trying to raise capital to build the bridge.
+He wished to know if I could not enlist some of the Eastern railroad
+companies in the scheme. After careful examination of the project I
+made the contract for the construction of the bridge on behalf of the
+Keystone Bridge Works. I also obtained an option upon four million
+dollars of first mortgage bonds of the bridge company and set out for
+London in March, 1869, to negotiate their sale.
+
+During the voyage I prepared a prospectus which I had printed upon my
+arrival in London, and, having upon my previous visit made the
+acquaintance of Junius S. Morgan, the great banker, I called upon him
+one morning and opened negotiations. I left with him a copy of the
+prospectus, and upon calling next day was delighted to find that Mr.
+Morgan viewed the matter favorably. I sold him part of the bonds with
+the option to take the remainder; but when his lawyers were called in
+for advice a score of changes were required in the wording of the
+bonds. Mr. Morgan said to me that as I was going to Scotland I had
+better go now; I could write the parties in St. Louis and ascertain
+whether they would agree to the changes proposed. It would be time
+enough, he said, to close the matter upon my return three weeks hence.
+
+But I had no idea of allowing the fish to play so long, and informed
+him that I would have a telegram in the morning agreeing to all the
+changes. The Atlantic cable had been open for some time, but it is
+doubtful if it had yet carried so long a private cable as I sent that
+day. It was an easy matter to number the lines of the bond and then
+going carefully over them to state what changes, omissions, or
+additions were required in each line. I showed Mr. Morgan the message
+before sending it and he said:
+
+"Well, young man, if you succeed in that you deserve a red mark."
+
+When I entered the office next morning, I found on the desk that had
+been appropriated to my use in Mr. Morgan's private office the colored
+envelope which contained the answer. There it was: "Board meeting last
+night; changes all approved." "Now, Mr. Morgan," I said, "we can
+proceed, assuming that the bond is as your lawyers desire." The papers
+were soon closed.
+
+[Illustration: JUNIUS SPENCER MORGAN]
+
+While I was in the office Mr. Sampson, the financial editor of "The
+Times," came in. I had an interview with him, well knowing that a few
+words from him would go far in lifting the price of the bonds on the
+Exchange. American securities had recently been fiercely attacked,
+owing to the proceedings of Fisk and Gould in connection with the Erie
+Railway Company, and their control of the judges in New York, who
+seemed to do their bidding. I knew this would be handed out as an
+objection, and therefore I met it at once. I called Mr. Sampson's
+attention to the fact that the charter of the St. Louis Bridge Company
+was from the National Government. In case of necessity appeal lay
+directly to the Supreme Court of the United States, a body vying with
+their own high tribunals. He said he would be delighted to give
+prominence to this commendable feature. I described the bridge as a
+toll-gate on the continental highway and this appeared to please him.
+It was all plain and easy sailing, and when he left the office, Mr.
+Morgan clapped me on the shoulder and said:
+
+"Thank you, young man; you have raised the price of those bonds five
+per cent this morning."
+
+"All right, Mr. Morgan," I replied; "now show me how I can raise them
+five per cent more for you."
+
+The issue was a great success, and the money for the St. Louis Bridge
+was obtained. I had a considerable margin of profit upon the
+negotiation. This was my first financial negotiation with the bankers
+of Europe. Mr. Pullman told me a few days later that Mr. Morgan at a
+dinner party had told the telegraphic incident and predicted, "That
+young man will be heard from."
+
+After closing with Mr. Morgan, I visited my native town, Dunfermline,
+and at that time made the town a gift of public baths. It is notable
+largely because it was the first considerable gift I had ever made.
+Long before that I had, at my Uncle Lauder's suggestion, sent a
+subscription to the fund for the Wallace Monument on Stirling Heights
+overlooking Bannockburn. It was not much, but I was then in the
+telegraph office and it was considerable out of a revenue of thirty
+dollars per month with family expenses staring us in the face. Mother
+did not grudge it; on the contrary, she was a very proud woman that
+her son's name was seen on the list of contributors, and her son felt
+he was really beginning to be something of a man. Years afterward my
+mother and I visited Stirling, and there unveiled, in the Wallace
+Tower, a bust of Sir Walter Scott, which she had presented to the
+monument committee. We had then made great progress, at least
+financially, since the early subscription. But distribution had not
+yet begun.[30] So far with me it had been the age of accumulation.
+
+[Footnote 30: The ambitions of Mr. Carnegie at this time (1868) are
+set forth in the following memorandum made by him. It has only
+recently come to light:
+
+_St. Nicholas Hotel, New York, December, 1868_
+
+Thirty-three and an income of $50,000 per annum! By this time two
+years I can so arrange all my business as to secure at least $50,000
+per annum. Beyond this never earn--make no effort to increase fortune,
+but spend the surplus each year for benevolent purposes. Cast aside
+business forever, except for others.
+
+Settle in Oxford and get a thorough education, making the acquaintance
+of literary men--this will take three years' active work--pay especial
+attention to speaking in public. Settle then in London and purchase a
+controlling interest in some newspaper or live review and give the
+general management of it attention, taking a part in public matters,
+especially those connected with education and improvement of the
+poorer classes.
+
+Man must have an idol--the amassing of wealth is one of the worst
+species of idolatry--no idol more debasing than the worship of money.
+Whatever I engage in I must push inordinately; therefore should I be
+careful to choose that life which will be the most elevating in its
+character. To continue much longer overwhelmed by business cares and
+with most of my thoughts wholly upon the way to make more money in the
+shortest time, must degrade me beyond hope of permanent recovery. I
+will resign business at thirty-five, but during the ensuing two years
+I wish to spend the afternoons in receiving instruction and in reading
+systematically.]
+
+While visiting the Continent of Europe in 1867 and deeply interested
+in what I saw, it must not be thought that my mind was not upon
+affairs at home. Frequent letters kept me advised of business matters.
+The question of railway communication with the Pacific had been
+brought to the front by the Civil War, and Congress had passed an act
+to encourage the construction of a line. The first sod had just been
+cut at Omaha and it was intended that the line should ultimately be
+pushed through to San Francisco. One day while in Rome it struck me
+that this might be done much sooner than was then anticipated. The
+nation, having made up its mind that its territory must be bound
+together, might be trusted to see that no time was lost in
+accomplishing it. I wrote my friend Mr. Scott, suggesting that we
+should obtain the contract to place sleeping-cars upon the great
+California line. His reply contained these words:
+
+"Well, young man, you do take time by the forelock."
+
+Nevertheless, upon my return to America. I pursued the idea. The
+sleeping-car business, in which I was interested, had gone on
+increasing so rapidly that it was impossible to obtain cars enough to
+supply the demand. This very fact led to the forming of the present
+Pullman Company. The Central Transportation Company was simply unable
+to cover the territory with sufficient rapidity, and Mr. Pullman
+beginning at the greatest of all railway centers in the
+world--Chicago--soon rivaled the parent concern. He had also seen that
+the Pacific Railroad would be the great sleeping-car line of the
+world, and I found him working for what I had started after. He was,
+indeed, a lion in the path. Again, one may learn, from an incident
+which I had from Mr. Pullman himself, by what trifles important
+matters are sometimes determined.
+
+The president of the Union Pacific Railway was passing through
+Chicago. Mr. Pullman called upon him and was shown into his room.
+Lying upon the table was a telegram addressed to Mr. Scott, saying,
+"Your proposition for sleeping-cars is accepted." Mr. Pullman read
+this involuntarily and before he had time to refrain. He could not
+help seeing it where it lay. When President Durrant entered the room
+he explained this to him and said:
+
+"I trust you will not decide this matter until I have made a
+proposition to you."
+
+Mr. Durrant promised to wait. A meeting of the board of directors of
+the Union Pacific Company was held soon after this in New York. Mr.
+Pullman and myself were in attendance, both striving to obtain the
+prize which neither he nor I undervalued. One evening we began to
+mount the broad staircase in the St. Nicholas Hotel at the same time.
+We had met before, but were not well acquainted. I said, however, as
+we walked up the stairs:
+
+"Good-evening, Mr. Pullman! Here we are together, and are we not
+making a nice couple of fools of ourselves?" He was not disposed to
+admit anything and said:
+
+"What do you mean?"
+
+I explained the situation to him. We were destroying by our rival
+propositions the very advantages we desired to obtain.
+
+"Well," he said, "what do you propose to do about it?"
+
+"Unite," I said. "Make a joint proposition to the Union Pacific, your
+party and mine, and organize a company."
+
+"What would you call it?" he asked.
+
+"The Pullman Palace Car Company," I replied.
+
+This suited him exactly; and it suited me equally well.
+
+"Come into my room and talk it over," said the great sleeping-car man.
+
+I did so, and the result was that we obtained the contract jointly.
+Our company was subsequently merged in the general Pullman Company and
+we took stock in that company for our Pacific interests. Until
+compelled to sell my shares during the subsequent financial panic of
+1873 to protect our iron and steel interests, I was, I believe, the
+largest shareholder in the Pullman Company.
+
+This man Pullman and his career are so thoroughly American that a few
+words about him will not be out of place. Mr. Pullman was at first a
+working carpenter, but when Chicago had to be elevated he took a
+contract on his own account to move or elevate houses for a
+stipulated sum. Of course he was successful, and from this small
+beginning he became one of the principal and best-known contractors in
+that line. If a great hotel was to be raised ten feet without
+disturbing its hundreds of guests or interfering in any way with its
+business, Mr. Pullman was the man. He was one of those rare characters
+who can see the drift of things, and was always to be found, so to
+speak, swimming in the main current where movement was the fastest. He
+soon saw, as I did, that the sleeping-car was a positive necessity
+upon the American continent. He began to construct a few cars at
+Chicago and to obtain contracts upon the lines centering there.
+
+The Eastern concern was in no condition to cope with that of an
+extraordinary man like Mr. Pullman. I soon recognized this, and
+although the original patents were with the Eastern company and Mr.
+Woodruff himself, the original patentee, was a large shareholder, and
+although we might have obtained damages for infringement of patent
+after some years of litigation, yet the time lost before this could be
+done would have been sufficient to make Pullman's the great company of
+the country. I therefore earnestly advocated that we should unite with
+Mr. Pullman, as I had united with him before in the Union Pacific
+contract. As the personal relations between Mr. Pullman and some
+members of the Eastern company were unsatisfactory, it was deemed best
+that I should undertake the negotiations, being upon friendly footing
+with both parties. We soon agreed that the Pullman Company should
+absorb our company, the Central Transportation Company, and by this
+means Mr. Pullman, instead of being confined to the West, obtained
+control of the rights on the great Pennsylvania trunk line to the
+Atlantic seaboard. This placed his company beyond all possible rivals.
+Mr. Pullman was one of the ablest men of affairs I have ever known,
+and I am indebted to him, among other things, for one story which
+carried a moral.
+
+Mr. Pullman, like every other man, had his difficulties and
+disappointments, and did not hit the mark every time. No one does.
+Indeed, I do not know any one but himself who could have surmounted
+the difficulties surrounding the business of running sleeping-cars in
+a satisfactory manner and still retained some rights which the railway
+companies were bound to respect. Railway companies should, of course,
+operate their own sleeping-cars. On one occasion when we were
+comparing notes he told me that he always found comfort in this story.
+An old man in a Western county having suffered from all the ills that
+flesh is heir to, and a great many more than it usually encounters,
+and being commiserated by his neighbors, replied:
+
+"Yes, my friends, all that you say is true. I have had a long, long
+life full of troubles, but there is one curious fact about them--nine
+tenths of them never happened."
+
+True indeed; most of the troubles of humanity are imaginary and should
+be laughed out of court. It is folly to cross a bridge until you come
+to it, or to bid the Devil good-morning until you meet him--perfect
+folly. All is well until the stroke falls, and even then nine times
+out of ten it is not so bad as anticipated. A wise man is the
+confirmed optimist.
+
+Success in these various negotiations had brought me into some notice
+in New York, and my next large operation was in connection with the
+Union Pacific Railway in 1871. One of its directors came to me saying
+that they must raise in some way a sum of six hundred thousand dollars
+(equal to many millions to-day) to carry them through a crisis; and
+some friends who knew me and were on the executive committee of that
+road had suggested that I might be able to obtain the money and at the
+same time get for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company virtual control of
+that important Western line. I believe Mr. Pullman came with the
+director, or perhaps it was Mr. Pullman himself who first came to me
+on the subject.
+
+I took up the matter, and it occurred to me that if the directors of
+the Union Pacific Railway would be willing to elect to its board of
+directors a few such men as the Pennsylvania Railroad would nominate,
+the traffic to be thus obtained for the Pennsylvania would justify
+that company in helping the Union Pacific. I went to Philadelphia and
+laid the subject before President Thomson. I suggested that if the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company would trust me with securities upon
+which the Union Pacific could borrow money in New York, we could
+control the Union Pacific in the interests of the Pennsylvania. Among
+many marks of Mr. Thomson's confidence this was up to that time the
+greatest. He was much more conservative when handling the money of the
+railroad company than his own, but the prize offered was too great to
+be missed. Even if the six hundred thousand dollars had been lost, it
+would not have been a losing investment for his company, and there was
+little danger of this because we were ready to hand over to him the
+securities which we obtained in return for the loan to the Union
+Pacific.
+
+My interview with Mr. Thomson took place at his house in Philadelphia,
+and as I rose to go he laid his hand upon my shoulder, saying:
+
+"Remember, Andy, I look to you in this matter. It is you I trust, and
+I depend on your holding all the securities you obtain and seeing
+that the Pennsylvania Railroad is never in a position where it can
+lose a dollar."
+
+I accepted the responsibility, and the result was a triumphant
+success. The Union Pacific Company was exceedingly anxious that Mr.
+Thomson himself should take the presidency, but this he said was out
+of the question. He nominated Mr. Thomas A. Scott, vice-president of
+the Pennsylvania Railroad, for the position. Mr. Scott, Mr. Pullman,
+and myself were accordingly elected directors of the Union Pacific
+Railway Company in 1871.
+
+The securities obtained for the loan consisted of three millions of
+the shares of the Union Pacific, which were locked in my safe, with
+the option of taking them at a price. As was to be expected, the
+accession of the Pennsylvania Railroad party rendered the stock of the
+Union Pacific infinitely more valuable. The shares advanced
+enormously. At this time I undertook to negotiate bonds in London for
+a bridge to cross the Missouri at Omaha, and while I was absent upon
+this business Mr. Scott decided to sell our Union Pacific shares. I
+had left instructions with my secretary that Mr. Scott, as one of the
+partners in the venture, should have access to the vault, as it might
+be necessary in my absence that the securities should be within reach
+of some one; but the idea that these should be sold, or that our party
+should lose the splendid position we had acquired in connection with
+the Union Pacific, never entered my brain.
+
+I returned to find that, instead of being a trusted colleague of the
+Union Pacific directors, I was regarded as having used them for
+speculative purposes. No quartet of men ever had a finer opportunity
+for identifying themselves with a great work than we had; and never
+was an opportunity more recklessly thrown away. Mr. Pullman was
+ignorant of the matter and as indignant as myself, and I believe that
+he at once re-invested his profits in the shares of the Union Pacific.
+I felt that much as I wished to do this and to repudiate what had been
+done, it would be unbecoming and perhaps ungrateful in me to separate
+myself so distinctly from my first of friends, Mr. Scott.
+
+At the first opportunity we were ignominiously but deservedly expelled
+from the Union Pacific board. It was a bitter dose for a young man to
+swallow. And the transaction marked my first serious difference with a
+man who up to that time had the greatest influence with me, the kind
+and affectionate employer of my boyhood, Thomas A. Scott. Mr. Thomson
+regretted the matter, but, as he said, having paid no attention to it
+and having left the whole control of it in the hands of Mr. Scott and
+myself, he presumed that I had thought best to sell out. For a time I
+feared I had lost a valued friend in Levi P. Morton, of Morton, Bliss
+& Co., who was interested in Union Pacific, but at last he found out
+that I was innocent.
+
+The negotiations concerning two and a half millions of bonds for the
+construction of the Omaha Bridge were successful, and as these bonds
+had been purchased by persons connected with the Union Pacific before
+I had anything to do with the company, it was for them and not for the
+Union Pacific Company that the negotiations were conducted. This was
+not explained to me by the director who talked with me before I left
+for London. Unfortunately, when I returned to New York I found that
+the entire proceeds of the bonds, including my profit, had been
+appropriated by the parties to pay their own debts, and I was thus
+beaten out of a handsome sum, and had to credit to profit and loss my
+expenses and time. I had never before been cheated and found it out so
+positively and so clearly. I saw that I was still young and had a good
+deal to learn. Many men can be trusted, but a few need watching.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS
+
+
+Complete success attended a negotiation which I conducted about this
+time for Colonel William Phillips, president of the Allegheny Valley
+Railway at Pittsburgh. One day the Colonel entered my New York office
+and told me that he needed money badly, but that he could get no house
+in America to entertain the idea of purchasing five millions of bonds
+of his company although they were to be guaranteed by the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company. The old gentleman felt sure that he was being driven
+from pillar to post by the bankers because they had agreed among
+themselves to purchase the bonds only upon their own terms. He asked
+ninety cents on the dollar for them, but this the bankers considered
+preposterously high. Those were the days when Western railway bonds
+were often sold to the bankers at eighty cents on the dollar.
+
+Colonel Phillips said he had come to see whether I could not suggest
+some way out of his difficulty. He had pressing need for two hundred
+and fifty thousand dollars, and this Mr. Thomson, of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, could not give him. The Allegheny bonds were seven per
+cents, but they were payable, not in gold, but in currency, in
+America. They were therefore wholly unsuited for the foreign market.
+But I knew that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company had a large amount
+of Philadelphia and Erie Railroad six per cent gold bonds in its
+treasury. It would be a most desirable exchange on its part, I
+thought, to give these bonds for the seven per cent Allegheny bonds
+which bore its guarantee.
+
+I telegraphed Mr. Thomson, asking if the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+would take two hundred and fifty thousand dollars at interest and lend
+it to the Allegheny Railway Company. Mr. Thomson replied, "Certainly."
+Colonel Phillips was happy. He agreed, in consideration of my
+services, to give me a sixty-days option to take his five millions of
+bonds at the desired ninety cents on the dollar. I laid the matter
+before Mr. Thomson and suggested an exchange, which that company was
+only too glad to make, as it saved one per cent interest on the bonds.
+I sailed at once for London with the control of five millions of first
+mortgage Philadelphia and Erie Bonds, guaranteed by the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company--a magnificent security for which I wanted a high
+price. And here comes in one of the greatest of the hits and misses of
+my financial life.
+
+I wrote the Barings from Queenstown that I had for sale a security
+which even their house might unhesitatingly consider. On my arrival in
+London I found at the hotel a note from them requesting me to call. I
+did so the next morning, and before I had left their banking house I
+had closed an agreement by which they were to bring out this loan, and
+that until they sold the bonds at par, less their two and a half per
+cent commission, they would advance the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+four millions of dollars at five per cent interest. The sale left me a
+clear profit of more than half a million dollars.
+
+The papers were ordered to be drawn up, but as I was leaving Mr.
+Russell Sturgis said they had just heard that Mr. Baring himself was
+coming up to town in the morning. They had arranged to hold a
+"court," and as it would be fitting to lay the transaction before him
+as a matter of courtesy they would postpone the signing of the papers
+until the morrow. If I would call at two o'clock the transaction would
+be closed.
+
+Never shall I forget the oppressed feeling which overcame me as I
+stepped out and proceeded to the telegraph office to wire President
+Thomson. Something told me that I ought not to do so. I would wait
+till to-morrow when I had the contract in my pocket. I walked from the
+banking house to the Langham Hotel--four long miles. When I reached
+there I found a messenger waiting breathless to hand me a sealed note
+from the Barings. Bismarck had locked up a hundred millions in
+Magdeburg. The financial world was panic-stricken, and the Barings
+begged to say that under the circumstances they could not propose to
+Mr. Baring to go on with the matter. There was as much chance that I
+should be struck by lightning on my way home as that an arrangement
+agreed to by the Barings should be broken. And yet it was. It was too
+great a blow to produce anything like irritation or indignation. I was
+meek enough to be quite resigned, and merely congratulated myself that
+I had not telegraphed Mr. Thomson.
+
+I decided not to return to the Barings, and although J.S. Morgan & Co.
+had been bringing out a great many American securities I subsequently
+sold the bonds to them at a reduced price as compared with that agreed
+to by the Barings. I thought it best not to go to Morgan & Co. at
+first, because I had understood from Colonel Phillips that the bonds
+had been unsuccessfully offered by him to their house in America and I
+supposed that the Morgans in London might consider themselves
+connected with the negotiations through their house in New York. But
+in all subsequent negotiations I made it a rule to give the first
+offer to Junius S. Morgan, who seldom permitted me to leave his
+banking house without taking what I had to offer. If he could not buy
+for his own house, he placed me in communication with a friendly house
+that did, he taking an interest in the issue. It is a great
+satisfaction to reflect that I never negotiated a security which did
+not to the end command a premium. Of course in this case I made a
+mistake in not returning to the Barings, giving them time and letting
+the panic subside, which it soon did. When one party to a bargain
+becomes excited, the other should keep cool and patient.
+
+As an incident of my financial operations I remember saying to Mr.
+Morgan one day:
+
+"Mr. Morgan, I will give you an idea and help you to carry it forward
+if you will give me one quarter of all the money you make by acting
+upon it."
+
+He laughingly said: "That seems fair, and as I have the option to act
+upon it, or not, certainly we ought to be willing to pay you a quarter
+of the profit."
+
+I called attention to the fact that the Allegheny Valley Railway bonds
+which I had exchanged for the Philadelphia and Erie bonds bore the
+guarantee of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and that that great
+company was always in need of money for essential extensions. A price
+might be offered for these bonds which might tempt the company to sell
+them, and that at the moment there appeared to be such a demand for
+American securities that no doubt they could be floated. I would write
+a prospectus which I thought would float the bonds. After examining
+the matter with his usual care he decided that he would act upon my
+suggestion.
+
+Mr. Thomson was then in Paris and I ran over there to see him. Knowing
+that the Pennsylvania Railroad had need for money I told him that I
+had recommended these securities to Mr. Morgan and if he would give me
+a price for them I would see if I could not sell them. He named a
+price which was then very high, but less than the price which these
+bonds have since reached. Mr. Morgan purchased part of them with the
+right to buy others, and in this way the whole nine or ten millions of
+Allegheny bonds were marketed and the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
+placed in funds.
+
+The sale of the bonds had not gone very far when the panic of 1873 was
+upon us. One of the sources of revenue which I then had was Mr.
+Pierpont Morgan. He said to me one day:
+
+"My father has cabled to ask whether you wish to sell out your
+interest in that idea you gave him."
+
+I said: "Yes, I do. In these days I will sell anything for money."
+
+"Well," he said, "what would you take?"
+
+I said I believed that a statement recently rendered to me showed that
+there were already fifty thousand dollars to my credit, and I would
+take sixty thousand. Next morning when I called Mr. Morgan handed me
+checks for seventy thousand dollars.
+
+"Mr. Carnegie," he said, "you were mistaken. You sold out for ten
+thousand dollars less than the statement showed to your credit. It now
+shows not fifty but sixty thousand to your credit, and the additional
+ten makes seventy."
+
+The payments were in two checks, one for sixty thousand dollars and
+the other for the additional ten thousand. I handed him back the
+ten-thousand-dollar check, saying:
+
+"Well, that is something worthy of you. Will you please accept these
+ten thousand with my best wishes?"
+
+"No, thank you," he said, "I cannot do that."
+
+Such acts, showing a nice sense of honorable understanding as against
+mere legal rights, are not so uncommon in business as the uninitiated
+might believe. And, after that, it is not to be wondered at if I
+determined that so far as lay in my power neither Morgan, father or
+son, nor their house, should suffer through me. They had in me
+henceforth a firm friend.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN]
+
+A great business is seldom if ever built up, except on lines of the
+strictest integrity. A reputation for "cuteness" and sharp dealing is
+fatal in great affairs. Not the letter of the law, but the spirit,
+must be the rule. The standard of commercial morality is now very
+high. A mistake made by any one in favor of the firm is corrected as
+promptly as if the error were in favor of the other party. It is
+essential to permanent success that a house should obtain a reputation
+for being governed by what is fair rather than what is merely legal. A
+rule which we adopted and adhered to has given greater returns than
+one would believe possible, namely: always give the other party the
+benefit of the doubt. This, of course, does not apply to the
+speculative class. An entirely different atmosphere pervades that
+world. Men are only gamblers there. Stock gambling and honorable
+business are incompatible. In recent years it must be admitted that
+the old-fashioned "banker," like Junius S. Morgan of London, has
+become rare.
+
+Soon after being deposed as president of the Union Pacific, Mr.
+Scott[31] resolved upon the construction of the Texas Pacific
+Railway. He telegraphed me one day in New York to meet him at
+Philadelphia without fail. I met him there with several other friends,
+among them Mr. J.N. McCullough, vice-president of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad Company at Pittsburgh. A large loan for the Texas Pacific had
+fallen due in London and its renewal was agreed to by Morgan & Co.,
+provided I would join the other parties to the loan. I declined. I was
+then asked whether I would bring them all to ruin by refusing to stand
+by my friends. It was one of the most trying moments of my whole life.
+Yet I was not tempted for a moment to entertain the idea of involving
+myself. The question of what was my duty came first and prevented
+that. All my capital was in manufacturing and every dollar of it was
+required. I was the capitalist (then a modest one, indeed) of our
+concern. All depended upon me. My brother with his wife and family,
+Mr. Phipps and his family, Mr. Kloman and his family, all rose up
+before me and claimed protection.
+
+[Footnote 31: Colonel Thomas A. Scott left the Union Pacific in 1872.
+The same year he became president of the Texas Pacific, and in 1874
+president of the Pennsylvania.]
+
+I told Mr. Scott that I had done my best to prevent him from beginning
+to construct a great railway before he had secured the necessary
+capital. I had insisted that thousands of miles of railway lines could
+not be constructed by means of temporary loans. Besides, I had paid
+two hundred and fifty thousand dollars cash for an interest in it,
+which he told me upon my return from Europe he had reserved for me,
+although I had never approved the scheme. But nothing in the world
+would ever induce me to be guilty of endorsing the paper of that
+construction company or of any other concern than our own firm.
+
+I knew that it would be impossible for me to pay the Morgan loan in
+sixty days, or even to pay my proportion of it. Besides, it was not
+that loan by itself, but the half-dozen other loans that would be
+required thereafter that had to be considered. This marked another
+step in the total business separation which had to come between Mr.
+Scott and myself. It gave more pain than all the financial trials to
+which I had been subjected up to that time.
+
+It was not long after this meeting that the disaster came and the
+country was startled by the failure of those whom it had regarded as
+its strongest men. I fear Mr. Scott's premature death[32] can
+measurably be attributed to the humiliation which he had to bear. He
+was a sensitive rather than a proud man, and his seemingly impending
+failure cut him to the quick. Mr. McManus and Mr. Baird, partners in
+the enterprise, also soon passed away. These two men were
+manufacturers like myself and in no position to engage in railway
+construction.
+
+[Footnote 32: Died May 21, 1881.]
+
+The business man has no rock more dangerous to encounter in his career
+than this very one of endorsing commercial paper. It can easily be
+avoided if he asks himself two questions: Have I surplus means for all
+possible requirements which will enable me to pay without
+inconvenience the utmost sum for which I am liable under this
+endorsement? Secondly: Am I willing to lose this sum for the friend
+for whom I endorse? If these two questions can be answered in the
+affirmative he may be permitted to oblige his friend, but not
+otherwise, if he be a wise man. And if he can answer the first
+question in the affirmative it will be well for him to consider
+whether it would not be better then and there to pay the entire sum
+for which his name is asked. I am sure it would be. A man's means are
+a trust to be sacredly held for his own creditors as long as he has
+debts and obligations.
+
+Notwithstanding my refusal to endorse the Morgan renewal, I was
+invited to accompany the parties to New York next morning in their
+special car for the purpose of consultation. This I was only too glad
+to do. Anthony Drexel was also called in to accompany us. During the
+journey Mr. McCullough remarked that he had been looking around the
+car and had made up his mind that there was only one sensible man in
+it; the rest had all been "fools." Here was "Andy" who had paid for
+his shares and did not owe a dollar or have any responsibility in the
+matter, and that was the position they all ought to have been in.
+
+Mr. Drexel said he would like me to explain how I had been able to
+steer clear of these unfortunate troubles. I answered: by strict
+adherence to what I believed to be my duty never to put my name to
+anything which I knew I could not pay at maturity; or, to recall the
+familiar saying of a Western friend, never to go in where you couldn't
+wade. This water was altogether too deep for me.
+
+Regard for this rule has kept not only myself but my partners out of
+trouble. Indeed, we had gone so far in our partnership agreement as to
+prevent ourselves from endorsing or committing ourselves in any way
+beyond trifling sums, except for the firm. This I also gave as a
+reason why I could not endorse.
+
+During the period which these events cover I had made repeated
+journeys to Europe to negotiate various securities, and in all I sold
+some thirty millions of dollars worth. This was at a time when the
+Atlantic cable had not yet made New York a part of London financially
+considered, and when London bankers would lend their balances to
+Paris, Vienna, or Berlin for a shadow of difference in the rate of
+interest rather than to the United States at a higher rate. The
+Republic was considered less safe than the Continent by these good
+people. My brother and Mr. Phipps conducted the iron business so
+successfully that I could leave for weeks at a time without anxiety.
+There was danger lest I should drift away from the manufacturing to
+the financial and banking business. My successes abroad brought me
+tempting opportunities, but my preference was always for
+manufacturing. I wished to make something tangible and sell it and I
+continued to invest my profits in extending the works at Pittsburgh.
+
+The small shops put up originally for the Keystone Bridge Company had
+been leased for other purposes and ten acres of ground had been
+secured in Lawrenceville on which new and extensive shops were
+erected. Repeated additions to the Union Iron Mills had made them the
+leading mills in the United States for all sorts of structural shapes.
+Business was promising and all the surplus earnings I was making in
+other fields were required to expand the iron business. I had become
+interested, with my friends of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in
+building some railways in the Western States, but gradually withdrew
+from all such enterprises and made up my mind to go entirely contrary
+to the adage not to put all one's eggs in one basket. I determined
+that the proper policy was "to put all good eggs in one basket and
+then watch that basket."
+
+I believe the true road to preeminent success in any line is to make
+yourself master in that line. I have no faith in the policy of
+scattering one's resources, and in my experience I have rarely if ever
+met a man who achieved preeminence in money-making--certainly never
+one in manufacturing--who was interested in many concerns. The men who
+have succeeded are men who have chosen one line and stuck to it. It is
+surprising how few men appreciate the enormous dividends derivable
+from investment in their own business. There is scarcely a
+manufacturer in the world who has not in his works some machinery that
+should be thrown out and replaced by improved appliances; or who does
+not for the want of additional machinery or new methods lose more than
+sufficient to pay the largest dividend obtainable by investment beyond
+his own domain. And yet most business men whom I have known invest in
+bank shares and in far-away enterprises, while the true gold mine lies
+right in their own factories.
+
+I have tried always to hold fast to this important fact. It has been
+with me a cardinal doctrine that I could manage my own capital better
+than any other person, much better than any board of directors. The
+losses men encounter during a business life which seriously embarrass
+them are rarely in their own business, but in enterprises of which the
+investor is not master. My advice to young men would be not only to
+concentrate their whole time and attention on the one business in life
+in which they engage, but to put every dollar of their capital into
+it. If there be any business that will not bear extension, the true
+policy is to invest the surplus in first-class securities which will
+yield a moderate but certain revenue if some other growing business
+cannot be found. As for myself my decision was taken early. I would
+concentrate upon the manufacture of iron and steel and be master in
+that.
+
+My visits to Britain gave me excellent opportunities to renew and make
+acquaintance with those prominent in the iron and steel
+business--Bessemer in the front, Sir Lothian Bell, Sir Bernard
+Samuelson, Sir Windsor Richards, Edward Martin, Bingley, Evans, and
+the whole host of captains in that industry. My election to the
+council, and finally to the presidency of the British Iron and Steel
+Institute soon followed, I being the first president who was not a
+British subject. That honor was highly appreciated, although at first
+declined, because I feared that I could not give sufficient time to
+its duties, owing to my residence in America.
+
+As we had been compelled to engage in the manufacture of wrought-iron
+in order to make bridges and other structures, so now we thought it
+desirable to manufacture our own pig iron. And this led to the
+erection of the Lucy Furnace in the year 1870--a venture which would
+have been postponed had we fully appreciated its magnitude. We heard
+from time to time the ominous predictions made by our older brethren
+in the manufacturing business with regard to the rapid growth and
+extension of our young concern, but we were not deterred. We thought
+we had sufficient capital and credit to justify the building of one
+blast furnace.
+
+The estimates made of its cost, however, did not cover more than half
+the expenditure. It was an experiment with us. Mr. Kloman knew nothing
+about blast-furnace operations. But even without exact knowledge no
+serious blunder was made. The yield of the Lucy Furnace (named after
+my bright sister-in-law) exceeded our most sanguine expectations and
+the then unprecedented output of a hundred tons per day was made from
+one blast furnace, for one week--an output that the world had never
+heard of before. We held the record and many visitors came to marvel
+at the marvel.
+
+It was not, however, all smooth sailing with our iron business. Years
+of panic came at intervals. We had passed safely through the fall in
+values following the war, when iron from nine cents per pound dropped
+to three. Many failures occurred and our financial manager had his
+time fully occupied in providing funds to meet emergencies. Among many
+wrecks our firm stood with credit unimpaired. But the manufacture of
+pig iron gave us more anxiety than any other department of our
+business so far. The greatest service rendered us in this branch of
+manufacturing was by Mr. Whitwell, of the celebrated Whitwell Brothers
+of England, whose blast-furnace stoves were so generally used. Mr.
+Whitwell was one of the best-known of the visitors who came to marvel
+at the Lucy Furnace, and I laid the difficulty we then were
+experiencing before him. He said immediately:
+
+"That comes from the angle of the bell being wrong."
+
+He explained how it should be changed. Our Mr. Kloman was slow to
+believe this, but I urged that a small glass-model furnace and two
+bells be made, one as the Lucy was and the other as Mr. Whitwell
+advised it should be. This was done, and upon my next visit
+experiments were made with each, the result being just as Mr. Whitwell
+had foretold. Our bell distributed the large pieces to the sides of
+the furnace, leaving the center a dense mass through which the blast
+could only partially penetrate. The Whitwell bell threw the pieces to
+the center leaving the circumference dense. This made all the
+difference in the world. The Lucy's troubles were over.
+
+What a kind, big, broad man was Mr. Whitwell, with no narrow jealousy,
+no withholding his knowledge! We had in some departments learned new
+things and were able to be of service to his firm in return. At all
+events, after that everything we had was open to the Whitwells.
+[To-day, as I write, I rejoice that one of the two still is with us
+and that our friendship is still warm. He was my predecessor in the
+presidency of the British Iron and Steel Institute.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE AGE OF STEEL
+
+
+Looking back to-day it seems incredible that only forty years ago
+(1870) chemistry in the United States was an almost unknown agent in
+connection with the manufacture of pig iron. It was the agency, above
+all others, most needful in the manufacture of iron and steel. The
+blast-furnace manager of that day was usually a rude bully, generally
+a foreigner, who in addition to his other acquirements was able to
+knock down a man now and then as a lesson to the other unruly spirits
+under him. He was supposed to diagnose the condition of the furnace by
+instinct, to possess some almost supernatural power of divination,
+like his congener in the country districts who was reputed to be able
+to locate an oil well or water supply by means of a hazel rod. He was
+a veritable quack doctor who applied whatever remedies occurred to him
+for the troubles of his patient.
+
+The Lucy Furnace was out of one trouble and into another, owing to the
+great variety of ores, limestone, and coke which were then supplied
+with little or no regard to their component parts. This state of
+affairs became intolerable to us. We finally decided to dispense with
+the rule-of-thumb-and-intuition manager, and to place a young man in
+charge of the furnace. We had a young shipping clerk, Henry M. Curry,
+who had distinguished himself, and it was resolved to make him
+manager.
+
+Mr. Phipps had the Lucy Furnace under his special charge. His daily
+visits to it saved us from failure there. Not that the furnace was not
+doing as well as other furnaces in the West as to money-making, but
+being so much larger than other furnaces its variations entailed much
+more serious results. I am afraid my partner had something to answer
+for in his Sunday morning visits to the Lucy Furnace when his good
+father and sister left the house for more devotional duties. But even
+if he had gone with them his real earnest prayer could not but have
+had reference at times to the precarious condition of the Lucy Furnace
+then absorbing his thoughts.
+
+The next step taken was to find a chemist as Mr. Curry's assistant and
+guide. We found the man in a learned German, Dr. Fricke, and great
+secrets did the doctor open up to us. Iron stone from mines that had a
+high reputation was now found to contain ten, fifteen, and even twenty
+per cent less iron than it had been credited with. Mines that hitherto
+had a poor reputation we found to be now yielding superior ore. The
+good was bad and the bad was good, and everything was topsy-turvy.
+Nine tenths of all the uncertainties of pig-iron making were dispelled
+under the burning sun of chemical knowledge.
+
+At a most critical period when it was necessary for the credit of the
+firm that the blast furnace should make its best product, it had been
+stopped because an exceedingly rich and pure ore had been substituted
+for an inferior ore--an ore which did not yield more than two thirds
+of the quantity of iron of the other. The furnace had met with
+disaster because too much lime had been used to flux this
+exceptionally pure ironstone. The very superiority of the materials
+had involved us in serious losses.
+
+What fools we had been! But then there was this consolation: we were
+not as great fools as our competitors. It was years after we had taken
+chemistry to guide us that it was said by the proprietors of some
+other furnaces that they could not afford to employ a chemist. Had
+they known the truth then, they would have known that they could not
+afford to be without one. Looking back it seems pardonable to record
+that we were the first to employ a chemist at blast
+furnaces--something our competitors pronounced extravagant.
+
+The Lucy Furnace became the most profitable branch of our business,
+because we had almost the entire monopoly of scientific management.
+Having discovered the secret, it was not long (1872) before we decided
+to erect an additional furnace. This was done with great economy as
+compared with our first experiment. The mines which had no reputation
+and the products of which many firms would not permit to be used in
+their blast furnaces found a purchaser in us. Those mines which were
+able to obtain an enormous price for their products, owing to a
+reputation for quality, we quietly ignored. A curious illustration of
+this was the celebrated Pilot Knob mine in Missouri. Its product was,
+so to speak, under a cloud. A small portion of it only could be used,
+it was said, without obstructing the furnace. Chemistry told us that
+it was low in phosphorus, but very high in silicon. There was no
+better ore and scarcely any as rich, if it were properly fluxed. We
+therefore bought heavily of this and received the thanks of the
+proprietors for rendering their property valuable.
+
+It is hardly believable that for several years we were able to dispose
+of the highly phosphoric cinder from the puddling furnaces at a higher
+price than we had to pay for the pure cinder from the heating furnaces
+of our competitors--a cinder which was richer in iron than the puddled
+cinder and much freer from phosphorus. Upon some occasion a blast
+furnace had attempted to smelt the flue cinder, and from its greater
+purity the furnace did not work well with a mixture intended for an
+impurer article; hence for years it was thrown over the banks of the
+river at Pittsburgh by our competitors as worthless. In some cases we
+were even able to exchange a poor article for a good one and obtain a
+bonus.
+
+But it is still more unbelievable that a prejudice, equally unfounded,
+existed against putting into the blast furnaces the roll-scale from
+the mills which was pure oxide of iron. This reminds me of my dear
+friend and fellow-Dunfermline townsman, Mr. Chisholm, of Cleveland. We
+had many pranks together. One day, when I was visiting his works at
+Cleveland, I saw men wheeling this valuable roll-scale into the yard.
+I asked Mr. Chisholm where they were going with it, and he said:
+
+"To throw it over the bank. Our managers have always complained that
+they had bad luck when they attempted to remelt it in the blast
+furnace."
+
+I said nothing, but upon my return to Pittsburgh I set about having a
+joke at his expense. We had then a young man in our service named Du
+Puy, whose father was known as the inventor of a direct process in
+iron-making with which he was then experimenting in Pittsburgh. I
+recommended our people to send Du Puy to Cleveland to contract for all
+the roll-scale of my friend's establishment. He did so, buying it for
+fifty cents per ton and having it shipped to him direct. This
+continued for some time. I expected always to hear of the joke being
+discovered. The premature death of Mr. Chisholm occurred before I
+could apprise him of it. His successors soon, however, followed our
+example.
+
+I had not failed to notice the growth of the Bessemer process. If this
+proved successful I knew that iron was destined to give place to
+steel; that the Iron Age would pass away and the Steel Age take its
+place. My friend, John A. Wright, president of the Freedom Iron Works
+at Lewiston, Pennsylvania, had visited England purposely to
+investigate the new process. He was one of our best and most
+experienced manufacturers, and his decision was so strongly in its
+favor that he induced his company to erect Bessemer works. He was
+quite right, but just a little in advance of his time. The capital
+required was greater than he estimated. More than this, it was not to
+be expected that a process which was even then in somewhat of an
+experimental stage in Britain could be transplanted to the new country
+and operated successfully from the start. The experiment was certain
+to be long and costly, and for this my friend had not made sufficient
+allowance.
+
+At a later date, when the process had become established in England,
+capitalists began to erect the present Pennsylvania Steel Works at
+Harrisburg. These also had to pass through an experimental stage and
+at a critical moment would probably have been wrecked but for the
+timely assistance of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. It required a
+broad and able man like President Thomson, of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, to recommend to his board of directors that so large a sum
+as six hundred thousand dollars should be advanced to a manufacturing
+concern on his road, that steel rails might be secured for the line.
+The result fully justified his action.
+
+The question of a substitute for iron rails upon the Pennsylvania
+Railroad and other leading lines had become a very serious one. Upon
+certain curves at Pittsburgh, on the road connecting the Pennsylvania
+with the Fort Wayne, I had seen new iron rails placed every six weeks
+or two months. Before the Bessemer process was known I had called
+President Thomson's attention to the efforts of Mr. Dodds in England,
+who had carbonized the heads of iron rails with good results. I went
+to England and obtained control of the Dodds patents and recommended
+President Thomson to appropriate twenty thousand dollars for
+experiments at Pittsburgh, which he did. We built a furnace on our
+grounds at the upper mill and treated several hundred tons of rails
+for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and with remarkably good results
+as compared with iron rails. These were the first hard-headed rails
+used in America. We placed them on some of the sharpest curves and
+their superior service far more than compensated for the advance made
+by Mr. Thomson. Had the Bessemer process not been successfully
+developed, I verily believe that we should ultimately have been able
+to improve the Dodds process sufficiently to make its adoption
+general. But there was nothing to be compared with the solid steel
+article which the Bessemer process produced.
+
+Our friends of the Cambria Iron Company at Johnstown, near
+Pittsburgh--the principal manufacturers of rails in America--decided
+to erect a Bessemer plant. In England I had seen it demonstrated, at
+least to my satisfaction, that the process could be made a grand
+success without undue expenditure of capital or great risk. Mr.
+William Coleman, who was ever alive to new methods, arrived at the
+same conclusion. It was agreed we should enter upon the manufacture of
+steel rails at Pittsburgh. He became a partner and also my dear friend
+Mr. David McCandless, who had so kindly offered aid to my mother at my
+father's death. The latter was not forgotten. Mr. John Scott and Mr.
+David A. Stewart, and others joined me; Mr. Edgar Thomson and Mr.
+Thomas A. Scott, president and vice-president of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, also became stockholders, anxious to encourage the
+development of steel. The steel-rail company was organized January 1,
+1873.
+
+The question of location was the first to engage our serious
+attention. I could not reconcile myself to any location that was
+proposed, and finally went to Pittsburgh to consult with my partners
+about it. The subject was constantly in my mind and in bed Sunday
+morning the site suddenly appeared to me. I rose and called to my
+brother:
+
+"Tom, you and Mr. Coleman are right about the location; right at
+Braddock's, between the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore and Ohio, and the
+river, is the best situation in America; and let's call the works
+after our dear friend Edgar Thomson. Let us go over to Mr. Coleman's
+and drive out to Braddock's."
+
+We did so that day, and the next morning Mr. Coleman was at work
+trying to secure the property. Mr. McKinney, the owner, had a high
+idea of the value of his farm. What we had expected to purchase for
+five or six hundred dollars an acre cost us two thousand. But since
+then we have been compelled to add to our original purchase at a cost
+of five thousand dollars per acre.
