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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Boer Politics, by Yves Guyot
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
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+
+Title: Boer Politics
+
+Author: Yves Guyot
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2006 [EBook #17968]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOER POLITICS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Taavi Kalju and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
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+
+
+
+
+BOER POLITICS
+
+
+BY YVES GUYOT
+
+_Translated from the French_
+
+
+LONDON:
+JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET
+1900
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+A word in explanation of this English edition is perhaps not
+unnecessary.
+
+It will be remembered that the arguments in the following pages appeared
+originally in the columns of _Le Siecle_, and from the correspondence
+between M. Yves Guyot and Dr. Kuyper and M. Brunetiere (Appendix B), the
+reader will understand how the publication of _Le Siecle_ articles in
+pamphlet form arose.
+
+In the month of May when M. Yves Guyot's _La Politique Boer_ made its
+appearance, the supply of literature by more or less competent judges on
+South African affairs was already so formidable in this country, that an
+English publication of his pamphlet was apparently not wanted. Moreover,
+as my master's arguments were written for readers on the continent and
+not for those of Great Britain, such a publication was not thought of at
+the time.
+
+Of the first editions of _La Politique Boer_ placed before the reading
+public in various countries, a few thousand copies were sent to London.
+The demand, however, exceeded the supply to such a large extent, and so
+many letters were received at this office from British readers
+(unfamiliar with the French language) asking for a translation, that an
+English dress of _La Politique Boer_ was decided upon.
+
+As the translation was proceeding various incidents of importance in
+connection with the South African crisis took place. These were
+commented upon by M. Yves Guyot in _Le Siecle_ and added to the
+existing pamphlet; the English edition is consequently more up-to-date
+than the original.
+
+Our thanks for valuable assistance given in the translation are largely
+due to Mrs. Ellen Waugh and Mr. Charles Baxter.
+
+M. Yves Guyot has renounced his author's rights, and the profits to _Le
+Siecle_, resulting from this publication, will be handed in two equal
+shares to the societies here and in South Africa which represent the
+interests of the widows and orphans of English and Boer combatants who
+have given their lives for their countries.
+
+JULES HEDEMAN.
+
+THE LONDON OFFICE OF _Le Siecle_
+32, CHARING CROSS, S.W.
+
+_25th October, 1900._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+PREFACE.
+
+1. State of the Question.--2. Pro-Boer Argument, and the Jameson
+Raid.--3. Profits of the Jameson Raid.--4. Logical Consequences
+of the Jameson Raid
+                                                                     ix.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+BOER APOLOGISTS.
+
+1. Disregard of Facts, and Subordination to the Vatican.--2. The
+Boers, the Natives and Slavery.--3. "Essentially a Man of War
+and Politics"                                                          1
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+ENGLISH AND BOERS.
+
+1. The ideal of the Boers.--2. The English in South Africa.--3.
+"The Crime."--4. British Sphere of Influence in 1838.--5.
+England, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State                       9
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE ANNEXATION OF THE TRANSVAAL AND THE CONVENTIONS OF 1881
+AND 1884.
+
+1. The "Gold Mines" Argument.--2. Boer Anarchy.--3. The Boers
+saved by the English.--4.--The Annexation of the Transvaal, and
+the Conventions of 1881 and 1884.--5. The Convention of 1881
+inapplicable.--6. Violation by the Boers                              17
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ARTICLES OF THE CONVENTION OF 1884.
+
+1. Krueger's point of view.--2. England's Obligations.--3.
+Equality of Rights among the Whites according to Mr. Krueger in
+1881.--4. Preamble of the Convention of 1881.--5. Articles, 4,
+7, and 14 of the Convention of 1884                                   24
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+LAW AND JUSTICE IN THE TRANSVAAL.
+
+1. Contempt of Justice.--2. Confusion of Powers                       31
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+POLICE, JUSTICE AND LAW, ACCORDING TO BOER METHODS.
+
+1. Legal and Judicial System of the Transvaal.--2. The Police
+(the Edgar Case).--3. An ingenious Collusion.--4. The Lombaard
+Case                                                                  36
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+"SECURITY OF INDIVIDUALS" ACCORDING TO BOER IDEAS.
+
+1. The Amphitheatre Case.--2. Valuation of Bail.--3. The
+Uitlanders' Petition.--4. Security of the Individual according
+to Boer Ideas.--5. The Murder of Mrs. Appelbe                         42
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Boer Oligarchy                                                        48
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE GOLD MINES.
+
+1. "That Gold is mine!"--2. The Proportion of Gold per Ton.--3.
+Cost of Production.--4. A Gold Mine is an Industrial
+Exploitation.--5. Distribution of the Gold Production.--6. Cost
+of Production, and the Transvaal.--What the "Vultures" brought        52
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+FINANCIAL POLICY OF THE BOERS.
+
+1. Receipts of the Boer Exchequer.--2. Budget Assessment of the
+Burghers.--3. Salaries of Boer Officials.--4. The Debit side of
+the Boer Budget.--5. New Taxes.--6. Attempt to raise a Loan.--7.
+Fleecing the Uitlander                                                59
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+MONOPOLIES IN THE TRANSVAAL AND THE NETHERLANDS RAILWAY
+COMPANY.
+
+1. Article XIV. and the Monopolies.--2. The Dynamite
+Monopoly.--3. Railways.--4. The Drift Question.--5. Methods of
+Exaction                                                              66
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CAPITALIST INTRIGUES AND THE WAR.
+
+1. A war of Capitalists.--2. A Local Board.--3. A deliberating
+Council.--4. Timidity of the Chamber of Mines.--5. The Petition
+and the Despatch of May 10th                                          73
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+THE FRANCHISE.
+
+1. Impossible Comparisons.--2. Policy of Re-action.--3. The
+Bloemfontein Conference                                               80
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THE FRANCHISE AFTER THE CONFERENCE OF BLOEMFONTEIN.
+
+1. A Krueger Trick.--2. The Bill passed by the Volksraad--3.
+Pretended Concessions.--4. The Joint Commission.--5.
+Bargaining.--6. The Conditions, and Withdrawal of Proposals.--7.
+The Franchise is Self-Government                                      87
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+THE SUZERAINTY OF ENGLAND AND THE SOUTH AFRICAN
+REPUBLIC.
+
+1. Who Raised the Question of Suzerainty?--2. The Suzerainty and
+the Conference of the Hague                                           95
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+THE ARBITRATION QUESTION.
+
+1. How the Transvaal interprets Arbitration.--2. Mr.
+Chamberlain's Conditions                                             101
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+THE BOER ULTIMATUM.
+
+1. Dr. Kuyper's Logic.--2. Despatches of 8th and 22nd
+September.--3. The Ultimatum                                         108
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+DR. KUYPER'S FINAL METAPHOR.
+
+1. Where are the Peace Lovers?--2. Moral Worth of the Boers.--3.
+A Lioness Out of Place.--4. Moral Unity by Means of Unity of
+Method                                                               113
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+_a._--ENGLAND, HOLLAND AND GERMANY                                   119
+
+_b._--DR. KUYPER'S ADMISSION
+
+  1. Offer to Dr. Kuyper to Reproduce his Article.--2. Dilatory
+  Reply of Dr. Kuyper.--3. Withdrawal of Dr. Kuyper.--4. Mr.
+  Brunetiere's Refusal.--5. The Queen of Holland and Dr.
+  Kuyper's Article                                                   124
+
+_c._--THE LAST PRO-BOER MANIFESTATION                                130
+
+_d._--SOUTH AFRICAN CRITICS                                          136
+
+_e._--THE TRANSVAAL AND THE PEACE CONFERENCE HELD IN PARIS
+FROM SEPTEMBER 30TH TO OCTOBER 5TH, 1900                             151
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+THE QUESTION.
+
+
+I have endeavoured in the following pages to separate the Transvaal
+question from the many side issues by which it is obscured.
+
+In the "Affaire Dreyfus" I constantly recurred to the main
+point--Dreyfus was condemned upon the "bordereau"; Dreyfus was not the
+author of the "bordereau," therefore he was not responsible for the
+documents named in the "bordereau."
+
+In this case, in like manner, there is but one question:--Has or has not
+the government of the South African Republic acted up to the convention
+of 1884, and is the English government bound to regard that convention
+as of no effect with regard to the Uitlanders who have established
+themselves in the Transvaal on the faith that England would insist upon
+its being respected?
+
+
+_Pro-Boer Argument._
+
+Pro-Boers refuse to recognise this point, as did M. Cavaignac when, in
+his speech of July 7th, 1898, he abandoned the "bordereau" to substitute
+for it the Henry forgery.
+
+They keep talking of the Great Trek of 1836; of England's greed; of the
+gold mines; and, above all, of the Jameson raid. The Jameson raid is
+their pet grievance; it takes the place of all argument. The Uitlanders
+may well say that "Jameson has been Krueger's best friend."
+
+Notwithstanding, the Jameson raid is the best proof of the powerlessness
+of England to protect the interests of her subjects against the
+pretentions of the Pretoria Government.
+
+In 1894, Lord Ripon had already made ineffectual representations to that
+Government concerning the contempt with which it was treating the
+Convention of 1884.
+
+The Uitlanders had approached the Volksraad in a petition signed by
+14,800 persons. The petitioners did not ask that the Republic should be
+placed under the control of the British Government; on the contrary,
+they postulated the maintenance of its independence; all that they asked
+was for "equitable administration and fair representation." This
+petition was received with angry contempt. "Protest, protest as much as
+you like," said Mr. Krueger, "I have arms, and you have none."
+
+It is contended that if President Krueger did provide himself to a
+formidable extent with munitions of war, it was not until after the
+Jameson Raid.
+
+Here the connexion between cause and effect is not very clear; Jameson
+once beaten there was no further cause to arm against him. But from the
+Uitlanders' petition, to which allusion has been made, it is evident
+that armaments had begun before. Among the alleged grievances we find
+the following:--
+
+     "A policy of force is openly declared against us; L250,000 have
+     been expended on the construction of forts; upon one alone,
+     designed to terrorise the inhabitants of Johannesburg, L100,000 has
+     been spent. Large orders have been given to Krupp for big guns and
+     maxims; and it is said that German Officers are coming to drill the
+     burghers."
+
+The Uitlanders of Johannesburg treated with contumely, adopted the
+theories made use of by the Boers in their Petition of Rights of
+February 17th, 1881, by which they justified their insurrection against
+British rule, of December, 1880.
+
+     "Then the cause was unexpectedly helped on by the courageous
+     resistance of O. Bezuidenhout against the seizure of his household
+     effects for non-payment of taxes. Here was a breach of the law easy
+     to lay hold of; here was a crime indeed! It was illegal,
+     undoubtedly, but illegal in the same sense as was the refusal of
+     Hampden to pay the four or five shillings "ship money"; the taking
+     of den Briel by the Watergeuzen (Waterbeggars) in 1572; as was the
+     throwing overboard of a cargo of tea in Boston; as was the plot in
+     Cape Colony against the importation of convicts. All these acts
+     were illegal, but of such are the illegalities in which a people
+     takes refuge, when a Government fails in its duty to a law higher
+     than that of man."
+
+In virtue of the principles invoked by the Boers, the Johannesburg
+Uitlanders entered into a conspiracy; Jameson was to come to their aid
+after they had risen. Messrs. Leonard and Phillips put themselves in
+communication with Cecil Rhodes. He listened to their manifesto, and the
+instant they came to the mention of free trade in South Africa, he said:
+"That will do for me." The supposition that he desired to annex the
+Transvaal is absurd.[1] He has admitted that he gave his personal
+co-operation to Jameson without having first consulted his colleagues of
+the Chartered Company. Jameson was to have gone to the assistance of the
+Uitlanders; not to forestall the insurrection, which was fixed for
+January 4th. On December 29th, Jameson invaded the Transvaal with 480
+men. They got as far as Krugersdorp, about 31 miles distant from
+Johannesburg, and after a fight at Doornkop, in which the Raiders'
+losses were 18 killed and 40 wounded, and on the Boers' side four killed
+and five wounded, they surrendered on the condition that their lives
+should be spared.
+
+That stipulation is forgotten when we fall to admiring President
+Krueger's magnanimity in handing over Jameson to the British Government.
+
+[Footnote 1: Fitzpatrick. "The Transvaal from Within." p. 122.]
+
+
+_The Profits from the Jameson Raid._
+
+The trial by the Government of Pretoria of the sixty-four members of the
+"Reform Committee" was held in Johannesburg. Four of them, Mr. Lionel
+Phillips, Colonel Rhodes, Mr. George Farrar, and Mr. Hammond were
+condemned to death. The remainder were sentenced to two years'
+imprisonment and L2,000 fine, or failing payment, to another year's
+imprisonment and three years' banishment. The Executive reserved to
+themselves the right to confiscate their property.
+
+In commutation of the four death sentences, the Government exacted
+L100,000; fifty-six other prisoners paid in a sum of L112,000. One of
+the accused died, another who had pleaded not guilty, was so ill that
+his sentence was not carried out; Messrs. Sampson and Davies refused to
+pay the fine. The British Government left Mr. Krueger a free hand in the
+matter; it cannot be reproached with having interposed on their
+behalf--although it was its own representatives who persuaded the
+Johannesburg conspirators to deliver up their arms. In the moment of
+danger many and various hopes were held out by Mr. Krueger in his
+proclamation of December 30th, 1895. The danger once past, the promises
+were forgotten. He remembered the Jameson Raid only as an excuse for
+demanding an indemnity of L677,938 3s. 6d. for material damages, and a
+further L1,000,000 for damages "moral and intellectual."
+
+In February, 1896, Mr. Chamberlain proposed to him "the autonomy of that
+portion occupied by mining industries" (see details of the proposal,
+letter of Mr. Chamberlain, published in _Le Siecle_, July 5th, 1899.)
+Mr. Krueger refused contemptuously. At the same time he got the Volksraad
+to pass a bill giving him the right to expel any foreigner, at his
+discretion, at a fortnight's notice. Mr. Chamberlain reminded him that
+this bill was contrary to Act 14 of the Convention of 1884. Krueger took
+no notice of this remonstrance, and the bill became law on October 24th.
+In December, 1896, Mr. Chamberlain made a renewed protest.
+
+The correspondence continued. Mr. Chamberlain recapitulated the breaches
+of the Convention of 1884 committed by the Boer Government. In the
+summer of 1897, the act was at last repealed, but always with the
+unavowed intention of re-enacting it in another form.
+
+Mr. Krueger persistently continued to refuse all demands for reform,
+becoming more and more insolent, while, thanks to the wealth brought to
+the exchequer by the gold mines, he continued to increase the very
+armaments against which the petitioners of 1894 had protested.
+
+To all representations, his answer was "The Jameson Raid." To all
+Europe, his plea was "The Jameson Raid." If you mention Transvaal
+affairs to a Pro-Boer, he shuts you up at once with "what about the
+Jameson Raid?" He will listen to no arguments; and loses his temper. If
+you suggest that the Jameson Raid bears a certain analogy to the
+expedition of Garibaldi's One Thousand, he gazes at you with amazement.
+If you proceed to remark that the Jameson Raid took place at the close
+of the year 1895; that we are now in 1900; that it is _res judicata_;
+that the British Government left Boer Justice a free hand to deal with
+the conspirators, he accuses you of having been bought by England. Not a
+whisper, of course, is heard about the millions of secret service money
+placed at the disposal of Dr. Leyds.
+
+
+_The Logical Consequences of the Jameson Raid._
+
+According to the Boers, they are briefly: (1) The Jameson Raid of Dec.
+29th, 1895, gives the South African Republic the right in perpetuity to
+regard the Convention of 1884 as null and void. (2) The Jameson Raid
+gives the Government of the South African Republic the right to treat
+all Uitlanders, especially the British, as Boers treat Kaffirs. (3) The
+Jameson Raid gives the Government of the South African Republic an
+undefined and perpetual right to plunder the Uitlanders.
+
+YVES GUYOT.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+BOER APOLOGISTS.[2]
+
+1.--_Disregard of Facts and Subordination to the Vatican._
+
+
+I notice with satisfaction, that people, who a short time ago would not
+listen to a word about the Transvaal, are now no longer animated by the
+same spirit of confidence, and are even beginning to wonder whether they
+have not fallen into the same mistake made by so many in the Dreyfus
+case, who only began to entertain doubts after the exposure of the Henry
+forgery.
+
+I have been asked "Why have you not answered Dr. Kuyper's article in the
+_Revue des Deux Mondes_?" and it appears that Dr. Leyds has been heard
+to say in Brussels: "M. Yves Guyot has made no answer to Dr. Kuyper's
+article." As though it were unanswerable!
+
+I might well retort with the question: "Why does the Pro-Boer press
+never reply to counter arguments save by vague phrases, and evading the
+real issue? Why does the French press, in particular, confine itself to
+lauding "the brave Boers" and the "venerable President Krueger," and to
+extolling the virtues with which it credits them, instead of studying
+their actual social condition, and giving its readers the plain facts?
+Why do we not find one word in our papers of the articles by M.M.
+Villarais and Tallichet, published in the _Bibliotheque
+Universelle_.[3]"
+
+It is an exact repetition of the method employed by the Anti-Dreyfusard
+papers in the Dreyfus case. But the odd thing is, that many who were
+then exasperated by it, now look upon it as quite natural, and are not
+surprised to find themselves bosom friends of Drumont, Rochefort, Judet,
+and Arthur Mayer. The Transvaal question unites them in a "nationalist"
+policy, which, if it were to go beyond mere words, would result in a war
+with England and might complete, by a naval Sedan, the disaster of 1870.
+
+The majority of Frenchmen have brought to the scrutiny of the matter a
+degree of pigheadedness that clearly proves the influence of our method
+of subjective education. We state our faith on words, and
+believe--because it is a mystery.
+
+The _Revue des Deux Mondes_, in which Dr. Kuyper's article is published
+(February 1st), has become an organ of Leo XIII. Those free-thinkers,
+protestants, and Jews in France who take part in the Anglophobe
+movement, are thus naively furthering the aims of the Vatican and the
+Jesuits, whose endeavour has ever been to stir up Europe against
+England--England that shall never be forgiven for the liberalism of her
+institutions, for the independence of her thinkers, and for her
+politics, to which they attribute, not without reason, the downfall of
+the temporal power.
+
+The apologetic portion of Dr. Kuyper's article shows the Boers in their
+true light. Far from refuting it, I will quote from it. The critical
+part obscures the points at issue. I will clear them up.
+
+[Footnote 2: _Le Siecle_, March 20th, 1900.]
+
+[Footnote 3: See _Le Siecle_, February 3rd and March 14th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_The Boers, the Natives, and Slavery._
+
+Dr. Kuyper's article begins with the words: "Once more the yuletide has
+sent forth the angelic message 'Peace on Earth,' even to where the
+natives gather at the humble chapels of our missionaries."
+
+Dr. Kuyper then undertakes to show us how the Boers understand "the
+angelic message" in their treatment of the coloured race. He begins by
+waxing wroth with the English who, in 1816, in consequence of the
+representations of their missionaries, had instituted an enquiry as to
+the manner in which the Boers treated their slaves, "England humiliated
+them before their slaves," he says. The English also protected natives.
+
+Dr. Kuyper says:--
+
+     "With little regard for the real rights of their ancient colonists,
+     _the English prided themselves on protecting the imaginary rights
+     of the natives_."
+
+The italics are his own. This virtuous protester continues:--
+
+     "Deceived by the reports from their missionaries, little worthy of
+     belief, and led astray by a sentimental love for primitive man,
+     'The Aborigines Protection Societies,' so drastically exposed by
+     Edmund Burke, saw their opportunity. With their Aborigines
+     Societies, the deists posed in the political arena as protectors of
+     the native races, while, in religious circles, the Christians with
+     their missionary societies posed as their benefactors."
+
+Dr. Kuyper forgives neither the deists nor the missionaries. And what of
+the Boers?
+
+     "The Boers had introduced a system of slavery copied from that
+     adopted by the English in their American colonies; but greatly
+     modified. I do not deny that, at times, the Boers have been too
+     harsh, and have committed excesses....
+
+     "The Boers are not sentimentalists, but are eminently practical.
+     They recognised that these Hottentots and Basutos were an inferior
+     race....
+
+     "The Boers have always resolutely faced the difficulty of the
+     colour question so persistently kept out of view by the English."
+
+And Dr. Kuyper goes on to speak of the multiplication of the blacks in
+South Africa. He dare not point to the logical solution, which would be
+to regulate matters by extermination, pure and simple; but he gives vent
+to his hatred of the English who, far from checking that multiplication,
+assist it by their humane treatment of the natives. He is especially
+wrathful with English missionaries, "those black-frocked gentlemen." He
+states that the Boers do their best "to keep them at a distance"; and he
+cites, as a fact, which fills him with indignation and alarm:--
+
+     "A coloured bishop has been appointed president of a kind of negro
+     council in Africa."
+
+I confine myself to quoting Dr. Kuyper. He shows too plainly the
+character, passions, and hatreds of the Boers, to render comment
+necessary. He acknowledges that the Great Trek, the emigration
+northwards, did not begin till after 1834, when, according to the
+manifesto of 1881, known as the Petition of Rights, "in consequence of
+the enforced sale of their slaves, the old patriarchal farmers were
+ruined." This document represents that it was treating them "with
+contumely" to offer them money compensation, adding regretfully "that
+the greater portion of the money remained in the hands of London
+swindlers." The regret and the contumely are difficult to reconcile.
+Ancestors of the Boers had more than once acted in a similar manner
+towards the Dutch East India Company when dissatisfied with their
+administration, and unwilling to pay their taxes. But Pro-Boers have a
+curious habit of magnifying things. One would imagine, to hear them
+speak, that every Boer in the Cape had packed wife, children, and goods
+into ox-wagons and had trekked north. As a matter of fact, the greater
+proportion remained behind, and their descendants formed the majority of
+the 376,000 whites enumerated in the census of 1891. The Great Trek was
+really composed of various detachments which started one after another
+in 1836. Statistics of the numbers of trekkers vary from 5,000 to
+10,000. I have not been able to trace whether these figures refer only
+to adult males, or whether they include the women and children. In any
+case, when discussing South African affairs, we must always bear in mind
+the small number of persons concerned, in comparison with the vast
+extent of the area in question.
+
+Not only these trekkers, but all who, from the period of the seventeenth
+century onwards, had had the tendency to wander from the Cape, belonged
+to the most adventurous and warlike portion of the population. They had
+spread themselves over an enormous tract of country, and were in close
+touch with kaffirs and bushmen, cattle-lifters using poisoned arrows.
+Living in isolated families, they acquired, in the course of their
+unceasing struggle with their savage neighbours, not only their
+qualities of daring and warlike skill, but habits of cruelty and cunning
+as well.
+
+
+3.--_Essentially a Man of War and Politics._
+
+Between the Dutchman of Amsterdam, Haarlem, the Hague, or Rotterdam,
+installed in his comfortable dwelling, cultivating his tulips, priding
+himself upon his pictures, and drinking his beer, and the Boer, pure and
+simple, there is not the slightest analogy.
+
+This Dr. Kuyper acknowledges. The Boer population is a compound of
+Dutchmen, Frenchmen, Hugenots, Germans and Scotchmen. Krueger and Reitz
+are of German, Joubert and Cronje, of French origin. Here is what Dr.
+Kuyper, himself, says of the Boers:--
+
+     "The word Boer signifies 'peasant,' but it would be a mistake to
+     compare Boers with French peasants, English farmers, or even the
+     settlers of America. They are rather a _conquering race_, who
+     established themselves among the Hottentots and Basutos, in the
+     same manner that the _Normans, in the XIth Century, established
+     themselves among the Anglo-Saxons_. Abstaining from all manual
+     labour, they devote themselves to their properties, sometimes as
+     much as 5,000 to 6,000 acres in extent, and to the breeding of
+     cattle and horses. Beyond this, their object in life is hunting
+     lion and big game. _The Boer is essentially a man of war and
+     politics._"
+
+Here we have the true Boer, and not the idyllic "small farmer" pictured
+to us by a contributor to _Le Temps_. He is essentially the "man of war
+and politics," the counterpart of an Arab chief, the sole difference
+being that the Boer is not a polygamist and has no tribe under him; on
+the contrary, the Boers swarm off in isolated groups or families. Their
+conception of life is, however, the same. I quote here from my treatise
+on The Evolution of Property (p. 46) on the subject of Pastoral
+Tribes:--
+
+     "It was at one time the fashion to hold up pastoral tribes and the
+     patriarchs with their long flowing beards, as subjects of
+     admiration. Long-bearded patriarchs were objects of veneration.
+     Despite the quarrels of Esau and Jacob, and the story of Joseph
+     sold by his brethren, pastoral life was pictured to us as mild as
+     milk, as innocent as that of sheep in the fold, until Renan pointed
+     out its qualities and defects. At the same time we were told of the
+     Bedouins "with saddle, bridle, and life on the Islam," always
+     mounted, always armed, always engaged in war or razzias and mutual
+     pillage; of the Turkomans and their motto: 'Thy soul is in thy
+     sword'; and those who thus celebrated the amenities of pastoral
+     life, and the heroic adventures of the Arabs of the desert, never
+     perceived the contradictions they had fallen into."
+
+At the end of that Chapter I spoke of the Boers, according to
+Levaillant, "the most carniverous of men," as having turned out of their
+possessions the nomadic Hottentot and Kaffir shepherds. _The Boers
+represent that form of warlike and political civilisation in which
+production is indirect, and obtained by utilising the labour of others._
+It is a type of that ancient pillaging civilisation which we call
+war-like, when its methods have been reduced to rules. In this stage
+politics mean the organisation of pillage. Mr. Kuyper is right. "The
+Boer is essentially a man of war and politics." He has employed his
+talents at the expense of Hottentots and Kaffirs; he has continued to
+employ them to the detriment of the Uitlanders; and he thought the time
+had come to realise his programme of February 17th, 1881, formulated by
+Dr. Reitz at the end of his official pamphlet,[4] "Africa for the
+Africanders from the Zambesi to Simon's Bay." We have seen what view,
+according to his apologist, "the man of war and politics" takes of his
+relations with the natives; we shall now see how he regards his
+relations with the whites.
+
+[Footnote 4: "A Century of Injustice."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+ENGLISH AND BOERS.[5]
+
+
+1.--_The Ideal of the Boers._
+
+No French Pro-Boer has reproduced the portrait I have published, as
+given by Dr. Kuyper. It disturbs the conception presented to their
+readers by journalists, whose dishonesty is only equalled by their
+ignorance. Quoting his own statements, I have shown Boer relations with
+the natives; I will now proceed to show their relations with the
+English.
