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+Project Gutenberg's Throwing-sticks in the National Museum, by Otis T. Mason
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Throwing-sticks in the National Museum
+       Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the
+       Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-'84,
+       Government Printing Office, Washington, 1890, pages 279-289
+
+Author: Otis T. Mason
+
+Release Date: January 25, 2006 [EBook #17606]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THROWING-STICKS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by A www.PGDP.net Volunteer, Suzanne Lybarger,
+Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by the Canadian Institute for
+Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                          |
+    | A number of obvious typographical errors have                |
+    | been corrected in this text.                                 |
+    | For a complete list, please see the bottom of this document. |
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
+UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
+
+
+THROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL
+MUSEUM.
+
+
+OTIS T. MASON,
+_Curator of the Department of Ethnology_
+
+
+From the Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-'84,
+Part II, pages 279-289, and plates I-XVII
+
+WASHINGTON:
+GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
+1890.
+
+
+
+
+I.--THROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
+
+By Otis T. Mason.
+
+
+Col. Lane Fox tells us there are three areas of the throwing-stick:
+Australia, where it is simply an elongated spindle with a hook at the
+end; the country of the Conibos and the Purus, on the Upper Amazon,
+where the implement resembles that of the Australians, and the
+hyperborean regions of North America.
+
+It is of this last group that we shall now speak, since the National
+Museum possesses only two specimens from the first-named area and none
+whatever from the second.
+
+The researches and collections of Bessels, Turner, Boas, Hall, Mintzner,
+Kennicott, Ray, Murdoch, Nelson, Herendeen, and Dall, to all of whom I
+acknowledge my obligations, enable me to compare widely separated
+regions of the hyperborean area, and to distinguish these regions by the
+details in the structure of the throwing-stick.
+
+The method of holding the throwing-stick is indicated in Fig. 1 by a
+drawing of H.W. Elliott. The Eskimo is just in the act of launching the
+light seal harpoon. The barbed point will fasten itself into the animal,
+detach itself from the ivory foreshaft, and unwind the rawhide or sinew
+line, which is securely tied to both ends of the light wooden shaft by a
+martingale device. The heavy ivory foreshaft will cause the shaft to
+assume an upright position in the water, and the whole will act as a
+drag to impede the progress of the game. The same idea of impeding
+progress and of retrieving is carried out by a multitude of devices not
+necessary to mention here.
+
+The Eskimo spend much time in their skin kyaks, from which it would be
+difficult to launch an arrow from a bow, or a harpoon from the unsteady,
+cold, and greasy hand. This device of the throwing-stick, therefore, is
+the substitute for the bow or the sling, to be used in the kyak, by a
+people who cannot procure the proper materials for a heavier
+lance-shaft, or at least whose environment is prejudicial to the use of
+such a weapon. Just as soon as we pass Mount St. Elias going southward,
+the throwing-stick, plus the spear or dart of the Eskimo and the Aleut,
+gives place to the harpoon with a long, heavy, cedar shaft, weighing 15
+or 20 pounds, whose momentum from both hands of the Indian, without the
+throw-stick, exceeds that of the Eskimo and Aleut darts and harpoons,
+with the additional velocity imparted by the throwing-stick. It must not
+be forgotten, also, that the kyak is a very frail, unsteady thing, and
+therefore not much of the momentum of the body can be utilized, as it is
+by the Northwest Indians in making a lunge with a heavy shaft. The
+throwing-stick is also said by some arctic voyagers to be useful in
+giving directness of aim. Perhaps no other savage device comes so near
+in this respect to a gun barrel or the groove of a bow-gun. Its greatest
+advantages, however, are the firm grip which it gives in handling a
+harpoon or dart, and the longer time which it permits the hunter to
+apply the force of his arm to the propulsion of his weapon. Having
+practiced with a throwing-stick somewhat, I have imagined also that
+there was a certain amount of leverage acquired by the particular method
+of holding the stick and straightening the arm, as in a toggle joint.
+That implement, which seems so simple, and which is usually mentioned
+and dismissed in a word, possesses several marks or organs, which help
+to distinguish the locality in which each form occurs, as well as to
+define the associations of the implement as regards the weapon thrown
+from it and the game pursued. These marks are:
+
+1. Shape, or general outline in face and side view, and size.
+
+2. Handle, the part grasped in the hand.
+
+3. Thumb-groove or thumb-lock, provision for the firm and comfortable
+insertion of the phalanx and ball of the thumb.
+
+4. Finger-grooves, provision for each finger according to its use in the
+manipulation of the implement.
+
+5. Finger-pegs, little plugs of wood or ivory to give more certain grip
+for the fingers and to prevent their slipping. The devices for the
+fingers are the more necessary where the hands are cold and everything
+is covered with grease.
+
+6. Finger-tip cavities, excavations on the front face of the implement,
+into which the tips of the three last fingers descend to assist in
+grasping and to afford a rest on the back of these fingers for the
+weapon shaft.
+
+7. Index-finger cavity or hole, provision for the insertion of the index
+finger, which plays a very important part in the use of the
+throwing-stick.
+
+8. Spear shaft groove, in which the shaft of the weapon lies, as an
+arrow or bolt in the groove of a bow-gun.
+
+9. Hook or spur, provision for seizing the butt end of the weapon while
+it is being launched. These may be ridges left in the wood by
+excavation, or pieces of wood, bone, ivory, &c., inserted. The size and
+shape of this part, and the manner of insertion, are also worthy of
+notice.
+
+10. Edges: this feature is allied to the form and not to the function of
+the implement.
+
+11. Faces: upper, on which the weapon rests; lower, into which the index
+finger is inserted.
+
+The figures illustrating this article are drawn to a scale indicated by
+inch marks in the margin, every dot on the line standing for an inch.
+
+By the presence or absence, by the number or the shape of some of these
+marks or structural characteristics, the type and locality can be easily
+detected. The Eskimo have everywhere bows and arrows for land hunting,
+the former made of several pieces of bone lashed together, or of a piece
+of driftwood lashed and re-enforced with sinew. The arrows are of
+endless variety.
+
+It should also be noticed that the kind of game and the season of the
+year, the shape and size of the spear accompanying the stick, and the
+bare or gloved hand, are all indicated by language expressed in various
+parts of this wonderful throwing-stick.
+
+
+GREENLAND TYPE.
+
+The Greenland throwing-stick is a long, flat trapezoid, slightly ridged
+along the back (Fig. 2). It has no distinct handle at the wide end,
+although it will be readily seen that the expanding of this part secures
+a firm grip. A chamfered groove on one side for the thumb, and a smaller
+groove on the other side for the index finger, insure the implement
+against slipping from the hunter's grasp. Marks 5, 6, 7 of the series on
+page 280 are wanting in the Greenland type. The shaft-groove, in which
+lies the shaft of the great harpoon, is wide, deep, and rounded at the
+bottom. There is no hook, as in all the other types, to fit the end of
+the harpoon shaft, but in its stead are two holes, one in the front end
+of the shaft-groove, between the thumb-groove and the finger-groove,
+with an ivory eyelet or grommet for a lining, the other at the distal
+end of the shaft-groove, in the ivory piece which is ingeniously
+inserted there to form that extremity. This last-mentioned hole is not
+cylindrical like the one in front, but is so constructed as to allow the
+shaft-peg to slide off easily. These holes exactly fit two ivory pegs
+projecting from the harpoon shaft. When the hunter has taken his
+throwing-stick in his hand he lays his harpoon shaft upon it so that the
+pegs will fall in the two little holes of the stick. By a sudden jerk of
+his hand the harpoon is thrown forward and released, the pegs drawing
+out of the holes in the stick. At the front end of the throwing-stick a
+narrow piece of ivory is pegged to prevent splitting. As before
+intimated, this type of throwing-stick is radically different from all
+others in its adjustment to the pegs on the heavy harpoon. In all other
+examples in the world the hook or spur is on the stick and not on the
+weapon.
+
+
+UNGAVA TYPE.
+
+One specimen from Fort Chimo in this region, southeast of Hudson Bay,
+kindly lent by Mr. Lucien Turner, is very interesting, having little
+relation with that from Greenland (which is so near geographically), and
+connecting itself with all the other types as far as Kadiak, in Alaska
+(Fig. 3). The outline of the implement is quite elaborate and
+symmetrical, resembling at the hook end a fiddle-head, and widening
+continuously by lateral and facial curves to the front, where it is thin
+and flat. A slight rounded notch for the thumb, and a longer chamfer for
+three fingers, form the handle. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The cavity
+for the index finger extends quite through the implement, as it does in
+all cases where it is on the side of the harpoon-shaft groove, and not
+directly under it. The shaft groove is shallow, and the hook at the
+lower extremity is formed by a piece of ivory inserted in a parallel
+groove in the fiddle-head and fastened with pegs. It is as though a
+saw-cut one-eighth inch wide had been made longitudinally through the
+fiddle-head and one-half inch beyond, and the space had been filled with
+a plate of ivory pared down flush with the wood all round, excepting at
+the projection left to form the hook or spur for the harpoon shaft. This
+peg or spur fits in a small hole in the butt of the harpoon or spear
+shaft and serves to keep the weapon in its place until it is launched
+from the hand. The Ungava spear is heavier than that of the western
+Eskimo, hence the stick and its spur are proportionately larger. It is
+well to observe carefully the purport of the spur. A javelin, assegai,
+or other weapon hurled from the hand is seized in the center of gravity.
+The Greenland spears have the pegs for the throwing-stick sometimes at
+the center of gravity, sometimes at the butt end. In all other uses of
+the throwing-stick the point of support is behind the center of gravity,
+and if the weapon is not fastened in its groove it cannot be hurled.
+This fastening is accomplished by the backward leaning of the peg in the
+Greenland example, and by the spur on the distal end of the
+throwing-stick in all other cases.
+
+
+CUMBERLAND GULF TYPE.
+
+The Cumberland Gulf type is the clumsiest throwing-stick in the Museum,
+and Dr. Franz Boas recognizes it as a faithful sample of those in use
+throughout Baffin Land (Fig. 4).