+
+There, on the very field of Braddock's defeat, we began the erection
+of our steel-rail mills. In excavating for the foundations many relics
+of the battle were found--bayonets, swords, and the like. It was there
+that the then provost of Dunfermline, Sir Arthur Halkett, and his son
+were slain. How did they come to be there will very naturally be
+asked. It must not be forgotten that, in those days, the provosts of
+the cities of Britain were members of the aristocracy--the great men
+of the district who condescended to enjoy the honor of the position
+without performing the duties. No one in trade was considered good
+enough for the provostship. We have remnants of this aristocratic
+notion throughout Britain to-day. There is scarcely any life assurance
+or railway company, or in some cases manufacturing company but must
+have at its head, to enjoy the honors of the presidency, some titled
+person totally ignorant of the duties of the position. So it was that
+Sir Arthur Halkett, as a gentleman, was Provost of Dunfermline, but by
+calling he followed the profession of arms and was killed on this
+spot. It was a coincidence that what had been the field of death to
+two native-born citizens of Dunfermline should be turned into an
+industrial hive by two others.
+
+Another curious fact has recently been discovered. Mr. John Morley's
+address, in 1904 on Founder's Day at the Carnegie Institute,
+Pittsburgh, referred to the capture of Fort Duquesne by General Forbes
+and his writing Prime Minister Pitt that he had rechristened it
+"Pittsburgh" for him. This General Forbes was then Laird of
+Pittencrieff and was born in the Glen which I purchased in 1902 and
+presented to Dunfermline for a public park. So that two Dunfermline
+men have been Lairds of Pittencrieff whose chief work was in
+Pittsburgh. One named Pittsburgh and the other labored for its
+development.
+
+In naming the steel mills as we did the desire was to honor my friend
+Edgar Thomson, but when I asked permission to use his name his reply
+was significant. He said that as far as American steel rails were
+concerned, he did not feel that he wished to connect his name with
+them, for they had proved to be far from creditable. Uncertainty was,
+of course, inseparable from the experimental stage; but, when I
+assured him that it was now possible to make steel rails in America
+as good in every particular as the foreign article, and that we
+intended to obtain for our rails the reputation enjoyed by the
+Keystone bridges and the Kloman axles, he consented.
+
+He was very anxious to have us purchase land upon the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, as his first thought was always for that company. This would
+have given the Pennsylvania a monopoly of our traffic. When he visited
+Pittsburgh a few months later and Mr. Robert Pitcairn, my successor as
+superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division of the Pennsylvania, pointed
+out to him the situation of the new works at Braddock's Station, which
+gave us not only a connection with his own line, but also with the
+rival Baltimore and Ohio line, and with a rival in one respect greater
+than either--the Ohio River--he said, with a twinkle of his eye to
+Robert, as Robert told me:
+
+"Andy should have located his works a few miles farther east." But Mr.
+Thomson knew the good and sufficient reasons which determined the
+selection of the unrivaled site.
+
+The works were well advanced when the financial panic of September,
+1873, came upon us. I then entered upon the most anxious period of my
+business life. All was going well when one morning in our summer
+cottage, in the Allegheny Mountains at Cresson, a telegram came
+announcing the failure of Jay Cooke & Co. Almost every hour after
+brought news of some fresh disaster. House after house failed. The
+question every morning was which would go next. Every failure depleted
+the resources of other concerns. Loss after loss ensued, until a total
+paralysis of business set in. Every weak spot was discovered and
+houses that otherwise would have been strong were borne down largely
+because our country lacked a proper banking system.
+
+We had not much reason to be anxious about our debts. Not what we had
+to pay of our own debts could give us much trouble, but rather what we
+might have to pay for our debtors. It was not our bills payable but
+our bills receivable which required attention, for we soon had to
+begin meeting both. Even our own banks had to beg us not to draw upon
+our balances. One incident will shed some light upon the currency
+situation. One of our pay-days was approaching. One hundred thousand
+dollars in small notes were absolutely necessary, and to obtain these
+we paid a premium of twenty-four hundred dollars in New York and had
+them expressed to Pittsburgh. It was impossible to borrow money, even
+upon the best collaterals; but by selling securities, which I had in
+reserve, considerable sums were realized--the company undertaking to
+replace them later.
+
+It happened that some of the railway companies whose lines centered in
+Pittsburgh owed us large sums for material furnished--the Fort Wayne
+road being the largest debtor. I remember calling upon Mr. Thaw, the
+vice-president of the Fort Wayne, and telling him we must have our
+money. He replied:
+
+"You ought to have your money, but we are not paying anything these
+days that is not protestable."
+
+"Very good," I said, "your freight bills are in that category and we
+shall follow your excellent example. Now I am going to order that we
+do not pay you one dollar for freight."
+
+"Well, if you do that," he said, "we will stop your freight."
+
+I said we would risk that. The railway company could not proceed to
+that extremity. And as a matter of fact we ran for some time without
+paying the freight bills. It was simply impossible for the
+manufacturers of Pittsburgh to pay their accruing liabilities when
+their customers stopped payment. The banks were forced to renew
+maturing paper. They behaved splendidly to us, as they always have
+done, and we steered safely through. But in a critical period like
+this there was one thought uppermost with me, to gather more capital
+and keep it in our business so that come what would we should never
+again be called upon to endure such nights and days of racking
+anxiety.
+
+Speaking for myself in this great crisis, I was at first the most
+excited and anxious of the partners. I could scarcely control myself.
+But when I finally saw the strength of our financial position I became
+philosophically cool and found myself quite prepared, if necessary, to
+enter the directors' rooms of the various banks with which we dealt,
+and lay our entire position before their boards. I felt that this
+could result in nothing discreditable to us. No one interested in our
+business had lived extravagantly. Our manner of life had been the very
+reverse of this. No money had been withdrawn from the business to
+build costly homes, and, above all, not one of us had made speculative
+ventures upon the stock exchange, or invested in any other enterprises
+than those connected with the main business. Neither had we exchanged
+endorsements with others. Besides this we could show a prosperous
+business that was making money every year.
+
+I was thus enabled to laugh away the fears of my partners, but none of
+them rejoiced more than I did that the necessity for opening our lips
+to anybody about our finances did not arise. Mr. Coleman, good friend
+and true, with plentiful means and splendid credit, did not fail to
+volunteer to give us his endorsements. In this we stood alone; William
+Coleman's name, a tower of strength, was for us only. How the grand
+old man comes before me as I write. His patriotism knew no bounds.
+Once when visiting his mills, stopped for the Fourth of July, as they
+always were, he found a corps of men at work repairing the boilers. He
+called the manager to him and asked what this meant. He ordered all
+work suspended.
+
+"Work on the Fourth of July!" he exclaimed, "when there's plenty of
+Sundays for repairs!" He was furious.
+
+When the cyclone of 1873 struck us we at once began to reef sail in
+every quarter. Very reluctantly did we decide that the construction of
+the new steel works must cease for a time. Several prominent persons,
+who had invested in them, became unable to meet their payments and I
+was compelled to take over their interests, repaying the full cost to
+all. In that way control of the company came into my hands.
+
+The first outburst of the storm had affected the financial world
+connected with the Stock Exchange. It was some time before it reached
+the commercial and manufacturing world. But the situation grew worse
+and worse and finally led to the crash which involved my friends in
+the Texas Pacific enterprise, of which I have already spoken. This was
+to me the severest blow of all. People could, with difficulty, believe
+that occupying such intimate relations as I did with the Texas group,
+I could by any possibility have kept myself clear of their financial
+obligations.
+
+Mr. Schoenberger, president of the Exchange Bank at Pittsburgh, with
+which we conducted a large business, was in New York when the news
+reached him of the embarrassment of Mr. Scott and Mr. Thomson. He
+hastened to Pittsburgh, and at a meeting of his board next morning
+said it was simply impossible that I was not involved with them. He
+suggested that the bank should refuse to discount more of our bills
+receivable. He was alarmed to find that the amount of these bearing
+our endorsement and under discount, was so large. Prompt action on my
+part was necessary to prevent serious trouble. I took the first train
+for Pittsburgh, and was able to announce there to all concerned that,
+although I was a shareholder in the Texas enterprise, my interest was
+paid for. My name was not upon one dollar of their paper or of any
+other outstanding paper. I stood clear and clean without a financial
+obligation or property which I did not own and which was not fully
+paid for. My only obligations were those connected with our business;
+and I was prepared to pledge for it every dollar I owned, and to
+endorse every obligation the firm had outstanding.
+
+Up to this time I had the reputation in business of being a bold,
+fearless, and perhaps a somewhat reckless young man. Our operations
+had been extensive, our growth rapid and, although still young, I had
+been handling millions. My own career was thought by the elderly ones
+of Pittsburgh to have been rather more brilliant than substantial. I
+know of an experienced one who declared that if "Andrew Carnegie's
+brains did not carry him through his luck would." But I think nothing
+could be farther from the truth than the estimate thus suggested. I am
+sure that any competent judge would be surprised to find how little I
+ever risked for myself or my partners. When I did big things, some
+large corporation like the Pennsylvania Railroad Company was behind me
+and the responsible party. My supply of Scotch caution never has been
+small; but I was apparently something of a dare-devil now and then to
+the manufacturing fathers of Pittsburgh. They were old and I was
+young, which made all the difference.
+
+The fright which Pittsburgh financial institutions had with regard to
+myself and our enterprises rapidly gave place to perhaps somewhat
+unreasoning confidence. Our credit became unassailable, and thereafter
+in times of financial pressure the offerings of money to us increased
+rather than diminished, just as the deposits of the old Bank of
+Pittsburgh were never so great as when the deposits in other banks ran
+low. It was the only bank in America which redeemed its circulation in
+gold, disdaining to take refuge under the law and pay its obligations
+in greenbacks. It had few notes, and I doubt not the decision paid as
+an advertisement.
+
+In addition to the embarrassment of my friends Mr. Scott, Mr. Thomson,
+and others, there came upon us later an even severer trial in the
+discovery that our partner, Mr. Andrew Kloman, had been led by a party
+of speculative people into the Escanaba Iron Company. He was assured
+that the concern was to be made a stock company, but before this was
+done his colleagues had succeeded in creating an enormous amount of
+liabilities--about seven hundred thousand dollars. There was nothing
+but bankruptcy as a means of reinstating Mr. Kloman.
+
+This gave us more of a shock than all that had preceded, because Mr.
+Kloman, being a partner, had no right to invest in another iron
+company, or in any other company involving personal debt, without
+informing his partners. There is one imperative rule for men in
+business--no secrets from partners. Disregard of this rule involved
+not only Mr. Kloman himself, but our company, in peril, coming, as it
+did, atop of the difficulties of my Texas Pacific friends with whom I
+had been intimately associated. The question for a time was whether
+there was anything really sound. Where could we find bedrock upon
+which we could stand?
+
+Had Mr. Kloman been a business man it would have been impossible ever
+to allow him to be a partner with us again after this discovery. He
+was not such, however, but the ablest of practical mechanics with some
+business ability. Mr. Kloman's ambition had been to be in the office,
+where he was worse than useless, rather than in the mill devising and
+running new machinery, where he was without a peer. We had some
+difficulty in placing him in his proper position and keeping him
+there, which may have led him to seek an outlet elsewhere. He was
+perhaps flattered by men who were well known in the community; and in
+this case he was led by persons who knew how to reach him by extolling
+his wonderful business abilities in addition to his mechanical
+genius--abilities which his own partners, as already suggested, but
+faintly recognized.
+
+After Mr. Kloman had passed through the bankruptcy court and was again
+free, we offered him a ten per cent interest in our business, charging
+for it only the actual capital invested, with nothing whatever for
+good-will. This we were to carry for him until the profits paid for
+it. We were to charge interest only on the cost, and he was to assume
+no responsibility. The offer was accompanied by the condition that he
+should not enter into any other business or endorse for others, but
+give his whole time and attention to the mechanical and not the
+business management of the mills. Could he have been persuaded to
+accept this, he would have been a multimillionaire; but his pride, and
+more particularly that of his family, perhaps, would not permit this.
+He would go into business on his own account, and, notwithstanding
+the most urgent appeals on my part, and that of my colleagues, he
+persisted in the determination to start a new rival concern with his
+sons as business managers. The result was failure and premature death.
+
+How foolish we are not to recognize what we are best fitted for and
+can perform, not only with ease but with pleasure, as masters of the
+craft. More than one able man I have known has persisted in blundering
+in an office when he had great talent for the mill, and has worn
+himself out, oppressed with cares and anxieties, his life a continual
+round of misery, and the result at last failure. I never regretted
+parting with any man so much as Mr. Kloman. His was a good heart, a
+great mechanical brain, and had he been left to himself I believe he
+would have been glad to remain with us. Offers of capital from
+others--offers which failed when needed--turned his head, and the
+great mechanic soon proved the poor man of affairs.[33]
+
+[Footnote 33: Long after the circumstances here recited, Mr. Isidor
+Straus called upon Mr. Henry Phipps and asked him if two statements
+which had been publicly made about Mr. Carnegie and his partners in
+the steel company were true. Mr. Phipps replied they were not. Then
+said Mr. Straus:
+
+"Mr. Phipps, you owe it to yourself and also to Mr. Carnegie to say so
+publicly."
+
+This Mr. Phipps did in the _New York Herald_, January 30, 1904, in the
+following handsome manner and without Mr. Carnegie's knowledge:
+
+_Question:_ "In a recent publication mention was made of Mr.
+Carnegie's not having treated Mr. Miller, Mr. Kloman, and yourself
+properly during your early partnership, and at its termination. Can
+you tell me anything about this?"
+
+_Answer:_ "Mr. Miller has already spoken for himself in this matter,
+and I can say that the treatment received from Mr. Carnegie during our
+partnership, so far as I was concerned, was always fair and liberal.
+
+"My association with Mr. Kloman in business goes back forty-three
+years. Everything in connection with Mr. Carnegie's partnership with
+Mr. Kloman was of a pleasant nature.
+
+"At a much more recent date, when the firm of Carnegie, Kloman and
+Company was formed, the partners were Andrew Carnegie, Thomas M.
+Carnegie, Andrew Kloman, and myself. The Carnegies held the
+controlling interest.
+
+"After the partnership agreement was signed, Mr. Kloman said to me
+that the Carnegies, owning the larger interest, might be too
+enterprising in making improvements, which might lead us into serious
+trouble; and he thought that they should consent to an article in the
+partnership agreement requiring the consent of three partners to make
+effective any vote for improvements. I told him that we could not
+exact what he asked, as their larger interest assured them control,
+but I would speak to them. When the subject was broached, Mr. Carnegie
+promptly said that if he could not carry Mr. Kloman or myself with his
+brother in any improvements he would not wish them made. Other matters
+were arranged by courtesy during our partnership in the same manner."
+
+_Question:_ "What you have told me suggests the question, why did Mr.
+Kloman leave the firm?"
+
+_Answer:_ "During the great depression which followed the panic of
+1873, Mr. Kloman, through an unfortunate partnership in the Escanaba
+Furnace Company, lost his means, and his interest in our firm had to
+be disposed of. We bought it at book value at a time when
+manufacturing properties were selling at ruinous prices, often as low
+as one third or one half their cost.
+
+"After the settlement had been made with the creditors of the Escanaba
+Company, Mr. Kloman was offered an interest by Mr. Carnegie of
+$100,000 in our firm, to be paid only from future profits. This Mr.
+Kloman declined, as he did not feel like taking an interest which
+formerly had been much larger. Mr. Carnegie gave him $40,000 from the
+firm to make a new start. This amount was invested in a rival concern,
+which soon closed.
+
+"I knew of no disagreement during this early period with Mr. Carnegie,
+and their relations continued pleasant as long as Mr. Kloman lived.
+Harmony always marked their intercourse, and they had the kindliest
+feeling one for the other."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+PARTNERS, BOOKS, AND TRAVEL
+
+
+When Mr. Kloman had severed his connection with us there was no
+hesitation in placing William Borntraeger in charge of the mills. It
+has always been with especial pleasure that I have pointed to the
+career of William. He came direct from Germany--a young man who could
+not speak English, but being distantly connected with Mr. Kloman was
+employed in the mills, at first in a minor capacity. He promptly
+learned English and became a shipping clerk at six dollars per week.
+He had not a particle of mechanical knowledge, and yet such was his
+unflagging zeal and industry for the interests of his employer that he
+soon became marked for being everywhere about the mill, knowing
+everything, and attending to everything.
+
+William was a character. He never got over his German idioms and his
+inverted English made his remarks very effective. Under his
+superintendence the Union Iron Mills became a most profitable branch
+of our business. He had overworked himself after a few years'
+application and we decided to give him a trip to Europe. He came to
+New York by way of Washington. When he called upon me in New York he
+expressed himself as more anxious to return to Pittsburgh than to
+revisit Germany. In ascending the Washington Monument he had seen the
+Carnegie beams in the stairway and also at other points in public
+buildings, and as he expressed it:
+
+"It yust make me so broud dat I want to go right back and see dat
+everyting is going right at de mill."
+
+Early hours in the morning and late in the dark hours at night
+William was in the mills. His life was there. He was among the first
+of the young men we admitted to partnership, and the poor German lad
+at his death was in receipt of an income, as I remember, of about
+$50,000 a year, every cent of which was deserved. Stories about him
+are many. At a dinner of our partners to celebrate the year's
+business, short speeches were in order from every one. William summed
+up his speech thus:
+
+"What we haf to do, shentlemens, is to get brices up and costs down
+and efery man _stand on his own bottom_." There was loud, prolonged,
+and repeated laughter.
+
+Captain Evans ("Fighting Bob") was at one time government inspector at
+our mills. He was a severe one. William was sorely troubled at times
+and finally offended the Captain, who complained of his behavior. We
+tried to get William to realize the importance of pleasing a
+government official. William's reply was:
+
+"But he gomes in and smokes my cigars" (bold Captain! William reveled
+in one-cent Wheeling tobies) "and then he goes and contems my iron.
+What does you tinks of a man like dat? But I apologize and dreat him
+right to-morrow."
+
+The Captain was assured William had agreed to make due amends, but he
+laughingly told us afterward that William's apology was:
+
+"Vell, Captain, I hope you vas all right dis morning. I haf noting
+against you, Captain," holding out his hand, which the Captain finally
+took and all was well.
+
+William once sold to our neighbor, the pioneer steel-maker of
+Pittsburgh, James Park, a large lot of old rails which we could not
+use. Mr. Park found them of a very bad quality. He made claims for
+damages and William was told that he must go with Mr. Phipps to meet
+Mr. Park and settle. Mr. Phipps went into Mr. Park's office, while
+William took a look around the works in search of the condemned
+material, which was nowhere to be seen. Well did William know where to
+look. He finally entered the office, and before Mr. Park had time to
+say a word William began:
+
+"Mr. Park, I vas glad to hear dat de old rails what I sell you don't
+suit for steel. I will buy dem all from you back, five dollars ton
+profit for you." Well did William know that they had all been used.
+Mr. Park was non-plussed, and the affair ended. William had triumphed.
+
+Upon one of my visits to Pittsburgh William told me he had something
+"particular" he wished to tell me--something he couldn't tell any one
+else. This was upon his return from the trip to Germany. There he had
+been asked to visit for a few days a former schoolfellow, who had
+risen to be a professor:
+
+"Well, Mr. Carnegie, his sister who kept his house was very kind to
+me, and ven I got to Hamburg I tought I sent her yust a little
+present. She write me a letter, then I write her a letter. She write
+me and I write her, and den I ask her would she marry me. She was very
+educated, but she write yes. Den I ask her to come to New York, and I
+meet her dere, but, Mr. Carnegie, dem people don't know noting about
+business and de mills. Her bruder write me dey want me to go dere
+again and marry her in Chairmany, and I can go away not again from de
+mills. I tought I yust ask you aboud it."
+
+"Of course you can go again. Quite right, William, you should go. I
+think the better of her people for feeling so. You go over at once and
+bring her home. I'll arrange it." Then, when parting, I said:
+"William, I suppose your sweetheart is a beautiful, tall,
+'peaches-and-cream' kind of German young lady."
+
+"Vell, Mr. Carnegie, she is a leetle stout. If _I had the rolling of
+her I give her yust one more pass_." All William's illustrations were
+founded on mill practice. [I find myself bursting into fits of
+laughter this morning (June, 1912) as I re-read this story. But I did
+this also when reading that "Every man must stand on his own bottom."]
+
+Mr. Phipps had been head of the commercial department of the mills,
+but when our business was enlarged, he was required for the steel
+business. Another young man, William L. Abbott, took his place. Mr.
+Abbott's history is somewhat akin to Borntraeger's. He came to us as a
+clerk upon a small salary and was soon assigned to the front in charge
+of the business of the iron mills. He was no less successful than was
+William. He became a partner with an interest equal to William's, and
+finally was promoted to the presidency of the company.
+
+Mr. Curry had distinguished himself by this time in his management of
+the Lucy Furnaces, and he took his place among the partners, sharing
+equally with the others. There is no way of making a business
+successful that can vie with the policy of promoting those who render
+exceptional service. We finally converted the firm of Carnegie,
+McCandless & Co. into the Edgar Thomson Steel Company, and included my
+brother and Mr. Phipps, both of whom had declined at first to go into
+the steel business with their too enterprising senior. But when I
+showed them the earnings for the first year and told them if they did
+not get into steel they would find themselves in the wrong boat, they
+both reconsidered and came with us. It was fortunate for them as for
+us.
+
+My experience has been that no partnership of new men gathered
+promiscuously from various fields can prove a good working
+organization as at first constituted. Changes are required. Our Edgar
+Thomson Steel Company was no exception to this rule. Even before we
+began to make rails, Mr. Coleman became dissatisfied with the
+management of a railway official who had come to us with a great and
+deserved reputation for method and ability. I had, therefore, to take
+over Mr. Coleman's interest. It was not long, however, before we found
+that his judgment was correct. The new man had been a railway auditor,
+and was excellent in accounts, but it was unjust to expect him, or any
+other office man, to be able to step into manufacturing and be
+successful from the start. He had neither the knowledge nor the
+training for this new work. This does not mean that he was not a
+splendid auditor. It was our own blunder in expecting the impossible.
+
+The mills were at last about ready to begin[34] and an organization
+the auditor proposed was laid before me for approval. I found he had
+divided the works into two departments and had given control of one to
+Mr. Stevenson, a Scotsman who afterwards made a fine record as a
+manufacturer, and control of the other to a Mr. Jones. Nothing, I am
+certain, ever affected the success of the steel company more than the
+decision which I gave upon that proposal. Upon no account could two
+men be in the same works with equal authority. An army with two
+commanders-in-chief, a ship with two captains, could not fare more
+disastrously than a manufacturing concern with two men in command upon
+the same ground, even though in two different departments. I said:
+
+"This will not do. I do not know Mr. Stevenson, nor do I know Mr.
+Jones, but one or the other must be made captain and he alone must
+report to you."
+
+[Footnote 34: The steel-rail mills were ready and rails were rolled in
+1874.]
+
+The decision fell upon Mr. Jones and in this way we obtained "The
+Captain," who afterward made his name famous wherever the manufacture
+of Bessemer steel is known.
+
+The Captain was then quite young, spare and active, bearing traces of
+his Welsh descent even in his stature, for he was quite short. He came
+to us as a two-dollar-a-day mechanic from the neighboring works at
+Johnstown. We soon saw that he was a character. Every movement told
+it. He had volunteered as a private during the Civil War and carried
+himself so finely that he became captain of a company which was never
+known to flinch. Much of the success of the Edgar Thomson Works
+belongs to this man.
+
+In later years he declined an interest in the firm which would have
+made him a millionaire. I told him one day that some of the young men
+who had been given an interest were now making much more than he was
+and we had voted to make him a partner. This entailed no financial
+responsibility, as we always provided that the cost of the interest
+given was payable only out of profits.
+
+"No," he said, "I don't want to have my thoughts running on business.
+I have enough trouble looking after these works. Just give me a h--l
+of a salary if you think I'm worth it."
+
+"All right, Captain, the salary of the President of the United States
+is yours."
+
+"That's the talk," said the little Welshman.[35]
+
+[Footnote 35: The story is told that when Mr. Carnegie was selecting
+his younger partners he one day sent for a young Scotsman, Alexander
+R. Peacock, and asked him rather abruptly:
+
+"Peacock, what would you give to be made a millionaire?"
+
+"A liberal discount for cash, sir," was the answer.
+
+He was a partner owning a two per cent interest when the Carnegie
+Steel Company was merged into the United States Steel Corporation.]
+
+Our competitors in steel were at first disposed to ignore us. Knowing
+the difficulties they had in starting their own steel works, they
+could not believe we would be ready to deliver rails for another year
+and declined to recognize us as competitors. The price of steel rails
+when we began was about seventy dollars per ton. We sent our agent
+through the country with instructions to take orders at the best
+prices he could obtain; and before our competitors knew it, we had
+obtained a large number--quite sufficient to justify us in making a
+start.
+
+So perfect was the machinery, so admirable the plans, so skillful were
+the men selected by Captain Jones, and so great a manager was he
+himself, that our success was phenomenal. I think I place a unique
+statement on record when I say that the result of the first month's
+operations left a margin of profit of $11,000. It is also remarkable
+that so perfect was our system of accounts that we knew the exact
+amount of the profit. We had learned from experience in our iron works
+what exact accounting meant. There is nothing more profitable than
+clerks to check up each transfer of material from one department to
+another in process of manufacture.
+
+The new venture in steel having started off so promisingly, I began to
+think of taking a holiday, and my long-cherished purpose of going
+around the world came to the front. Mr. J.W. Vandevort ("Vandy") and I
+accordingly set out in the autumn of 1878. I took with me several pads
+suitable for penciling and began to make a few notes day by day, not
+with any intention of publishing a book; but thinking, perhaps, I
+might print a few copies of my notes for private circulation. The
+sensation which one has when he first sees his remarks in the form of
+a printed book is great. When the package came from the printers I
+re-read the book trying to decide whether it was worth while to send
+copies to my friends. I came to the conclusion that upon the whole it
+was best to do so and await the verdict.
+
+The writer of a book designed for his friends has no reason to
+anticipate an unkind reception, but there is always some danger of its
+being damned with faint praise. The responses in my case, however,
+exceeded expectations, and were of such a character as to satisfy me
+that the writers really had enjoyed the book, or meant at least a part
+of what they said about it. Every author is prone to believe sweet
+words. Among the first that came were in a letter from Anthony Drexel,
+Philadelphia's great banker, complaining that I had robbed him of
+several hours of sleep. Having begun the book he could not lay it down
+and retired at two o'clock in the morning after finishing. Several
+similar letters were received. I remember Mr. Huntington, president of
+the Central Pacific Railway, meeting me one morning and saying he was
+going to pay me a great compliment.
+
+"What is it?" Tasked.
+
+"Oh, I read your book from end to end."
+
+"Well," I said, "that is not such a great compliment. Others of our
+mutual friends have done that."
+
+"Oh, yes, but probably none of your friends are like me. I have not
+read a book for years except my ledger and I did not intend to read
+yours, but when I began it I could not lay it down. My ledger is the
+only book I have gone through for five years."
+
+I was not disposed to credit all that my friends said, but others who
+had obtained the book from them were pleased with it and I lived for
+some months under intoxicating, but I trust not perilously pernicious,
+flattery. Several editions of the book were printed to meet the
+request for copies. Some notices of it and extracts got into the
+papers, and finally Charles Scribner's Sons asked to publish it for
+the market. So "Round the World"[36] came before the public and I was
+at last "an author."
+
+[Footnote 36: _Round the World_, by Andrew Carnegie. New York and
+London, 1884.]
+
+A new horizon was opened up to me by this voyage. It quite changed my
+intellectual outlook. Spencer and Darwin were then high in the zenith,
+and I had become deeply interested in their work. I began to view the
+various phases of human life from the standpoint of the evolutionist.
+In China I read Confucius; in India, Buddha and the sacred books of
+the Hindoos; among the Parsees, in Bombay, I studied Zoroaster. The
+result of my journey was to bring a certain mental peace. Where there
+had been chaos there was now order. My mind was at rest. I had a
+philosophy at last. The words of Christ "The Kingdom of Heaven is
+within you," had a new meaning for me. Not in the past or in the
+future, but now and here is Heaven within us. All our duties lie in
+this world and in the present, and trying impatiently to peer into
+that which lies beyond is as vain as fruitless.
+
+All the remnants of theology in which I had been born and bred, all
+the impressions that Swedenborg had made upon me, now ceased to
+influence me or to occupy my thoughts. I found that no nation had all
+the truth in the revelation it regards as divine, and no tribe is so
+low as to be left without some truth; that every people has had its
+great teacher; Buddha for one; Confucius for another; Zoroaster for a
+third; Christ for a fourth. The teachings of all these I found
+ethically akin so that I could say with Matthew Arnold, one I was so
+proud to call friend:
+
+    "Children of men! the unseen Power, whose eye
+    For ever doth accompany mankind
+    Hath looked on no religion scornfully
+        That men did ever find.
+
+    Which has not taught weak wills how much they can?
+    Which has not fall'n in the dry heart like rain?
+    Which has not cried to sunk, self-weary man,
+        _Thou must be born again_."
+
+"The Light of Asia," by Edwin Arnold, came out at this time and gave
+me greater delight than any similar poetical work I had recently read.
+I had just been in India and the book took me there again. My
+appreciation of it reached the author's ears and later having made his
+acquaintance in London, he presented me with the original manuscript
+of the book. It is one of my most precious treasures. Every person who
+can, even at a sacrifice, make the voyage around the world should do
+so. All other travel compared to it seems incomplete, gives us merely
+vague impressions of parts of the whole. When the circle has been
+completed, you feel on your return that you have seen (of course only
+in the mass) all there is to be seen. The parts fit into one
+symmetrical whole and you see humanity wherever it is placed working
+out a destiny tending to one definite end.
+
+The world traveler who gives careful study to the bibles of the
+various religions of the East will be well repaid. The conclusion
+reached will be that the inhabitants of each country consider their
+own religion the best of all. They rejoice that their lot has been
+cast where it is, and are disposed to pity the less fortunate
+condemned to live beyond their sacred limits. The masses of all
+nations are usually happy, each mass certain that:
+
+    "East or West
+    Home is best."
+
+Two illustrations of this from our "Round the World" trip may be
+noted:
+
+     Visiting the tapioca workers in the woods near Singapore, we
+     found them busily engaged, the children running about stark
+     naked, the parents clothed in the usual loose rags. Our
+     party attracted great attention. We asked our guide to tell
+     the people that we came from a country where the water in
+     such a pond as that before us would become solid at this
+     season of the year and we could walk upon it and that
+     sometimes it would be so hard horses and wagons crossed wide
+     rivers on the ice. They wondered and asked why we didn't
+     come and live among them. They really were very happy.
+
+Again:
+
+     On the way to the North Cape we visited a reindeer camp of
+     the Laplanders. A sailor from the ship was deputed to go
+     with the party. I walked homeward with him, and as we
+     approached the fiord looking down and over to the opposite
+     shore we saw a few straggling huts and one two-story house
+     under construction. What is that new building for? we asked.
+
+     "That is to be the home of a man born in Tromso who has made
+     a great deal of money and has now come back to spend his
+     days there. He is very rich."
+
+     "You told me you had travelled all over the world. You have
+     seen London, New York, Calcutta, Melbourne, and other
+     places. If you made a fortune like that man what place would
+     you make your home in old age?" His eye glistened as he
+     said:
+
+     "Ah, there's no place like Tromso." This is in the arctic
+     circle, six months of night, but he had been born in Tromso.
+     Home, sweet, sweet home!
+
+Among the conditions of life or the laws of nature, some of which seem
+to us faulty, some apparently unjust and merciless, there are many
+that amaze us by their beauty and sweetness. Love of home, regardless
+of its character or location, certainly is one of these. And what a
+pleasure it is to find that, instead of the Supreme Being confining
+revelation to one race or nation, every race has the message best
+adapted for it in its present stage of development. The Unknown Power
+has neglected none.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+COACHING TRIP AND MARRIAGE
+
+
+The Freedom of my native town (Dunfermline) was conferred upon me July
+12, 1877, the first Freedom and the greatest honor I ever received. I
+was overwhelmed. Only two signatures upon the roll came between mine
+and Sir Walter Scott's, who had been made a Burgess. My parents had
+seen him one day sketching Dunfermline Abbey and often told me about
+his appearance. My speech in reply to the Freedom was the subject of
+much concern. I spoke to my Uncle Bailie Morrison, telling him I just
+felt like saying so and so, as this really was in my heart. He was an
+orator himself and he spoke words of wisdom to me then.
+
+"Just say that, Andra; nothing like saying just what you really feel."
+
+It was a lesson in public speaking which I took to heart. There is one
+rule I might suggest for youthful orators. When you stand up before an
+audience reflect that there are before you only men and women. You
+should speak to them as you speak to other men and women in daily
+intercourse. If you are not trying to be something different from
+yourself, there is no more occasion for embarrassment than if you were
+talking in your office to a party of your own people--none whatever.
+It is trying to be other than one's self that unmans one. Be your own
+natural self and go ahead. I once asked Colonel Ingersoll, the most
+effective public speaker I ever heard, to what he attributed his
+power. "Avoid elocutionists like snakes," he said, "and be yourself."
+
+[Illustration: AN AMERICAN FOUR-IN-HAND IN BRITAIN]
+
+I spoke again at Dunfermline, July 27, 1881, when my mother laid the
+foundation stone there of the first free library building I ever gave.
+My father was one of five weavers who founded the earliest library in
+the town by opening their own books to their neighbors. Dunfermline
+named the building I gave "Carnegie Library." The architect asked for
+my coat of arms. I informed him I had none, but suggested that above
+the door there might be carved a rising sun shedding its rays with the
+motto: "Let there be light." This he adopted.
+
+We had come up to Dunfermline with a coaching party. When walking
+through England in the year 1867 with George Lauder and Harry Phipps I
+had formed the idea of coaching from Brighton to Inverness with a
+party of my dearest friends. The time had come for the long-promised
+trip, and in the spring of 1881 we sailed from New York, a party of
+eleven, to enjoy one of the happiest excursions of my life. It was one
+of the holidays from business that kept me young and happy--worth all
+the medicine in the world.
+
+All the notes I made of the coaching trip were a few lines a day in
+twopenny pass-books bought before we started. As with "Round the
+World," I thought that I might some day write a magazine article, or
+give some account of my excursion for those who accompanied me; but
+one wintry day I decided that it was scarcely worth while to go down
+to the New York office, three miles distant, and the question was how
+I should occupy the spare time. I thought of the coaching trip, and
+decided to write a few lines just to see how I should get on. The
+narrative flowed freely, and before the day was over I had written
+between three and four thousand words. I took up the pleasing task
+every stormy day when it was unnecessary for me to visit the office,
+and in exactly twenty sittings I had finished a book. I handed the
+notes to Scribner's people and asked them to print a few hundred
+copies for private circulation. The volume pleased my friends, as
+"Round the World" had done. Mr. Champlin one day told me that Mr.
+Scribner had read the book and would like very much to publish it for
+general circulation upon his own account, subject to a royalty.
+
+The vain author is easily persuaded that what he has done is
+meritorious, and I consented. [Every year this still nets me a small
+sum in royalties. And thirty years have gone by, 1912.] The letters I
+received upon the publication[37] of it were so numerous and some so
+gushing that my people saved them and they are now bound together in
+scrapbook form, to which additions are made from time to time. The
+number of invalids who have been pleased to write me, stating that the
+book had brightened their lives, has been gratifying. Its reception in
+Britain was cordial; the "Spectator" gave it a favorable review. But
+any merit that the book has comes, I am sure, from the total absence
+of effort on my part to make an impression. I wrote for my friends;
+and what one does easily, one does well. I reveled in the writing of
+the book, as I had in the journey itself.
+
+[Footnote 37: Published privately in 1882 under the title _Our
+Coaching Trip, Brighton to Inverness_. Published by the Scribners in
+1883 under the title of _An American Four-in-Hand in Britain_.]
+
+The year 1886 ended in deep gloom for me. My life as a happy careless
+young man, with every want looked after, was over. I was left alone in
+the world. My mother and brother passed away in November, within a few
+days of each other, while I lay in bed under a severe attack of
+typhoid fever, unable to move and, perhaps fortunately, unable to
+feel the full weight of the catastrophe, being myself face to face
+with death.
+
+I was the first stricken, upon returning from a visit in the East to
+our cottage at Cresson Springs on top of the Alleghanies where my
+mother and I spent our happy summers. I had been quite unwell for a
+day or two before leaving New York. A physician being summoned, my
+trouble was pronounced typhoid fever. Professor Dennis was called from
+New York and he corroborated the diagnosis. An attendant physician and
+trained nurse were provided at once. Soon after my mother broke down
+and my brother in Pittsburgh also was reported ill.
+
+I was despaired of, I was so low, and then my whole nature seemed to
+change. I became reconciled, indulged in pleasing meditations, was
+without the slightest pain. My mother's and brother's serious
+condition had not been revealed to me, and when I was informed that
+both had left me forever it seemed only natural that I should follow
+them. We had never been separated; why should we be now? But it was
+decreed otherwise.
+
+I recovered slowly and the future began to occupy my thoughts. There
+was only one ray of hope and comfort in it. Toward that my thoughts
+always turned. For several years I had known Miss Louise Whitfield.
+Her mother permitted her to ride with me in the Central Park. We were
+both very fond of riding. Other young ladies were on my list. I had
+fine horses and often rode in the Park and around New York with one or
+the other of the circle. In the end the others all faded into ordinary
+beings. Miss Whitfield remained alone as the perfect one beyond any I
+had met. Finally I began to find and admit to myself that she stood
+the supreme test I had applied to several fair ones in my time. She
+alone did so of all I had ever known. I could recommend young men to
+apply this test before offering themselves. If they can honestly
+believe the following lines, as I did, then all is well:
+
+    "Full many a lady
+    I've eyed with best regard: for several virtues
+    Have I liked several women, never any
+    With so full soul, but some defect in her
+    Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owed,
+    And put it to the foil; but you, O you,
+    So perfect and so peerless are created
+    Of every creature's best."[38]
+
+[Footnote 38: Ferdinand to Miranda in _The Tempest_.]
+
+In my soul I could echo those very words. To-day, after twenty years
+of life with her, if I could find stronger words I could truthfully
+use them.
+
+My advances met with indifferent success. She was not without other
+and younger admirers. My wealth and future plans were against me. I
+was rich and had everything and she felt she could be of little use or
+benefit to me. Her ideal was to be the real helpmeet of a young,
+struggling man to whom she could and would be indispensable, as her
+mother had been to her father. The care of her own family had largely
+fallen upon her after her father's death when she was twenty-one. She
+was now twenty-eight; her views of life were formed. At times she
+seemed more favorable and we corresponded. Once, however, she returned
+my letters saying she felt she must put aside all thought of accepting
+me.
+
+Professor and Mrs. Dennis took me from Cresson to their own home in
+New York, as soon as I could be removed, and I lay there some time
+under the former's personal supervision. Miss Whitfield called to see
+me, for I had written her the first words from Cresson I was able
+to write. She saw now that I needed her. I was left alone in the
+world. Now she could be in every sense the "helpmeet." Both her heart
+and head were now willing and the day was fixed. We were married in
+New York April 22, 1887, and sailed for our honeymoon which was passed
+on the Isle of Wight.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE
+
+(ABOUT 1878)]
+
+Her delight was intense in finding the wild flowers. She had read of
+Wandering Willie, Heartsease, Forget-me-nots, the Primrose, Wild
+Thyme, and the whole list of homely names that had been to her only
+names till now. Everything charmed her. Uncle Lauder and one of my
+cousins came down from Scotland and visited us, and then we soon
+followed to the residence at Kilgraston they had selected for us in
+which to spend the summer. Scotland captured her. There was no doubt
+about that. Her girlish reading had been of Scotland--Scott's novels
+and "Scottish Chiefs" being her favorites. She soon became more Scotch
+than I. All this was fulfilling my fondest dreams.
+
+We spent some days in Dunfermline and enjoyed them much. The haunts
+and incidents of my boyhood were visited and recited to her by all and
+sundry. She got nothing but flattering accounts of her husband which
+gave me a good start with her.
+
+I was presented with the Freedom of Edinburgh as we passed
+northward--Lord Rosebery making the speech. The crowd in Edinburgh was
+great. I addressed the working-men in the largest hall and received a
+present from them as did Mrs. Carnegie also--a brooch she values
+highly. She heard and saw the pipers in all their glory and begged
+there should be one at our home--a piper to walk around and waken us
+in the morning and also to play us in to dinner. American as she is to
+the core, and Connecticut Puritan at that, she declared that if
+condemned to live upon a lonely island and allowed to choose only one
+musical instrument, it would be the pipes. The piper was secured
+quickly enough. One called and presented credentials from Cluny
+McPherson. We engaged him and were preceded by him playing the pipes
+as we entered our Kilgraston house.
+
+We enjoyed Kilgraston, although Mrs. Carnegie still longed for a
+wilder and more Highland home. Matthew Arnold visited us, as did Mr.
+and Mrs. Blaine, Senator and Mrs. Eugene Hale, and many friends.[39]
+Mrs. Carnegie would have my relatives up from Dunfermline, especially
+the older uncles and aunties. She charmed every one. They expressed
+their surprise to me that she ever married me, but I told them I was
+equally surprised. The match had evidently been predestined.
+
+[Footnote 39: John Hay, writing to his friend Henry Adams under date
+of London, August 25, 1887, has the following to say about the party
+at Kilgraston: "After that we went to Andy Carnegie in Perthshire, who
+is keeping his honeymoon, having just married a pretty girl.... The
+house is thronged with visitors--sixteen when we came away--we merely
+stayed three days: the others were there for a fortnight. Among them
+were your friends Blaine and Hale of Maine. Carnegie likes it so well
+he is going to do it every summer and is looking at all the great
+estates in the County with a view of renting or purchasing. We went
+with him one day to Dupplin Castle, where I saw the most beautiful
+trees I ever beheld in my wandering life. The old Earl of ---- is
+miserably poor--not able to buy a bottle of seltzer--with an estate
+worth millions in the hands of his creditors, and sure to be sold one
+of these days to some enterprising Yankee or British Buttonmaker. I
+wish you or Carnegie would buy it. I would visit you frequently."
+(Thayer, _Life and Letters of John Hay_, vol. II, p. 74.)]
+
+We took our piper with us when we returned to New York, and also our
+housekeeper and some of the servants. Mrs. Nicoll remains with us
+still and is now, after twenty years' faithful service, as a member of
+the family. George Irvine, our butler, came to us a year later and is
+also as one of us. Maggie Anderson, one of the servants, is the same.
+They are devoted people, of high character and true loyalty.[40]
+
+[Footnote 40: "No man is a true gentleman who does not inspire the
+affection and devotion of his servants." (_Problems of To-day_, by
+Andrew Carnegie. New York, 1908, p. 59.)]
+
+The next year we were offered and took Cluny Castle. Our piper was
+just the man to tell us all about it. He had been born and bred there
+and perhaps influenced our selection of that residence where we spent
+several summers.
+
+On March 30, 1897, there came to us our daughter. As I first gazed
+upon her Mrs. Carnegie said,
+
+"Her name is Margaret after your mother. Now one request I have to
+make."
+
+"What is it, Lou?"
+
+"We must get a summer home since this little one has been given us. We
+cannot rent one and be obliged to go in and go out at a certain date.
+It should be our home."
+
+"Yes," I agreed.
+
+"I make only one condition."
+
+"What is that?" I asked.
+
+"It must be in the Highlands of Scotland."
+
+"Bless you," was my reply. "That suits me. You know I have to keep out
+of the sun's rays, and where can we do that so surely as among the
+heather? I'll be a committee of one to inquire and report."
+
+Skibo Castle was the result.
+
+It is now twenty years since Mrs. Carnegie entered and changed my
+life, a few months after the passing of my mother and only brother
+left me alone in the world. My life has been made so happy by her that
+I cannot imagine myself living without her guardianship. I thought I
+knew her when she stood Ferdinand's test,[41] but it was only the
+surface of her qualities I had seen and felt. Of their purity,
+holiness, wisdom, I had not sounded the depth. In every emergency of
+our active, changing, and in later years somewhat public life, in all
+her relations with others, including my family and her own, she has
+proved the diplomat and peace-maker. Peace and good-will attend her
+footsteps wherever her blessed influence extends. In the rare
+instances demanding heroic action it is she who first realizes this
+and plays the part.