+
+In addition to Dr. Kuyper's evidence, I will avail myself of a document
+from Boer sources: The Petition of Rights, addressed to the President of
+the Orange Free State, February 17th, 1881, and bearing Krueger's name at
+the head of the list of signatures. This document clearly shows not only
+the manner in which Boers write history, but also that, five years
+before the discovery of the Gold Mines, they cherished as their ideal,
+not only the preservation of their independence, but the driving out of
+the English from all South Africa: "From the Zambesi to Simon's Bay,
+_Africa for the Afrikanders!_" This is the rallying cry with which the
+document ends, and we find it repeated by Dr. Reitz, as the concluding
+words of his pamphlet, "A Century of Injustice."
+
+[Footnote 5: _Le Siecle_, March 23rd, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_The English in South Africa._
+
+Dr. Kuyper cannot forgive the English their occupation of the Cape. Yet,
+they had only followed the example of the Dutch who, during their war
+with Spain, 1568-1648, had seized the greater portion of the Portuguese
+colonies, because Portugal had been an ally of Spain. Holland had been
+forced into an alliance with France, and in exactly the same way, in
+1794 and 1806, England seized the Cape. In 1814 she bought it from the
+Prince of Orange. Dr. Kuyper does not deny that the price was paid, but
+remarks that it did not replenish the coffers of the prince. Be that as
+it may, the treaty is none the less valid, and the "Petition of Rights"
+begins by protesting against "the action of the King of Holland who, in
+1814, had ceded Cape Colony to England in exchange for Belgium." The
+English valued the newly acquired colony only as a naval station; they
+did not endeavour to extend the territory they occupied. Professor Bryce
+clearly shows in his "Impressions of South Africa" that if England had
+enlarged her possessions it had been in despite of herself, and solely
+to ensure their safety; although, from the treatise "Great Britain and
+the Dutch Republics," published in _The Times_, and reproduced in _Le
+Siecle_, it is evident that she had always considered that her rights in
+South Africa extended to the frontier of the Portuguese possessions;
+that is to say, to the 25 deg. of latitude, in which latitude Delagoa Bay
+is situated.
+
+Dr. Kuyper begins by himself putting us somewhat on our guard concerning
+his feelings towards England; for, not only does he decline to forgive
+her the occupation of Cape Colony, but also her triumph over Holland in
+the eighteenth century.
+
+     "Nowhere had resentment against 'perfide Albion' penetrated
+     national feeling more deeply than in the Netherlands. Between the
+     Dutch and English characters there is absolute incompatibility."
+
+As a rule, I attach little faith to such generalities; in this case, I
+am sure, rightly. Forgetting his dictum of "absolute incompatibility"
+(p. 449), Dr. Kuyper, at p. 520, shows that, as far as he is concerned,
+it is only relative; for in speaking of England, he goes on to say:--
+
+     "Were I not a Dutchman, I should prefer to be one of her sons. Her
+     habitual veracity is above suspicion; the sense of duty and justice
+     is innate in her. Her constitutional institutions are universally
+     imitated. Nowhere else do we find the sense of self-respect more
+     largely developed."
+
+Dr. Kuyper further admits that the "incompatibility" is relative as far
+as Afrikanders are concerned, it is only "absolute" as applied to the
+Boers. After giving us this example of the consistency of his views, Dr.
+Kuyper speaks of the English as being "unobservant." A reproach somewhat
+unexpected, when directed against the countrymen of Darwin. As a proof,
+he presents us with this metaphor, equally unexpected from the pen of a
+Dutchman--a dweller of the plains:--
+
+     "Because, in winter, the English had only seen in these
+     insignificant river beds a harmless thread of frozen water, they
+     took no thought of the formidable torrent which the thawing of the
+     snow, in spring, would send rushing down to inundate their banks."
+
+"The torrent" is of course the war now going on. Lord Roberts seems to
+be successfully coping with the "inundation."
+
+
+3.--_"The Crime."_
+
+Dr. Kuyper approves of the "Petition of Rights" of 1881. It sets forth
+that the South African Dutch do not recognise the cession made by the
+King of Holland in 1814; it does not admit that he had the right to
+"sell them like a flock of sheep." There have been Boers in rebellion
+since 1816.
+
+One of these was a man named Bezuidenhout. In resisting a Sheriff who
+tried to arrest him, he was shot. His friends summoned to their aid a
+Kaffir Chief, named Gaika. The English authorities condemned five of the
+insurgents to be hanged. The rope broke. They were hanged over again.
+
+Dr. Kuyper, and the "Petition of Rights" found their indictment of the
+British upon this event which they denominate "the Crime." The scene of
+the execution was named "Slachtersnek," "hill of slaughter."
+
+This act of repression was violent, but it may possibly have been
+indispensable. At any rate, it bears but a very far off relation to the
+events of to-day. Dr. Kuyper in resuscitating, and laying stress upon
+it, follows a method well known in rhetoric; he begins by discrediting
+his adversary. However, despite his good intentions, he has not
+increased our admiration for the Boers by pointing out to us that the
+most serious grievances they can allege against the English are the
+protection accorded by the latter to the natives and slaves, and the
+final emancipation of the latter.
+
+
+4.--_British Sphere of Influence in 1838._
+
+In a few lines Dr. Kuyper draws a conventional picture of British policy
+with regard to the Boers, making it out to be ever greedy of power. The
+contrary is the truth. A vacillating and timid policy has been England's
+great mistake in South Africa; it is this very vacillation that has
+brought about the present war.
+
+Dr. Kuyper bitterly reproaches the English for having in 1842, six years
+after the Great Trek, claimed those emigrants as British subjects. The
+Great Trek was similar to the emigration of the Mormons. The United
+States have never admitted that they were at liberty to found a separate
+State within the limits of the national possessions. If on the same
+ground alone English had proclaimed their suzeranity over the Boers who
+were endeavouring to form States in Natal, the Orange Free State, and
+the Transvaal, they would have been perfectly within their rights; but
+Dr. Kuyper forgets that as far back as 1836 England promulgated the
+_Cape of Hope Punishment Act_. The object of that Act was to repress
+crimes committed by whites under English dominion throughout the whole
+of South Africa, as far north as the 25 deg. South Latitude; that is, as far
+as the Portuguese frontier; and it is so thoroughly imbued with that
+idea, that it specially excepts any Portuguese territory south of that
+latitude. It is thus proved that with the exception of the portions
+occupied by the Portuguese, England claimed, as comprised within her
+sphere of influence, the whole of the remaining South African territory.
+A certain number of Boers, irreconcilably opposed to British rule, so
+fully recognised this, that they trekked as far as Delagoa Bay. Another
+object of the Act was the protection of the Natives against the Boers.
+The constantly recurring and sanguinary conflicts between the Boers and
+the Zulus led England to extend her direct sovereign rights to Natal for
+the peace, protection and good government of all classes of men, who may
+have settled in the interior or vicinity of this important part of South
+Africa.
+
+
+5.--_England, the Transvaal, and the Orange Free State._
+
+Far from being anxious to assume direct control over these territories,
+the Cape Government for a long time disregarded the petitions for
+annexation addressed to it by the inhabitants of Durban; until one fine
+day, a Dutch vessel laden with provisions for the Boers, arriving in
+Port Natal, the Captain, Smellekamp, took it upon himself to assure them
+of the protection of the King of Holland. Thereupon, England established
+a small garrison under the command of Captain Smith. It was attacked by
+the Boers; a volunteer, named Dick King, contrived to make his escape
+from the town, and after an adventurous journey reached Grahamstown.
+Troops were despatched by the Government, and it was incorporated with
+the Cape Colony; some of the Boers left Natal, some remained; their
+descendants are there to-day.
+
+In 1848 the Government entered into a series of treaties known as the
+"Napier Treaties," for the constitution of Native States extending from
+Pondoland, on the frontiers of Natal, to the district of which Kimberley
+forms the centre (see _Great Britain and the Dutch Republics_). Great
+Britain demanded no more than peace and guarantees of security on her
+frontiers. Dr. Kuyper himself admits this, when he sums up in the
+following sentence, the history of the emancipation of the Transvaal and
+the Orange Free State.
+
+     "Natal was to remain an English Colony, but the English were to
+     retire from the Orange and Vaal rivers; it was thus that the
+     Independence of the Transvaal was recognised by the Treaty of Sand
+     River, of 17th January, 1852; and the Independence of the Free
+     State by the Convention of Bloemfontein, of 22nd February, 1854."
+
+Dr. Kuyper is compelled to admit that England was not forced into this
+act of generosity, she having on the 29th August, 1848, defeated the
+Boers at Boomplaats, on the Orange table land.
+
+But Dr. Kuyper forgets to say that the majority of the Free Staters were
+far from desiring the gift made to them by the British Government in
+1854. They considered it not as a measure of liberation, but as an
+abandonment to the tender mercies of the Basutos. Some years later the
+Orange Free State entered into an arrangement with Sir George Grey, for
+forming a Confederation with Cape Colony. This was not ratified by the
+Cape Government.
+
+Nor do we find that Dr. Kuyper takes notice of certain stipulations
+contained in the above Conventions; among others, the abolition of
+slavery, and free permission to merchants and missionaries to travel and
+settle where they pleased; which obligations continued to England the
+right of control over the administration and legislation of those
+States.
+
+The development of subsequent events is explained by Dr. Kuyper in the
+simplest possible manner:--
+
+     "The promptings of selfish and aggressive materialism now took
+     unchecked sway, and, although bound by solemn treaties which
+     England could not thrust aside without open violation of pledged
+     faith, she did not hesitate. The diamonds of Kimberley in the Free
+     State flashed with a too seductive brilliancy, and the Gold Mines
+     of the Rand became the misfortune of the Transvaal."
+
+I would here observe to Dr. Kuyper that England's friendly relations
+with the Orange Free State, remained unbroken until October 9th, 1899,
+when, led away by Krueger's promises, it committed the folly of engaging
+in war with England.
+
+As for the Transvaal, it was annexed by England in 1877, but not on
+account of the Gold Mines, which were only discovered ten years' later.
+Dr. Kuyper has a trick of neglecting dates, and arranging his facts
+after the fashion of an advocate who supposes that those whom he is
+addressing will be content with his assertions, and not trouble to
+verify them. For his rhetoric, I shall substitute the actual facts.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE ANNEXATION OF THE TRANSVAAL AND THE CONVENTIONS OF 1881 AND 1884.[6]
+
+
+1.--_The "Gold Mines" Argument._
+
+When Dr. Kuyper asserts that "the gold mines of the Rand became the
+misfortune of the Transvaal," it is clear, that in his endeavour to
+convince his readers, he has no regard to the facts of the case, but
+that his aim is to suggest the idea that England's sole object in the
+present war has been to possess herself of the gold mines. Here Dr.
+Kuyper employs the arguments of _L'Intransigeant_, _La Libre Parole_,
+and _Le Petit Journal_; for he is perfectly well aware that England will
+derive no benefit from the gold mines, nor will she take possession of
+them any more than she has done of the gold mines of Australia. They are
+private property.
+
+Further, Dr. Kuyper well knows that the gold mines of the Rand were only
+discovered in 1886, and he himself states that the annexation of the
+Transvaal took place on April 12th, 1877. The annexation therefore was
+prompted by other motives than the possession of the gold mines, but Dr.
+Kuyper is careful not to suggest these to his readers.
+
+He informs us that Sir Theophilus Shepstone "entered Pretoria at the
+head of a small army." In reality, he had with him five-and-twenty
+policemen. Why then did the Boers, "so essentially men of war and
+politics," permit this?
+
+"Once again, the fate of the natives served as pretext," Mr. Kuyper adds
+"but the wheel of fortune turns; two years later the English,
+themselves, were at daggers drawn with the natives, and massacred 10,000
+men, women and children." That is how Dr. Kuyper writes history! The
+pretext was not the fate of the natives, but the fate of the Boers, who,
+having gone to war with Sekukuni, had been beaten. This is admitted in
+the "Petition of Rights": "At first, our operations were not very
+successful, our opponents declare that we were unable to defend
+ourselves against the natives."
+
+[Footnote 6: _Le Siecle_, March 26th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_Boer Anarchy._
+
+The truth is, that after the Sand River Convention, the most complete
+anarchy existed among the Transvaal Boers; and that as much after the
+promulgation of their Constitution of 1857 as before. The republicans of
+Potchefstroom had taken the title of _The South African Republic_, but
+their Raad maintained authority only over a small district; Lydenburg,
+Zoutpansberg, Utrecht, formed themselves into independent republics. It
+is estimated that, at that time, the entire population of the Transvaal
+consisted of 8,000 Boers; admitting that this number comprised only the
+young men and adults capable of bearing arms, and old men, then each
+republic would be composed, approximately, of 2,000 men. On the death of
+Andries Pretorius and of Potgieter, who hated each other like poison,
+the son of Pretorius conceived the design of making himself master of
+the Orange Free State, so as to secure to himself later on the foremost
+position in the Transvaal. A war was on the point of breaking out, but
+came to nothing, as Pretorius hastily recrossed the frontier in the face
+of an advance by Boshof, the Free State President, at the head of a
+commando. This action, which demonstrated that his courage and resource
+were less lofty than his ambition, did not however prevent his being
+elected President of the South African Republic. In 1860 the union took
+place.
+
+Notwithstanding his incursion and subsequent flight, Pretorius succeeded
+in getting himself elected president of the Orange Free State also. But
+the Transvaal burghers dreaded absorption by their neighbours, and
+deposed him. A petty civil war between his partisans and opponents was
+the consequence; several presidents were elected and deposed. Krueger,
+whom we now see making his appearance, and Schoeman, in turn, chased
+each other out of Potchefstroom. In 1864 Pretorius forsook the Free
+State, and was re-elected President of the Transvaal, Krueger contenting
+himself with the office of Commandant-General.
+
+The Orange Free State was at war with the Basutos. The English
+Government intervened, and finally annexed Basutoland (1868).
+
+In the same year, the Transvaal Government, disregarding the Sand River
+Convention, issued a proclamation extending their frontier in the east
+to the seaboard; in the West to Lake Ngami, and in the North to
+Mashonaland. The Portuguese and English Governments entered protests and
+the matter dropped.
+
+No minister of the Reformed Dutch Church had accompanied the Boers in
+their Trek. They therefore formed themselves into a separate reformed
+Church, whose members called themselves "doppers" (round-heads). They
+allow no liberty of thought; they believe in literal inspiration. If
+they had ever heard of Galileo, they would have looked upon him as an
+impostor. They place the authority of the Old Testament above that of
+the New. There are three contending sects in the Transvaal, whose
+hostility is such that both before and after 1881 threats of Civil War
+were indulged in.
+
+
+3.--_The Boers saved by the English._
+
+In 1871, the question of fixing the frontier between the Transvaal and
+the Barolongs, a Bechuana tribe, was submitted to arbitration. The
+decision was given by Mr. Keate, Governor of Natal. President Pretorius
+having accepted it, the Boers deposed him, and continued to occupy the
+territory to which they laid claim. They were at a loss whom next to
+elect as President.
+
+Overtures were made to Mr. Brand, President of the Orange Free State;
+but he wisely refused. They next turned to a Cape Afrikander, a former
+minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, Mr. F. Burgers, a capable,
+intelligent man. It was his desire to correct abuses; to repress the
+slavery that was being carried on under the name of "apprenticeship"; to
+introduce railways and schools; he claimed the right to impose
+taxation, he got to be credited, in the long run, with the belief that
+the devil's tail was not as long as it is represented in the old Bible
+pictures. When the Boers were defeated by Sekukuni, they looked upon it
+as a punishment from God for having a "free thinker" for President. The
+commandos disbanded themselves. At the same time Cetewayo, the Zulu
+Chief, was threatening the Boers in the south. Caught between two fires,
+without resources or organisation, annihilation was before them. Now the
+English, for their own security, had the greatest interest in preventing
+the extermination of white men by natives; and on that ground, apart
+from all sentimentality, they had never ceased to protest against the
+methods employed by the Boers, as the surest means of bringing about
+that result. Theophilus Shepstone, who possessed great influence over
+the Zulus, was sent to Pretoria. Unable, even with the help of their
+President, to bring any order into the Government of the Transvaal, he
+ended by annexing it on 12th April, 1877. He annexed it in order to save
+it. Had the English abandoned it to itself, the Boer territory would
+have been occupied by Basutos and the Zulus, and the Boers would have
+disappeared from the face of the earth.
+
+
+4.--_The Annexation of the Transvaal and the Conventions of 1881 and
+1884._
+
+M. Kuyper is very unjust when he reproaches the English with the
+massacre of the Zulus; for it was all to the profit of the Boers, who,
+it may be added, rendered no assistance. Once delivered from their
+native enemies by the English, the Boers appointed, December 16th, 1880,
+a triumvirate, composed of Pretorius, Krueger and Joubert. They demanded
+the re-instatement of the South African Republic, under British
+protection; they commenced attacking small detachments of English
+troops, and on February 27th they surrounded a force on Majuba Hill,
+killing 92 officers and men, General Colley among them, wounding 134,
+and taking 59 prisoners. That is what is called "the disaster of Majuba
+Hill." An army of 12,000 men was on the way out; Mr. Gladstone, in his
+Midlothian Campaign, had protested against the annexation; and,
+although, after he became Prime Minister, he supported it in the speech
+from the Throne, the hopes he had given to the separatists proved well
+founded, for after this defeat he became a party to the Convention of
+1881, by which the independence of the Transvaal, under the suzerainty
+of England, was recognized.
+
+
+5.--_The Convention of 1881 inapplicable._
+
+It must be confessed, that the Liberal Government committed a grave
+error. It seemed afraid of a rebellion among the Afrikanders of the
+Cape; and these quickly learned that threats only were needed to induce
+the English Government to yield to their demands. The English Garrison
+in Pretoria was withdrawn; no reparation was exacted from the Boers who,
+under the command of Cronje, had conducted themselves in an infamous
+manner at the siege of Potchefstroom, and had been guilty of actual
+treachery in the case of Captains Elliot and Lambert.
+
+True, the Convention prescribed the suppression of slavery; gave
+guarantees for the safety of the persons and property of alien whites;
+placed the foreign relations of the Transvaal under the control of the
+British Government. But, in reality, it was of little value, for the
+English Resident was in the position of a man who has been conquered
+with the pretension of controlling the actions of the conquerer.
+
+At the first election under the new conditions, Krueger, who represented
+the extreme reactionary party, was elected President, although he had
+accepted office under the British Government, while Joubert, who had
+declined any dealings with them, was defeated, being suspected of
+sympathising with the Uitlanders. His defeat does not prove him to have
+been in the minority. His partisans affirm, with a fair show of reason,
+that Mr. Krueger never greatly respected the sanctity of the ballot.
+
+
+6.--_Violation by the Boers._
+
+The powerlessness of the British Government to ensure respect for the
+Convention of 1881, explains its consent to the modification of 1884.
+"It would be easy to find a _casus belli_ in the behaviour of the
+Boers," said Lord Derby in the House of Lords. But the Government had no
+wish to find one, and added to the weakness it had displayed after
+Majuba a fresh show of weakness, which convinced Mr. Krueger that the
+violation of a convention was the easiest method of obtaining anything
+he wanted.
+
+In point of fact, it is the British Government that is responsible for
+the present war, through having inspired President Krueger with the
+conviction, that he had only to continue in 1899 the policy which had
+succeeded so well in 1880.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ARTICLES OF THE CONVENTION OF 1884.[7]
+
+
+1.--_Krueger's Point of View._
+
+Dr. Kuyper has a simple method of solving difficulties. Speaking of
+Article 4 of the Convention of 1884, which gives England the right of
+veto on all treaties contemplated between the South African Republic and
+foreign powers, he says:--
+
+     "This is not Mr. Krueger's point of view. He, like us, has always
+     stigmatised the occupation of 1877 as a violation of the Sand River
+     Treaty."
+
+Mr. Krueger did not stigmatise it thus when he accepted office from the
+English Government. But, in any case, he was party to the negotiations
+which resulted in the Conventions of 1881 and 1884. Dr. Kuyper tells us
+that neither he nor Mr. Krueger recognise them, considering them to have
+been vitiated by the Annexation of 1877. Be it so; but in that view
+discussion is useless. Mr. Krueger held them as null and void. He has
+chosen his own time to declare war. A government has always the right to
+tear up a treaty just as a private individual has the right to refuse
+implement of a contract. In the case of the individual, his refusal
+exposes him to a claim of damages; in the case of a country, the result
+is war. It is the simplest thing in the world; but then why go seeking
+for pretexts and explanations, and worrying oneself about making
+everybody believe that it was England who brought about the war, when
+after all she was only claiming the due execution of a convention?
+
+[Footnote 7: _Le Siecle_, March 27th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_England's Obligations._
+
+When Mr. Gladstone committed the error of entering into the Convention
+of 1881, he fully believed that he was guaranteeing the rights of
+English and foreign residents in the Transvaal, of the Boers who might
+have compromised themselves with the English, and also of the natives.
+
+At a meeting in Birmingham, on March 8th, 1881, on the motion of Sir
+Wilfrid Lawson, a resolution was passed demanding that "satisfaction
+should be given to the claims of the Boers, without prejudice always to
+the rights of the natives and English residents." On July 25th, Sir
+Michael Hicks-Beach reminded the House of the necessity for exacting the
+necessary guarantees, and of ensuring the tranquillity and security of
+the English possessions.[8] He reminded the House of the position of
+those 3,700 Boer petitioners who had asked for annexation, and of the
+British residents who had invested capital in the Transvaal, upon the
+guarantee of the British Government. Mr. William Rathbone proposed a
+resolution demanding equal political rights for all the white population
+in the Transvaal. Mr. Chamberlain stated that "loyal settlers" should
+be protected in their legal rights, lives, and property. Mr. Gladstone,
+at the close of the debate, stated that "they would all be in a position
+of most perfect equality with the other inhabitants." (July 25th, 1881.)
+
+Thus, the British Government deliberately affirmed its obligations
+towards the foreign, British, and black population of the Transvaal, and
+its determination not to forsake them.
+
+[Footnote 8: Britain and the Boers. "Who is responsible for the War in
+South Africa?" By Lewis Appleton.]
+
+
+3.--_Equality of Rights among the Whites according to Mr. Krueger in
+1881._
+
+The Blue Book of May, 1882, contains the report of the meeting of the
+British and Transvaal Commission of May 10th, 1881.
+
+Mr. Krueger was a member of the latter, Sir Hercules Robinson was
+Chairman. Here is a dialogue between the Chairman and Mr. Krueger:--
+
+     "The Chairman: 'Before the Annexation, did British subjects enjoy
+     the rights of complete freedom of trade throughout the Transvaal?
+     Were they on the same footing as the citizens of the Transvaal?'"
+
+     "Mr. Krueger: 'They were on the same footing as the burghers. In
+     accordance with the Sand River Convention there was not the
+     slightest difference.'"
+
+     "Sir Hercules Robinson: 'I presume you do not object to that
+     continuing?'"
+
+     "Mr. Krueger: 'No. There will be equal protection for everybody.'"
+
+     "Sir Evelyn Wood: 'And equal privileges?'"
+
+     "Mr. Krueger: 'We make no difference so far as burgher rights are
+     concerned. There may be, perhaps, some slight difference in the
+     case of a young person who has just come into the country.'"
+
+On the 26th May, Dr. Jorissen, a Boer delegate, reverting to the
+question, said:--
+
+     "Concerning the paragraph referring to a young person, I desire to
+     remove what may create an erroneous impression. What Mr. Krueger
+     meant to say is this; according to our law, a newcomer is not
+     immediately considered a burgher. The words 'young person' have not
+     reference to age but to length of residence. According to our
+     ancient 'Grondwet' (constitution) you must have resided one year in
+     the country to become a burgher."
+
+These minutes were not compiled for the present occasion, for they were
+published in 1882.
+
+
+4.--_Preamble of the Convention of 1881._
+
+The preamble of the convention is in the following terms:--
+
+     "Her Majesty's Commissioners for the settlement of the Transvaal
+     territory, duly appointed as such by a Commission, &c., the 5th day
+     of April, 1881, do hereby undertake and guarantee on behalf of Her
+     Majesty, that from and after the 8th day of August, 1881, complete
+     self-government, subject to the suzerainty of Her Majesty, her
+     heirs and successors, will be accorded to the inhabitants of the
+     Transvaal territory."
+
+It is evident that this is not a treaty between two parties contracting
+on a footing of equality. The English Government grants the Transvaal
+the right of self-government, reserving the suzerainty under certain
+conditions. I have already shown the difficulties in the way of carrying
+out the Convention of 1881, the false position of the Resident who was
+as one conquered, was supposed to control the actions of the conqueror;
+and I have also spoken of the great and long suffering of the English
+Government.
+
+Mr. R.D. Faure, who acted as interpreter to the Conference of 1884, has
+stated that "the Transvaal delegates asked for a clause suppressing the
+suzerainty, and that Lord Derby refused it." To this Mr. R.G.W. Herbert,
+Permanent Under Secretary for the Colonies, replied "that the
+Commissioners did not venture to ask for the abolition of the
+suzerainty." They confined themselves to asking in their letter to Lord
+Derby of November 14th, 1883, that "the relation of dependence, _publici
+juris_, in which our Country finds itself placed with regard to the
+Crown of Great Britain should be replaced by that of two contracting
+parties."
+
+Lord Derby on 29th November, answered that "neither in form, nor in
+substance could the Government accept such a demand." The Government
+thus refused to substitute a "treaty" for a "convention" in which the
+Queen granted to the Transvaal the right of self-government under
+certain conditions.
+
+
+5.--_Articles 4, 7 and 14 of the Convention of 1884._
+
+These conditions are determined by the articles 4, 7 and 14 of the
+convention of 1884, of which the following is the text:--
+
+     "Article 4. The South African Republic will conclude no treaty or
+     engagement with any State or Nation other than the Orange Free
+     State, nor with any native tribe to the Eastward or Westward of the
+     Republic, until the same has been approved by Her Majesty the
+     Queen.
+
+     "Such approval shall be considered to have been granted if Her
+     Majesty's Government shall not, within six months after the receipt
+     of a copy of such treaty (which shall be delivered to them
+     immediately upon its completion), have notified that the conclusion
+     of such treaty is in conflict with the interests of Great Britain,
+     or of any of Her Majesty's possessions in South Africa.
+
+     "Article 7. All persons who held property in the Transvaal on the
+     8th day of August, 1881, and still hold the same, will continue to
+     enjoy the rights of property which they have enjoyed since the 12th
+     April, 1877. No person who has remained loyal to Her Majesty during
+     the late hostilities shall suffer any molestation by reason of his
+     loyalty; or be liable to any criminal prosecution or civil action
+     for any part taken in connection with such hostilities; and all
+     such persons will have full liberty to reside in the country, with
+     enjoyment of all civil rights, and protection for their persons and
+     property.