+
+In general style it resembles Mr. Turner's specimens from Ungava; but
+every part is coarser and heavier. It is made of oak, probably obtained
+from a whaling vessel. Instead of the fiddle-head at the distal end we
+have a declined and thickened prolongation of the stick without
+ornament. There is no distinct handle, but provision is made for the
+thumb by a deep, sloping groove; for the index-finger by a perforation,
+and for the other three fingers by separate grooves. These give a
+splendid grip for the hunter, but the extraordinary width of the handle
+is certainly a disadvantage. There are two longitudinal grooves on the
+upper face; the principal one is squared to receive the rectangular
+shaft of the bird spear; the other is chipped out for the tips of the
+fingers, which do not reach across to the harpoon shaft, owing to the
+clumsy width of the throwing-stick. In this example, the hook for the
+end of the bird-spear shaft is the canine tooth of some animal driven
+into the wood at the distal end of the long-shaft groove.
+
+
+FURY AND HECLA STRAITS TYPE.
+
+In Parry's Second Voyage (p. 508) is described a throwing-stick of
+Igloolik, 18 inches long, grooved for the shaft of the bird-spear, and
+having a spike for the hole of the shaft, and a groove for the thumb and
+for the fingers. The index-finger hole is not mentioned, but more than
+probably it existed, since it is nowhere else wanting between Ungava and
+Cape Romanzoff in Alaska. This form, if properly described by Parry, is
+between the Ungava and the Cumberland Gulf specimen, having no kinship
+with the throwing-stick of Greenland. The National Museum should possess
+an example of throwing-stick from the Fury and Hecla Straits.
+
+
+ANDERSON RIVER TYPE.
+
+The Anderson River throwing-stick (and we should include the Mackenzie
+River district) is a very primitive affair in the National Museum, being
+only a tapering flat stick of hard wood (Fig. 5). Marks 2, 3, 4, 5, and
+6 are wanting. The index-finger cavity is large and eccentric and
+furnishes a firm hold. The shaft-groove is a rambling shallow slit, not
+over half an inch wide. There is no hook or spur of foreign material
+inserted for the spear end; but simply an excavation of the hard wood
+which furnishes an edge to catch a notch in the end of the dart. Only
+one specimen has been collected from this area for the National Museum;
+therefore it is unsafe to make it typical, but the form is so unique
+that it is well to notice that the throwing-stick in Eskimoland has its
+simplest form in the center and not in the extremities of its whole
+area. It is as yet unsafe to speculate concerning the origin of this
+implement. A rude form is as likely to be a degenerate son as to be the
+relic of a barbaric ancestry. Among the theories of origin respecting
+the Eskimo, that which claims for them a more southern habitat long ago
+is of great force. If, following retreating ice, they first struck the
+frozen ocean at the mouth of Mackenzie's River and then invented the
+kyak and the throwing-stick, thence we may follow both of these in two
+directions as they depart from a single source.
+
+
+POINT BARROW TYPE.
+
+Through the kindness of Mr. John Murdoch, I have examined a number from
+this locality, all alike, collected in the expedition of Lieutenant Ray,
+U.S.A. (Fig. 6). They are all of soft wood, and in general outline they
+resemble a tall amphora, bisected, or with a slice cut out of the middle
+longitudinally. There is a distinct "razor-strop" handle, while in those
+previously described the handle is scarcely distinct from the body.
+Marks 3, 4, 5, and 6 are wanting. The index-finger hole is very large
+and eccentric, forming the handle of the "amphora." The groove for the
+harpoon or spear-shaft commences opposite the index-finger cavity as a
+shallow depression, and deepens gradually to its other extremity, where
+the hook for the spear-shaft is formed by an ivory peg. This form is
+structurally almost the same as the Anderson River type, only it is much
+better finished.
+
+
+KOTZEBUE SOUND TYPE.
+
+The Kotzebue Sound type is an elongated truncated pyramid, or obelisk,
+fluted on all sides (Fig. 7). The handle is in the spiral shape so
+frequent in Eskimo skin-scrapers from Norton Sound and vicinity, and
+exactly fits the thumb and the last three fingers. Marks 5 and 6 are
+wanting. The index cavity is a _cul de sac_, into which the forefinger
+is to be hooked when the implement is in use. Especial attention is
+called to this characteristic because it occurs here for the first time
+and will not be seen again after we pass Cape Vancouver. From Ungava to
+Point Barrow the index-finger hole is eccentric and the finger passes
+quite through the implement and to the right of the harpoon or
+spear-shaft. In the Kotzebue type the index finger cavity is subjacent
+to the spear-shaft groove, consequently the forefinger would be wounded
+or at least in the way by passing through the stick. The spear or
+harpoon-shaft groove is wide and shallow and passes immediately over the
+index cavity. The hook is of ivory and stands up above the wood. It
+needs only to be mentioned that this type, as well as those with
+eccentric forefinger perforations are used with the naked hand.
+
+In the quarto volume of Beechey's Voyage, page 324, is mentioned a
+throwing-stick from Eschscholtz Bay, with a hole for the forefinger and
+a notch for the thumb, the spear being placed in the groove and embraced
+by the middle finger and the thumb. This last assertion is very
+important. When I first began to examine a large number of the
+implements, I could not explain the cavities for the finger-tips until
+this note suggested that the shaft rides outside of and not under the
+fingers. To test the matter I had a throwing-stick made to fit my hand,
+and found that the spear could get no start if clamped close to the
+throwing-stick by all the fingers; but if allowed to rest on the back of
+the fingers or a part of them, and it is held fast, by the thumb and
+middle finger, it had just that small rise which gave it a start from
+the propelling instrument.
+
+In the national collection is a specimen marked Russian America,
+collected by Commodore John Rodgers, resembling in many respects the
+Kotzebue Sound type. The handle is of the same razor-strop shape, but on
+the upper side are three deep depressions for the finger-tips. In
+several of the objects already described provision is made for the tips
+of the last three fingers by means of a gutter or slight indentations.
+But in no other examples is there such pronounced separation of the
+fingers. In very many of the Norton Sound skin-dressers, composed of a
+stone blade and ivory handle, the fingers are separated in exactly the
+same manner. These skin-dressers are from the area just south of
+Kotzebue Sound. The back of the Rodgers specimen is ornamented in its
+lower half by means of grooves. In its upper half are represented the
+legs and feet of some animal carved out in a graceful manner. The
+index-finger cavity is central and is seen on the upper side by a very
+slight rectangular perforation, which, however, does not admit the
+extrusion of any part of the index-finger. The upper surface is formed
+by two inclined planes meeting in the center. Along this central ridge
+is excavated the groove for the spear-shaft, deep at its lower end and
+quite running out at its upper extremity. The hook for the end of the
+harpoon-shaft in this specimen resembles that seen on the
+throwing-sticks of the region south of Cape Vancouver. The whole
+execution of this specimen is so much superior to that of any other in
+the Museum and the material so different as to create the suspicion that
+it was made by a white man, with steel tools (Fig 8).
+
+
+EASTERN SIBERIAN TYPE.
+
+The National Museum has no throwing-stick from this region, but
+Nordenskjöld figures one in the Voyage of Vega (p. 477, Fig. 5), which
+is as simple as the one from Anderson River, excepting that the former
+has a hook of ivory, while the latter has a mere excavation to receive
+the cavity on the end of the weapon. Nordenskjöld's bird-spear
+accompanying the stick has a bulb or enlargement of the shaft at the
+point opposite the handle of the throwing-stick, which is new to the
+collection of the National Museum. Indeed, a systematic study should now
+be made of the Siberian throwing-sticks to decide concerning the
+commercial relationships if not the consanguinities of the people of
+that region.
+
+
+PORT CLARENCE AND CAPE NOME TYPE.
+
+The specimens from this area are more or less spatulate in form, but
+very irregular, with the handle varying from that of the razor-strop to
+the spiral, twisted form of the Eskimo skin-scraper (Fig. 9). On the
+whole, these implements are quite similar to the next group. A section
+across the middle of the implement would be trapezoidal with incurved
+sides. In two of the specimens not figured these curved sides are
+brought upward until they join the upper surface, making a graceful
+ornament. The handles are not symmetrical, the sides for the thumb being
+shaved out so as to fit the muscles conveniently. Places for the fingers
+are provided thus: There is an index-finger cavity quite through the
+stick indeed, but the index-finger catches in the interior of the wood
+and does not pass through as in the eastern Arctic types. The middle
+finger rests against an ivory or wooden peg. This is the first
+appearance of this feature. It will be noted after this on all the
+throwing-sticks as the most prominent feature until we come to Kadiak,
+but the Unalashkans do not use it on their throwing-sticks. Cavities for
+the three last finger-tips are not always present, and the hooks at the
+distal ends for the extremities of the weapons are very large plugs of
+wood or ivory and have beveled edges rather than points for the
+reception of the butt end of the weapon to be thrown.
+
+
+NORTON SOUND TYPES.
+
+These types extend from Cape Darby around to Cape Dyer, including part
+of Kaviagmut, the Mahlemut, the Unaligmut, and the Ekogmut area of Dall,
+and extending up the Yukon River as far as the Eskimo, who use this
+weapon. The characteristics are the same as those of the last named
+area, excepting that in many specimens there are two finger-pegs instead
+of one, the first peg inclosing the middle finger, the second the
+ring-finger and the little finger (Figs. 10-13). A single specimen
+collected by Lucien Turner at Saint Michael's has no index cavity, the
+forefinger resting on the first peg and the other three fingers passing
+between this and the outer peg (Fig. 14). Another specimen of Nelson's,
+marked Sabotinsky, has the index-finger cavity and one finger-peg. The
+finger-tip cavity on the upper surface of the handle forms the figure of
+a water-bird, in which the heart is connected with the mouth by a curved
+line, just as in the pictography of the more southern Indians.
+
+The Yukon River Eskimo use a throwing-stick quite similar to the Norton
+Sound type. The characteristics are very pronounced. Thumb-groove deep,
+index-finger cavity so long as to include the first joint. The hook for
+the spear-end formed by the edge of a plug of hard wood. The middle
+finger is separated by a deep groove and peg. The ring and little finger
+are inclosed by the peg and a sharp projection at the upper end of the
+handle.
+
+
+NUNIVAK ISLAND AND CAPE VANCOUVER TYPE.