+
+[Footnote 41: The reference is to the quotation from _The Tempest_ on
+page 214.]
+
+The Peace-Maker has never had a quarrel in all her life, not even with
+a schoolmate, and there does not live a soul upon the earth who has
+met her who has the slightest cause to complain of neglect. Not that
+she does not welcome the best and gently avoid the undesirable--none
+is more fastidious than she--but neither rank, wealth, nor social
+position affects her one iota. She is incapable of acting or speaking
+rudely; all is in perfect good taste. Still, she never lowers the
+standard. Her intimates are only of the best. She is always thinking
+how she can do good to those around her--planning for this one and
+that in case of need and making such judicious arrangements or
+presents as surprise those cooeperating with her.
+
+I cannot imagine myself going through these twenty years without her.
+Nor can I endure the thought of living after her. In the course of
+nature I have not that to meet; but then the thought of what will be
+cast upon her, a woman left alone with so much requiring attention and
+needing a man to decide, gives me intense pain and I sometimes wish I
+had this to endure for her. But then she will have our blessed
+daughter in her life and perhaps that will keep her patient. Besides,
+Margaret needs her more than she does her father.
+
+[Illustration: MRS. ANDREW CARNEGIE]
+
+[Illustration: MARGARET CARNEGIE AT FIFTEEN]
+
+Why, oh, why, are we compelled to leave the heaven we have found on
+earth and go we know not where! For I can say with Jessica:
+
+            "It is very meet
+    The Lord Bassanio live an upright life;
+    For, having such a blessing in his lady,
+    He finds the joys of heaven here on earth."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+MILLS AND THE MEN
+
+
+The one vital lesson in iron and steel that I learned in Britain was
+the necessity for owning raw materials and finishing the completed
+article ready for its purpose. Having solved the steel-rail problem at
+the Edgar Thomson Works, we soon proceeded to the next step. The
+difficulties and uncertainties of obtaining regular supplies of pig
+iron compelled us to begin the erection of blast furnaces. Three of
+these were built, one, however, being a reconstructed blast furnace
+purchased from the Escanaba Iron Company, with which Mr. Kloman had
+been connected. As is usual in such cases, the furnace cost us as much
+as a new one, and it never was as good. There is nothing so
+unsatisfactory as purchases of inferior plants.
+
+But although this purchase was a mistake, directly considered, it
+proved, at a subsequent date, a source of great profit because it gave
+us a furnace small enough for the manufacture of spiegel and, at a
+later date, of ferro-manganese. We were the second firm in the United
+States to manufacture our own spiegel, and the first, and for years
+the only, firm in America that made ferro-manganese. We had been
+dependent upon foreigners for a supply of this indispensable article,
+paying as high as eighty dollars a ton for it. The manager of our
+blast furnaces, Mr. Julian Kennedy, is entitled to the credit of
+suggesting that with the ores within reach we could make
+ferro-manganese in our small furnace. The experiment was worth trying
+and the result was a great success. We were able to supply the entire
+American demand and prices fell from eighty to fifty dollars per ton
+as a consequence.
+
+While testing the ores of Virginia we found that these were being
+quietly purchased by Europeans for ferro-manganese, the owners of the
+mine being led to believe that they were used for other purposes. Our
+Mr. Phipps at once set about purchasing that mine. He obtained an
+option from the owners, who had neither capital nor skill to work it
+efficiently. A high price was paid to them for their interests, and
+(with one of them, Mr. Davis, a very able young man) we became the
+owners, but not until a thorough investigation of the mine had proved
+that there was enough of manganese ore in sight to repay us. All this
+was done with speed; not a day was lost when the discovery was made.
+And here lies the great advantage of a partnership over a corporation.
+The president of the latter would have had to consult a board of
+directors and wait several weeks and perhaps months for their
+decision. By that time the mine would probably have become the
+property of others.
+
+We continued to develop our blast-furnace plant, every new one being a
+great improvement upon the preceding, until at last we thought we had
+arrived at a standard furnace. Minor improvements would no doubt be
+made, but so far as we could see we had a perfect plant and our
+capacity was then fifty thousand tons per month of pig iron.
+
+The blast-furnace department was no sooner added than another step was
+seen to be essential to our independence and success. The supply of
+superior coke was a fixed quantity--the Connellsville field being
+defined. We found that we could not get on without a supply of the
+fuel essential to the smelting of pig iron; and a very thorough
+investigation of the question led us to the conclusion that the Frick
+Coke Company had not only the best coal and coke property, but that it
+had in Mr. Frick himself a man with a positive genius for its
+management. He had proved his ability by starting as a poor railway
+clerk and succeeding. In 1882 we purchased one half of the stock of
+this company, and by subsequent purchases from other holders we became
+owners of the great bulk of the shares.
+
+There now remained to be acquired only the supply of iron stone. If we
+could obtain this we should be in the position occupied by only two or
+three of the European concerns. We thought at one time we had
+succeeded in discovering in Pennsylvania this last remaining link in
+the chain. We were misled, however, in our investment in the Tyrone
+region, and lost considerable sums as the result of our attempts to
+mine and use the ores of that section. They promised well at the edges
+of the mines, where the action of the weather for ages had washed away
+impurities and enriched the ore, but when we penetrated a small
+distance they proved too "lean" to work.
+
+Our chemist, Mr. Prousser, was then sent to a Pennsylvania furnace
+among the hills which we had leased, with instructions to analyze all
+the materials brought to him from the district, and to encourage
+people to bring him specimens of minerals. A striking example of the
+awe inspired by the chemist in those days was that only with great
+difficulty could he obtain a man or a boy to assist him in the
+laboratory. He was suspected of illicit intercourse with the Powers of
+Evil when he undertook to tell by his suspicious-looking apparatus
+what a stone contained. I believe that at last we had to send him a
+man from our office at Pittsburgh.
+
+One day he sent us a report of analyses of ore remarkable for the
+absence of phosphorus. It was really an ore suitable for making
+Bessemer steel. Such a discovery attracted our attention at once. The
+owner of the property was Moses Thompson, a rich farmer, proprietor of
+seven thousand acres of the most beautiful agricultural land in Center
+County, Pennsylvania. An appointment was made to meet him upon the
+ground from which the ore had been obtained. We found the mine had
+been worked for a charcoal blast furnace fifty or sixty years before,
+but it had not borne a good reputation then, the reason no doubt being
+that its product was so much purer than other ores that the same
+amount of flux used caused trouble in smelting. It was so good it was
+good for nothing in those days of old.
+
+We finally obtained the right to take the mine over at any time within
+six months, and we therefore began the work of examination, which
+every purchaser of mineral property should make most carefully. We ran
+lines across the hillside fifty feet apart, with cross-lines at
+distances of a hundred feet apart, and at each point of intersection
+we put a shaft down through the ore. I believe there were eighty such
+shafts in all and the ore was analyzed at every few feet of depth, so
+that before we paid over the hundred thousand dollars asked we knew
+exactly what there was of ore. The result hoped for was more than
+realized. Through the ability of my cousin and partner, Mr. Lauder,
+the cost of mining and washing was reduced to a low figure, and the
+Scotia ore made good all the losses we had incurred in the other
+mines, paid for itself, and left a profit besides. In this case, at
+least, we snatched victory from the jaws of defeat. We trod upon sure
+ground with the chemist as our guide. It will be seen that we were
+determined to get raw materials and were active in the pursuit.
+
+We had lost and won, but the escapes in business affairs are sometimes
+very narrow. Driving with Mr. Phipps from the mills one day we passed
+the National Trust Company office on Penn Street, Pittsburgh. I
+noticed the large gilt letters across the window, "Stockholders
+individually liable." That very morning in looking over a statement of
+our affairs I had noticed twenty shares "National Trust Company" on
+the list of assets. I said to Harry:
+
+"If this is the concern we own shares in, won't you please sell them
+before you return to the office this afternoon?"
+
+He saw no need for haste. It would be done in good time.
+
+"No, Harry, oblige me by doing it instantly."
+
+He did so and had it transferred. Fortunate, indeed, was this, for in
+a short time the bank failed with an enormous deficit. My cousin, Mr.
+Morris, was among the ruined shareholders. Many others met the same
+fate. Times were panicky, and had we been individually liable for all
+the debts of the National Trust Company our credit would inevitably
+have been seriously imperiled. It was a narrow escape. And with only
+twenty shares (two thousand dollars' worth of stock), taken to oblige
+friends who wished our name on their list of shareholders! The lesson
+was not lost. The sound rule in business is that you may give money
+freely when you have a surplus, but your name never--neither as
+endorser nor as member of a corporation with individual liability. A
+trifling investment of a few thousand dollars, a mere trifle--yes, but
+a trifle possessed of deadly explosive power.
+
+The rapid substitution of steel for iron in the immediate future had
+become obvious to us. Even in our Keystone Bridge Works, steel was
+being used more and more in place of iron. King Iron was about to be
+deposed by the new King Steel, and we were becoming more and more
+dependent upon it. We had about concluded in 1886 to build alongside
+of the Edgar Thomson Mills new works for the manufacture of
+miscellaneous shapes of steel when it was suggested to us that the
+five or six leading manufacturers of Pittsburgh, who had combined to
+build steel mills at Homestead, were willing to sell their mills to
+us.
+
+These works had been built originally by a syndicate of manufacturers,
+with the view of obtaining the necessary supplies of steel which they
+required in their various concerns, but the steel-rail business, being
+then in one of its booms, they had been tempted to change plans and
+construct a steel-rail mill. They had been able to make rails as long
+as prices remained high, but, as the mills had not been specially
+designed for this purpose, they were without the indispensable blast
+furnaces for the supply of pig iron, and had no coke lands for the
+supply of fuel. They were in no condition to compete with us.
+
+It was advantageous for us to purchase these works. I felt there was
+only one way we could deal with their owners, and that was to propose
+a consolidation with Carnegie Brothers & Co. We offered to do so on
+equal terms, every dollar they had invested to rank against our
+dollars. Upon this basis the negotiation was promptly concluded. We,
+however, gave to all parties the option to take cash, and most
+fortunately for us, all elected to do so except Mr. George Singer, who
+continued with us to his and our entire satisfaction. Mr. Singer told
+us afterwards that his associates had been greatly exercised as to how
+they could meet the proposition I was to lay before them. They were
+much afraid of being overreached but when I proposed equality all
+around, dollar for dollar, they were speechless.
+
+This purchase led to the reconstruction of all our firms. The new firm
+of Carnegie, Phipps & Co. was organized in 1886 to run the Homestead
+Mills. The firm of Wilson, Walker & Co. was embraced in the firm of
+Carnegie, Phipps & Co., Mr. Walker being elected chairman. My brother
+was chairman of Carnegie Brothers & Co. and at the head of all. A
+further extension of our business was the establishing of the Hartman
+Steel Works at Beaver Falls, designed to work into a hundred various
+forms the product of the Homestead Mills. So now we made almost
+everything in steel from a wire nail up to a twenty-inch steel girder,
+and it was then not thought probable that we should enter into any new
+field.
+
+It may be interesting here to note the progress of our works during
+the decade 1888 to 1897. In 1888 we had twenty millions of dollars
+invested; in 1897 more than double or over forty-five millions. The
+600,000 tons of pig iron we made per annum in 1888 was trebled; we
+made nearly 2,000,000. Our product of iron and steel was in 1888, say,
+2000 tons per day; it grew to exceed 6000 tons. Our coke works then
+embraced about 5000 ovens; they were trebled in number, and our
+capacity, then 6000 tons, became 18,000 tons per day. Our Frick Coke
+Company in 1897 had 42,000 acres of coal land, more than two thirds of
+the true Connellsville vein. Ten years hence increased production may
+be found to have been equally rapid. It may be accepted as an axiom
+that a manufacturing concern in a growing country like ours begins to
+decay when it stops extending.
+
+To make a ton of steel one and a half tons of iron stone has to be
+mined, transported by rail a hundred miles to the Lakes, carried by
+boat hundreds of miles, transferred to cars, transported by rail one
+hundred and fifty miles to Pittsburgh; one and a half tons of coal
+must be mined and manufactured into coke and carried fifty-odd miles
+by rail; and one ton of limestone mined and carried one hundred and
+fifty miles to Pittsburgh. How then could steel be manufactured and
+sold without loss at three pounds for two cents? This, I confess,
+seemed to me incredible, and little less than miraculous, but it was
+so.
+
+America is soon to change from being the dearest steel manufacturing
+country to the cheapest. Already the shipyards of Belfast are our
+customers. This is but the beginning. Under present conditions America
+can produce steel as cheaply as any other land, notwithstanding its
+higher-priced labor. There is no labor so cheap as the dearest in the
+mechanical field, provided it is free, contented, zealous, and reaping
+reward as it renders service. And here America leads.
+
+One great advantage which America will have in competing in the
+markets of the world is that her manufacturers will have the best home
+market. Upon this they can depend for a return upon capital, and the
+surplus product can be exported with advantage, even when the prices
+received for it do not more than cover actual cost, provided the
+exports be charged with their proportion of all expenses. The nation
+that has the best home market, especially if products are
+standardized, as ours are, can soon outsell the foreign producer. The
+phrase I used in Britain in this connection was: "The Law of the
+Surplus." It afterward came into general use in commercial
+discussions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE
+
+
+While upon the subject of our manufacturing interests, I may record
+that on July 1, 1892, during my absence in the Highlands of Scotland,
+there occurred the one really serious quarrel with our workmen in our
+whole history. For twenty-six years I had been actively in charge of
+the relations between ourselves and our men, and it was the pride of
+my life to think how delightfully satisfactory these had been and
+were. I hope I fully deserved what my chief partner, Mr. Phipps, said
+in his letter to the "New York Herald," January 30, 1904, in reply to
+one who had declared I had remained abroad during the Homestead
+strike, instead of flying back to support my partners. It was to the
+effect that "I was always disposed to yield to the demands of the men,
+however unreasonable"; hence one or two of my partners did not wish me
+to return.[42] Taking no account of the reward that comes from
+feeling that you and your employees are friends and judging only from
+economical results, I believe that higher wages to men who respect
+their employers and are happy and contented are a good investment,
+yielding, indeed, big dividends.
+
+[Footnote 42: The full statement of Mr. Phipps is as follows:
+
+_Question:_ "It was stated that Mr. Carnegie acted in a cowardly
+manner in not returning to America from Scotland and being present
+when the strike was in progress at Homestead."
+
+_Answer:_ "When Mr. Carnegie heard of the trouble at Homestead he
+immediately wired that he would take the first ship for America, but
+his partners begged him not to appear, as they were of the opinion
+that the welfare of the Company required that he should not be in this
+country at the time. They knew of his extreme disposition to always
+grant the demands of labor, however unreasonable.
+
+"I have never known of any one interested in the business to make any
+complaint about Mr. Carnegie's absence at that time, but all the
+partners rejoiced that they were permitted to manage the affair in
+their own way." (Henry Phipps in the _New York Herald_, January 30,
+1904.)]
+
+The manufacture of steel was revolutionized by the Bessemer
+open-hearth and basic inventions. The machinery hitherto employed had
+become obsolete, and our firm, recognizing this, spent several
+millions at Homestead reconstructing and enlarging the works. The new
+machinery made about sixty per cent more steel than the old. Two
+hundred and eighteen tonnage men (that is, men who were paid by the
+ton of steel produced) were working under a three years' contract,
+part of the last year being with the new machinery. Thus their
+earnings had increased almost sixty per cent before the end of the
+contract.
+
+The firm offered to divide this sixty per cent with them in the new
+scale to be made thereafter. That is to say, the earnings of the men
+would have been thirty per cent greater than under the old scale and
+the other thirty per cent would have gone to the firm to recompense it
+for its outlay. The work of the men would not have been much harder
+than it had been hitherto, as the improved machinery did the work.
+This was not only fair and liberal, it was generous, and under
+ordinary circumstances would have been accepted by the men with
+thanks. But the firm was then engaged in making armor for the United
+States Government, which we had declined twice to manufacture and
+which was urgently needed. It had also the contract to furnish
+material for the Chicago Exhibition. Some of the leaders of the men,
+knowing these conditions, insisted upon demanding the whole sixty per
+cent, thinking the firm would be compelled to give it. The firm could
+not agree, nor should it have agreed to such an attempt as this to
+take it by the throat and say, "Stand and deliver." It very rightly
+declined. Had I been at home nothing would have induced me to yield to
+this unfair attempt to extort.
+
+Up to this point all had been right enough. The policy I had pursued
+in cases of difference with our men was that of patiently waiting,
+reasoning with them, and showing them that their demands were unfair;
+but never attempting to employ new men in their places--never. The
+superintendent of Homestead, however, was assured by the three
+thousand men who were not concerned in the dispute that they could run
+the works, and were anxious to rid themselves of the two hundred and
+eighteen men who had banded themselves into a union and into which
+they had hitherto refused to admit those in other departments--only
+the "heaters" and "rollers" of steel being eligible.
+
+My partners were misled by this superintendent, who was himself
+misled. He had not had great experience in such affairs, having
+recently been promoted from a subordinate position. The unjust demands
+of the few union men, and the opinion of the three thousand non-union
+men that they were unjust, very naturally led him into thinking there
+would be no trouble and that the workmen would do as they had
+promised. There were many men among the three thousand who could take,
+and wished to take, the places of the two hundred and eighteen--at
+least so it was reported to me.
+
+It is easy to look back and say that the vital step of opening the
+works should never have been taken. All the firm had to do was to say
+to the men: "There is a labor dispute here and you must settle it
+between yourselves. The firm has made you a most liberal offer. The
+works will run when the dispute is adjusted, and not till then.
+Meanwhile your places remain open to you." Or, it might have been well
+if the superintendent had said to the three thousand men, "All right,
+if you will come and run the works without protection," thus throwing
+upon them the responsibility of protecting themselves--three thousand
+men as against two hundred and eighteen. Instead of this it was
+thought advisable (as an additional precaution by the state officials,
+I understand) to have the sheriff with guards to protect the thousands
+against the hundreds. The leaders of the latter were violent and
+aggressive men; they had guns and pistols, and, as was soon proved,
+were able to intimidate the thousands.
+
+I quote what I once laid down in writing as our rule: "My idea is that
+the Company should be known as determined to let the men at any works
+stop work; that it will confer freely with them and wait patiently
+until they decide to return to work, never thinking of trying new
+men--never." The best men as men, and the best workmen, are not
+walking the streets looking for work. Only the inferior class as a
+rule is idle. The kind of men we desired are rarely allowed to lose
+their jobs, even in dull times. It is impossible to get new men to run
+successfully the complicated machinery of a modern steel plant. The
+attempt to put in new men converted the thousands of old men who
+desired to work, into lukewarm supporters of our policy, for workmen
+can always be relied upon to resent the employment of new men. Who can
+blame them?
+
+If I had been at home, however, I might have been persuaded to open
+the works, as the superintendent desired, to test whether our old men
+would go to work as they had promised. But it should be noted that
+the works were not opened at first by my partners for new men. On the
+contrary, it was, as I was informed upon my return, at the wish of the
+thousands of our old men that they were opened. This is a vital point.
+My partners were in no way blamable for making the trial so
+recommended by the superintendent. Our rule never to employ new men,
+but to wait for the old to return, had not been violated so far. In
+regard to the second opening of the works, after the strikers had shot
+the sheriff's officers, it is also easy to look back and say, "How
+much better had the works been closed until the old men voted to
+return"; but the Governor of Pennsylvania, with eight thousand troops,
+had meanwhile taken charge of the situation.
+
+I was traveling in the Highlands of Scotland when the trouble arose,
+and did not hear of it until two days after. Nothing I have ever had
+to meet in all my life, before or since, wounded me so deeply. No
+pangs remain of any wound received in my business career save that of
+Homestead. It was so unnecessary. The men were outrageously wrong. The
+strikers, with the new machinery, would have made from four to nine
+dollars a day under the new scale--thirty per cent more than they were
+making with the old machinery. While in Scotland I received the
+following cable from the officers of the union of our workmen:
+
+"Kind master, tell us what you wish us to do and we shall do it for
+you."
+
+This was most touching, but, alas, too late. The mischief was done,
+the works were in the hands of the Governor; it was too late.
+
+I received, while abroad, numerous kind messages from friends
+conversant with the circumstances, who imagined my unhappiness. The
+following from Mr. Gladstone was greatly appreciated:
+
+     MY DEAR MR. CARNEGIE,
+
+     My wife has long ago offered her thanks, with my own, for
+     your most kind congratulations. But I do not forget that you
+     have been suffering yourself from anxieties, and have been
+     exposed to imputations in connection with your gallant
+     efforts to direct rich men into a course of action more
+     enlightened than that which they usually follow. I wish I
+     could relieve you from these imputations of journalists, too
+     often rash, conceited or censorious, rancorous, ill-natured.
+     I wish to do the little, the very little, that is in my
+     power, which is simply to say how sure I am that no one who
+     knows you will be prompted by the unfortunate occurrences
+     across the water (of which manifestly we cannot know the
+     exact merits) to qualify in the slightest degree either his
+     confidence in your generous views or his admiration of the
+     good and great work you have already done.
+
+     Wealth is at present like a monster threatening to swallow
+     up the moral life of man; you by precept and by example have
+     been teaching him to disgorge. I for one thank you.
+
+     Believe me
+
+     Very faithfully yours
+
+     (Signed) W.E. GLADSTONE
+
+I insert this as giving proof, if proof were needed, of Mr.
+Gladstone's large, sympathetic nature, alive and sensitive to
+everything transpiring of a nature to arouse sympathy--Neapolitans,
+Greeks, and Bulgarians one day, or a stricken friend the next.
+
+The general public, of course, did not know that I was in Scotland and
+knew nothing of the initial trouble at Homestead. Workmen had been
+killed at the Carnegie Works, of which I was the controlling owner.
+That was sufficient to make my name a by-word for years. But at last
+some satisfaction came. Senator Hanna was president of the National
+Civic Federation, a body composed of capitalists and workmen which
+exerted a benign influence over both employers and employed, and the
+Honorable Oscar Straus, who was then vice-president, invited me to
+dine at his house and meet the officials of the Federation. Before the
+date appointed Mark Hanna, its president, my lifelong friend and
+former agent at Cleveland, had suddenly passed away. I attended the
+dinner. At its close Mr. Straus arose and said that the question of a
+successor to Mr. Hanna had been considered, and he had to report that
+every labor organization heard from had favored me for the position.
+There were present several of the labor leaders who, one after
+another, arose and corroborated Mr. Straus.
+
+I do not remember so complete a surprise and, I shall confess, one so
+grateful to me. That I deserved well from labor I felt. I knew myself
+to be warmly sympathetic with the working-man, and also that I had the
+regard of our own workmen; but throughout the country it was naturally
+the reverse, owing to the Homestead riot. The Carnegie Works meant to
+the public Mr. Carnegie's war upon labor's just earnings.
+
+I arose to explain to the officials at the Straus dinner that I could
+not possibly accept the great honor, because I had to escape the heat
+of summer and the head of the Federation must be on hand at all
+seasons ready to grapple with an outbreak, should one occur. My
+embarrassment was great, but I managed to let all understand that this
+was felt to be the most welcome tribute I could have received--a balm
+to the hurt mind. I closed by saying that if elected to my lamented
+friend's place upon the Executive Committee I should esteem it an
+honor to serve. To this position I was elected by unanimous vote. I
+was thus relieved from the feeling that I was considered responsible
+by labor generally, for the Homestead riot and the killing of workmen.
+
+I owe this vindication to Mr. Oscar Straus, who had read my articles
+and speeches of early days upon labor questions, and who had quoted
+these frequently to workmen. The two labor leaders of the Amalgamated
+Union, White and Schaeffer from Pittsburgh, who were at this dinner,
+were also able and anxious to enlighten their fellow-workmen members
+of the Board as to my record with labor, and did not fail to do so.
+
+A mass meeting of the workmen and their wives was afterwards held in
+the Library Hall at Pittsburgh to greet me, and I addressed them from
+both my head and my heart. The one sentence I remember, and always
+shall, was to the effect that capital, labor, and employer were a
+three-legged stool, none before or after the others, all equally
+indispensable. Then came the cordial hand-shaking and all was well.
+Having thus rejoined hands and hearts with our employees and their
+wives, I felt that a great weight had been effectually lifted, but I
+had had a terrible experience although thousands of miles from the
+scene.
+
+An incident flowing from the Homestead trouble is told by my friend,
+Professor John C. Van Dyke, of Rutgers College.
+
+     In the spring of 1900, I went up from Guaymas, on the Gulf
+     of California, to the ranch of a friend at La Noria Verde,
+     thinking to have a week's shooting in the mountains of
+     Sonora. The ranch was far enough removed from civilization,
+     and I had expected meeting there only a few Mexicans and
+     many Yaqui Indians, but much to my surprise I found an
+     English-speaking man, who proved to be an American. I did
+     not have long to wait in order to find out what brought him
+     there, for he was very lonesome and disposed to talk. His
+     name was McLuckie, and up to 1892 he had been a skilled
+     mechanic in the employ of the Carnegie Steel Works at
+     Homestead. He was what was called a "top hand," received
+     large wages, was married, and at that time had a home and
+     considerable property. In addition, he had been honored by
+     his fellow-townsmen and had been made burgomaster of
+     Homestead.
+
+     When the strike of 1892 came McLuckie naturally sided with
+     the strikers, and in his capacity as burgomaster gave the
+     order to arrest the Pinkerton detectives who had come to
+     Homestead by steamer to protect the works and preserve
+     order. He believed he was fully justified in doing this. As
+     he explained it to me, the detectives were an armed force
+     invading his bailiwick, and he had a right to arrest and
+     disarm them. The order led to bloodshed, and the conflict
+     was begun in real earnest.
+
+     The story of the strike is, of course, well known to all.
+     The strikers were finally defeated. As for McLuckie, he was
+     indicted for murder, riot, treason, and I know not what
+     other offenses. He was compelled to flee from the State, was
+     wounded, starved, pursued by the officers of the law, and
+     obliged to go into hiding until the storm blew over. Then he
+     found that he was blacklisted by all the steel men in the
+     United States and could not get employment anywhere. His
+     money was gone, and, as a final blow, his wife died and his
+     home was broken up. After many vicissitudes he resolved to
+     go to Mexico, and at the time I met him he was trying to get
+     employment in the mines about fifteen miles from La Noria
+     Verde. But he was too good a mechanic for the Mexicans, who
+     required in mining the cheapest kind of unskilled peon
+     labor. He could get nothing to do and had no money. He was
+     literally down to his last copper. Naturally, as he told the
+     story of his misfortunes, I felt very sorry for him,
+     especially as he was a most intelligent person and did no
+     unnecessary whining about his troubles.
+
+     I do not think I told him at the time that I knew Mr.
+     Carnegie and had been with him at Cluny in Scotland shortly
+     after the Homestead strike, nor that I knew from Mr.
+     Carnegie the other side of the story. But McLuckie was
+     rather careful not to blame Mr. Carnegie, saying to me
+     several times that if "Andy" had been there the trouble
+     would never have arisen. He seemed to think "the boys"
+     could get on very well with "Andy" but not so well with some
+     of his partners.
+
+     I was at the ranch for a week and saw a good deal of
+     McLuckie in the evenings. When I left there, I went directly
+     to Tucson, Arizona, and from there I had occasion to write
+     to Mr. Carnegie, and in the letter I told him about meeting
+     with McLuckie. I added that I felt very sorry for the man
+     and thought he had been treated rather badly. Mr. Carnegie
+     answered at once, and on the margin of the letter wrote in
+     lead pencil: "Give McLuckie all the money he wants, but
+     don't mention my name." I wrote to McLuckie immediately,
+     offering him what money he needed, mentioning no sum, but
+     giving him to understand that it would be sufficient to put
+     him on his feet again. He declined it. He said he would
+     fight it out and make his own way, which was the
+     right-enough American spirit. I could not help but admire it
+     in him.
+
+     As I remember now, I spoke about him later to a friend, Mr.
+     J.A. Naugle, the general manager of the Sonora Railway. At
+     any rate, McLuckie got a job with the railway at driving
+     wells, and made a great success of it. A year later, or
+     perhaps it was in the autumn of the same year, I again met
+     him at Guaymas, where he was superintending some repairs on
+     his machinery at the railway shops. He was much changed for
+     the better, seemed happy, and to add to his contentment, had
+     taken unto himself a Mexican wife. And now that his sky was
+     cleared, I was anxious to tell him the truth about my offer
+     that he might not think unjustly of those who had been
+     compelled to fight him. So before I left him, I said,
+
+     "McLuckie, I want you to know now that the money I offered
+     you was not mine. That was Andrew Carnegie's money. It was
+     his offer, made through me."
+
+     McLuckie was fairly stunned, and all he could say was:
+
+     "Well, that was damned white of Andy, wasn't it?"
+
+I would rather risk that verdict of McLuckie's as a passport to
+Paradise than all the theological dogmas invented by man. I knew
+McLuckie well as a good fellow. It was said his property in Homestead
+was worth thirty thousand dollars. He was under arrest for the
+shooting of the police officers because he was the burgomaster, and
+also the chairman of the Men's Committee of Homestead. He had to fly,
+leaving all behind him.
+
+After this story got into print, the following skit appeared in the
+newspapers because I had declared I'd rather have McLuckie's few words
+on my tombstone than any other inscription, for it indicated I had
+been kind to one of our workmen:
+
+"JUST BY THE WAY"
+
+SANDY ON ANDY
+
+Oh! hae ye heared what Andy's spiered to hae upo' his tomb,
+When a' his gowd is gie'n awa an' Death has sealed his doom!
+Nae Scriptur' line wi' tribute fine that dealers aye keep handy,
+But juist this irreleegious screed--"That's damned white of Andy!"
+
+The gude Scot laughs at epitaphs that are but meant to flatter,
+But never are was sae profane, an' that's nae laughin' matter.
+Yet, gin he gies his siller all awa, mon, he's a dandy,
+An' we'll admit his right to it, for "That's damned white of Andy!"
+
+There's not to be a "big, big D," an' then a dash thereafter,
+For Andy would na spoil the word by trying to make it safter;
+He's not the lad to juggle terms, or soothing speech to bandy.
+A blunt, straightforward mon is he--an' "That's damned white of Andy!"
+
+Sae when he's deid, we'll gie good heed, an' write it as he askit;
+We'll carve it on his headstone an' we'll stamp it on his casket:
+"Wha dees rich, dees disgraced," says he, an' sure's my name is Sandy,
+'T wull be nae rich man that he'll dee--an' "That's damned white
+  of Andy!"[43]
+
+[Footnote 43: Mr. Carnegie was very fond of this story because, being
+human, he was fond of applause and, being a Robert Burns radical, he
+preferred the applause of Labor to that of Rank. That one of his men
+thought he had acted "white" pleased him beyond measure. He stopped
+short with that tribute and never asked, never knew, why or how the
+story happened to be told. Perhaps this is the time and place to tell
+the story of the story.
+
+Sometime in 1901 over a dinner table in New York, I heard a statement
+regarding Mr. Carnegie that he never gave anything without the
+requirement that his name be attached to the gift. The remark came
+from a prominent man who should have known he was talking nonsense. It
+rather angered me. I denied the statement, saying that I, personally,
+had given away money for Mr. Carnegie that only he and I knew about,
+and that he had given many thousands in this way through others. By
+way of illustration I told the story about McLuckie. A Pittsburgh man
+at the table carried the story back to Pittsburgh, told it there, and
+it finally got into the newspapers. Of course the argument of the
+story, namely, that Mr. Carnegie sometimes gave without publicity, was
+lost sight of and only the refrain, "It was damned white of Andy,"
+remained. Mr. Carnegie never knew that there was an argument. He liked
+the refrain. Some years afterward at Skibo (1906), when he was writing
+this Autobiography, he asked me if I would not write out the story for
+him. I did so. I am now glad of the chance to write an explanatory
+note about it.... _John C. Van Dyke._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+PROBLEMS OF LABOR
+
+
+I should like to record here some of the labor disputes I have had to
+deal with, as these may point a moral to both capital and labor.
+
+The workers at the blast furnaces in our steel-rail works once sent in
+a "round-robin" stating that unless the firm gave them an advance of
+wages by Monday afternoon at four o'clock they would leave the
+furnaces. Now, the scale upon which these men had agreed to work did
+not lapse until the end of the year, several months off. I felt if men
+would break an agreement there was no use in making a second agreement
+with them, but nevertheless I took the night train from New York and
+was at the works early in the morning.
+
+I asked the superintendent to call together the three committees which
+governed the works--not only the blast-furnace committee that was
+alone involved, but the mill and the converting works committees as
+well. They appeared and, of course, were received by me with great
+courtesy, not because it was good policy to be courteous, but because
+I have always enjoyed meeting our men. I am bound to say that the more
+I know of working-men the higher I rate their virtues. But it is with
+them as Barrie says with women: "Dootless the Lord made a' things
+weel, but he left some michty queer kinks in women." They have their
+prejudices and "red rags," which have to be respected, for the main
+root of trouble is ignorance, not hostility. The committee sat in a
+semicircle before me, all with their hats off, of course, as mine
+was also; and really there was the appearance of a model assembly.
+
+Addressing the chairman of the mill committee, I said:
+
+"Mr. Mackay" (he was an old gentleman and wore spectacles), "have we
+an agreement with you covering the remainder of the year?"
+
+Taking the spectacles off slowly, and holding them in his hand, he
+said:
+
+"Yes, sir, you have, Mr. Carnegie, and you haven't got enough money to
+make us break it either."
+
+"There spoke the true American workman," I said. "I am proud of you."
+
+"Mr. Johnson" (who was chairman of the rail converters' committee),
+"have we a similar agreement with you?"
+
+Mr. Johnson was a small, spare man; he spoke very deliberately:
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, when an agreement is presented to me to sign, I read it
+carefully, and if it don't suit me, I don't sign it, and if it does
+suit me, I do sign it, and when I sign it I keep it."
+
+"There again speaks the self-respecting American workman," I said.
+
+Turning now to the chairman of the blast-furnaces committee, an
+Irishman named Kelly, I addressed the same question to him:
+
+"Mr. Kelly, have we an agreement with you covering the remainder of
+this year?"
+
+Mr. Kelly answered that he couldn't say exactly. There was a paper
+sent round and he signed it, but didn't read it over carefully, and
+didn't understand just what was in it. At this moment our
+superintendent, Captain Jones, excellent manager, but impulsive,
+exclaimed abruptly:
+
+"Now, Mr. Kelly, you know I read that over twice and discussed it with
+you!"
+
+"Order, order, Captain! Mr. Kelly is entitled to give his explanation.
+I sign many a paper that I do not read--documents our lawyers and
+partners present to me to sign. Mr. Kelly states that he signed this
+document under such circumstances and his statement must be received.
+But, Mr. Kelly, I have always found that the best way is to carry out
+the provisions of the agreement one signs carelessly and resolve to be
+more careful next time. Would it not be better for you to continue
+four months longer under this agreement, and then, when you sign the
+next one, see that you understand it?"
+
+There was no answer to this, and I arose and said:
+
+"Gentlemen of the Blast-Furnace Committee, you have threatened our
+firm that you will break your agreement and that you will leave these
+blast furnaces (which means disaster) unless you get a favorable
+answer to your threat by four o'clock to-day. It is not yet three, but
+your answer is ready. You may leave the blast furnaces. The grass will
+grow around them before we yield to your threat. The worst day that
+labor has ever seen in this world is that day in which it dishonors
+itself by breaking its agreement. You have your answer."
+
+The committee filed out slowly and there was silence among the
+partners. A stranger who was coming in on business met the committee
+in the passage and he reported:
+
+"As I came in, a man wearing spectacles pushed up alongside of an
+Irishman he called Kelly, and he said: 'You fellows might just as well
+understand it now as later. There's to be no d----d monkeying round
+these works.'"
+
+That meant business. Later we heard from one of our clerks what took
+place at the furnaces. Kelly and his committee marched down to them.
+Of course, the men were waiting and watching for the committee and a
+crowd had gathered. When the furnaces were reached, Kelly called out
+to them:
+
+"Get to work, you spalpeens, what are you doing here? Begorra, the
+little boss just hit from the shoulder. He won't fight, but he says he
+has sat down, and begorra, we all know he'll be a skeleton afore he
+rises. Get to work, ye spalpeens."
+
+The Irish and Scotch-Irish are queer, but the easiest and best fellows
+to get on with, if you only know how. That man Kelly was my stanch
+friend and admirer ever afterward, and he was before that one of our
+most violent men. My experience is that you can always rely upon the
+great body of working-men to do what is right, provided they have not
+taken up a position and promised their leaders to stand by them. But
+their loyalty to their leaders even when mistaken, is something to
+make us proud of them. Anything can be done with men who have this
+feeling of loyalty within them. They only need to be treated fairly.
+
+The way a strike was once broken at our steel-rail mills is
+interesting. Here again, I am sorry to say, one hundred and
+thirty-four men in one department had bound themselves under secret
+oath to demand increased wages at the end of the year, several months
+away. The new year proved very unfavorable for business, and other
+iron and steel manufacturers throughout the country had effected
+reductions in wages. Nevertheless, these men, having secretly sworn
+months previously that they would not work unless they got increased
+wages, thought themselves bound to insist upon their demands. We could
+not advance wages when our competitors were reducing them, and the
+works were stopped in consequence. Every department of the works was
+brought to a stand by these strikers. The blast furnaces were
+abandoned a day or two before the time agreed upon, and we were
+greatly troubled in consequence.
+
+I went to Pittsburgh and was surprised to find the furnaces had been
+banked, contrary to agreement. I was to meet the men in the morning
+upon arrival at Pittsburgh, but a message was sent to me from the
+works stating that the men had "left the furnaces and would meet me
+to-morrow." Here was a nice reception! My reply was:
+
+"No they won't. Tell them I shall not be here to-morrow. Anybody can
+stop work; the trick is to start it again. Some fine day these men
+will want the works started and will be looking around for somebody
+who can start them, and I will tell them then just what I do now: that
+the works will never start except upon a sliding scale based upon the
+prices we get for our products. That scale will last three years and
+it will not be submitted by the men. They have submitted many scales
+to us. It is our turn now, and we are going to submit a scale to them.
+
+"Now," I said to my partners, "I am going back to New York in the
+afternoon. Nothing more is to be done."
+
+A short time after my message was received by the men they asked if
+they could come in and see me that afternoon before I left.
+
+I answered: "Certainly!"
+
+They came in and I said to them:
+
+"Gentlemen, your chairman here, Mr. Bennett, assured you that I would
+make my appearance and settle with you in some way or other, as I
+always have settled. That is true. And he told you that I would not
+fight, which is also true. He is a true prophet. But he told you
+something else in which he was slightly mistaken. He said I _could_
+not fight. Gentlemen," looking Mr. Bennett straight in the eye and
+closing and raising my fist, "he forgot that I was Scotch. But I will
+tell you something; I will never fight you. I know better than to
+fight labor. I will not fight, but I can beat any committee that was
+ever made at sitting down, and I have sat down. These works will never
+start until the men vote by a two-thirds majority to start them, and
+then, as I told you this morning, they will start on our sliding
+scale. I have nothing more to say."
+
+They retired. It was about two weeks afterwards that one of the house
+servants came to my library in New York with a card, and I found upon
+it the names of two of our workmen, and also the name of a reverend
+gentleman. The men said they were from the works at Pittsburgh and
+would like to see me.
+
+"Ask if either of these gentlemen belongs to the blast-furnace workers
+who banked the furnaces contrary to agreement."
+
+The man returned and said "No." I replied: "In that case go down and
+tell them that I shall be pleased to have them come up."
+
+Of course they were received with genuine warmth and cordiality and we
+sat and talked about New York, for some time, this being their first
+visit.
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, we really came to talk about the trouble at the works,"
+the minister said at last.
+
+"Oh, indeed!" I answered. "Have the men voted?"
+
+"No," he said.
+
+My rejoinder was:
+
+"You will have to excuse me from entering upon that subject; I said I
+never would discuss it until they voted by a two-thirds majority to
+start the mills. Gentlemen, you have never seen New York. Let me take
+you out and show you Fifth Avenue and the Park, and we shall come back
+here to lunch at half-past one."
+
+This we did, talking about everything except the one thing that they
+wished to talk about. We had a good time, and I know they enjoyed
+their lunch. There is one great difference between the American
+working-man and the foreigner. The American is a man; he sits down at
+lunch with people as if he were (as he generally is) a gentleman born.
+It is splendid.
+
+They returned to Pittsburgh, not another word having been said about
+the works. But the men soon voted (there were very few votes against
+starting) and I went again to Pittsburgh. I laid before the committee
+the scale under which they were to work. It was a sliding scale based
+on the price of the product. Such a scale really makes capital and
+labor partners, sharing prosperous and disastrous times together. Of
+course it has a minimum, so that the men are always sure of living
+wages. As the men had seen these scales, it was unnecessary to go over
+them. The chairman said:
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, we will agree to everything. And now," he said
+hesitatingly, "we have one favor to ask of you, and we hope you will
+not refuse it."
+
+"Well, gentlemen, if it be reasonable I shall surely grant it."
+
+"Well, it is this: That you permit the officers of the union to sign
+these papers for the men."
+
+"Why, certainly, gentlemen! With the greatest pleasure! And then I
+have a small favor to ask of you, which I hope you will not refuse, as
+I have granted yours. Just to please me, after the officers have
+signed, let every workman sign also for himself. You see, Mr.
+Bennett, this scale lasts for three years, and some man, or body of
+men, might dispute whether your president of the union had authority
+to bind them for so long, but if we have his signature also, there
+cannot be any misunderstanding."
+
+There was a pause; then one man at his side whispered to Mr. Bennett
+(but I heard him perfectly):
+
+"By golly, the jig's up!"
+
+So it was, but it was not by direct attack, but by a flank movement.
+Had I not allowed the union officers to sign, they would have had a
+grievance and an excuse for war. As it was, having allowed them to do
+so, how could they refuse so simple a request as mine, that each free
+and independent American citizen should also sign for himself. My
+recollection is that as a matter of fact the officers of the union
+never signed, but they may have done so. Why should they, if every
+man's signature was required? Besides this, the workmen, knowing that
+the union could do nothing for them when the scale was adopted,
+neglected to pay dues and the union was deserted. We never heard of it
+again. [That was in 1889, now twenty-seven years ago. The scale has
+never been changed. The men would not change it if they could; it
+works for their benefit, as I told them it would.]
+
+Of all my services rendered to labor the introduction of the sliding
+scale is chief. It is the solution of the capital and labor problem,
+because it really makes them partners--alike in prosperity and
+adversity. There was a yearly scale in operation in the Pittsburgh
+district in the early years, but it is not a good plan because men and
+employers at once begin preparing for a struggle which is almost
+certain to come. It is far better for both employers and employed to
+set no date for an agreed-upon scale to end. It should be subject to
+six months' or a year's notice on either side, and in that way might
+and probably would run on for years.
+
+To show upon what trifles a contest between capital and labor may
+turn, let me tell of two instances which were amicably settled by mere
+incidents of seemingly little consequence. Once when I went out to
+meet a men's committee, which had in our opinion made unfair demands,
+I was informed that they were influenced by a man who secretly owned a
+drinking saloon, although working in the mills. He was a great bully.
+The sober, quiet workmen were afraid of him, and the drinking men were
+his debtors. He was the real instigator of the movement.
+
+We met in the usual friendly fashion. I was glad to see the men, many
+of whom I had long known and could call by name. When we sat down at
+the table the leader's seat was at one end and mine at the other. We
+therefore faced each other. After I had laid our proposition before
+the meeting, I saw the leader pick up his hat from the floor and
+slowly put it on his head, intimating that he was about to depart.
+Here was my chance.
+
+"Sir, you are in the presence of gentlemen! Please be so good as to
+take your hat off or leave the room!"
+
+My eyes were kept full upon him. There was a silence that could be
+felt. The great bully hesitated, but I knew whatever he did, he was
+beaten. If he left it was because he had treated the meeting
+discourteously by keeping his hat on, he was no gentleman; if he
+remained and took off his hat, he had been crushed by the rebuke. I
+didn't care which course he took. He had only two and either of them
+was fatal. He had delivered himself into my hands. He very slowly took
+off the hat and put it on the floor. Not a word did he speak
+thereafter in that conference. I was told afterward that he had to
+leave the place. The men rejoiced in the episode and a settlement was
+harmoniously effected.