+
+     "Article 14. All persons, other than natives, conforming themselves
+     to the laws of the South African Republic (_a_) will have full
+     liberty, with their families, to enter, travel, or reside in any
+     part of the South African Republic; (_b_) they will be entitled to
+     hire or possess houses, manufactories, warehouses, shops, and
+     premises; (_c_) they may carry on their commerce either in person
+     or by any agents whom they may think fit to employ; (_d_) they will
+     not be subject, in respect of their persons or property, or in
+     respect of their commerce or industry, to any taxes, whether
+     general or local, other than those which are or may be imposed upon
+     Citizens of the Republic."
+
+In Dr. Kuyper's estimation the Articles 7 and 14 are as nothing. I do
+not even think he makes mention of them in his article (fifty-three
+pages in length), that has appeared in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_.
+Thus, nothing is easier than to argue in the vacuum he creates about his
+readers. They hear nothing but words; of the facts they are kept in
+ignorance.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+LAW AND JUSTICE IN THE TRANSVAAL.[9]
+
+
+1.--_Contempt of Justice._
+
+I stated at the close of my last article that I did not think that Dr.
+Kuyper had even made mention of Articles 7 and 14 of the Convention of
+1884. I find that I was mistaken. He has said a few words about the
+latter, to draw from it the inference that it did not give the right of
+franchise to Uitlanders. He is right.
+
+But Articles 7 and 14 guarantee to all white men, civil rights, the
+protection of their persons and property, the right to enter into trade,
+and equality of taxation. How did the Boers construe the application of
+these conditions of the Convention of 1884? As early as 1885 Mr.
+Gladstone found himself obliged to send Sir Charles Warren to prevent
+the Boers from invading Bechuanaland. Mr. Krueger had already attacked
+Mafeking, and annexed the territory. The Boers retreated, but brutally
+murdered a man named Bethell who had been wounded by them.
+
+That same year, the case of Mr. James Donaldson came before the House of
+Commons. He held property in Lydenburg. He had been ordered by two Boers
+(one of whom was in the habit of boasting that he had shot an unarmed
+Englishman since the beginning of the war, and had fired on several
+others) to abstain from collecting hut taxes on his own farm. On his
+refusal he was attacked by them; three other Boers joined them, and he
+was left in such a condition that he was thought to be dead.
+
+Upon the representations of the English Government the aggressors were
+condemned to pay a fine; but the Government of Pretoria remitted it!
+
+An Indian, a British subject and man of education far superior to that
+of the greater part of the Boers, while following a bridle path
+trespassed on the farm property of a member of the Volksraad, named
+Meyer. He was arrested, and accused of intent to steal. Sent before the
+owner's brother, who was a "field cornet" (district judge), he was
+condemned, with each of the Hottentot servants accompanying him, to
+receive twenty-five lashes, and to pay a fine. Rachmann protested,
+declared that the field cornet was exceeding his authority, intimated an
+appeal, and offered bail of L40; notwithstanding, he received the
+twenty-five lashes. George Meyer, the field cornet, knew perfectly well
+that he was exceeding his authority, but thought it too good a joke to
+desist. The Court, presided over by Mr. Jorissen, condemned him to pay
+damages to Rachmann. This was reimbursed to Meyer by the Government,
+and, despite the judgment of the Court, the President said he was in the
+right, and that he would protect him.
+
+This is the way in which Mr. Krueger understands justice towards
+Europeans and European subjects; let us see how he understands it with
+regard to natives.
+
+A Kaffir, named April, having worked several years on a farm, asked for
+his salary as agreed in cattle and a pass. The farmer refused him the
+cattle, and wanted to force him, his wives, and children, to continue
+working for him. The Kaffir appealed to the field cornet Prinsloo, who
+treated him as an unruly slave. The Court condemned Prinsloo for abuse
+of power. Some days later the President announced that he had reimbursed
+Prinsloo his expenses and damages, remarking: "Notwithstanding the
+judgment of the Court, we consider Prinsloo to have been in the right."
+
+[Footnote 9: _Le Siecle_ 29th March, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_Confusion of Powers._
+
+The Volksraad confuses legislative and judicial functions. Should a
+judgment displease it, it arrogates to itself the right to annul it. Nor
+is there any more respect shown by the Volksraad for contracts, and, on
+one occasion, it solemnly accorded to the Government the right to annul
+clauses which had ceased to be satisfactory. It is unnecessary to add
+that the principle of the non-retrospectiveness of laws is altogether
+unknown to it.
+
+In the Dom case the Volksraad passed a resolution disabling the
+aggrieved individual from taking action against the Government.
+
+Early in the year 1897, the Government appointed for a given day, the
+allocation of the Witfontein farm in "claims" (mine concessions of 150
+by 400 feet). At the last moment it was announced that the claims would
+be decided by lottery; several persons having made known that they
+intended to sue the Government for their claims already pegged out, a
+measure was passed by the Volksraad declaring all such actions null and
+void.
+
+A Mr. Brown, an American, took proceedings. The President of the High
+Court, Mr. Kotze, pronounced that this law was unconstitutional, and
+gave judgment in favor of Brown, but left the amount of damages to be
+determined later after hearing further evidence.
+
+Upon this, Mr. Krueger introduced a law known as Law I. of 1897, which
+empowered him to exact assurances from the judges that they would
+respect all resolutions of the Volksraad, without testing whether they
+were in accord or contradiction with the Constitution; and in the event
+of the President not being satisfied with the replies of the judges, it
+further empowered him to dismiss them summarily. The judges protested in
+a body that they would not submit to such treatment. The High Court was
+suspended and all legal business adjourned.
+
+Sir Henry de Villiers, Chief Justice of Cape Colony, came to Pretoria to
+endeavour to avert the crisis. Mr. Krueger promised to refrain from
+enforcing Law I. of 1897, and to introduce a new law. The judges resumed
+their functions.
+
+In February, 1898, a year later, President Krueger had not introduced a
+new law; President Kotze wrote to Krueger reminding him of his promise.
+Mr. Krueger at once applied to him Law I. of 1897, and dismissed him.
+
+Kotze was replaced by Mr. Gregorowski, who, at the time the law was
+passed had solemnly protested that no honourable man could continue to
+act as a judge in the Transvaal until the law was repealed.
+
+Now what does Dr. Kuyper think of the Volksraad's mode of legislation,
+and of the manner in which Mr. Krueger, that man "of intelligence and
+superior morality," interprets respect for justice?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+POLICE, JUSTICE, AND LAW ACCORDING TO BOER METHODS.[10]
+
+
+1.--_Legal and Judicial System of the Transvaal._
+
+In the Transvaal, law is an instrument made use of either to favor or
+oppress the individual, according to circumstances. If necessary it is
+made retrospective. To provide for the case of judges refusing to apply
+such laws, Law I. of 1897 has been passed, which compels them to swear
+obedience to the President and gives him the right to dismiss summarily
+such as prove insubordinate or lukewarm. The President of the High
+Court, Mr. Kotze, fell under the action of this law, in February, 1898.
+
+Before that law, the President annulled any judgments that displeased
+him and caused the fines or damages inflicted upon the delinquents to be
+paid out of the public Treasury.
+
+Such is judicial and legal rule in the Transvaal; and there are European
+lawyers of the opinion that the Uitlanders must be the most contemptible
+and lowest set of adventurers for not being satisfied with it! Dr.
+Kuyper declares that "the factitious discontent existed only among the
+English"; and adds with contempt, "Let us look into the Edgar,
+Lombaard, and Amphitheatre cases--mere police affairs."
+
+Well; let us consider Mr. Krueger's interpretation of the duties of the
+police.
+
+[Footnote 10: _Le Siecle,_ March 30th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_The Police._
+
+The chief of the departments of justice and police is called the State
+Attorney.
+
+In 1895, when Mr. Esselen was promoted to the post, he stipulated that
+he should have full liberty of action. As chief detective officer he
+appointed an officer belonging to the Cape Administration, Mr. Andrew
+Trimble, who entered upon his duties with vigour and determination. The
+gold thieves and receivers and the illicit canteen keepers who supplied
+the natives with liquor were up in arms at once and appealed to
+President Krueger. They represented Trimble as having served in the
+English Army, and as being in receipt of a pension from the Cape
+Government, further stating that his appointment was an insult to the
+Boers, who had been thus judged unworthy to provide from among
+themselves a Head of Police. Mr. Esselen, who stood his ground, was
+dismissed and replaced by a Hollander, Dr. Coster. Mr. Trimble, chief of
+the detective force, was replaced by a man who had previously been
+dismissed, and has since been dismissed again.
+
+As it was useless to depend upon the police for the arrest of thieves,
+the directors and officials of the _City and Suburban Gold Mining
+Company_ took upon themselves the risks and dangers of police work. They
+caught two notorious characters, known thieves, with gold in their
+possession. The thieves openly boasted that nothing would be done to
+them; the next day, one was allowed to escape, the other, a notorious
+criminal, was condemned to six months' imprisonment. Mr. Krueger regarded
+this penalty as excessive, remitted three-fourths of the sentence, and
+had him discharged unconditionally.
+
+The police of Johannesburg, a town almost entirely inhabited by English,
+do not speak English--an excellent method of ensuring order! They are
+chosen from among the worst types of Boers, some of whom are the
+descendants of English deserters and Kaffir women; whence comes the fact
+that some bear English names. The policeman Jones, who killed Edgar, is
+a case in point.
+
+The murder of Edgar was a small matter in the same way as the Dreyfus
+case was a small matter; only when a case of this nature arises, it
+reveals a condition of things so grave that it excites widespread
+feeling at once.
+
+Edgar was an English workman, a boilermaker, who had been a long time in
+Johannesburg; a well-conducted man and generally respected. He was going
+home, one Sunday night in 1898, when three drunken men insulted and set
+upon him. He knocked one of them down. The other two called the police.
+Edgar, meanwhile, entered his own house. Four policemen broke open his
+door, and the instant Edgar came out into the passage, Policeman Jones
+shot him dead with a revolver. "A mere police row," says Dr. Kuyper.
+
+Jones was arrested next morning, but straightway released upon a bail of
+L200. The money was not even paid in, but carried over to be deducted
+monthly from the future salaries of other members of the Johannesburg
+police force.
+
+Feeling was strong among the other English workmen, many of whom knew
+Edgar; and this feeling was intensified by the subsequent parody of
+justice.
+
+
+3.--_An Ingenious Collusion._
+
+The State Attorney, Mr. Smuts, informed the Acting British Agent, Mr.
+Fraser, that it would be better to bring a charge against Policeman
+Jones, for "culpable homicide" than for murder, but that he considered
+the chance of his conviction by a Boer jury to be very small. The word
+"culpable," says Webster (English Dictionary) is "applied to acts which
+have not the gravity of crime." In this instance, it made Jones' action
+excusable on the grounds that Edgar struck him with a stick, at the
+moment of his entering the house.
+
+A journalist, Mr. J.S. Dunn, Editor of _The Critic_, commented upon the
+action of Dr. Krause, the First Public Prosecutor. Dr. Krause took
+criminal action against Mr. Dunn for libel, and, before proceeding with
+the murder trial, appeared as witness in his own case, and swore that he
+did not consider that Jones had been guilty of murder; he not only made
+this statement on oath, but called the Second Public Prosecutor who gave
+similar evidence. Nor was this all. He brought forward the accused
+himself, as witness to state that the First Public Prosecutor was right
+in not committing him for murder!
+
+When this ghastly farce had been performed, which is much on a footing
+with the examination of Esterhazy by Pellieux, the murderer was free to
+present himself confidently before a Boer jury. Not only was he
+acquitted, but the presiding judge, Kock, who had claimed a judgeship as
+a "son of the soil," in pronouncing judgment added this little speech:
+"I hope that this verdict will show the police how to do their duty."
+This amiable conclusion did not seem very re-assuring to the Uitlanders.
+
+At the same time Mr. Krueger suppressed two newspapers, _The Critic_ and
+_The Star_. (See Blue Book C. 9, 345.)
+
+
+4.--_The Lombaard Case._
+
+Dr. Kuyper states that Edgar was in the wrong, that Jones acted within
+his rights, that the Public Prosecutor and the jury fulfilled their
+duty. As for Lombaard, "he too," Dr. Kuyper tells us, "was a
+Johannesburg policeman, and like Jones a little rough in his mode of
+action".... "He committed no outrage; the sole reproach attaching to him
+was that he conducted his search at night, and without a special
+warrant." And Dr. Kuyper is very contemptuous of any who may be disposed
+to question such proceedings.
+
+The truth is, that Lombaard, at the head of sixteen or eighteen police,
+had taken upon himself, without warrant, to enter the houses of coloured
+British subjects, men and women, to demand their passes; to send them to
+prison whether right or wrong; to ill-treat and flog them. A mere
+trifle; scarce worth talking about; they were only people of colour, and
+Dr. Kuyper has told us his ideas on that subject.
+
+The Edgar case was the origin of the petition of the 21,000 Uitlanders
+to the English Government, to ask the protection it had undertaken to
+extend to them under the Convention of 1884.
+
+The facts which I have given in _Le Siecle_ of the 29th March, and those
+I now give here, are sufficient to prove that under Mr. Krueger's
+Government, police, justice and law do not exist in the Transvaal.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+SECURITY OF INDIVIDUALS ACCORDING TO BOER IDEAS.[11]
+
+
+1.--_The Amphitheatre Case._
+
+Dr. Kuyper proceeds with charming serenity:
+
+"The affair called the 'Amphitheatre Case' is more ridiculous still."
+
+And this is his mode of telling it:--
+
+     "One day the _South African League_ wished to hold a meeting in the
+     Amphitheatre, and, through Mr. Wybergh, intimated to the State
+     Attorney that they preferred not to be hampered by the presence of
+     the police. In conformity with this wish, the State Attorney
+     telegraphed to the Johannesburg police to keep away. But scarcely
+     had the meeting commenced before the opponents of the League
+     invaded the hall; and the few police stationed at the door were
+     unable to separate the combatants quickly enough. There followed
+     complaints to London ..."
+
+This is Dr. Kuyper's account. I would ask him, in the first place, why
+he does not give the date of this meeting, which took place on the 14th
+of January, 1899, one month after the death of Edgar. Secondly, what was
+the object of this meeting? Dr. Kuyper is silent on these points. He
+speaks of the step taken by Mr. Wybergh, but he altogether misrepresents
+it, forgetting that Mr. Wybergh has given his own account of it.
+
+In the serious condition of affairs in Johannesburg at that time, he
+went to the State Attorney and the Secretary of State, to acquaint them
+with his intention to hold a meeting in a large building, called the
+Amphitheatre, generally used as a circus. He informed them that the
+meeting was convened for three objects: 1. To protest against the arrest
+of Messrs. T.R. Dodd and C.D. Webb; 2. To protest against the law of
+public meetings; 3. To obtain signatures to a petition praying for the
+protection of Queen Victoria.
+
+The State Attorney and Secretary of State replied that "although the
+objects of this meeting were naturally distasteful to the Transvaal
+Government, they did not forbid the meeting. Only, all persons who
+should commit acts of violence, or who should make use of seditious
+language, would be held personally responsible."
+
+Ladies were invited to attend the meeting, which was held at four
+o'clock in the afternoon. The members of the League were unarmed.
+
+When they arrived, they found the hall already in possession of three or
+four hundred burghers, who had been recruited by Papenfus, Acting Road
+Inspector, and were acting under the orders of Mr. Broeksma, Third
+Public Prosecutor, and Mr. de Villiers, Second Public Prosecutor. These
+men were placed in groups about the Amphitheatre. No sooner had the
+meeting begun, than, on a signal given by Mr. Broeksma, chairs were
+broken, and, under the orders of Sergeant Smith, of the municipal
+police, of Erasmus, of the special police, Lieutenants Murphy and Keller
+of the secret police, and, with the assistance of policemen in uniform,
+they commenced an assault upon the members. Lieutenant Posthuysen, on
+horseback in the arena, encouraged the rioters.
+
+Nothing could show Dr. Kuyper's manner of stating and interpreting facts
+better than the following sentence:--
+
+     "It was simply a matter of the careful protection of British
+     subjects, or rather of the worthy apostles of Johannesburg, who had
+     begun by saying to the magistrates of the Transvaal 'keep away your
+     police!' and who, later, crawling back from this meeting, after
+     being well thrashed, complained bitterly that the police had not
+     protected them."
+
+Dr. Kuyper seems to think it highly amusing that the "worthy apostles of
+Johannesburg had been well thrashed."
+
+When we find a European Dutchman, a man of letters, showing such animus
+in the examination of facts, one may judge of what the Boers are
+capable, ignorant and rough as they are, and inflated with the
+conviction that they are the elect people.
+
+[Footnote 11: _Le Siecle_, March 31st, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_Different modes of estimating bail._
+
+We have seen that one of the objects of the meeting had been to protest
+against the arrests of Messrs. Dodd and Webb. These two gentlemen had
+been arrested as the organisers of an illegal meeting in the public
+market square, a public place, where no speeches had been made, but
+where the petition to the Queen had been openly read, before they had
+taken it to the British Vice-Consul. To obtain their release they had
+each to find sureties of L1,000, while Jones, Edgar's murderer, had been
+set at liberty on bail being found for L200 unpaid.
+
+
+3.--_The Uitlanders' Petition._
+
+These proceedings only resulted in more signatures to the petition
+addressed to the Queen. When Sir Alfred Milner, March 28th, 1899,
+forwarded a copy to Mr. Chamberlain it contained 21,684 signatures. Sir
+Alfred Milner did not undertake to guarantee the authenticity of them
+all, but gave reasons for considering the greater number as _bona fide_.
+
+Mr. Wybergh in a letter of April 10th, to the British Vice-Consul,
+explains the measures that had been taken to collect and verify the
+signatures. They were such as to inspire confidence. He states that
+among the whole number, only 700 are of illiterate or coloured people;
+and adds, that after the dispatch of the petition 1,300 other signatures
+were sent in, thus raising the total to 23,000.
+
+The Government of Pretoria, after a lapse of more than a month succeeded
+in raising a counter-petition addressed to itself, which, at first, it
+stated, contained 9,000 signatures; some time later, on the 30th of May,
+the British Government was informed that it numbered 23,000 signatures.
+Krueger wished to prove that he had at least the same number of
+partisans.
+
+Only he had out-witted himself in the drawing up of this
+counter-petition. His signatories affirmed that security of property
+and individuals was assured in the Transvaal. Pangloss, himself, would
+not have gone so far.
+
+
+4.--_Security of the Individual according to Boer ideas._
+
+Krueger's petitioners further asserted that the petition to the Queen was
+"the work of capitalists and not of the public." As a matter of fact,
+incensed at the murder of Edgar--a working man--the men who were the
+first to sign that petition were working men. The principal mining
+company of Johannesburg had shown an example of that prudence we see too
+often among capitalists, and had dismissed Mr. Wybergh, the President of
+the _South African League_, who was one of their employes. The President
+of the Chamber of Mines, Mr. Rouliot, in his statement of January 26th,
+1899, took pains to dissociate it from the campaign of agitation. This
+display of weakness availed nothing. The Government of Pretoria took up
+the attitude that has succeeded so well in deceiving public opinion:
+that of a council composed of honest men, innocent victims of capitalist
+rapacity.
+
+
+5.--_The Murder of Mrs. Appelbe._
+
+Here is a proof of the security enjoyed by the Uitlanders, at the very
+time when the Government of Pretoria closed its list of signatures to
+the counter-petition. On Friday April 28th, Mrs. Appelbe, the wife of a
+Wesleyan minister of Johannesburg, was going to chapel accompanied by a
+Mr. Wilson, a chemist. They were set upon by a band of men in the pay,
+it is said, of canteen keepers, sellers of liquor to the natives. Mrs.
+Appelbe received such severe injuries that she died on the Thursday
+following. Mr. Wilson, who was badly wounded in the head, eventually
+recovered. On May 8th, the police affected to know nothing of the
+outrage; nor did they ever discover the murderers of Mrs. Appelbe, thus
+proving the grand irony of the apologist petition which "emphatically"
+affirmed the complete security of life and property in the Transvaal.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+BOER OLIGARCHY.
+
+
+Dr. Kuyper, who has juggled with these facts, enumerates with a sort of
+amazed frankness the reproaches addressed to the Transvaal Government:
+
+     The relations between legislative and judicial authority give rise
+     to comments which cannot be considered groundless.... It has been
+     called scandalous that the Chief Justice of the High Court should
+     have been deposed. But, in 1839, President Johnson, of the United
+     States, met the difficulty by making a majority of nine in the High
+     Court, thus assuring to himself a compliant majority.
+
+There is a mis-print in the Article in the _Revue de Deux Mondes_. The
+date should be 1869 not 1839; and truly Dr. Kuyper has lighted upon a
+good example in his selection of President Johnson; the only President
+of the United States who has been impeached!
+
+I know that sort of argument generally employed by people who are in the
+wrong and especially employed by people whom Dr. Kuyper can scarcely
+bring forward as models. "All very well, but what of that little slip of
+yours." ... Dr. Kuyper might as reasonably invoke _la loi de
+dessaisissement_ voted by the French Chamber last year. Our answer to
+him is that the violation of the most elementary principles of justice
+in one country, does not justify it in another. He proceeds:
+
+     "The Boer Government is said to be an oligarchy. And yet every
+     citizen has his vote--Throughout the land there are juries...."
+
+Really Dr. Kuyper affects too great _naivete_. The Boers may have
+created a democracy among themselves; with regard to natives and
+Uitlanders they are an oligarchy.
+
+"Every citizen has his vote": But Mr. Krueger's argument for refusing the
+franchise to Uitlanders is that they numbered 70,000, while the Burghers
+were only 30,000. Here we have a minority governing the majority; what
+else is an oligarchy?
+
+"Throughout the land there are juries"; yes, but juries made up of Boers
+who try Uitlanders, treat them as enemies, and find that the policeman
+Jones acted rightly in killing Edgar. That way of constituting a jury is
+a certainty of injustice to the Uitlanders, and not a guarantee of
+justice.
+
+President Krueger promised to do something for the municipal organisation
+of Johannesburg; this is how he keeps his promise. Each division of that
+town elects two members, a Burgher and an Uitlander; according to the
+last census, the burghers living in Johannesburg, numbered 1,039; the
+Uitlanders 23,503; thus 1,039 burghers had as many representatives in
+the municipal Corporation as the 23,503 Uitlanders. The Mayor, who was
+nominated by the Government, had the right of absolute veto.
+
+In modern law there exists a principle introduced by England, which is
+the true basis of representative Government: "no representation, no
+taxation." It is the right of every citizen who contributes to the taxes
+to approve of them and to control the use of them.
+
+In autocratic governments, he has no such right. In oligarchic
+governments, the governing class imposes burdens upon those it governs.
+This is the case in the Transvaal.
+
+In an oligarchy, taxes are not levied with a view to the general good of
+the community, but for the benefit of the ruling class; and this is the
+political conception of the Boers.
+
+Dr. Kuyper says, in speaking of the Uitlanders:
+
+     "No one invited them here; they came of their own accord."
+
+Therefore they possess the right to be taxed, but nothing else.
+
+Dr. Kuyper's assertion is not strictly correct; for he forgets the
+invitation addressed by Mr. Krueger, in London in 1884, to all who were
+willing to take their abilities and their capital to the Transvaal, in
+which he promised them rights of citizenship and assured them of his
+protection.
+
+But the matter of invitation is of little account. Let us allow that
+there was no invitation. Neither did Fra Diavolo invite the travellers
+he despoiled; _ergo._, according to Dr. Kuyper, he had the right to
+despoil them. The Uitlanders are travellers, at whose expense the
+government of Pretoria has the right to live, and to support the Boers.
+
+Such is plainly the idea of Mr. Krueger and of the majority of the 29
+members of the Volksraad, and we shall see that that idea underlies the
+whole of its political economy.
+
+Mr. Krueger was, however, in error in supposing that he could practise
+this system indefinitely in these times of ours, and with respect to the
+citizens of a country which represents the modern conception of
+industrial civilization.
+
+Professor Bryce, a strong opponent of the present policy of England,
+says in his _Impressions of South Africa_ (p. 470):
+
+     "A country must after all take its character from the large
+     majority of its inhabitants, especially when those who form that
+     majority are the wealthiest, most educated, and most enterprising
+     part of the population."
+
+Mr. Krueger has aimed at realizing this paradox: the oppression and
+plunder of the most enterprising, most educated, the richest and most
+numerous portion of the population by the poorest, most ignorant, most
+indolent of minorities.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE TRUTH ABOUT THE GOLD MINES.[12]
+
+
+1.--_That Gold is Mine!_
+
+Let us see in what terms Dr. Kuyper justifies the Boer policy of
+exaction:
+
+     "The Leonards and their set are very ready to tell us that the
+     taxes in Johannesburg exceed in proportion those levied in every
+     other country.... As to the quota paid by Uitlanders to the State,
+     we beg leave to remind the British of two points: first, that they
+     are exempt from all military service; secondly, that it is a far
+     more serious matter for the Boers to pay with their lives, and the
+     lives of their sons, than it is for these wealthy owners of gold
+     mines to pay so much per cent. upon their enormous dividends; and
+     that if they do pay the Transvaal some thousands of pounds, they
+     pocket their millions. Moreover, love for the Transvaal has never
+     entered their metallised hearts."
+
+This little gem merits careful analysis. Mr. Kuyper shares the belief
+that one has only to go to Johannesburg to shovel in the gold. If the
+working of mines were so simple a matter, Boer intelligence would be
+equal to the undertaking. As they are not worked by them, it must be
+because there are difficulties. These difficulties have been overcome
+for them by the Uitlanders. Once overcome, the Boers present themselves
+and say: "That gold is mine!"
+
+"Why then did you not take it yourselves?"
+
+The Boers, who pride themselves upon driving their teams of oxen, but
+who consider that to in-span them is work only fit for Kaffirs, consider
+gold mining beneath them, let alone that they have not the capacity for
+it. They leave it to the Uitlanders: all the same, Dr. Kuyper holds it
+just that it is they who should take the profit.
+
+[Footnote 12: _Le Siecle_, 3rd April, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_The Proportion of Gold per Ton._
+
+Gold ore is found in infinitesimal quantities in large deposits of waste
+matter. In 1898 of the 77 Gold Mining Companies at work, three-fourths
+reported a yield of 1/2 oz. per ton; some only 6 to 7 dwts. per ton.
+Consequently we find mines worked where one ton of rock will yield 1/2
+oz. of ore, or perhaps only half as much. There are other mines which
+swallow up the capital, and give no return at all.
+
+
+3.--_Cost of Production._
+
+In 1892 gold producing in the Transvaal cost 35s. 6d. per ton; in 1897
+the cost was reduced to 28s. 6d.; in 1898 to 27s. 6d. This reduction of
+cost is in no way due to any reforms made by the Government, but to
+improvements in the methods employed, and especially to the more
+extensive use of compressed air drills.
