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diff --git a/17606.txt b/17606.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c97fec --- /dev/null +++ b/17606.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1307 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Throwing-sticks in the National Museum, by Otis T. Mason + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Throwing-sticks in the National Museum + Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the + Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-'84, + Government Printing Office, Washington, 1890, pages 279-289 + +Author: Otis T. Mason + +Release Date: January 25, 2006 [EBook #17606] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THROWING-STICKS *** + + + + +Produced by A www.PGDP.net Volunteer, Suzanne Lybarger, +Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Canadian Institute for +Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org)) + + + + + + + * * * * * + + +--------------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Note: | + | A number of obvious typographical errors have | + | been corrected in this text. | + | For a complete list, please see the bottom of this document. | + +--------------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + + + + + +SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. +UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. + + +THROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL +MUSEUM. + + +OTIS T. MASON, +_Curator of the Department of Ethnology_ + + +From the Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-'84, +Part II, pages 279-289, and plates I-XVII + +WASHINGTON: +GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. +1890. + + + + +I.--THROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. + +By Otis T. Mason. + + +Col. Lane Fox tells us there are three areas of the throwing-stick: +Australia, where it is simply an elongated spindle with a hook at the +end; the country of the Conibos and the Purus, on the Upper Amazon, +where the implement resembles that of the Australians, and the +hyperborean regions of North America. + +It is of this last group that we shall now speak, since the National +Museum possesses only two specimens from the first-named area and none +whatever from the second. + +The researches and collections of Bessels, Turner, Boas, Hall, Mintzner, +Kennicott, Ray, Murdoch, Nelson, Herendeen, and Dall, to all of whom I +acknowledge my obligations, enable me to compare widely separated +regions of the hyperborean area, and to distinguish these regions by the +details in the structure of the throwing-stick. + +The method of holding the throwing-stick is indicated in Fig. 1 by a +drawing of H.W. Elliott. The Eskimo is just in the act of launching the +light seal harpoon. The barbed point will fasten itself into the animal, +detach itself from the ivory foreshaft, and unwind the rawhide or sinew +line, which is securely tied to both ends of the light wooden shaft by a +martingale device. The heavy ivory foreshaft will cause the shaft to +assume an upright position in the water, and the whole will act as a +drag to impede the progress of the game. The same idea of impeding +progress and of retrieving is carried out by a multitude of devices not +necessary to mention here. + +The Eskimo spend much time in their skin kyaks, from which it would be +difficult to launch an arrow from a bow, or a harpoon from the unsteady, +cold, and greasy hand. This device of the throwing-stick, therefore, is +the substitute for the bow or the sling, to be used in the kyak, by a +people who cannot procure the proper materials for a heavier +lance-shaft, or at least whose environment is prejudicial to the use of +such a weapon. Just as soon as we pass Mount St. Elias going southward, +the throwing-stick, plus the spear or dart of the Eskimo and the Aleut, +gives place to the harpoon with a long, heavy, cedar shaft, weighing 15 +or 20 pounds, whose momentum from both hands of the Indian, without the +throw-stick, exceeds that of the Eskimo and Aleut darts and harpoons, +with the additional velocity imparted by the throwing-stick. It must not +be forgotten, also, that the kyak is a very frail, unsteady thing, and +therefore not much of the momentum of the body can be utilized, as it is +by the Northwest Indians in making a lunge with a heavy shaft. The +throwing-stick is also said by some arctic voyagers to be useful in +giving directness of aim. Perhaps no other savage device comes so near +in this respect to a gun barrel or the groove of a bow-gun. Its greatest +advantages, however, are the firm grip which it gives in handling a +harpoon or dart, and the longer time which it permits the hunter to +apply the force of his arm to the propulsion of his weapon. Having +practiced with a throwing-stick somewhat, I have imagined also that +there was a certain amount of leverage acquired by the particular method +of holding the stick and straightening the arm, as in a toggle joint. +That implement, which seems so simple, and which is usually mentioned +and dismissed in a word, possesses several marks or organs, which help +to distinguish the locality in which each form occurs, as well as to +define the associations of the implement as regards the weapon thrown +from it and the game pursued. These marks are: + +1. Shape, or general outline in face and side view, and size. + +2. Handle, the part grasped in the hand. + +3. Thumb-groove or thumb-lock, provision for