+
+When the three years' scale was proposed to the men, a committee of
+sixteen was chosen by them to confer with us. Little progress was made
+at first, and I announced my engagements compelled me to return the
+next day to New York. Inquiry was made as to whether we would meet a
+committee of thirty-two, as the men wished others added to the
+committee--a sure sign of division in their ranks. Of course we
+agreed. The committee came from the works to meet me at the office in
+Pittsburgh. The proceedings were opened by one of our best men, Billy
+Edwards (I remember him well; he rose to high position afterwards),
+who thought that the total offered was fair, but that the scale was
+not equable. Some departments were all right, others were not fairly
+dealt with. Most of the men were naturally of this opinion, but when
+they came to indicate the underpaid, there was a difference, as was to
+be expected. No two men in the different departments could agree.
+Billy began:
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, we agree that the total sum per ton to be paid is fair,
+but we think it is not properly distributed among us. Now, Mr.
+Carnegie, you take my job--"
+
+"Order, order!" I cried. "None of that, Billy. Mr. Carnegie 'takes no
+man's job.' Taking another's job is an unpardonable offense among
+high-classed workmen."
+
+There was loud laughter, followed by applause, and then more laughter.
+I laughed with them. We had scored on Billy. Of course the dispute was
+soon settled. It is not solely, often it is not chiefly, a matter of
+dollars with workmen. Appreciation, kind treatment, a fair
+deal--these are often the potent forces with the American workmen.
+
+Employers can do so many desirable things for their men at little
+cost. At one meeting when I asked what we could do for them, I
+remember this same Billy Edwards rose and said that most of the men
+had to run in debt to the storekeepers because they were paid monthly.
+Well I remember his words:
+
+"I have a good woman for wife who manages well. We go into Pittsburgh
+every fourth Saturday afternoon and buy our supplies wholesale for the
+next month and save one third. Not many of your men can do this.
+Shopkeepers here charge so much. And another thing, they charge very
+high for coal. If you paid your men every two weeks, instead of
+monthly, it would be as good for the careful men as a raise in wages
+of ten per cent or more."
+
+"Mr. Edwards, that shall be done," I replied.
+
+It involved increased labor and a few more clerks, but that was a
+small matter. The remark about high prices charged set me to thinking
+why the men could not open a cooeperative store. This was also
+arranged--the firm agreeing to pay the rent of the building, but
+insisting that the men themselves take the stock and manage it. Out of
+that came the Braddock's Cooeperative Society, a valuable institution
+for many reasons, not the least of them that it taught the men that
+business had its difficulties.
+
+The coal trouble was cured effectively by our agreeing that the
+company sell all its men coal at the net cost price to us (about half
+of what had been charged by coal dealers, so I was told) and arranging
+to deliver it at the men's houses--the buyer paying only actual cost
+of cartage.
+
+There was another matter. We found that the men's savings caused them
+anxiety, for little faith have the prudent, saving men in banks and,
+unfortunately, our Government at that time did not follow the British
+in having post-office deposit banks. We offered to take the actual
+savings of each workman, up to two thousand dollars, and pay six per
+cent interest upon them, to encourage thrift. Their money was kept
+separate from the business, in a trust fund, and lent to such as
+wished to build homes for themselves. I consider this one of the best
+things that can be done for the saving workman.
+
+It was such concessions as these that proved the most profitable
+investments ever made by the company, even from an economical
+standpoint. It pays to go beyond the letter of the bond with your men.
+Two of my partners, as Mr. Phipps has put it, "knew my extreme
+disposition to always grant the demands of labor, however
+unreasonable," but looking back upon my failing in this respect, I
+wish it had been greater--much greater. No expenditure returned such
+dividends as the friendship of our workmen.
+
+We soon had a body of workmen, I truly believe, wholly unequaled--the
+best workmen and the best men ever drawn together. Quarrels and
+strikes became things of the past. Had the Homestead men been our own
+old men, instead of men we had to pick up, it is scarcely possible
+that the trouble there in 1892 could have arisen. The scale at the
+steel-rail mills, introduced in 1889, has been running up to the
+present time (1914), and I think there never has been a labor
+grievance at the works since. The men, as I have already stated,
+dissolved their old union because there was no use paying dues to a
+union when the men themselves had a three years' contract. Although
+their labor union is dissolved another and a better one has taken its
+place--a cordial union between the employers and their men, the best
+union of all for both parties.
+
+It is for the interest of the employer that his men shall make good
+earnings and have steady work. The sliding scale enables the company
+to meet the market; and sometimes to take orders and keep the works
+running, which is the main thing for the working-men. High wages are
+well enough, but they are not to be compared with steady employment.
+The Edgar Thomson Mills are, in my opinion, the ideal works in respect
+to the relations of capital and labor. I am told the men in our day,
+and even to this day (1914) prefer two to three turns, but three turns
+are sure to come. Labor's hours are to be shortened as we progress.
+Eight hours will be the rule--eight for work, eight for sleep, and
+eight for rest and recreation.
+
+There have been many incidents in my business life proving that labor
+troubles are not solely founded upon wages. I believe the best
+preventive of quarrels to be recognition of, and sincere interest in,
+the men, satisfying them that you really care for them and that you
+rejoice in their success. This I can sincerely say--that I always
+enjoyed my conferences with our workmen, which were not always in
+regard to wages, and that the better I knew the men the more I liked
+them. They have usually two virtues to the employer's one, and they
+are certainly more generous to each other.
+
+Labor is usually helpless against capital. The employer, perhaps,
+decides to shut up the shops; he ceases to make profits for a short
+time. There is no change in his habits, food, clothing, pleasures--no
+agonizing fear of want. Contrast this with his workman whose lessening
+means of subsistence torment him. He has few comforts, scarcely the
+necessities for his wife and children in health, and for the sick
+little ones no proper treatment. It is not capital we need to guard,
+but helpless labor. If I returned to business to-morrow, fear of labor
+troubles would not enter my mind, but tenderness for poor and
+sometimes misguided though well-meaning laborers would fill my heart
+and soften it; and thereby soften theirs.
+
+Upon my return to Pittsburgh in 1892, after the Homestead trouble, I
+went to the works and met many of the old men who had not been
+concerned in the riot. They expressed the opinion that if I had been
+at home the strike would never have happened. I told them that the
+company had offered generous terms and beyond its offer I should not
+have gone; that before their cable reached me in Scotland, the
+Governor of the State had appeared on the scene with troops and wished
+the law vindicated; that the question had then passed out of my
+partners' hands. I added:
+
+"You were badly advised. My partners' offer should have been accepted.
+It was very generous. I don't know that I would have offered so much."
+
+To this one of the rollers said to me:
+
+"Oh, Mr. Carnegie, it wasn't a question of dollars. The boys would
+have let you kick 'em, but they wouldn't let that other man stroke
+their hair."
+
+So much does sentiment count for in the practical affairs of life,
+even with the laboring classes. This is not generally believed by
+those who do not know them, but I am certain that disputes about wages
+do not account for one half the disagreements between capital and
+labor. There is lack of due appreciation and of kind treatment of
+employees upon the part of the employers.
+
+Suits had been entered against many of the strikers, but upon my
+return these were promptly dismissed. All the old men who remained,
+and had not been guilty of violence, were taken back. I had cabled
+from Scotland urging that Mr. Schwab be sent back to Homestead. He had
+been only recently promoted to the Edgar Thomson Works. He went back,
+and "Charlie," as he was affectionately called, soon restored order,
+peace, and harmony. Had he remained at the Homestead Works, in all
+probability no serious trouble would have arisen. "Charlie" liked his
+workmen and they liked him; but there still remained at Homestead an
+unsatisfactory element in the men who had previously been discarded
+from our various works for good reasons and had found employment at
+the new works before we purchased them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE "GOSPEL OF WEALTH"
+
+
+After my book, "The Gospel of Wealth,"[44] was published, it was
+inevitable that I should live up to its teachings by ceasing to
+struggle for more wealth. I resolved to stop accumulating and begin
+the infinitely more serious and difficult task of wise distribution.
+Our profits had reached forty millions of dollars per year and the
+prospect of increased earnings before us was amazing. Our successors,
+the United States Steel Corporation, soon after the purchase, netted
+sixty millions in one year. Had our company continued in business and
+adhered to our plans of extension, we figured that seventy millions in
+that year might have been earned.
+
+[Footnote 44: _The Gospel of Wealth_ (Century Company, New York, 1900)
+contains various magazine articles written between 1886 and 1899 and
+published in the _Youth's Companion_, the _Century Magazine_, the
+_North American Review_, the _Forum_, the _Contemporary Review_, the
+_Fortnightly Review_, the _Nineteenth Century_, and the _Scottish
+Leader_. Gladstone asked that the article in the _North American
+Review_ be printed in England. It was published in the _Pall Mall
+Budget_ and christened the "Gospel of Wealth." Gladstone, Cardinal
+Manning, Rev. Hugh Price, and Rev. Dr. Hermann Adler answered it, and
+Mr. Carnegie replied to them.]
+
+Steel had ascended the throne and was driving away all inferior
+material. It was clearly seen that there was a great future ahead; but
+so far as I was concerned I knew the task of distribution before me
+would tax me in my old age to the utmost. As usual, Shakespeare had
+placed his talismanic touch upon the thought and framed the sentence--
+
+    "So distribution should undo excess,
+    And each man have enough."
+
+At this juncture--that is March, 1901--Mr. Schwab told me Mr. Morgan
+had said to him he should really like to know if I wished to retire
+from business; if so he thought he could arrange it. He also said he
+had consulted our partners and that they were disposed to sell, being
+attracted by the terms Mr. Morgan had offered. I told Mr. Schwab that
+if my partners were desirous to sell I would concur, and we finally
+sold.
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES M. SCHWAB]
+
+There had been so much deception by speculators buying old iron and
+steel mills and foisting them upon innocent purchasers at inflated
+values--hundred-dollar shares in some cases selling for a trifle--that
+I declined to take anything for the common stock. Had I done so, it
+would have given me just about one hundred millions more of five per
+cent bonds, which Mr. Morgan said afterwards I could have obtained.
+Such was the prosperity and such the money value of our steel
+business. Events proved I should have been quite justified in asking
+the additional sum named, for the common stock has paid five per cent
+continuously since.[45] But I had enough, as has been proved, to keep
+me busier than ever before, trying to distribute it.
+
+[Footnote 45: The Carnegie Steel Company was bought by Mr. Morgan at
+Mr. Carnegie's own price. There was some talk at the time of his
+holding out for a higher price than he received, but testifying before
+a committee of the House of Representatives in January, 1912, Mr.
+Carnegie said: "I considered what was fair: and that is the option
+Morgan got. Schwab went down and arranged it. I never saw Morgan on
+the subject or any man connected with him. Never a word passed between
+him and me. I gave my memorandum and Morgan saw it was eminently fair.
+I have been told many times since by insiders that I should have asked
+$100,000,000 more and could have got it easily. Once for all, I want
+to put a stop to all this talk about Mr. Carnegie 'forcing high prices
+for anything.'"]
+
+My first distribution was to the men in the mills. The following
+letters and papers will explain the gift:
+
+     _New York, N.Y., March 12, 1901_
+
+     I make this first use of surplus wealth, four millions of
+     first mortgage 5% Bonds, upon retiring from business, as an
+     acknowledgment of the deep debt which I owe to the
+     workmen who have contributed so greatly to my success. It is
+     designed to relieve those who may suffer from accidents, and
+     provide small pensions for those needing help in old age.
+
+     In addition I give one million dollars of such bonds, the
+     proceeds thereof to be used to maintain the libraries and
+     halls I have built for our workmen.
+
+In return, the Homestead workmen presented the following address:
+
+     _Munhall, Pa., Feb'y 23, 1903_
+
+     MR. ANDREW CARNEGIE
+     New York, N.Y.
+
+     DEAR SIR:
+
+     We, the employees of the Homestead Steel Works, desire by
+     this means to express to you through our Committee our great
+     appreciation of your benevolence in establishing the "Andrew
+     Carnegie Relief Fund," the first annual report of its
+     operation having been placed before us during the past
+     month.
+
+     The interest which you have always shown in your workmen has
+     won for you an appreciation which cannot be expressed by
+     mere words. Of the many channels through which you have
+     sought to do good, we believe that the "Andrew Carnegie
+     Relief Fund" stands first. We have personal knowledge of
+     cares lightened and of hope and strength renewed in homes
+     where human prospects seemed dark and discouraging.
+
+     Respectfully yours
+
+               { HARRY F. ROSE, _Roller_
+               { JOHN BELL, JR., _Blacksmith_
+     Committee { J.A. HORTON, _Timekeeper_
+               { WALTER A. GREIG, _Electric Foreman_
+               { HARRY CUSACK, _Yardmaster_
+
+The Lucy Furnace men presented me with a beautiful silver plate and
+inscribed upon it the following address:
+
+     ANDREW CARNEGIE RELIEF FUND
+
+     LUCY FURNACES
+
+     _Whereas_, Mr. Andrew Carnegie, in his munificent
+     philanthropy, has endowed the "Andrew Carnegie Relief Fund"
+     for the benefit of employees of the Carnegie Company,
+     Therefore be it
+
+     _Resolved_, that the employees of the Lucy Furnaces, in
+     special meeting assembled, do convey to Mr. Andrew Carnegie
+     their sincere thanks for and appreciation of his unexcelled
+     and bounteous endowment, and furthermore be it
+
+     _Resolved_, that it is their earnest wish and prayer that
+     his life may be long spared to enjoy the fruits of his
+     works.
+
+               { JAMES SCOTT, _Chairman_
+               { LOUIS A. HUTCHISON, _Secretary_
+               { JAMES DALY
+     Committee { R.C. TAYLOR
+               { JOHN V. WARD
+               { FREDERICK VOELKER
+               { JOHN M. VEIGH
+
+I sailed soon for Europe, and as usual some of my partners did not
+fail to accompany me to the steamer and bade me good-bye. But, oh! the
+difference to me! Say what we would, do what we would, the solemn
+change had come. This I could not fail to realize. The wrench was
+indeed severe and there was pain in the good-bye which was also a
+farewell.
+
+Upon my return to New York some months later, I felt myself entirely
+out of place, but was much cheered by seeing several of "the boys" on
+the pier to welcome me--the same dear friends, but so different. I had
+lost my partners, but not my friends. This was something; it was much.
+Still a vacancy was left. I had now to take up my self-appointed task
+of wisely disposing of surplus wealth. That would keep me deeply
+interested.
+
+One day my eyes happened to see a line in that most valuable paper,
+the "Scottish American," in which I had found many gems. This was the
+line:
+
+"The gods send thread for a web begun."
+
+It seemed almost as if it had been sent directly to me. This sank into
+my heart, and I resolved to begin at once my first web. True enough,
+the gods sent thread in the proper form. Dr. J.S. Billings, of the New
+York Public Libraries, came as their agent, and of dollars, five and a
+quarter millions went at one stroke for sixty-eight branch libraries,
+promised for New York City. Twenty more libraries for Brooklyn
+followed.
+
+My father, as I have stated, had been one of the five pioneers in
+Dunfermline who combined and gave access to their few books to their
+less fortunate neighbors. I had followed in his footsteps by giving my
+native town a library--its foundation stone laid by my mother--so that
+this public library was really my first gift. It was followed by
+giving a public library and hall to Allegheny City--our first home in
+America. President Harrison kindly accompanied me from Washington and
+opened these buildings. Soon after this, Pittsburgh asked for a
+library, which was given. This developed, in due course, into a group
+of buildings embracing a museum, a picture gallery, technical schools,
+and the Margaret Morrison School for Young Women. This group of
+buildings I opened to the public November 5, 1895. In Pittsburgh I had
+made my fortune and in the twenty-four millions already spent on this
+group,[46] she gets back only a small part of what she gave, and to
+which she is richly entitled.
+
+[Footnote 46: The total gifts to the Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh
+amounted to about twenty-eight million dollars.]
+
+The second large gift was to found the Carnegie Institution of
+Washington. The 28th of January, 1902, I gave ten million dollars in
+five per cent bonds, to which there has been added sufficient to make
+the total cash value twenty-five millions of dollars, the additions
+being made upon record of results obtained. I naturally wished to
+consult President Roosevelt upon the matter, and if possible to induce
+the Secretary of State, Mr. John Hay, to serve as chairman, which he
+readily agreed to do. With him were associated as directors my old
+friend Abram S. Hewitt, Dr. Billings, William E. Dodge, Elihu Root,
+Colonel Higginson, D.O. Mills, Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, and others.
+
+When I showed President Roosevelt the list of the distinguished men
+who had agreed to serve, he remarked: "You could not duplicate it." He
+strongly favored the foundation, which was incorporated by an act of
+Congress April 28, 1904, as follows:
+
+     To encourage in the broadest and most liberal manner
+     investigations, research and discovery, and the application
+     of knowledge to the improvement of mankind; and, in
+     particular, to conduct, endow and assist investigation in
+     any department of science, literature or art, and to this
+     end to cooeperate with governments, universities, colleges,
+     technical schools, learned societies, and individuals.
+
+[Illustration: THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE AT PITTSBURGH]
+
+I was indebted to Dr. Billings as my guide, in selecting Dr. Daniel C.
+Gilman as the first President. He passed away some years later. Dr.
+Billings then recommended the present highly successful president, Dr.
+Robert S. Woodward. Long may he continue to guide the affairs of the
+Institution! The history of its achievements is so well known through
+its publications that details here are unnecessary. I may, however,
+refer to two of its undertakings that are somewhat unique. It is doing
+a world-wide service with the wood-and-bronze yacht, "Carnegie," which
+is voyaging around the world correcting the errors of the earlier
+surveys. Many of these ocean surveys have been found misleading, owing
+to variations of the compass. Bronze being non-magnetic, while iron
+and steel are highly so, previous observations have proved liable to
+error. A notable instance is that of the stranding of a Cunard
+steamship near the Azores. Captain Peters, of the "Carnegie," thought
+it advisable to test this case and found that the captain of the
+ill-fated steamer was sailing on the course laid down upon the
+admiralty map, and was not to blame. The original observation was
+wrong. The error caused by variation was promptly corrected.
+
+This is only one of numerous corrections reported to the nations who
+go down to the sea in ships. Their thanks are our ample reward. In the
+deed of gift I expressed the hope that our young Republic might some
+day be able to repay, at least in some degree, the great debt it owes
+to the older lands. Nothing gives me deeper satisfaction than the
+knowledge that it has to some extent already begun to do so.
+
+With the unique service rendered by the wandering "Carnegie," we may
+rank that of the fixed observatory upon Mount Wilson, California, at
+an altitude of 5886 feet. Professor Hale is in charge of it. He
+attended the gathering of leading astronomers in Rome one year, and
+such were his revelations there that these savants resolved their next
+meeting should be on top of Mount Wilson. And so it was.
+
+There is but one Mount Wilson. From a depth seventy-two feet down in
+the earth photographs have been taken of new stars. On the first of
+these plates many new worlds--I believe sixteen--were discovered. On
+the second I think it was sixty new worlds which had come into our
+ken, and on the third plate there were estimated to be more than a
+hundred--several of them said to be twenty times the size of our sun.
+Some of them were so distant as to require eight years for their light
+to reach us, which inclines us to bow our heads whispering to
+ourselves, "All we know is as nothing to the unknown." When the
+monster new glass, three times larger than any existing, is in
+operation, what revelations are to come! I am assured if a race
+inhabits the moon they will be clearly seen.
+
+The third delightful task was founding the Hero Fund, in which my
+whole heart was concerned. I had heard of a serious accident in a coal
+pit near Pittsburgh, and how the former superintendent, Mr. Taylor,
+although then engaged in other pursuits, had instantly driven to the
+scene, hoping to be of use in the crisis. Rallying volunteers, who
+responded eagerly, he led them down the pit to rescue those below.
+Alas, alas, he the heroic leader lost his own life.
+
+I could not get the thought of this out of my mind. My dear, dear
+friend, Mr. Richard Watson Gilder, had sent me the following true and
+beautiful poem, and I re-read it the morning after the accident, and
+resolved then to establish the Hero Fund.
+
+    IN THE TIME OF PEACE
+
+    'Twas said: "When roll of drum and battle's roar
+    Shall cease upon the earth, O, then no more
+
+    The deed--the race--of heroes in the land."
+    But scarce that word was breathed when one small hand
+
+    Lifted victorious o'er a giant wrong
+    That had its victims crushed through ages long;
+
+    Some woman set her pale and quivering face
+    Firm as a rock against a man's disgrace;
+
+    A little child suffered in silence lest
+    His savage pain should wound a mother's breast;
+
+    Some quiet scholar flung his gauntlet down
+    And risked, in Truth's great name, the synod's frown;
+
+    A civic hero, in the calm realm of laws,
+    Did that which suddenly drew a world's applause;
+
+    And one to the pest his lithe young body gave
+    That he a thousand thousand lives might save.
+
+Hence arose the five-million-dollar fund to reward heroes, or to
+support the families of heroes, who perish in the effort to serve or
+save their fellows, and to supplement what employers or others do in
+contributing to the support of the families of those left destitute
+through accidents. This fund, established April 15, 1904, has proved
+from every point of view a decided success. I cherish a fatherly
+regard for it since no one suggested it to me. As far as I know, it
+never had been thought of; hence it is emphatically "my ain bairn."
+Later I extended it to my native land, Great Britain, with
+headquarters at Dunfermline--the Trustees of the Carnegie Dunfermline
+Trust undertaking its administration, and splendidly have they
+succeeded. In due time it was extended to France, Germany, Italy,
+Belgium, Holland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Denmark.
+
+Regarding its workings in Germany, I received a letter from David
+Jayne Hill, our American Ambassador at Berlin, from which I quote:
+
+     My main object in writing now is to tell you how pleased His
+     Majesty is with the working of the German Hero Fund. He is
+     enthusiastic about it and spoke in most complimentary terms
+     of your discernment, as well as your generosity in founding
+     it. He did not believe it would fill so important a place
+     as it is doing. He told me of several cases that are really
+     touching, and which would otherwise have been wholly
+     unprovided for. One was that of a young man who saved a boy
+     from drowning and just as they were about to lift him out of
+     the water, after passing up the child into a boat, his heart
+     failed, and he sank. He left a lovely young wife and a
+     little boy. She has already been helped by the Hero Fund to
+     establish a little business from which she can make a
+     living, and the education of the boy, who is very bright,
+     will be looked after. This is but one example.
+
+     Valentini (Chief of the Civil Cabinet), who was somewhat
+     skeptical at first regarding the need of such a fund, is now
+     glowing with enthusiasm about it, and he tells me the whole
+     Commission, which is composed of carefully chosen men, is
+     earnestly devoted to the work of making the very best and
+     wisest use of their means and has devoted much time to their
+     decisions.
+
+     They have corresponded with the English and French
+     Commission, arranged to exchange reports, and made plans to
+     keep in touch with one another in their work. They were
+     deeply interested in the American report and have learned
+     much from it.
+
+King Edward of Britain was deeply impressed by the provisions of the
+fund, and wrote me an autograph letter of appreciation of this and
+other gifts to my native land, which I deeply value, and hence insert.
+
+     _Windsor Castle, November 21, 1908_
+
+     DEAR MR. CARNEGIE:
+
+     I have for some time past been anxious to express to you my
+     sense of your generosity for the great public objects which
+     you have presented to this country, the land of your birth.
+
+     Scarcely less admirable than the gifts themselves is the
+     great care and thought you have taken in guarding against
+     their misuse.
+
+     I am anxious to tell you how warmly I recognize your most
+     generous benefactions and the great services they are likely
+     to confer upon the country.
+
+     As a mark of recognition, I hope you will accept the
+     portrait of myself which I am sending to you.
+
+     Believe me, dear Mr. Carnegie,
+
+     Sincerely yours
+
+     EDWARD R. & I.
+
+Some of the newspapers in America were doubtful of the merits of the
+Hero Fund and the first annual report was criticized, but all this has
+passed away and the action of the fund is now warmly extolled. It has
+conquered, and long will it be before the trust is allowed to perish!
+The heroes of the barbarian past wounded or killed their fellows; the
+heroes of our civilized day serve or save theirs. Such the difference
+between physical and moral courage, between barbarism and
+civilization. Those who belong to the first class are soon to pass
+away, for we are finally to regard men who slay each other as we now
+do cannibals who eat each other; but those in the latter class will
+not die as long as man exists upon the earth, for such heroism as they
+display is god-like.
+
+The Hero Fund will prove chiefly a pension fund. Already it has many
+pensioners, heroes or the widows or children of heroes. A strange
+misconception arose at first about it. Many thought that its purpose
+was to stimulate heroic action, that heroes were to be induced to play
+their parts for the sake of reward. This never entered my mind. It is
+absurd. True heroes think not of reward. They are inspired and think
+only of their fellows endangered; never of themselves. The fund is
+intended to pension or provide in the most suitable manner for the
+hero should he be disabled, or for those dependent upon him should he
+perish in his attempt to save others. It has made a fine start and
+will grow in popularity year after year as its aims and services are
+better understood. To-day we have in America 1430 hero pensioners or
+their families on our list.
+
+I found the president for the Hero Fund in a Carnegie veteran, one of
+the original boys, Charlie Taylor. No salary for Charlie--not a cent
+would he ever take. He loves the work so much that I believe he would
+pay highly for permission to live with it. He is the right man in the
+right place. He has charge also, with Mr. Wilmot's able assistance, of
+the pensions for Carnegie workmen (Carnegie Relief Fund[47]); also the
+pensions for railway employees of my old division. Three relief funds
+and all of them benefiting others.
+
+[Footnote 47: This fund is now managed separately.]
+
+I got my revenge one day upon Charlie, who was always urging me to do
+for others. He is a graduate of Lehigh University and one of her most
+loyal sons. Lehigh wished a building and Charlie was her chief
+advocate. I said nothing, but wrote President Drinker offering the
+funds for the building conditioned upon my naming it. He agreed, and I
+called it "Taylor Hall." When Charlie discovered this, he came and
+protested that it would make him ridiculous, that he had only been a
+modest graduate, and was not entitled to have his name publicly
+honored, and so on. I enjoyed his plight immensely, waiting until he
+had finished, and then said that it would probably make him somewhat
+ridiculous if I insisted upon "Taylor Hall," but he ought to be
+willing to sacrifice himself somewhat for Lehigh. If he wasn't
+consumed with vanity he would not care much how his name was used if
+it helped his Alma Mater. Taylor was not much of a name anyhow. It was
+his insufferable vanity that made such a fuss. He should conquer it.
+He could make his decision. He could sacrifice the name of Taylor or
+sacrifice Lehigh, just as he liked, but: "No Taylor, no Hall." I had
+him! Visitors who may look upon that structure in after days and
+wonder who Taylor was may rest assured that he was a loyal son of
+Lehigh, a working, not merely a preaching, apostle of the gospel of
+service to his fellow-men, and one of the best men that ever lived.
+Such is our Lord High Commissioner of Pensions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+EDUCATIONAL AND PENSION FUNDS
+
+
+The fifteen-million-dollar pension fund for aged university professors
+(The Carnegie Endowment for the Advancement of Learning), the fourth
+important gift, given in June, 1905, required the selection of
+twenty-five trustees from among the presidents of educational
+institutions in the United States. When twenty-four of
+these--President Harper, of Chicago University, being absent through
+illness--honored me by meeting at our house for organization, I
+obtained an important accession of those who were to become more
+intimate friends. Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip proved of great service at
+the start--his Washington experience being most valuable--and in our
+president, Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, we found the indispensable man.
+
+This fund is very near and dear to me--knowing, as I do, many who are
+soon to become beneficiaries, and convinced as I am of their worth and
+the value of the service already rendered by them. Of all professions,
+that of teaching is probably the most unfairly, yes, most meanly paid,
+though it should rank with the highest. Educated men, devoting their
+lives to teaching the young, receive mere pittances. When I first took
+my seat as a trustee of Cornell University, I was shocked to find how
+small were the salaries of the professors, as a rule ranking below the
+salaries of some of our clerks. To save for old age with these men is
+impossible. Hence the universities without pension funds are compelled
+to retain men who are no longer able, should no longer be required, to
+perform their duties. Of the usefulness of the fund no doubt can be
+entertained.[48] The first list of beneficiaries published was
+conclusive upon this point, containing as it did several names of
+world-wide reputation, so great had been their contributions to the
+stock of human knowledge. Many of these beneficiaries and their widows
+have written me most affecting letters. These I can never destroy, for
+if I ever have a fit of melancholy, I know the cure lies in re-reading
+these letters.
+
+[Footnote 48: The total amount of this fund in 1919 was $29,250,000.]
+
+My friend, Mr. Thomas Shaw (now Lord Shaw), of Dunfermline had written
+an article for one of the English reviews showing that many poor
+people in Scotland were unable to pay the fees required to give their
+children a university education, although some had deprived themselves
+of comforts in order to do so. After reading Mr. Shaw's article the
+idea came to me to give ten millions in five per cent bonds, one half
+of the L104,000 yearly revenue from it to be used to pay the fees of
+the deserving poor students and the other half to improve the
+universities.
+
+The first meeting of the trustees of this fund (The Carnegie Trust for
+the Universities of Scotland) was held in the Edinburgh office of the
+Secretary of State for Scotland in 1902, Lord Balfour of Burleigh
+presiding. It was a notable body of men--Prime Minister Balfour, Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman (afterwards Prime Minister), John Morley (now
+Viscount Morley), James Bryce (now Viscount Bryce), the Earl of Elgin,
+Lord Rosebery, Lord Reay, Mr. Shaw (now Lord Shaw), Dr. John Ross of
+Dunfermline, "the man-of-all-work" that makes for the happiness or
+instruction of his fellow-man, and others. I explained that I had
+asked them to act because I could not entrust funds to the faculties
+of the Scottish universities after reading the report of a recent
+commission. Mr. Balfour promptly exclaimed: "Not a penny, not a
+penny!" The Earl of Elgin, who had been a member of the commission,
+fully concurred.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE AND VISCOUNT BRYCE]
+
+The details of the proposed fund being read, the Earl of Elgin was not
+sure about accepting a trust which was not strict and specific. He
+wished to know just what his duties were. I had given a majority of
+the trustees the right to change the objects of beneficence and modes
+of applying funds, should they in after days decide that the purposes
+and modes prescribed for education in Scotland had become unsuitable
+or unnecessary for the advanced times. Balfour of Burleigh agreed with
+the Earl and so did Prime Minister Balfour, who said he had never
+heard of a testator before who was willing to give such powers. He
+questioned the propriety of doing so.
+
+"Well," I said, "Mr. Balfour, I have never known of a body of men
+capable of legislating for the generation ahead, and in some cases
+those who attempt to legislate even for their own generation are not
+thought to be eminently successful."
+
+There was a ripple of laughter in which the Prime Minister himself
+heartily joined, and he then said:
+
+"You are right, quite right; but you are, I think, the first great
+giver who has been wise enough to take this view."
+
+I had proposed that a majority should have the power, but Lord Balfour
+suggested not less than two thirds. This was accepted by the Earl of
+Elgin and approved by all. I am very sure it is a wise provision, as
+after days will prove. It is incorporated in all my large gifts, and I
+rest assured that this feature will in future times prove valuable.
+The Earl of Elgin, of Dunfermline, did not hesitate to become
+Chairman of this trust. When I told Premier Balfour that I hoped Elgin
+could be induced to assume this duty, he said promptly, "You could not
+get a better man in Great Britain."
+
+We are all entirely satisfied now upon that point. The query is: where
+could we get his equal?
+
+It is an odd coincidence that there are only four living men who have
+been made Burgesses and received the Freedom of Dunfermline, and all
+are connected with the trust for the Universities of Scotland, Sir
+Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the Earl of Elgin, Dr. John Ross, and
+myself. But there is a lady in the circle to-day, the only one ever so
+greatly honored with the Freedom of Dunfermline, Mrs. Carnegie, whose
+devotion to the town, like my own, is intense.
+
+My election to the Lord Rectorship of St. Andrews in 1902 proved a
+very important event in my life. It admitted me to the university
+world, to which I had been a stranger. Few incidents in my life have
+so deeply impressed me as the first meeting of the faculty, when I
+took my seat in the old chair occupied successively by so many
+distinguished Lord Rectors during the nearly five hundred years which
+have elapsed since St. Andrews was founded. I read the collection of
+rectorial speeches as a preparation for the one I was soon to make.
+The most remarkable paragraph I met with in any of them was Dean
+Stanley's advice to the students to "go to Burns for your theology."
+That a high dignitary of the Church and a favorite of Queen Victoria
+should venture to say this to the students of John Knox's University
+is most suggestive as showing how even theology improves with the
+years. The best rules of conduct are in Burns. First there is: "Thine
+own reproach alone do fear." I took it as a motto early in life. And
+secondly:
+
+    "The fear o' hell's a hangman's whip
+    To haud the wretch in order;
+    But where ye feel your honor grip,
+    Let that aye be your border."
+
+John Stuart Mill's rectorial address to the St. Andrews students is
+remarkable. He evidently wished to give them of his best. The
+prominence he assigns to music as an aid to high living and pure
+refined enjoyment is notable. Such is my own experience.
+
+An invitation given to the principals of the four Scotch universities
+and their wives or daughters to spend a week at Skibo resulted in much
+joy to Mrs. Carnegie and myself. The first meeting was attended by the
+Earl of Elgin, chairman of the Trust for the Universities of Scotland,
+and Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Secretary for Scotland, and Lady
+Balfour. After that "Principals' Week" each year became an established
+custom. They as well as we became friends, and thereby, they all
+agree, great good results to the universities. A spirit of cooeperation
+is stimulated. Taking my hand upon leaving after the first yearly
+visit, Principal Lang said:
+
+"It has taken the principals of the Scotch universities five hundred
+years to learn how to begin our sessions. Spending a week together is
+the solution."
+
+One of the memorable results of the gathering at Skibo in 1906 was
+that Miss Agnes Irwin, Dean of Radcliffe College, and
+great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin, spent the principals' week
+with us and all were charmed with her. Franklin received his first
+doctor's degree from St. Andrews University, nearly one hundred and
+fifty years ago. The second centenary of his birth was finely
+celebrated in Philadelphia, and St. Andrews, with numerous other
+universities throughout the world, sent addresses. St. Andrews also
+sent a degree to the great-granddaughter. As Lord Rector, I was
+deputed to confer it and place the mantle upon her. This was done the
+first evening before a large audience, when more than two hundred
+addresses were presented.
+
+The audience was deeply impressed, as well it might be. St. Andrews
+University, the first to confer the degree upon the great-grandfather,
+conferred the same degree upon the great-grandchild one hundred and
+forty-seven years later (and this upon her own merits as Dean of
+Radcliffe College); sent it across the Atlantic to be bestowed by the
+hands of its Lord Rector, the first who was not a British subject, but
+who was born one as Franklin was, and who became an American citizen
+as Franklin did; the ceremony performed in Philadelphia where Franklin
+rests, in the presence of a brilliant assembly met to honor his
+memory. It was all very beautiful, and I esteemed myself favored,
+indeed, to be the medium of such a graceful and appropriate ceremony.
+Principal Donaldson of St. Andrews was surely inspired when he thought
+of it!
+
+My unanimous reelection by the students of St. Andrews, without a
+contest for a second term, was deeply appreciated. And I liked the
+Rector's nights, when the students claim him for themselves, no member
+of the faculty being invited. We always had a good time. After the
+first one, Principal Donaldson gave me the verdict of the Secretary as
+rendered to him: "Rector So-and-So talked _to_ us, Rector Thus-and-So
+talked _at_ us, both from the platform; Mr. Carnegie sat down in our
+circle and talked _with_ us."
+
+The question of aid to our own higher educational institutions often
+intruded itself upon me, but my belief was that our chief
+universities, such as Harvard and Columbia, with five to ten thousand
+students,[49] were large enough; that further growth was undesirable;
+that the smaller institutions (the colleges especially) were in
+greater need of help and that it would be a better use of surplus
+wealth to aid them. Accordingly, I afterwards confined myself to these
+and am satisfied that this was wise. At a later date we found Mr.
+Rockefeller's splendid educational fund, The General Education Board,
+and ourselves were working in this fruitful field without
+consultation, with sometimes undesirable results. Mr. Rockefeller
+wished me to join his board and this I did. Cooeperation was soon found
+to be much to our mutual advantage, and we now work in unison.
+
+[Footnote 49: Columbia University in 1920 numbered all told some
+25,000 students in the various departments.]
+
+In giving to colleges quite a number of my friends have been honored
+as was my partner Charlie Taylor. Conway Hall at Dickinson College,
+was named for Moncure D. Conway, whose Autobiography, recently
+published, is pronounced "literature" by the "Athenaeum." It says:
+"These two volumes lie on the table glistening like gems 'midst the
+piles of autobiographical rubbish by which they are surrounded." That
+is rather suggestive for one who is adding to the pile.
+
+The last chapter in Mr. Conway's Autobiography ends with the following
+paragraph:
+
+     Implore Peace, O my reader, from whom I now part. Implore
+     peace not of deified thunder clouds but of every man, woman,
+     child thou shalt meet. Do not merely offer the prayer, "Give
+     peace in our time," but do thy part to answer it! Then, at
+     least, though the world be at strife, there shall be peace
+     in thee.
+
+My friend has put his finger upon our deepest disgrace. It surely must
+soon be abolished between civilized nations.
+
+The Stanton Chair of Economics at Kenyon College, Ohio, was founded in
+memory of Edwin M. Stanton, who kindly greeted me as a boy in
+Pittsburgh when I delivered telegrams to him, and was ever cordial to
+me in Washington, when I was an assistant to Secretary Scott. The
+Hanna Chair in Western Reserve University, Cleveland; the John Hay
+Library at Brown University; the second Elihu Root Fund for Hamilton,
+the Mrs. Cleveland Library for Wellesley, gave me pleasure to christen
+after these friends. I hope more are to follow, commemorating those I
+have known, liked, and honored. I also wished a General Dodge Library
+and a Gayley Library to be erected from my gifts, but these friends
+had already obtained such honor from their respective Alma Maters.
+
+My first gift to Hamilton College was to be named the Elihu Root
+Foundation, but that ablest of all our Secretaries of State, and in
+the opinion of President Roosevelt, "the wisest man he ever knew,"
+took care, it seems, not to mention the fact to the college
+authorities. When I reproached him with this dereliction, he
+laughingly replied:
+
+"Well, I promise not to cheat you the next gift you give us."
+
+And by a second gift this lapse was repaired after all, but I took
+care not to entrust the matter directly to him. The Root Fund of
+Hamilton[50] is now established beyond his power to destroy. Root is a
+great man, and, as the greatest only are he is, in his simplicity,
+sublime. President Roosevelt declared he would crawl on his hands and
+knees from the White House to the Capitol if this would insure Root's
+nomination to the presidency with a prospect of success. He was
+considered vulnerable because he had been counsel for corporations
+and was too little of the spouter and the demagogue, too much of the
+modest, retiring statesman to split the ears of the groundlings.[51]
+The party foolishly decided not to risk Root.
+
+[Footnote 50: It amounts to $250,000.]
+
+[Footnote 51: At the Meeting in Memory of the Life and Work of Andrew
+Carnegie held on April 25, 1920, in the Engineering Societies Building
+in New York, Mr. Root made an address in the course of which, speaking
+of Mr. Carnegie, he said:
+
+"He belonged to that great race of nation-builders who have made the
+development of America the wonder of the world.... He was the
+kindliest man I ever knew. Wealth had brought to him no hardening of
+the heart, nor made him forget the dreams of his youth. Kindly,
+affectionate, charitable in his judgments, unrestrained in his
+sympathies, noble in his impulses, I wish that all the people who
+think of him as a rich man giving away money he did not need could
+know of the hundreds of kindly things he did unknown to the world."]
+
+My connection with Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, which promote the
+elevation of the colored race we formerly kept in slavery, has been a
+source of satisfaction and pleasure, and to know Booker Washington is
+a rare privilege. We should all take our hats off to the man who not
+only raised himself from slavery, but helped raise millions of his
+race to a higher stage of civilization. Mr. Washington called upon me
+a few days after my gift of six hundred thousand dollars was made to
+Tuskegee and asked if he might be allowed to make one suggestion. I
+said: "Certainly."
+
+"You have kindly specified that a sum from that fund be set aside for
+the future support of myself and wife during our lives, and we are
+very grateful, but, Mr. Carnegie, the sum is far beyond our needs and
+will seem to my race a fortune. Some might feel that I was no longer a
+poor man giving my services without thought of saving money. Would you
+have any objection to changing that clause, striking out the sum, and
+substituting 'only suitable provision'? I'll trust the trustees. Mrs.
+Washington and myself need very little."
+
+I did so, and the deed now stands, but when Mr. Baldwin asked for the
+original letter to exchange it for the substitute, he told me that the
+noble soul objected. That document addressed to him was to be
+preserved forever, and handed down; but he would put it aside and let
+the substitute go on file.
+
+This is an indication of the character of the leader of his race. No
+truer, more self-sacrificing hero ever lived: a man compounded of all
+the virtues. It makes one better just to know such pure and noble
+souls--human nature in its highest types is already divine here on
+earth. If it be asked which man of our age, or even of the past ages,
+has risen from the lowest to the highest, the answer must be Booker
+Washington. He rose from slavery to the leadership of his people--a
+modern Moses and Joshua combined, leading his people both onward and
+upward.
+
+In connection with these institutions I came in contact with their
+officers and trustees--men like Principal Hollis B. Frissell of
+Hampton, Robert C. Ogden, George Foster Peabody, V. Everit Macy,
+George McAneny and William H. Baldwin--recently lost to us, alas!--men
+who labor for others. It was a blessing to know them intimately. The
+Cooper Union, the Mechanics and Tradesmen's Society, indeed every
+institution[52] in which I became interested, revealed many men and
+women devoting their time and thought, not to "miserable aims that end
+with self," but to high ideals which mean the relief and uplift of
+their less fortunate brethren.
+
+[Footnote 52: The universities, colleges, and educational institutions
+to which Mr. Carnegie gave either endowment funds or buildings number
+five hundred. All told his gifts to them amounted to $27,000,000.]
+
+My giving of organs to churches came very early in my career, I having
+presented to less than a hundred members of the Swedenborgian Church
+in Allegheny which my father favored, an organ, after declining to
+contribute to the building of a new church for so few. Applications
+from other churches soon began to pour in, from the grand Catholic
+Cathedral of Pittsburgh down to the small church in the country
+village, and I was kept busy. Every church seemed to need a better
+organ than it had, and as the full price for the new instrument was
+paid, what the old one brought was clear profit. Some ordered organs
+for very small churches which would almost split the rafters, as was
+the case with the first organ given the Swedenborgians; others had
+bought organs before applying but our check to cover the amount was
+welcome. Finally, however, a rigid system of giving was developed. A
+printed schedule requiring answers to many questions has now to be
+filled and returned before action is taken. The department is now
+perfectly systematized and works admirably because we graduate the
+gift according to the size of the church.
+
+Charges were made in the rigid Scottish Highlands that I was
+demoralizing Christian worship by giving organs to churches. The very
+strict Presbyterians there still denounce as wicked an attempt "to
+worship God with a kist fu' o' whistles," instead of using the human
+God-given voice. After that I decided that I should require a partner
+in my sin, and therefore asked each congregation to pay one half of
+the desired new organ. Upon this basis the organ department still
+operates and continues to do a thriving business, the demand for
+improved organs still being great. Besides, many new churches are
+required for increasing populations and for these organs are
+essential.
+
+I see no end to it. In requiring the congregation to pay one half the
+cost of better instruments, there is assurance of needed and
+reasonable expenditure. Believing from my own experience that it is
+salutary for the congregation to hear sacred music at intervals in the
+service and then slowly to disperse to the strains of the
+reverence-compelling organ after such sermons as often show us little
+of a Heavenly Father, I feel the money spent for organs is well spent.
+So we continue the organ department.[53]
+
+[Footnote 53: The "organ department" up to 1919 had given 7689 organs
+to as many different churches at a cost of over six million dollars.]
+
+Of all my work of a philanthropic character, my private pension fund
+gives me the highest and noblest return. No satisfaction equals that
+of feeling you have been permitted to place in comfortable
+circumstances, in their old age, people whom you have long known to be
+kind and good and in every way deserving, but who from no fault of
+their own, have not sufficient means to live respectably, free from
+solicitude as to their mere maintenance. Modest sums insure this
+freedom. It surprised me to find how numerous were those who needed
+some aid to make the difference between an old age of happiness and
+one of misery. Some such cases had arisen before my retirement from
+business, and I had sweet satisfaction from this source. Not one
+person have I ever placed upon the pension list[54] that did not fully
+deserve assistance. It is a real roll of honor and mutual affection.