+
+In this region a great change comes over the throwing-stick, just as
+though it had been stopped by Cape Romanzoff, or new game had called for
+modification, or a mixing of new peoples had modified their tools (Figs.
+15-17). The index-finger cavity and the hole for the index finger are
+here dropped entirely, after extending from Greenland uninterruptedly to
+Cape Romanzoff. The handle is conspicuously wide, while the body of the
+implement is very slender and light. The thumb-groove is usually
+chamfered out very thoroughly so as to fit the flexor muscle
+conveniently. There are frequently finger-grooves and finger-tip
+cavities in addition to the pegs. The cavity for the index finger having
+disappeared, provision is made for that important part of the hand by a
+separate peg and groove. The middle finger is also pegged off, and the
+last two fingers have to shift for themselves. The hook for the shaft of
+the weapon has a fine point like a little bead, the whole implement
+being adapted to the light seal-harpoon darts. Mr. Dall collected a
+large number of two-pegged sticks from Nunivak Island and four
+three-pegged sticks labeled the same. Mr. Nelson also collected four
+three-pegged sticks, but labels them Kushunuk; Cape Vancouver, on the
+mainland opposite Nunivak (Fig. 17). In these three-pegged sticks the
+ring-finger and the little finger are inclosed together. This should be
+compared with Mr. Turner's Saint Michael specimen, in which the last
+three fingers are inclosed together (Fig. 14). It remains to be seen and
+is worthy of investigation whether crossing a narrow channel would add a
+peg to the throwing-stick. One of these Nunivak specimens is
+left-handed.
+
+
+BRISTOL BAY TYPE.
+
+The throwing-stick from Bristol Bay resembles in general characteristics
+those from Nunivak Island and Cape Vancouver. In outline it has the
+shape of the broadsword. Its cross-section is bayonet-shaped. It has no
+distinct handle beyond a slight projection from the end. The
+thumb-groove is shallow and chamfered on the lower side to fit exactly.
+There is a long, continuous notch for the four fingers, in which the
+index finger and the middle finger are set off by pegs. There is a
+depression, more or less profound, to receive the tips of the fingers.
+The groove for the harpoon or spear-shaft is at the lower extremity and
+runs out entirely near the index finger. The ivory plug at its lower
+extremity is beveled to receive a notch in the end of the spear or
+harpoon shaft (Figs. 18-19).
+
+A freshly-made implement, looking as if cut out by machinery, resembling
+closely those just described, is labeled Kadiak. The constant traffic
+between Bristol Bay and Kadiak, across the Alaskan peninsula, may
+account for the great similarity of these implements. Furthermore, since
+the natives in this region and southward have been engaged for more than
+a century in fur-sealing for the whites, there is not the slightest
+doubt that implements made by whites have been introduced and slightly
+modified by the wearer to fit his hand.
+
+
+KADIAK OR UNALASHKA TYPE.
+
+In the National Museum are four throwing-sticks, one of them
+left-handed, exactly alike--two of them marked Kadiak and two Unalashka
+(Figs. 20-22). They return to the more primitive type of the area from
+Kotzebue Sound to Greenland, indicating that the implement culminated in
+Norton Sound. In outline this southern form is thin and straight-sided,
+and those in possession are all of hard wood. The back is carved in
+ridges to fit the palm of the hand and muscles of the thumb. There is no
+thumb-groove, the eccentric index-finger hole of the Northern and
+Eastern Eskimo is present in place of the central cavity of the area
+from Kotzebue Sound to Cape Vancouver, and there is a slight groove for
+the middle finger. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The shaft-groove is very
+slight, even at its lower extremity, and runs out in a few inches toward
+the handle. The hook for the end of the weapon resembles that of
+Nunivak, but is more rounded at the point. Of the Eskimo of Prince
+William Sound, the extreme southern area of the Eskimo on the Pacific,
+Captain Cook says, in the narrative of his last voyage: "Their longer
+darts are thrown by means of a piece of wood about a foot long, with a
+small groove in the middle which receives the dart. At the bottom is a
+hole for the reception of one finger, which enables them to grasp the
+piece of wood much firmer and to throw with greater force." Captain
+Cook's implement corresponds exactly to the specimens just described and
+renders it probable that this thin, parallel-sided, shallow-grooved
+throwing-stick, with index-finger hole placed at one side of the
+spear-shaft groove, extended all along the southern border of Eskimoland
+as far as the Aleuts of Unalashka and Attoo. In addition to the
+information furnished by the specimens in hand, Dr. Stejneger describes
+a similar stick in use in the island of Attoo. On the contrary, Mr.
+Elliott assures me that Aleutian fur-sealers of Pribylov Island use
+throwing-sticks precisely similar to those of Norton Sound and Nunivak.
+
+This list might be extended further by reference to authorities, but
+that is from the purpose of this article and the series of ethnological
+papers commenced in this volume. The most perfect throwing-stick of all
+is that of the Mahlemut, in Norton Sound, in which are present the
+handle, thumb-groove, finger-grooves, and pegs, cavities for the
+finger-tips, index finger cavity, shaft-groove, and hook for the
+harpoon. In short, all the characteristics present on the rest are
+combined here.
+
+Classifications of these implements may be varied according to the organ
+selected. As to the hook for the attachment of the weapon, in Greenland
+this is on the shaft, in all other parts of the world it is on the
+throwing-stick. As to the index finger, there is for its reception, from
+Point Barrow to Greenland, an eccentric hole quite through which the
+finger passes. From Kotzebue Sound to Norton Sound there is a central
+pocket on the back of the weapon, directly under the groove, for the
+shaft of the weapon to receive the index finger. From Cape Vancouver to
+Bristol Bay an ivory or wooden peg serves this purpose. At Kadiak and
+Unalashka the eccentric index-finger hole returns.
+
+It is more than probable that further investigation will destroy some of
+the types herein enumerated or merge two more of them into one; but it
+will not destroy the fact that in changing from one environment to
+another the hyperboreans were driven to modify their throwing-stick.
+
+A still more interesting inquiry is that concerning the origin of the
+implement. It is hardly to be supposed that the simplest type, that of
+Anderson River, was invented at once in its present form, for the
+Australian form is ruder still, having neither hole for the index finger
+nor groove for the weapon shaft. When we recall that the chief benefit
+conferred by the throwing-stick is the ability to grasp firmly and
+launch truly a greasy weapon from a cold hand, we naturally ask, have
+the Eskimo any other device for the same purpose? They have. On the
+shaft of the light-seal harpoon, thrown without the stick, and on the
+heavy, ivory-weighted walrus-harpoon-shaft an ivory hand-rest is lashed
+just behind the center of gravity. This little object is often
+beautifully carved and prevents effectually the hand from slipping on
+the shaft, even with the greatest lunge of the hunter. From this object
+to the throwing-stick the way may be long and crooked, or there may be
+no way at all. So far as the National Museum is concerned there is
+nothing to guide us over this waste of ignorance.
+
+
+THROWING-STICKS IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
+
+
+------+------------------------------------------+----------------------
+No.   | Locality.                                | Collector.
+------+------------------------------------------+----------------------
+32995 | Norton's Sound, Alaska                   | E.W. Nelson.
+30013 | Cumberland Gulf                          | W.A. Mintzner, U.S.N.
+33942 | Norton's Sound, Alaska                   | E.W. Nelson.
+33897 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+33960 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+24336 | Saint Michael's Sound, Alaska            | Lucien M. Turner.
+24337 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+24338 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+46052 | Port Clarence, Alaska                    | W.H. Dall.
+46053 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+49036 | Rasbonisky, L. Yukon                     | E.W. Nelson.
+38849 | Yukon River                              |     Do.
+38605 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+36014 | Kushunuk, Sabotnisky, Alaska             |     Do.
+36018 | Kuskunuk, Alaska                         |     Do.
+49001 | Sabotnisky, Alaska                       |     Do.
+49002 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+73327 | Unalashka                                | Catlin.
+ 2267 | Anderson River                           | R. Kennicott.
+90467 | Ugashak                                  | William J. Fisher.
+44392 | Cape Nome, Alaska                        | E.W. Nelson.
+72519 | Cook's Inlet                             | William J. Fisher.
+16242 | Nunivak Island, Alaska                   | W.H. Dall.
+16238 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+74126 | Holsteinberg, Greenland                  | George Merchant, jr.
+12981 | Unalashka                                | W.H. Dall.
+89901 | Point Barrow, Alaska                     | Lieut. P.H. Ray.
+38669 | Chalitmut                                | E.W. Nelson.
+24335 | Saint Michael's, Norton's Sound, Alaska  | Lucien M. Turner.
+33914 |     do.                                  | E.W. Nelson.
+ 7933 | Kadiak Island, Alaska                    | Dr. T.T. Minor, U.S.R.M.
+36013 | Sabotnisky, Alaska                       | E.W. Nelson.
+72398 | Bristol Bay, Alaska                      | Charles L. McKay.
+16244 | Nunivak Island, Alaska                   | W.H. Dall.
+11346 | Bristol Bay, Alaska                      | Vincent Colyer.
+16235 | Kotzebue Sound, Alaska                   | E.P. Herenden.
+15641 | Nunivak, Alaska                          | W.H. Dall.
+16237 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+16239 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+16076 | Unalashka, Aleutian Islands              | Sylvanus Bailey.
+15647 | Nunivak, Alaska                          | W.H. Dall.
+15645 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+16236 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+15642 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+15646 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+------+------------------------------------------+----------------------
+
+
+PLATE I.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 1. Eskimo launching a seal harpoon by means of the
+throwing-stick. Mr. John Murdoch states that the hand is held much lower
+by the Point Barrow Eskimo, the harpoon resting as low as the shoulder,
+and that the movement of throwing the harpoon is quick, as in casting a
+fly in fishing.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Eskimo using the throwing-stick.]
+
+
+PLATE II.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 2. Greenland type of throwing-stick. The specific
+characteristics are the broad form; the scanty grooves for thumb and
+fingers; the absence of pegs, separate finger grooves, or index
+perforation; but the most noteworthy are the two grommets or eyelets to
+fit ivory pegs on the harpoon-shaft. The peculiar method of
+strengthening the ends with ivory pieces should also be noted. From
+Holsteinburg, Greenland, 1884. Catalogue number, 74126.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Greenland throwing-stick, back and
+front.]