the firm and comfortable +insertion of the phalanx and ball of the thumb. + +4. Finger-grooves, provision for each finger according to its use in the +manipulation of the implement. + +5. Finger-pegs, little plugs of wood or ivory to give more certain grip +for the fingers and to prevent their slipping. The devices for the +fingers are the more necessary where the hands are cold and everything +is covered with grease. + +6. Finger-tip cavities, excavations on the front face of the implement, +into which the tips of the three last fingers descend to assist in +grasping and to afford a rest on the back of these fingers for the +weapon shaft. + +7. Index-finger cavity or hole, provision for the insertion of the index +finger, which plays a very important part in the use of the +throwing-stick. + +8. Spear shaft groove, in which the shaft of the weapon lies, as an +arrow or bolt in the groove of a bow-gun. + +9. Hook or spur, provision for seizing the butt end of the weapon while +it is being launched. These may be ridges left in the wood by +excavation, or pieces of wood, bone, ivory, &c., inserted. The size and +shape of this part, and the manner of insertion, are also worthy of +notice. + +10. Edges: this feature is allied to the form and not to the function of +the implement. + +11. Faces: upper, on which the weapon rests; lower, into which the index +finger is inserted. + +The figures illustrating this article are drawn to a scale indicated by +inch marks in the margin, every dot on the line standing for an inch. + +By the presence or absence, by the number or the shape of some of these +marks or structural characteristics, the type and locality can be easily +detected. The Eskimo have everywhere bows and arrows for land hunting, +the former made of several pieces of bone lashed together, or of a piece +of driftwood lashed and re-enforced with sinew. The arrows are of +endless variety. + +It should also be noticed that the kind of game and the season of the +year, the shape and size of the spear accompanying the stick, and the +bare or gloved hand, are all indicated by language expressed in various +parts of this wonderful throwing-stick. + + +GREENLAND TYPE. + +The Greenland throwing-stick is a long, flat trapezoid, slightly ridged +along the back (Fig. 2). It has no distinct handle at the wide end, +although it will be readily seen that the expanding of this part secures +a firm grip. A chamfered groove on one side for the thumb, and a smaller +groove on the other side for the index finger, insure the implement +against slipping from the hunter's grasp. Marks 5, 6, 7 of the series on +page 280 are wanting in the Greenland type. The shaft-groove, in which +lies the shaft of the great harpoon, is wide, deep, and rounded at the +bottom. There is no hook, as in all the other types, to fit the end of +the harpoon shaft, but in its stead are two holes, one in the front end +of the shaft-groove, between the thumb-groove and the finger-groove, +with an ivory eyelet or grommet for a lining, the other at the distal +end of the shaft-groove, in the ivory piece which is ingeniously +inserted there to form that extremity. This last-mentioned hole is not +cylindrical like the one in front, but is so constructed as to allow the +shaft-peg to slide off easily. These holes exactly fit two ivory pegs +projecting from the harpoon shaft. When the hunter has taken his +throwing-stick in his hand he lays his harpoon shaft upon it so that the +pegs will fall in the two little holes of the stick. By a sudden jerk of +his hand the harpoon is thrown forward and released, the pegs drawing +out of the holes in the stick. At the front end of the throwing-stick a +narrow piece of ivory is pegged to prevent splitting. As before +intimated, this type of throwing-stick is radically different from all +others in its adjustment to the pegs on the heavy harpoon. In all other +examples in the world the hook or spur is on the stick and not on the +weapon. + + +UNGAVA TYPE. + +One specimen from Fort Chimo in this region, southeast of Hudson Bay, +kindly lent by Mr. Lucien Turner, is very interesting, having little +relation with that from Greenland (which is so near geographically), and +connecting itself with all the other types as far as Kadiak, in Alaska +(Fig. 3). The outline of the implement is quite elaborate and +symmetrical, resembling at the hook end a fiddle-head, and widening +continuously by lateral and facial curves to the front, where it is thin +and flat. A slight rounded notch for the thumb, and a longer chamfer for +three fingers, form the handle. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The cavity +for the index finger extends quite through the implement, as it does in +all cases where it is on the side of the harpoon-shaft groove, and not +directly under it. The shaft groove is shallow, and the hook at the +lower extremity is formed by a piece of ivory inserted in a parallel +groove in the fiddle-head and fastened with pegs. It is as though a +saw-cut one-eighth inch wide had been made longitudinally through the +fiddle-head and one-half inch beyond, and the space had been filled with +a plate of ivory pared down flush with the wood all round, excepting at +the projection left to form the hook or spur for the harpoon shaft. This +peg or spur fits in a small hole in the butt of the harpoon or spear +shaft and serves to keep the weapon in its place until it is launched +from the hand. The Ungava spear is heavier than that of the western +Eskimo, hence the stick and its spur are proportionately larger. It is +well to observe carefully the purport of the spur. A javelin, assegai, +or other weapon hurled from the hand is seized in the center of gravity. +The Greenland spears have the pegs for the throwing-stick sometimes at +the center of gravity, sometimes at the butt end. In all other uses of +the throwing-stick the point of support is behind the center of gravity, +and if the weapon is not fastened in its groove it cannot be hurled. +This fastening is accomplished by the backward leaning of the peg in the +Greenland example, and by the spur on the distal end of the +throwing-stick in all other cases. + + +CUMBERLAND GULF TYPE. + +The Cumberland Gulf type is the clumsiest throwing-stick in the Museum, +and Dr. Franz Boas recognizes it as a faithful sample of those in use +throughout Baffin Land (Fig. 4). + +In general style it resembles Mr. Turner's specimens from Ungava; but +every part is coarser and heavier. It is made of oak, probably obtained +from a whaling vessel. Instead of the fiddle-head at the distal end we +have a declined and thickened prolongation of the stick without +ornament. There is no distinct handle, but provision is made for the +thumb by a deep, sloping groove; for the index-finger by a perforation, +and for the other three fingers by separate grooves. These give a +splendid grip for the hunter, but the extraordinary width of the handle +is certainly a disadvantage. There are two longitudinal grooves on the +upper face; the principal one is squared to receive the rectangular +shaft of the bird spear; the other is chipped out for the tips of the +fingers, which do not reach across to the harpoon shaft, owing to the +clumsy width of the throwing-stick. In this example, the hook for the +end of the bird-spear shaft is the canine tooth of some animal driven +into the wood at the distal end of the long-shaft groove. + + +FURY AND HECLA STRAITS TYPE. + +In Parry's Second Voyage (p. 508) is described a throwing-stick of +Igloolik, 18 inches long, grooved for the shaft of the bird-spear, and +having a spike for the hole of the shaft, and a groove for the thumb and +for the fingers. The index-finger hole is not mentioned, but more than +probably it existed, since it is nowhere else wanting between Ungava and +Cape Romanzoff in Alaska. This form, if properly described by Parry, is +between the Ungava and the Cumberland Gulf specimen, having no kinship +with the throwing-stick of Greenland. The National Museum should possess +an example of throwing-stick from the Fury and Hecla Straits. + + +ANDERSON RIVER TYPE. + +The Anderson River throwing-stick (and we should include the Mackenzie +River district) is a very primitive affair in the National Museum, being +only a tapering flat stick of hard wood (Fig. 5). Marks 2, 3, 4, 5, and +6 are wanting. The index-finger cavity is large and eccentric and +furnishes a firm hold. The shaft-groove is a rambling shallow slit, not +over half an inch wide. There is no hook or spur of foreign material +inserted for the spear end; but simply an excavation of the hard wood +which furnishes an edge to catch a notch in the end of the dart. Only +one specimen has been collected from this area for the National Museum; +therefore it is unsafe to make it typical, but the form is so unique +that it is well to notice that the throwing-stick in Eskimoland has its +simplest form in the center and not in the extremities of its whole +area. It is as yet unsafe to speculate concerning the origin of this +implement. A rude form is as likely to be a degenerate son as to be the +relic of a barbaric ancestry. Among the theories of origin respecting +the Eskimo, that which claims for them a more southern habitat long ago +is of great force. If, following retreating ice, they first struck the +frozen ocean at the mouth of Mackenzie's River and then invented the +kyak and the throwing-stick, thence we may follow both of these in two +directions as they depart from a single source. + + +POINT BARROW TYPE. + +Through the kindness of Mr. John Murdoch, I have examined a number from +this locality, all alike, collected in the expedition of Lieutenant Ray, +U.S.A. (Fig. 6). They are all of soft wood, and in general outline they +resemble a tall amphora, bisected, or with a slice cut out of the middle +longitudinally. There is a distinct "razor-strop" handle, while in those +previously described the handle is scarcely distinct from the body. +Marks 3, 4, 5, and 6 are wanting. The index-finger hole is very large +and eccentric, forming the handle of the "amphora." The groove for the +harpoon or spear-shaft commences opposite the index-finger cavity as a +shallow depression, and deepens gradually to its other extremity, where +the hook for the spear-shaft is formed by an ivory peg. This form is +structurally almost the same as the Anderson River type, only it is much +better finished. + + +KOTZEBUE SOUND TYPE. + +The Kotzebue Sound type is an elongated truncated pyramid, or obelisk, +fluted on all sides (Fig. 7). The handle is in the spiral shape so +frequent in Eskimo skin-scrapers from Norton Sound and vicinity, and +exactly fits the thumb and the last three fingers. Marks 5 and 6 are +wanting. The index cavity is a _cul de sac_, into which the forefinger +is to be hooked when the implement is in use. Especial attention is +called to this characteristic because it occurs here for the first time +and will not be seen again after we pass Cape Vancouver. From