+
+Out of 8,965,960 tons of ore raised in the Witwatersrand nearly 18.2 per
+cent. had to be thrown out; that is: about 1,634,500 tons of ore were
+rejected as sterile. In some cases the proportion of sterile ore has
+amounted to as much as 40 per cent. The cost of production from the
+deep levels is 34s. 6d. Out of the profits of each month, expenses and
+the cost of working material have to be met. (Speech of Mr. Rouliot,
+President of _The Chamber of Mines_, January 26th, 1899.)[13]
+
+Mr. J.H. Curle in his valuable work _The Gold Mines of the World_,
+published in 1899, estimated the debts of the Rand Companies at
+L5,515,000. "It is not unusual," he writes, "for the directors of a deep
+level mine to spend L500,000 before one single ton has been crushed."
+
+[Footnote 13: See the _Revue Sud-Africaine_ (Paris), February 26th,
+1899.]
+
+
+4.--_A Gold Mine is an Industrial Undertaking._
+
+According to the report of the Industrial Commission appointed to
+inquire into the mining industry, there were, in 1896, 183 gold mines in
+the Transvaal. Of these 79 had been gold-producing, while 104, still in
+process of development, had as yet produced nothing. Of the 183 only 25
+had paid dividends.
+
+In 1898, a year of great progress, of the 156 mines situated in the
+Rand, 40 only were paying dividends, representing, on an average, a
+return of 8.7 per cent.
+
+In reality, a gold mine is as entirely an industrial undertaking, as is
+any other form of commerce; for its proper development it requires men
+of the highest capacity, not a mere set of adventurers, as Dr. Kuyper
+and other Pro-Boers tell the simpletons who judge without examining
+facts. This is what is said on the subject by Mr. Curle, who saw the
+mines at work during his extended and conscientious enquiry:
+
+     "The average mine manager, whether in South Africa, or India, or
+     Australia, or wherever I have met him, is an extremely capable man.
+     Of course, there are exceptions--some managers are not capable;
+     some are not even honest, but, as a rule, those in actual charge of
+     our gold mines to-day are men who can be relied on, but I do not
+     wish to confine my praise to the managers only. The mine captain,
+     whose valuable qualities are known more to the manager than to
+     outsiders, is usually a most capable man, and devoted to his work.
+     Many and many a time, after his hard day's work should have been
+     over, has a mine captain cheerfully started off with me on a three
+     or four hours inspection of his workings, only too delighted to
+     oblige, and asking merely that his visitor should show an
+     intelligent interest in what he saw. To these men, and to the other
+     heads of departments, to battery managers, cyanide works managers,
+     assayers, samplers, surveyors, office staff; the shareholders in
+     every mine owe a debt which they do not realise and which is often
+     inadequately acknowledged. Amongst these men--I could give hundreds
+     of examples--there is the greatest sense of duty to their
+     employers, and from one year's end to another, by day and night, in
+     the bush, on mountain tops, in fever swamps, in wild and deep
+     places all over the world, they faithfully carry through their
+     arduous work."
+
+Such is the type of Uitlander the gold mines have attracted; add to
+them, mechanics and the most highly skilled artisans: for it is to the
+interest of the mines which pay high salaries to employ the most skilled
+labour.
+
+A population such as this, has nothing in common with the adventurers
+who rushed to the placers of California, or with the fancy picture of
+the "wealthy metal-hearted mine owners," presented to us by Dr. Kuyper.
+
+
+5.--_Distribution of the Gold Production._
+
+Dr. Kuyper speaks of "the vultures" who come to rob the country of its
+gold; we would point out to him that before gold can be extracted from
+the rock, a vast amount must be sunk in it. We have just seen that the
+cost of production often exceeds the profits.
+
+Dr. Kuyper, in his childish innocence, imagines that "the vultures"
+carry off the gold as soon as it is extracted.
+
+Had he taken the trouble to ascertain the facts, he would have seen that
+the greater part of this gold remains in the Transvaal, and either goes
+to the Government, or to defray the cost of production.
+
+I borrow the following figures from the supplement to _The Critic_ of
+July 8th, 1899.
+
+Let us take the last five years:--
+
+      Gross Profits.   Dividend to   Paid to Boer
+                      Shareholders.   Government.
+
+1894     L7,930,481    L1,595,963    L2,247,728
+1895      8,768,942     2,329,941     2,923,648
+1896      8,742,811     1,918,631     3,912,095
+1897     11,514,016     2,923,574     3,956,402
+1898     15,942,573     4,999,489     3,329,958
+        -----------   -----------   -----------
+        L52,898,823   L13,767,598   L16,370,387
+        ===========   ===========   ===========
+
+Thus upon L52,898,823 worth of gold produced between the years 1894 and
+1898 only 25 per cent. of this amount went to the shareholders, 30 per
+cent. was paid to the Transvaal Government, while the cost of production
+absorbed 45 per cent. The two last figures show that about 75 per cent.,
+that is to say, three-quarters of the entire production remained in the
+Transvaal; and we have only taken the average of the last few years,
+during which the cost of production has been reduced to a minimum,
+thanks to the perfecting of the methods of working.
+
+Let us add that while according to the above table in 1898 the estimate
+of the revenue was L3,329,000, the expenditure rose to L3,476,000. In
+1899, the estimate of the revenue was L4,087,000.
+
+From 1894-97 the amount paid directly into the Transvaal Exchequer had
+exceeded the shareholders' dividends; and when the reverse happened in
+1898, the Government of Pretoria determined to put that matter right.
+
+
+6.--_Cost of Production and the Transvaal._
+
+Dr. Kuyper also complained that the entire cost of production was not
+absorbed by the Transvaal. In his statement of January 26th 1899, Mr.
+Rouliot proved that the greater portion was in point of fact expended
+there. He gave the following figures concerning the expenditure of
+fifty-six companies in 1898.
+
+The mines had only imported direct to the amount of L369,000, paid for
+machinery, which could only be constructed in Europe, and for Cyanide,
+to avoid having to buy the latter from a local trust, which raised the
+price 100 per cent.
+
+Through local firms they had imported machinery and certain products to
+the amount of L324,438. From local merchants they had bought machinery,
+&c., to the amount of L2,487,660. They had paid L767,600 to the Dynamite
+Monopoly. They had distributed L3,329,000 in salaries to their employes,
+native or European. If we take it that the expenditure of the sixty
+other Mining Companies, gold or coal, in the vicinity of Johannesburg,
+was similar to the above, we have a total of something like nine million
+pounds sterling put in circulation, _plus_ purchases of dynamite, _plus_
+merchandise bought through the medium of local tradespeople. Thus we see
+that the bulk of the cost of production actually remained in the
+Transvaal.
+
+
+7.--_What the "Vultures" brought._
+
+Before Dr. Kuyper's "vultures" came to despoil it, the Transvaal was in
+a very shaky condition. It was heavily in debt and the Exchequer was
+empty; the Boer having always had a horror of paying his taxes. In 1884
+when Messrs. Krueger and Smits came to London to sign the famous
+Convention, and stayed at the Albemarle Hotel, they found themselves,
+after the first few weeks unable to pay their bill, and Baron Grant had
+to come to their assistance. Now the "vultures" have been pouring some
+millions annually into the coffers of the Transvaal; a certain
+proportion of which has stuck to the fingers of Mr. Krueger, his family
+and intimates. The "vultures" have brought riches, industry, and
+civilisation into a wild and uncivilised country. The simile of the bird
+of prey is more applicable to the Boer than to the Uitlander.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+FINANCIAL POLICY OF THE BOERS[14]
+
+
+1.--_Receipt of the Boer Exchequer._
+
+Like every true aristocrat, the Boer has always had a horror of paying
+taxes; he only approves of taxes paid by others.
+
+At the time of the annexation of the Transvaal by England in 1877, the
+Government was being crushed by debt, the burghers resolutely refusing
+to pay their taxes.
+
+Some order was brought into the finances by England; but the Boer revolt
+in December, 1880, was caused by the determination of Colonel Owen
+Lanyon, the English Resident, to seize the bullocks and wagons of
+recalcitrant tax-payers.
+
+The Transvaal Government obtained the Convention of 1881. In 1883, the
+budget showed L143,000 revenue, and L184,000 expenditure. From April
+1st, 1884, to March 31st, 1885, the revenue rose to L161,000, the
+expenditure remained at L184,000.
+
+In 1886, the gold mines were discovered, and in 1889, the revenue rose
+to L1,577,000. The crisis of 1890 caused it to drop below the million;
+in 1892 it rose again, reaching in:--
+
+1894             L2,247,728
+1895              2,923,648
+1896              3,912,095
+1897              3,956,402
+1898              3,329,958
+
+
+In 1899, it was estimated at L4,087,000. These figures do not include
+the sale of explosives from 1895 to 1898; the share of licences of
+claims from 1895 to 1899; nor the Delagoa Bay customs dues paid to the
+Netherlands Railway for 1898 and 1899.
+
+[Footnote 14: _Le Siecle_, April 4th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_Budget Assessment of the Burghers._
+
+According to the _Staats Almanak_, the white population numbers 300,000,
+of whom 175,000 are males. The number of burghers aged between sixteen
+and sixty, entitled to vote, is 29,447; that of Uitlanders, between the
+same ages, 81,000.
+
+These 30,000 Boers who represent the electoral portion of the community,
+do not pay one-tenth of the revenue of the state. They represent,
+however, a budget of over four millions of pounds; or, L133 per head. If
+our 10,800,000 electors in France had a proportionate budget at their
+disposal, it would amount annually to L1,436,400,000; or considerably
+more than our whole National Debt.
+
+The burghers are thus fund-holders in receipt, per head, of a yearly
+income of L133 from the Uitlanders. Never has there been an oligarchy so
+favoured. It is true that all do not profit in the same proportion. "The
+Transvaal Republic" says a Dutchman, Mr. C. Hutten, "is administered in
+the interests of a clique of some three dozen families."[15]
+
+[Footnote 15: _The Doom of the Boer Oligarchies_. (_North American
+Review_, March, 1900.)]
+
+
+3.--_Salaries of Boer Officials._
+
+The salaries of the Transvaal officials amounted, in 1886, to L51,831;
+in 1898, to L1,080,382; and in 1899, they were estimated at L1,216,394.
+Salaries amounting to L1,216,394 for 30,000 electors! Such are the
+figures of the Transvaal Budget.
+
+Here we find undoubtedly a great superiority over other countries; and
+the officials in receipt of such salaries would look down with
+profoundest contempt on the much more modest pay of their European
+colleagues if they knew anything about them. Each elector represents
+more than L40 of official salaries. At the same rate the pay of the
+French Government officials would amount annually to about four hundred
+and thirty-two millions pounds sterling (L432,000,000)! This is not all.
+In 1897, a member of the Volksraad asked what had become of some
+L2,400,000 which had been paid over to Transvaal officials, in the form
+of advances of salary. He received no reply.
+
+
+4.--_The Debit Side of the Boer Budget._
+
+In a pamphlet, by M. Edouard Naville, _La Question du Transvaal_, and
+also in the _Revue Sud-Africaine_ of October 22nd, 1899, we find a list
+showing the expenditure of the Pretoria Government, from which may be
+gathered the extraordinarily rapid rate of increase: In the fourteen
+years--1886-99--the budget expenditure amounted to L37,031,000, of which
+nine-tenths have been defrayed by the gold industry. From information
+supplied by the Government of Pretoria itself, we find that five sources
+have absorbed more than half:--
+
+Salaries, &c.               L7,003,898
+Military expenditure         2,236,942
+Special expenditure          2,287,559
+Sundry services              1,581,042
+Public works                 5,809,996
+                           -----------
+                           L18,919,437
+                           -----------
+Leaving a surplus of       L18,111,601
+                           ===========
+
+Under the headings of "special," and "sundry services," are concealed
+the secret service expenditure, remuneration to influential electors,
+and the various political expedients by which Mr. Krueger has proved "his
+intellectual and moral" superiority.
+
+The official salaries of 1899, estimated at L1,216,000, included a sum
+of L326,640 for the police. We have seen what kind of police it is.
+
+The legislature is composed of two Volksraads, each consisting of
+twenty-nine members; or fifty-eight in all. Now the estimate of salaries
+for the legislature is L43,960, or about L758 each, more than double the
+allowances of the French senators and deputies.
+
+It is somewhat imprudent of Dr. Kuyper to refer to the educational
+expenditure. The expenditure amount allocated for the education of the
+children of Uitlanders in 1896, was L650, or at the rate 1s. 10d. per
+head, while the gross estimate for education in the budget for that year
+amounted to L63,000, which works thus out at a cost of L8 6s. 1d. per
+head for the Boer children. Dr. Mansveldt, Head of the Education
+Department of the Transvaal, a Hollander, seems to have but one aim: to
+enforce the use of the _taal_, the Boer patois--a language spoken by no
+one else--the use of which keeps them in isolated ignorance. The English
+language is banned.
+
+
+5.--_New Taxes._
+
+This revenue, employed almost exclusively for the benefit of the Boers,
+did not suffice for the insatiable government in Pretoria. At a meeting
+of the Chamber of Mines, on November 21st, 1898, Mr. Rouliot summarized
+a statement by Mr. Krueger in the Raad, as follows:--
+
+     "But recently, Mr. Krueger had said he would give the mines the
+     chance of establishing themselves before a percentage should be
+     imposed upon their returns; and that no tax would be levied till
+     the diggings had been completed, and the machinery set up. It
+     appeared to him, however, that the government intended to
+     appropriate some of their profits, although it had given no
+     facilities for the preparatory works on the mines, during which it
+     should be remembered that their capital had been burdened by
+     exceptionally heavy indirect taxation. The moment that capital
+     began to be productive, it was to be taxed." (_Blue Book_, No.
+     9345, p. 48.)
+
+In four-and-twenty hours, Mr. Krueger had unexpectedly managed to pass a
+law levying a new tax of 2-1/2 per cent. of the gross production from
+mynpachts (mining leases), and 5 per cent. from the gross production of
+other mines. In his report of January 26th, 1899, Mr. Rouliot says: "Had
+this new tax formed part of a general scheme for the readjustment of
+taxation, it might have been defended, but those who are considered best
+qualified to express the views of the government, content themselves by
+saying that it has the right to take a share of the profits realised by
+the mines and add that this tax is only a beginning."
+
+
+6.--_Attempt to Raise a Loan._
+
+Not content with increasing taxation, the government now wished to raise
+a loan. The attempt failed. The Government of Pretoria blamed the mining
+companies for the failure. Mr. Rouliot said, on January 26th: "It is
+true that the companies did not actually support the government in its
+efforts;" but he added:--
+
+     "Neither the Chamber of Mines, nor, to my knowledge, anyone
+     directly, or indirectly, connected with mining interests did
+     anything to embarass the government in its financial negotiations.
+     It is useless to abstain from plain speaking; on the contrary, I
+     hold it to be my duty to be frank and to state to the government
+     that if it failed in its negotiations, it is due to its bad
+     financial policy; to its want of an efficient system of audit; to
+     its costly and terribly wasteful administration; to the want of
+     precise information as to the object of the loan, and the manner in
+     which it was to be expended."
+
+In fine, Law I. of 1897, and the fantastic method of legislation adopted
+by the Volksraad, show that the Government of Pretoria offers no better
+guarantee to people dealing with it than did the Grand Turk, some fifty
+years ago.
+
+
+7.--_Fleecing the Uitlanders!_
+
+Taxation, to the Boer, means getting all he can out of the Uitlander,
+the old characteristic of all oligarchies. The Boer may cheerfully
+augment both the taxes and his expenditure. It is not he who will
+suffer.
+
+I admire the Frenchmen, Belgians, Swiss, &c., who pretend that the
+Uitlanders are a bad lot for not being delighted with such a
+government.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+MONOPOLIES IN THE TRANSVAAL AND THE NETHERLANDS RAILWAY COMPANY.[16]
+
+
+1.--_Article XIV. and the Monopolies._
+
+The avowed taxes are far from representing the whole of the burden laid
+upon the Uitlanders by the Government of Pretoria.
+
+The Convention of 1881 guaranteed freedom of commerce; nevertheless,
+from 1882 onwards "the triumvirate who ruled the country," says Mr.
+FitzPatrick (_The Transvaal from Within_), "granted numbers of
+concessions, ostensibly for the purpose of opening up industries. The
+real reasons are generally considered to have been personal." In 1884,
+Article XIV. renewed the guarantee of freedom of commerce; the Volksraad
+itself one day passed a resolution condemning monopolies in principle:
+and in December 1895 the President granted a monopoly for the
+importation of products, under the guise of a government agency with a
+commission to the agent!
+
+One of the first monopolies established was for the manufacture of
+spirits. The quality of liquor it supplies to the natives is atrocious.
+To drunkenness is attributed a loss of 15 per cent. on the labour of
+90,000 natives whose pay and food are equivalent to L40 per head, a loss
+therefore of L550,000 a year.
+
+[Footnote 16: _Le Siecle_, April 5th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_The Dynamite Monopoly._
+
+Two despatches, one from Mr. Chamberlain, dated January 13th, 1899, and
+the other from the Transvaal Government, dated March 9th, 1899, indicate
+how Mr. Krueger always meant to interpret Article XIV. of the Convention
+of 1884:
+
+On October 13th, 1893, the Transvaal Government granted a monopoly of
+the dynamite trade to Mr. L.G. Vorstman for a period of 15 years. The
+price of No. 1 dynamite was fixed at L4 15s. per case, of which 5s. was
+to be paid to the Government.
+
+The Transvaal Government maintains that this monopoly does not violate
+the freedom of labour, as it was established in the interest of the
+State, not in that of the concessionaires, and that the manufacture of
+dynamite is forbidden to the Boers as much as it is to foreigners.
+
+Mr. Chamberlain in his despatch denies that the dynamite monopoly has
+been established in the interest of the State; and points out that even
+according to General Joubert, Vice-President of the Republic, this is
+really not a State monopoly but the monopoly of one, Lippert, because it
+is he who has derived the greatest profits from it.
+
+The monopoly company has always failed to fulfil its engagements; the
+installation was to be completed in two-and-a-half years: in October,
+1896, the company was only able to produce 80,000 cases, the
+consumption at that time amounting to 200,000. The commission of the
+Volksraad estimated that between 1897 and 1899 it would be necessary to
+import 430,000 cases in addition to the quantity produced by the
+company. It is more to the company's interest to import than to
+manufacture, since importation affords a profit of L2 per case, and to
+the State a duty of 5s. Were dynamite imported by the State itself, the
+latter would realise about L860,000 instead of, as at present, L107,500,
+making a difference of at least about L752,500.
+
+The price at which dynamite is sold is from 40s. to 45s. above its real
+value, from which excessive charge only certain individuals, living for
+the greater part in Europe, derive the benefit. This fact is attested,
+not by the English, but by Mr. Philipp, State Director of the
+Manufacture of Explosives. The Commission demanded that all dynamite
+should be manufactured by the State, and imposed a duty of 20s. per case
+on all imported dynamite.
+
+These resolutions were passed by the Volksraad Commission in 1897; the
+monopoly has continued to exist, and in 1899 it was proposed to prolong
+it for a period of fifteen years. On May 1st, 1898, it is true, the
+price was reduced by 10s.; the company giving up 5s., and the State
+renouncing the whole of the 5s. duty. It had therefore no interest in
+maintaining the monopoly; 2s. of the net profits were still payable to
+it, it is true; but there are no public accounts.
+
+By way of compensation new taxes were imposed by the Government. Mr.
+Rouliot, President of the Chamber of Mines, in his speech, January
+26th, 1899, put it thus:--
+
+"It is a burden borne by us on another shoulder, not a lightening of the
+burden."
+
+Allowing for the increased consumption of dynamite, it has been
+estimated that, even with a further reduction of 5s. per case, the
+annual burden imposed upon the industry by the monopoly would, at the
+end of the period, amount to from L687,500 to L825,000. The Transvaal
+Government in its reply of March 9th, 1899, did not dispute these
+figures, but stated simply that, "the government had the right to judge
+what was most advantageous to itself."
+
+The complaints of the British Government on behalf of the mining
+industry of the Transvaal, were founded solely upon the statement of the
+Volksraad Commission itself. This mania of the Government for a monopoly
+by which the shareholders profit greatly and the State hardly at all,
+proves that there are other interests at stake than those of the public.
+
+At its meeting on February 3rd, 1899, the Witwatersrand Chamber of Mines
+decided to guarantee a Government loan of L600,000 at 5 per cent., to be
+applied in buying-out the concessionaires of the dynamite monopoly.
+
+
+3.--_Railways._
+
+A concession for all the State railways was granted on April 16th, 1884,
+to a group of Hollander and German capitalists, and confirmed by the
+Volksraad on August 23rd following. In 1887 the shares, to the number
+of 2,000, representing a capital of L166,666, were held as follows:--
+
+By Germans            819 shares carrying 30 votes.
+"  Hollanders         581   "       "     76   "
+"  The Republic       600   "       "      6   "
+
+This astonishing division of votes which gave to the Transvaal
+Government 6 out of 112, although it subscribed one-third of the
+capital, and assured to the Hollanders twice as many votes as the other
+holders put together, although they only provided one-third of the
+capital, was the work of Dr. Leyds. The contract for the construction of
+the first 70 miles is not less surprising. Messrs. Van Hattum & Co. were
+to build the line, at a cost mutually to be agreed upon by them and the
+railway company; and they were to receive as remuneration 11 per cent.
+upon the amount of the specification. The 11 per cent. was to be
+proportionately decreased by a sliding scale so arranged that it
+disappeared by the time Van Hattum & Co. had exceeded the contract price
+by 100 per cent. Beyond that the company had the right to cancel the
+contract. From this it follows, that, by deciding to lose the 11 per
+cent., Messrs. Van Hattum could make a gain of 89 per cent. This they
+did, and whole sections of earthworks, which should not have cost L8,000
+per mile, cost L23,000 instead. A thousand Hollanders were brought out
+to work on the line; and sent home again at the expense of the
+Government. In a country which abounded in stone, the Komati Bridge was
+built of dressed stone imported from Holland, with the cost of a transit
+of 7,000 miles.
+
+
+4.--_The Drift Question._
+
+The Cape Colony Free State Railway ends at the Vaal River, 50 miles from
+Johannesburg. Thence goods are transmitted by the Netherlands Railway at
+a charge of 8-1/2d. per ton per mile, the rate being 3d. over the rest
+of the line.
+
+In order to escape this rate manufacturers resorted to the use of
+ox-wagons; Mr. Krueger forbade them the drifts in order to compel the
+transit of goods by railway. This was another flagrant violation of
+Article 14 of the Convention of 1884, which called forth the
+intervention of Mr. Chamberlain. The indignation at the Cape was so
+great, that Mr. Chamberlain having asked the Cape Government, whether,
+in the event of war resulting, it would pay half the cost, and undertake
+the transport of the troops by the railways, the proposal was accepted
+by an Afrikander minister! Mr. Krueger yielded and re-opened the drifts.
+
+
+5.--_Methods of Exaction._
+
+A reduction of L100,000 was made on the railway tariffs; but in July,
+1897, the duties on corn and food-stuffs were increased by L200,000. At
+the end of 1898, a certain number of these were lessened, but not that
+on flour. A comparison of the list of duties between 1897 and the end of
+1898 shows that they were increased on twenty-eight products, and
+decreased on four.
+
+Coal travelling a distance of 25-1/2 miles, the charge made by the
+Netherlands Railway Co. is 4s. 5d., which is 8-1/2d. per ton per mile;
+while the Free State Railway only charges 5-3/4d. and the Natal line
+3d.
+
+The Company collects the customs dues for account of the State, as
+security for the payment of interest on their shares and debentures.
+
+Dr. Kuyper is quite willing to admit that the "financial administration
+leaves something to be desired," but he adds that, "while at the Cape
+the taxes on produce are at the rate of 15 per cent., in the Transvaal
+they are only 10 per cent." But it is easy to see how, by means of
+railway tariffs and various combinations, due to the cunning of Mr.
+Krueger and his Hollander friends, it has been possible to enhance prices
+of every description.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+"CAPITALIST INTRIGUES" AND THE WAR.[17]
+
+
+1.--_A War of Capitalists._
+
+"It is a war of capitalists against a set of poor Boers who have no sort
+of interest in the dispute!" Such is the general cry.
+
+Let us look at the facts.
+
+The other day, anent the attempt upon the Prince of Wales, I referred to
+the anarchist and socialistic attacks of certain Pro-Boer and Anglophobe
+journals on capitalists, financiers, and the wealthy "metal-hearted
+mine-owners," as Dr. Kuyper calls them. I reminded my readers that
+Professor Bryce himself treats as absurd the tale that the aim of the
+Jameson Raid, as stated by those papers, was the conquest of the
+Transvaal for Rhodesia. I shall now show by documentary evidence that
+the war did not break out through any action on the part of gold-mine
+proprietors. In the first place, the greater number of these proprietors
+reside in Europe; and as much in France, Germany and Belgium, as in
+England. Their representatives in the Transvaal may hold more or less
+important interests in those mines, but they are imbued with a full
+sense of their responsibilities.
+
+Now, commercial men never seek to bring about a political crisis
+unnecessarily; they invariably endeavour to avoid one. If they resign
+themselves to such a course, it is only as a last resource.
+
+The truth of these general assertions is verified in the case in point
+by two documents which have not been fabricated after the events.
+
+They are the reports of the Chamber of Mines, published by Mr. Rouliot,
+in January 1898, and January 1899.[18]
+
+[Footnote 17: _Le Siecle_, April 7th, 1900.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Published in the _Revue Sud-Africaine_ (Paris).]
+
+
+2.--_A Local Board._
+
+The report made by Mr. Rouliot to the Chamber of Mines on January 20th,
+1898, refers to the burdens imposed upon the gold industry by the faulty
+administration of the Transvaal. It shows how the Volksraad
+contemptuously rejected, in 1897, a petition signed by more than ten
+thousand inhabitants of all nationalities and all professions. It
+declares that "the Chamber of Mines has no desire to interfere in the
+conduct of general affairs in the Transvaal"; it recalls the fact that
+the Commission of Enquiry nominated after the Crisis of 1896, had
+recommended the constitution of a "Local Board" which President Krueger
+had contemptuously rejected; and goes on to say:--
+
+     "It is nonsense to affirm that the creation of such a Board would
+     have made a government within a government, and would have
+     threatened the independence of the State. At the time that we made
+     the proposal, we sincerely trusted that what had happened might be
+     buried in oblivion and that we might dwell together in amity. We
+     had hoped that the burghers would have recognised that want of
+     experience, and their education would have made them unfitted for
+     dealing with the most difficult problems that could face a young
+     nation, and that they would have seen the necessity of calling men
+     to their aid who could give them the benefit of their experience,
+     and help them to ensure sound conditions for the State and its
+     industrial development. Unfortunately, we have been deceived in our
+     hopes...."
+
+That is all; save that Mr. Rouliot alludes cursorily to the fact that
+the government had endeavoured to found a Chamber of Mines in opposition
+to the old one, but that an amalgamation had taken place; he,
+consequently, was speaking in the name of the entire industry.