+All are worthy. There is no publicity about it. No one knows who is
+embraced. Not a word is ever breathed to others.
+
+[Footnote 54: This amounted to over $250,000 a year.]
+
+This is my favorite and best answer to the question which will never
+down in my thoughts: "What good am I doing in the world to deserve
+all my mercies?" Well, the dear friends of the pension list give me a
+satisfactory reply, and this always comes to me in need. I have had
+far beyond my just share of life's blessings; therefore I never ask
+the Unknown for anything. We are in the presence of universal law and
+should bow our heads in silence and obey the Judge within, asking
+nothing, fearing nothing, just doing our duty right along, seeking no
+reward here or hereafter.
+
+It is, indeed, more blessed to give than to receive. These dear good
+friends would do for me and mine as I do for them were positions
+reversed. I am sure of this. Many precious acknowledgments have I
+received. Some venture to tell me they remember me every night in
+their prayers and ask for me every blessing. Often I cannot refrain
+from giving expression to my real feelings in return.
+
+"Pray, don't," I say. "Don't ask anything more for me. I've got far
+beyond my just share already. Any fair committee sitting upon my case
+would take away more than half the blessings already bestowed." These
+are not mere words, I feel their truth.
+
+The Railroad Pension Fund is of a similar nature. Many of the old boys
+of the Pittsburgh Division (or their widows) are taken care of by it.
+It began years ago and grew to its present proportions. It now
+benefits the worthy railroad men who served under me when I was
+superintendent on the Pennsylvania, or their widows, who need help. I
+was only a boy when I first went among these trainmen and got to know
+them by name. They were very kind to me. Most of the men beneficiaries
+of the fund I have known personally. They are dear friends.
+
+Although the four-million-dollar fund I gave for workmen in the mills
+(Steel Workers' Pensions) embraces hundreds that I never saw, there
+are still a sufficient number upon it that I do remember to give that
+fund also a strong hold upon me.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+THE PEACE PALACE AND PITTENCRIEFF
+
+
+Peace, at least as between English-speaking peoples,[55] must have
+been early in my thoughts. In 1869, when Britain launched the monster
+Monarch, then the largest warship known, there was, for some
+now-forgotten reason, talk of how she could easily compel tribute from
+our American cities one after the other. Nothing could resist her. I
+cabled John Bright, then in the British Cabinet (the cable had
+recently been opened):
+
+"First and best service possible for Monarch, bringing home body
+Peabody."[56]
+
+[Footnote 55: "Let men say what they will, I say that as surely as the
+sun in the heavens once shone upon Britain and America united, so
+surely it is one morning to rise, shine upon, and greet again the
+Reunited States--the British-American Union." (Quoted in Alderson's
+_Andrew Carnegie, The Man and His Work_, p. 108. New York, 1909.)]
+
+[Footnote 56: George Peabody, the American merchant and
+philanthropist, who died in London in 1869.]
+
+No signature was given. Strange to say, this was done, and thus the
+Monarch became the messenger of peace, not of destruction. Many years
+afterwards I met Mr. Bright at a small dinner party in Birmingham and
+told him I was his young anonymous correspondent. He was surprised
+that no signature was attached and said his heart was in the act. I am
+sure it was. He is entitled to all credit.
+
+He was the friend of the Republic when she needed friends during the
+Civil War. He had always been my favorite living hero in public life
+as he had been my father's. Denounced as a wild radical at first, he
+kept steadily on until the nation came to his point of view. Always
+for peace he would have avoided the Crimean War, in which Britain
+backed the wrong horse, as Lord Salisbury afterwards acknowledged. It
+was a great privilege that the Bright family accorded me, as a friend,
+to place a replica of the Manchester Bright statue in Parliament, in
+the stead of a poor one removed.
+
+I became interested in the Peace Society of Great Britain upon one of
+my early visits and attended many of its meetings, and in later days I
+was especially drawn to the Parliamentary Union established by Mr.
+Cremer, the famous working-man's representative in Parliament. Few men
+living can be compared to Mr. Cremer. When he received the Nobel Prize
+of L8000 as the one who had done the most that year for peace, he
+promptly gave all but L1000, needed for pressing wants, to the
+Arbitration Committee. It was a noble sacrifice. What is money but
+dross to the true hero! Mr. Cremer is paid a few dollars a week by his
+trade to enable him to exist in London as their member of Parliament,
+and here was fortune thrown in his lap only to be devoted by him to
+the cause of peace. This is the heroic in its finest form.
+
+I had the great pleasure of presenting the Committee to President
+Cleveland at Washington in 1887, who received the members cordially
+and assured them of his hearty cooeperation. From that day the
+abolition of war grew in importance with me until it finally
+overshadowed all other issues. The surprising action of the first
+Hague Conference gave me intense joy. Called primarily to consider
+disarmament (which proved a dream), it created the commanding reality
+of a permanent tribunal to settle international disputes. I saw in
+this the greatest step toward peace that humanity had ever taken, and
+taken as if by inspiration, without much previous discussion. No
+wonder the sublime idea captivated the conference.
+
+If Mr. Holls, whose death I so deeply deplored, were alive to-day and
+a delegate to the forthcoming second Conference with his chief, Andrew
+D. White, I feel that these two might possibly bring about the
+creation of the needed International Court for the abolition of war.
+He it was who started from The Hague at night for Germany, upon
+request of his chief, and saw the German Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+and the Emperor and finally prevailed upon them to approve of the High
+Court, and not to withdraw their delegates as threatened--a service
+for which Mr. Holls deserves to be enrolled among the greatest
+servants of mankind. Alas, death came to him while still in his prime.
+
+The day that International Court is established will become one of the
+most memorable days in the world's history.[57] It will ring the knell
+of man killing man--the deepest and blackest of crimes. It should be
+celebrated in every land as I believe it will be some day, and that
+time, perchance, not so remote as expected. In that era not a few of
+those hitherto extolled as heroes will have found oblivion because
+they failed to promote peace and good-will instead of war.
+
+[Footnote 57: "I submit that the only measure required to-day for the
+maintenance of world peace is an agreement between three or four of
+the leading Civilized Powers (and as many more as desire to join--the
+more the better) pledged to cooeperate against disturbers of world
+peace, should such arise." (Andrew Carnegie, in address at unveiling
+of a bust of William Randall Cremer at the Peace Palace of The Hague,
+August 29, 1913.)]
+
+When Andrew D. White and Mr. Holls, upon their return from The Hague,
+suggested that I offer the funds needed for a Temple of Peace at The
+Hague, I informed them that I never could be so presumptuous; that if
+the Government of the Netherlands informed me of its desire to have
+such a temple and hoped I would furnish the means, the request would
+be favorably considered. They demurred, saying this could hardly be
+expected from any Government. Then I said I could never act in the
+matter.
+
+Finally the Dutch Government did make application, through its
+Minister, Baron Gevers in Washington, and I rejoiced. Still, in
+writing him, I was careful to say that the drafts of his Government
+would be duly honored. I did not send the money. The Government drew
+upon me for it, and the draft for a million and a half is kept as a
+memento. It seems to me almost too much that any individual should be
+permitted to perform so noble a duty as that of providing means for
+this Temple of Peace--the most holy building in the world because it
+has the holiest end in view. I do not even except St. Peter's, or any
+building erected to the glory of God, whom, as Luther says, "we cannot
+serve or aid; He needs no help from us." This temple is to bring
+peace, which is so greatly needed among His erring creatures. "The
+highest worship of God is service to man." At least, I feel so with
+Luther and Franklin.
+
+When in 1907 friends came and asked me to accept the presidency of the
+Peace Society of New York, which they had determined to organize, I
+declined, alleging that I was kept very busy with many affairs, which
+was true; but my conscience troubled me afterwards for declining. If I
+were not willing to sacrifice myself for the cause of peace what
+should I sacrifice for? What was I good for? Fortunately, in a few
+days, the Reverend Lyman Abbott, the Reverend Mr. Lynch, and some
+other notable laborers for good causes called to urge my
+reconsideration. I divined their errand and frankly told them they
+need not speak. My conscience had been tormenting me for declining and
+I would accept the presidency and do my duty. After that came the
+great national gathering (the following April) when for the first time
+in the history of Peace Society meetings, there attended delegates
+from thirty-five of the states of the Union, besides many foreigners
+of distinction.[58]
+
+[Footnote 58: Mr. Carnegie does not mention the fact that in December,
+1910, he gave to a board of trustees $10,000,000, the revenue of which
+was to be administered for "the abolition of international war, the
+foulest blot upon our civilization." This is known as the Carnegie
+Endowment for International Peace. The Honorable Elihu Root is
+president of the board of trustees.]
+
+My first decoration then came unexpectedly. The French Government had
+made me Knight Commander of the Legion of Honor, and at the Peace
+Banquet in New York, over which I presided, Baron d'Estournelles de
+Constant appeared upon the stage and in a compelling speech invested
+me with the regalia amid the cheers of the company. It was a great
+honor, indeed, and appreciated by me because given for my services to
+the cause of International Peace. Such honors humble, they do not
+exalt; so let them come.[59] They serve also to remind me that I must
+strive harder than ever, and watch every act and word more closely,
+that I may reach just a little nearer the standard the givers--deluded
+souls--mistakenly assume in their speeches, that I have already
+attained.
+
+[Footnote 59: Mr. Carnegie received also the Grand Cross Order of
+Orange-Nassau from Holland, the Grand Cross Order of Danebrog from
+Denmark, a gold medal from twenty-one American Republics and had
+doctors' degrees from innumerable universities and colleges. He was
+also a member of many institutes, learned societies and clubs--over
+190 in number.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No gift I have made or can ever make can possibly approach that of
+Pittencrieff Glen, Dunfermline. It is saturated with childish
+sentiment--all of the purest and sweetest. I must tell that story:
+
+Among my earliest recollections are the struggles of Dunfermline to
+obtain the rights of the town to part of the Abbey grounds and the
+Palace ruins. My Grandfather Morrison began the campaign, or, at
+least, was one of those who did. The struggle was continued by my
+Uncles Lauder and Morrison, the latter honored by being charged with
+having incited and led a band of men to tear down a certain wall. The
+citizens won a victory in the highest court and the then Laird ordered
+that thereafter "no Morrison be admitted to the Glen." I, being a
+Morrison like my brother-cousin, Dod, was debarred. The Lairds of
+Pittencrieff for generations had been at variance with the
+inhabitants.
+
+The Glen is unique, as far as I know. It adjoins the Abbey and Palace
+grounds, and on the west and north it lies along two of the main
+streets of the town. Its area (between sixty and seventy acres) is
+finely sheltered, its high hills grandly wooded. It always meant
+paradise to the child of Dunfermline. It certainly did to me. When I
+heard of paradise, I translated the word into Pittencrieff Glen,
+believing it to be as near to paradise as anything I could think of.
+Happy were we if through an open lodge gate, or over the wall or under
+the iron grill over the burn, now and then we caught a glimpse inside.
+
+Almost every Sunday Uncle Lauder took "Dod" and "Naig" for a walk
+around the Abbey to a part that overlooked the Glen--the busy crows
+fluttering around in the big trees below. Its Laird was to us children
+the embodiment of rank and wealth. The Queen, we knew, lived in
+Windsor Castle, but she didn't own Pittencrieff, not she! Hunt of
+Pittencrieff wouldn't exchange with her or with any one. Of this we
+were sure, because certainly neither of us would. In all my
+childhood's--yes and in my early manhood's--air-castle building (which
+was not small), nothing comparable in grandeur approached
+Pittencrieff. My Uncle Lauder predicted many things for me when I
+became a man, but had he foretold that some day I should be rich
+enough, and so supremely fortunate as to become Laird of Pittencrieff,
+he might have turned my head. And then to be able to hand it over to
+Dunfermline as a public park--my paradise of childhood! Not for a
+crown would I barter that privilege.
+
+When Dr. Ross whispered to me that Colonel Hunt might be induced to
+sell, my ears cocked themselves instantly. He wished an extortionate
+price, the doctor thought, and I heard nothing further for some time.
+When indisposed in London in the autumn of 1902, my mind ran upon the
+subject, and I intended to wire Dr. Ross to come up and see me. One
+morning, Mrs. Carnegie came into my room and asked me to guess who had
+arrived and I guessed Dr. Ross. Sure enough, there he was. We talked
+over Pittencrieff. I suggested that if our mutual friend and
+fellow-townsman, Mr. Shaw in Edinburgh (Lord Shaw of Dunfermline) ever
+met Colonel Hunt's agents he could intimate that their client might
+some day regret not closing with me as another purchaser equally
+anxious to buy might not be met with, and I might change my mind or
+pass away. Mr. Shaw told the doctor when he mentioned this that he had
+an appointment to meet with Hunt's lawyer on other business the next
+morning and would certainly say so.
+
+I sailed shortly after for New York and received there one day a cable
+from Mr. Shaw stating that the Laird would accept forty-five thousand
+pounds. Should he close? I wired: "Yes, provided it is under Ross's
+conditions"; and on Christmas Eve, I received Shaw's reply: "Hail,
+Laird of Pittencrieff!" So I was the happy possessor of the grandest
+title on earth in my estimation. The King--well, he was only the King.
+He didn't own King Malcolm's tower nor St. Margaret's shrine, nor
+Pittencrieff Glen. Not he, poor man. I did, and I shall be glad to
+condescendingly show the King those treasures should he ever visit
+Dunfermline.
+
+As the possessor of the Park and the Glen I had a chance to find out
+what, if anything, money could do for the good of the masses of a
+community, if placed in the hands of a body of public-spirited
+citizens. Dr. Ross was taken into my confidence so far as Pittencrieff
+Park was concerned, and with his advice certain men intended for a
+body of trustees were agreed upon and invited to Skibo to organize.
+They imagined it was in regard to transferring the Park to the town;
+not even to Dr. Ross was any other subject mentioned. When they heard
+that half a million sterling in bonds, bearing five per cent interest,
+was also to go to them for the benefit of Dunfermline, they were
+surprised.[60]
+
+[Footnote 60: Additional gifts, made later, brought this gift up to
+$3,750,000.]
+
+It is twelve years since the Glen was handed over to the trustees and
+certainly no public park was ever dearer to a people. The children's
+yearly gala day, the flower shows and the daily use of the Park by the
+people are surprising. The Glen now attracts people from neighboring
+towns. In numerous ways the trustees have succeeded finely in the
+direction indicated in the trust deed, namely:
+
+     To bring into the monotonous lives of the toiling masses of
+     Dunfermline, more "of sweetness and light," to give to
+     them--especially the young--some charm, some happiness, some
+     elevating conditions of life which residence elsewhere would
+     have denied, that the child of my native town, looking back
+     in after years, however far from home it may have roamed,
+     will feel that simply by virtue of being such, life has been
+     made happier and better. If this be the fruit of your
+     labors, you will have succeeded; if not, you will have
+     failed.
+
+To this paragraph I owe the friendship of Earl Grey, formerly
+Governor-General of Canada. He wrote Dr. Ross:
+
+"I must know the man who wrote that document in the 'Times' this
+morning."
+
+We met in London and became instantly sympathetic. He is a great soul
+who passes instantly into the heart and stays there. Lord Grey is also
+to-day a member (trustee) of the ten-million-dollar fund for the
+United Kingdom.[61]
+
+[Footnote 61: Mr. Carnegie refers to the gift of ten million dollars
+to the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust merely in connection with Earl
+Grey. His references to his gifts are casual, in that he refers only
+to the ones in which he happens for the moment to be interested. Those
+he mentions are merely a part of the whole. He gave to the Church
+Peace Union over $2,000,000, to the United Engineering Society
+$1,500,000, to the International Bureau of American Republics
+$850,000, and to a score or more of research, hospital, and
+educational boards sums ranging from $100,000 to $500,000. He gave to
+various towns and cities over twenty-eight hundred library buildings
+at a cost of over $60,000,000. The largest of his gifts he does not
+mention at all. This was made in 1911 to the Carnegie Corporation of
+New York and was $125,000,000. The Corporation is the residuary
+legatee under Mr. Carnegie's will and it is not yet known what further
+sum may come to it through that instrument. The object of the
+Corporation, as defined by Mr. Carnegie himself in a letter to the
+trustees, is:
+
+"To promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and
+understanding among the people of the United States by aiding
+technical schools, institutions of higher learning, libraries,
+scientific research, hero funds, useful publications and by such other
+agencies and means as shall from time to time be found appropriate
+therefor."
+
+The Carnegie benefactions, all told, amount to something over
+$350,000,000--surely a huge sum to have been brought together and then
+distributed by one man.]
+
+Thus, Pittencrieff Glen is the most soul-satisfying public gift I ever
+made, or ever can make. It is poetic justice that the grandson of
+Thomas Morrison, radical leader in his day, nephew of Bailie Morrison,
+his son and successor, and above all son of my sainted father and my
+most heroic mother, should arise and dispossess the lairds, should
+become the agent for conveying the Glen and Park to the people of
+Dunfermline forever. It is a true romance, which no air-castle can
+quite equal or fiction conceive. The hand of destiny seems to hover
+over it, and I hear something whispering: "Not altogether in vain have
+you lived--not altogether in vain." This is the crowning mercy of my
+career! I set it apart from all my other public gifts. Truly the
+whirligig of time brings in some strange revenges.
+
+It is now thirteen years since I ceased to accumulate wealth and began
+to distribute it. I could never have succeeded in either had I stopped
+with having enough to retire upon, but nothing to retire to. But there
+was the habit and the love of reading, writing and speaking upon
+occasion, and also the acquaintance and friendship of educated men
+which I had made before I gave up business. For some years after
+retiring I could not force myself to visit the works. This, alas,
+would recall so many who had gone before. Scarcely one of my early
+friends would remain to give me the hand-clasp of the days of old.
+Only one or two of these old men would call me "Andy."
+
+Do not let it be thought, however, that my younger partners were
+forgotten, or that they have not played a very important part in
+sustaining me in the effort of reconciling myself to the new
+conditions. Far otherwise! The most soothing influence of all was
+their prompt organization of the Carnegie Veteran Association, to
+expire only when the last member dies. Our yearly dinner together, in
+our own home in New York, is a source of the greatest pleasure,--so
+great that it lasts from one year to the other. Some of the Veterans
+travel far to be present, and what occurs between us constitutes one
+of the dearest joys of my life. I carry with me the affection of "my
+boys." I am certain I do. There is no possible mistake about that
+because my heart goes out to them. This I number among my many
+blessings and in many a brooding hour this fact comes to me, and I say
+to myself: "Rather this, minus fortune, than multi-millionairedom
+without it--yes, a thousand times, yes."
+
+Many friends, great and good men and women, Mrs. Carnegie and I are
+favored to know, but not one whit shall these ever change our joint
+love for the "boys." For to my infinite delight her heart goes out to
+them as does mine. She it was who christened our new New York home
+with the first Veteran dinner. "The partners first" was her word. It
+was no mere idle form when they elected Mrs. Carnegie the first
+honorary member, and our daughter the second. Their place in our
+hearts is secure. Although I was the senior, still we were "boys
+together." Perfect trust and common aims, not for self only, but for
+each other, and deep affection, moulded us into a brotherhood. We were
+friends first and partners afterwards. Forty-three out of forty-five
+partners are thus bound together for life.
+
+Another yearly event that brings forth many choice spirits is our
+Literary Dinner, at home, our dear friend Mr. Richard Watson Gilder,
+editor of the "Century," being the manager.[62] His devices and
+quotations from the writings of the guest of the year, placed upon
+the cards of the guests, are so appropriate, as to cause much
+hilarity. Then the speeches of the novitiates give zest to the
+occasion. John Morley was the guest of honor when with us in 1895 and
+a quotation from his works was upon the card at each plate.
+
+[Footnote 62: "Yesterday we had a busy day in Toronto. The grand event
+was a dinner at six o'clock where we all spoke, A.C. making a
+remarkable address.... I can't tell you how I am enjoying this. Not
+only seeing new places, but the talks with our own party. It is,
+indeed, a liberal education. A.C. is truly a 'great' man; that is, a
+man of enormous faculty and a great imagination. I don't remember any
+friend who has such a range of poetical quotation, unless it is
+Stedman. (Not so much _range_ as numerous quotations from Shakespeare,
+Burns, Byron, etc.) His views are truly large and prophetic. And,
+unless I am mistaken, he has a genuine ethical character. He is not
+perfect, but he is most interesting and remarkable; a true democrat;
+his benevolent actions having a root in principle and character. He is
+not accidentally the intimate friend of such high natures as Arnold
+and Morley." (_Letters of Richard Watson Gilder_, edited by his
+daughter Rosamond Gilder, p. 374. New York, 1916.)]
+
+One year Gilder appeared early in the evening of the dinner as he
+wished to seat the guests. This had been done, but he came to me
+saying it was well he had looked them over. He had found John
+Burroughs and Ernest Thompson Seton were side by side, and as they
+were then engaged in a heated controversy upon the habits of beasts
+and birds, in which both had gone too far in their criticisms, they
+were at dagger's points. Gilder said it would never do to seat them
+together. He had separated them. I said nothing, but slipped into the
+dining-room unobserved and replaced the cards as before. Gilder's
+surprise was great when he saw the men next each other, but the result
+was just as I had expected. A reconciliation took place and they
+parted good friends. Moral: If you wish to play peace-maker, seat
+adversaries next each other where they must begin by being civil.
+
+Burroughs and Seton both enjoyed the trap I set for them. True it is,
+we only hate those whom we do not know. It certainly is often the way
+to peace to invite your adversary to dinner and even beseech him to
+come, taking no refusal. Most quarrels become acute from the parties
+not seeing and communicating with each other and hearing too much of
+their disagreement from others. They do not fully understand the
+other's point of view and all that can be said for it. Wise is he who
+offers the hand of reconciliation should a difference with a friend
+arise. Unhappy he to the end of his days who refuses it. No possible
+gain atones for the loss of one who has been a friend even if that
+friend has become somewhat less dear to you than before. He is still
+one with whom you have been intimate, and as age comes on friends pass
+rapidly away and leave you.
+
+He is the happy man who feels there is not a human being to whom he
+does not wish happiness, long life, and deserved success, not one in
+whose path he would cast an obstacle nor to whom he would not do a
+service if in his power. All this he can feel without being called
+upon to retain as a friend one who has proved unworthy beyond question
+by dishonorable conduct. For such there should be nothing felt but
+pity, infinite pity. And pity for your own loss also, for true
+friendship can only feed and grow upon the virtues.
+
+    "When love begins to sicken and decay
+    It useth an enforced ceremony."
+
+The former geniality may be gone forever, but each can wish the other
+nothing but happiness.
+
+None of my friends hailed my retirement from business more warmly than
+Mark Twain. I received from him the following note, at a time when the
+newspapers were talking much about my wealth.
+
+     DEAR SIR AND FRIEND:
+
+     You seem to be prosperous these days. Could you lend an
+     admirer a dollar and a half to buy a hymn-book with? God
+     will bless you if you do; I feel it, I know it. So will I.
+     If there should be other applications this one not to count.
+
+     Yours
+
+     MARK
+
+     P.S. Don't send the hymn-book, send the money. I want to
+     make the selection myself.
+
+     M.
+
+When he was lying ill in New York I went to see him frequently, and we
+had great times together, for even lying in bed he was as bright as
+ever. One call was to say good-bye, before my sailing for Scotland.
+The Pension Fund for University Professors was announced in New York
+soon after I sailed. A letter about it from Mark, addressed to "Saint
+Andrew," reached me in Scotland, from which I quote the following:
+
+     You can take my halo. If you had told me what you had done
+     when at my bedside you would have got it there and then. It
+     is pure tin and paid "the duty" when it came down.
+
+Those intimate with Mr. Clemens (Mark Twain) will certify that he was
+one of the charmers. Joe Jefferson is the only man who can be conceded
+his twin brother in manner and speech, their charm being of the same
+kind. "Uncle Remus" (Joel Chandler Harris) is another who has charm,
+and so has George W. Cable; yes, and Josh Billings also had it. Such
+people brighten the lives of their friends, regardless of themselves.
+They make sunshine wherever they go. In Rip Van Winkle's words: "All
+pretty much alike, dem fellers." Every one of them is unselfish and
+warm of heart.
+
+The public only knows one side of Mr. Clemens--the amusing part.
+Little does it suspect that he was a man of strong convictions upon
+political and social questions and a moralist of no mean order. For
+instance, upon the capture of Aguinaldo by deception, his pen was the
+most trenchant of all. Junius was weak in comparison.
+
+The gathering to celebrate his seventieth birthday was unique. The
+literary element was there in force, but Mark had not forgotten to ask
+to have placed near him the multi-millionaire, Mr. H.H. Rogers, one
+who had been his friend in need. Just like Mark. Without exception,
+the leading literary men dwelt in their speeches exclusively upon the
+guest's literary work. When my turn came, I referred to this and asked
+them to note that what our friend had done as a man would live as long
+as what he had written. Sir Walter Scott and he were linked
+indissolubly together. Our friend, like Scott, was ruined by the
+mistakes of partners, who had become hopelessly bankrupt. Two courses
+lay before him. One the smooth, easy, and short way--the legal path.
+Surrender all your property, go through bankruptcy, and start afresh.
+This was all he owed to creditors. The other path, long, thorny, and
+dreary, a life struggle, with everything sacrificed. There lay the two
+paths and this was his decision:
+
+"Not what I owe to my creditors, but what I owe to myself is the
+issue."
+
+There are times in most men's lives that test whether they be dross or
+pure gold. It is the decision made in the crisis which proves the man.
+Our friend entered the fiery furnace a man and emerged a hero. He paid
+his debts to the utmost farthing by lecturing around the world. "An
+amusing cuss, Mark Twain," is all very well as a popular verdict, but
+what of Mr. Clemens the man and the hero, for he is both and in the
+front rank, too, with Sir Walter.
+
+He had a heroine in his wife. She it was who sustained him and
+traveled the world round with him as his guardian angel, and enabled
+him to conquer as Sir Walter did. This he never failed to tell to his
+intimates. Never in my life did three words leave so keen a pang as
+those uttered upon my first call after Mrs. Clemens passed away. I
+fortunately found him alone and while my hand was still in his, and
+before one word had been spoken by either, there came from him, with a
+stronger pressure of my hand, these words: "A ruined home, a ruined
+home." The silence was unbroken. I write this years after, but still I
+hear the words again and my heart responds.
+
+One mercy, denied to our forefathers, comes to us of to-day. If the
+Judge within give us a verdict of acquittal as having lived this life
+well, we have no other Judge to fear.
+
+          "To thine own self be true,
+    And it must follow, as the night the day,
+    Thou canst not then be false to any man."
+
+Eternal punishment, because of a few years' shortcomings here on
+earth, would be the reverse of Godlike. Satan himself would recoil
+from it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+MATHEW ARNOLD AND OTHERS
+
+
+The most charming man, John Morley and I agree, that we ever knew was
+Matthew Arnold. He had, indeed, "a charm"--that is the only word which
+expresses the effect of his presence and his conversation. Even his
+look and grave silences charmed.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood & Underwood, N.Y._
+
+MATTHEW ARNOLD]
+
+He coached with us in 1880, I think, through Southern England--William
+Black and Edwin A. Abbey being of the party. Approaching a pretty
+village he asked me if the coach might stop there a few minutes. He
+explained that this was the resting-place of his godfather, Bishop
+Keble, and he should like to visit his grave. He continued:
+
+"Ah, dear, dear Keble! I caused him much sorrow by my views upon
+theological subjects, which caused me sorrow also, but notwithstanding
+he was deeply grieved, dear friend as he was, he traveled to Oxford
+and voted for me for Professor of English Poetry."
+
+We walked to the quiet churchyard together. Matthew Arnold in silent
+thought at the grave of Keble made upon me a lasting impression. Later
+the subject of his theological views was referred to. He said they had
+caused sorrow to his best friends.
+
+"Mr. Gladstone once gave expression to his deep disappointment, or to
+something like displeasure, saying I ought to have been a bishop. No
+doubt my writings prevented my promotion, as well as grieved my
+friends, but I could not help it. I had to express my views."
+
+I remember well the sadness of tone with which these last words
+were spoken, and how very slowly. They came as from the deep. He had
+his message to deliver. Steadily has the age advanced to receive it.
+His teachings pass almost uncensured to-day. If ever there was a
+seriously religious man it was Matthew Arnold. No irreverent word ever
+escaped his lips. In this he and Gladstone were equally above
+reproach, and yet he had in one short sentence slain the supernatural.
+"The case against miracles is closed. They do not happen."
+
+He and his daughter, now Mrs. Whitridge, were our guests when in New
+York in 1883, and also at our mountain home in the Alleghanies, so
+that I saw a great deal, but not enough, of him. My mother and myself
+drove him to the hall upon his first public appearance in New York.
+Never was there a finer audience gathered. The lecture was not a
+success, owing solely to his inability to speak well in public. He was
+not heard. When we returned home his first words were:
+
+"Well, what have you all to say? Tell me! Will I do as a lecturer?"
+
+I was so keenly interested in his success that I did not hesitate to
+tell him it would never do for him to go on unless he fitted himself
+for public speaking. He must get an elocutionist to give him lessons
+upon two or three points. I urged this so strongly that he consented
+to do so. After we all had our say, he turned to my mother, saying:
+
+"Now, dear Mrs. Carnegie, they have all given me their opinions, but I
+wish to know what you have to say about my first night as a lecturer
+in America."
+
+"Too ministerial, Mr. Arnold, too ministerial," was the reply slowly
+and softly delivered. And to the last Mr. Arnold would occasionally
+refer to that, saying he felt it hit the nail on the head. When he
+returned to New York from his Western tour, he had so much improved
+that his voice completely filled the Brooklyn Academy of Music. He had
+taken a few lessons from a professor of elocution in Boston, as
+advised, and all went well thereafter.
+
+He expressed a desire to hear the noted preacher, Mr. Beecher; and we
+started for Brooklyn one Sunday morning. Mr. Beecher had been apprized
+of our coming so that after the services he might remain to meet Mr.
+Arnold. When I presented Mr. Arnold he was greeted warmly. Mr. Beecher
+expressed his delight at meeting one in the flesh whom he had long
+known so well in the spirit, and, grasping his hand, he said:
+
+"There is nothing you have written, Mr. Arnold, which I have not
+carefully read at least once and a great deal many times, and always
+with profit, always with profit!"
+
+"Ah, then, I fear, Mr. Beecher," replied Arnold, "you may have found
+some references to yourself which would better have been omitted."
+
+"Oh, no, no, those did me the most good of all," said the smiling
+Beecher, and they both laughed.
+
+Mr. Beecher was never at a loss. After presenting Matthew Arnold to
+him, I had the pleasure of presenting the daughter of Colonel
+Ingersoll, saying, as I did so:
+
+"Mr. Beecher, this is the first time Miss Ingersoll has ever been in a
+Christian church."
+
+He held out both hands and grasped hers, and looking straight at her
+and speaking slowly, said:
+
+"Well, well, you are the most beautiful heathen I ever saw." Those who
+remember Miss Ingersoll in her youth will not differ greatly with Mr.
+Beecher. Then: "How's your father, Miss Ingersoll? I hope he's well.
+Many a time he and I have stood together on the platform, and wasn't
+it lucky for me we were on the same side!"
+
+Beecher was, indeed, a great, broad, generous man, who absorbed what
+was good wherever found. Spencer's philosophy, Arnold's insight
+tempered with sound sense, Ingersoll's staunch support of high
+political ends were powers for good in the Republic. Mr. Beecher was
+great enough to appreciate and hail as helpful friends all of these
+men.
+
+Arnold visited us in Scotland in 1887, and talking one day of sport he
+said he did not shoot, he could not kill anything that had wings and
+could soar in the clear blue sky; but, he added, he could not give up
+fishing--"the accessories are so delightful." He told of his happiness
+when a certain duke gave him a day's fishing twice or three times a
+year. I forget who the kind duke was, but there was something unsavory
+about him and mention was made of this. He was asked how he came to be
+upon intimate terms with such a man.
+
+"Ah!" he said, "a duke is always a personage with us, always a
+personage, independent of brains or conduct. We are all snobs.
+Hundreds of years have made us so, all snobs. We can't help it. It is
+in the blood."
+
+This was smilingly said, and I take it he made some mental
+reservations. He was no snob himself, but one who naturally "smiled at
+the claims of long descent," for generally the "descent" cannot be
+questioned.
+
+He was interested, however, in men of rank and wealth, and I remember
+when in New York he wished particularly to meet Mr. Vanderbilt. I
+ventured to say he would not find him different from other men.
+
+"No, but it is something to know the richest man in the world," he
+replied. "Certainly the man who makes his own wealth eclipses those
+who inherit rank from others."
+
+I asked him one day why he had never written critically upon
+Shakespeare and assigned him his place upon the throne among the
+poets. He said that thoughts of doing so had arisen, but reflection
+always satisfied him that he was incompetent to write upon, much less
+to criticize, Shakespeare. He believed it could not be successfully
+done. Shakespeare was above all, could be measured by no rules of
+criticism; and much as he should have liked to dwell upon his
+transcendent genius, he had always recoiled from touching the subject.
+I said that I was prepared for this, after his tribute which stands
+to-day unequaled, and I recalled his own lines from his sonnet:
+
+    SHAKESPEARE
+
+    Others abide our question. Thou art free.
+    We ask and ask--Thou smilest and art still,
+    Out-topping knowledge. For the loftiest hill
+    Who to the stars uncrowns his majesty,
+
+    Planting his steadfast footsteps in the sea,
+    Making the heaven of heavens his dwelling-place,
+    Spares but the cloudy border of his base
+    To the foil'd searching of mortality;
+
+    And thou, who didst the stars and sunbeams know,
+    Self-school'd, self-scann'd, self-honour'd, self-secure,
+    Didst stand on earth unguess'd at--Better so!
+
+    All pains the immortal spirit must endure,
+    All weakness which impairs, all griefs which bow,
+    Find their sole voice in that victorious brow.
+
+I knew Mr. Shaw (Josh Billings) and wished Mr. Arnold, the apostle of
+sweetness and light, to meet that rough diamond--rough, but still a
+diamond. Fortunately one morning Josh came to see me in the Windsor
+Hotel, where we were then living, and referred to our guest,
+expressing his admiration for him. I replied:
+
+"You are going to dine with him to-night. The ladies are going out and
+Arnold and myself are to dine alone; you complete the trinity."
+
+To this he demurred, being a modest man, but I was inexorable. No
+excuse would be taken; he must come to oblige me. He did. I sat
+between them at dinner and enjoyed this meeting of extremes. Mr.
+Arnold became deeply interested in Mr. Shaw's way of putting things
+and liked his Western anecdotes, laughing more heartily than I had
+ever seen him do before. One incident after another was told from the
+experience of the lecturer, for Mr. Shaw had lectured for fifteen
+years in every place of ten thousand inhabitants or more in the United
+States.
+
+Mr. Arnold was desirous of hearing how the lecturer held his
+audiences.
+
+"Well," he said, "you mustn't keep them laughing too long, or they
+will think you are laughing at them. After giving the audience
+amusement you must become earnest and play the serious role. For
+instance, 'There are two things in this life for which no man is ever
+prepared. Who will tell me what these are?' Finally some one cries out
+'Death.' 'Well, who gives me the other?' Many respond--wealth,
+happiness, strength, marriage, taxes. At last Josh begins, solemnly:
+'None of you has given the second. There are two things on earth for
+which no man is ever prepared, and them's twins,' and the house
+shakes." Mr. Arnold did also.
+
+"Do you keep on inventing new stories?" was asked.
+
+"Yes, always. You can't lecture year after year unless you find new
+stories, and sometimes these fail to crack. I had one nut which I felt
+sure would crack and bring down the house, but try as I would it never
+did itself justice, all because I could not find the indispensable
+word, just one word. I was sitting before a roaring wood fire one
+night up in Michigan when the word came to me which I knew would crack
+like a whip. I tried it on the boys and it did. It lasted longer than
+any one word I used. I began: 'This is a highly critical age. People
+won't believe until they fully understand. Now there's Jonah and the
+whale. They want to know all about it, and it's my opinion that
+neither Jonah nor the whale fully understood it. And then they ask
+what Jonah was doing in the whale's--the whale's society.'"
+
+Mr. Shaw was walking down Broadway one day when accosted by a real
+Westerner, who said:
+
+"I think you are Josh Billings."
+
+"Well, sometimes I am called that."
+
+"I have five thousand dollars for you right here in my pocket-book."
+
+"Here's Delmonico's, come in and tell me all about it."
+
+After seating themselves, the stranger said he was part owner in a
+gold mine in California, and explained that there had been a dispute
+about its ownership and that the conference of partners broke up in
+quarreling. The stranger said he had left, threatening he would take
+the bull by the horns and begin legal proceedings. "The next morning I
+went to the meeting and told them I had turned over Josh Billings's
+almanac that morning and the lesson for the day was: 'When you take
+the bull by the horns, take him by the tail; you can get a better hold
+and let go when you're a mind to.' We laughed and laughed and felt
+that was good sense. We took your advice, settled, and parted good
+friends. Some one moved that five thousand dollars be given Josh, and
+as I was coming East they appointed me treasurer and I promised to
+hand it over. There it is."
+
+The evening ended by Mr. Arnold saying:
+
+"Well, Mr. Shaw, if ever you come to lecture in England, I shall be
+glad to welcome and introduce you to your first audience. Any foolish
+man called a lord could do you more good than I by introducing you,
+but I should so much like to do it."
+
+Imagine Matthew Arnold, the apostle of sweetness and light,
+introducing Josh Billings, the foremost of jesters, to a select London
+audience.
+
+In after years he never failed to ask after "our leonine friend, Mr.
+Shaw."
+
+Meeting Josh at the Windsor one morning after the notable dinner I sat
+down with him in the rotunda and he pulled out a small memorandum
+book, saying as he did so:
+
+"Where's Arnold? I wonder what he would say to this. The 'Century'
+gives me $100 a week, I agreeing to send them any trifle that occurs
+to me. I try to give it something. Here's this from Uncle Zekiel, my
+weekly budget: 'Of course the critic is a greater man than the author.
+Any fellow who can point out the mistakes another fellow has made is a
+darned sight smarter fellow than the fellow who made them.'"
+
+I told Mr. Arnold a Chicago story, or rather a story about Chicago. A
+society lady of Boston visiting her schoolmate friend in Chicago, who
+was about to be married, was overwhelmed with attention. Asked by a
+noted citizen one evening what had charmed her most in Chicago, she
+graciously replied:
+
+"What surprises me most isn't the bustle of business, or your
+remarkable development materially, or your grand residences; it is the
+degree of culture and refinement I find here." The response promptly
+came:
+
+"Oh, we are just dizzy on cult out here, you bet."
+
+Mr. Arnold was not prepared to enjoy Chicago, which had impressed him
+as the headquarters of Philistinism. He was, however, surprised and
+gratified at meeting with so much "culture and refinement." Before he
+started he was curious to know what he should find most interesting. I
+laughingly said that he would probably first be taken to see the most
+wonderful sight there, which was said to be the slaughter houses, with
+new machines so perfected that the hog driven in at one end came out
+hams at the other before its squeal was out of one's ears. Then after
+a pause he asked reflectively:
+
+"But why should one go to slaughter houses, why should one hear hogs
+squeal?" I could give no reason, so the matter rested.
+
+Mr. Arnold's Old Testament favorite was certainly Isaiah: at least his
+frequent quotations from that great poet, as he called him, led one to
+this conclusion. I found in my tour around the world that the sacred
+books of other religions had been stripped of the dross that had
+necessarily accumulated around their legends. I remembered Mr. Arnold
+saying that the Scriptures should be so dealt with. The gems from
+Confucius and others which delight the world have been selected with
+much care and appear as "collects." The disciple has not the
+objectionable accretions of the ignorant past presented to him.
+
+The more one thinks over the matter, the stronger one's opinion
+becomes that the Christian will have to follow the Eastern example and
+winnow the wheat from the chaff--worse than chaff, sometimes the
+positively pernicious and even poisonous refuse. Burns, in the
+"Cotter's Saturday Night," pictures the good man taking down the big
+Bible for the evening service:
+
+    "He wales a portion with judicious care."
+
+We should have those portions selected and use the selections only. In
+this, and much besides, the man whom I am so thankful for having known
+and am so favored as to call friend, has proved the true teacher in
+advance of his age, the greatest poetic teacher in the domain of "the
+future and its viewless things."
+
+I took Arnold down from our summer home at Cresson in the Alleghanies
+to see black, smoky Pittsburgh. In the path from the Edgar Thomson
+Steel Works to the railway station there are two flights of steps to
+the bridge across the railway, the second rather steep. When we had
+ascended about three quarters of it he suddenly stopped to gain
+breath. Leaning upon the rail and putting his hand upon his heart, he
+said to me:
+
+"Ah, this will some day do for me, as it did for my father."
+
+I did not know then of the weakness of his heart, but I never forgot
+this incident, and when not long after the sad news came of his sudden
+death, after exertion in England endeavoring to evade an obstacle, it
+came back to me with a great pang that our friend had foretold his
+fate. Our loss was great. To no man I have known could Burns's epitaph
+upon Tam Samson be more appropriately applied:
+
+    "Tam Samson's weel-worn clay here lies:
+    Ye canting zealots, spare him!
+    If honest worth in heaven rise,
+    Ye'll mend or ye win near him."
+
+The name of a dear man comes to me just here, Dr. Oliver Wendell
+Holmes, of Boston, everybody's doctor, whose only ailment toward the
+end was being eighty years of age. He was a boy to the last. When
+Matthew Arnold died a few friends could not resist taking steps toward
+a suitable memorial to his memory. These friends quietly provided the
+necessary sum, as no public appeal could be thought of. No one could
+be permitted to contribute to such a fund except such as had a right
+to the privilege, for privilege it was felt to be. Double, triple the
+sum could readily have been obtained. I had the great satisfaction of
+being permitted to join the select few and to give the matter a little
+attention upon our side of the Atlantic. Of course I never thought of
+mentioning the matter to dear Dr. Holmes--not that he was not one of
+the elect, but that no author or professional man should be asked to
+contribute money to funds which, with rare exceptions, are best
+employed when used for themselves. One morning, however, I received a
+note from the doctor, saying that it had been whispered to him that
+there was such a movement on foot, and that I had been mentioned in
+connection with it, and if he were judged worthy to have his name upon
+the roll of honor, he would be gratified. Since he had heard of it he
+could not rest without writing to me, and he should like to hear in
+reply. That he was thought worthy goes without saying.
+
+This is the kind of memorial any man might wish. I venture to say that
+there was not one who contributed to it who was not grateful to the
+kind fates for giving him the opportunity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+BRITISH POLITICAL LEADERS
+
+
+In London, Lord Rosebery, then in Gladstone's Cabinet and a rising
+statesman, was good enough to invite me to dine with him to meet Mr.
+Gladstone, and I am indebted to him for meeting the world's first
+citizen. This was, I think, in 1885, for my "Triumphant Democracy"[63]
+appeared in 1886, and I remember giving Mr. Gladstone, upon that
+occasion, some startling figures which I had prepared for it.
+
+[Footnote 63: _Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' March of the
+Republic._ London and New York, 1886.]
+
+I never did what I thought right in a social matter with greater
+self-denial, than when later the first invitation came from Mr.
+Gladstone to dine with him. I was engaged to dine elsewhere and sorely
+tempted to plead that an invitation from the real ruler of Great
+Britain should be considered as much of a command as that of the
+ornamental dignitary. But I kept my engagement and missed the man I
+most wished to meet. The privilege came later, fortunately, when
+subsequent visits to him at Hawarden were made.
+
+Lord Rosebery opened the first library I ever gave, that of
+Dunfermline, and he has recently (1905) opened the latest given by
+me--one away over in Stornoway. When he last visited New York I drove
+him along the Riverside Drive, and he declared that no city in the
+world possessed such an attraction. He was a man of brilliant parts,
+but his resolutions were
+
+    "Sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought."
+
+Had he been born to labor and entered the House of Commons in youth,
+instead of being dropped without effort into the gilded upper chamber,
+he might have acquired in the rough-and-tumble of life the tougher
+skin, for he was highly sensitive and lacked tenacity of purpose
+essential to command in political life. He was a charming speaker--a
+eulogist with the lightest touch and the most graceful style upon
+certain themes of any speaker of his day. [Since these lines were
+written he has become, perhaps, the foremost eulogist of our race. He
+has achieved a high place. All honor to him!]
+
+One morning I called by appointment upon him. After greetings he took
+up an envelope which I saw as I entered had been carefully laid on his
+desk, and handed it to me, saying:
+
+"I wish you to dismiss your secretary."