Ungava to +Point Barrow the index-finger hole is eccentric and the finger passes +quite through the implement and to the right of the harpoon or +spear-shaft. In the Kotzebue type the index finger cavity is subjacent +to the spear-shaft groove, consequently the forefinger would be wounded +or at least in the way by passing through the stick. The spear or +harpoon-shaft groove is wide and shallow and passes immediately over the +index cavity. The hook is of ivory and stands up above the wood. It +needs only to be mentioned that this type, as well as those with +eccentric forefinger perforations are used with the naked hand. + +In the quarto volume of Beechey's Voyage, page 324, is mentioned a +throwing-stick from Eschscholtz Bay, with a hole for the forefinger and +a notch for the thumb, the spear being placed in the groove and embraced +by the middle finger and the thumb. This last assertion is very +important. When I first began to examine a large number of the +implements, I could not explain the cavities for the finger-tips until +this note suggested that the shaft rides outside of and not under the +fingers. To test the matter I had a throwing-stick made to fit my hand, +and found that the spear could get no start if clamped close to the +throwing-stick by all the fingers; but if allowed to rest on the back of +the fingers or a part of them, and it is held fast, by the thumb and +middle finger, it had just that small rise which gave it a start from +the propelling instrument. + +In the national collection is a specimen marked Russian America, +collected by Commodore John Rodgers, resembling in many respects the +Kotzebue Sound type. The handle is of the same razor-strop shape, but on +the upper side are three deep depressions for the finger-tips. In +several of the objects already described provision is made for the tips +of the last three fingers by means of a gutter or slight indentations. +But in no other examples is there such pronounced separation of the +fingers. In very many of the Norton Sound skin-dressers, composed of a +stone blade and ivory handle, the fingers are separated in exactly the +same manner. These skin-dressers are from the area just south of +Kotzebue Sound. The back of the Rodgers specimen is ornamented in its +lower half by means of grooves. In its upper half are represented the +legs and feet of some animal carved out in a graceful manner. The +index-finger cavity is central and is seen on the upper side by a very +slight rectangular perforation, which, however, does not admit the +extrusion of any part of the index-finger. The upper surface is formed +by two inclined planes meeting in the center. Along this central ridge +is excavated the groove for the spear-shaft, deep at its lower end and +quite running out at its upper extremity. The hook for the end of the +harpoon-shaft in this specimen resembles that seen on the +throwing-sticks of the region south of Cape Vancouver. The whole +execution of this specimen is so much superior to that of any other in +the Museum and the material so different as to create the suspicion that +it was made by a white man, with steel tools (Fig 8). + + +EASTERN SIBERIAN TYPE. + +The National Museum has no throwing-stick from this region, but +Nordenskjoeld figures one in the Voyage of Vega (p. 477, Fig. 5), which +is as simple as the one from Anderson River, excepting that the former +has a hook of ivory, while the latter has a mere excavation to receive +the cavity on the end of the weapon. Nordenskjoeld's bird-spear +accompanying the stick has a bulb or enlargement of the shaft at the +point opposite the handle of the throwing-stick, which is new to the +collection of the National Museum. Indeed, a systematic study should now +be made of the Siberian throwing-sticks to decide concerning the +commercial relationships if not the consanguinities of the people of +that region. + + +PORT CLARENCE AND CAPE NOME TYPE. + +The specimens from this area are more or less spatulate in form, but +very irregular, with the handle varying from that of the razor-strop to +the spiral, twisted form of the Eskimo skin-scraper (Fig. 9). On the +whole, these implements are quite similar to the next group. A section +across the middle of the implement would be trapezoidal with incurved +sides. In two of the specimens not figured these curved sides are +brought upward until they join the upper surface, making a graceful +ornament. The handles are not symmetrical, the sides for the thumb being +shaved out so as to fit the muscles conveniently. Places for the fingers +are provided thus: There is an index-finger cavity quite through the +stick indeed, but the index-finger catches in the interior of the wood +and does not pass through as in the eastern Arctic types. The middle +finger rests against an ivory or wooden peg. This is the first +appearance of this feature. It will be noted after this on all the +throwing-sticks as the most prominent feature until we come to Kadiak, +but the Unalashkans do not use it on their throwing-sticks. Cavities for +the three last finger-tips are not always present, and the hooks at the +distal ends for the extremities of the weapons are very large plugs of +wood or ivory and have beveled edges rather than points for the +reception of the butt end of the weapon to be thrown. + + +NORTON SOUND TYPES. + +These types extend from Cape Darby around to Cape Dyer, including part +of Kaviagmut, the Mahlemut, the Unaligmut, and the Ekogmut area of Dall, +and extending