+
+
+PLATE III.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 3. Ungava type of throwing-stick. The specific marks are
+the general outline, especially the fiddle-head ornament at the bottom;
+the bend upward at the lower extremity, the eccentric perforation for
+the index finger, and the groove for three fingers. Collected at Ungava,
+by Lucien M. Turner, 1884. Museum number, 76700.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. Ungava throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE IV.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 4. Cumberland Gulf type of throwing-stick. The specific
+marks are the broad clumsy form, the separate provision for the thumb
+and each finger, the bent lower extremity, and the broad furrow for the
+bird-spear. Accidental marks are the mending of the handle, the material
+of the stick, and the canine tooth for the spur at the bottom of the
+square groove. Collected in Cumberland Gulf, by W.A. Mintzer, in 1876.
+Museum number, 30013.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4. Cumberland Gulf throwing-stick, back and
+front.]
+
+
+PLATE V.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 5. Anderson River type. The specific marks are the extreme
+plainness of form, the lack of accommodations for the thumb and fingers,
+excepting the eccentric index-finger hole, the poor groove for the
+harpoon-shaft, and the absence of a hook or spur at the bottom of this
+groove. The accidental marks are cuts running diagonally across the
+back. In another specimen seen from the same locality the shaft groove
+is squared after the manner of the Cumberland Gulf type. Collected at
+the mouth of Anderson River, by R. Kennicott, in 1866. Museum number,
+2267.
+
+Fig. 6. Point Barrow type. The specific marks are the distinct
+handle without finger grooves, the very eccentric index-finger hole, the
+method of inserting the spur for the shaft, and the harpoon-shaft groove
+very shallow above and deep below. In the specimens shown by Mr. Murdoch
+there is great uniformity of shape. Collected at Point Barrow, by Lieut.
+P.H. Ray, in 1883. Museum number, 89902.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. Anderson River throwing-stick, front and
+back.
+Fig. 6. Point Barrow throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE VI.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 7. Kotzebue Sound type. The specific marks are the twisted
+handle, the broad shallow shaft groove, and, notably, the pocket for the
+index-finger tip-visible on the lower side, but nearly absent from the
+upper side, and lying directly under the shaft groove. In the examples
+before noted all the holes for the index finger are to one side of this
+shaft groove. Collected in Kotzebue Sound, by E.P. Herendeen, in 1874.
+Museum number, 16235.
+
+Fig. 8. The Rodgers type, so called because the locality is
+doubtful. In specific characters it resembles Fig. 7. The differences
+are the three cavities for finger tips in the handle, the shaft groove
+very shallow and running out before reaching the index-finger cavity,
+and the delicate hook for the spear shaft resembling those farther
+south. Since writing this paper two throwing-sticks from Sitka have been
+seen in many respects resembling this form, but covered all over their
+surfaces with characteristic Thlinkit mythological figures, and having
+iron hooks at the lower end of the shaft groove. Collected by Commodore
+John Rodgers, in 1867. Museum number, 2533.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 7. Kotzebue Sound throwing-stick, front and
+back.
+Fig. 8. The Commodore Rodgers throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE VII.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 9. The Port Clarence and Cape Nome type. The notable
+characteristics are the occurrence of an ivory peg in the handle for the
+middle finger, the very small size of the handle, and the central
+index-finger pocket central in position but quite piercing the stick.
+Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Cape Nome, in 1880. Museum number, 44392.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 9. Port Clarence and Cape Nome
+throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE VIII.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 10. Norton Sound type, single-pegged variety. Except in
+the better finish, this type resembles the one last described. Collected
+by L.M. Turner, at Saint Michael's Island, in 1876. Museum number,
+24338.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 10. Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and
+back.]
+
+
+PLATE IX.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 11. Norton Sound type, two-pegged variety. In all
+respects, excepting the number of pegs, this resembles Figs. 9 and 10.
+In all of them the peg at the bottom of the groove is very clumsy.
+Collected in Norton Sound, by E.W. Nelson, in 1878. Museum number,
+32995.
+
+Fig. 12. Throwing-stick from Sabotnisky, on the Lower Yukon. It
+belongs to the Norton Sound type. The cavity on the upper side of the
+handle for the finger-tips is remarkable for the carving of a bird
+resembling figures seen on objects made by the Western Indians of the
+United States. Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Sabotnisky, in 1879. Museum
+number, 36013.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 11. Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and
+back.
+Fig. 12. Sabotnisky throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE X.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 13. Specimen from Yukon River, belonging to the Northern
+Sound one-pegged variety. Collected by E.W. Nelson, in 1879. Museum
+number, 38849.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 13. Yukon River throwing-stick, front and
+back.]
+
+
+PLATE XI.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 14. Throwing-stick from Saint Michael's. This specimen is
+very noteworthy on account of the absence of the index-finger pocket, a
+mark characteristic of the Vancouver type, Fig. 17. If the middle peg of
+the Vancouver example were removed the resemblance would be close, but
+the clumsy spur at the bottom of the shaft groove is Norton Sound rather
+than Nunivak. Collected by Lucien M. Turner, at Saint Michael's, in
+1876. Museum number, 24335.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 14. Saint Michael's throwing-stick, front
+and back.]
+
+
+PLATE XII.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 15. Nunivak type. The characteristic marks are the absence
+of any cavity for the index finger, the nicely-fitting handle, the
+disposition of the finger-pegs, and the delicate point on the ivory spur
+at the bottom of the shaft groove. Collected by W.H. Dall, at Nunivak
+Island, in 1874. Museum number, 16239. (This specimen is left-handed.)
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 15. Nunivak Island throwing-stick, front
+and back, left-handed.]
+
+
+PLATE XIII.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 16. Specimen from Nunivak, right-handed. The cuts on the
+front and back are noteworthy. Collected by W.H. Dall, at Nunivak
+Island, in 1874. Museum number, 16238.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 16. Nunivak Island throwing-stick, front
+and back.]
+
+
+PLATE XIV.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 17. Specimen from Cape Vancouver. In all respects it is
+like those of Nunivak, excepting a peg-rest for the little finger.
+Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Cape Vancouver, in 1879. Museum number,
+38669.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 17. Cape Vancouver throwing-stick, front
+and back.]
+
+
+PLATE XV.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Figs. 18, 19. Bristol Bay type. In no essential characters do
+these sticks differ from those of Nunivak. The handle is smaller, and
+they appear to have been made with steel tools. Fig. 18 collected by
+C.L. McKay, at Bristol Bay, Alaska, in 1883. Museum number, 72398. Fig.
+19 collected by William J. Fisher, at Kadiak, in 1884. Museum number,
+90467.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 18. Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and
+back.
+Fig. 19. Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE XVI.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 20. Unalashkan throwing-stick. It would be better to call
+this form the Southern type. The noticeable features in all our
+specimens are the parallel sides, the hard material, thinness, the
+carving for the fingers, but above all the reappearance of the eccentric
+cavity for the index finger. This cavity is not a great perforation, as
+in the Point Barrow type, but an eccentric pocket, a compromise between
+the Northern cavity and that of the East. Collected by Sylvanus Bailey,
+at Unalashka, in 1874. Museum number, 16076.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 20. Unalashkan throwing-stick, front and
+back.]
+
+
+PLATE XVII.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Figs. 21, 22. Throwing-sticks of the Southern type. Fig. 21 is
+left-handed, collected by Dr. T.T. Minor, at Kadiak, in 1869. Museum
+number, 7933. Fig. 22 collected by W.H. Dall, at Unalashka, in 1873.
+Museum number, 12981. At Sitka two specimens were collected,
+unfortunately not figured, with the following characters laid down in
+the beginning of this paper: 1. Short, very narrow and deep, and carved
+all over with devices. 2. No handle distinct from the body. 3, 4, 5, 6.
+All wanting. 7. The index-finger cavity is near the center of the back,
+very like a thimble. Indeed this is a very striking feature. 8. The
+shaft groove occupies only the lower half of the upper surface. 9. The
+spur for the end of the weapon shaft is a long piece of iron like a
+knife-blade driven into the wood, with the edge toward the weapon
+shaft.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 21. Kadiak throwing-stick, front and back,
+left handed.
+Fig. 22. Unalashkan throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Typographical errors corrected in text:
+
+Page 282: "not fastened in its groove in cannot be hurled." changed to
+          "not fastened in its groove it cannot be hurled."