+
+
+3.--_A Deliberative Council._
+
+In the course of the year 1898, Mr. Krueger's policy became more and more
+provocative. The Chamber of Mines confined itself to the request for the
+appointment of a deliberative council, to be composed of members
+nominated by the government, the powers of which should be limited to
+the application of the laws concerning gold-theft, the sale of
+spirituous liquors, and the "pass-law" concerning native labourers.
+
+At a meeting of the Volksraad, June, 1898, the sub-committee appointed
+to enquire into this modest request, decided to recommend its rejection.
+Mr. A.D. Wolmarans said that "the council would be the means of placing
+over the heads of the agents of the State, a commission whose members
+were not in possession of the franchise; and that the Volksraad would
+practically be adopting the proposition of home rule, and autonomy, put
+forward by Mr. Chamberlain in 1896."
+
+On September 12th, the question was revived. A member of the Volksraad,
+named Lombaard, said that: "Johannesburg would never be satisfied until
+it had a little government of its own"; and that, as for the sale of
+liquor, as far as he was concerned, he saw no reason why Kaffirs should
+not drink themselves to death, if such was their taste.
+
+The request was rejected by 14 votes to six. Four-and-twenty hours later
+the government passed a measure for an additional tax upon mining
+profits; then the Lombaard and Edgar cases occurred. The Chamber of
+Mines remained calm, notwithstanding.
+
+
+4.--_Timidity of the Chamber of Mines._
+
+In his report of January 26th, 1899, Mr. Rouliot seems to have but one
+aim, and that is to dissociate the Chamber of Mines completely from the
+agitation excited among the English workmen by the murder of their
+comrade, Edgar, at the hands of policeman Jones. I quote his words:--
+
+     "The Chamber of Mines has never taken part in any political
+     agitation, nor has it encouraged or organised demonstrations of a
+     political nature. We take our stand solely upon an economic basis,
+     endeavouring by constitutional means the alleviation of our
+     burdens, and offering our advice upon questions that affect the
+     State, equally with an industry, our thorough knowledge of which is
+     undeniable. We ask neither for concessions, nor for monopoly. All
+     that we ask is fair treatment for our business and our
+     shareholders. I may here express my disappointment at seeing that
+     all our efforts to bring about good feeling and union between
+     ourselves and the executive, meet with nothing but contempt on the
+     part of the latter."
+
+He then goes on to allude to Hollander officials; and possibly, to
+certain members of the diplomatic body:--
+
+     "Those act in bad faith who unceasingly encourage the executive of
+     this country in their retrograde policy, and constantly tell them
+     that all they do is well done."
+
+He concludes by pointing out the manner in which the Press and political
+agents of the Government of Pretoria are stirring up ill-feeling against
+the proprietors and managers of mines. Persons without any defined
+profession, attracted by the vision of gold, have flocked to
+Johannesburg; unable to find employment, they have become a discontented
+proletariat. These are the true adventurers, if the word be taken in its
+worst sense. Mr. Krueger and his agents choose them as colleagues and pit
+them against the "wealthy metal-hearted mine owners." This is the policy
+pursued by Dr. Leyds in Europe, where he has been clever enough to
+excite alike the capitalist and socialist Press against the hated mine
+owner.
+
+Mr. Rouliot continues, that it is not within the province of the Chamber
+of Mines to provide work for incompetent workmen. It was, no doubt,
+from among these men that Mr. Krueger had raised the signatures of the
+counter-petition which so "emphatically" declared the administration of
+the South African Republic "to be all that could be desired."
+
+
+5.--_The Petition and the Despatch of May 10th._
+
+They were _bona fide_ workmen who took the initiative in the petition of
+March 28th, 1899, called forth by the murder of their fellow-workman,
+Edgar. We see, from Mr. Rouliot's report, that the Chamber of Mines
+regarding the petition as compromising, disassociated itself from it.
+Nor was that all. The President of the South African League in the
+Transvaal, Mr. W. John Wybergh, a consulting engineer by profession, was
+dismissed by one of the principal companies.
+
+These undeniable facts prove that "capitalist intrigues," as Dr. Kuyper
+calls them, were not the causes of the present war.
+
+The British Government could not disregard a petition which 21,684
+British subjects addressed to it; even had its responsibility not been
+pledged by Articles 7 and 14 of the Convention of 1884, relying upon
+which those British subjects had settled in the Transvaal. Every
+civilised Government concerns itself with injuries done to its citizens
+in foreign lands. The petition of March 28th, was acknowledged by Mr.
+Chamberlain in a despatch to Sir A. Milner of May 10th, 1899, in which
+he says that "the complaints of the Uitlanders rested on a solid basis."
+From the moment that the British Government "put its hand to the
+plough," and that Lord Salisbury declared it would not draw back, the
+end was easy to foresee. Mr. Krueger had recourse to his habitual
+expedients. I said at the time what must certainly be the result; and an
+eminent French statesman may remember a conversation I then had with
+him, in the course of which he declared that the English would never,
+never, make up their minds to go to war. That was the dangerous idea
+then spread throughout European diplomacy, and which must have been
+transmitted to Krueger by Dr. Leyds, and some of the representatives of
+European Governments then in Pretoria. Thus Krueger thought he need not
+trouble. Hence his attitude at Bloemfontein. It was not because England
+was desirous of war that it broke out, it was because she bore the
+reputation of being too pacific, and because she had given too many
+proofs of forbearance to the Boers.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+THE FRANCHISE.[19]
+
+
+1.--_Impossible Comparisons._
+
+Dr. Kuyper favors us with a long dissertation upon the various laws of
+naturalisation existing throughout the world. But he cannot compare a
+country such as Belgium with 226 inhabitants per square kilometre, or as
+France with 72 per square kilometre, with a country that has two
+inhabitants to the square kilometre. Had he been logical, he would have
+said that the 9,712,000 square kilometres of the United States should
+always have been exclusively peopled by the 600,000 or 700,000 Sioux
+Iroquois and Apaches who used to dispute them.
+
+Dr. Kuyper will reply that they were Redskins and so do not count. Be it
+so! Though the theory of inferior races has very grave consequences from
+the standpoint taken up by him.
+
+But, to be logical, he ought to regret that the Puritans of
+Massachusetts opened wide the doors of the frontiers of their young
+Republic to English, Irish, and German immigrants, and, having given
+them equal rights with themselves, fused and made them into citizens of
+the United States. My present object however is not to discuss theories,
+but to state facts.
+
+[Footnote 19: _Le Siecle_, April 9th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_Policy of Reaction._
+
+In the Conference which resulted in the Convention of 1881, Messrs.
+Krueger and Jorissen stated to the English Commissioners that the
+Franchise would be extended to whites after one year's residence. (V.
+chap IV. Sec. 3.) This period had been fixed in 1874. In 1882 it
+was altered to five years' residence.
+
+However, the Boers felt it expedient to offer a satisfaction of some
+kind, and, in accordance with their usual methods, conceived in 1890 the
+device of creating a Second Volksraad, deprived of all executive power,
+to which naturalised aliens were eligible.
+
+But more especially, after the deep levels began to be worked in 1892,
+when vast outlays of capital were required, and a long duration to gold
+mining undertakings was ensured, the Uitlanders began to feel that they
+must no longer be regarded as suspicious aliens, liable to be expelled
+from the country at any moment. In 1892, they accordingly formed an
+Association, _The National Union_, "for the purpose of obtaining by all
+Constitutional means, equal rights for all the citizens of the Republic
+and the redress of grievances." Far from desiring to place the Republic
+under control of the British Government, they affirmed the maintenance
+of its Independence.
+
+In his manifesto, Mr. Leonard, Chairman of the Union, demands: (1) The
+establishment of the Republic as a true Republic; (2) A Constitution
+which should be drawn up by competent men, to be elected by the whole
+population, and which should be a guarantee against all hasty
+modifications; (3) An equitable system of franchise, and honest
+representation; the equality of Dutch and English languages.
+
+The Government of Pretoria had done everything that was possible to
+provoke and justify these demands.
+
+In 1894, ignoring the three months' delay between the promulgation and
+enforcing of a law required by the Constitution, it was enacted that
+children born in the Transvaal of alien parents should not be recognised
+as citizens, unless their fathers had taken the oath of allegiance.
+
+One Uitlander wrote: "Thirteen years ago I entered my name on the Field
+Cornet's book, in the belief that I should receive the franchise at
+expiration of four years. For nine years I have been deprived of my
+rights; and I may have to wait twenty years in this country without
+becoming a citizen."
+
+The Boer government, instead of becoming more and more liberal in
+proportion to the wealth and power with which its alien residents have
+endowed it, has grown more and more reactionary; and this state of
+reaction has been marked by a series of broken pledges.
+
+I now proceed to give an account of the varying phases of the Franchise
+Question, since the beginning of the Conference at Bloemfontein.
+
+
+3.--_The Bloemfontein Conference._
+
+The Conference at Bloemfontein opened on the 31st of May and closed on
+the 5th of June, 1889. Mr. Chamberlain's Despatch, of the 10th of May,
+to Sir Alfred Milner, suggests that he should adopt "a spirit of
+conciliation in order to arrive at an acceptable arrangement which
+might be presented to the Uitlander population, as a reasonable
+concession to their just demands."
+
+The position assumed by the English Government was a very simple one; it
+had declined to interfere to a large degree, and it desired to interfere
+still less, in the disputes between the Uitlanders and Boers. It was of
+opinion that the only way of putting an end to them was the granting of
+the franchise, so as to enable them to attend to their own interests.
+The English Government, far from desiring to increase its intervention
+in the actions of the Transvaal Government, desired to say to the
+Uitlanders: "You have your electoral rights; make use of them in your
+own defence."
+
+As was easy to foresee, President Krueger, in accordance with his custom
+began on a number of side issues, instead of going straight to the
+point, thus employing the method, known to most of us who have had
+dealings with mistrustful and ignorant peasants. He raised among others
+the following questions: (1) Swaziland, which he wanted to annex; (2)
+The mobilisation of the army; (3) The payment of the Jameson Raid
+indemnity (of which we will speak later); (4) The Uitlanders' petition;
+(5) The Gold law; (6) The Mining law; (7) The Liquor law; (8) The Tariff
+law; (9) The Independence of the Republic; (10) The Dynamite Monopoly;
+(11) Arbitration on all disputed points; (12) British intervention in
+the internal policy of the South African Republic. And then, added Mr.
+Krueger ingeniously, when all these matters have been disposed of, we can
+take up the question of Franchise.
+
+At the very first sitting Sir Alfred Milner declined to enter upon
+those subjects; at the second sitting he proposed the following
+conditions for the Franchise; (_a_) A five years' residence; (_b_)
+Declaration of intention to settle in the Transvaal; (_c_) Oath to obey
+the laws, and to fulfil all the obligations of citizenship, military
+service included; (_d_) The Franchise to be accorded only to men of good
+repute, holders of a given amount of property or of a given income;
+(_e_) a certain number of seats to be reserved in the Volksraad for
+districts where Uitlanders were in the majority.
+
+After keenly contesting these points, Mr. Krueger gave renewed proof of
+his 'intellectual superiority' by advancing counter proposals bristling
+with conditions such as sorcerers exact to enable them to accomplish
+their miracles. As there is always at least one impossible of
+realisation, the dupe is always in the wrong; in the same manner, it was
+Krueger's aim to be able to say to the Uitlanders, who did not obtain the
+Franchise: "It is your own fault. You have not carried out the
+conditions!"
+
+Oh! Mr. Krueger showed again at Bloemfontein how very clever he is, and
+how worthy of Bismarck's admiration--but, Bismarck only entered upon a
+policy which he could carry through.
+
+According to Krueger's proposal, every new-comer must within a fortnight
+of arrival have himself inscribed as a candidate for naturalisation and
+the Franchise; the former would be granted after two years; the latter
+after five more years; seven years in all. But should the first
+formality have been neglected within the stated time, the Uitlander was
+to forfeit for good and all the right of obtaining either the one or
+the other! The first condition having been fulfilled, the inscribed
+Uitlander was to prove "his obedience to the laws"; but President Krueger
+did not signify how he was to give this negative proof.
+
+He had, moreover, to prove that he had "committed no act contrary to the
+Government, or its independence." But to vote against any candidate of
+Krueger's is, in the Transvaal, an act contrary to the Government. What
+Uitlander then could ever have obtained his naturalisation? "Two years
+of continuous registration,"--but are the registers carefully kept in
+the Transvaal? These formalities accomplished, and naturalisation
+obtained, there followed five years of registration, and the obligation
+of permanent residence. A stay at the Cape, a voyage to Europe, would
+have sufficed to forfeit the whole benefit of the formalities observed,
+including inscription during the first fourteen days after arrival.
+Finally, the retrospective clause demonstrates the cunning nature of the
+methods employed by Mr. Krueger.
+
+First it deals with a nine years' residence, _plus_ two years for
+naturalisation, _plus_ six months' declaration, in all eleven
+years-and-a-half, at the least.
+
+The wording of the clause is as follows:--
+
+     "The Residents in the South African Republic before 1890, who shall
+     become naturalised within six months of the promulgation of the
+     proposed law, after giving six months' notice of their intention to
+     apply for naturalisation, shall obtain the full franchise two years
+     after naturalisation, instead of five years. Those who have not
+     been naturalised within six months will have to fulfil the
+     conditions applying to new comers."
+
+Look at the trickery of this regulation. A man must apply for his
+naturalisation six months beforehand, and he is bound to be naturalised
+within six months of the promulgation of the law. If he does not make
+his application on the very day of the promulgation, he loses all the
+advantages of his residence in the Transvaal before 1890, and he must
+wait another seven years. Note, that on the actual day of promulgation
+the administration of the Transvaal could never, even in good faith,
+have dealt with the 20,000 or 30,000 declarations that would have been
+made; and Mr. Krueger calmly proceeds to adjourn to another seven years
+the Uitlanders who had already put in nine years of residence, total 16
+years. Yes, Mr. Krueger is very clever to have invented such a skilful
+contrivance; to have had the audacity to propound it; and to hold the
+opinion of Europe in such contempt that he could think it possible to
+make the majority of people the dupe of such schemes; and he has
+succeeded!
+
+Sir Alfred Milner replied in the courteous language of diplomacy that
+after the interchange of these two propositions, Mr. Krueger and himself
+found themselves on exactly the same ground as before the Conference,
+and that, therefore, there was no object to be gained by prolonging it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THE FRANCHISE.
+
+AFTER THE CONFERENCE OF BLOEMFONTEIN.[20]
+
+
+1.--_A Krueger Trick._
+
+The Anglophobe Pro-Boers of course blame Mr. Chamberlain for the rupture
+of the Bloemfontein Conference, and extol the forbearance of Mr. Krueger,
+who carried off his proposal to have it passed by the Volksraad, and
+"his" burghers.
+
+They do not reflect, that, had he honestly desired to put the matter on
+the road to settlement, Mr. Krueger should first have come to an
+understanding upon it. By passing it through the Volksraad as law, he
+should have cut the cable, were he in reality, anything but an autocrat,
+and such ratifications anything but mere formalities.
+
+Mr. Krueger had the condescension to say to England, "So you will have
+none of my proposals which compel those already in the Transvaal to an
+eleven or twelve years' residence, coupled with impossible formalities,
+before obtaining the franchise? Very well, I will renew my offer to you
+in the name of the Volksraad and of "my" burghers, and if you are not
+satisfied, leave me alone to hoodwink a large proportion of enlightened
+men on the Continent into believing that I am simply the victim of Mr.
+Chamberlain's animosity, and England's greed."
+
+[Footnote 20: _Le Siecle_, April 10th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_The Bill passed by the Volksraad._
+
+The bill introduced into the Volksraad on July 13th was passed on July
+19th, with only the addition of one amendment to Article 4, by which
+residents in the Transvaal, prior to the promulgation of the law, were
+entitled to obtain naturalisation after seven, instead of nine years of
+residence, on condition that they had complied with the requisite
+formalities, and had submitted to the delays before stated. People
+admired Mr. Krueger's generosity. Nine or ten years, instead of eleven or
+twelve, for the Uitlanders already settled in the Transvaal! What
+sacrifices he was making to ensure peace! What magnanimity towards
+Uitlanders! The first paragraph of Article 4 runs thus:
+
+     "Article 4. All persons who shall have settled in the South African
+     Republic prior to the commencement of this Act, and who shall be
+     eligible according to the conditions laid down in Article 1, may
+     obtain letters of naturalisation seven years after arrival in the
+     country."
+
+This article, therefore, only accorded naturalisation to former
+residents; their seven years in the country counted no more than two.
+
+Suppose them naturalised; in reality, they are deprived of all
+nationality.
+
+They belong no longer to the land of their birth; if wronged, or
+maltreated they have no claim upon it for redress.
+
+They are not burghers: they have no political rights; they are, in fact,
+minors who have lost their guardian.
+
+This condition was to last for seven years in a country where changes
+are made by the week.
+
+The art of importing confusion into the simplest matters, has been most
+successfully practised by Mr. Krueger and Dr. Leyds. They have even
+succeeded in persuading thinking men that the Uitlanders should have
+accepted with enthusiasm the law of July 19th, and that they should have
+been deeply grateful to Mr. Krueger who had "reduced from nine to seven
+years the term first proposed by him at Bloemfontein."
+
+
+3.--_Pretended Concessions._
+
+The changes referring to the "redistribution" of seats in the Volksraad
+were numerous. Mr. Krueger posed as making a huge concession to mining
+districts in raising the number of seats to twelve; but six of these
+were for the second Volksraad. Now the second Volksraad must always have
+the same number of members as the First; thus the apparent concession
+was merely a valueless automatic arrangement, for it is well understood
+that the second Volksraad is simply a show institution, devised in 1890.
+The various schemes for redistribution lead one to the conclusion that
+the number of members in the First Volksraad were to be in inverse ratio
+to the population.
+
+The Uitlander looked with mistrust upon a law voted one day which could
+be modified the next by a simple resolution of the Volksraad; he
+considered it an illusion which might vanish at any moment Mr. Krueger
+and his friends thought proper.
+
+
+4.--_The Joint Commission._
+
+The British Government might have replied that it did not recognise this
+law, and have confined itself to the proposals put forward by Sir Alfred
+Milner at the Bloemfontein Conference. It did not take this attitude
+which, in France, would have been advised by the most half-hearted of
+our Nationalists, had the French Government been engaged in similar
+negotiations.
+
+In his despatch of July 27, Mr. Chamberlain appears to think that "the
+concessions made to the Uitlanders to guarantee them something of the
+equality promised them in 1881 were made in good faith; but this law of
+July 19th is full of complicated details; he therefore proposes that it
+should be examined by a joint commission." In the Colonial Secretary's
+despatch of August 2nd to Pretoria, he adds: "It is understood that the
+Commission to examine into the question of the Uitlanders' Electoral
+rights shall be prepared to discuss every subject that the Government of
+the South African Republic may desire to bring before it, including
+arbitration, exclusive always of the intervention of Foreign Powers."
+
+
+5.--_Bargaining._
+
+The Government of Pretoria had put the law in force without waiting to
+consider these remarks.
+
+On August 15th a despatch of Sir Alfred Milner's makes mention of a
+proposal of the State Attorney to the British Government to waive their
+invitation to a joint enquiry, in respect of the concession of a
+retrospective Franchise of seven years being substituted for mere
+naturalisation, and of an increase in the number of seats. Such a
+proposition on the part of the Government of Pretoria shows plainly that
+it wished to evade enquiry into a law so fettered with formalities that
+its working was chimerical. And when Sir Alfred Milner referred to his
+proposal at Bloemfontein, the State Attorney decreased to five years the
+term of retrospective registration, gave eight seats to the Rand, and
+two to other mining districts.
+
+Upon which Pro-Boers exclaim: The Government of Pretoria has made every
+possible concession!
+
+
+6.--_The Conditions, and Withdrawal of Proposals._
+
+They prove by that exclamation that they had not read Sir Alfred
+Milner's despatches of the 22nd and 23rd of August.
+
+The Government of Pretoria made these concessions, indeed but on
+condition: (1) That the British Government shall withdraw its proposal
+for a joint Commission to enquire into whether the law was workable; (2)
+That the British Government shall renounce suzerainty; (3) That
+arbitration--apart from Foreign Powers, with exception of the Orange
+Free State--shall be granted immediately upon the Franchise Law being
+settled. On August 28th Mr. Chamberlain replies. Concerning the
+suzerainty, he refers to his despatch of July 13th; he consents to
+discuss the Constitution of a Tribunal of Arbitration from which Foreign
+Powers, and foreign influence, shall be excluded; he concludes by
+proposing a fresh Conference.
+
+What is the reply of the Boer Government on September 2nd? The
+withdrawal of its proposals of August 19th and 21st, relative to the
+five years' Franchise and increase of number of seats in the Volksraad.
+
+Thus, at the end of three months' negotiations, no conclusion had been
+arrived at.
+
+It is to this despatch of September 2nd, that Mr. Chamberlain's despatch
+of September 8th, replies; in that despatch he states, that he is still
+prepared to accept the proposals of August 19th concerning the
+Franchise, provided that the enquiry by a Commission, joint or
+unilateral, prove that the law is workable.
+
+The representation of Uitlanders in the Volksraad, is, of course, only
+possible on condition that they had the right to make use of the English
+language.
+
+On September 23rd, the Transvaal Government replies that the _taal_, a
+language not spoken by any but Boers, is to remain the only language
+used in the Volksraad, and in dilatory phraseology paves the way for the
+ultimatum of October 9th. Here we have a summary of the negotiations
+relating to the franchise, from the time of the Bloemfontein Conference.
+
+
+7.--_The Franchise is Self-Government._
+
+Confronted with these facts, the Pro-Boer cries: "Ah, but Mr. Krueger was
+obliged to protect himself. He could not have his burghers swamped by
+Uitlanders. He was perfectly right."
+
+Good. There is the theory that honest dealing is unnecessary in public
+negotiations; an apology for that system which is in direct
+contradiction to the maxim of private law that you cannot give and
+withhold at one and the same time.
+
+"But why should the English insist upon obtaining the franchise for
+Uitlanders?"
+
+In order that there should be no more need for the British Government to
+concern itself in Transvaal affairs, Sir Alfred Milner was right when he
+said to the State Attorney (despatch of August 15th):
+
+     "I am sure that the present proposal is made _bona fide_ in order
+     to establish the rights of British subjects once for all; and the
+     Government of the South African Republic need not entertain any
+     fear that we should wish to intervene in its internal affairs in
+     future."
+
+On August 28th, Mr. Chamberlain speaks the same language; at the same
+time justly observing, that only a portion of the Englishmen residing in
+the Transvaal would seek to become naturalised.
+
+In point of fact when in February, 1896, the British Government demanded
+autonomy for the Rand, and on this proposition being refused, demanded
+at Bloemfontein the Franchise for Uitlanders, it was neither bent upon a
+policy of absorption nor of conquest. They desired to place
+self-government in the hands of the Uitlanders, in order to be able to
+say to them: "Now manage your own affairs with the Boers, obtain respect
+for your rights by constitutional measures. We are no further concerned
+in the matter."
+
+It was not the conquest of the Transvaal that was desired by the British
+Government, it was the establishment of an autonomous Republic.
+
+The Uitlanders of British, Australian, German and American extraction,
+inter-mixing with the Boers, would soon have merged their national
+characteristics, and have become simply citizens of the South African
+Republic.
+
+The Boers might have constructed a vast, wealthy and powerful State in
+which for generations to come, they would have held the supremacy. As a
+conquered people they will be compelled to accept the constitution they
+might have granted, and granted the more readily as they would have
+reaped the largest share of the benefits.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+THE SUZERAINTY OF ENGLAND AND THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC.[21]
+
+
+1.--_Who raised the Question of Suzerainty?_
+
+Nine persons out of ten, when speaking of the Transvaal question, say:
+"Why did Chamberlain, at the last moment, raise the question of
+suzerainty? When everything had been settled, that question ruined all."
+
+The more thoughtful men base their opinion on an article in _Le Temps_
+of September 15th, in which occurs this hypothetical paragraph:--
+
+     "Moreover it is possible, that, in the dim recesses of his brain,
+     the Colonial Minister treasures, as a supreme hope and shadowy
+     idea, the half-formed design of profiting by the discussion he is
+     raising in order to excite fresh disputes, such as the complex
+     question of suzerainty."
+
+This insiduous and disloyal conjecture has been reproduced and utilised;
+the absolutely unfounded insinuation of _Le Temps_, has been turned into
+an accusation against Mr. Chamberlain.
+
+Some people who fancy they can gauge the motives of statesmen better
+than their neighbours, add: "If he raised the question of suzerainty,
+it was because he wanted to bring about a war." Facts prove, however,
+that the suzerainty question was not raised by England, but by the
+Government at Pretoria.
+
+The argument against England's suzerainty over the Transvaal is well
+known; the preamble to the 1881 Convention, in which the word occurs was
+not reproduced in the Convention of 1884.
+
+But it is also known, that, in the letter to Lord Derby of November
+14th, 1883, the delegates from the Pretoria Government demanded
+restrictions of "the right of suzerainty reserved to Her Majesty by
+Articles 2 and 18 of the Convention of 1881," and claimed, that "the
+relation of dependence _publici juris_ in which their country now finds
+itself placed with regard to the British Crown shall be replaced by that
+of two contracting parties." In his despatch of November 29th, Lord
+Derby replied, that their "pretension to enter into treaty as between
+two contracting powers was neither in form nor substance acceptable by
+Her Majesty's Government."
+
+The Preamble of the Convention of 1884 speaks of the representations of
+the delegates of the Pretoria Government, "which Her Majesty has been
+pleased to take into consideration."
+
+Not daring to efface with a stroke of his pen the suzerainty question,
+Dr. Kuyper attempts a metaphorical distinction:--
+
+     "The suzerainty question solves itself. Suzerainty may be an
+     "organic or mechanical relation"; if mechanical, it is arranged by
+     contract."
+
+When Dr. Kuyper declares England's suzerainty to be of the mechanical
+order, he admits that the Transvaal did not hold towards England the
+position of an absolutely independent State.
+
+Having been obliged to recognise the right of _veto_, which Article 4
+confers upon England regarding the external relations of the Transvaal,
+he contradicts himself when he invokes the principle of the equality "of
+States among themselves."
+
+Taking refuge in a kind of prescription, he says: "Never, before 1898,
+had England breathed a word regarding suzerainty throughout all her
+interminable correspondence."
+
+On March 6th, 1897, however, Mr. Chamberlain addressed a despatch to the
+South African Republic, in which he complains of several failures to
+observe the Convention of 1884. The following facts are cited by him:
+(1) Conclusion of a treaty of extradition with Holland, signed at the
+Hague, November 14th, 1895; of an act with Portugal, signed at Lisbon,
+November 3rd, 1893; of a convention with Switzerland, signed September
+30th, 1896--none of these treaties had been submitted to the English
+Government, in violation of Article 4 of the Convention of 1884; (2)
+Laws concerning the emigration of foreigners, the expulsion of
+foreigners, the Press, all in contravention of Article 14 of the 1884
+Convention.