up the Yukon River as far as the Eskimo, who use this +weapon. The characteristics are the same as those of the last named +area, excepting that in many specimens there are two finger-pegs instead +of one, the first peg inclosing the middle finger, the second the +ring-finger and the little finger (Figs. 10-13). A single specimen +collected by Lucien Turner at Saint Michael's has no index cavity, the +forefinger resting on the first peg and the other three fingers passing +between this and the outer peg (Fig. 14). Another specimen of Nelson's, +marked Sabotinsky, has the index-finger cavity and one finger-peg. The +finger-tip cavity on the upper surface of the handle forms the figure of +a water-bird, in which the heart is connected with the mouth by a curved +line, just as in the pictography of the more southern Indians. + +The Yukon River Eskimo use a throwing-stick quite similar to the Norton +Sound type. The characteristics are very pronounced. Thumb-groove deep, +index-finger cavity so long as to include the first joint. The hook for +the spear-end formed by the edge of a plug of hard wood. The middle +finger is separated by a deep groove and peg. The ring and little finger +are inclosed by the peg and a sharp projection at the upper end of the +handle. + + +NUNIVAK ISLAND AND CAPE VANCOUVER TYPE. + +In this region a great change comes over the throwing-stick, just as +though it had been stopped by Cape Romanzoff, or new game had called for +modification, or a mixing of new peoples had modified their tools (Figs. +15-17). The index-finger cavity and the hole for the index finger are +here dropped entirely, after extending from Greenland uninterruptedly to +Cape Romanzoff. The handle is conspicuously wide, while the body of the +implement is very slender and light. The thumb-groove is usually +chamfered out very thoroughly so as to fit the flexor muscle +conveniently. There are frequently finger-grooves and finger-tip +cavities in addition to the pegs. The cavity for the index finger having +disappeared, provision is made for that important part of the hand by a +separate peg and groove. The middle finger is also pegged off, and the +last two fingers have to shift for themselves. The hook for the shaft of +the weapon has a fine point like a little bead, the whole implement +being adapted to the light seal-harpoon darts. Mr. Dall collected a +large number of two-pegged sticks from Nunivak Island and four +three-pegged sticks labeled the same. Mr. Nelson also collected four +three-pegged sticks, but labels them Kushunuk; Cape Vancouver, on the +mainland opposite Nunivak (Fig. 17). In these three-pegged sticks the +ring-finger and the little finger are inclosed together. This should be +compared with Mr. Turner's Saint Michael specimen, in which the last +three fingers are inclosed together (Fig. 14). It remains to be seen and +is worthy of investigation whether crossing a narrow channel would add a +peg to the throwing-stick. One of these Nunivak specimens is +left-handed. + + +BRISTOL BAY TYPE. + +The throwing-stick from Bristol Bay resembles in general characteristics +those from Nunivak Island and Cape Vancouver. In outline it has the +shape of the broadsword. Its cross-section is bayonet-shaped. It has no +distinct handle beyond a slight projection from the end. The +thumb-groove is shallow and chamfered on the lower side to fit exactly. +There is a long, continuous notch for the four fingers, in which the +index finger and the middle finger are set off by pegs. There is a +depression, more or less profound, to receive the tips of the fingers. +The groove for the harpoon or spear-shaft is at the lower extremity and +runs out entirely near the index finger. The ivory plug at its lower +extremity is beveled to receive a notch in the end of the spear or +harpoon shaft (Figs. 18-19). + +A freshly-made implement, looking as if cut out by machinery, resembling +closely those just described, is labeled Kadiak. The constant traffic +between Bristol Bay and Kadiak, across the Alaskan peninsula, may +account for the great similarity of these implements. Furthermore, since +the natives in this region and southward have been engaged for more than +a century in fur-sealing for the whites, there is not the slightest +doubt that implements made by whites have been introduced and slightly +modified by the wearer to fit his hand. + + +KADIAK OR UNALASHKA TYPE. + +In the National Museum are four throwing-sticks, one of them +left-handed, exactly alike--two of them marked Kadiak and two Unalashka +(Figs. 20-22). They return to the more primitive type of the area from +Kotzebue Sound to Greenland, indicating that the implement culminated in +Norton Sound. In outline this southern form is thin and straight-sided, +and those in possession are all of hard wood. The back is carved in +ridges to fit the palm of the hand and muscles of the thumb. There is no +thumb-groove, the eccentric index-finger hole of the Northern and +Eastern Eskimo is present in place of the central cavity of the area +from Kotzebue Sound to Cape Vancouver, and there is a slight groove for +the middle finger. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The shaft-groove is very +slight, even at its lower extremity, and runs out in a few inches toward +the handle. The hook for the end of the weapon resembles that of +Nunivak, but is more rounded at the point. Of the Eskimo of Prince +William Sound, the extreme southern area of the Eskimo on the Pacific, +Captain Cook says, in the narrative of his last voyage: "Their longer +darts are thrown by means of a piece of wood about a foot long, with a +small groove in the middle which receives the dart. At the bottom is a +hole for the reception of one finger, which enables them to grasp the +piece of wood much firmer and to throw with greater force." Captain +Cook's implement corresponds exactly to the specimens just described and +renders it probable that this thin, parallel-sided, shallow-grooved +throwing-stick, with index-finger hole placed at one side of the +spear-shaft groove, extended all along the southern border of Eskimoland +as far as the Aleuts of Unalashka and Attoo. In addition to the +information furnished by the specimens in hand, Dr. Stejneger describes +a similar stick in use in the island of Attoo. On the contrary, Mr. +Elliott assures me that Aleutian fur-sealers of Pribylov Island use +throwing-sticks precisely similar to those of Norton Sound and Nunivak. + +This list might be extended further by reference to authorities, but +that is from the purpose of this article and the series of ethnological +papers commenced in this volume. The most perfect throwing-stick of all +is that of the Mahlemut, in Norton Sound, in which are present the +handle, thumb-groove, finger-grooves, and pegs, cavities for the +finger-tips, index finger cavity, shaft-groove, and hook for the +harpoon. In short, all the characteristics present on the rest are +combined here. + +Classifications of these implements may be varied according to the organ +selected. As to the hook for the attachment of the weapon, in Greenland +this is on the shaft, in all other parts of the world it is on the +throwing-stick. As to the index finger, there is for its reception, from +Point Barrow to Greenland, an eccentric hole quite through which the +finger passes. From Kotzebue Sound to Norton Sound there is a central +pocket on the back of the weapon, directly under the groove, for the +shaft of the weapon to receive the index finger. From Cape Vancouver to +Bristol Bay an ivory or wooden peg serves this purpose. At Kadiak and +Unalashka the eccentric index-finger hole returns. + +It is more than probable that further investigation will destroy some of +the types herein enumerated or merge two more of them into one; but it +will not destroy the fact that in changing from one environment to +another the hyperboreans were driven to modify their throwing-stick. + +A still more interesting inquiry is that concerning the origin of the +implement. It is hardly to be supposed that the simplest type, that of +Anderson River, was invented at once in its present form, for the +Australian form is ruder still, having neither hole for the index finger +nor groove for the weapon shaft. When we recall that the chief benefit +conferred by the throwing-stick is the ability to grasp firmly and +launch truly a greasy weapon from a cold hand, we naturally ask, have +the Eskimo any other device for the same purpose? They have. On the +shaft of the light-seal harpoon, thrown without the stick, and on the +heavy, ivory-weighted walrus-harpoon-shaft an ivory hand-rest is lashed +just behind the center of gravity. This little object is often +beautifully carved and prevents effectually the hand from slipping on +the shaft, even with the greatest lunge of the hunter. From this object +to the throwing-stick the way may be long and crooked, or there may be +no way at all. So far as the National Museum is concerned there is +nothing to guide us over this waste of ignorance. + + +THROWING-STICKS IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. + + +------+------------------------------------------+---------------------- +No. | Locality. | Collector. +------+------------------------------------------+---------------------- +32995 | Norton's Sound, Alaska | E.W. Nelson. +30013 | Cumberland Gulf | W.A. Mintzner, U.S.N. +33942 | Norton's Sound, Alaska | E.W. Nelson. +33897 | do. | Do. +33960 | do. | Do. +24336 | Saint Michael's Sound, Alaska | Lucien M. Turner. +24337 | do. | Do. +24338 | do. | Do. +46052 | Port Clarence, Alaska | W.H. Dall. +46053 | do. | Do. +49036 | Rasbonisky, L. Yukon | E.W. Nelson. +38849 | Yukon River | Do. +38605 | do. | Do. +36014 | Kushunuk, Sabotnisky, Alaska | Do. +36018 | Kuskunuk, Alaska | Do. +49001 | Sabotnisky, Alaska | Do. +49002 | do. | Do. +73327 | Unalashka | Catlin. + 2267 | Anderson River | R. Kennicott. +90467 | Ugashak | William J. Fisher. +44392 | Cape Nome, Alaska | E.W. Nelson. +72519 | Cook's Inlet | William J. Fisher. +16242 | Nunivak Island, Alaska | W.H. Dall. +16238 | do. | Do. +74126 | Holsteinberg, Greenland | George Merchant, jr. +12981 | Unalashka | W.H. Dall. +89901 | Point Barrow, Alaska | Lieut. P.H. Ray. +38669 | Chalitmut | E.W. Nelson. +24335 | Saint Michael's, Norton's Sound, Alaska | Lucien M. Turner. +33914 | do. | E.W. Nelson. + 7933 | Kadiak Island, Alaska | Dr. T.T. Minor, U.S.R.M. +36013 | Sabotnisky, Alaska | E.W. Nelson. +72398 | Bristol Bay, Alaska | Charles L. McKay. +16244 | Nunivak Island, Alaska | W.H. Dall. +11346 | Bristol Bay, Alaska | Vincent Colyer. +16235 | Kotzebue Sound, Alaska | E.P. Herenden. +15641 | Nunivak, Alaska | W.H. Dall. +16237 | do. | Do. +16239 | do. | Do. +16076 | Unalashka, Aleutian Islands | Sylvanus Bailey. +15647 | Nunivak, Alaska | W.H. Dall. +15645 | do. | Do. +16236 | do. | Do. +15642 | do. | Do. +15646 | do. | Do. +------+------------------------------------------+---------------------- + + +PLATE I. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 1. Eskimo launching a seal harpoon by means of the +throwing-stick. Mr. John Murdoch states that the hand is held much lower +by the Point Barrow Eskimo, the harpoon resting as low as the shoulder, +and that the movement of throwing the harpoon is quick, as in casting a +fly in fishing. + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Eskimo using the throwing-stick.] + + +PLATE II. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 2. Greenland type of throwing-stick. The specific +characteristics are the broad form; the scanty grooves for thumb and +fingers; the absence of pegs, separate finger grooves, or index +perforation; but the most noteworthy are the two grommets or eyelets to +fit ivory pegs on the harpoon-shaft. The peculiar method of +strengthening the ends with ivory pieces should also be noted. From +Holsteinburg, Greenland, 1884. Catalogue number, 74126. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2. Greenland throwing-stick, back and +front.] + + +PLATE III. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 3. Ungava type of throwing-stick. The specific marks are +the general outline, especially the fiddle-head ornament at the bottom; +the bend upward at the lower extremity, the eccentric perforation for +the index finger, and the groove for three fingers. Collected at Ungava, +by Lucien M. Turner, 1884. Museum number, 76700. + +[Illustration: Fig. 3. Ungava throwing-stick, front and back.] + + +PLATE IV. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 4. Cumberland Gulf type of throwing-stick. The specific +marks are the broad clumsy form, the separate provision for the thumb +and each finger, the bent lower extremity, and the broad furrow for the +bird-spear. Accidental marks are the mending of the handle, the material +of the stick, and the canine tooth for the spur at the bottom of the +square groove. Collected in Cumberland Gulf, by W.A. Mintzer, in 1876. +Museum number, 30013. + +[Illustration: Fig. 4. Cumberland Gulf throwing-stick, back and +front.] + + +PLATE V. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 5. Anderson River type. The specific marks are the extreme +plainness of form, the lack of accommodations for the thumb and fingers, +excepting the eccentric index-finger hole, the poor groove for the +harpoon-shaft, and the absence of a hook or spur at the bottom of this +groove. The accidental marks are cuts running diagonally across the +back. In another specimen seen from the same locality the shaft groove +is squared after the manner of the Cumberland Gulf type. Collected at +the mouth of Anderson River, by R. Kennicott, in 1866. Museum number, +2267. + +Fig. 6. Point Barrow type. The specific marks are the distinct +handle without finger grooves, the very eccentric index-finger hole, the +method of inserting the spur for the shaft, and the harpoon-shaft groove +very shallow above and deep below. In the specimens shown by Mr. Murdoch +there is great uniformity of shape. Collected at Point Barrow, by Lieut. +P.H. Ray, in 1883. Museum number, 89902. + +[Illustration: Fig. 5. Anderson River throwing-stick, front and +back. +Fig. 6. Point Barrow throwing-stick, front and back.] + + +PLATE VI. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 7. Kotzebue Sound type. The specific marks are the twisted +handle, the broad shallow shaft groove, and, notably, the pocket for the +index-finger tip-visible on the lower side, but nearly absent from the +upper side, and lying directly under the shaft groove. In the examples +before noted all the holes for the index finger are to one side of this +shaft groove. Collected in Kotzebue Sound, by E.P. Herendeen, in 1874. +Museum number, 16235. + +Fig. 8. The Rodgers type, so called because the locality is +doubtful. In specific characters it resembles Fig. 7. The differences +are the three cavities for finger tips in the handle, the shaft groove +very shallow and running out before reaching the index-finger cavity, +and the delicate hook for the spear shaft resembling those farther +south. Since writing this paper two throwing-sticks from Sitka have been +seen in many respects resembling this form, but covered all over their +surfaces with characteristic Thlinkit mythological figures, and having +iron hooks at the lower end of the shaft groove. Collected by Commodore +John Rodgers, in 1867. Museum number, 2533. + +[Illustration: Fig. 7. Kotzebue Sound throwing-stick, front and +back. +Fig. 8. The Commodore Rodgers throwing-stick, front and back.] + + +PLATE VII. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 9. The Port Clarence and Cape Nome type. The notable +characteristics are the occurrence of an ivory peg in the handle for the +middle finger, the very small size of the handle, and the central +index-finger pocket central in position but quite piercing the stick. +Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Cape Nome, in 1880. Museum number, 44392. + +[Illustration: Fig. 9. Port Clarence and Cape Nome +throwing-stick, front and back.] + + +PLATE VIII. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 10. Norton Sound type, single-pegged variety. Except in +the better finish, this type resembles the one last described. Collected +by L.M. Turner, at Saint Michael's Island, in 1876. Museum number, +24338. + +[Illustration: Fig. 10. Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and +back.] + + +PLATE IX. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 11. Norton Sound type, two-pegged variety. In all +respects, excepting the number of pegs, this resembles Figs. 9 and 10. +In all of them the peg at the bottom of the groove is very clumsy. +Collected in Norton Sound, by E.W. Nelson, in 1878. Museum number, +32995. + +Fig. 12. Throwing-stick from Sabotnisky, on the Lower Yukon. It +belongs to the Norton Sound type. The cavity on the upper side of the +handle for the finger-tips is remarkable for the carving of a bird +resembling figures seen on objects made by the Western Indians of the +United States. Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Sabotnisky, in 1879. Museum +number, 36013. + +[Illustration: Fig. 11. Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and +back. +Fig. 12. Sabotnisky throwing-stick, front and back.] + + +PLATE X. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 13. Specimen from Yukon River, belonging to the Northern +Sound one-pegged variety. Collected by E.W. Nelson, in 1879. Museum +number, 38849. + +[Illustration: Fig. 13. Yukon River throwing-stick, front and +back.] + + +PLATE XI. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 14. Throwing-stick from Saint Michael's. This specimen is +very noteworthy on account of the absence of the index-finger pocket, a +mark characteristic of the Vancouver type, Fig. 17. If the middle peg of +the Vancouver example were removed the resemblance would be close, but +the clumsy spur at the bottom of the shaft groove is Norton Sound rather +than Nunivak. Collected by Lucien M. Turner, at Saint Michael's, in +1876. Museum number, 24335. + +[Illustration: Fig. 14. Saint Michael's throwing-stick, front +and back.] + + +PLATE XII. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 15. Nunivak type. The characteristic marks are the absence +of any cavity for the index finger, the nicely-fitting handle, the +disposition of the finger-pegs, and the delicate point on the ivory spur +at the bottom of the shaft groove. Collected by W.H. Dall, at Nunivak +Island, in 1874. Museum number, 16239. (This specimen is left-handed.) + +[Illustration: Fig. 15. Nunivak Island throwing-stick, front +and back, left-handed.] + + +PLATE XIII. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 16. Specimen from Nunivak, right-handed. The cuts on the +front and back are noteworthy. Collected by W.H. Dall, at Nunivak +Island, in 1874. Museum number, 16238. + +[Illustration: Fig. 16. Nunivak Island throwing-stick, front +and back.] + + +PLATE XIV. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 17. Specimen from Cape Vancouver. In all respects it is +like those of Nunivak, excepting a peg-rest for the little finger. +Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Cape Vancouver, in 1879. Museum number, +38669. + +[Illustration: Fig. 17. Cape Vancouver throwing-stick, front +and back.] + + +PLATE XV. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Figs. 18, 19. Bristol Bay type. In no essential characters do +these sticks differ from those of Nunivak. The handle is smaller, and +they appear to have been made with steel tools. Fig. 18 collected by +C.L. McKay, at Bristol Bay, Alaska, in 1883. Museum number, 72398. Fig. +19 collected by William J. Fisher, at Kadiak, in 1884. Museum number, +90467. + +[Illustration: Fig. 18. Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and +back. +Fig. 19. Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and back.] + + +PLATE XVI. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Fig. 20. Unalashkan throwing-stick. It would be better to call +this form the Southern type. The noticeable features in all our +specimens are the parallel sides, the hard material, thinness, the +carving for the fingers, but above all the reappearance of the eccentric +cavity for the index finger. This cavity is not a great perforation, as +in the Point Barrow type, but an eccentric pocket, a compromise between +the Northern cavity and that of the East. Collected by Sylvanus Bailey, +at Unalashka, in 1874. Museum number, 16076. + +[Illustration: Fig. 20. Unalashkan throwing-stick, front and +back.] + + +PLATE XVII. + +(Mason. Throwing-sticks.) + +Figs. 21, 22. Throwing-sticks of the Southern type. Fig. 21 is +left-handed, collected by Dr. T.T. Minor, at Kadiak, in 1869. Museum +number, 7933. Fig. 22 collected by W.H. Dall, at Unalashka, in 1873. +Museum number, 12981. At Sitka two specimens were collected, +unfortunately not figured, with the following characters laid down in +the beginning of this paper: 1. Short, very narrow and deep, and carved +all over with devices. 2. No handle distinct from the body. 3, 4, 5, 6. +All wanting. 7. The index-finger cavity is near the center of the back, +very like a thimble. Indeed this is a very striking feature. 8. The +shaft groove occupies only the lower half of the upper surface. 9. The +spur for the end of the weapon shaft is a long piece of iron like a +knife-blade driven into the wood, with the edge toward the weapon +shaft. + +[Illustration: Fig. 21. Kadiak throwing-stick, front and back, +left handed. +Fig. 22. Unalashkan throwing-stick, front and back.] + + + * * * * * + +Typographical errors corrected in text: + +Page 282: "not fastened in its groove in cannot be hurled." changed to + "not fastened in its groove it cannot be hurled." +Page 286: Sabotinsky replaced with Sabotnisky. + + * * * * * + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Throwing-sticks in the National Museum, by +Otis T. 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