+Page 286: Sabotinsky replaced with Sabotnisky.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Throwing-sticks in the National Museum, by 
+Otis T. Mason
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Throwing-sticks in the National Museum, by Otis T. Mason
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Throwing-sticks in the National Museum
+       Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the
+              Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-'84,
+              Government Printing Office, Washington, 1890, pages 279-289
+
+Author: Otis T. Mason
+
+Release Date: January 25, 2006 [EBook #17606]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THROWING-STICKS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by A www.PGDP.net Volunteer, Suzanne Lybarger,
+Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by the Canadian Institute for
+Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p>
+<br />
+<p class="noin">A number of obvious typographical errors have been corrected in this text.<br />
+For a complete list, please see the <a href="#TN">bottom of this document</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h2>SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.</h2>
+<h3>UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.</h3>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<h1>THROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL <br />MUSEUM.</h1>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<h2>OTIS T. MASON,</h2>
+<h4><i>Curator of the Department of Ethnology</i></h4>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<h5>From the Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-'84,<br />
+Part II, pages 279-289, and plates I-XVII</h5>
+<br />
+<h5>WASHINGTON:<br />
+GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.<br />
+1890.</h5>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>
+<h2>I.&mdash;THROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.</h2>
+
+<h3>By <span class="sc">Otis T. Mason</span>.</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>Col. Lane Fox tells us there are three areas of the throwing-stick:
+Australia, where it is simply an elongated spindle with a hook at the
+end; the country of the Conibos and the Purus, on the Upper Amazon,
+where the implement resembles that of the Australians, and the
+hyperborean regions of North America.</p>
+
+<p>It is of this last group that we shall now speak, since the National
+Museum possesses only two specimens from the first-named area and none
+whatever from the second.</p>
+
+<p>The researches and collections of Bessels, Turner, Boas, Hall, Mintzner,
+Kennicott, Ray, Murdoch, Nelson, Herendeen, and Dall, to all of whom I
+acknowledge my obligations, enable me to compare widely separated
+regions of the hyperborean area, and to distinguish these regions by the
+details in the structure of the throwing-stick.</p>
+
+<p>The method of holding the throwing-stick is indicated in Fig. 1 by a
+drawing of H.W. Elliott. The Eskimo is just in the act of launching the
+light seal harpoon. The barbed point will fasten itself into the animal,
+detach itself from the ivory foreshaft, and unwind the rawhide or sinew
+line, which is securely tied to both ends of the light wooden shaft by a
+martingale device. The heavy ivory foreshaft will cause the shaft to
+assume an upright position in the water, and the whole will act as a
+drag to impede the progress of the game. The same idea of impeding
+progress and of retrieving is carried out by a multitude of devices not
+necessary to mention here.</p>
+
+<p>The Eskimo spend much time in their skin kyaks, from which it would be
+difficult to launch an arrow from a bow, or a harpoon from the unsteady,
+cold, and greasy hand. This device of the throwing-stick, therefore, is
+the substitute for the bow or the sling, to be used in the kyak, by a
+people who cannot procure the proper materials for a heavier
+lance-shaft, or at least whose environment is prejudicial to the use of
+such a weapon. Just as soon as we pass Mount St. Elias going southward,
+the throwing-stick, plus the spear or dart of the Eskimo and the Aleut,
+gives place to the harpoon with a long, heavy, cedar shaft, weighing 15
+or 20 pounds, whose momentum from both hands of the Indian, without the
+throw-stick, exceeds that of the Eskimo and Aleut darts <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>and harpoons,
+with the additional velocity imparted by the throwing-stick. It must not
+be forgotten, also, that the kyak is a very frail, unsteady thing, and
+therefore not much of the momentum of the body can be utilized, as it is
+by the Northwest Indians in making a lunge with a heavy shaft. The
+throwing-stick is also said by some arctic voyagers to be useful in
+giving directness of aim. Perhaps no other savage device comes so near
+in this respect to a gun barrel or the groove of a bow-gun. Its greatest
+advantages, however, are the firm grip which it gives in handling a
+harpoon or dart, and the longer time which it permits the hunter to
+apply the force of his arm to the propulsion of his weapon. Having
+practiced with a throwing-stick somewhat, I have imagined also that
+there was a certain amount of leverage acquired by the particular method
+of holding the stick and straightening the arm, as in a toggle joint.
+That implement, which seems so simple, and which is usually mentioned
+and dismissed in a word, possesses several marks or organs, which help
+to distinguish the locality in which each form occurs, as well as to
+define the associations of the implement as regards the weapon thrown
+from it and the game pursued. These marks are:</p>
+
+<p>1. Shape, or general outline in face and side view, and size.</p>
+
+<p>2. Handle, the part grasped in the hand.</p>
+
+<p>3. Thumb-groove or thumb-lock, provision for the firm and comfortable
+insertion of the phalanx and ball of the thumb.</p>
+
+<p>4. Finger-grooves, provision for each finger according to its use in the
+manipulation of the implement.</p>
+
+<p>5. Finger-pegs, little plugs of wood or ivory to give more certain grip
+for the fingers and to prevent their slipping. The devices for the
+fingers are the more necessary where the hands are cold and everything
+is covered with grease.</p>
+
+<p>6. Finger-tip cavities, excavations on the front face of the implement,
+into which the tips of the three last fingers descend to assist in
+grasping and to afford a rest on the back of these fingers for the
+weapon shaft.</p>
+
+<p>7. Index-finger cavity or hole, provision for the insertion of the index
+finger, which plays a very important part in the use of the
+throwing-stick.</p>
+
+<p>8. Spear shaft groove, in which the shaft of the weapon lies, as an
+arrow or bolt in the groove of a bow-gun.</p>
+
+<p>9. Hook or spur, provision for seizing the butt end of the weapon while
+it is being launched. These may be ridges left in the wood by
+excavation, or pieces of wood, bone, ivory, &amp;c., inserted. The size and
+shape of this part, and the manner of insertion, are also worthy of
+notice.</p>
+
+<p>10. Edges: this feature is allied to the form and not to the function of
+the implement.</p>
+
+<p>11. Faces: upper, on which the weapon rests; lower, into which the index
+finger is inserted.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>The figures illustrating this article are drawn to a scale indicated by
+inch marks in the margin, every dot on the line standing for an inch.</p>
+
+<p>By the presence or absence, by the number or the shape of some of these
+marks or structural characteristics, the type and locality can be easily
+detected. The Eskimo have everywhere bows and arrows for land hunting,
+the former made of several pieces of bone lashed together, or of a piece
+of driftwood lashed and re-enforced with sinew. The arrows are of
+endless variety.</p>
+
+<p>It should also be noticed that the kind of game and the season of the
+year, the shape and size of the spear accompanying the stick, and the
+bare or gloved hand, are all indicated by language expressed in various
+parts of this wonderful throwing-stick.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>GREENLAND TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>The Greenland throwing-stick is a long, flat trapezoid, slightly ridged
+along the back (Fig. 2). It has no distinct handle at the wide end,
+although it will be readily seen that the expanding of this part secures
+a firm grip. A chamfered groove on one side for the thumb, and a smaller
+groove on the other side for the index finger, insure the implement
+against slipping from the hunter's grasp. Marks 5, 6, 7 of the series on
+page 280 are wanting in the Greenland type. The shaft-groove, in which
+lies the shaft of the great harpoon, is wide, deep, and rounded at the
+bottom. There is no hook, as in all the other types, to fit the end of
+the harpoon shaft, but in its stead are two holes, one in the front end
+of the shaft-groove, between the thumb-groove and the finger-groove,
+with an ivory eyelet or grommet for a lining, the other at the distal
+end of the shaft-groove, in the ivory piece which is ingeniously
+inserted there to form that extremity. This last-mentioned hole is not
+cylindrical like the one in front, but is so constructed as to allow the
+shaft-peg to slide off easily. These holes exactly fit two ivory pegs
+projecting from the harpoon shaft. When the hunter has taken his
+throwing-stick in his hand he lays his harpoon shaft upon it so that the
+pegs will fall in the two little holes of the stick. By a sudden jerk of
+his hand the harpoon is thrown forward and released, the pegs drawing
+out of the holes in the stick. At the front end of the throwing-stick a
+narrow piece of ivory is pegged to prevent splitting. As before
+intimated, this type of throwing-stick is radically different from all
+others in its adjustment to the pegs on the heavy harpoon. In all other
+examples in the world the hook or spur is on the stick and not on the
+weapon.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>UNGAVA TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>One specimen from Fort Chimo in this region, southeast of Hudson Bay,
+kindly lent by Mr. Lucien Turner, is very interesting, having little
+relation with that from Greenland (which is so near geographically), and
+connecting itself with all the other types as far as Kadiak, in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>Alaska
+(Fig. 3). The outline of the implement is quite elaborate and
+symmetrical, resembling at the hook end a fiddle-head, and widening
+continuously by lateral and facial curves to the front, where it is thin
+and flat. A slight rounded notch for the thumb, and a longer chamfer for
+three fingers, form the handle. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The cavity
+for the index finger extends quite through the implement, as it does in
+all cases where it is on the side of the harpoon-shaft groove, and not
+directly under it. The shaft groove is shallow, and the hook at the
+lower extremity is formed by a piece of ivory inserted in a parallel
+groove in the fiddle-head and fastened with pegs. It is as though a
+saw-cut one-eighth inch wide had been made longitudinally through the
+fiddle-head and one-half inch beyond, and the space had been filled with
+a plate of ivory pared down flush with the wood all round, excepting at
+the projection left to form the hook or spur for the harpoon shaft. This
+peg or spur fits in a small hole in the butt of the harpoon or spear
+shaft and serves to keep the weapon in its place until it is launched
+from the hand. The Ungava spear is heavier than that of the western
+Eskimo, hence the stick and its spur are proportionately larger. It is
+well to observe carefully the purport of the spur. A javelin, assegai,
+or other weapon hurled from the hand is seized in the center of gravity.
+The Greenland spears have the pegs for the throwing-stick sometimes at
+the center of gravity, sometimes at the butt end. In all other uses of
+the throwing-stick the point of support is behind the center of gravity,
+and if the weapon is not fastened in its groove it cannot be hurled.
+This fastening is accomplished by the backward leaning of the peg in the
+Greenland example, and by the spur on the distal end of the
+throwing-stick in all other cases.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>CUMBERLAND GULF TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>The Cumberland Gulf type is the clumsiest throwing-stick in the Museum,
+and Dr. Franz Boas recognizes it as a faithful sample of those in use
+throughout Baffin Land (Fig. 4).</p>
+
+<p>In general style it resembles Mr. Turner's specimens from Ungava; but
+every part is coarser and heavier. It is made of oak, probably obtained
+from a whaling vessel. Instead of the fiddle-head at the distal end we
+have a declined and thickened prolongation of the stick without
+ornament. There is no distinct handle, but provision is made for the
+thumb by a deep, sloping groove; for the index-finger by a perforation,
+and for the other three fingers by separate grooves. These give a
+splendid grip for the hunter, but the extraordinary width of the handle
+is certainly a disadvantage. There are two longitudinal grooves on the
+upper face; the principal one is squared to receive the rectangular
+shaft of the bird spear; the other is chipped out for the tips of the
+fingers, which do not reach across to the harpoon shaft, owing to the
+clumsy width of the throwing-stick. In this example, the hook for the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>end of the bird-spear shaft is the canine tooth of some animal driven
+into the wood at the distal end of the long-shaft groove.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>FURY AND HECLA STRAITS TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>In Parry's Second Voyage (p. 508) is described a throwing-stick of
+Igloolik, 18 inches long, grooved for the shaft of the bird-spear, and
+having a spike for the hole of the shaft, and a groove for the thumb and
+for the fingers. The index-finger hole is not mentioned, but more than
+probably it existed, since it is nowhere else wanting between Ungava and
+Cape Romanzoff in Alaska. This form, if properly described by Parry, is
+between the Ungava and the Cumberland Gulf specimen, having no kinship
+with the throwing-stick of Greenland. The National Museum should possess
+an example of throwing-stick from the Fury and Hecla Straits.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>ANDERSON RIVER TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>The Anderson River throwing-stick (and we should include the Mackenzie
+River district) is a very primitive affair in the National Museum, being
+only a tapering flat stick of hard wood (Fig. 5). Marks 2, 3, 4, 5, and
+6 are wanting. The index-finger cavity is large and eccentric and
+furnishes a firm hold. The shaft-groove is a rambling shallow slit, not
+over half an inch wide. There is no hook or spur of foreign material
+inserted for the spear end; but simply an excavation of the hard wood
+which furnishes an edge to catch a notch in the end of the dart. Only
+one specimen has been collected from this area for the National Museum;
+therefore it is unsafe to make it typical, but the form is so unique
+that it is well to notice that the throwing-stick in Eskimoland has its
+simplest form in the center and not in the extremities of its whole
+area. It is as yet unsafe to speculate concerning the origin of this
+implement. A rude form is as likely to be a degenerate son as to be the
+relic of a barbaric ancestry. Among the theories of origin respecting
+the Eskimo, that which claims for them a more southern habitat long ago
+is of great force. If, following retreating ice, they first struck the
+frozen ocean at the mouth of Mackenzie's River and then invented the
+kyak and the throwing-stick, thence we may follow both of these in two
+directions as they depart from a single source.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>POINT BARROW TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>Through the kindness of Mr. John Murdoch, I have examined a number from
+this locality, all alike, collected in the expedition of Lieutenant Ray,
+U.S.A. (Fig. 6). They are all of soft wood, and in general outline they
+resemble a tall amphora, bisected, or with a slice cut out of the middle
+longitudinally. There is a distinct "razor-strop" handle, while in those
+previously described the handle is scarcely distinct from the body.