+
+Mr. Van Boeschoten, Secretary of State to the Transvaal at that time,
+proposed arbitration, the arbitrator to be chosen by the President of
+the Swiss Confederation.
+
+Replying on October 16th, 1897, Mr. Chamberlain said that in making this
+proposal the Pretoria Government "appears to have misunderstood the
+distinction existing between two independent powers."
+
+There we see a distinct assertion of suzerainty, the question which,
+according to Dr. Kuyper, was first raised in 1898.
+
+     "By the Pretoria Convention of 1881, Her Majesty, as Sovereign of
+     the Transvaal, granted to the inhabitants of this territory
+     complete self-government subject to the suzerainty of Her Majesty;
+     and according to the London Convention of 1884, Her Majesty, while
+     maintaining the preamble to the preceding instrument declared that
+     certain other Articles would be substituted for Articles contained
+     in the Convention of 1881. The Articles of the Convention of 1881
+     have been accepted by the Volksraad of the Transvaal State and
+     those of the Convention of 1884 by the Volksraad of the South
+     African Republic.
+
+     "According to these Conventions Her Majesty's position towards the
+     South African Republic is that of a suzerain, who has granted to
+     the people of this Republic self-government under certain
+     conditions; and it would be incompatible with this situation to
+     submit to arbitration the meaning of the conditions under which she
+     has granted self-government to the Republic."
+
+Mr. Chamberlain concluded by saying that he could not admit the
+intervention of any Foreign power between the English Government and
+that of the South African Republic, and that, therefore, he could not
+submit the violations of the Convention of 1884 to the consideration of
+such a power.
+
+On April 11th, 1898, the new State Secretary, Mr. Reitz, returned to the
+question in a long despatch described by Dr. Kuyper as "crushing"
+(_foudroyante_), and which proves, at least, that the Suzerainty
+Question had been raised before 1898, since it endeavours to refute Mr.
+Chamberlain's despatches of March 6th, and October 16th, 1897.
+
+To this Mr. Chamberlain replies, December 15th, 1898:--
+
+     "The preamble to the Convention of 1881 remains the basis of the
+     relations between Her Majesty and the inhabitants of the South
+     African Republic. To these inhabitants Her Majesty guarantees
+     internal independence, to Herself she reserves the Suzerainty. The
+     concession of internal independence and the reservation of the
+     Suzerainty have but one common origin--the preamble to the
+     Convention of 1881."
+
+Dr. Reitz succeeded Dr. Leyds as Secretary of State, and on May 9th,
+1899, replied to the despatch of the preceding December 15th. In
+forwarding this despatch Sir Alfred Milner observed that it contained a
+pretension never before put forward by the Government of Pretoria, the
+following words being used: "the inherent right of a Sovereign
+International State."
+
+Mr. Chamberlain replied, July 13th, 1899, summarising the Conventions of
+1852, 1881, and 1884; he recalled Lord Derby's declaration in the House
+of Lords, March 17th, 1884: "Whatever Suzerainty meant in the Convention
+of Pretoria, the condition of things which it implies still remains.
+Though the word is not actually used, we have kept the substance."
+
+[Footnote 21: _Le Siecle_, April 11th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_The Suzerainty and the Conference of the Hague._
+
+How was it that the theorists, who take up the utterance of Dr. Reitz,
+that: "the Transvaal has the inherent rights of a Sovereign
+International State," did not ask the Queen of the Netherlands that the
+South African Republic might be represented at the Conference of the
+Hague? It was a grand opportunity, which they no more dreamt of seizing,
+than the thought of asking that the Bey of Tunis should take part in it.
+
+These documents referred to by us prove that the Suzerainty Question was
+not raised at the last moment, as the _Temps_ of September 15th, 1899,
+is affirmed to have stated; that it was not raised only in 1898, as
+stated by Dr. Kuyper; that at least it was raised on March 6th, 1897;
+that, since the last mentioned date, it has given rise to an important
+correspondence; and, finally, that it was the first subject raised by
+President Krueger at the Bloemfontein Conference.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+THE ARBITRATION QUESTION.[22]
+
+
+1.--_How the Transvaal interprets Arbitration._
+
+According to the idea prevailing throughout Europe, President Krueger had
+conceded everything from the franchise point of view, when all was
+ruined by Mr. Chamberlain raising the Suzerainty Question at the last
+moment. We have seen the value of these two assertions.
+
+Then, certain members of the ultra peace party ask hotly: "Why did he
+not accept arbitration?" The word in itself appears to them to possess
+some sovereign virtue. Dr. Kuyper seems to me to be suffering from that
+terrible intellectual malady psittacism when he exclaims:--
+
+     "Arbitration is the _mot d'ordre_ of modern civilisation."
+
+and he adds:--
+
+     "As if arbitration were not the rule between _masters_ and
+     _workmen_."
+
+I have often demonstrated the "illusion of such arbitration" (among
+others see _Le Siecle_, October 6th, 1899), the negative effects
+produced in France by the law on optional arbitration, and in England by
+the Conciliation Act of 1896.
+
+From an international point of view, the judgment passed by the
+Arbitration Tribunal in the matter of the Delagoa Bay Railway, after a
+lapse of ten years, is not one to induce governments to have recourse to
+it.
+
+In the relations between England and the Transvaal, the Arbitration
+Question is closely connected with the Suzerainty Question. It was
+raised May 7th, 1897, by the State Secretary, Mr. Van Boeschoten, in
+reply to the complaints made in Mr. Chamberlain's despatch of March 6th,
+1897, relating to the violation of the 1884 Convention. Mr. Van
+Boeschoten's proposal was that the President of the Swiss Confederation
+should be asked to appoint an arbitrator.
+
+On October 16th, 1897, Mr. Chamberlain replied:--
+
+     "The Government of the South African Republic proposes that the
+     contested points of the Convention shall be submitted to
+     arbitration, the arbitrator to be appointed by the President of the
+     Swiss Confederation. In making this proposal the Government appears
+     to have misunderstood the difference existing between the
+     Conventions of 1881 and 1884 and an ordinary treaty between two
+     independent powers."
+
+The conventions had been made up; they did not suit the Government of
+the South African Republic. Could the British Government say: "They do
+not suit you. Very well, we will ask the head of a foreign State to
+appoint an arbitrator by whom they will be considered and annulled in
+the event of his sympathizing with you."
+
+In diplomatic terms Mr. Chamberlain explains that the English Government
+could not carry its condescension so far as to subject to the judgment
+of a foreigner the result of its policy and the negotiations of its
+diplomats. On April 16th, 1898, a claim was made by Dr. Leyds for: "A
+tribunal under international law for the especial purpose of deciding
+differences of opinion regarding the mode of Government, and the rights
+and obligations of the South African Republic towards the British
+Government." Again Mr. Chamberlain replied, on December 15th, 1898, that
+the English Government could admit of no intervention of a Foreign power
+between the Pretoria Government and itself.
+
+During the afternoon of the second day of the Bloemfontein Conference
+the arbitration question with regard to Swazieland, was raised by Mr.
+Krueger. He returned to the subject on the third day, as follows:--
+
+     "In the event of Swazieland becoming part of my Republic; an
+     agreement being arrived at with reference to the Jameson Raid
+     indemnity; Her Majesty's Government agreeing to interfere no more
+     with my internal government; and arriving at an acceptable solution
+     of the Franchise Question; the matter of English subjects, who,
+     having no need to become burghers, yet still have reason to
+     complain of illegal actions, might be submitted to arbitration."
+
+Sir Alfred Milner replied that: "the English Government could not allow
+interference between itself and the South African Republic, of a foreign
+power or influence; that it might, however, be possible to consider some
+other way of nominating an impartial tribunal, and examining certain
+questions; but that he himself was not authorised to do so."
+
+In conclusion President Krueger said:--
+
+     "Give me Swazieland, the indemnity for the Jameson Raid, and
+     arbitration, in exchange for the Franchise, otherwise, I should
+     have nothing. These points would make something worth having."
+
+Sir Alfred Milner's reply was that President Krueger had raised the
+question of arbitration, without mentioning the manner of arbitration;
+that there were some questions, with regard to which it could not be
+admitted by the English Government; that there were others on which it
+might be admitted; that, if proposals were put forward, he would submit
+them to his Government.
+
+Mr. Krueger's closing words were:--
+
+     "I have nothing to add, I shall submit the questions concerning the
+     Franchise to the Volksraad as soon as I receive the reply that the
+     English Government accepts my proposal of arbitration."
+
+On June 9th, the proposals relating to arbitration were formulated by
+Mr. Reitz, State Secretary to the Pretoria Government. He began by
+proving that he could put into people's mouths words which had never
+been uttered by them. He declared that "at the Bloemfontein Conference
+the High Commissioner was personally favourable to the settlement by
+arbitration of all the differences between the two Governments." Sir
+Alfred Milner had been careful not to go so far as this.
+
+After this inaccurate preamble the following proposals were made by Mr.
+Reitz:--
+
+     (1) "In future, all questions arising between the two Governments,
+     and relating to the interpretation of the London Convention to be
+     submitted to a tribunal of arbitration, with the exception of
+     questions of trifling importance."
+
+     (2) "The tribunal to be composed of two arbitrators appointed
+     respectively by each government, as for instance the Chief Justices
+     of the South African Republic, Cape Colony or Natal. The power to
+     be given to them of choosing as a third arbitrator, someone who
+     should be a subject of neither of the disputing parties; the
+     decision in all cases to rest with the majority."
+
+     (3) "The instrument of submission to be considered in each case by
+     the two governments, in order that both may have the right of
+     reserving and excluding any points appearing to them too important
+     to be submitted to arbitration."
+
+Sir Alfred Milner remarked that this project was "a mere skeleton
+proposal by which too many things were left undefined." For instance,
+what did the words "trifling matters" mean? and what was meant by the
+third article, which gives to both Governments the right of excluding
+from arbitration points which may appear to them too important to be
+submitted to it?
+
+Finally, the very composition of the tribunal was in contradiction to
+the reservations made by the English Government. The third arbitrator
+would be a foreigner, and with this third arbitrator would rest the
+decision.
+
+[Footnote 22: _Le Siecle_, April 26th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_Mr. Chamberlain's Conditions._
+
+In his telegram of July 27th, however, Mr. Chamberlain did not reply by
+an absolute definite refusal. He rejected the composition of the
+tribunal; but he acknowledged that: "the interpretation of the
+convention in detail is not exempt from difficulties, putting aside the
+question of the interpretation of the preamble of the Convention of
+1881, which regulates the articles substituted in the Convention of
+1884." And then Mr. Chamberlain invited Sir Alfred Milner to enquire of
+Mr. Krueger whether he would accept the exclusion of the Foreign element
+in the settlement of disputes, arising from the interpretation of the
+Convention of 1884:
+
+     "As to how far and by what method, questions could be decided by a
+     judicial authority whose independence, impartiality and capacity
+     should be above suspicion."
+
+Thus the constitution of a tribunal of arbitration was accepted by Mr.
+Chamberlain, and in his despatch of August 28th he directed Sir Alfred
+Milner to arrange a fresh conference with Mr. Krueger. On September 2nd
+the Pretoria Government asks whether the British Government will receive
+burghers of the Free State as members of the arbitration tribunal? which
+are the subjects it will be competent to settle? and which will be
+reserved?
+
+Sir Alfred Milner's views on this subject are stated in a lengthy
+despatch to the Government, dated September 8th. The points which Sir
+Alfred Milner considered should be excluded from arbitration as being
+likely to re-open discussion are the following: (1) The position of the
+British Indians; (2) the position of other British coloured subjects;
+(3) the right of all British subjects to be treated as favourably as
+those of any other country; "a right which has never been formally
+admitted by the South African Republic."
+
+Here the Arbitration Question may be said to have dropped, Sir A.
+Milner's telegram of September 8th being followed by the ultimatum of
+October 9th.
+
+Hence this question was not a new one at the time of the Bloemfontein
+Conference. It had been raised by the Government of Pretoria as a means
+by which its "inherent rights as a Sovereign State" should be
+acknowledged, a pretension which could not be admitted by the British
+Government.
+
+As we have seen, however, arbitration was not absolutely refused by Mr.
+Chamberlain; he imposed two conditions; the Conventions of 1881 and 1884
+were not to be questioned, foreigners were not to be chosen as
+arbitrators; the points referred to arbitration should be clearly
+specified.
+
+There is a vast difference between this attitude and the arrogant tone
+generally ascribed to Mr. Chamberlain. It is always advisable to refer
+to the documents on a question before discussing it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+THE BOER ULTIMATUM.[23]
+
+
+1.--_Dr. Kuyper's Logic._
+
+Referring to the Bloemfontein Conference, Dr. Kuyper says:
+
+     "Mr. Chamberlain opened his criminal negotiations ... Unfortunately
+     for him, his opponent, of whom Bismarck said there was not a
+     statesman in Europe who surpassed him for sagacity and sound
+     judgment, did not fall into the trap. He prolonged the negotiations
+     ... but from the moment he held in his hands undeniable proofs of
+     the manner in which Mr. Chamberlain was luring him on and seeking
+     to gain time, he hurled at him the reproach of "coveting Naboth's
+     vineyard," and sent an ultimatum to London." (p. 502).
+
+We are struck in this passage by the admirable logic of Dr. Kuyper. It
+is Krueger who "prolongs the negotiations," and Chamberlain who "seeks to
+gain time." To heighten the prestige of Mr. Krueger, Dr. Kuyper invokes
+the testimony of Bismarck. I certainly think that it was Krueger's
+ambition to become the Bismarck of South Africa, and President of the
+"Africa for the Afrikanders, from the Zambesi to Simon's Bay."
+
+I come to the final act:--
+
+On September 2nd, the Government of Pretoria withdrew its proposal to
+reduce the delay in granting the franchise to five years; the British
+Government not having accepted the conditions imposed: (1) Refusal of
+all enquiry into the condition of the Franchise Law by a Joint
+Commission; (2) Abrogation of Suzerainty in conformity with the note of
+the Government of Pretoria, of April 16th, 1898; (3) Refusal to submit
+questions under discussion to Arbitration.
+
+[Footnote 23: _Le Siecle_, April 13th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_Despatches of the 8th and 22nd September._
+
+Mr. Chamberlain replied in his despatch of September 8th. He was unable
+to accept the terms of the Note of April 16th, 1898, which he had
+formally refused.
+
+He maintained that the Franchise Law was insufficient to guarantee an
+immediate and effective representation of the Uitlanders.
+
+He demanded that a joint, or unilateral, Commission should be instituted
+to examine whether the law on the Franchise were not rendered
+inoperative by the conditions which would make such representations
+impossible.
+
+     The acceptance of these propositions by the South African Republic
+     would put an end to the tension existing between the two
+     Governments, and, in all probability, would render ulterior
+     intervention on the part of Her Majesty's Government to ensure
+     redress of the Uitlanders' grievances unnecessary, as they
+     themselves would thenceforth be entitled to bring them directly to
+     the cognizance of the Executive and the Raad.
+
+Mr. Chamberlain adds that the British Government is prepared to
+authorise a fresh Conference between the President of the South African
+Republic and the High Commissioner in order to settle all details of a
+Tribunal of Arbitration, and the questions capable of being submitted to
+it on the basis of the Note of August 30th.
+
+This very moderately worded despatch, embodying equally moderate
+propositions, ended as follows:
+
+     "Should, however--which Her Majesty's Government earnestly trusts
+     may not be the case--the reply of the South African Government be
+     negative, or dilatory, it reserves to itself the right to consider
+     the situation _de novo_, and to formulate its own propositions for
+     a final settlement."
+
+The Government of Pretoria replied on September 16th, by referring to
+its Note of September 2nd. It devotes an entire paragraph to the
+statement that the English language will not be admitted in the
+Volksraad. It refuses to consider at that juncture the appointment of a
+fresh Conference; it accepts, however, the proposed Joint Commission.
+
+Mr. Chamberlain replies in his despatch of September 22nd, in which he
+clearly states the attitude of the British Government. It has no desire
+to interfere in any way with the independence of the South African
+Republic. It has not asserted any other rights of interference in the
+internal affairs of the South African Republic than those derived from
+the Conventions, or "which belong to every neighbouring Government for
+the protection of its subjects and of its adjoining possessions. But, by
+the action of the Government of the South African Republic, who have in
+their Note of May 9th, asserted the right of the Republic to be a
+Sovereign International State, it has been compelled to repudiate any
+such claim." He repeats that the Franchise would enable the Uitlanders
+to procure just treatment for themselves, and concludes by saying: "the
+refusal of the South African Republic to entertain the offer thus made
+coming, as it does, at the end of nearly four months of negotiations,
+and of five years of agitation, makes it useless to further pursue a
+discussion on the lines hitherto followed, and Her Majesty's Government
+are now compelled to consider the situation afresh and to formulate
+their own proposals for a final settlement."
+
+The Transvaal Government has accused Sir Alfred Milner of not keeping
+his word. Two despatches, one from Mr. Chamberlain, September 16th, the
+other from Sir Alfred Milner, September 20th, refute this allegation.
+
+
+3.--_The Ultimatum._
+
+These two despatches received no reply. On September 28th, the Volksraad
+of the Orange Free State proclaimed that it would "faithfully and
+honorably fulfil its obligations towards the South African Republic, in
+accordance with the alliance between the two States, whatever might be
+the consequences." Mr. Steyn, the President, gave an account of the
+negotiations from his point of view. The Cape presented a petition drawn
+up by fifty-eight members of the Cape Parliament, five of whom were
+Ministers and had adopted Mr. Steyn's view; on the other side,
+fifty-three members of both Chambers passed a resolution approving the
+policy of the British Government. President Steyn complained of troops
+being sent to Africa. Later events have proved whether these complaints
+were justifiable. On September 29th, the Netherlands Railway stated that
+communication with Natal was interrupted. The telegraph wires were cut.
+On October 2nd, President Krueger, in adjourning the Volksraad _sine
+die_, stated that "War is inevitable," and on October 9th, the
+Government of the South African Republic handed an Ultimatum to the
+British Agent at Pretoria.
+
+The Ultimatum demanded Arbitration on all subjects; the withdrawal of
+British troops; the re-embarkation of British troops landed after June
+1st; troops on the high seas not be landed.
+
+     "The Transvaal Government requires an immediate and affirmative
+     reply on these four points, before five o'clock, p.m. on Wednesday,
+     October 11th, and it is added that should a satisfactory reply not
+     have reached within that period, it will, to its great regret, be
+     compelled to consider the action of Her Majesty's Government as a
+     formal declaration of War."
+
+Next day Mr. Chamberlain naturally replied that "henceforth all
+discussion was impossible." Notification was made on the 11th of
+October. Englishmen and suspected foreigners were expelled; and
+President Steyn, with the special Boer skill, in misrepresenting facts,
+announced that "England had committed itself to an open, and
+unjustifiable attack upon the independence of the South African
+Republic."
+
+We have seen from which side the attack came.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+DR. KUYPER'S FINAL METAPHOR.[24]
+
+
+1.--_Where are the Peace Lovers?_
+
+I have finished my criticism of Dr. Kuyper's article.
+
+Should he not find it clear, perhaps he will be kind enough to mark the
+points which he desires to have explained. I will gladly insert his
+reply, on condition that he allows me to publish it, with his article,
+in pamphlet form, so that readers may have both sides of the question
+before them. I do not follow him in detail in his apologetic, religious,
+metaphysical, and oratorical digressions where common-places stand for
+facts and arguments.
+
+"Has civilisation the right to propagate itself by means of war?" he
+cries. As far as I am concerned, I think war a very bad vehicle of
+civilisation, albeit it has often served the purpose; but as long as it
+remains the last resource of international relations, it is impossible
+to suppress it.
+
+I return the question. "Has an inferior civilisation the right to impose
+itself upon a superior civilisation, and to propagate itself by means of
+war?"
+
+Pro-Boers delight to exhibit in the shop windows a picture representing
+three Transvaal soldiers; a youth of sixteen, an old man of sixty-five,
+and a man in the prime of life. What does it prove? That every Boer is
+a soldier. They have no other calling; to drive ox-teams; ride; shoot;
+keep a sharp eye on the Kaffirs in charge of their cattle; use the
+sjambok freely "in Boer fashion," to make them work; these are their
+occupations. Their civilisation is one of the most characteristic types
+of a military civilisation.
+
+It is a curious thing, that so many Europeans among the lovers of peace,
+should actually be the fiercest enemies of England, a country which
+represents industrial civilisation in so high a degree, that she stands
+alone, in all Europe, in refusing to adopt compulsory military service.
+Such lovers of peace range themselves on the side of professional
+fighters against peaceable citizens. They are for the Boer spoliator
+against the despoiled Uitlanders. They take their stand against the
+English who in 1881 and 1884 voluntarily restored autonomy to the
+Transvaal, and in favor of the Boer, who in the Petition of Rights,
+1881, took for programme, as in the pamphlet recently published by Dr.
+Reitz, "Africa for the Afrikanders from the Zambesi to Simon's Bay."
+
+The British Government, far from desiring fresh conquests, is drawn on
+by its colonists. France colonises by sending an army, to be followed by
+officials; then the government, the press, and committees of all sorts,
+beg and pray refractory home lovers to go forth and settle in the
+conquered territory. Englishmen go out to Australia, Borneo,
+Johannesburg; and the British Government has to follow them. It is not
+English trade which follows the flag, it is the flag which follows the
+trade. The present crisis was not brought about by the zeal of British
+statesmen, but by their weakness in 1881 and 1884; and by the habit
+which they have allowed the Government of Pretoria of violating
+conventions with impunity. To such a degree were these violations
+carried on with regard to the Uitlanders (chiefly English) who, relying
+on the guarantee of the Transvaal Government, had settled and invested
+millions of capital in the country, that, dreading for their lives after
+the murder of Edgar, they presented the petition of March 28th, 1899, to
+the British Government. No government in the world, approached in such a
+manner, could have refused to move; and where European governments have
+gone wrong is that, instead of supporting the action of Great Britain,
+they let President Krueger believe that they would intervene against her,
+to the prejudice even of their own countrymen.
+
+It may be mentioned that British Uitlanders only appealed to their own
+government, after having, conjointly with Uitlanders of other
+nationalities, addressed various petitions, since 1894, to the Pretoria
+Government which petitions were received with contempt, President Krueger
+replying: "Protest! protest as much as you like! I have arms, and you
+have none!"
+
+[Footnote 24: _Le Siecle_, April 14th, 1900.]
+
+
+2.--_The Moral Worth of the Boers._
+
+Dr. Kuyper affirms that "with regard to moral worth the Boers do not
+fall short of any European nation." I have not wished to digress from my
+argument by entering upon known cases of corruption concerning the
+Volksraad in general, and Mr. Krueger in particular, but we have seen
+their methods of legislation, of administering justice, and of keeping
+their pledged word; let that suffice.
+
+Dr. Kuyper collects all the calumnies against British soldiers, but he
+dare not aver that the Boers have not been guilty of the abuse of the
+white flag, and of the Red Cross. At the beginning of April, Lieutenant
+Williams, trusting in the good faith of a party of Boers, who hoisted
+the white flag, was shot dead by them.
+
+Dr. Kuyper says "all the despatches have been garbled, defeats turned
+into victories." It is not of Dr. Leyds he is speaking, but of the
+English. He declares (February 1st) that "the best English regiments are
+already disintegrated," that "the immensity of the cost will frighten
+the English shopkeepers," that "the ministerial majority will likely
+soon be dissipated." In giving these proofs of perspicacity, Dr. Kuyper
+charitably adds, concerning England, "her reverses may be her
+salvation." And in order to ensure her this salvation, he looks forward
+to "those projected alliances, whose tendency it is unquestionably to
+draw together against that insular power," of which Dr. Kuyper would
+fain "be the son, were he not a Dutchman," and yet whose destruction he
+so ardently desires. This far seeing politician forgets that were his
+wishes realised, Holland would be the first victim.
+
+
+3.--_A Lioness out of Place._
+
+Dr. Kuyper delivers a lengthy dissertation upon "the inadequacy of the
+Christian movement"; and shows himself worthy to be a collaborator of
+M. Brunetiere by excommunicating Schleiermacher, "the typical
+representative," says the Rev. J.F. Smith, of modern effort to reconcile
+science, theology and the "world of to-day with Christianity."
+
+He inveighs against individualism, Darwinism, and the law of evolution;
+he speaks of "the broad paths of human sin," and accuses the English
+clergy of "betraying the God of Justice"; he places before them the God
+of the Boers, declaring that "an invisible Power protects their
+commandos."
+
+Dr. Kuyper who is much better acquainted with the North Sea herrings
+than with African lions, concludes his articles with this daring
+metaphor:--
+
+     "So long as the roar of the Transvaal lioness, surrounded by her
+     cubs, shall be heard from the heights of the Drakensberg, so long
+     shall the Boers remain unconquered."
+
+Now, the Boers have surmounted the armorial bearings of the South
+African Republic with an eagle, bird of prey beloved of conquerers. It
+is true that in the left quarter of their coat of arms is a small lion
+lying down with bristling mane. It is probably the lady-friend of this
+ferocious quadruped which Dr. Kuyper has chosen to symbolise the people
+of the Transvaal.
+
+I would merely remark to him that the highest summit of the Drakensberg
+rises to an elevation of something like 10,000 feet. It is situated away
+from the frontier of the Transvaal, between Natal, Basutoland, and the
+Orange Free State. I imagine it is there that Dr. Kuyper's Transvaal
+lioness is to take her stand, in order to carry out Krueger's programme
+"Africa for the Afrikanders, from the Zambesi to Simon's Bay." But the
+poor animal would not be long on that height, before she would die of
+cold and hunger. This concluding imagery well reflects the spirit of Dr.
+Kuyper's essay; it demonstrates to perfection the rapacious and
+megalomaniac ideal of the Boers; and in his grandiloquence the author
+contrives to express exactly the reverse of what he means.
+
+
+4.--_Moral Unity by Means of Unity of Method._
+
+Here again Dr. Kuyper puts metaphor in the place of reasoning; a truly
+Eastern mode of discussion.
+
+Ever since I entered upon public life, I have always endeavoured, in the
+study of social and political phenomena, to eliminate subjective
+affirmations, the dogmatic and comminatory _a priori_, the antiquated
+methods which consist of taking words for things, _nomina_ for _numina_,
+metaphors for realities.
+
+Physical and biological science owe to the objective method the progress
+that, from the times of Bacon and Galileo, has transformed the face of
+the world; social science must henceforth replace rhetoric,
+scholasticism and all balderdash of that kind; affirmations, _a priori_,
+and excommunications, by the rigorous scrutiny of facts: Unity of Method
+will lead to Moral Unity.[25]
+
+[Footnote 25: Yves Guyot. _Les Principes de 1789 et le Socialisme_.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+
+I cannot do better than reproduce at the end of this pamphlet the
+analysis made by me in _Le Siecle_, March 14th, of a remarkable article
+written by M. Tallichet, Editor of the _Bibliotheque Universelle de
+Lausanne_.