+
+"That is a big order, Your Lordship. He is indispensable, and a
+Scotsman," I replied. "What is the matter with him?"
+
+"This isn't your handwriting; it is his. What do you think of a man
+who spells Rosebery with two _r's_?"
+
+I said if I were sensitive on that point life would not be endurable
+for me. "I receive many letters daily when at home and I am sure that
+twenty to thirty per cent of them mis-spell my name, ranging from
+'Karnaghie' to 'Carnagay.'"
+
+But he was in earnest. Just such little matters gave him great
+annoyance. Men of action should learn to laugh at and enjoy these
+small things, or they themselves may become "small." A charming
+personality withal, but shy, sensitive, capricious, and reserved,
+qualities which a few years in the Commons would probably have
+modified.
+
+When he was, as a Liberal, surprising the House of Lords and creating
+some stir, I ventured to let off a little of my own democracy upon
+him.
+
+"Stand for Parliament boldly. Throw off your hereditary rank,
+declaring you scorn to accept a privilege which is not the right of
+every citizen. Thus make yourself the real leader of the people, which
+you never can be while a peer. You are young, brilliant, captivating,
+with the gift of charming speech. No question of your being Prime
+Minister if you take the plunge."
+
+To my surprise, although apparently interested, he said very quietly:
+
+"But the House of Commons couldn't admit me as a peer."
+
+"That's what I should hope. If I were in your place, and rejected, I
+would stand again for the next vacancy and force the issue. Insist
+that one having renounced his hereditary privileges becomes elevated
+to citizenship and is eligible for any position to which he is
+elected. Victory is certain. That's playing the part of a Cromwell.
+Democracy worships a precedent-breaker or a precedent-maker."
+
+We dropped the subject. Telling Morley of this afterward, I shall
+never forget his comment:
+
+"My friend, Cromwell doesn't reside at Number 38 Berkeley Square."
+Slowly, solemnly spoken, but conclusive.
+
+Fine fellow, Rosebery, only he was handicapped by being born a peer.
+On the other hand, Morley, rising from the ranks, his father a surgeon
+hard-pressed to keep his son at college, is still "Honest John,"
+unaffected in the slightest degree by the so-called elevation to the
+peerage and the Legion of Honor, both given for merit. The same with
+"Bob" Reid, M.P., who became Earl Loreburn and Lord High Chancellor,
+Lord Haldane, his successor as Chancellor; Asquith, Prime Minister,
+Lloyd George, and others. Not even the rulers of our Republic to-day
+are more democratic or more thorough men of the people.
+
+When the world's foremost citizen passed away, the question was, Who
+is to succeed Gladstone; who can succeed him? The younger members of
+the Cabinet agreed to leave the decision to Morley. Harcourt or
+Campbell-Bannerman? There was only one impediment in the path of the
+former, but that was fatal--inability to control his temper. The issue
+had unfortunately aroused him to such outbursts as really unfitted him
+for leadership, and so the man of calm, sober, unclouded judgment was
+considered indispensable.
+
+I was warmly attached to Harcourt, who in turn was a devoted admirer
+of our Republic, as became the husband of Motley's daughter. Our
+census and our printed reports, which I took care that he should
+receive, interested him deeply. Of course, the elevation
+of the representative of my native town of Dunfermline
+(Campbell-Bannerman)[64] gave me unalloyed pleasure, the more so since
+in returning thanks from the Town House to the people assembled he
+used these words:
+
+"I owe my election to my Chairman, Bailie Morrison."
+
+[Footnote 64: Campbell-Bannerman was chosen leader of the Liberal
+Party in December, 1898.]
+
+The Bailie, Dunfermline's leading radical, was my uncle. We were
+radical families in those days and are so still, both Carnegies and
+Morrisons, and intense admirers of the Great Republic, like that one
+who extolled Washington and his colleagues as "men who knew and dared
+proclaim the royalty of man"--a proclamation worth while. There is
+nothing more certain than that the English-speaking race in orderly,
+lawful development will soon establish the golden rule of citizenship
+through evolution, never revolution:
+
+    "The rank is but the guinea's stamp,
+    The man's the gowd for a' that."
+
+This feeling already prevails in all the British colonies. The dear
+old Motherland hen has ducks for chickens which give her much anxiety
+breasting the waves, while she, alarmed, screams wildly from the
+shore; but she will learn to swim also by and by.
+
+In the autumn of 1905 Mrs. Carnegie and I attended the ceremony of
+giving the Freedom of Dunfermline to our friend, Dr. John Ross,
+chairman of the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, foremost and most zealous
+worker for the good of the town. Provost Macbeth in his speech
+informed the audience that the honor was seldom conferred, that there
+were only three living burgesses--one their member of Parliament, H.
+Campbell-Bannerman, then Prime Minister; the Earl of Elgin of
+Dunfermline, ex-Viceroy of India, then Colonial Secretary; and the
+third myself. This seemed great company for me, so entirely out of the
+running was I as regards official station.
+
+The Earl of Elgin is the descendant of The Bruce. Their family vault
+is in Dunfermline Abbey, where his great ancestor lies under the Abbey
+bell. It has been noted how Secretary Stanton selected General Grant
+as the one man in the party who could not possibly be the commander.
+One would be very apt to make a similar mistake about the Earl. When
+the Scottish Universities were to be reformed the Earl was second on
+the committee. When the Conservative Government formed its Committee
+upon the Boer War, the Earl, a Liberal, was appointed chairman. When
+the decision of the House of Lords brought dire confusion upon the
+United Free Church of Scotland, Lord Elgin was called upon as the
+Chairman of Committee to settle the matter. Parliament embodied his
+report in a bill, and again he was placed at the head to apply it.
+When trustees for the Universities of Scotland Fund were to be
+selected, I told Prime Minister Balfour I thought the Earl of Elgin as
+a Dunfermline magnate could be induced to take the chairmanship. He
+said I could not get a better man in Great Britain. So it has proved.
+John Morley said to me one day afterwards, but before he had, as a
+member of the Dunfermline Trust, experience of the chairman:
+
+"I used to think Elgin about the most problematical public man in high
+position I had ever met, but I now know him one of the ablest. Deeds,
+not words; judgment, not talk."
+
+Such the descendant of The Bruce to-day, the embodiment of modest
+worth and wisdom combined.
+
+Once started upon a Freedom-getting career, there seemed no end to
+these honors.[65] With headquarters in London in 1906, I received six
+Freedoms in six consecutive days, and two the week following, going
+out by morning train and returning in the evening. It might be thought
+that the ceremony would become monotonous, but this was not so, the
+conditions being different in each case. I met remarkable men in the
+mayors and provosts and the leading citizens connected with municipal
+affairs, and each community had its own individual stamp and its
+problems, successes, and failures. There was generally one greatly
+desired improvement overshadowing all other questions engrossing the
+attention of the people. Each was a little world in itself. The City
+Council is a Cabinet in miniature and the Mayor the Prime Minister.
+Domestic politics keep the people agog. Foreign relations are not
+wanting. There are inter-city questions with neighboring communities,
+joint water or gas or electrical undertakings of mighty import,
+conferences deciding for or against alliances or separations.
+
+[Footnote 65: Mr. Carnegie had received no less than fifty-four
+Freedoms of cities in Great Britain and Ireland. This was a
+record--Mr. Gladstone coming second with seventeen.]
+
+In no department is the contrast greater between the old world and the
+new than in municipal government. In the former the families reside
+for generations in the place of birth with increasing devotion to the
+town and all its surroundings. A father achieving the mayorship
+stimulates the son to aspire to it. That invaluable asset, city pride,
+is created, culminating in romantic attachment to native places.
+Councilorships are sought that each in his day and generation may be
+of some service to the town. To the best citizens this is a creditable
+object of ambition. Few, indeed, look beyond it--membership in
+Parliament being practically reserved for men of fortune, involving as
+it does residence in London without compensation. This latter,
+however, is soon to be changed and Britain follow the universal
+practice of paying legislators for service rendered. [In 1908; since
+realized; four hundred pounds is now paid.]
+
+After this she will probably follow the rest of the world by having
+Parliament meet in the daytime, its members fresh and ready for the
+day's work, instead of giving all day to professional work and then
+with exhausted brains undertaking the work of governing the country
+after dinner. Cavendish, the authority on whist, being asked if a man
+could possibly finesse a knave, second round, third player, replied,
+after reflecting, "Yes, he might _after dinner_."
+
+The best people are on the councils of British towns, incorruptible,
+public-spirited men, proud of and devoted to their homes. In the
+United States progress is being made in this direction, but we are
+here still far behind Britain. Nevertheless, people tend to settle
+permanently in places as the country becomes thickly populated. We
+shall develop the local patriot who is anxious to leave the place of
+his birth a little better than he found it. It is only one generation
+since the provostship of Scotch towns was generally reserved for one
+of the local landlords belonging to the upper classes. That "the
+Briton dearly loves a lord" is still true, but the love is rapidly
+disappearing.
+
+In Eastbourne, Kings-Lynn, Salisbury, Ilkeston, and many other ancient
+towns, I found the mayor had risen from the ranks, and had generally
+worked with his hands. The majority of the council were also of this
+type. All gave their time gratuitously. It was a source of much
+pleasure to me to know the provosts and leaders in council of so many
+towns in Scotland and England, not forgetting Ireland where my Freedom
+tour was equally attractive. Nothing could excel the reception
+accorded me in Cork, Waterford, and Limerick. It was surprising to see
+the welcome on flags expressed in the same Gaelic words, _Cead mille
+failthe_ (meaning "a hundred thousand welcomes") as used by the
+tenants of Skibo.
+
+Nothing could have given me such insight into local public life and
+patriotism in Britain as Freedom-taking, which otherwise might have
+become irksome. I felt myself so much at home among the city chiefs
+that the embarrassment of flags and crowds and people at the windows
+along our route was easily met as part of the duty of the day, and
+even the address of the chief magistrate usually furnished new phases
+of life upon which I could dwell. The lady mayoresses were delightful
+in all their pride and glory.
+
+My conclusion is that the United Kingdom is better served by the
+leading citizens of her municipalities, elected by popular vote, than
+any other country far and away can possibly be; and that all is sound
+to the core in that important branch of government. Parliament itself
+could readily be constituted of a delegation of members from the town
+councils without impairing its efficiency. Perhaps when the sufficient
+payment of members is established, many of these will be found at
+Westminster and that to the advantage of the Kingdom.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+GLADSTONE AND MORLEY
+
+
+Mr. Gladstone paid my "American Four-in-Hand in Britain" quite a
+compliment when Mrs. Carnegie and I were his guests at Hawarden in
+April, 1892. He suggested one day that I should spend the morning with
+him in his new library, while he arranged his books (which no one
+except himself was ever allowed to touch), and we could converse. In
+prowling about the shelves I found a unique volume and called out to
+my host, then on top of a library ladder far from me handling heavy
+volumes:
+
+"Mr. Gladstone, I find here a book 'Dunfermline Worthies,' by a friend
+of my father's. I knew some of the worthies when a child."
+
+"Yes," he replied, "and if you will pass your hand three or four books
+to the left I think you will find another book by a Dunfermline man."
+
+I did so and saw my book "An American Four-in-Hand in Britain." Ere I
+had done so, however, I heard that organ voice orating in full swing
+from the top of the ladder:
+
+"What Mecca is to the Mohammedan, Benares to the Hindoo, Jerusalem to
+the Christian, all that Dunfermline is to me."
+
+My ears heard the voice some moments before my brain realized that
+these were my own words called forth by the first glimpse caught of
+Dunfermline as we approached it from the south.[66]
+
+[Footnote 66: The whole paragraph is as follows: "How beautiful is
+Dunfermline seen from the Ferry Hills, its grand old Abbey towering
+over all, seeming to hallow the city, and to lend a charm and dignity
+to the lowliest tenement! Nor is there in all broad Scotland, nor in
+many places elsewhere that I know of, a more varied and delightful
+view than that obtained from the Park upon a fine day. What Benares is
+to the Hindoo, Mecca to the Mohammedan, Jerusalem to the Christian,
+all that Dunfermline is to me." (_An American Four-in-Hand in
+Britain_, p. 282.)]
+
+"How on earth did you come to get this book?" I asked. "I had not the
+honor of knowing you when it was written and could not have sent you a
+copy."
+
+"No!" he replied, "I had not then the pleasure of your acquaintance,
+but some one, I think Rosebery, told me of the book and I sent for it
+and read it with delight. That tribute to Dunfermline struck me as so
+extraordinary it lingered with me. I could never forget it."
+
+This incident occurred eight years after the "American Four-in-Hand"
+was written, and adds another to the many proofs of Mr. Gladstone's
+wonderful memory. Perhaps as a vain author I may be pardoned for
+confessing my grateful appreciation of his no less wonderful judgment.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood & Underwood, N.Y._
+
+WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE]
+
+The politician who figures publicly as "reader of the lesson" on
+Sundays, is apt to be regarded suspiciously. I confess that until I
+had known Mr. Gladstone well, I had found the thought arising now and
+then that the wary old gentleman might feel at least that these
+appearances cost him no votes. But all this vanished as I learned his
+true character. He was devout and sincere if ever man was. Yes, even
+when he records in his diary (referred to by Morley in his "Life of
+Gladstone") that, while addressing the House of Commons on the budget
+for several hours with great acceptance, he was "conscious of being
+sustained by the Divine Power above." Try as one may, who can deny
+that to one of such abounding faith this belief in the support of the
+Unknown Power must really have proved a sustaining influence,
+although it may shock others to think that any mortal being could be
+so bold as to imagine that the Creator of the Universe would concern
+himself about Mr. Gladstone's budget, prepared for a little speck of
+this little speck of earth? It seems almost sacrilegious, yet to Mr.
+Gladstone we know it was the reverse--a religious belief such as has
+no doubt often enabled men to accomplish wonders as direct agents of
+God and doing His work.
+
+On the night of the Queen's Jubilee in June, 1887, Mr. Blaine and I
+were to dine at Lord Wolverton's in Piccadilly, to meet Mr. and Mrs.
+Gladstone--Mr. Blaine's first introduction to him. We started in a cab
+from the Metropole Hotel in good time, but the crowds were so dense
+that the cab had to be abandoned in the middle of St. James's Street.
+Reaching the pavement, Mr. Blaine following, I found a policeman and
+explained to him who my companion was, where we were going, and asked
+him if he could not undertake to get us there. He did so, pushing his
+way through the masses with all the authority of his office and we
+followed. But it was nine o'clock before we reached Lord Wolverton's.
+We separated after eleven.
+
+Mr. Gladstone explained that he and Mrs. Gladstone had been able to
+reach the house by coming through Hyde Park and around the back way.
+They expected to get back to their residence, then in Carlton Terrace,
+in the same way. Mr. Blaine and I thought we should enjoy the streets
+and take our chances of getting back to the hotel by pushing through
+the crowds. We were doing this successfully and were moving slowly
+with the current past the Reform Club when I heard a word or two
+spoken by a voice close to the building on my right. I said to Mr.
+Blaine:
+
+"That is Mr. Gladstone's voice."
+
+He said: "It is impossible. We have just left him returning to his
+residence."
+
+"I don't care; I recognize voices better than faces, and I am sure
+that is Gladstone's."
+
+Finally I prevailed upon him to return a few steps. We got close to
+the side of the house and moved back. I came to a muffled figure and
+whispered:
+
+"What does 'Gravity' out of its bed at midnight?"
+
+Mr. Gladstone was discovered. I told him I recognized his voice
+whispering to his companion.
+
+"And so," I said, "the real ruler comes out to see the illuminations
+prepared for the nominal ruler!"
+
+He replied: "Young man, I think it is time you were in bed."
+
+We remained a few minutes with him, he being careful not to remove
+from his head and face the cloak that covered them. It was then past
+midnight and he was eighty, but, boylike, after he got Mrs. Gladstone
+safely home he had determined to see the show.
+
+The conversation at the dinner between Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Blaine
+turned upon the differences in Parliamentary procedure between Britain
+and America. During the evening Mr. Gladstone cross-examined Mr.
+Blaine very thoroughly upon the mode of procedure of the House of
+Representatives of which Mr. Blaine had been the Speaker. I saw the
+"previous question," and summary rules with us for restricting
+needless debate made a deep impression upon Mr. Gladstone. At
+intervals the conversation took a wider range.
+
+Mr. Gladstone was interested in more subjects than perhaps any other
+man in Britain. When I was last with him in Scotland, at Mr.
+Armistead's, his mind was as clear and vigorous as ever, his interest
+in affairs equally strong. The topic which then interested him most,
+and about which he plied me with questions, was the tall steel
+buildings in our country, of which he had been reading. What puzzled
+him was how it could be that the masonry of a fifth floor or sixth
+story was often finished before the third or fourth. This I explained,
+much to his satisfaction. In getting to the bottom of things he was
+indefatigable.
+
+Mr. Morley (although a lord he still remains as an author plain John
+Morley) became one of our British friends quite early as editor of the
+"Fortnightly Review," which published my first contribution to a
+British periodical.[67] The friendship has widened and deepened in our
+old age until we mutually confess we are very close friends to each
+other.[68] We usually exchange short notes (sometimes long ones) on
+Sunday afternoons as the spirit moves us. We are not alike; far from
+it. We are drawn together because opposites are mutually beneficial to
+each other. I am optimistic; all my ducks being swans. He is
+pessimistic, looking out soberly, even darkly, upon the real dangers
+ahead, and sometimes imagining vain things. He is inclined to see
+"an officer in every bush." The world seems bright to me, and earth
+is often a real heaven--so happy I am and so thankful to the kind
+fates. Morley is seldom if ever wild about anything; his judgment is
+always deliberate and his eyes are ever seeing the spots on the sun.
+
+[Footnote 67: _An American Four-in-Hand in Britain._]
+
+[Footnote 68: "Mr. Carnegie had proved his originality, fullness of
+mind, and bold strength of character, as much or more in the
+distribution of wealth as he had shown skill and foresight in its
+acquisition. We had become known to one another more than twenty years
+before through Matthew Arnold. His extraordinary freshness of spirit
+easily carried Arnold, Herbert Spencer, myself, and afterwards many
+others, high over an occasional crudity or haste in judgment such as
+befalls the best of us in ardent hours. People with a genius for
+picking up pins made as much as they liked of this: it was wiser to do
+justice to his spacious feel for the great objects of the world--for
+knowledge and its spread, invention, light, improvement of social
+relations, equal chances to the talents, the passion for peace. These
+are glorious things; a touch of exaggeration in expression is easy to
+set right.... A man of high and wide and well-earned mark in his
+generation." (John, Viscount Morley, in _Recollections_, vol. II, pp.
+110, 112. New York, 1919.)]
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood & Underwood, N.Y._
+
+VISCOUNT MORLEY OF BLACKBURN]
+
+I told him the story of the pessimist whom nothing ever pleased, and
+the optimist whom nothing ever displeased, being congratulated by the
+angels upon their having obtained entrance to heaven. The pessimist
+replied:
+
+"Yes, very good place, but somehow or other this halo don't fit my
+head exactly."
+
+The optimist retorted by telling the story of a man being carried down
+to purgatory and the Devil laying his victim up against a bank while
+he got a drink at a spring--temperature very high. An old friend
+accosted him:
+
+"Well, Jim, how's this? No remedy possible; you're a gone coon sure."
+
+The reply came: "Hush, it might be worse."
+
+"How's that, when you are being carried down to the bottomless pit?"
+
+"Hush"--pointing to his Satanic Majesty--"he might take a notion to
+make me carry him."
+
+Morley, like myself, was very fond of music and reveled in the morning
+hour during which the organ was being played at Skibo. He was
+attracted by the oratorios as also Arthur Balfour. I remember they got
+tickets together for an oratorio at the Crystal Palace. Both are sane
+but philosophic, and not very far apart as philosophers, I understand;
+but some recent productions of Balfour send him far afield
+speculatively--a field which Morley never attempts. He keeps his foot
+on the firm ground and only treads where the way is cleared. No
+danger of his being "lost in the woods" while searching for the path.
+
+Morley's most astonishing announcement of recent days was in his
+address to the editors of the world, assembled in London. He informed
+them in effect that a few lines from Burns had done more to form and
+maintain the present improved political and social conditions of the
+people than all the millions of editorials ever written. This followed
+a remark that there were now and then a few written or spoken words
+which were in themselves events; they accomplished what they
+described. Tom Paine's "Rights of Man" was mentioned as such.
+
+Upon his arrival at Skibo after this address we talked it over. I
+referred to his tribute to Burns and his six lines, and he replied
+that he didn't need to tell me what lines these were.
+
+"No," I said, "I know them by heart."
+
+In a subsequent address, unveiling a statue of Burns in the park at
+Montrose, I repeated the lines I supposed he referred to, and he
+approved them. He and I, strange to say, had received the Freedom of
+Montrose together years before, so we are fellow-freemen.
+
+At last I induced Morley to visit us in America, and he made a tour
+through a great part of our country in 1904. We tried to have him meet
+distinguished men like himself. One day Senator Elihu Root called at
+my request and Morley had a long interview with him. After the Senator
+left Morley remarked to me that he had enjoyed his companion greatly,
+as being the most satisfactory American statesman he had yet met. He
+was not mistaken. For sound judgment and wide knowledge of our public
+affairs Elihu Root has no superior.
+
+Morley left us to pay a visit to President Roosevelt at the White
+House, and spent several fruitful days in company with that
+extraordinary man. Later, Morley's remark was:
+
+"Well, I've seen two wonders in America, Roosevelt and Niagara."
+
+That was clever and true to life--a great pair of roaring, tumbling,
+dashing and splashing wonders, knowing no rest, but both doing their
+appointed work, such as it is.
+
+Morley was the best person to have the Acton library and my gift of it
+to him came about in this way. When Mr. Gladstone told me the position
+Lord Acton was in, I agreed, at his suggestion, to buy Acton's library
+and allow it to remain for his use during life. Unfortunately, he did
+not live long to enjoy it--only a few years--and then I had the
+library upon my hands. I decided that Morley could make the best use
+of it for himself and would certainly leave it eventually to the
+proper institution. I began to tell him that I owned it when he
+interrupted me, saying:
+
+"Well, I must tell you I have known this from the day you bought it.
+Mr. Gladstone couldn't keep the secret, being so overjoyed that Lord
+Acton had it secure for life."
+
+Here were he and I in close intimacy, and yet never had one mentioned
+the situation to the other; but it was a surprise to me that Morley
+was not surprised. This incident proved the closeness of the bond
+between Gladstone and Morley--the only man he could not resist sharing
+his happiness with regarding earthly affairs. Yet on theological
+subjects they were far apart where Acton and Gladstone were akin.
+
+The year after I gave the fund for the Scottish universities Morley
+went to Balmoral as minister in attendance upon His Majesty, and wired
+that he must see me before we sailed. We met and he informed me His
+Majesty was deeply impressed with the gift to the universities and the
+others I had made to my native land, and wished him to ascertain
+whether there was anything in his power to bestow which I would
+appreciate.
+
+I asked: "What did you say?"
+
+Morley replied: "I do not think so."
+
+I said: "You are quite right, except that if His Majesty would write
+me a note expressing his satisfaction with what I had done, as he has
+to you, this would be deeply appreciated and handed down to my
+descendants as something they would all be proud of."
+
+This was done. The King's autograph note I have already transcribed
+elsewhere in these pages.
+
+That Skibo has proved the best of all health resorts for Morley is
+indeed fortunate, for he comes to us several times each summer and is
+one of the family, Lady Morley accompanying him. He is as fond of the
+yacht as I am myself, and, fortunately again, it is the best medicine
+for both of us. Morley is, and must always remain, "Honest John." No
+prevarication with him, no nonsense, firm as a rock upon all questions
+and in all emergencies; yet always looking around, fore and aft, right
+and left, with a big heart not often revealed in all its tenderness,
+but at rare intervals and upon fit occasion leaving no doubt of its
+presence and power. And after that silence.
+
+[Illustration: MR. CARNEGIE WITH VISCOUNT MORLEY]
+
+[Illustration: THE CARNEGIE FAMILY AT SKIBO]
+
+Chamberlain and Morley were fast friends as advanced radicals, and I
+often met and conferred with them when in Britain. When the Home Rule
+issue was raised, much interest was aroused in Britain over our
+American Federal system. I was appealed to freely and delivered
+public addresses in several cities, explaining and extolling our
+union, many in one, the freest government of the parts producing the
+strongest government of the whole. I sent Mr. Chamberlain Miss Anna L.
+Dawes's "How We Are Governed," at his request for information, and had
+conversations with Morley, Gladstone, and many others upon the
+subject.
+
+I had to write Mr. Morley that I did not approve of the first Home
+Rule Bill for reasons which I gave. When I met Mr. Gladstone he
+expressed his regret at this and a full talk ensued. I objected to the
+exclusion of the Irish members from Parliament as being a practical
+separation. I said we should never have allowed the Southern States to
+cease sending representatives to Washington.
+
+"What would you have done if they refused?" he asked.
+
+"Employed all the resources of civilization--first, stopped the
+mails," I replied.
+
+He paused and repeated:
+
+"Stop the mails." He felt the paralysis this involved and was silent,
+and changed the subject.
+
+In answer to questions as to what I should do, I always pointed out
+that America had many legislatures, but only one Congress. Britain
+should follow her example, one Parliament and local legislatures (not
+parliaments) for Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. These should be made
+states like New York and Virginia. But as Britain has no Supreme
+Court, as we have, to decide upon laws passed, not only by state
+legislatures but by Congress, the judicial being the final authority
+and not the political, Britain should have Parliament as the one
+national final authority over Irish measures. Therefore, the acts of
+the local legislature of Ireland should lie for three months'
+continuous session upon the table of the House of Commons, subject to
+adverse action of the House, but becoming operative unless
+disapproved. The provision would be a dead letter unless improper
+legislation were enacted, but if there were improper legislation, then
+it would be salutary. The clause, I said, was needed to assure timid
+people that no secession could arise.
+
+Urging this view upon Mr. Morley afterwards, he told me this had been
+proposed to Parnell, but rejected. Mr. Gladstone might then have said:
+"Very well, this provision is not needed for myself and others who
+think with me, but it is needed to enable us to carry Britain with us.
+I am now unable to take up the question. The responsibility is yours."
+
+One morning at Hawarden Mrs. Gladstone said:
+
+"William tells me he has such extraordinary conversations with you."
+
+These he had, no doubt. He had not often, if ever, heard the breezy
+talk of a genuine republican and did not understand my inability to
+conceive of different hereditary ranks. It seemed strange to me that
+men should deliberately abandon the name given them by their parents,
+and that name the parents' name. Especially amusing were the new
+titles which required the old hereditary nobles much effort to refrain
+from smiling at as they greeted the newly made peer who had perhaps
+bought his title for ten thousand pounds, more or less, given to the
+party fund.
+
+Mr. Blaine was with us in London and I told Mr. Gladstone he had
+expressed to me his wonder and pain at seeing him in his old age hat
+in hand, cold day as it was, at a garden party doing homage to titled
+nobodies. Union of Church and State was touched upon, and also my
+"Look Ahead," which foretells the reunion of our race owing to the
+inability of the British Islands to expand. I had held that the
+disestablishment of the English Church was inevitable, because among
+other reasons it was an anomaly. No other part of the race had it. All
+religions were fostered, none favored, in every other English-speaking
+state. Mr. Gladstone asked:
+
+"How long do you give our Established Church to live?"
+
+My reply was I could not fix a date; he had had more experience than I
+in disestablishing churches. He nodded and smiled.
+
+When I had enlarged upon a certain relative decrease of population in
+Britain that must come as compared with other countries of larger
+area, he asked:
+
+"What future do you forecast for her?"
+
+I referred to Greece among ancient nations and said that it was,
+perhaps, not accident that Chaucer, Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton,
+Burns, Scott, Stevenson, Bacon, Cromwell, Wallace, Bruce, Hume, Watt,
+Spencer, Darwin, and other celebrities had arisen here. Genius did not
+depend upon material resources. Long after Britain could not figure
+prominently as an industrial nation, not by her decline, but through
+the greater growth of others, she might in my opinion become the
+modern Greece and achieve among nations moral ascendancy.
+
+He caught at the words, repeating them musingly:
+
+"Moral ascendancy, moral ascendancy, I like that, I like that."
+
+I had never before so thoroughly enjoyed a conference with a man. I
+visited him again at Hawarden, but my last visit to him was at Lord
+Randall's at Cannes the winter of 1897 when he was suffering keenly.
+He had still the old charm and was especially attentive to my
+sister-in-law, Lucy, who saw him then for the first time and was
+deeply impressed. As we drove off, she murmured, "A sick eagle! A sick
+eagle!" Nothing could better describe this wan and worn leader of men
+as he appeared to me that day. He was not only a great, but a truly
+good man, stirred by the purest impulses, a high, imperious soul
+always looking upward. He had, indeed, earned the title: "Foremost
+Citizen of the World."
+
+In Britain, in 1881, I had entered into business relations with Samuel
+Storey, M.P., a very able man, a stern radical, and a genuine
+republican. We purchased several British newspapers and began a
+campaign of political progress upon radical lines. Passmore Edwards
+and some others joined us, but the result was not encouraging. Harmony
+did not prevail among my British friends and finally I decided to
+withdraw, which I was fortunately able to do without loss.[69]
+
+[Footnote 69: Mr. Carnegie acquired no less than eighteen British
+newspapers with the idea of promoting radical views. The political
+results were disappointing, but with his genius for making money the
+pecuniary results were more than satisfactory.]
+
+My third literary venture, "Triumphant Democracy,"[70] had its origin
+in realizing how little the best-informed foreigner, or even Briton,
+knew of America, and how distorted that little was. It was prodigious
+what these eminent Englishmen did not then know about the Republic. My
+first talk with Mr. Gladstone in 1882 can never be forgotten. When I
+had occasion to say that the majority of the English-speaking race was
+now republican and it was a minority of monarchists who were upon the
+defensive, he said:
+
+"Why, how is that?"
+
+"Well, Mr. Gladstone," I said, "the Republic holds sway over a larger
+number of English-speaking people than the population of Great Britain
+and all her colonies even if the English-speaking colonies were
+numbered twice over."
+
+"Ah! how is that? What is your population?"
+
+"Sixty-six millions, and yours is not much more than half."
+
+"Ah, yes, surprising!"
+
+[Footnote 70: _Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' March of the
+Republic._ London, 1886; New York, 1888.]
+
+With regard to the wealth of the nations, it was equally surprising
+for him to learn that the census of 1880 proved the hundred-year-old
+Republic could purchase Great Britain and Ireland and all their
+realized capital and investments and then pay off Britain's debt, and
+yet not exhaust her fortune. But the most startling statement of all
+was that which I was able to make when the question of Free Trade was
+touched upon. I pointed out that America was now the greatest
+manufacturing nation in the world. [At a later date I remember Lord
+Chancellor Haldane fell into the same error, calling Britain the
+greatest manufacturing country in the world, and thanked me for
+putting him right.] I quoted Mulhall's figures: British manufactures
+in 1880, eight hundred and sixteen millions sterling; American
+manufactures eleven hundred and twenty-six millions sterling.[71] His
+one word was:
+
+"Incredible!"
+
+[Footnote 71: The estimated value of manufactures in Great Britain in
+1900 was five billions of dollars as compared to thirteen billions for
+the United States. In 1914 the United States had gone to over
+twenty-four billions.]
+
+Other startling statements followed and he asked:
+
+"Why does not some writer take up this subject and present the facts
+in a simple and direct form to the world?"
+
+I was then, as a matter of fact, gathering material for "Triumphant
+Democracy," in which I intended to perform the very service which he
+indicated, as I informed him.
+
+"Round the World" and the "American Four-in-Hand" gave me not the
+slightest effort but the preparation of "Triumphant Democracy," which
+I began in 1882, was altogether another matter. It required steady,
+laborious work. Figures had to be examined and arranged, but as I went
+forward the study became fascinating. For some months I seemed to have
+my head filled with statistics. The hours passed away unheeded. It was
+evening when I supposed it was midday. The second serious illness of
+my life dates from the strain brought upon me by this work, for I had
+to attend to business as well. I shall think twice before I trust
+myself again with anything so fascinating as figures.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+HERBERT SPENCER AND HIS DISCIPLE
+
+
+Herbert Spencer, with his friend Mr. Lott and myself, were fellow
+travelers on the Servia from Liverpool to New York in 1882. I bore a
+note of introduction to him from Mr. Morley, but I had met the
+philosopher in London before that. I was one of his disciples. As an
+older traveler, I took Mr. Lott and him in charge. We sat at the same
+table during the voyage.
+
+One day the conversation fell upon the impression made upon us by
+great men at first meeting. Did they, or did they not, prove to be as
+we had imagined them? Each gave his experience. Mine was that nothing
+could be more different than the being imagined and that being beheld
+in the flesh.
+
+"Oh!" said Mr. Spencer, "in my case, for instance, was this so?"
+
+"Yes," I replied, "you more than any. I had imagined my teacher, the
+great calm philosopher brooding, Buddha-like, over all things,
+unmoved; never did I dream of seeing him excited over the question of
+Cheshire or Cheddar cheese." The day before he had peevishly pushed
+away the former when presented by the steward, exclaiming "Cheddar,
+Cheddar, not Cheshire; I said _Cheddar_." There was a roar in which
+none joined more heartily than the sage himself. He refers to this
+incident of the voyage in his Autobiography.[72]
+
+[Footnote 72: _An Autobiography_, by Herbert Spencer, vol. I, p. 424.
+New York, 1904.]
+
+Spencer liked stories and was a good laugher. American stories seemed
+to please him more than others, and of those I was able to tell him
+not a few, which were usually followed by explosive laughter. He was
+anxious to learn about our Western Territories, which were then
+attracting attention in Europe, and a story I told him about Texas
+struck him as amusing. When a returning disappointed emigrant from
+that State was asked about the then barren country, he said:
+
+"Stranger, all that I have to say about Texas is that if I owned Texas
+and h--l, I would sell Texas."
+
+What a change from those early days! Texas has now over four millions
+of population and is said to have the soil to produce more cotton than
+the whole world did in 1882.
+
+The walk up to the house, when I had the philosopher out at
+Pittsburgh, reminded me of another American story of the visitor who
+started to come up the garden walk. When he opened the gate a big dog
+from the house rushed down upon him. He retreated and closed the
+garden gate just in time, the host calling out:
+
+"He won't touch you, you know barking dogs never bite."
+
+"Yes," exclaimed the visitor, tremblingly, "I know that and you know
+it, but does the dog know it?"
+
+One day my eldest nephew was seen to open the door quietly and peep in
+where we were seated. His mother afterwards asked him why he had done
+so and the boy of eleven replied:
+
+"Mamma, I wanted to see the man who wrote in a book that there was no
+use studying grammar."
+
+Spencer was greatly pleased when he heard the story and often referred
+to it. He had faith in that nephew.
+
+[Illustration: HERBERT SPENCER AT SEVENTY-EIGHT]
+
+Speaking to him one day about his having signed a remonstrance against
+a tunnel between Calais and Dover as having surprised me, he explained
+that for himself he was as anxious to have the tunnel as any one
+and that he did not believe in any of the objections raised against
+it, but signed the remonstrance because he knew his countrymen were
+such fools that the military and naval element in Britain could
+stampede the masses, frighten them, and stimulate militarism. An
+increased army and navy would then be demanded. He referred to a scare
+which had once arisen and involved the outlay of many millions in
+fortifications which had proved useless.
+
+One day we were sitting in our rooms in the Grand Hotel looking out
+over Trafalgar Square. The Life Guards passed and the following took
+place:
+
+"Mr. Spencer, I never see men dressed up like Merry Andrews without
+being saddened and indignant that in the nineteenth century the most
+civilized race, as we consider ourselves, still finds men willing to
+adopt as a profession--until lately the only profession for
+gentlemen--the study of the surest means of killing other men."
+
+Mr. Spencer said: "I feel just so myself, but I will tell you how I
+curb my indignation. Whenever I feel it rising I am calmed by this
+story of Emerson's: He had been hooted and hustled from the platform
+in Faneuil Hall for daring to speak against slavery. He describes
+himself walking home in violent anger, until opening his garden gate
+and looking up through the branches of the tall elms that grew between
+the gate and his modest home, he saw the stars shining through. They
+said to him: 'What, so hot, my little sir?'" I laughed and he laughed,
+and I thanked him for that story. Not seldom I have to repeat to
+myself, "What, so hot, my little sir?" and it suffices.
+
+Mr. Spencer's visit to America had its climax in the banquet given
+for him at Delmonico's. I drove him to it and saw the great man there
+in a funk. He could think of nothing but the address he was to
+deliver.[73] I believe he had rarely before spoken in public. His
+great fear was that he should be unable to say anything that would be
+of advantage to the American people, who had been the first to
+appreciate his works. He may have attended many banquets, but never
+one comprised of more distinguished people than this one. It was a
+remarkable gathering. The tributes paid Spencer by the ablest men were
+unique. The climax was reached when Henry Ward Beecher, concluding his
+address, turned round and addressed Mr. Spencer in these words:
+
+"To my father and my mother I owe my physical being; to you, sir, I
+owe my intellectual being. At a critical moment you provided the safe
+paths through the bogs and morasses; you were my teacher."
+
+[Footnote 73: "An occasion, on which more, perhaps, than any other in
+my life, I ought to have been in good condition, bodily and mentally,
+came when I was in a condition worse than I had been for six and
+twenty years. 'Wretched night; no sleep at all; kept in my room all
+day' says my diary, and I entertained 'great fear I should collapse.'
+When the hour came for making my appearance at Delmonico's, where the
+dinner was given, I got my friends to secrete me in an anteroom until
+the last moment, so that I might avoid all excitements of
+introductions and congratulations; and as Mr. Evarts, who presided,
+handed me on the dais, I begged him to limit his conversation with me
+as much as possible, and to expect very meagre responses. The event
+proved that, trying though the tax was, there did not result the
+disaster I feared; and when Mr. Evarts had duly uttered the
+compliments of the occasion, I was able to get through my prepared
+speech without difficulty, though not with much effect." (Spencer's
+_Autobiography_, vol. II, p. 478.)]
+
+These words were spoken in slow, solemn tones. I do not remember ever
+having noticed more depth of feeling; evidently they came from a
+grateful debtor. Mr. Spencer was touched by the words. They gave rise
+to considerable remark, and shortly afterwards Mr. Beecher preached a
+course of sermons, giving his views upon Evolution. The conclusion of
+the series was anxiously looked for, because his acknowledgment of
+debt to Spencer as his teacher had created alarm in church circles. In
+the concluding article, as in his speech, if I remember rightly, Mr.
+Beecher said that, although he believed in evolution (Darwinism) up to
+a certain point, yet when man had reached his highest human level his
+Creator then invested him (and man alone of all living things) with
+the Holy Spirit, thereby bringing him into the circle of the godlike.
+Thus he answered his critics.
+
+Mr. Spencer took intense interest in mechanical devices. When he
+visited our works with me the new appliances impressed him, and in
+after years he sometimes referred to these and said his estimate of
+American invention and push had been fully realized. He was naturally
+pleased with the deference and attention paid him in America.
+
+I seldom if ever visited England without going to see him, even after
+he had removed to Brighton that he might live looking out upon the
+sea, which appealed to and soothed him. I never met a man who seemed
+to weigh so carefully every action, every word--even the pettiest--and
+so completely to find guidance through his own conscience. He was no
+scoffer in religious matters. In the domain of theology, however, he
+had little regard for decorum. It was to him a very faulty system
+hindering true growth, and the idea of rewards and punishments struck
+him as an appeal to very low natures indeed. Still he never went to
+such lengths as Tennyson did upon an occasion when some of the old
+ideas were under discussion. Knowles[74] told me that Tennyson lost
+control of himself. Knowles said he was greatly disappointed with the
+son's life of the poet as giving no true picture of his father in his
+revolt against stern theology.
+
+[Footnote 74: James Knowles, founder of _Nineteenth Century_.]
+
+Spencer was always the calm philosopher. I believe that from childhood
+to old age--when the race was run--he never was guilty of an immoral
+act or did an injustice to any human being. He was certainly one of
+the most conscientious men in all his doings that ever was born. Few
+men have wished to know another man more strongly than I to know
+Herbert Spencer, for seldom has one been more deeply indebted than I
+to him and to Darwin.
+
+Reaction against the theology of past days comes to many who have been
+surrounded in youth by church people entirely satisfied that the truth
+and faith indispensable to future happiness were derived only through
+strictest Calvinistic creeds. The thoughtful youth is naturally
+carried along and disposed to concur in this. He cannot but think, up
+to a certain period of development, that what is believed by the best
+and the highest educated around him--those to whom he looks for
+example and instruction--must be true. He resists doubt as inspired by
+the Evil One seeking his soul, and sure to get it unless faith comes
+to the rescue. Unfortunately he soon finds that faith is not exactly
+at his beck and call. Original sin he thinks must be at the root of
+this inability to see as he wishes to see, to believe as he wishes to
+believe. It seems clear to him that already he is little better than
+one of the lost. Of the elect he surely cannot be, for these must be
+ministers, elders, and strictly orthodox men.
+
+The young man is soon in chronic rebellion, trying to assume godliness
+with the others, acquiescing outwardly in the creed and all its
+teachings, and yet at heart totally unable to reconcile his outward
+accordance with his inward doubt. If there be intellect and virtue in
+the man but one result is possible; that is, Carlyle's position after
+his terrible struggle when after weeks of torment he came forth: "If
+it be incredible, in God's name, then, let it be discredited." With
+that the load of doubt and fear fell from him forever.
+
+When I, along with three or four of my boon companions, was in this
+stage of doubt about theology, including the supernatural element, and
+indeed the whole scheme of salvation through vicarious atonement and
+all the fabric built upon it, I came fortunately upon Darwin's and
+Spencer's works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social
+Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching the pages which explain how
+man has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining
+what was salutary, rejecting what was deleterious, I remember that
+light came as in a flood and all was clear. Not only had I got rid of
+theology and the supernatural, but I had found the truth of evolution.
+"All is well since all grows better" became my motto, my true source
+of comfort. Man was not created with an instinct for his own
+degradation, but from the lower he had risen to the higher forms. Nor
+is there any conceivable end to his march to perfection. His face is
+turned to the light; he stands in the sun and looks upward.
+
+Humanity is an organism, inherently rejecting all that is deleterious,
+that is, wrong, and absorbing after trial what is beneficial, that is,
+right. If so disposed, the Architect of the Universe, we must assume,
+might have made the world and man perfect, free from evil and from
+pain, as angels in heaven are thought to be; but although this was not
+done, man has been given the power of advancement rather than of
+retrogression. The Old and New Testaments remain, like other sacred
+writings of other lands, of value as records of the past and for such
+good lessons as they inculcate. Like the ancient writers of the Bible
+our thoughts should rest upon this life and our duties here. "To
+perform the duties of this world well, troubling not about another, is
+the prime wisdom," says Confucius, great sage and teacher. The next
+world and its duties we shall consider when we are placed in it.
+
+I am as a speck of dust in the sun, and not even so much, in this
+solemn, mysterious, unknowable universe. I shrink back. One truth I
+see. Franklin was right. "The highest worship of God is service to
+Man." All this, however, does not prevent everlasting hope of
+immortality. It would be no greater miracle to be born to a future
+life than to have been born to live in this present life. The one has
+been created, why not the other? Therefore there is reason to hope for
+immortality. Let us hope.[75]
+
+[Footnote 75: "A.C. is really a tremendous personality--dramatic,
+wilful, generous, whimsical, at times almost cruel in pressing his own
+conviction upon others, and then again tender, affectionate,
+emotional, always imaginative, unusual and wide-visioned in his views.
+He is well worth Boswellizing, but I am urging him to be 'his own
+Boswell.'... He is inconsistent in many ways, but with a passion for
+lofty views; the brotherhood of man, peace among nations, religious
+purity--I mean the purification of religion from gross
+superstition--the substitution for a Westminster-Catechism God, of a
+Righteous, a Just God." (_Letters of Richard Watson Gilder_, p. 375.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+BLAINE AND HARRISON
+
+
+While one is known by the company he keeps, it is equally true that
+one is known by the stories he tells. Mr. Blaine was one of the best
+story-tellers I ever met. His was a bright sunny nature with a witty,
+pointed story for every occasion.