+Marks 3, 4, 5, and 6 are wanting. The index-finger hole is very large
+and eccentric, forming the handle of the "amphora." The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>groove for the
+harpoon or spear-shaft commences opposite the index-finger cavity as a
+shallow depression, and deepens gradually to its other extremity, where
+the hook for the spear-shaft is formed by an ivory peg. This form is
+structurally almost the same as the Anderson River type, only it is much
+better finished.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>KOTZEBUE SOUND TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>The Kotzebue Sound type is an elongated truncated pyramid, or obelisk,
+fluted on all sides (Fig. 7). The handle is in the spiral shape so
+frequent in Eskimo skin-scrapers from Norton Sound and vicinity, and
+exactly fits the thumb and the last three fingers. Marks 5 and 6 are
+wanting. The index cavity is a <i>cul de sac</i>, into which the forefinger
+is to be hooked when the implement is in use. Especial attention is
+called to this characteristic because it occurs here for the first time
+and will not be seen again after we pass Cape Vancouver. From Ungava to
+Point Barrow the index-finger hole is eccentric and the finger passes
+quite through the implement and to the right of the harpoon or
+spear-shaft. In the Kotzebue type the index finger cavity is subjacent
+to the spear-shaft groove, consequently the forefinger would be wounded
+or at least in the way by passing through the stick. The spear or
+harpoon-shaft groove is wide and shallow and passes immediately over the
+index cavity. The hook is of ivory and stands up above the wood. It
+needs only to be mentioned that this type, as well as those with
+eccentric forefinger perforations are used with the naked hand.</p>
+
+<p>In the quarto volume of Beechey's Voyage, page 324, is mentioned a
+throwing-stick from Eschscholtz Bay, with a hole for the forefinger and
+a notch for the thumb, the spear being placed in the groove and embraced
+by the middle finger and the thumb. This last assertion is very
+important. When I first began to examine a large number of the
+implements, I could not explain the cavities for the finger-tips until
+this note suggested that the shaft rides outside of and not under the
+fingers. To test the matter I had a throwing-stick made to fit my hand,
+and found that the spear could get no start if clamped close to the
+throwing-stick by all the fingers; but if allowed to rest on the back of
+the fingers or a part of them, and it is held fast, by the thumb and
+middle finger, it had just that small rise which gave it a start from
+the propelling instrument.</p>
+
+<p>In the national collection is a specimen marked Russian America,
+collected by Commodore John Rodgers, resembling in many respects the
+Kotzebue Sound type. The handle is of the same razor-strop shape, but on
+the upper side are three deep depressions for the finger-tips. In
+several of the objects already described provision is made for the tips
+of the last three fingers by means of a gutter or slight indentations.
+But in no other examples is there such pronounced separation of the
+fingers. In very many of the Norton Sound skin-dressers, composed of a
+stone blade and ivory handle, the fingers are separated in exactly <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>the
+same manner. These skin-dressers are from the area just south of
+Kotzebue Sound. The back of the Rodgers specimen is ornamented in its
+lower half by means of grooves. In its upper half are represented the
+legs and feet of some animal carved out in a graceful manner. The
+index-finger cavity is central and is seen on the upper side by a very
+slight rectangular perforation, which, however, does not admit the
+extrusion of any part of the index-finger. The upper surface is formed
+by two inclined planes meeting in the center. Along this central ridge
+is excavated the groove for the spear-shaft, deep at its lower end and
+quite running out at its upper extremity. The hook for the end of the
+harpoon-shaft in this specimen resembles that seen on the
+throwing-sticks of the region south of Cape Vancouver. The whole
+execution of this specimen is so much superior to that of any other in
+the Museum and the material so different as to create the suspicion that
+it was made by a white man, with steel tools (Fig 8).</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>EASTERN SIBERIAN TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>The National Museum has no throwing-stick from this region, but
+Nordenskj&ouml;ld figures one in the Voyage of Vega (p. 477, Fig. 5), which
+is as simple as the one from Anderson River, excepting that the former
+has a hook of ivory, while the latter has a mere excavation to receive
+the cavity on the end of the weapon. Nordenskj&ouml;ld's bird-spear
+accompanying the stick has a bulb or enlargement of the shaft at the
+point opposite the handle of the throwing-stick, which is new to the
+collection of the National Museum. Indeed, a systematic study should now
+be made of the Siberian throwing-sticks to decide concerning the
+commercial relationships if not the consanguinities of the people of
+that region.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>PORT CLARENCE AND CAPE NOME TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>The specimens from this area are more or less spatulate in form, but
+very irregular, with the handle varying from that of the razor-strop to
+the spiral, twisted form of the Eskimo skin-scraper (Fig. 9). On the
+whole, these implements are quite similar to the next group. A section
+across the middle of the implement would be trapezoidal with incurved
+sides. In two of the specimens not figured these curved sides are
+brought upward until they join the upper surface, making a graceful
+ornament. The handles are not symmetrical, the sides for the thumb being
+shaved out so as to fit the muscles conveniently. Places for the fingers
+are provided thus: There is an index-finger cavity quite through the
+stick indeed, but the index-finger catches in the interior of the wood
+and does not pass through as in the eastern Arctic types. The middle
+finger rests against an ivory or wooden peg. This is the first
+appearance of this feature. It will be noted after this on all the
+throwing-sticks as the most prominent feature until we come to Kadiak,
+but the Unalashkans do not use it on their throwing-sticks. Cavities for
+the three last finger-tips are not always present, and the hooks at the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>distal ends for the extremities of the weapons are very large plugs of
+wood or ivory and have beveled edges rather than points for the
+reception of the butt end of the weapon to be thrown.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>NORTON SOUND TYPES.</h4>
+
+<p>These types extend from Cape Darby around to Cape Dyer, including part
+of Kaviagmut, the Mahlemut, the Unaligmut, and the Ekogmut area of Dall,
+and extending up the Yukon River as far as the Eskimo, who use this
+weapon. The characteristics are the same as those of the last named
+area, excepting that in many specimens there are two finger-pegs instead
+of one, the first peg inclosing the middle finger, the second the
+ring-finger and the little finger (Figs. 10-13). A single specimen
+collected by Lucien Turner at Saint Michael's has no index cavity, the
+forefinger resting on the first peg and the other three fingers passing
+between this and the outer peg (Fig. 14). Another specimen of Nelson's,
+marked Sabotinsky, has the index-finger cavity and one finger-peg. The
+finger-tip cavity on the upper surface of the handle forms the figure of
+a water-bird, in which the heart is connected with the mouth by a curved
+line, just as in the pictography of the more southern Indians.</p>
+
+<p>The Yukon River Eskimo use a throwing-stick quite similar to the Norton
+Sound type. The characteristics are very pronounced. Thumb-groove deep,
+index-finger cavity so long as to include the first joint. The hook for
+the spear-end formed by the edge of a plug of hard wood. The middle
+finger is separated by a deep groove and peg. The ring and little finger
+are inclosed by the peg and a sharp projection at the upper end of the
+handle.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>NUNIVAK ISLAND AND CAPE VANCOUVER TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>In this region a great change comes over the throwing-stick, just as
+though it had been stopped by Cape Romanzoff, or new game had called for
+modification, or a mixing of new peoples had modified their tools (Figs.
+15-17). The index-finger cavity and the hole for the index finger are
+here dropped entirely, after extending from Greenland uninterruptedly to
+Cape Romanzoff. The handle is conspicuously wide, while the body of the
+implement is very slender and light. The thumb-groove is usually
+chamfered out very thoroughly so as to fit the flexor muscle
+conveniently. There are frequently finger-grooves and finger-tip
+cavities in addition to the pegs. The cavity for the index finger having
+disappeared, provision is made for that important part of the hand by a
+separate peg and groove. The middle finger is also pegged off, and the
+last two fingers have to shift for themselves. The hook for the shaft of
+the weapon has a fine point like a little bead, the whole implement
+being adapted to the light seal-harpoon darts. Mr. Dall collected a
+large number of two-pegged sticks from Nunivak Island and four
+three-pegged sticks labeled the same. Mr. Nelson also collected four
+three-pegged sticks, but labels them Kushunuk; Cape Vancouver, on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>the
+mainland opposite Nunivak (Fig. 17). In these three-pegged sticks the
+ring-finger and the little finger are inclosed together. This should be
+compared with Mr. Turner's Saint Michael specimen, in which the last
+three fingers are inclosed together (Fig. 14). It remains to be seen and
+is worthy of investigation whether crossing a narrow channel would add a
+peg to the throwing-stick. One of these Nunivak specimens is
+left-handed.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>BRISTOL BAY TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>The throwing-stick from Bristol Bay resembles in general characteristics
+those from Nunivak Island and Cape Vancouver. In outline it has the
+shape of the broadsword. Its cross-section is bayonet-shaped. It has no
+distinct handle beyond a slight projection from the end. The
+thumb-groove is shallow and chamfered on the lower side to fit exactly.