+
+
+ENGLAND, HOLLAND AND GERMANY.[26]
+
+I have good reason for believing that President Krueger was kept by Dr.
+Leyds under the illusion that he could count on intervention in his
+favour. However, "Who should intervene?" is the question asked by M.
+Tallichet in his article, _La Guerre du Transvaal et l'Europe_,
+published by _La Bibliotheque Universelle de Lausanne_.
+
+     "President MacKinley, as was asked of him in a petition organised
+     by the Peace League? He has no such intention. Of the European
+     Powers, three only could have tried to do so: Russia, Germany and
+     France. Russia, however, who might have induced France to act with
+     her, will not trouble herself about it. Nicholas II., her
+     sovereign, has but lately taken part at the Hague in a conference
+     promoted by himself for the purpose of considering the means of
+     insuring peace. Having taken the initiative he may be believed to
+     have been actuated by philanthropic motives. But it also happens
+     that peace is, for Russia, of the greatest importance, grown, as
+     she is, out of all proportion, continuing to extend her tentacles
+     wherever there is a chance of seizing something. To this cause of
+     weakness must be added others: the need of money for her gigantic
+     enterprises; the famine, now become endemic, by which her European
+     provinces are ravaged, depopulated and reduced to the greatest
+     misery. She is profiting now by her experiences after the Crimean
+     War. As long as she remains inactive, the influence she exercises
+     on general politics by her mere extent, and the mysterious power
+     which seems to be the corollary of it, far exceeds her actual
+     strength. On her descending into the arena, however, this optical
+     illusion is dissipated, as was apparent in the recent Turkish War;
+     her prestige was lessened. No steps will therefore be taken by her
+     to increase England's difficulties by which she gains much without
+     striking a single blow.
+
+     "With regard to France, her only interest in the question is her
+     rivalry with England and the possibility, afforded by the latter's
+     difficulties, of re-opening the Egyptian Question. Public opinion
+     was sounded on this subject by a few newspapers, government organs
+     among them, but without obtaining the desired result. Although not
+     daring to counsel a formal alliance with Germany, they would have
+     liked to see her intervene. The present French Government, and
+     especially M. Delcasse may be credited with too much good sense and
+     good feeling to resort to the foolish, pin-pricking policy of M.
+     Hanotaux to which the Fashoda incident is really due. Such blunders
+     are not made a second time."
+
+Only Germany remains to be considered. That there have been intimate
+relations between the Governments at Pretoria and Berlin, is certain. At
+one time the Emperor's aspiration was to unite his possessions in East
+Africa to those in the West, and he counted on the Transvaal to assist
+him. Mr. Stead's opinion on this subject, at the time of the Jameson
+Raid, has already been quoted by us (_Le Siecle_, December 28th, 1899).
+But this policy has since been renounced by him; the German Government
+took fright at the influence exercised by Dr. Leyds on certain of the
+Berlin newspapers; guns and Mauser rifles have been furnished by Krupp,
+but that is a private firm; German officers have entered the Boer army,
+to what extent have they been disavowed? The Emperor William is
+certainly interested in the Transvaal War.
+
+     "He gets others to experiment on the value of German armaments,
+     rifles, guns, and all the tactical and strategetical problems
+     incident to the perfection of modern arms, and which have not yet
+     been solved. Experience, that is to say war, is worth everything in
+     such a matter as this, and the Boers with their German officers are
+     literally working for 'the King of Prussia.'"
+
+That the Emperor should wish the Boers to succeed is logical enough, and
+to all Frenchmen capable of thought, to Belgians, Swiss and Dutch too we
+commend the way in which this desire is proved by M. Tallichet:
+
+     "Should the Boers be successful, England's power would be lessened.
+     She could no longer maintain the balance of power in Europe, which
+     is a service of inestimable benefit to our continent, especially to
+     the smaller countries, and to none more than to Holland. The
+     conquest of the Netherlands is a great temptation to Germany, who
+     would thereby gain exactly what she wishes: an excellent sea-board;
+     a great number of sailors; colonies, at the very moment when she is
+     aspiring to a first-class fleet. In a recent number of the
+     semi-official _Norddeutsche Zeitung_, an article was published by
+     Dr. Ed. von Hartmann, suggesting that Holland should be persuaded,
+     or if necessary forced by commercial competition to become part of
+     the German Empire, which would thus gain all it could possibly
+     desire. Is it likely that this glorious little country will
+     consent? Its charming young Queen, said to be a great sympathiser
+     with the Boers, will she descend from her present position to take
+     rank with the German Princes under the Emperor whose equal she is
+     to-day? Assuredly not.
+
+     "But if, on the other hand, England were to be paralysed, no
+     defence of Holland would be possible; France could not undertake it
+     alone, much as it would be to her interest; and what other Powers
+     would be capable of resisting?
+
+     "Of course, it may be urged, the German Emperor would never do such
+     a thing. Perhaps not, he is not immortal however, and there is no
+     knowing what may be done by his successors. Besides, by his
+     friendship with Abdul-Hamid, he has shown himself capable of
+     sacrificing everything to the greatness of his Empire. It would in
+     all probability be unnecessary to resort to force; there are less
+     brutal ways just as efficacious. In the event of Germany possessing
+     undisputed preponderance, with no counter-weight, she will bring an
+     irresistible pressure to bear upon Holland, as did Russia to poor
+     Finland, and induce her to join the Germanic Confederation. When,
+     therefore, Holland upholds the Transvaal, and seeks to annihilate
+     England, she, like the Boers, though in a different manner, is
+     working for "the King of Prussia"."
+
+I earnestly recommend this passage in M. Ed. Tallichet's article to the
+attention of my fellow-countrymen; the folly which dominates our foreign
+policy, alarms me as much as that which caused the innocence of Dreyfus
+to be denied for years, by Ministers, _the etat-major_, and many
+millions of Frenchmen. Justice was sacrificed by them to paltry
+considerations, and to-day those of us who are infatuated with sympathy
+for the pillaging policy of the Boers seem to have set up as their ideal
+the completion of the disaster of 1870!
+
+M. Ed. Tallichet's article should be read and carefully considered by
+all who take an interest in the future of Europe. The question is
+presented by him fully and clearly; there is no trace of sympathy for or
+antipathy to Boers or British; the fate of France, Holland, Belgium,
+Switzerland, is equally discussed. Their position is linked with
+England's power; any injury to her power would weaken any of the smaller
+countries above-mentioned, and be a source of danger to France.
+
+[Footnote 26: _Le Siecle_, March 14th, 1900.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+
+DR. KUYPER'S ADMISSION.
+
+I. Offer to Dr. Kuyper to reproduce his article.--II. Dilatory reply of
+Dr. Kuyper.--III. Withdrawal of Dr. Kuyper.--IV. M. Brunetiere's
+refusal.--V. The Queen of Holland and Dr. Kuyper's article.
+
+
+OFFER TO DR. KUYPER.
+
+On March 25th I addressed the following registered letter to Dr. Kuyper:
+
+     _March 25th, 1900._
+
+     SIR,
+
+     I have the honour to send you the numbers of _Le Siecle_ containing
+     a criticism of your article, "La Crise Sud-Africaine," which
+     appeared in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_.
+
+     In order to present the _pros_ and _cons_ to the reader at one and
+     the same time, I ask you to agree to the following proposition: _I
+     offer to publish in one pamphlet your article and my reply._ I
+     undertake to pay the cost and if there should be any profits to
+     divide them with you.
+
+     By accepting this proposal you will show that you are as convinced
+     of the solidity of your arguments as I am of the solidity of mine.
+
+     YVES GUYOT.
+
+
+II. REPLY OF DR. KUYPER.
+
+I received the following letter, March 29th:
+
+     AMSTERDAM,
+       _March 28th, 1900._
+
+     TO M. YVES GUYOT.
+
+     SIR,
+
+     Only having received one number of your paper (23,381) I do not
+     know whether your criticism is finished. As soon as I have it all
+     before me--with references to the documents cited, if you please,
+     otherwise it is difficult to follow--I will see whether it calls
+     for a detailed reply on my part, in which case I might, according
+     to American precedent, republish my article, inserting, with your
+     permission, your reply. This was done by the New York _Outlook_,
+     when it published in the same number, "the Case of the Boers," and
+     "the Case of the British."
+
+     At the same time the copyright of my article belongs to the Editor
+     of the _Revue des Deux Mondes_, without whose permission I can do
+     nothing. As I shall be in Paris before long I will ask him for it,
+     should your polemic attack seem to me to require a reply.
+
+     With regard to your proposal to leave the risks of a fresh
+     publication to you, while sharing the profits, although I
+     appreciate the delicacy of such a suggestion, I could not accept
+     it.
+
+     KUYPER.
+
+The following remarks on his letter were published by me in _Le Siecle_,
+March 30th.
+
+     "With regard to the first point, I regret that, at the time of
+     writing, Dr. Kuyper should only have received one number of _Le
+     Siecle_; each of my replies having been sent to him under
+     registered cover on the day of publication. It is unfortunate for
+     me that Dr. Kuyper's Article should have appeared in the _Revue des
+     Deux Mondes_, for that brings me again into contact with M.
+     Brunetiere, and it is well-known that M. Brunetiere who, last year
+     for fifteen days burdened _Le Siecle_ with his prose, does not wish
+     this discussion to be presented to the reader in its entirety. I am
+     greatly afraid of his desiring the same isolation for Dr. Kuyper's
+     article.
+
+     "As far as I am concerned, having began my reply to Dr. Kuyper I
+     shall continue it. If it is not M. Brunetiere's wish that our
+     articles should be published together he will thereby acknowledge
+     anew the force of my replies. Were they not documented and
+     convincing, he would not fear their proximity."
+
+
+III. ANOTHER LETTER.
+
+On April 6th I sent the following letter to Dr. Kuyper (registered).
+
+     _April 6th, 1900._
+
+     SIR,
+
+     In a few days I shall have finished my replies to your article;
+     they will then be published in pamphlet form. I have the honour to
+     ask you definitely whether you accept my proposal to precede them
+     with your article in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_.
+
+     YVES GUYOT.
+
+In answer to this I received the following letter from Dr. Kuyper
+written from the Grand Hotel, Paris:
+
+         GRAND HOTEL,
+     12, BOULEVARD DES CAPUCINES,
+       _April 12th, 1900._
+
+     SIR,
+
+     My last letter informed you to what extent I could meet your
+     wishes.
+
+     Now that, without regard to my reply, you simply ask for the
+     authorisation to print my article in a pamphlet which you propose
+     to publish, I can only refer you to the person who has the power to
+     dispose of the copyright.
+
+     KUYPER.
+
+I was under the impression that I had acted in accordance with the reply
+of Dr. Kuyper, who in his letter, March 28th, wrote: "The copyright of
+my article belongs to the Editor of the _Revue des Deux Mondes_, without
+whose permission I can do nothing. As I shall be in Paris before long I
+will ask him for it should your polemics seem to me to require a reply."
+
+But since Mr. Kuyper withdrew from the correspondence I wrote the
+following letter to Mr. Brunetiere, Editor of the _Revue des Deux
+Mondes_:
+
+     _April 13th, 1900._
+
+     TO THE EDITOR, SIR,
+
+     In the _Revue des Deux Mondes_, February 1st, an article was
+     published by Dr. Kuyper under the title of "La Crise
+     Sud-Africaine."
+
+     I have published a criticism upon it in _Le Siecle;_ and in order
+     that both sides of the question may be presented to the reader, I
+     have asked Dr. Kuyper's authorisation to reproduce his article in a
+     pamphlet in which I purpose to collect my own.
+
+     On March 28th, Dr. Kuyper wrote me: "The copyright of my article
+     belongs to the editor of the _Revue des Deux Mondes_, without whose
+     permission I can do nothing. As I shall be in Paris before long I
+     will ask him for it, should your polemic attack seem to me to
+     require a reply."
+
+     To-day Dr. Kuyper writes to me from the Grand Hotel, Paris: "I can
+     only refer you to the person who has the power to dispose of the
+     copyright." Since I am asked by Dr. Kuyper to make the request
+     which he had undertaken to make himself, I will do so. I have the
+     honour to ask you for the authorisation to publish Dr. Kuyper's
+     article which appeared in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_ under the
+     title of "La Crise Sud-Africaine," and to inform me of your
+     conditions for the reproduction.
+
+     YVES GUYOT.
+
+
+IV. M. BRUNETIERE'S REFUSAL.
+
+The next day I received the following from M. Brunetiere:
+
+       PARIS,
+     _April 14th, 1900._
+
+     SIR,
+
+     You ask me for the authorisation to publish in a pamphlet Dr.
+     Kuyper's article which appeared in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_,
+     under the title of "La Crise Sud-Africaine." I hasten to refuse you
+     the authorisation.
+
+     I am, Sir, etc.,
+       F. BRUNETIERE.
+
+In this reply I trace M. Brunetiere's habitual courtesy. If I do not
+thank him for his refusal, I yet thank him for the promptness with which
+it was signified by him.
+
+It had been my desire to enable the reading public to judge for
+themselves the value of the arguments put forward by Dr. Kuyper and
+myself; but it was evidently M. Brunetiere's wish that Dr. Kuyper's
+article should be known only to the readers of the _Revue des Deux
+Mondes_, and that they should remain ignorant of my reply. This is in
+itself a confession; for undoubtedly had Dr. Kuyper been convinced that
+it was impossible for me to refute his arguments he would have requested
+M. Brunetiere to give me the authorisation to reproduce his article.
+
+
+V.
+
+On April 26th a telegram from the Havas Agency announced that the Queen
+of Holland had received the journalists of Amsterdam, of whom Dr. Kuyper
+is President.
+
+I therefore wrote the following letter to Mr. W.H. de Beaufort, the
+Dutch Minister for Foreign Affairs:
+
+       PARIS,
+     _April 27th, 1900._
+
+     TO H.E. THE MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+     SIR,
+
+     The Havas Agency, in a telegram, April 26, gives the following
+     information:
+
+          "Replying to a speech made by Dr. Kuyper, President of the
+          Society of Journalists, the Queen said she had read with
+          interest his article on the South African crisis, published in
+          a Paris review. The Queen expressed the hope that the article
+          would be circulated abroad, adding that she considered it
+          important that it should be widely distributed in America."
+
+     That the Queen of a constitutional government, such as that of
+     Holland, should have spoken in this way, proves that the Cabinet is
+     of the same mind. I trust, therefore, that I am not too bold in
+     asking your assistance to carry out Her Majesty's intentions.
+
+     I had asked Dr. Kuyper's authorisation to reproduce his article at
+     the beginning of a pamphlet; he referred me to M. Brunetiere, who
+     with the courtesy of which he has given me so many proofs, replied:
+     "I hasten to refuse your request."
+
+     M. Brunetiere's views are evidently opposed to those of the Queen
+     of the Netherlands.
+
+     It is true that the article would have been followed by my
+     criticism, but if the arguments therein contained are irrefutable,
+     why fear the proximity of my refutation? I beg you, therefore, to
+     be kind enough to ask M. Brunetiere to give me permission to second
+     the views of Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands by assisting
+     to circulate Dr. Kuyper's article.
+
+     YVES GUYOT.
+
+I have published my pamphlet while awaiting M. Brunetiere's reply to the
+Dutch Government which can hardly do otherwise than make the request,
+agreeing, as it does, with the views of Her Majesty. Should M.
+Brunetiere by any chance cease to fear the proximity to Dr. Kuyper's
+assertions of the facts and documents published by me, I will issue a
+new Edition.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C.
+
+THE LAST PRO-BOER MANIFESTATION.
+
+
+Since the foregoing articles were written Dr. Leyds and Mr. Boer have
+not been idle. M. Pierre Foncin, a General Inspector of the University,
+has compiled on behalf of a Society called "Le Sou des Boers," a
+manifesto ending thus: "Well then, since this lust of gold has resulted
+in war, let the gold of France be poured out in floods, in aid of the
+innocent victims!"
+
+In spite of considerable influence brought to bear upon this member of
+the University, the Committee, after some weeks' work, only managed to
+scrape together something like four hundred pounds. Since then, no more
+has been heard of it, and its place has been taken by "The Committee for
+the Independence of the Boers," with M. Pauliat, a Nationalist Senator,
+at its head. Its object was, in the first place, to organise a reception
+for the Boer delegates on their return from America.
+
+It was confidently expected by the promoters of the enterprise that it
+would afford a good opportunity for a demonstration in opposition to the
+Government on the fourteenth of July. The delegates were received at the
+Hotel-de-Ville by the Nationalist Municipal Council, whose President, M.
+Grebauval, addressed them in virulent speeches, while the great square
+in front remained empty. The Irish Banquet which took place this year on
+the twelfth of July under the Presidency of Mr. Archdeacon, and which
+had been much talked of in 1899 at the time of the Auteuil
+manifestation, when President Loubet was hit with a stick by Baron
+Christiani, passed off amidst complete indifference. No disturbance of
+any kind occurred on the fourteenth of July.
+
+The Congress of the Interparliamentary Union in favour of Peace and
+Arbitration was to be held on the 31st of July. It was stated that the
+Boer delegates were going to present a memorial, whilst M. Pauliat
+intended to raise the Transvaal question. My answer was that I intended
+to be there too, and considered it of interest to treat that question.
+Dr. Leyds knew that the majority of the English Members of Parliament
+who belonged to the Congress had declared themselves against the South
+African war, and he anticipated that owing to their former declarations
+they would find it difficult not to side with the pro-Boer sympathisers.
+
+It was rather a clever idea. But on the 30th of July there was a meeting
+of the executive Committee composed of two members of each of the
+various nationalities, at which the English members declared that, if
+contrary to its regulations, the Transvaal question was to be discussed
+they were resolved to withdraw. The Committee decided to admit Mr.
+Wessels, formerly Speaker of the Orange Free State Parliament, simply as
+a member of the Congress; to oppose any discussion of the Transvaal
+question and to rule that the communication made by the Boer delegates
+was merely to be circulated among the members as individuals.
+
+My pamphlet, _La Politique Boer_, and my answer in _Le Siecle_ of the
+1st of August, were also distributed. Here are a few extracts:
+
+     "The manifesto of Messrs. Fisher, Wessels and Wolmarans, delegates
+     for the South African Republics, has been a disappointment to me. I
+     expected that these gentlemen would produce some arguments; they
+     have contented themselves with giving us a summary of Dr. Reitz's
+     pamphlet--"A Century of Wrongs." It ends with the same incitement
+     to annexation, which was already to be found in the cry for help
+     sent on the 17th of February, 1881, by the Transvaal to the Orange
+     Free State--"Africa for the Afrikander, from the Zambesi to Simon's
+     Bay!" The delegates recognise that the time for claiming new
+     territories has passed; they describe themselves as a nation of
+     mild and peace-loving men, the victims of perpetual English
+     persecution. I do not wish to discuss their way of dealing with
+     historical facts, about which they are not so candid as was Mr.
+     Krueger in his 1881 manifesto, because what we are now interested
+     in, is not that which happened in times long ago, but what has
+     happened since the annexation of the Transvaal by England, on the
+     12th of April, 1877. They do not say a word of the state of anarchy
+     then prevailing in the Transvaal, nor of its military reserves, nor
+     of the threatening attitude of Sekukuni and Cetewayo. Whereas in
+     the manifesto of 1881, with these facts still fresh in the memory
+     of its author, it is said: "At the outset our military operations
+     were not very successful. In the opinion of our opponents we were
+     too weak to resist successfully an attack from the natives," Sir
+     Theophilus Shepstone, unable to restore order, had finally to annex
+     the Transvaal. This he did at the head of twenty-five policemen
+     only. Had the Transvaal been left to itself Sekukuni's and
+     Cetewayo's impis would have overrun the country and turned out the
+     Boers, who, after they had been delivered from their enemies by the
+     English, proclaimed "a war of independence" in December, 1880. The
+     Majuba disaster, 27th of February, 1881, in which the English had
+     92 killed, 134 wounded, and 59 prisoners, is of course mentioned by
+     the delegates. An English army twelve thousand strong was
+     advancing; but though the Queen's speech referred to the fact of
+     the annexation, Mr. Gladstone, who in his Midlothian campaign, had
+     protested against it, agreed to the 1881 Convention in which the
+     independence of the Transvaal under England's suzerainty was
+     recognised.
+
+     "The Boer nation," the Boer delegates say in their Memorandum,
+     "could not bring themselves to accept the Convention; from all
+     parts of the country protests arose against the Suzerainty clause."
+     I admit willingly that the Boers did not abide by the Convention.
+     In 1884, speaking in the House of Lords,--Lord Derby said: "The
+     attitude of the Boers might constitute a _casus belli_ but as the
+     Government were not in the mood for war, and the position of the
+     English resident in Pretoria was anomalous," he assented to the
+     Convention of 27th February, 1884, "by which," say the Boer
+     delegates, "the suzerainty over the Transvaal was abolished, and
+     the South African Republic's complete independence acknowledged."
+     This is their contention, now for the facts."
+
+I then adverted to the events of which the XVth. and XVIth. chapters of
+_La Politique Boer_ give a summary. The Jameson raid is, of course, the
+mainstay of the delegates' argument. After showing what this is really
+worth, and also discussing the arbitration question, I concluded as
+follows:
+
+     "The Memorandum shirks all the questions; documents are not
+     referred to; there is nothing in it but assertions, which are to be
+     accepted without discussion. It ends by mixing up what relates to
+     the organisation and adminstration of the two Republics. But the
+     adminstration of the Orange Free State and the adminstration of the
+     South African Republic were quite different things. By following
+     Krueger's policy Mr. Steyn has been guilty of a crime as well as a
+     great political blunder. Had he remained neutral the English army
+     would have been compelled to establish the basis of its operations
+     much farther North, and would have been deprived of the use of the
+     railway line to Bloemfontein. Moreover, when peace was restored, he
+     would have remained independent. The Memorandum alludes to the
+     prosperity of the Transvaal, but forgets to mention that the only
+     share taken in it by the Boers has been an ever-increasing
+     appropriation of the wealth created by the Uitlanders' industry,
+     capital and labour.
+
+     "The Memorandum mentions also the laws passed annually, but is
+     careful to omit law No. 1 of 1897, by which Mr. Krueger was
+     empowered to exact from the judges a declaration that decisions of
+     the Volksraad would be enforced by them as legal enactments,
+     whether they were in agreement with the constitutions or not, and
+     to dismiss at a moment's notice any one of them whose response
+     might seem to him unsatisfactory.
+
+     "We have already spoken of the concluding sentences in the
+     Memorandum. Messrs. A. Fischer, C.H. Wessels, A.D.W. Wolmarans
+     "appeal to the _Conference de l'Union Interparlementaire_ to take
+     in hand their cause." The Executive Committee has, as has already
+     been said, ruled the question out of order. This decision is not to
+     be regretted considering the tendencies of the delegates'
+     Memorandum; it does not help their cause any more than does Dr.
+     Kuyper's article."
+
+M. Pauliat complained bitterly of the decision. A progressive member of
+the Belgian deputation, Mr. Lorand, tried to revive the question on the
+2nd of August by means of the following resolution:
+
+     "The tenth Conference of the Interparliamentary Union for
+     International Arbitration now meeting in Paris being cognisant of
+     acknowledging the resolutions of the Conference at the Hague, and
+     being desirous to express its gratitude to all who have contributed
+     towards its results; trusts, that in future the Powers will avail
+     themselves of the means put at their disposal for the amicable
+     settlement of international disputes and regret that "they have not
+     done so" in the actual conflict between England and the South
+     African Republics."
+
+Upon this, M. Beernaert, with all authority conferred upon him by his
+position as the delegate of the Belgian Government at the Hague
+Conference, observed that the Transvaal was not in a position to avail
+itself of the resolution arrived at by the Conference--because that
+Conference was no longer in existence, and because the Boers had not
+been a party to it. On his motion the words "could not do so" were
+inserted instead of the words "had not done so."
+
+Now why were the Boers not represented at the Hague Conference?
+
+The Queen of Holland, in whose name the invitations were issued, had
+undoubtedly been appealed to by them, to admit the Transvaal to the
+Congress in conformity with Dr. Reitz's contention that "the Transvaal
+had inherent rights to be an international state,"--but their request
+had been refused, as would have been a similar demand coming from
+Finland or the Bey of Tunis.
+
+The case was on all fours with that of the Vatican. When the Italian
+Government declared that they would not sit in the Conference if an
+invitation were sent to the Holy See, the Vatican was omitted.
+
+Such is the simple fact; and it is just this fact which M. Lorand and M.
+Beernaert brought into relief by the resolution of 2nd August. I am
+quite sure that that was not their intention; the fact remains,
+notwithstanding.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D.
+
+SOUTH AFRICAN CRITICS.
+
+
+The letters written by Messrs. Labouchere, Ellis and Clark, Members of
+Parliament, found in Pretoria, are not of much importance to my mind.
+The authors were not branded as traitors by Mr. Chamberlain, he only
+wanted to place the letters before the public and their electors, who
+most likely will find these three gentlemen guilty of another offence
+than that of supporting Mr. Chamberlain's policy with President Krueger
+while they made him believe that, as they were fighting against that
+policy in England, there was no necessity for him to heed their advice.
+Their attitude in Europe was bound to nullify the effect of the warnings
+they were sending to Africa. It is astounding to see sedate men
+contradict themselves in that way. I cannot help wondering at Dr. Clark
+boasting on the 27th of September that owing to his endeavours Mr.
+Stead's pamphlet was widely circulated, though, according to his words,
+"Mr. Stead had to the last moment been our enemy." The fact is that Mr.
+Stead had met Dr. Leyds (he went on meeting him during the war), and had
+been persuaded to drop Cecil Rhodes and Jameson in spite of his former
+praise of them. The publicity given to these letters does evidently not
+give weight to the opinion of the writers or Mr. Stead either; the
+interest of the Blue Book on "Correspondence relating to the recent
+Political Situation in South Africa" does not lie that way, but it lies
+in the opinion and advice of an Afrikander--to be found in Sir H. de
+Villiers' letters--he being the Speaker of the House in Cape Colony,
+Chief Justice, and one of the leaders of the Afrikander party. Sir
+Henry de Villiers has been often taken to task for being a partisan of
+the Boers, he cannot, therefore, be suspected of biassed ideas in favour
+of Great Britain. Some extracts of the letters he wrote to President
+Steyn on the 21st of May to Mr. Fischer and to his brother Mr. Melius de
+Villiers on the 31st of July, then on the 28th September, twelve days
+before the ultimatum was sent by Mr. Krueger, show to what extent he
+appreciated the latter's policy. His opinion carries all the more weight
+as he was one of the delegates to negotiate the 1881 Convention.