+
+Mr. Blaine's address at Yorktown (I had accompanied him there) was
+greatly admired. It directed special attention to the cordial
+friendship which had grown up between the two branches of the
+English-speaking race, and ended with the hope that the prevailing
+peace and good-will between the two nations would exist for many
+centuries to come. When he read this to me, I remember that the word
+"many" jarred, and I said:
+
+"Mr. Secretary, might I suggest the change of one word? I don't like
+'many'; why not 'all' the centuries to come?"
+
+"Good, that is perfect!"
+
+And so it was given in the address: "for _all_ the centuries to come."
+
+We had a beautiful night returning from Yorktown, and, sitting in the
+stern of the ship in the moonlight, the military band playing forward,
+we spoke of the effect of music. Mr. Blaine said that his favorite
+just then was the "Sweet By and By," which he had heard played last by
+the same band at President Garfield's funeral, and he thought upon
+that occasion he was more deeply moved by sweet sounds than he had
+ever been in his life. He requested that it should be the last piece
+played that night. Both he and Gladstone were fond of simple music.
+They could enjoy Beethoven and the classic masters, but Wagner was as
+yet a sealed book to them.
+
+In answer to my inquiry as to the most successful speech he ever heard
+in Congress, he replied it was that of the German, ex-Governor Ritter
+of Pennsylvania. The first bill appropriating money for inland _fresh_
+waters was under consideration. The house was divided. Strict
+constructionists held this to be unconstitutional; only harbors upon
+the salt sea were under the Federal Government. The contest was keen
+and the result doubtful, when to the astonishment of the House,
+Governor Ritter slowly arose for the first time. Silence at once
+reigned. What was the old German ex-Governor going to say--he who had
+never said anything at all? Only this:
+
+"Mr. Speaker, I don't know much particulars about de constitution, but
+I know dis; I wouldn't gif a d----d cent for a constitution dat didn't
+wash in fresh water as well as in salt." The House burst into an
+uproar of uncontrollable laughter, and the bill passed.
+
+So came about this new departure and one of the most beneficent ways
+of spending government money, and of employing army and navy
+engineers. Little of the money spent by the Government yields so great
+a return. So expands our flexible constitution to meet the new wants
+of an expanding population. Let who will make the constitution if we
+of to-day are permitted to interpret it.
+
+[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood & Underwood, N.Y._
+
+JAMES G. BLAINE]
+
+Mr. Blaine's best story, if one can be selected from so many that were
+excellent, I think was the following:
+
+In the days of slavery and the underground railroads, there lived on
+the banks of the Ohio River near Gallipolis, a noted Democrat named
+Judge French, who said to some anti-slavery friends that he should
+like them to bring to his office the first runaway negro that crossed
+the river, bound northward by the underground. He couldn't understand
+why they wished to run away. This was done, and the following
+conversation took place:
+
+_Judge:_ "So you have run away from Kentucky. Bad master, I suppose?"
+
+_Slave:_ "Oh, no, Judge; very good, kind massa."
+
+_Judge:_ "He worked you too hard?"
+
+_Slave:_ "No, sah, never overworked myself all my life."
+
+_Judge, hesitatingly:_ "He did not give you enough to eat?"
+
+_Slave:_ "Not enough to eat down in Kaintuck? Oh, Lor', plenty to
+eat."
+
+_Judge:_ "He did not clothe you well?"
+
+_Slave:_ "Good enough clothes for me, Judge."
+
+_Judge:_ "You hadn't a comfortable home?"
+
+_Slave:_ "Oh, Lor', makes me cry to think of my pretty little cabin
+down dar in old Kaintuck."
+
+_Judge, after a pause:_ "You had a good, kind master, you were not
+overworked, plenty to eat, good clothes, fine home. I don't see why
+the devil you wished to run away."
+
+_Slave:_ "Well, Judge, I lef de situation down dar open. You kin go
+rite down and git it."
+
+The Judge had seen a great light.
+
+    "Freedom has a thousand charms to show,
+    That slaves, howe'er contented, never know."
+
+That the colored people in such numbers risked all for liberty is the
+best possible proof that they will steadily approach and finally reach
+the full stature of citizenship in the Republic.
+
+I never saw Mr. Blaine so happy as while with us at Cluny. He was a
+boy again and we were a rollicking party together. He had never fished
+with a fly. I took him out on Loch Laggan and he began awkwardly, as
+all do, but he soon caught the swing. I shall never forget his first
+capture:
+
+"My friend, you have taught me a new pleasure in life. There are a
+hundred fishing lochs in Maine, and I'll spend my holidays in future
+upon them trout-fishing."
+
+At Cluny there is no night in June and we danced on the lawn in the
+bright twilight until late. Mrs. Blaine, Miss Dodge, Mr. Blaine, and
+other guests were trying to do the Scotch reel, and "whooping" like
+Highlanders. We were gay revelers during those two weeks. One night
+afterwards, at a dinner in our home in New York, chiefly made up of
+our Cluny visitors, Mr. Blaine told the company that he had discovered
+at Cluny what a real holiday was. "It is when the merest trifles
+become the most serious events of life."
+
+President Harrison's nomination for the presidency in 1888 came to Mr.
+Blaine while on a coaching trip with us. Mr. and Mrs. Blaine, Miss
+Margaret Blaine, Senator and Mrs. Hale, Miss Dodge, and Walter
+Damrosch were on the coach with us from London to Cluny Castle. In
+approaching Linlithgow from Edinburgh, we found the provost and
+magistrates in their gorgeous robes at the hotel to receive us. I was
+with them when Mr. Blaine came into the room with a cablegram in his
+hand which he showed to me, asking what it meant. It read: "Use
+cipher." It was from Senator Elkins at the Chicago Convention. Mr.
+Blaine had cabled the previous day, declining to accept the nomination
+for the presidency unless Secretary Sherman of Ohio agreed, and
+Senator Elkins no doubt wished to be certain that he was in
+correspondence with Mr. Blaine and not with some interloper.
+
+I said to Mr. Blaine that the Senator had called to see me before
+sailing, and suggested we should have cipher words for the prominent
+candidates. I gave him a few and kept a copy upon a slip, which I put
+in my pocket-book. I looked and fortunately found it. Blaine was
+"Victor"; Harrison, "Trump"; Phelps of New Jersey, "Star"; and so on.
+I wired "Trump" and "Star."[76] This was in the evening.
+
+[Footnote 76: "A code had been agreed upon between his friends in the
+United States and himself, and when a deadlock or a long contest
+seemed inevitable, the following dispatch was sent from Mr. Carnegie's
+estate in Scotland, where Blaine was staying, to a prominent
+Republican leader:
+
+"'June 25. Too late victor immovable take trump and star.'
+WHIP. Interpreted, it reads: 'Too late. Blaine immovable.
+Take Harrison and Phelps. CARNEGIE.'" (_James G. Blaine_, by
+Edward Stanwood, p. 308. Boston, 1905.)]
+
+We retired for the night, and next day the whole party was paraded by
+the city authorities in their robes up the main street to the palace
+grounds which were finely decorated with flags. Speeches of welcome
+were made and replied to. Mr. Blaine was called upon by the people,
+and responded in a short address. Just then a cablegram was handed to
+him: "Harrison and Morton nominated." Phelps had declined. So passed
+forever Mr. Blaine's chance of holding the highest of all political
+offices--the elected of the majority of the English-speaking race. But
+he was once fairly elected to the presidency and done out of New York
+State, as was at last clearly proven, the perpetrators having been
+punished for an attempted repetition of the same fraud at a subsequent
+election.
+
+Mr. Blaine, as Secretary of State in Harrison's Cabinet, was a decided
+success and the Pan-American Congress his most brilliant triumph. My
+only political appointment came at this time and was that of a United
+States delegate to the Congress. It gave me a most interesting view of
+the South American Republics and their various problems. We sat down
+together, representatives of all the republics but Brazil. One morning
+the announcement was made that a new constitution had been ratified.
+Brazil had become a member of the sisterhood, making seventeen
+republics in all--now twenty-one. There was great applause and cordial
+greeting of the representatives of Brazil thus suddenly elevated. I
+found the South American representatives rather suspicious of their
+big brother's intentions. A sensitive spirit of independence was
+manifest, which it became our duty to recognize. In this I think we
+succeeded, but it will behoove subsequent governments to scrupulously
+respect the national feeling of our Southern neighbors. It is not
+control, but friendly cooeperation upon terms of perfect equality we
+should seek.
+
+I sat next to Manuel Quintana who afterwards became President of
+Argentina. He took a deep interest in the proceedings, and one day
+became rather critical upon a trifling issue, which led to an excited
+colloquy between him and Chairman Blaine. I believe it had its origin
+in a false translation from one language to another. I rose, slipped
+behind the chairman on the platform, whispering to him as I passed
+that if an adjournment was moved I was certain the differences could
+be adjusted. He nodded assent. I returned to my seat and moved
+adjournment, and during the interval all was satisfactorily arranged.
+Passing the delegates, as we were about to leave the hall, an incident
+occurred which comes back to me as I write. A delegate threw one arm
+around me and with the other hand patting me on the breast, exclaimed:
+"Mr. Carnegie, you have more here than here"--pointing to his pocket.
+Our Southern brethren are so lovingly demonstrative. Warm climes and
+warm hearts.
+
+In 1891 President Harrison went with me from Washington to Pittsburgh,
+as I have already stated, to open the Carnegie Hall and Library, which
+I had presented to Allegheny City. We traveled over the Baltimore and
+Ohio Railroad by daylight, and enjoyed the trip, the president being
+especially pleased with the scenery. Reaching Pittsburgh at dark, the
+flaming coke ovens and dense pillars of smoke and fire amazed him. The
+well-known description of Pittsburgh, seen from the hilltops, as "H--l
+with the lid off," seemed to him most appropriate. He was the first
+President who ever visited Pittsburgh. President Harrison, his
+grandfather, had, however, passed from steamboat to canal-boat there,
+on his way to Washington after election.
+
+The opening ceremony was largely attended owing to the presence of the
+President and all passed off well. Next morning the President wished
+to see our steel works, and he was escorted there, receiving a cordial
+welcome from the workmen. I called up each successive manager of
+department as we passed and presented him. Finally, when Mr. Schwab
+was presented, the President turned to me and said,
+
+"How is this, Mr. Carnegie? You present only boys to me."
+
+"Yes, Mr. President, but do you notice what kind of boys they are?"
+
+"Yes, hustlers, every one of them," was his comment.
+
+He was right. No such young men could have been found for such work
+elsewhere in this world. They had been promoted to partnership without
+cost or risk. If the profits did not pay for their shares, no
+responsibility remained upon the young men. A giving thus to
+"partners" is very different from paying wages to "employees" in
+corporations.
+
+The President's visit, not to Pittsburgh, but to Allegheny over the
+river, had one beneficial result. Members of the City Council of
+Pittsburgh reminded me that I had first offered Pittsburgh money for a
+library and hall, which it declined, and that then Allegheny City had
+asked if I would give them to her, which I did. The President visiting
+Allegheny to open the library and hall there, and the ignoring of
+Pittsburgh, was too much. Her authorities came to me again the morning
+after the Allegheny City opening, asking if I would renew my offer to
+Pittsburgh. If so, the city would accept and agree to expend upon
+maintenance a larger percentage than I had previously asked. I was
+only too happy to do this and, instead of two hundred and fifty
+thousand, I offered a million dollars. My ideas had expanded. Thus was
+started the Carnegie Institute.
+
+Pittsburgh's leading citizens are spending freely upon artistic
+things. This center of manufacturing has had its permanent orchestra
+for some years--Boston and Chicago being the only other cities in
+America that can boast of one. A naturalist club and a school of
+painting have sprung up. The success of Library, Art Gallery, Museum,
+and Music Hall--a noble quartet in an immense building--is one of the
+chief satisfactions of my life. This is my monument, because here I
+lived my early life and made my start, and I am to-day in heart a
+devoted son of dear old smoky Pittsburgh.
+
+Herbert Spencer heard, while with us in Pittsburgh, some account of
+the rejection of my first offer of a library to Pittsburgh. When the
+second offer was made, he wrote me that he did not understand how I
+could renew it; he never could have done so; they did not deserve it.
+I wrote the philosopher that if I had made the first offer to
+Pittsburgh that I might receive her thanks and gratitude, I deserved
+the personal arrows shot at me and the accusations made that only my
+own glorification and a monument to my memory were sought. I should
+then probably have felt as he did. But, as it was the good of the
+people of Pittsburgh I had in view, among whom I had made my fortune,
+the unfounded suspicions of some natures only quickened my desire to
+work their good by planting in their midst a potent influence for
+higher things. This the Institute, thank the kind fates, has done.
+Pittsburgh has played her part nobly.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+WASHINGTON DIPLOMACY
+
+
+President Harrison had been a soldier and as President was a little
+disposed to fight. His attitude gave some of his friends concern. He
+was opposed to arbitrating the Behring Sea question when Lord
+Salisbury, at the dictation of Canada, had to repudiate the Blaine
+agreement for its settlement, and was disposed to proceed to extreme
+measures. But calmer counsels prevailed. He was determined also to
+uphold the Force Bill against the South.
+
+When the quarrel arose with Chili, there was a time when it seemed
+almost impossible to keep the President from taking action which would
+have resulted in war. He had great personal provocation because the
+Chilian authorities had been most indiscreet in their statements in
+regard to his action. I went to Washington to see whether I could not
+do something toward reconciling the belligerents, because, having been
+a member of the first Pan-American Conference, I had become acquainted
+with the representatives from our southern sister-republics and was on
+good terms with them.
+
+As luck would have it, I was just entering the Shoreham Hotel when I
+saw Senator Henderson of Missouri, who had been my fellow-delegate to
+the Conference. He stopped and greeted me, and looking across the
+street he said:
+
+"There's the President beckoning to you."
+
+I crossed the street.
+
+"Hello, Carnegie, when did you arrive?"
+
+"Just arrived, Mr. President; I was entering the hotel."
+
+"What are you here for?"
+
+"To have a talk with you."
+
+"Well, come along and talk as we walk."
+
+The President took my arm and we promenaded the streets of Washington
+in the dusk for more than an hour, during which time the discussion
+was lively. I told him that he had appointed me a delegate to the
+Pan-American Conference, that he had assured the South-American
+delegates when they parted that he had given a military review in
+their honor to show them, not that we had an army, but rather that we
+had none and needed none, that we were the big brother in the family
+of republics, and that all disputes, if any arose, would be settled by
+peaceful arbitration. I was therefore surprised and grieved to find
+that he was now apparently taking a different course, threatening to
+resort to war in a paltry dispute with little Chili.
+
+"You're a New Yorker and think of nothing but business and dollars.
+That is the way with New Yorkers; they care nothing for the dignity
+and honor of the Republic," said his Excellency.
+
+"Mr. President, I am one of the men in the United States who would
+profit most by war; it might throw millions into my pockets as the
+largest manufacturer of steel."
+
+"Well, that is probably true in your case; I had forgotten."
+
+"Mr. President, if I were going to fight, I would take some one of my
+size."
+
+"Well, would you let any nation insult and dishonor you because of its
+size?"
+
+"Mr. President, no man can dishonor me except myself. Honor wounds
+must be self-inflicted."
+
+"You see our sailors were attacked on shore and two of them killed,
+and you would stand that?" he asked.
+
+"Mr. President, I do not think the United States dishonored every time
+a row among drunken sailors takes place; besides, these were not
+American sailors at all; they were foreigners, as you see by their
+names. I would be disposed to cashier the captain of that ship for
+allowing the sailors to go on shore when there was rioting in the town
+and the public peace had been already disturbed."
+
+The discussion continued until we had finally reached the door of the
+White House in the dark. The President told me he had an engagement to
+dine out that night, but invited me to dine with him the next evening,
+when, as he said, there would be only the family and we could talk.
+
+"I am greatly honored and shall be with you to-morrow evening," I
+said. And so we parted.
+
+The next morning I went over to see Mr. Blaine, then Secretary of
+State. He rose from his seat and held out both hands.
+
+"Oh, why weren't you dining with us last night? When the President
+told Mrs. Blaine that you were in town, she said: 'Just think, Mr.
+Carnegie is in town and I had a vacant seat here he could have
+occupied.'"
+
+"Well, Mr. Blaine, I think it is rather fortunate that I have not seen
+you," I replied; and I then told him what had occurred with the
+President.
+
+"Yes," he said, "it really was fortunate. The President might have
+thought you and I were in collusion."
+
+Senator Elkins, of West Virginia, a bosom friend of Mr. Blaine, and
+also a very good friend of the President, happened to come in, and he
+said he had seen the President, who told him that he had had a talk
+with me upon the Chilian affair last evening and that I had come down
+hot upon the subject.
+
+"Well, Mr. President," said Senator Elkins, "it is not probable that
+Mr. Carnegie would speak as plainly to you as he would to me. He feels
+very keenly, but he would naturally be somewhat reserved in talking to
+you."
+
+The President replied: "I didn't see the slightest indication of
+reserve, I assure you."
+
+The matter was adjusted, thanks to the peace policy characteristic of
+Mr. Blaine. More than once he kept the United States out of foreign
+trouble as I personally knew. The reputation that he had of being an
+aggressive American really enabled that great man to make concessions
+which, made by another, might not have been readily accepted by the
+people.
+
+I had a long and friendly talk with the President that evening at
+dinner, but he was not looking at all well. I ventured to say to him
+he needed a rest. By all means he should get away. He said he had
+intended going off on a revenue cutter for a few days, but Judge
+Bradley of the Supreme Court had died and he must find a worthy
+successor. I said there was one I could not recommend because we had
+fished together and were such intimate friends that we could not judge
+each other disinterestedly, but he might inquire about him--Mr.
+Shiras, of Pittsburgh. He did so and appointed him. Mr. Shiras
+received the strong support of the best elements everywhere. Neither
+my recommendation, nor that of any one else, would have weighed with
+President Harrison one particle in making the appointment if he had
+not found Mr. Shiras the very man he wanted.
+
+In the Behring Sea dispute the President was incensed at Lord
+Salisbury's repudiation of the stipulations for settling the question
+which had been agreed to. The President had determined to reject the
+counter-proposition to submit it to arbitration. Mr. Blaine was with
+the President in this and naturally indignant that his plan, which
+Salisbury had extolled through his Ambassador, had been discarded. I
+found both of them in no compromising mood. The President was much the
+more excited of the two, however. Talking it over with Mr. Blaine
+alone, I explained to him that Salisbury was powerless. Against
+Canada's protest he could not force acceptance of the stipulations to
+which he had hastily agreed. There was another element. He had a
+dispute with Newfoundland on hand, which the latter was insisting must
+be settled to her advantage. No Government in Britain could add
+Canadian dissatisfaction to that of Newfoundland. Salisbury had done
+the best he could. After a while Blaine was convinced of this and
+succeeded in bringing the President into line.
+
+The Behring Sea troubles brought about some rather amusing situations.
+One day Sir John Macdonald, Canadian Premier, and his party reached
+Washington and asked Mr. Blaine to arrange an interview with the
+President upon this subject. Mr. Blaine replied that he would see the
+President and inform Sir John the next morning.
+
+"Of course," said Mr. Blaine, telling me the story in Washington just
+after the incident occurred, "I knew very well that the President
+could not meet Sir John and his friends officially, and when they
+called I told them so." Sir John said that Canada was independent, "as
+sovereign as the State of New York was in the Union." Mr. Blaine
+replied he was afraid that if he ever obtained an interview as Premier
+of Canada with the State authorities of New York he would soon hear
+something on the subject from Washington; and so would the New York
+State authorities.
+
+It was because the President and Mr. Blaine were convinced that the
+British Government at home could not fulfill the stipulations agreed
+upon that they accepted Salisbury's proposal for arbitration,
+believing he had done his best. That was a very sore disappointment to
+Mr. Blaine. He had suggested that Britain and America should each
+place two small vessels on Behring Sea with equal rights to board or
+arrest fishing vessels under either flag--in fact, a joint police
+force. To give Salisbury due credit, he cabled the British Ambassador,
+Sir Julian Pauncefote, to congratulate Mr. Blaine upon this "brilliant
+suggestion." It would have given equal rights to each and under either
+or both flags for the first time in history--a just and brotherly
+compact. Sir Julian had shown this cable to Mr. Blaine. I mention this
+here to suggest that able and willing statesmen, anxious to cooeperate,
+are sometimes unable to do so.
+
+Mr. Blaine was indeed a great statesman, a man of wide views, sound
+judgment, and always for peace. Upon war with Chili, upon the Force
+Bill, and the Behring Sea question, he was calm, wise, and
+peace-pursuing. Especially was he favorable to drawing closer and
+closer to our own English-speaking race. For France he had gratitude
+unbounded for the part she had played in our Revolutionary War, but
+this did not cause him to lose his head.
+
+One night at dinner in London Mr. Blaine was at close quarters for a
+moment. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty came up. A leading statesman present
+said that the impression they had was that Mr. Blaine had always been
+inimical to the Mother country. Mr. Blaine disclaimed this, and justly
+so, as far as I knew his sentiments. His correspondence upon the
+Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was instanced. Mr. Blaine replied:
+
+"When I became Secretary of State and had to take up that subject I
+was surprised to find that your Secretary for Foreign Affairs was
+always informing us what Her Majesty 'expected,' while our Secretary
+of State was telling you what our President 'ventured to hope.' When I
+received a dispatch telling us what Her Majesty expected, I replied,
+telling you what our President 'expected.'"
+
+"Well, you admit you changed the character of the correspondence?" was
+shot at him.
+
+Quick as a flash came the response: "Not more than conditions had
+changed. The United States had passed the stage of 'venturing to hope'
+with any power that 'expects.' I only followed your example, and
+should ever Her Majesty 'venture to hope,' the President will always
+be found doing the same. I am afraid that as long as you 'expect' the
+United States will also 'expect' in return."
+
+One night there was a dinner, where Mr. Joseph Chamberlain and Sir
+Charles Tennant, President of the Scotland Steel Company, were guests.
+During the evening the former said that his friend Carnegie was a good
+fellow and they all delighted to see him succeeding, but he didn't
+know why the United States should give him protection worth a million
+sterling per year or more, for condescending to manufacture steel
+rails.
+
+"Well," said Mr. Blaine, "we don't look at it in that light. I am
+interested in railroads, and we formerly used to pay you for steel
+rails ninety dollars per ton for every ton we got--nothing less. Now,
+just before I sailed from home our people made a large contract with
+our friend Carnegie at thirty dollars per ton. I am somewhat under
+the impression that if Carnegie and others had not risked their
+capital in developing their manufacture on our side of the Atlantic,
+we would still be paying you ninety dollars per ton to-day."
+
+Here Sir Charles broke in: "You may be sure you would. Ninety dollars
+was our agreed-upon price for you foreigners."
+
+Mr. Blaine smilingly remarked: "Mr. Chamberlain, I don't think you
+have made a very good case against our friend Carnegie."
+
+"No," he replied; "how could I, with Sir Charles giving me away like
+that?"--and there was general laughter.
+
+Blaine was a rare raconteur and his talk had this great merit: never
+did I hear him tell a story or speak a word unsuitable for any, even
+the most fastidious company to hear. He was as quick as a steel trap,
+a delightful companion, and he would have made an excellent and yet
+safe President. I found him truly conservative, and strong for peace
+upon all international questions.
+
+[Illustration: SKIBO CASTLE]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+HAY AND McKINLEY
+
+
+John Hay was our frequent guest in England and Scotland, and was on
+the eve of coming to us at Skibo in 1898 when called home by President
+McKinley to become Secretary of State. Few have made such a record in
+that office. He inspired men with absolute confidence in his
+sincerity, and his aspirations were always high. War he detested, and
+meant what he said when he pronounced it "the most ferocious and yet
+the most futile folly of man."
+
+The Philippines annexation was a burning question when I met him and
+Henry White (Secretary of Legation and later Ambassador to France) in
+London, on my way to New York. It gratified me to find our views were
+similar upon that proposed serious departure from our traditional
+policy of avoiding distant and disconnected possessions and keeping
+our empire within the continent, especially keeping it out of the
+vortex of militarism. Hay, White, and I clasped hands together in
+Hay's office in London, and agreed upon this. Before that he had
+written me the following note:
+
+     _London, August 22, 1898_
+
+     MY DEAR CARNEGIE:
+
+     I thank you for the Skibo grouse and also for your kind
+     letter. It is a solemn and absorbing thing to hear so many
+     kind and unmerited words as I have heard and read this last
+     week. It seems to me another man they are talking about,
+     while I am expected to do the work. I wish a little of the
+     kindness could be saved till I leave office finally.
+
+     I have read with the keenest interest your article in the
+     "North American."[77] I am not allowed to say in my present
+     fix how much I agree with you. The only question on my mind
+     is how far it is now _possible_ for us to withdraw from the
+     Philippines. I am rather thankful it is not given to me to
+     solve that momentous question.[78]
+
+[Footnote 77: The reference is to an article by Mr. Carnegie in the
+_North American Review_, August, 1898, entitled: "Distant
+Possessions--The Parting of the Ways."]
+
+[Footnote 78: Published in Thayer, _Life and Letters of John Hay_,
+vol. II, p. 175. Boston and New York, 1915.]
+
+It was a strange fate that placed upon him the very task he had
+congratulated himself was never to be his.
+
+He stood alone at first as friendly to China in the Boxer troubles and
+succeeded in securing for her fair terms of peace. His regard for
+Britain, as part of our own race, was deep, and here the President was
+thoroughly with him, and grateful beyond measure to Britain for
+standing against other European powers disposed to favor Spain in the
+Cuban War.
+
+The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty concerning the Panama Canal seemed to many
+of us unsatisfactory. Senator Elkins told me my objections, given in
+the "New York Tribune," reached him the day he was to speak upon it,
+and were useful. Visiting Washington soon after the article appeared,
+I went with Senator Hanna to the White House early in the morning and
+found the President much exercised over the Senate's amendment to the
+treaty. I had no doubt of Britain's prompt acquiescence in the
+Senate's requirements, and said so. Anything in reason she would give,
+since it was we who had to furnish the funds for the work from which
+she would be, next to ourselves, the greatest gainer.
+
+Senator Hanna asked if I had seen "John," as he and President McKinley
+always called Mr. Hay. I said I had not. Then he asked me to go over
+and cheer him up, for he was disconsolate about the amendments. I did
+so. I pointed out to Mr. Hay that the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty had been
+amended by the Senate and scarcely any one knew this now and no one
+cared. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty would be executed as amended and no
+one would care a fig whether it was in its original form or not. He
+doubted this and thought Britain would be indisposed to recede. A
+short time after this, dining with him, he said I had proved a true
+prophet and all was well.
+
+Of course it was. Britain had practically told us she wished the canal
+built and would act in any way desired. The canal is now as it should
+be--that is, all American, with no international complications
+possible. It was perhaps not worth building at that time, but it was
+better to spend three or four hundred millions upon it than in
+building sea monsters of destruction to fight imaginary foes. One may
+be a loss and there an end; the other might be a source of war, for
+
+    "Oft the sight of means to do ill deeds
+    Make deeds ill done."
+
+Mr. Hay's _bete noire_ was the Senate. Upon this, and this only, was
+he disregardful of the proprieties. When it presumed to alter one
+word, substituting "treaty" for "agreement," which occurred in one
+place only in the proposed Arbitration Treaty of 1905, he became
+unduly excited. I believe this was owing in great degree to poor
+health, for it was clear by that time to intimate friends that his
+health was seriously impaired.
+
+The last time I saw him was at lunch at his house, when the
+Arbitration Treaty, as amended by the Senate, was under the
+consideration of President Roosevelt. The arbitrationists, headed by
+ex-Secretary of State Foster, urged the President's acceptance of the
+amended treaty. We thought he was favorable to this, but from my
+subsequent talk with Secretary Hay, I saw that the President's
+agreeing would be keenly felt. I should not be surprised if
+Roosevelt's rejection of the treaty was resolved upon chiefly to
+soothe his dear friend John Hay in his illness. I am sure I felt that
+I could be brought to do, only with the greatest difficulty, anything
+that would annoy that noble soul. But upon this point Hay was
+obdurate; no surrender to the Senate. Leaving his house I said to Mrs.
+Carnegie that I doubted if ever we should meet our friend again. We
+never did.
+
+The Carnegie Institution of Washington, of which Hay was the chairman
+and a trustee from the start, received his endorsement and close
+attention, and much were we indebted to him for wise counsel. As a
+statesman he made his reputation in shorter time and with a surer
+touch than any one I know of. And it may be doubted if any public man
+ever had more deeply attached friends. One of his notes I have long
+kept. It would have been the most flattering of any to my literary
+vanity but for my knowledge of his most lovable nature and undue
+warmth for his friends. The world is poorer to me to-day as I write,
+since he has left it.
+
+The Spanish War was the result of a wave of passion started by the
+reports of the horrors of the Cuban Revolution. President McKinley
+tried hard to avoid it. When the Spanish Minister left Washington, the
+French Ambassador became Spain's agent, and peaceful negotiations were
+continued. Spain offered autonomy for Cuba. The President replied that
+he did not know exactly what "autonomy" meant. What he wished for Cuba
+was the rights that Canada possessed. He understood these. A cable was
+shown to the President by the French Minister stating that Spain
+granted this and he, dear man, supposed all was settled. So it was,
+apparently.
+
+Speaker Reed usually came to see me Sunday mornings when in New York,
+and it was immediately after my return from Europe that year that he
+called and said he had never lost control of the House before. For one
+moment he thought of leaving the chair and going on the floor to
+address the House and try to quiet it. In vain it was explained that
+the President had received from Spain the guarantee of self-government
+for Cuba. Alas! it was too late, too late!
+
+"What is Spain doing over here, anyhow?" was the imperious inquiry of
+Congress. A sufficient number of Republicans had agreed to vote with
+the Democrats in Congress for war. A whirlwind of passion swept over
+the House, intensified, no doubt, by the unfortunate explosion of the
+warship Maine in Havana Harbor, supposed by some to be Spanish work.
+The supposition gave Spain far too much credit for skill and activity.
+
+War was declared--the Senate being shocked by Senator Proctor's
+statement of the concentration camps he had seen in Cuba. The country
+responded to the cry, "What is Spain doing over here anyhow?"
+President McKinley and his peace policy were left high and dry, and
+nothing remained for him but to go with the country. The Government
+then announced that war was not undertaken for territorial
+aggrandizement, and Cuba was promised independence--a promise
+faithfully kept. We should not fail to remember this, for it is the
+one cheering feature of the war.
+
+The possession of the Philippines left a stain. They were not only
+territorial acquisition; they were dragged from reluctant Spain and
+twenty million dollars paid for them. The Filipinos had been our
+allies in fighting Spain. The Cabinet, under the lead of the
+President, had agreed that only a coaling station in the Philippines
+should be asked for, and it is said such were the instructions given
+by cable at first to the Peace Commissioners at Paris. President
+McKinley then made a tour through the West and, of course, was cheered
+when he spoke of the flag and Dewey's victory. He returned, impressed
+with the idea that withdrawal would be unpopular, and reversed his
+former policy. I was told by one of his Cabinet that every member was
+opposed to the reversal. A senator told me Judge Day, one of the Peace
+Commissioners, wrote a remonstrance from Paris, which if ever
+published, would rank next to Washington's Farewell Address, so fine
+was it.
+
+At this stage an important member of the Cabinet, my friend Cornelius
+N. Bliss, called and asked me to visit Washington and see the
+President on the subject. He said:
+
+"You have influence with him. None of us have been able to move him
+since he returned from the West."
+
+I went to Washington and had an interview with him. But he was
+obdurate. Withdrawal would create a revolution at home, he said.
+Finally, by persuading his secretaries that he had to bend to the
+blast, and always holding that it would be only a temporary occupation
+and that a way out would be found, the Cabinet yielded.
+
+He sent for President Schurman, of Cornell University, who had opposed
+annexation and made him chairman of the committee to visit the
+Filipinos; and later for Judge Taft, who had been prominent against
+such a violation of American policy, to go as Governor. When the Judge
+stated that it seemed strange to send for one, who had publicly
+denounced annexation, the President said that was the very reason why
+he wished him for the place. This was all very well, but to refrain
+from annexing and to relinquish territory once purchased are different
+propositions. This was soon seen.
+
+Mr. Bryan had it in his power at one time to defeat in the Senate this
+feature of the Treaty of Peace with Spain. I went to Washington to try
+to effect this, and remained there until the vote was taken. I was
+told that when Mr. Bryan was in Washington he had advised his friends
+that it would be good party policy to allow the treaty to pass. This
+would discredit the Republican Party before the people; that "paying
+twenty millions for a revolution" would defeat any party. There were
+seven staunch Bryan men anxious to vote against Philippine annexation.
+
+Mr. Bryan had called to see me in New York upon the subject, because
+my opposition to the purchase had been so pronounced, and I now wired
+him at Omaha explaining the situation and begging him to wire me that
+his friends could use their own judgment. His reply was what I have
+stated--better have the Republicans pass it and let it then go before
+the people. I thought it unworthy of him to subordinate such an issue,
+fraught with deplorable consequences, to mere party politics. It
+required the casting vote of the Speaker to carry the measure. One
+word from Mr. Bryan would have saved the country from the disaster. I
+could not be cordial to him for years afterwards. He had seemed to me
+a man who was willing to sacrifice his country and his personal
+convictions for party advantage.
+
+When I called upon President McKinley immediately after the vote, I
+condoled with him upon being dependent for support upon his leading
+opponent. I explained just how his victory had been won and suggested
+that he should send his grateful acknowledgments to Mr. Bryan. A
+Colonial possession thousands of miles away was a novel problem to
+President McKinley, and indeed to all American statesmen. Nothing did
+they know of the troubles and dangers it would involve. Here the
+Republic made its first grievous international mistake--a mistake
+which dragged it into the vortex of international militarism and a
+great navy. What a change has come over statesmen since!
+
+At supper with President Roosevelt at the White House a few weeks ago
+(1907), he said:
+
+"If you wish to see the two men in the United States who are the most
+anxious to get out of the Philippines, here they are," pointing to
+Secretary Taft and himself.
+
+"Then why don't you?" I responded. "The American people would be glad
+indeed."
+
+But both the President and Judge Taft believed our duty required us to
+prepare the Islands for self-government first. This is the policy of
+"Don't go into the water until you learn to swim." But the plunge has
+to be and will be taken some day.
+
+It was urged that if we did not occupy the Philippines, Germany would.
+It never occurred to the urgers that this would mean Britain agreeing
+that Germany should establish a naval base at Macao, a short sail from
+Britain's naval base in the East. Britain would as soon permit her to
+establish a base at Kingston, Ireland, eighty miles from Liverpool. I
+was surprised to hear men--men like Judge Taft, although he was
+opposed at first to the annexation--give this reason when we were
+discussing the question after the fatal step had been taken. But we
+know little of foreign relations. We have hitherto been a consolidated
+country. It will be a sad day if we ever become anything otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX
+
+MEETING THE GERMAN EMPEROR
+
+
+My first Rectorial Address to the students of St. Andrews University
+attracted the attention of the German Emperor, who sent word to me in
+New York by Herr Ballin that he had read every word of it. He also
+sent me by him a copy of his address upon his eldest son's
+consecration. Invitations to meet him followed; but it was not until
+June, 1907, that I could leave, owing to other engagements. Mrs.
+Carnegie and I went to Kiel. Mr. Tower, our American Ambassador to
+Germany, and Mrs. Tower met us there and were very kind in their
+attentions. Through them we met many of the distinguished public men
+during our three days' stay there.
+
+The first morning, Mr. Tower took me to register on the Emperor's
+yacht. I had no expectation of seeing the Emperor, but he happened to
+come on deck, and seeing Mr. Tower he asked what had brought him on
+the yacht so early. Mr. Tower explained he had brought me over to
+register, and that Mr. Carnegie was on board. He asked:
+
+"Why not present him now? I wish to see him."
+
+I was talking to the admirals who were assembling for a conference,
+and did not see Mr. Tower and the Emperor approaching from behind. A
+touch on my shoulder and I turned around.
+
+"Mr. Carnegie, the Emperor."
+
+It was a moment before I realized that the Emperor was before me. I
+raised both hands, and exclaimed:
+
+"This has happened just as I could have wished, with no ceremony, and
+the Man of Destiny dropped from the clouds."
+
+Then I continued: "Your Majesty, I have traveled two nights to accept
+your generous invitation, and never did so before to meet a crowned
+head."
+
+Then the Emperor, smiling--and such a captivating smile:
+
+"Oh! yes, yes, I have read your books. You do not like kings."
+
+"No, Your Majesty, I do not like kings, but I do like a man behind a
+king when I find him."
+
+"Ah! there is one king you like, I know, a Scottish king, Robert the
+Bruce. He was my hero in my youth. I was brought up on him."
+
+"Yes, Your Majesty, so was I, and he lies buried in Dunfermline Abbey,
+in my native town. When a boy, I used to walk often around the
+towering square monument on the Abbey--one word on each block in big
+stone letters 'King Robert the Bruce'--with all the fervor of a
+Catholic counting his beads. But Bruce was much more than a king, Your
+Majesty, he was the leader of his people. And not the first; Wallace
+the man of the people comes first. Your Majesty, I now own King
+Malcolm's tower in Dunfermline[79]--he from whom you derive your
+precious heritage of Scottish blood. Perhaps you know the fine old
+ballad, 'Sir Patrick Spens.'
+
+[Footnote 79: In the deed of trust conveying Pittencrieff Park and
+Glen to Dunfermline an unspecified reservation of property was made.
+The "with certain exceptions" related to King Malcolm's Tower. For
+reasons best known to himself Mr. Carnegie retained the ownership of
+this relic of the past.]
+
+    "'The King sits in Dunfermline tower
+    Drinking the bluid red wine.'
+
+I should like to escort you some day to the tower of your Scottish
+ancestor, that you may do homage to his memory." He exclaimed:
+
+"That would be very fine. The Scotch are much quicker and cleverer
+than the Germans. The Germans are too slow."
+
+"Your Majesty, where anything Scotch is concerned, I must decline to
+accept you as an impartial judge."
+
+He laughed and waved adieu, calling out:
+
+"You are to dine with me this evening"--and excusing himself went to
+greet the arriving admirals.
+
+About sixty were present at the dinner and we had a pleasant time,
+indeed. His Majesty, opposite whom I sat, was good enough to raise his
+glass and invite me to drink with him. After he had done so with Mr.
+Tower, our Ambassador, who sat at his right, he asked across the
+table--heard by those near--whether I had told Prince von Buelow, next
+whom I sat, that his (the Emperor's) hero, Bruce, rested in my native
+town of Dunfermline, and his ancestor's tower in Pittencrieff Glen,
+was in my possession.
+
+"No," I replied; "with Your Majesty I am led into such frivolities,
+but my intercourse with your Lord High Chancellor, I assure you, will
+always be of a serious import."
+
+We dined with Mrs. Goelet upon her yacht, one evening, and His Majesty
+being present, I told him President Roosevelt had said recently to me
+that he wished custom permitted him to leave the country so he could
+run over and see him (the Emperor). He thought a substantial talk
+would result in something good being accomplished. I believed that
+also. The Emperor agreed and said he wished greatly to see him and
+hoped he would some day come to Germany. I suggested that he (the
+Emperor) was free from constitutional barriers and could sail over
+and see the President.
+
+"Ah, but my country needs me here! How can I leave?"
+
+I replied:
+
+"Before leaving home one year, when I went to our mills to bid the
+officials good-bye and expressed regret at leaving them all hard at
+work, sweltering in the hot sun, but that I found I had now every year
+to rest and yet no matter how tired I might be one half-hour on the
+bow of the steamer, cutting the Atlantic waves, gave me perfect
+relief, my clever manager, Captain Jones, retorted: 'And, oh, Lord!
+think of the relief we all get.' It might be the same with your
+people, Your Majesty."
+
+He laughed heartily over and over again. It opened a new train of
+thought. He repeated his desire to meet President Roosevelt, and I
+said:
+
+"Well, Your Majesty, when you two do get together, I think I shall
+have to be with you. You and he, I fear, might get into mischief."
+
+He laughed and said:
+
+"Oh, I see! You wish to drive us together. Well, I agree if you make
+Roosevelt first horse, I shall follow."
+
+"Ah, no, Your Majesty, I know horse-flesh better than to attempt to
+drive two such gay colts tandem. You never get proper purchase on the
+first horse. I must yoke you both in the shafts, neck and neck, so I
+can hold you in."
+
+I never met a man who enjoyed stories more keenly than the Emperor. He
+is fine company, and I believe an earnest man, anxious for the peace
+and progress of the world. Suffice it to say he insists that he is,
+and always has been, for peace. [1907.] He cherishes the fact that he
+has reigned for twenty-four years and has never shed human blood. He
+considers that the German navy is too small to affect the British and
+was never intended to be a rival. Nevertheless, it is in my opinion
+very unwise, because unnecessary, to enlarge it. Prince von Buelow
+holds these sentiments and I believe the peace of the world has little
+to fear from Germany. Her interests are all favorable to peace,
+industrial development being her aim; and in this desirable field she
+is certainly making great strides.
+
+I sent the Emperor by his Ambassador, Baron von Sternberg, the book,
+"The Roosevelt Policy,"[80] to which I had written an introduction
+that pleased the President, and I rejoice in having received from him
+a fine bronze of himself with a valued letter. He is not only an
+Emperor, but something much higher--a man anxious to improve existing
+conditions, untiring in his efforts to promote temperance, prevent
+dueling, and, I believe, to secure International Peace.
+
+[Footnote 80: _The Roosevelt Policy: Speeches, Letters and State
+Papers relating to Corporate Wealth and closely Allied Topics._ New
+York, 1908.]
+
+I have for some time been haunted with the feeling that the Emperor
+was indeed a Man of Destiny. My interviews with him have strengthened
+that feeling. I have great hopes of him in the future doing something
+really great and good. He may yet have a part to play that will give
+him a place among the immortals. He has ruled Germany in peace for
+twenty-seven years, but something beyond even this record is due from
+one who has the power to establish peace among civilized nations
+through positive action. Maintaining peace in his own land is not
+sufficient from one whose invitation to other leading civilized
+nations to combine and establish arbitration of all international
+disputes would be gladly responded to. Whether he is to pass into
+history as only the preserver of internal peace at home or is to
+rise to his appointed mission as the Apostle of Peace among leading
+civilized nations, the future has still to reveal.
+
+The year before last (1912) I stood before him in the grand palace in
+Berlin and presented the American address of congratulation upon his
+peaceful reign of twenty-five years, his hand unstained by human
+blood. As I approached to hand to him the casket containing the
+address, he recognized me and with outstretched arms, exclaimed:
+
+"Carnegie, twenty-five years of peace, and we hope for many more."
+
+I could not help responding:
+
+"And in this noblest of all missions you are our chief ally."
+
+He had hitherto sat silent and motionless, taking the successive
+addresses from one officer and handing them to another to be placed
+upon the table. The chief subject under discussion had been World
+Peace, which he could have, and in my opinion, would have secured, had
+he not been surrounded by the military caste which inevitably gathers
+about one born to the throne--a caste which usually becomes as
+permanent as the potentate himself, and which has so far in Germany
+proved its power of control whenever the war issue has been presented.
+Until militarism is subordinated, there can be no World Peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As I read this to-day [1914], what a change! The world convulsed by
+war as never before! Men slaying each other like wild beasts! I dare
+not relinquish all hope. In recent days I see another ruler coming
+forward upon the world stage, who may prove himself the immortal one.
+The man who vindicated his country's honor in the Panama Canal toll
+dispute is now President. He has the indomitable will of genius, and
+true hope which we are told,
+
+    "Kings it makes gods, and meaner creatures kings."
+
+Nothing is impossible to genius! Watch President Wilson! He has Scotch
+blood in his veins.
+
+[Here the manuscript ends abruptly.]
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW CARNEGIE AT SKIBO
+
+(1914)]
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+MR. CARNEGIE's chief publications are as follows:
+
+_An American Four-in-Hand in Britain._ New York, 1884.
+
+_Round the World._ New York, 1884.
+
+_Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' March of the Republic._ New
+York, 1886.
+
+_The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays._ New York, 1900.
+
+_The Empire of Business._ New York, 1903.
+
+_James Watt._ New York, 1905.
+
+_Problems of To-day. Wealth--Labor--Socialism._ New York, 1908.
+
+He was a contributor to English and American magazines and newspapers,
+and many of the articles as well as many of his speeches have been
+published in pamphlet form. Among the latter are the addresses on
+Edwin M. Stanton, Ezra Cornell, William Chambers, his pleas for
+international peace, his numerous dedicatory and founders day
+addresses. A fuller list of these publications is given in Margaret
+Barclay Wilson's _A Carnegie Anthology_, privately printed in New
+York, 1915.