+There is a long, continuous notch for the four fingers, in which the
+index finger and the middle finger are set off by pegs. There is a
+depression, more or less profound, to receive the tips of the fingers.
+The groove for the harpoon or spear-shaft is at the lower extremity and
+runs out entirely near the index finger. The ivory plug at its lower
+extremity is beveled to receive a notch in the end of the spear or
+harpoon shaft (Figs. 18-19).</p>
+
+<p>A freshly-made implement, looking as if cut out by machinery, resembling
+closely those just described, is labeled Kadiak. The constant traffic
+between Bristol Bay and Kadiak, across the Alaskan peninsula, may
+account for the great similarity of these implements. Furthermore, since
+the natives in this region and southward have been engaged for more than
+a century in fur-sealing for the whites, there is not the slightest
+doubt that implements made by whites have been introduced and slightly
+modified by the wearer to fit his hand.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>KADIAK OR UNALASHKA TYPE.</h4>
+
+<p>In the National Museum are four throwing-sticks, one of them
+left-handed, exactly alike&mdash;two of them marked Kadiak and two Unalashka
+(Figs. 20-22). They return to the more primitive type of the area from
+Kotzebue Sound to Greenland, indicating that the implement culminated in
+Norton Sound. In outline this southern form is thin and straight-sided,
+and those in possession are all of hard wood. The back is carved in
+ridges to fit the palm of the hand and muscles of the thumb. There is no
+thumb-groove, the eccentric index-finger hole of the Northern and
+Eastern Eskimo is present in place of the central cavity of the area
+from Kotzebue Sound to Cape Vancouver, and there is a slight groove for
+the middle finger. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The shaft-groove is very
+slight, even at its lower extremity, and runs out in a few inches toward
+the handle. The hook for the end of the weapon resembles that of
+Nunivak, but is more rounded at the point. Of the Eskimo of Prince
+William Sound, the extreme southern area of the Eskimo on the Pacific,
+Captain Cook says, in the narrative of his last voyage: <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>"Their longer
+darts are thrown by means of a piece of wood about a foot long, with a
+small groove in the middle which receives the dart. At the bottom is a
+hole for the reception of one finger, which enables them to grasp the
+piece of wood much firmer and to throw with greater force." Captain
+Cook's implement corresponds exactly to the specimens just described and
+renders it probable that this thin, parallel-sided, shallow-grooved
+throwing-stick, with index-finger hole placed at one side of the
+spear-shaft groove, extended all along the southern border of Eskimoland
+as far as the Aleuts of Unalashka and Attoo. In addition to the
+information furnished by the specimens in hand, Dr. Stejneger describes
+a similar stick in use in the island of Attoo. On the contrary, Mr.
+Elliott assures me that Aleutian fur-sealers of Pribylov Island use
+throwing-sticks precisely similar to those of Norton Sound and Nunivak.</p>
+
+<p>This list might be extended further by reference to authorities, but
+that is from the purpose of this article and the series of ethnological
+papers commenced in this volume. The most perfect throwing-stick of all
+is that of the Mahlemut, in Norton Sound, in which are present the
+handle, thumb-groove, finger-grooves, and pegs, cavities for the
+finger-tips, index finger cavity, shaft-groove, and hook for the
+harpoon. In short, all the characteristics present on the rest are
+combined here.</p>
+
+<p>Classifications of these implements may be varied according to the organ
+selected. As to the hook for the attachment of the weapon, in Greenland
+this is on the shaft, in all other parts of the world it is on the
+throwing-stick. As to the index finger, there is for its reception, from
+Point Barrow to Greenland, an eccentric hole quite through which the
+finger passes. From Kotzebue Sound to Norton Sound there is a central
+pocket on the back of the weapon, directly under the groove, for the
+shaft of the weapon to receive the index finger. From Cape Vancouver to
+Bristol Bay an ivory or wooden peg serves this purpose. At Kadiak and
+Unalashka the eccentric index-finger hole returns.</p>
+
+<p>It is more than probable that further investigation will destroy some of
+the types herein enumerated or merge two more of them into one; but it
+will not destroy the fact that in changing from one environment to
+another the hyperboreans were driven to modify their throwing-stick.</p>
+
+<p>A still more interesting inquiry is that concerning the origin of the
+implement. It is hardly to be supposed that the simplest type, that of
+Anderson River, was invented at once in its present form, for the
+Australian form is ruder still, having neither hole for the index finger
+nor groove for the weapon shaft. When we recall that the chief benefit
+conferred by the throwing-stick is the ability to grasp firmly and
+launch truly a greasy weapon from a cold hand, we naturally ask, have
+the Eskimo any other device for the same purpose? They have. On the
+shaft of the light-seal harpoon, thrown without the stick, and on the
+heavy, ivory-weighted walrus-harpoon-shaft an ivory hand-rest is lashed
+just behind the center of gravity. This little object is often
+beautifully <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>carved and prevents effectually the hand from slipping on
+the shaft, even with the greatest lunge of the hunter. From this object
+to the throwing-stick the way may be long and crooked, or there may be
+no way at all. So far as the National Museum is concerned there is
+nothing to guide us over this waste of ignorance.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h4>THROWING-STICKS IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.</h4>
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="Table of Contents" style="border: solid 1pt black;">
+  <tr style="line-height: 2em;">
+  <td class="tdc" width="15%">No.</td>
+  <td class="tdc" width="45%">Locality.</td>
+  <td class="tdc" width="40%">Collector.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" style="border-top: 1px solid black;"><br />32995</td>
+  <td class="tdm" style="border-top: 1px solid black;"><br />Norton's Sound, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="border-top: 1px solid black;"><br />E.W. Nelson.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">30013</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Cumberland Gulf</td>
+  <td class="tdr">W.A. Mintzner, U.S.N.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">33942</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Norton's Sound, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">E.W. Nelson.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">33897</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">33960</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">24336</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Saint Michael's Sound, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Lucien M. Turner.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">24337</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">24338</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">46052</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Port Clarence, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">W.H. Dall.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">46053</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">49036</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Rasbonisky, L. Yukon</td>
+  <td class="tdr">E.W. Nelson.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">38849</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Yukon River</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">38605</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">36014</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Kushunuk, Sabotnisky, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">36018</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Kuskunuk, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">49001</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Sabotnisky, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">49002</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">73327</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Unalashka</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Catlin.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl"> 2267</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Anderson River</td>
+  <td class="tdr">R. Kennicott.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">90467</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Ugashak</td>
+  <td class="tdr">William J. Fisher.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">44392</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Cape Nome, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">E.W. Nelson.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">72519</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Cook's Inlet</td>
+  <td class="tdr">William J. Fisher.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">16242</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Nunivak Island, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">W.H. Dall.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">16238</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">74126</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Holsteinberg, Greenland</td>
+  <td class="tdr">George Merchant, jr.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">12981</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Unalashka</td>
+  <td class="tdr">W.H. Dall.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">89901</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Point Barrow, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Lieut. P.H. Ray.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">38669</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Chalitmut</td>
+  <td class="tdr">E.W. Nelson.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">24335</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Saint Michael's, Norton's Sound, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Lucien M. Turner.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">33914</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr">E.W. Nelson.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">7933</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Kadiak Island, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Dr. T.T. Minor, U.S.R.M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">36013</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Sabotnisky, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">E.W. Nelson.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">72398</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Bristol Bay, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Charles L. McKay.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">16244</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Nunivak Island, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">W.H. Dall.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">11346</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Bristol Bay, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Vincent Colyer.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">16235</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Kotzebue Sound, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">E.P. Herenden.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">15641</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Nunivak, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">W.H. Dall.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">16237</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">16239</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">16076</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Unalashka, Aleutian Islands</td>
+  <td class="tdr">Sylvanus Bailey.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">15647</td>
+  <td class="tdm">Nunivak, Alaska</td>
+  <td class="tdr">W.H. Dall.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">15645</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">16236</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">15642</td>
+  <td class="tdm"><span class="do">do.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><span class="do">Do.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">15646<br /><br /></td>
+  <td class="tdm" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><span class="do">do.</span><br /><br /></td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"><span class="do">Do.</span><br /><br /></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h4>PLATE I.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 1.</span> Eskimo launching a seal harpoon by means of the
+throwing-stick. Mr. John Murdoch states that the hand is held much lower
+by the Point Barrow Eskimo, the harpoon resting as low as the shoulder,
+and that the movement of throwing the harpoon is quick, as in casting a
+fly in fishing.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate01.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate01.jpg" width="70%" alt="Plate 1" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 1.</span> Eskimo using the throwing-stick.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE II.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 2.</span> Greenland type of throwing-stick. The specific
+characteristics are the broad form; the scanty grooves for thumb and
+fingers; the absence of pegs, separate finger grooves, or index
+perforation; but the most noteworthy are the two grommets or eyelets to
+fit ivory pegs on the harpoon-shaft. The peculiar method of
+strengthening the ends with ivory pieces should also be noted. From
+Holsteinburg, Greenland, 1884. Catalogue number, 74126.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate02.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate02.jpg" width="40%" alt="Plate 2" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 2.</span> Greenland throwing-stick, back and
+front.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE III.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 3.</span> Ungava type of throwing-stick. The specific marks are
+the general outline, especially the fiddle-head ornament at the bottom;
+the bend upward at the lower extremity, the eccentric perforation for
+the index finger, and the groove for three fingers. Collected at Ungava,
+by Lucien M. Turner, 1884. Museum number, 76700.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate03.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate03.jpg" width="40%" alt="Plate 3" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 3.</span> Ungava throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE IV.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 4.</span> Cumberland Gulf type of throwing-stick. The specific
+marks are the broad clumsy form, the separate provision for the thumb
+and each finger, the bent lower extremity, and the broad furrow for the
+bird-spear. Accidental marks are the mending of the handle, the material
+of the stick, and the canine tooth for the spur at the bottom of the
+square groove. Collected in Cumberland Gulf, by W.A. Mintzer, in 1876.