+
+On the 21st of May, he says:
+
+     "I am quite certain that if in 1881 it had been known to my fellow
+     Commissioners that the President would adopt his retrogressive
+     policy, neither President Brand nor I would ever have induced them
+     to consent to sign the Convention. They would have advised the
+     Secretary of State to let matters revert to the condition in which
+     they were before peace was concluded; in other words, to recommence
+     the war."
+
+Here are his views on the actual situation:
+
+     "On my recent visit to Pretoria I did not visit the President as I
+     considered it hopeless to think of making any impression on him,
+     but I saw Reitz, Smuts and Schalk Burger, who, I thought, would be
+     amenable to argument, but I fear that either my advice had no
+     effect on them, or else their opinion had no weight with the
+     President.
+
+     "I urged upon them to advise the President to open the Volksraad
+     with promises of a liberal franchise and drastic reforms.
+
+     "It would have been so much better if these had come voluntarily
+     from the Government instead of being gradually forced from them. In
+     the former case they would rally the greater number of the
+     malcontents around them, in the latter case no gratitude will be
+     felt to the Republic for any concessions made by it. Besides, there
+     can be no doubt that as the alien population increases, as it
+     undoubtedly will, their demands will increase with their
+     discontent, and ultimately a great deal more will have to be
+     conceded than will now satisfy them. The franchise proposals made
+     by the President seems to be simply ridiculous.
+
+     "I have always been a well-wisher to the Republic, and if I had any
+     influence with the President I would advise him no longer to sit on
+     the boiler to prevent it from bursting. Some safety-valves are
+     required for the activities of the new population. In their
+     irritation they abuse the Government, often unjustly, in the press,
+     and send petitions to the Queen, but that was only to be expected.
+     Let the Transvaal Legislature give them a liberal franchise and
+     allow them local self-government for their towns and some portion
+     of the discontent will be allayed."
+
+This, I beg to observe, is exactly what I said at the time when people
+in Europe who called themselves friends of the Boers yet are only Dr.
+Leyds' friends or rather dupes urged upon Mr. Krueger the expediency of
+going on with his mistaken and retrograde policy, and continental
+diplomatists assured him that he might with impunity disregard the
+claims of the Uitlanders and England's warnings.
+
+Those who have never condescended to read the Blue Book or the short
+chapter in this pamphlet, in which an analysis of this Blue Book is
+given are never tired of referring to concessions and franchise schemes
+proffered by Mr. Krueger.
+
+What does Sir Henry de Villiers say about it!
+
+     "The franchise proposal made by the President seems to be simply
+     ridiculous."
+
+To Mr. Krueger he sent the English Enactment of 1870 on Naturalisation,
+and urged him to have it adopted. Is not this an answer to those who
+contended that England "would not be satisfied with what she offered the
+Transvaal?"
+
+At the same time his lack of confidence in the Volksraad's promises is
+shown here:
+
+     "I fear there would always still be a danger of the Volksraad
+     revoking the gift before it has come into operation."
+
+His second letter is dated 31st of July, more than six weeks after the
+Bloemfontein Conference. He writes to Mr. Fischer who acted as
+go-between the Cape Afrikanders and President Krueger. Mr. Chamberlain
+had requested that a mixed Commission be appointed to enquire into the
+merits of the franchise law, passed in accordance with Mr. Krueger's
+proposals. Here is Sir Henry de Villiers' judgment upon Mr. Krueger's and
+Mr. Chamberlain's proceedings.
+
+     "I am convinced Mr. Krueger's friends must now regret they did not
+     recommend to President Krueger three months ago, as I strongly
+     urged, to offer voluntarily a liberal franchise bill with such
+     safeguards as would prevent the old burghers from being swamped.
+
+     "Mr. Chamberlain's speech was more moderate than I expected it
+     would be, and as he holds out an olive branch in the form of a
+     joint enquiry into the franchise proposals, would it not be well to
+     meet him in this matter? I know that it might be regarded as a
+     _partial_ surrender."
+
+The last sentence runs as follows:
+
+     "I don't think that President Krueger and his friends realise the
+     gravity of the situation. Even now the State Secretary is doing
+     things which would be almost farcical if the times were not so
+     serious."
+
+According to Sir Henry telegrams were suppressed by Dr. Reitz on the
+plea that "the Government should not disseminate lies by its own wires."
+
+Mr. de Villiers added:
+
+     "The Transvaal will soon not have a single friend left among the
+     cultivated classes."
+
+Events have proved he had a better opinion of them than they deserved.
+He goes on with the following:
+
+     "The time really has come when the friends of the Transvaal must
+     induce President Krueger to become perfectly frank and take the new
+     comers into his confidence."
+
+And ends with saying again:
+
+     "As one who signed the Convention in 1881 I can assure you that my
+     fellow Commissioners would not have signed it if they had not been
+     led to believe that President Krueger's policy towards the
+     Uitlanders would have been very different from what it has been."
+
+In a letter written the same day to his brother Melius, one can see in
+what fool's paradise Dr. Reitz and his colleagues were living:
+
+     "When I was in the Transvaal three months ago, I found that Reitz
+     and others had the most extraordinary notions of the powers and
+     duties of a Cape Ministry in case of war. They are Ministers of the
+     Crown, and it will be their duty to afford every possible
+     assistance to the British Government. Under normal conditions a
+     responsible Ministry is perfectly independent in matters of
+     internal concern, but in case of war they are bound to place all
+     the resources of the Colony at the disposal of the British Crown;
+     at least, if they did not do so, they would be liable to
+     dismissal."
+
+Here is his opinion on the proceedings in the House of Commons:
+
+     "The debate which took place in the House of Commons since I last
+     wrote to you satisfies me that the British nation is now determined
+     to settle the Transvaal business in a manner satisfactory to
+     themselves.
+
+     "I accordingly begged of Krueger's friends to put the matter to him
+     in this way: On the one side there is war with England--on the
+     other side there are concessions which will avoid war or occupation
+     of the country. Now decide at once how far you will ultimately go;
+     adopt the English five years' franchise--offer it voluntarily to
+     the Uitlanders--make them your friends, be a far-sighted statesman,
+     and you will have a majority of the Uitlanders with you when they
+     become Burghers. The answer I got was: 'We have done too much
+     already and cannot do more.'"
+
+One is aware of the fact that Mr. Krueger contended that the
+_non_-English Uitlanders would side with him. Sir Henry Villiers writes:
+
+     "I have never been able to understand why Krueger never attempted to
+     take the Uitlanders into his confidence. He has always kept them at
+     arm's length with the result that he has entirely alienated them.
+     It is said that there are 21,000 Uitlanders in Johannesburg who
+     support him, and yet no meeting has been held at Johannesburg to
+     compare with the meetings held by his opponents.
+
+     "Why should he not appoint as one of his nominees an Uitlander of
+     position, whose integrity and judgment he has confidence in? If
+     none such exists, it would only be a proof of his want of tact and
+     statesmanship in not rallying such people to his side."
+
+Mr. Melius de Villiers who was in Bloemfontein, while paying due
+attention to his brother's warnings, wanted only to persuade Krueger to
+yield for the time being. Forwarding his brother's letter he wrote to
+Mr. Fischer:
+
+     "Please impress upon Oom Paul what I think is an important fact,
+     namely, that the present Ministry in England will not always last.
+
+     "By giving way now, we do not do so in perpetuity; but I feel
+     assured a Liberal Ministry will be willing to reconsider the
+     relations of the South African Republic to England, and even to
+     revoke the Convention of London."
+
+"Africa for the Afrikander, from the Zambezi to Simon's Bay" remained
+the motto, only Mr. de Villiers looked to the future for its
+realization. Yet Mr. Krueger sticks to his policy of deceit taking back
+what had been already granted.
+
+Mr. de Villiers is down upon the summary and arrogant way with which
+reasonable offers have been rejected, and alluded to the despatch of the
+21st of August in which proposals made in the despatch of the 19th are
+declared to be subordinate to the abandonment of suzeranity rights and
+acceptance of the principle of arbitration for pending questions.
+
+On the 28th of September Mr. de Villiers appeals to Mr. Fischer for the
+last time:--
+
+     "Supposing a war does take place, is there any chance of the
+     Transvaal obtaining better terms when the war is over? The war will
+     not cease until the Transvaal is entirely subjugated. What will the
+     position of the Republics then be?
+
+     "The very best friends of the Transvaal feel that the Bill
+     providing for the seven years' franchise is not a fair or workable
+     measure.
+
+     "I am assuming, of course, that the proposals are such as can be
+     accepted without dishonour.
+
+     "I confess I look with horror on a war to be fought by Afrikanders
+     to bolster up President Krueger's regime. I could understand a war
+     in defence of the South African Republic after it has made
+     reasonable concessions to the demands of the new-comers, and after
+     it has displayed the same desire to secure good government as is
+     seen in the Orange Free State; but of such a desire I have not seen
+     the faintest trace."
+
+He alludes again to the doings of Dr. Reitz and Smuts:--
+
+     "I have carefully read the latest correspondence, and I am by no
+     means satisfied that the British Resident was guilty of a breach of
+     faith. The utmost I would say is that there was a misunderstanding.
+     The dispatch of the 21st August seems to me to have been wholly
+     unnecessary, unless something happened between the 19th and 21st
+     which led the Transvaal Government to think they had yielded too
+     much. I have heard it said that between those dates a cablegram
+     from Dr. Leyds gave hopes of European intervention...."
+
+Does this telegram exist? It is indeed likely. At any rate the
+responsibility of the war rests upon those who--be they diplomatists or
+journalists--have deluded Dr. Leyds to that extent. And the blood which
+is now shed is on the head of those who still try and persuade the Boers
+that Russia, Germany, or France is going to interfere.
+
+In _Le Siecle_ of the 3rd September, extracts from the "Blue Book" have
+been printed. We also find there letters from the 11th of March, 1898,
+up to the 8th of May, 1899, written by Mr. J.X. Merriman, the Cape
+Treasurer during the Schreiner Ministry. As he is one of the leaders of
+the irreconcilable Afrikander group he cannot be suspected of undue
+sympathy towards England. In his first letter to Mr. Steyn a year before
+the Uitlanders had petitioned for a redress, fourteen months before the
+Bloemfontein Conference, eighteen months before the declaration of war,
+the following passage is to be found:--
+
+     "Yet one cannot conceal the fact that the greatest danger to the
+     future lies in the attitude of President Krueger and his vain hope
+     of building up a State on a foundation of a narrow unenlightened
+     minority, and his obstinate rejection of all prospect of using the
+     materials which lie ready to his hand to establish a true Republic
+     on a broad liberal basis. The report of recent discussions in the
+     Volksraad on his finances and their mismanagement fill one with
+     apprehension. Such a state of affairs cannot last, it must break
+     down from inherent rottenness, and it will be well if the fall does
+     not sweep away the freedom of all of us.
+
+     "I write in no hostility to the Republics: my own feelings are all
+     in the opposite direction; but the foes of that form of government
+     are too often those of their own household. I am quite sure that
+     you have done what you can in modifying the attitude at Pretoria;
+     but I entreat you, for the welfare of South Africa, to persevere,
+     however unsatisfactory it may be to see your advice flouted and
+     your motives so cruelly misrepresented by a section of colonists.
+
+     "Humanly speaking, the advice and good will of the Free State is
+     the only thing that stands between the South African Republic and a
+     catastrophe."
+
+Alluding to the Kotze incident, the upshot of which was that Krueger and
+the Volksraad claimed the right to overrun judicial decisions, he
+writes:
+
+     "The radical fault is the utter incapacity of the body that affects
+     to issue its mandates to the Courts. In England it is a Parliament,
+     but then it represents the intelligence of the country, and in
+     Switzerland the same; in the Transvaal it is a narrow oligarchy."
+
+In a letter dated 1st January, 1899, President Krueger is depicted as
+follows:
+
+     "I had the opportunity the other day of a long talk, or rather
+     several talks, with Lippert about the Transvaal. He takes a very
+     sane view of matters there, and is very hopeless. He represents
+     Krueger--as others describe him--as more dogged and bigoted than
+     ever, and surrounded by a crew of self-seekers who prevent him from
+     seeing straight. He has no one to whom he turns for advice, and he
+     is so inflated as to have the crazy belief that he (Krueger) is born
+     to bring about peace between Germany and France!"
+
+Mr. Merriman is confident that the Orange Free State will interfere (Mr.
+Steyn was alas, so blind as to fall in with Mr. Krueger's temper instead
+of smoothing it down), and says:
+
+     "Is there no opportunity of bringing about a _rapprochement_
+     between us, in which the Free State might play the part of honest
+     broker?"
+
+"_Us_" here means Cape Colony and Orange Free State.
+
+Having spoken of matters of general interest for South Africa, of
+uniform custom duties, etc., he ends by saying:
+
+     "The deplorable confusion and maladministration of his financial
+     arrangements still continue, and are a standing menace to the peace
+     of South Africa. Yet, judging from the utterances of the leading
+     men from the Rand who come down here, a very moderate reform would
+     satisfy all except those who do not want to be satisfied, and, I
+     believe, there is very little sympathy for the mischievous
+     agitation that, rightly or wrongly, is attributed to the designs of
+     Rhodes and Beit."
+
+On the 26th of May, 1899, on the eve of the Bloemfontein Conference, he
+writes to Mr. Fischer, prompter and organiser of the Conference,
+foreseeing the results of the policy advocated by Dr. Leyds:
+
+     " ... but there is, of course, an even worse prospect, namely, that
+     misrepresentation may goad Great Britain into a position where,
+     _with the concurrence and invitation of the other powers_, she
+     might feel obliged, even at the risk of enormous military outlay,
+     to cut the Gordian knot. You will probably say, as I certainly say,
+     'where is the _casus belli_,' and refuse to believe it possible to
+     imagine such a contingency. Unfortunately, you and I, who keep our
+     heads, must not ignore the fact that an immense number of people
+     seem to have lost theirs and are ready, without reflection or
+     examination, to accept the highly-coloured statements of a partisan
+     press."
+
+He mentions the maladministration in the Transvaal several months before
+he had written to Mr. Smuts, asking for detailed account of the money
+granted by the Boer Government to Johannesburg but without getting an
+answer.
+
+     "Of course I know from previous correspondence that you and the
+     President are not disposed to minimize the blots on the
+     administration of the South African Republic, the weak points in
+     the Constitution, and the ignorance and laxity that prevails in
+     financial matters. To do so would be to fatally complicate the
+     situation.
+
+     "I am sure that you will, and I most strongly urge you to use your
+     utmost influence to bear on President Krueger to concede some
+     colourable measure of reform, not so much in the interests of
+     outsiders as in those of his own State.
+
+     "Granted that he does nothing. What is the future? His Boers, the
+     backbone of the country, are perishing off the land; hundreds have
+     become impoverished loafers, landless hangers-on of the town
+     population. In his own interests he should recruit his Republic
+     with new blood--and the sands are running out. I say this
+     irrespective of agitation about Uitlanders. The fabric will go to
+     pieces of its own accord unless something is done."
+
+Such is the opinion of Mr. Merriman, a friend of the Transvaal, yet
+every day in Europe one is told that its misfortunes are due to the
+Uitlanders.
+
+Mr. Merriman thought on the contrary that it was necessary to ask them
+to come forward and help the State out of its ruinous course.
+
+     "Surely it would be better to come forward now and earn the
+     gratitude of South Africa by a comprehensive and liberal measure
+     than to have the State torn and distracted by constant irritation
+     and bad blood. A moderate franchise reform and municipal privileges
+     would go far to satisfy any reasonable people, while a maintenance
+     of the oath ought to be a sufficient safeguard against the swamping
+     of the old population.
+
+     "President Krueger should reflect that nine out of ten people that
+     receive the franchise will be supporters of the Republic in which
+     they will have an interest, and that he will, by granting liberal
+     reforms, disarm all opposition provoked.
+
+     "Try and persuade President Krueger to confer a benefit on the whole
+     of South Africa by granting a broad measure of reform, and you will
+     have done the best day's work any statesman ever did in South
+     Africa."
+
+Two months after the declaration of war, while the Boers' military
+operations were somehow successful he wrote to Mr. Piet de Wet also a
+member of the Cape Parliament--"it is hopeless...."
+
+     "If the Republics had not made the fatal mistake of sending the
+     ultimatum when they did, things would have gone differently; but it
+     is of no use going back on what might have been."
+
+His letter had no effect upon Mr. de Wet, who now is under trial for
+high treason along with three other Members of the House.
+
+There are other letters, among them one written by Mr. Te Water, who
+left the Schreiner Ministry. In a speech delivered at Graaff-Reinet some
+time ago he has declared that the Cape Government ought not to have
+allowed the railway lines to be used by English troops. Yet in a letter
+to President Steyn on the 8th of May, 1899, he asked him to put pressure
+upon "our friends in Pretoria" to adopt conciliatory measures. Alluding
+to the impending Conference he writes:--
+
+     "In your position you as go-between can do endless good towards
+     arriving at an understanding at such Conference. I know well that
+     there is a party who will do everything possible to prevent this."
+
+Nevertheless he also is in favour of the policy advocated by Mr. Melius
+de Villiers:--
+
+     "We must now play to win time. Governments are not perpetual. It is
+     honestly now the time to yield a little, however one may later
+     again tighten the rope."
+
+This shows how this former Minister at the Cape meant to abide by
+Conventions. How Mr. Krueger did abide by the Conventions of 1881 and
+1884 is a well-known fact. No wonder if England was suspicious of the
+"ridiculous proposals," to use Mr. de Villiers' phrase, offered by
+President Krueger. The letters written by Mr. Te Water and Mr. Melius de
+Villiers show that there was good reason for suspicion. These letters
+show also what responsibility has been assumed by the members of the
+Liberal party who sided so eagerly with Mr. Krueger and by those who,
+like Mr. Stead, backed at first Mr. Rhodes' policy with all their might
+(so Mr. Clark wrote to General Joubert, Mr. Krueger, and President
+Steyn) and were blind enough to imagine that their party was strong
+enough to elbow out the Government and revert to Mr. Gladstone's policy
+after Majuba. Had they been more far-sighted they would have recognised
+that the Transvaal had since 1881 condemned itself, and that no
+Ministry, be it Liberal or Conservative, could follow again in the steps
+of Mr. Gladstone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since President Krueger has left the Transvaal, and Botha is negotiating
+for a surrender, the pacification of the Transvaal needs no more war
+operation, it has become a mere question of police arrangements.
+Nevertheless Dr. Leyds is still as active as ever. He reminds us of the
+Spanish Ministers who when they got the news that the Spanish fleet had
+been annihilated by Dewey, manufactured forthwith a report to the effect
+that Americans had suffered a defeat at the hands of the Spaniards. _Le
+Petit Bleu_ does the same. The announcement--English troops
+retreating--appeared in a marginal note the very day that Lydenburg was
+taken. On Tuesday, 11th September, _L'Eclair_ made the following
+announcement: "London, 10th September, Prince Henry sails back to
+Germany. From well-informed quarters I learn that the main object of the
+German Emperor's brother's visit was to discuss the ways and means of
+preserving Transvaal independence."
+
+Eight days previous to this Dr. Leyds had tried to make the world
+believe that he had come to an understanding with the Czar. In both
+cases the object aimed at was obvious. Yet though the Dreyfus affair
+has taught me the all-powerful and far-reaching influence of a lie, I
+confess that Dr. Leyds is a puzzle to me.
+
+But his work is at an end now. He may have succeeded cleverly in
+deceiving Krueger and Steyn what the European Powers really meant to do,
+or in giving those same Powers garbled accounts of the state of affairs
+in the Transvaal, and the true bearings of the Bloemfontein negotiation,
+yet the fact remains that it is mainly through him that the South
+African Republics have lost their independence. He could not like Mr.
+Krueger, excuse himself upon being led astray by blind and ignorant
+patriotism. He knew well enough how far the very help he depicted as
+forthcoming could be depended upon, he knew that England was bound to
+win in the long run, but there was only one thing which he cared for; to
+make people in Europe believe that he had an important part to play in
+the political arena. The war came as a welcome diversion to an endurable
+position. And now that his country's interests have been entirely
+sacrificed to his own, he may look upon his work with satisfaction.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX E.
+
+THE TRANSVAAL AND THE PEACE CONFERENCE HELD IN PARIS FROM SEPTEMBER
+30TH TO OCTOBER 5TH, 1900.
+
+
+SITTING OF OCTOBER 1ST.
+
+In the English section of the Peace Conference the most prominent
+members of which were Dr. Clarke, Mr. Moscheles and Mr. Alexander, the
+following resolutions had been unanimously adopted to be proposed at the
+Peace Conference:
+
+     "That according to the report sent by the Berne International
+     Bureau it has come to the knowledge of the International Peace
+     Congress, that:
+
+     (_a_) "The British Government steadily opposed various attempts
+     made with the object to submit the South African difficulties to
+     arbitration.
+
+     (_b_) "Arbitration was eagerly accepted by the South African
+     Republics, who had repeatedly asked for it, therefore, the
+     International Peace Congress feels compelled to arrive at the
+     following conclusions:
+
+     1st. "Of the two opponents the one who declined arbitration,
+     _i.e._, the British Government is responsible for the war in South
+     Africa.
+
+     2nd. "As long as arbitration can possibly be resorted to the appeal
+     to arms is tantamount to being guilty of a crime against
+     civilisation and humanity; therefore,
+
+     3rd. "The application of brutal force by Great Britain so as to end
+     their quarrel with the South African Republics deserves an
+     everlasting blame for what must be considered as an outrage
+     against human conscience, and a betrayal of the cause of progress
+     and humanity."
+
+Then a lengthy discussion arose, in the course of which M. Yves Guyot
+quoted facts in contradiction to the assertions which the proposed
+resolution contained.
+
+That resolution was passed in principle by the Congress Commission of
+Actuality, with the proviso that some words should be left out as being
+too offensive.
+
+For instance the words: _an outrage_ or a _reprehensible attempt_
+against the right of nations should be substituted for _a crime_ against
+civilisation. The former version was adopted and submitted to the
+Congress by the Commission, whilst soliciting its opinion on the text of
+the proposition and of its bearings. After the English delegates had
+exposed their views, M. Yves Guyot rose and said that he considered it
+his duty, as a member of the Congress Committee of Patronage, not only
+to find fault with the proposals of the Commission in their details,
+_but to object also to the spirit as well as to the letter of the
+resolution_.
+
+     "Looking at actual facts", said Mr. Yves Guyot, "it was not true
+     that arbitration had been accepted by the Governments of the South
+     African Republics. The acceptance, if any, had been hedged in by
+     all sorts of restrictions, for instance, in making it conditional
+     that England should drop the suzerainty, a condition which Her
+     British Majesty's Government could not accept. True, arbitration
+     was mentioned. But arbitration of what kind? about what? Could
+     England recognise the right which the Boers had given themselves,
+     to violate over and over again the Conventions of 1881 and 1884?
+
+     "Really it was astounding to see such an amount of sympathy wasted
+     on people who had constantly set at naught Art. 14 of the 1884
+     Convention with respect to the Uitlanders, who had come and
+     brought them civilisation, energy and wealth.
+
+     "A retrospect history of the Boers would quickly show that their
+     hatred of the English was in the first place due to the protection
+     which the latter had given to the natives. It is clearly apparent
+     from documents dealing with the Bloemfontein Conference, that when
+     Mr. Krueger brought forward the arbitration question he merely meant
+     to throw dust into the public's eyes. Now he (M. Yves Guyot)
+     considered it to the interest of the Congress to point out that its
+     members, generous-minded as they were, were irresponsible people.
+     What authority did they attribute to resolutions, blame and
+     reproach, addressed to governments who are themselves responsible
+     for the destinies of their countries?
+
+     "Their resolution might be couched in words as strong as they
+     liked, but what effective sanction could they give it? Was it not
+     to be feared rather that by its very violence their language might
+     fan the flames, or rake the embers of new conflicts instead of
+     making its peaceful influence felt?"
+
+M. Guyot's speech was listened to with silent and earnest attention,
+though now and then objections were heard.
+
+Then after Dr. Clark, Mr. Frederic Passy, Mr. Moscheles and Mr. Arnaud
+had made their observations the final decision was put off till the next
+day.
+
+On the 2nd of October the Russian delegate, Mr. Nevicow, read the text
+of the resolution as it had been amended by the commission:
+
+_Motion of the Commission._
+
+"The Ninth International Peace Congress after hearing the report on the
+events of the year sent by the Berne Bureau, though without pretending
+to assume the right to pass judgment on the policy of a friendly nation
+unless it should be to affirm publicly the everlasting principles of
+international justice, declares that:
+
+     1st. "The responsibility of the war which is now devastating South
+     Africa lies with the Government which refused several times to
+     countenance arbitration, that is with the British Government.
+
+     2nd. "The English Government by ignoring the principles of right
+     and justice, which have been the glory of the great British nation,
+     _i.e._, by refusing to arbitrate and indulging in threats which
+     were bound fatally to lead to war, whereas the difficulties might
+     have been solved by judicial means, has committed an outrage
+     against the rights of nations, of such a nature as to check the
+     pacific evolutions of humanity.
+
+     3rd. "The Congress equally regrets that, the majority of the
+     Governments represented at the Hague Conference, had not taken any
+     steps to assure the respect of resolutions which were to them an
+     undertaking of honour.
+
+     4th. "The Congress considers that it is advisable to appeal to
+     public opinion as regards the Transvaal.
+
+     5th. "The Congress expresses its profound sympathy and admiration
+     to the English members of the Congress for the manliness of their
+     declarations, and it hopes that under similar circumstances their
+     example will be followed by other nations."
+
+Mr. Jaffe, of London, alluding to public opinion in England, said that
+arbitration could only be resorted to by sovereign powers, that the
+Transvaal was not a sovereign power, and also that any judgment arrived
+at by arbitration on the various points in dispute between England and
+the Transvaal, would have been difficult to execute. Mr. Jaffe referred
+to the approval, almost unanimous, with which the war was looked upon
+in England and her Colonies; it had provoked great enthusiasm, and it
+would be a mistake to hurt the feelings of a whole nation.
+
+The wording of the resolution as proposed by the Commission was adopted
+by all the members but one.
+
+Mr. Lafontaine, Belgium, proposed to add another resolution which ran as
+follows:
+
+     "The congress hopes that the crime or to use the corrected phrase,
+     the error of depriving the South African Republics of their
+     existence and independence will not be committed definitely; it
+     makes an earnest appeal to civilised governments to intervene as
+     mediators in favour of the two Republics."
+
+After various observations had been made by Mr. Giretti (Italy), Hodgson
+Pratt, Frederic Passy and Moscheles (the English delegates) the
+proposition was rejected by 170 votes against 60.
+
+
+         LONDON:
+BOYLE, SON & WATCHURST,
+        PRINTERS,
+    WARWICK SQUARE, E.C.
+
+
+
+
+
+
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