+
+A great many articles have been written about Mr. Carnegie, but the
+chief sources of information are:
+
+ALDERSON (BERNARD). _Andrew Carnegie. The Man and His Work._
+New York, 1905.
+
+BERGLUND (ABRAHAM). _The United States Steel Corporation._
+New York, 1907.
+
+CARNEGIE (ANDREW). _How I served My Apprenticeship as a
+Business Man._ Reprint from _Youth's Companion_. April 23, 1896.
+
+COTTER (ARUNDEL). _Authentic History of the United States
+Steel Corporation._ New York, 1916.
+
+HUBBARD (ELBERT). _Andrew Carnegie_. New York, 1909.
+(Amusing, but inaccurate.)
+
+MACKIE (J.B.). _Andrew Carnegie. His Dunfermline Ties and
+Benefactions._ Dunfermline, n.d.
+
+_Manual of the Public Benefactions of Andrew Carnegie._ Published by
+the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Washington, 1919.
+
+_Memorial Addresses on the Life and Work of Andrew Carnegie._ New
+York, 1920.
+
+_Memorial Service in Honor of Andrew Carnegie on his Birthday,
+Tuesday, November 25, 1919._ Carnegie Music Hall, Pittsburgh,
+Pennsylvania.
+
+_Pittencrieff Glen: Its Antiquities, History and Legends._
+Dunfermline, 1903.
+
+POYNTON (JOHN A.). _A Millionaire's Mail Bag._ New York,
+1915. (Mr. Poynton was Mr. Carnegie's secretary.)
+
+PRITCHETT (HENRY S.). _Andrew Carnegie._ Anniversary Address
+before Carnegie Institute, November 24, 1915.
+
+SCHWAB (CHARLES M.). _Andrew Carnegie. His Methods with His
+Men._ Address at Memorial Service, Carnegie Music Hall, Pittsburgh,
+November 25, 1919.
+
+WILSON (MARGARET BARCLAY). _A Carnegie Anthology._ Privately
+printed. New York, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Abbey, Edwin A., 298.
+
+Abbott, Rev. Lyman, 285.
+
+Abbott, William L., becomes partner of Mr. Carnegie, 201.
+
+Accounting system, importance of, 135, 136, 204.
+
+Acton, Lord, library bought by Mr. Carnegie, 325.
+
+Adams, Edwin, tragedian, 49.
+
+Adams Express Company, investment in, 79.
+
+Addison, Leila, friend and critic of young Carnegie, 97.
+
+Aitken, Aunt, 8, 22, 30, 50, 51, 77, 78.
+
+Alderson, Barnard, _Andrew Carnegie_, quoted, 282 _n._
+
+Allegheny City, the Carnegies in, 30, 31, 34;
+  public library and hall, 259.
+
+Allegheny Valley Railway, bonds marketed by Mr. Carnegie, 167-71.
+
+Allison, Senator W.B., 124, 125.
+
+Altoona, beginnings of, 66.
+
+_American Four-in-Hand in Britain, An_, Mr. Carnegie's first book, 6;
+  quoted, 27, 318 _n._;
+  published, 212, 322.
+
+Anderson, Col. James, and his library, 45-47.
+
+Arnold, Edwin, gives Mr. Carnegie the MS. of _The Light of Asia_, 207.
+
+Arnold, Matthew, quoted, 206, 207, 302;
+  visits Mr. Carnegie, 216, 299, 301;
+  a charming man, 298;
+  seriously religious, 299;
+  as a lecturer, 299, 300;
+  and Henry Ward Beecher, 300;
+  on Shakespeare, 302;
+  and Josh Billings, 303-05;
+  in Chicago, 305, 306;
+  memorial to, 308.
+
+
+Baldwin, William H., 277.
+
+Balfour, Prime Minister, 269-71;
+  as a philosopher, 323, 324.
+
+Balfour of Burleigh, Lord, and Trust for the Universities of
+  Scotland, 269, 270, 272.
+
+Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Mr. Carnegie's relations with, 125-29.
+
+Baring Brother, dealings with, 168, 169.
+
+Barryman, Robert, an ideal Tom Bowling, 28, 29.
+
+Bates, David Homer, quoted, 45, 46, 100.
+
+Beecher, Henry Ward, and Matthew Arnold, 300;
+  and Robert G. Ingersoll, 300, 301;
+  on Herbert Spencer, 336, 337.
+
+Behring Sea question, 350, 353-55.
+
+Bessemer steel process, revolutionized steel manufacture, 184, 185,
+  229.
+
+Billings, Dr. J.S., of the New York Public Libraries, 259;
+  director of the Carnegie Institution, 260.
+
+Billings, Josh, 295;
+  and Matthew Arnold, 303-05;
+  anecdotes, 304, 305.
+
+Bismarck, Prince, disturbs the financial world, 169.
+
+Black, William, 298.
+
+Blaine, James G., visits Mr. Carnegie, 216;
+  and Mr. Gladstone, 320, 321, 328;
+  a good story-teller, 341-43, 357;
+  his Yorktown address, 341;
+  at Cluny Castle, 344;
+  misses the Presidency, 345;
+  as Secretary of State, 345, 352-56;
+  at the Pan-American Congress, 346.
+
+Bliss, Cornelius N., 363.
+
+Borntraeger, William, 136;
+  put in charge of the Union Iron Mills, 198;
+  anecdotes of, 199-201.
+
+Botta, Professor and Madame, 150.
+
+Braddock's Cooeperative Society, 250.
+
+Bridge-building, of iron, 115-29;
+  at Steubenville, 116, 117;
+  at Keokuk, Iowa, 154;
+  at St. Louis, 155.
+
+Bright, John, 11;
+  and George Peabody, 282.
+
+British Iron and Steel Institute, 178, 180.
+
+Brooks, David, manager of the Pittsburgh telegraph office, 36-38,
+  57-59.
+
+Brown University, John Hay Library at, 275.
+
+Bruce, King Robert, 18, 367.
+
+Bryan, William J., and the treaty with Spain, 364.
+
+Bull Run, battle of, 100.
+
+Buelow, Prince von, 368, 370.
+
+Burns, Robert, quoted, 3, 13, 33, 307, 313;
+  Dean Stanley on, 271;
+  rules of conduct, 271, 272.
+
+Burroughs, John, and Ernest Thompson Seton, 293.
+
+Butler, Gen. B.F., 99.
+
+
+Cable, George W., 295.
+
+Calvinism, revolt from, 22, 23, 74, 75.
+
+Cambria Iron Company, 186.
+
+Cameron, Simon, in Lincoln's Cabinet, 102, 103;
+  a man of sentiment, 104;
+  anecdote of, 104, 105.
+
+Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 313;
+  and Trust for the Universities of Scotland, 269, 271;
+  Prime Minister, 312, 313.
+
+Carnegie, Andrew, grandfather of A.C., 2, 3.
+
+Carnegie, Andrew, birth, 2;
+  ancestry, 2-6;
+  fortunate in his birthplace, 6-8;
+  childhood in Dunfermline, 7-18;
+  a violent young republican, 10-12;
+  goes to school, 13-15, 21;
+  early usefulness to his parents, 14;
+  learns history from his Uncle Lauder, 15, 16;
+  intensely Scottish, 16, 18;
+  trained in recitation, 20;
+  power to memorize, 21;
+  animal pets, 23;
+  early evidence of organizing power, 24, 43;
+  leaves Dunfermline, 25;
+  sails for America, 28;
+  on the Erie Canal, 29, 30;
+  in Allegheny City, 30;
+  becomes a bobbin boy, 34;
+  works in a bobbin factory, 35, 36;
+  telegraph messenger, 37-44;
+  first real start in life, 38, 39;
+  first communication to the press, 45;
+  cultivates taste for literature, 46, 47;
+  love for Shakespeare stimulated, 48, 49;
+  Swedenborgian influence, 50;
+  taste for music aroused, 51;
+  first wage raise, 55;
+  learns to telegraph, 57, 58, 61;
+  becomes a telegraph operator, 59.
+
+  _Railroad experience:_
+  Clerk and operator for Thomas A. Scott, division superintendent of
+    Pennsylvania Railroad, 63;
+  loses pay-rolls, 67;
+  an anti-slavery partisan, 68, 96;
+  employs women as telegraph operators, 69;
+  takes unauthorized responsibility, 71, 72;
+  in temporary charge of division, 73;
+  theological discussions, 74-76;
+  first investment, 79;
+  transferred to Altoona, 84;
+  invests in building of sleeping-cars, 87;
+  made division superintendent on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 91;
+  returns to Pittsburgh, 92;
+  gets a house at Homewood, 94;
+  Civil War service, 99-109;
+  gift to Kenyon College, 106;
+  first serious illness, 109;
+  first return to Scotland, 110-13;
+  organizes rail-making and locomotive works, 115;
+  also a company to build iron bridges, 116-18;
+  bridge-building, 119-29;
+  begins making iron, 130-34;
+  introduces cost accounting system, 135, 136, 204;
+  becomes interested in oil wells, 136-39;
+  mistaken for a noted exhorter, 140;
+  leaves the railroad company, 140, 141.
+
+  _Period of acquisition:_
+  Travels extensively in Europe, 142, 143;
+  deepening appreciation of art and music, 143;
+  builds coke works, 144, 145;
+  attitude toward protective tariff, 146-48;
+  opens an office in New York, 149;
+  joins the Nineteenth Century Club, 150;
+  opposed to speculation, 151-54;
+  builds bridge at Keokuk, 154;
+  and another at St. Louis, 155-57;
+  dealings with the Morgans, 155-57, 169-73;
+  gives public baths to Dunfermline, 157;
+  his ambitions at thirty-three, 157, 158;
+  rivalry with Pullman, 159;
+  proposes forming Pullman Palace Car Company, 160;
+  helps the Union Pacific Railway through a crisis, 162, 163;
+  becomes a director of that company, 164;
+  but is forced out, 165;
+  friction with Mr. Scott, 165, 174;
+  floats bonds of the Allegheny Valley Railway, 167-71;
+  negotiations with Baring Brothers, 168, 169;
+  some business rules, 172-75, 194, 224, 231;
+  concentrates on manufacturing, 176, 177;
+  president of the British Iron and Steel Institute, 178;
+  begins making pig iron, 178, 179;
+  proves the value of chemistry at a blast furnace, 181-83;
+  making steel rails, 184-89;
+  in the panic of 1873, 189-93;
+  parts with Mr. Kloman, 194-97;
+  some of his partners, 198-203;
+  goes around the world, 204-09;
+  his philosophy of life, 206, 207;
+  Dunfermline confers the freedom of the town, 210;
+  coaching in Great Britain, 211, 212;
+  dangerously ill, 212, 213;
+  death of his mother and brother, 212, 213;
+  courtship, 213, 214;
+  marriage, 215;
+  presented with the freedom of Edinburgh, 215;
+  birth of his daughter, 217;
+  buys Skibo Castle, 217;
+  manufactures spiegel and ferro-manganese, 220, 221;
+  buys mines, 221-23;
+  acquires the Frick Coke Company, 222;
+  buys the Homestead steel mills, 225;
+  progress between 1888 and 1897, 226;
+  the Homestead strike, 228-33;
+  succeeds Mark Hanna on executive committee of the National Civic
+    Federation, 234;
+  incident of Burgomaster McLuckie, 235-39;
+  some labor disputes, 240-54;
+  dealing with a mill committee, 241, 242;
+  breaking a strike, 243-46;
+  a sliding scale of wages, 244-47;
+  beating a bully, 248;
+  settling differences by conference, 249, 250, 252;
+  workmen's savings, 251.
+
+  _Period of distribution:_
+  Carnegie Steel Company sells out to United States Steel Corporation,
+    255, 256;
+  Andrew Carnegie Relief Fund established for men in the mills, 256,
+    257, 281;
+  libraries built, 259;
+  Carnegie Institution founded, 259-61;
+  hero funds established for several countries, 262-67;
+  pension fund for aged professors, 268-71;
+  trustee of Cornell University, 268;
+  Lord Rector of St. Andrews, 271-73;
+  aid to American colleges, 274, 275, 277 _n._;
+  connection with Hampton and Tuskegee Institutes, 276, 277;
+  gives organs to many churches, 278, 279;
+  private pension fund, 279, 280;
+  Railroad Pension Fund, 280;
+  early interested in peace movements, 282, 283;
+  on a League of Nations, 284 _n._;
+  provides funds for Temple of Peace at The Hague, 284, 285;
+  president of the Peace Society of New York, 285, 286;
+  decorated by several governments, 286;
+  buys Pittencrieff Glen and gives it to Dunfermline, 286-90;
+  friendship with Earl Grey, 290;
+  other trusts established, 290 _n._;
+  dinners of the Carnegie Veteran Association, 291, 292;
+  the Literary Dinner, 292, 293;
+  relations with Mark Twain, 294-97;
+  with Matthew Arnold, 298-308;
+  with Josh Billings, 302-05;
+  first meets Mr. Gladstone, 309, 330, 331;
+  estimate of Lord Rosebery, 309-11;
+  his own name often misspelled, 310;
+  attachment to Harcourt and Campbell-Bannerman, 312;
+  and the Earl of Elgin, 313, 314;
+  his Freedom-getting career, 314, 316;
+  opinion on British municipal government, 314-17;
+  visits Mr. Gladstone at Hawarden, 318, 319, 328, 329;
+  incident of the Queen's Jubilee, 320, 321;
+  relations with J.G. Blaine, 320, 321, 328, 341-46;
+  friendship with John Morley, 322-28;
+  estimate of Elihu Root, 324;
+  buys Lord Acton's library, 325;
+  on Irish Home Rule, 327;
+  attempts newspaper campaign of political progress, 330;
+  writes _Triumphant Democracy_, 330-32;
+  a disciple of Herbert Spencer, 333-40;
+  delegate to the Pan-American Congress, 346, 350;
+  entertains President Harrison, 347, 348;
+  founds Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh, 348;
+  influence in the Chilian quarrel, 350-52;
+  suggests Mr. Shiras for the Supreme Court, 353;
+  on the Behring Sea dispute, 354, 355;
+  opinion of Mr. Blaine, 355, 357;
+  relations with John Hay, 358-61;
+  and with President McKinley, 359, 363;
+  on annexation of the Philippines, 362-65;
+  criticism of W.J. Bryan, 364;
+  impressions of the German emperor, 366-71;
+  hopeful of President Wilson, 371, 372.
+
+Carnegie, Louise Whitfield, wife of A.C., 215-19;
+  charmed by Scotland, 215;
+  her enjoyment of the pipers, 216;
+  the Peace-Maker, 218;
+  honored with freedom of Dunfermline, 271;
+  first honorary member of Carnegie Veteran Association, 292.
+
+Carnegie, Margaret Morrison, mother of A.C., 6, 12;
+  reticent on religious subjects, 22, 50;
+  a wonderful woman, 31, 32, 38, 88-90;
+  gives bust of Sir Walter Scott to Stirling, 157;
+  lays corner stone of Carnegie Library in Dunfermline, 211;
+  death of, 212, 213;
+  advice to Matthew Arnold, 299.
+
+Carnegie, Margaret, daughter of A.C., born, 217.
+
+Carnegie, Thomas Morrison, brother of A.C., 25;
+  a favorite of Col. Piper, 118, 119;
+  interested in iron-making, 130;
+  friendship with Henry Phipps, 132;
+  marries Lucy Coleman, 149;
+  death of, 212, 213.
+
+Carnegie, William, father of A.C., 2;
+  a damask weaver, 8, 12, 13, 25, 30;
+  a radical republican, 11;
+  liberal in theology, 22, 23;
+  works in a cotton factory in Allegheny City, 34;
+  one of the founders of a library in Dunfermline, 48;
+  a sweet singer, 52;
+  shy and reserved, 62;
+  one of the most lovable of men, 63;
+  death of, 63, 77.
+
+"Carnegie," the wood-and-bronze yacht, 260, 261.
+
+Carnegie Brothers & Co., 129, 225, 226.
+
+Carnegie Corporation of New York, 290 _n._
+
+Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 286 _n._
+
+Carnegie Endowment for the Advancement of Learning, 268.
+
+Carnegie Hero Fund, 262-66.
+
+Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh, 259, 348.
+
+Carnegie Institution, 259, 260.
+
+Carnegie, Kloman & Co., 196, 197.
+
+Carnegie, McCandless & Co., 201.
+
+Carnegie, Phipps & Co., 226.
+
+Carnegie Relief Fund, for Carnegie workmen, 266.
+
+Carnegie Steel Company, 256.
+
+Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, trustees of, 269;
+  duties of, 270, 271.
+
+Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, 290 _n._
+
+Carnegie Veteran Association, 291, 292.
+
+"Cavendish" (Henry Jones), anecdote of, 315.
+
+Central Transportation Company, 159, 161.
+
+Chamberlain, Joseph, 326, 327, 356.
+
+Chemistry, value of, in iron manufacture, 181, 182, 223.
+
+Chicago, "dizzy on cult," 305, 306.
+
+Chili, quarrel with, 350-53.
+
+Chisholm, Mr., Cleveland iron manufacturer, 184.
+
+Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 355, 356, 360.
+
+Clemens, Samuel L., _see_ Twain, Mark.
+
+Cleveland, Frances, Library at Wellesley College, 275.
+
+Cleveland, President, 283;
+  and tariff revision, 147.
+
+Cluny Castle, Scotland, 217;
+  Mr. Blaine at, 344.
+
+Coal-washing, introduced into America by George Lauder, 144.
+
+Cobbett, William, 4.
+
+Coke, manufacture of, 144, 145, 221.
+
+Coleman, Lucy, afterwards Mrs. Thomas Carnegie, 149.
+
+Coleman, William, interested in oil wells, 136-40;
+  and in coke, 144;
+  manufacturer of steel rails, 186;
+  anecdote of, 192;
+  sells out to Mr. Carnegie, 202.
+
+Columbia University, 274 _n._
+
+Confucius, quoted, 50, 52, 340.
+
+Constant, Baron d'Estournelles de, 286.
+
+Conway, Moncure D., Autobiography quoted, 274.
+
+Cooeperative store, 250.
+
+Corn Law agitation, the, 8.
+
+Cornell University, salaries of professors, 268.
+
+Cowley, William, 46.
+
+Cremer, William Randall, receives Nobel Prize for promotion of peace,
+  283, 284 _n._
+
+Cresson Springs, Mr. Carnegie's summer home in the Alleghanies, 213,
+  307.
+
+Cromwell, Oliver, 15.
+
+Crystal Palace, London, 143.
+
+Curry, Henry M., 181;
+  becomes a partner of Mr. Carnegie, 201.
+
+Cyclops Mills, 133, 134.
+
+
+Damask trade in Scotland, 2, 8, 12, 13.
+
+Dawes, Anna L., _How we are Governed_, 327.
+
+Dennis, Prof. F.S., 213, 214.
+
+Dickinson College, Conway Hall at, 274.
+
+Disestablishment of the English Church, 329.
+
+Dodds process, the, for carbonizing the heads of iron rails, 186.
+
+Dodge, William E., 260.
+
+Donaldson, Principal, of St. Andrews University, 273.
+
+Douglas, Euphemia (Mrs. Sloane), 29.
+
+Drexel, Anthony, 175, 205.
+
+Dunfermline, birthplace of Mr. Carnegie, 2, 6;
+  a radical town, 10;
+  libraries in, 48;
+  revisited, 110-12, 157;
+  gives Mr. Carnegie the freedom of the town, 210;
+  Carnegie Library in, 211;
+  confers freedom of the town on Mrs. Carnegie, 271.
+
+Dunfermline Abbey, 6, 7, 17, 18, 26, 27, 111.
+
+Durrant, President, of the Union Pacific Railway, 159.
+
+
+Eads, Capt. James B., 119, 120.
+
+Edgar Thomson Steel Company, 188, 189, 201, 202.
+
+Education, compulsory, 34.
+
+Edwards, "Billy," 249, 250.
+
+Edwards, Passmore, 330.
+
+Elgin, Earl of, and Trust for the Universities of Scotland, 269-72,
+  313, 314.
+
+Elkins, Sen. Stephen B., and Mr. Blaine, 344, 345, 352, 359.
+
+Emerson, Ralph Waldo, anecdote of, 335.
+
+Endorsing notes, 173, 174.
+
+Erie Canal, the, 29, 30.
+
+Escanaba Iron Company, 194-97, 220.
+
+Evans, Captain ("Fighting Bob"), as government inspector, 199.
+
+Evarts, William M., 336 _n._
+
+
+Fahnestock, Mr., Pittsburgh financier, 41.
+
+Farmer, President, of Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Co., 5.
+
+Ferguson, Ella (Mrs. Henderson), 25.
+
+Ferro-manganese, manufacture of, 220.
+
+Fleming, Marjory, 20.
+
+Flower, Governor Roswell P., and the tariff, 147, 148.
+
+Forbes, Gen. John, Laird of Pittencrieff, 188.
+
+Franciscus, Mr., freight agent at Pittsburgh, 72.
+
+Franciscus, Mrs., 80.
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, and St. Andrews University, 272;
+  quoted, 340.
+
+Frick, Henry C., 222.
+
+Frick Coke Company, 222, 226.
+
+Fricke, Dr., chemist at the Lucy Furnace, 182.
+
+Frissell, Hollis B., of Hampton Institute, 277.
+
+
+Garrett, John W., President of the Baltimore
+  and Ohio Railroad, 125-29.
+
+General Education Board, 274.
+
+Germany, and the Philippines, 365;
+  Emperor William, 366-71.
+
+Gilder, Richard Watson, poem by, 262, 263;
+  manager of the Literary Dinner, 292, 293;
+  on Mr. Carnegie, 293 _n._, 340 _n._
+
+Gilman, Daniel C., first president of the Carnegie Institution, 260.
+
+Gladstone, W.E., letter from, 233;
+  and Matthew Arnold, 298;
+  Mr. Carnegie and, 309, 327-31;
+  his library, 318;
+  devout and sincere, 319;
+  anecdote of, 320;
+  and J.G. Blaine, 321;
+  and John Morley, 325.
+
+Glass, John P., 54, 55.
+
+God, each stage of civilization creates its own, 75.
+
+Gorman, Senator Arthur P., and the tariff, 147, 148.
+
+_Gospel of Wealth, The_, published, 255.
+
+Gould, Jay, 152.
+
+Grant, Gen. U.S., and Secretary Stanton, 106;
+  some characteristics of, 107;
+  unjustly suspected, 108.
+
+Greeley, Horace, 68, 81.
+
+Grey, Earl, trustee of Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, 290 and _n._
+
+
+Hague Conference, 283, 284.
+
+Haldane, Lord Chancellor, error as to British manufactures, 331.
+
+Hale, Eugene, visits Mr. Carnegie, 216.
+
+Hale, Prof. George E., of the Mount Wilson Observatory, 261.
+
+Halkett, Sir Arthur, killed at Braddock's defeat, 187, 188.
+
+Hamilton College, Elihu Root Foundation at, 275.
+
+Hampton Institute, 276.
+
+Hanna, Senator Mark, 233, 234, 359;
+  Chair in Western Reserve University named for, 275.
+
+Harcourt, Sir William Vernon, 312.
+
+Harris, Joel Chandler, 295.
+
+Harrison, President Benjamin, opens Carnegie Hall at Allegheny City,
+  259, 347;
+  his nomination, 344, 345;
+  dispute with Chili, 350-53;
+  the Behring Sea question, 350, 353-55.
+
+Hartman Steel Works, 226.
+
+Hawk, Mr., of the Windsor Hotel, New York, 150.
+
+Hay, Secretary John, comment on Lincoln, 101, 102;
+  visits Mr. Carnegie, 216;
+  chairman of directors of Carnegie Institution, 260;
+  Library, at Brown University, 275;
+  as Secretary of State, 358;
+  the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 359;
+  the Senate his _bete noire_, 360, 361.
+
+Hay, John, of Allegheny City, 34-37.
+
+Head-ication versus Hand-ication, 4.
+
+Henderson, Ebenezer, 5.
+
+Henderson, Ella Ferguson, 25, 55.
+
+Hero Fund, 262-66.
+
+Hewitt, Abram S., 260.
+
+Higginson, Maj. F.L., 260.
+
+Higginson, Col. Thomas Wentworth, 150.
+
+Hill, David Jayne, on the German Hero Fund, 263, 264.
+
+Hogan, Maria, 70.
+
+Hogan, Uncle, 36, 77.
+
+Holls, G.F.W., and the Hague Conference, 284.
+
+Holmes, Oliver Wendell, and the Matthew Arnold memorial, 307, 308.
+
+Homestead Steel Mills, consolidated with Carnegie Brothers & Co., 225,
+  226;
+  strike at, 228-39;
+  address of workmen to Mr. Carnegie, 257.
+
+Hughes, Courtney, 58.
+
+Huntington, Collis P., 205.
+
+
+Ignorance, the main root of industrial trouble, 240.
+
+_In the Time of Peace_, by Richard Watson Gilder, 262, 263.
+
+Ingersoll, Col. Robert G., 210, 300.
+
+Integrity, importance of, in business, 172.
+
+Ireland, Mr. Carnegie's freedom tour in, 314 _n._, 316.
+
+Irish Home Rule, 327.
+
+Irwin, Agnes, receives doctor's degree from St. Andrews University,
+  272, 273.
+
+Isle of Wight, 215.
+
+
+Jackson, Andrew, and Simon Cameron, 104, 105.
+
+Jewett, Thomas L., President of the Panhandle Railroad, 117.
+
+Jones, Henry ("Cavendish"), anecdote of, 315.
+
+Jones, ---- ("The Captain"), 202, 204, 241, 242, 369;
+  prefers large salary to partnership, 203.
+
+_Just by the Way_, poem on Mr. Carnegie, 238.
+
+
+Kaiser Wilhelm, and Mr. Carnegie, 366-71.
+
+Katte, Walter, 123.
+
+Keble, Bishop, godfather of Matthew Arnold, 298.
+
+Kelly, Mr., chairman of blast-furnaces committee, 241-43.
+
+Kennedy, Julian, 220.
+
+Kenyon College, gift to, 106;
+  Stanton Chair of Economics, 275.
+
+Keokuk, Iowa, 154.
+
+Keystone Bridge Works, 116, 122-28, 176.
+
+Keystone Iron Works, 130.
+
+Kilgraston, Scotland, 215, 216.
+
+Kind action never lost, 85, 86.
+
+King Edward VII, letter from, 264, 265, 326.
+
+Kloman, Andrew, partner with Mr. Carnegie, 130, 178, 179;
+  a great mechanic, 131, 134;
+  in bankruptcy, 194-96.
+
+Knowledge, sure to prove useful, 60.
+
+Knowles, James, on Tennyson, 337, 338.
+
+Koethen, Mr., choir leader, 51.
+
+
+Labor, some problems of, 240-54.
+
+Lang, Principal, 272.
+
+Lauder, George, uncle of A.C., 12, 28, 113, 287;
+  teaches him history, 15-17;
+  and recitation, 20.
+
+Lauder, George, cousin of A.C., 8, 17;
+  develops coal-washing machinery, 144, 223.
+
+Lauder Technical College, 9, 15.
+
+Lehigh University, Mr. Carnegie gives Taylor Hall, 266.
+
+Lewis, Enoch, 91.
+
+Libraries, founded by Mr. Carnegie, 47, 48, 259.
+
+Library, public, usefulness of, 47.
+
+Lincoln, Abraham, some characteristics of, 101;
+  second nomination sought, 104, 105.
+
+Linville, H.J., partner of Mr. Carnegie, 116, 120.
+
+Literature, value of a taste for, 46.
+
+Lloyd, Mr., banker at Altoona, 87.
+
+Lombaert, Mr., general superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad,
+  63, 66, 67, 73.
+
+Lucy Furnace, the, erected, 178;
+  in charge of Henry Phipps, 181;
+  enlarged, 183;
+  gift from the workmen in, 257, 258.
+
+Lynch, Rev. Frederick, 285.
+
+
+Mabie, Hamilton Wright, quoted, 113.
+
+McAneny, George, 277.
+
+McCandless, David, 78, 186.
+
+McCargo, David, 42, 49, 69.
+
+McCullough, J.N., 173, 175.
+
+MacIntosh, Mr., Scottish furniture manufacturer, 24.
+
+McKinley, President William, 358;
+  and the Panama Canal, 359;
+  and the Spanish War, 361-65.
+
+McLuckie, Burgomaster, and Mr. Carnegie, 235-37.
+
+McMillan, Rev. Mr., Presbyterian minister, 74-76.
+
+Macdonald, Sir John, and the Behring Sea troubles, 354, 355.
+
+Mackie, J.B., quoted, 3, 9.
+
+Macy, V. Everit, 277.
+
+Martin, Robert, Mr. Carnegie's only schoolmaster, 13-15, 21.
+
+Mason and Slidell, 102.
+
+Mellon, Judge, of Pittsburgh, 1.
+
+Memorizing, benefit of, 21, 39.
+
+Mill, John Stuart, as rector of St. Andrews, 272.
+
+Miller, Thomas N., 45, 46, 110;
+  on the doctrine of predestination, 75;
+  partner with Mr. Carnegie, 115, 130, 133;
+  death of, 130;
+  sells his interest, 133, 134.
+
+Mills, D.O., 260.
+
+Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir, 260.
+
+Morgan, J. Pierpont, 171, 172, 256.
+
+Morgan, Junius S., 155, 156, 170.
+
+Morgan, J.S., & Co., negotiations with, 169-72.
+
+Morland, W.C., 42.
+
+Morley, John, and Mr. Carnegie, 21, 22, 293;
+  address at Carnegie Institute, 188;
+  on Lord Rosebery, 311;
+  on the Earl of Elgin, 314;
+  on Mr. Carnegie, 322 _n._;
+  pessimistic, 322, 323;
+  visits America, 324, 325;
+  and Elihu Root, 324;
+  and Theodore Roosevelt, 325;
+  and Lord Acton's library, 325;
+  and Joseph Chamberlain, 326, 327.
+
+Morley, R.F., 100 _n._
+
+Morris, Leander, cousin of Mr. Carnegie, 51.
+
+Morrison, Bailie, uncle of Mr. Carnegie, 4-6, 9, 11, 210, 287, 312.
+
+Morrison, Margaret, _see_ Carnegie, Margaret.
+
+Morrison, Thomas, maternal grandfather of Mr. Carnegie, 4-6, 287.
+
+Morrison, Thomas, second cousin of Mr. Carnegie, 145.
+
+Morton, Levi P., 165.
+
+Mount Wilson Observatory, 261, 262.
+
+Municipal government, British and American, 314-16.
+
+
+"Naig," Mr. Carnegie's nickname, 17.
+
+National Civic Federation, 234.
+
+National Trust Company, Pittsburgh, 224.
+
+Naugle, J.A., 237.
+
+New York, first impressions of, 28;
+  business headquarters of America, 149.
+
+Nineteenth Century Club, New York, 150.
+
+
+Ocean surveys, 261.
+
+Ogden, Robert C., 277.
+
+Oil wells, 136-39.
+
+Oliver, Hon. H.W., 42, 49.
+
+Omaha Bridge, 164, 165.
+
+Optimism, 3, 162;
+  optimist and pessimist, 323.
+
+Organs, in churches, 278, 279.
+
+_Our Coaching Trip_, quoted, 48, 110;
+  privately published, 212.
+
+
+Palmer, Courtlandt, 150.
+
+Panama Canal, 359, 360, 372.
+
+Pan-American Congress, 345, 346.
+
+Panic of 1873, the, 171, 172, 189-93.
+
+Park, James, pioneer steel-maker of Pittsburgh, 199, 200.
+
+Parliament, membership and meetings, 315.
+
+Partnership better than corporation, 221.
+
+Patiemuir College, 2.
+
+Pauncefote, Sir Julian, and Mr. Blaine, 355;
+  the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 359, 360.
+
+Peabody, George, his body brought home on the warship Monarch, 282.
+
+Peabody, George Foster, 277.
+
+Peace, Mr. Carnegie's work for, 282-86;
+  Palace, at The Hague, 284, 285.
+
+Peace Society of New York, 285, 286.
+
+Peacock, Alexander R., partner of Mr. Carnegie, 203.
+
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, builds first iron bridge, 115-17;
+  aids Union Pacific Railway, 163, 164;
+  aids Allegheny Valley Railway, 167-71;
+  aids Pennsylvania Steel Works, 185.
+  _See also_ Carnegie, Andrew, _Railroad experience_.
+
+Pennsylvania Steel Works, the, 185.
+
+Pessimist and optimist, story of, 323.
+
+Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, 167-70.
+
+Philippines, the, annexation of, 358, 362-65.
+
+Phillips, Col. William, 167, 168, 169.
+
+Phipps, Henry, 31, 130;
+  advertises for work, 131, 132;
+  crony and partner of Thomas Carnegie, 132;
+  controversy over opening conservatories on Sunday, 132, 133;
+  European tour, 142;
+  in charge of the Lucy Furnace, 181, 182;
+  statement about Mr. Carnegie and his partners, 196, 197;
+  goes into the steel business, 201.
+
+Phipps, John, 46;
+  killed, 76.
+
+Pig iron, manufacture of, 178, 179;
+  importance of chemistry in, 181-84.
+
+Pilot Knob mine, 183.
+
+Piper, Col. John L., partner of Mr. Carnegie, 116, 117;
+  had a craze for horses, 118, 121;
+  attachment to Thomas Carnegie, 118, 119;
+  relations with James B. Eads, 120.
+
+Pitcairn, Robert, division superintendent, Pennsylvania Railroad, 42,
+  44, 49, 66, 189.
+
+Pittencrieff Glen, bought and given to Dunfermline, 286-89, 291.
+
+Pittsburgh, in 1850, 39-41;
+  some of its leading men, 41;
+  in 1860, 93;
+  later development, 348.
+
+Pittsburgh, Bank of, 194.
+
+Pittsburgh Locomotive Works, 115.
+
+Pittsburgh Theater, 46, 48, 49.
+
+Political corruption, 109.
+
+Predestination, doctrine of, 75.
+
+Principals' Week, 272.
+
+Pritchett, Dr. Henry S., president of the Carnegie Endowment for the
+  Advancement of Learning, 268.
+
+Private pension fund, 279, 280.
+
+_Problems of To-day_, quoted, 40, 217.
+
+Protective tariffs, 146-48.
+
+Prousser, Mr., chemist, 222.
+
+Public speaking, 210.
+
+Pullman, George M., 157, 159;
+  forms Pullman Palace Car Company, 160, 161;
+  anecdote of, 162;
+  becomes a director of the Union Pacific, 164.
+
+
+Quality, the most important factor in success, 115, 122, 123.
+
+Queen's Jubilee, the (June, 1887), 320, 321.
+
+Quintana, Manuel, President of Argentina, 346.
+
+
+Railroad Pension Fund, 280.
+
+Rawlins, Gen. John A., and General Grant, 107, 108.
+
+Recitation, value of, in education, 20.
+
+Reed, Speaker Thomas B., 362.
+
+Reid, James D., and Mr. Carnegie, 59 and _n._
+
+Reid, General, of Keokuk, 154.
+
+Republican Party, first national meeting, 68.
+
+Riddle, Robert M., 81.
+
+Ritchie, David, 139, 140.
+
+Ritter, Governor, of Pennsylvania, anecdote of, 342.
+
+Robinson, General, first white child born west of the Ohio River, 40.
+
+Rockefeller, John D., 274.
+
+Rogers, Henry H., 296.
+
+Rolland School, 13.
+
+Roosevelt, Theodore, 260;
+  and Elihu Root, 275;
+  John Morley on, 325;
+  rejects the Arbitration Treaty, 360, 361;
+  and the Philippines, 365.
+
+Root, Elihu, 260, 286 _n._;
+  fund named for, at Hamilton College, 275;
+  "ablest of all our Secretaries of State," 275;
+  on Mr. Carnegie, 276;
+  and John Morley, 324.
+
+Rosebery, Lord, presents Mr. Carnegie with the freedom of Edinburgh,
+  215;
+  relations with, 309, 310;
+  handicapped by being born a peer, 310, 311.
+
+Ross, Dr. John, 269, 271;
+  aids in buying Pittencrieff Glen, 288, 289;
+  receives freedom of Dunfermline, 313.
+
+_Round the World_, 205, 206, 208.
+
+
+Sabbath observance, 52, 53, 133.
+
+St. Andrews University, Mr. Carnegie elected Lord Rector, 271, 273;
+  confers doctor's degree on Benjamin Franklin and on his
+    great-granddaughter, 272, 273.
+
+St. Louis Bridge, 155-57.
+
+Salisbury, Lord, and the Behring Sea troubles, 353-55.
+
+Sampson, ----, financial editor of the London _Times_, 156.
+
+Schiffler, Mr., a partner of Mr. Carnegie in building iron bridges,
+  116, 117.
+
+Schoenberger, Mr., president of the Exchange Bank, Pittsburgh, 192,
+  193.
+
+Schurman, President Jacob G., 363.
+
+Schwab, Charles M., 152, 254-56.
+
+Scott, John, 186.
+
+Scott, Thomas A., 63, 70-74, 77;
+  helps Carnegie to his first investment, 79;
+  made general superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 84;
+  breaks a strike, 84, 85;
+  made vice-president of the Company, 90;
+  Assistant Secretary of War, 99, 102;
+  colonel, 103;
+  returns to the railroad, 109;
+  tries to get contract for sleeping-cars on the Union Pacific, 158,
+    159;
+  becomes president of that road, 164;
+  first serious difference with Carnegie, 165;
+  president of the Texas Pacific Railroad, and then of the
+    Pennsylvania road, 172;
+  financially embarrassed, 173, 192;
+  break with Carnegie and premature death, 174.
+
+Scott, Sir Walter, and Marjory Fleming, 20;
+  bust of, at Stirling, 157;
+  made a burgess of Dunfermline, 210.
+
+Scott, Gen. Winfield, 102, 103.
+
+Seneca Indians, early gatherers of oil, 138.
+
+Sentiment, in the practical affairs of life, 253.
+
+Seton, Ernest Thompson, and John Burroughs, 293.
+
+Seward, William Henry, 102.
+
+Shakespeare, quoted, 10, 214, 219, 255, 294, 297;
+  Mr. Carnegie's interest in, 48, 49.
+
+Shaw, Henry W., _see_ Billings, Josh.
+
+Shaw, Thomas (Lord Shaw), of Dunfermline, 269, 288, 289.
+
+Sherman, Gen. W.T., 107.
+
+Shiras, George, Jr., appointed to the Supreme Court, 353.
+
+Siemens gas furnace, 136.
+
+Singer, George, 225.
+
+Skibo Castle, Scotland, 217, 272, 326.
+
+Sleeping-car, invention of, 87;
+  on the Union Pacific Railway, 158-61.
+
+Sliding scale of wages, solution of the capital and labor problem,
+  246, 247, 252.
+
+Sloane, Mr. and Mrs., 29.
+
+Smith, J.B., friend of John Bright, 11, 12.
+
+Smith, Perry, anecdote of, 124.
+
+Snobs, English, 301.
+
+Spanish War, the, 361-65.
+
+Speculation, 151, 153.
+
+Spencer, Herbert, Mr. Carnegie's relations with, 333-37;
+  a good laugher, 333, 334;
+  opposed to militarism, 335;
+  banquet to, at Delmonico's, 336;
+  very conscientious, 337, 338;
+  his philosophy, 339;
+  on the gift of Carnegie Institute, 348, 349.
+
+Spens, Sir Patrick, ballad of, 7, 367.
+
+Spiegel, manufacture of, 220.
+
+Stanley, Dean A.P., on Burns's theology, 271.
+
+Stanton, Edwin M., 41, 275.
+
+Stanwood, Edward, _James G. Blaine_ quoted, 345 _n._
+
+Steel, the age of, 181-97;
+  King, 224, 225.
+
+Steel Workers' Pension Fund, 281.
+
+Steubenville, bridge at, over the Ohio River, 116, 117.
+
+Stewart, D.A., freight agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 94, 95;
+  joins Mr. Carnegie in manufacture of steel rails, 186.
+
+Stewart, Rebecca, niece of Thomas A. Scott, 90.
+
+Stokes, Major, chief counsel of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 81-83, 86.
+
+Storey, Samuel, M.P., 330.
+
+Storey farm, oil wells on, 138, 139 _n._
+
+Straus, Isidor, 196.
+
+Straus, Oscar S., and the National Civic Federation, 234, 235.
+
+Strikes: on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 84, 85;
+  at Homestead, 228-39;
+  at the steel-rail works, 240, 243.
+
+Sturgis, Russell, 168.
+
+Success, true road to, 176, 177.
+
+Sun City Forge Company, 115 _n._
+
+Superior Rail Mill and Blast Furnaces, 115.
+
+Surplus, the law of the, 227.
+
+Swedenborgianism, 22, 50, 51.
+
+_Sweet By and By, The_, 341, 342.
+
+
+Taft, William H., and the Philippines, 363, 365.
+
+Tariff, protective, 146-48.
+
+Taylor, Charles, president of the Hero Fund, 266, 267.
+
+Taylor, Joseph, 58.
+
+Taylor Hall at Lehigh University, 266.
+
+Teaching, a meanly paid profession, 268.
+
+Temple of Peace, at The Hague, 284, 285.
+
+Tennant, Sir Charles, President of the Scotland Steel Company, 356,
+  357.
+
+Texas, story about, 334.
+
+Texas Pacific Railway, 172 _n._, 173.
+
+Thaw, William, vice-president of the Fort Wayne Railroad, 190.
+
+Thayer, William Roscoe, _Life and Letters of John Hay_, quoted,
+  216, 358, 359.
+
+Thomas, Gen. George H., 107.
+
+Thompson, Moses, 223.
+
+Thomson, John Edgar, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 72;
+  an evidence of his fairness, 117;
+  offers Mr. Carnegie promotion, 140;
+  shows confidence in him, 163;
+  steel mills named for, 188, 189;
+  financially embarrassed, 192.
+
+Tower, Charlemagne, Ambassador to Germany, 366, 368.
+
+Trent affair, the, 102.
+
+Trifles, importance of, 36, 124, 159, 248.
+
+_Triumphant Democracy_, published, 309;
+  origin, 330-32.
+
+Troubles, most of them imaginary, 162.
+
+Tuskegee Institute, 276.
+
+Twain, Mark, letter from, 294, 295;
+  man and hero, 296;
+  devotion to his wife, 297.
+
+
+Union Iron Mills, 133, 134, 176;
+  very profitable, 198.
+
+Union Pacific Railway, sleeping-cars on, 159-61;
+  Mr. Carnegie's connection with, 162-65.
+
+"Unitawrian," prejudice against, 12.
+
+
+Vanderlip, Frank A., 268.
+
+Vandevort, Benjamin, 95.
+
+Vandevort, John W., 95;
+  Mr. Carnegie's closest companion, 142;
+  accompanies him around the world, 204.
+
+Van Dyke, Prof. John C., on the Homestead strike, 235-37, 239.
+
+
+Wagner, Mr., Carnegie's interest in, 49, 50.
+
+Walker, Baillie, 3.
+
+Wallace, William, 16, 17, 367.
+
+War, breeds war, 16;
+  must be abolished, 274, 283, 284;
+  "ferocious and futile folly," 358.
+
+Washington, Booker T., declines gift to himself, 276, 277.
+
+Waterways, inland, improvement of, 342.
+
+Webster Literary Society, 61.
+
+Wellesley College, Cleveland Library at, 275.
+
+Western Reserve University, Hanna Chair at, 275.
+
+White, Andrew D., 23, 150;
+  and the Hague Conference, 284.
+
+White, Henry, 358.
+
+Whitfield, Louise, 213, 214.
+  _See also_, Carnegie, Mrs. Andrew.
+
+Whitwell Brothers, 179.
+
+Wilkins, Judge William, 95, 96.
+
+William IV, German Emperor, 366-71.
+
+Wilmot, Mr., of the Carnegie Relief Fund, 266.
+
+Wilson, James R., 46.
+
+Wilson, Woodrow, 371, 372.
+
+Wilson, Walker & Co., 226.
+
+Women as telegraph operators, 69, 70.
+
+Woodruff, T.T., inventor of the sleeping-car, 87, 161.
+
+Woodward, Dr. Robert S., president of the Carnegie Institution, 260.
+
+Wordsworth, William, quoted, 86.
+
+Workmen's savings, 251.
+
+World peace, 369-71.
+
+Wright, John A., president of the Freedom Iron Works, 185.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, by
+Andrew Carnegie
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ANDREW CARNEGIE ***
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