+Museum number, 30013.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate04.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate04.jpg" width="40%" alt="Plate 4" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 4.</span> Cumberland Gulf throwing-stick, back and front.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE V.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 5.</span> Anderson River type. The specific marks are the extreme
+plainness of form, the lack of accommodations for the thumb and fingers,
+excepting the eccentric index-finger hole, the poor groove for the
+harpoon-shaft, and the absence of a hook or spur at the bottom of this
+groove. The accidental marks are cuts running diagonally across the
+back. In another specimen seen from the same locality the shaft groove
+is squared after the manner of the Cumberland Gulf type. Collected at
+the mouth of Anderson River, by R. Kennicott, in 1866. Museum number,
+2267.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 6.</span> Point Barrow type. The specific marks are the distinct
+handle without finger grooves, the very eccentric index-finger hole, the
+method of inserting the spur for the shaft, and the harpoon-shaft groove
+very shallow above and deep below. In the specimens shown by Mr. Murdoch
+there is great uniformity of shape. Collected at Point Barrow, by Lieut.
+P.H. Ray, in 1883. Museum number, 89902.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate05.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate05.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 5" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 5.</span> Anderson River throwing-stick, front and
+back.<br />
+<span class="sc">Fig. 6.</span> Point Barrow throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE VI.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 7.</span> Kotzebue Sound type. The specific marks are the twisted
+handle, the broad shallow shaft groove, and, notably, the pocket for the
+index-finger tip-visible on the lower side, but nearly absent from the
+upper side, and lying directly under the shaft groove. In the examples
+before noted all the holes for the index finger are to one side of this
+shaft groove. Collected in Kotzebue Sound, by E.P. Herendeen, in 1874.
+Museum number, 16235.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 8.</span> The Rodgers type, so called because the locality is
+doubtful. In specific characters it resembles Fig. 7. The differences
+are the three cavities for finger tips in the handle, the shaft groove
+very shallow and running out before reaching the index-finger cavity,
+and the delicate hook for the spear shaft resembling those farther
+south. Since writing this paper two throwing-sticks from Sitka have been
+seen in many respects resembling this form, but covered all over their
+surfaces with characteristic Thlinkit mythological figures, and having
+iron hooks at the lower end of the shaft groove. Collected by Commodore
+John Rodgers, in 1867. Museum number, 2533.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate06.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate06.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 6" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 7.</span> Kotzebue Sound throwing-stick, front and
+back.<br />
+<span class="sc">Fig. 8.</span> The Commodore Rodgers throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE VII.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 9.</span> The Port Clarence and Cape Nome type. The notable
+characteristics are the occurrence of an ivory peg in the handle for the
+middle finger, the very small size of the handle, and the central
+index-finger pocket central in position but quite piercing the stick.
+Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Cape Nome, in 1880. Museum number, 44392.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate07.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate07.jpg" width="32%" alt="Plate 7" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 9.</span> Port Clarence and Cape Nome
+throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE VIII.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 10.</span> Norton Sound type, single-pegged variety. Except in
+the better finish, this type resembles the one last described. Collected
+by L.M. Turner, at Saint Michael's Island, in 1876. Museum number,
+24338.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate08.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate08.jpg" width="28%" alt="Plate 8" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 10.</span> Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and
+back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE IX.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 11.</span> Norton Sound type, two-pegged variety. In all
+respects, excepting the number of pegs, this resembles Figs. 9 and 10.
+In all of them the peg at the bottom of the groove is very clumsy.
+Collected in Norton Sound, by E.W. Nelson, in 1878. Museum number,
+32995.</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 12.</span> Throwing-stick from Sabotnisky, on the Lower Yukon. It
+belongs to the Norton Sound type. The cavity on the upper side of the
+handle for the finger-tips is remarkable for the carving of a bird
+resembling figures seen on objects made by the Western Indians of the
+United States. Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Sabotnisky, in 1879. Museum
+number, 36013.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate09.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate09.jpg" width="50%" alt="Plate 9" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 11.</span> Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and
+back.<br />
+<span class="sc">Fig. 12.</span> Sabotnisky throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<h4>PLATE X.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 13.</span> Specimen from Yukon River, belonging to the Northern
+Sound one-pegged variety. Collected by E.W. Nelson, in 1879. Museum
+number, 38849.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate10.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate10.jpg" width="28%" alt="Plate 10" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 13.</span> Yukon River throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<h4>PLATE XI.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 14.</span> Throwing-stick from Saint Michael's. This specimen is
+very noteworthy on account of the absence of the index-finger pocket, a
+mark characteristic of the Vancouver type, Fig. 17. If the middle peg of
+the Vancouver example were removed the resemblance would be close, but
+the clumsy spur at the bottom of the shaft groove is Norton Sound rather
+than Nunivak. Collected by Lucien M. Turner, at Saint Michael's, in
+1876. Museum number, 24335.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate11.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate11.jpg" width="28%" alt="Plate 11" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 14.</span> Saint Michael's throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE XII.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 15.</span> Nunivak type. The characteristic marks are the absence
+of any cavity for the index finger, the nicely-fitting handle, the
+disposition of the finger-pegs, and the delicate point on the ivory spur
+at the bottom of the shaft groove. Collected by W.H. Dall, at Nunivak
+Island, in 1874. Museum number, 16239. (This specimen is left-handed.)</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate12.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate12.jpg" width="29%" alt="Plate 12" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 15.</span> Nunivak Island throwing-stick, front and back, left-handed.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE XIII.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 16.</span> Specimen from Nunivak, right-handed. The cuts on the
+front and back are noteworthy. Collected by W.H. Dall, at Nunivak
+Island, in 1874. Museum number, 16238.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate13.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate13.jpg" width="26%" alt="Plate 13" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 16.</span> Nunivak Island throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE XIV.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 17.</span> Specimen from Cape Vancouver. In all respects it is
+like those of Nunivak, excepting a peg-rest for the little finger.
+Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Cape Vancouver, in 1879. Museum number,
+38669.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate14.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate14.jpg" width="30%" alt="Plate 14" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 17.</span> Cape Vancouver throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE XV.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Figs. 18, 19.</span> Bristol Bay type. In no essential characters do
+these sticks differ from those of Nunivak. The handle is smaller, and
+they appear to have been made with steel tools. Fig. 18 collected by
+C.L. McKay, at Bristol Bay, Alaska, in 1883. Museum number, 72398. Fig.
+19 collected by William J. Fisher, at Kadiak, in 1884. Museum number,
+90467.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate15.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate15.jpg" width="46%" alt="Plate 15" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 18.</span> Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and back.<br />
+<span class="sc">Fig. 19.</span> Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and back.
+</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE XVI.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Fig. 20.</span> Unalashkan throwing-stick. It would be better to call
+this form the Southern type. The noticeable features in all our
+specimens are the parallel sides, the hard material, thinness, the
+carving for the fingers, but above all the reappearance of the eccentric
+cavity for the index finger. This cavity is not a great perforation, as
+in the Point Barrow type, but an eccentric pocket, a compromise between
+the Northern cavity and that of the East. Collected by Sylvanus Bailey,
+at Unalashka, in 1874. Museum number, 16076.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate16.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate16.jpg" width="23%" alt="Plate 16" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 20.</span> Unalashkan throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4>PLATE XVII.</h4>
+
+<p class="cen">(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)</p>
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang"><span class="sc">Figs. 21, 22.</span> Throwing-sticks of the Southern type. Fig. 21 is
+left-handed, collected by Dr. T.T. Minor, at Kadiak, in 1869. Museum
+number, 7933. Fig. 22 collected by W.H. Dall, at Unalashka, in 1873.
+Museum number, 12981. At Sitka two specimens were collected,
+unfortunately not figured, with the following characters laid down in
+the beginning of this paper: 1. Short, very narrow and deep, and carved
+all over with devices. 2. No handle distinct from the body. 3, 4, 5, 6.
+All wanting. 7. The index-finger cavity is near the center of the back,
+very like a thimble. Indeed this is a very striking feature. 8. The
+shaft groove occupies only the lower half of the upper surface. 9. The
+spur for the end of the weapon shaft is a long piece of iron like a
+knife-blade driven into the wood, with the edge toward the weapon
+shaft.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<a href="images/plate17.jpg">
+<img border="0" src="images/plate17.jpg" width="45%" alt="Plate 17" /></a><br /><br />
+<div class="block">
+<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;"><span class="sc">Fig. 21.</span> Kadiak throwing-stick, front and back, left handed.<br />
+<span class="sc">Fig. 22.</span> Unalashkan throwing-stick, front and back.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p>
+<br />
+<p style="margin-left: 5em; text-indent: -5em;">Page 282: &nbsp; not fastened in its groove in cannot be hurled." changed to "not fastened in its groove it cannot be hurled."</p>
+<p class="noin">Page 286: &nbsp; Sabotinsky replaced with Sabotnisky.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Throwing-sticks in the National Museum, by 
+Otis T. Mason
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+Project Gutenberg's Throwing-sticks in the National Museum, by Otis T. Mason
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Throwing-sticks in the National Museum
+       Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the
+       Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-'84,
+       Government Printing Office, Washington, 1890, pages 279-289
+
+Author: Otis T. Mason
+
+Release Date: January 25, 2006 [EBook #17606]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THROWING-STICKS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by A www.PGDP.net Volunteer, Suzanne Lybarger,
+Jeannie Howse and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by the Canadian Institute for
+Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                          |
+    | A number of obvious typographical errors have                |
+    | been corrected in this text.                                 |
+    | For a complete list, please see the bottom of this document. |
+    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
+UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
+
+
+THROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL
+MUSEUM.
+
+
+OTIS T. MASON,
+_Curator of the Department of Ethnology_
+
+
+From the Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-'84,
+Part II, pages 279-289, and plates I-XVII
+
+WASHINGTON:
+GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
+1890.
+
+
+
+
+I.--THROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
+
+By Otis T. Mason.
+
+
+Col. Lane Fox tells us there are three areas of the throwing-stick:
+Australia, where it is simply an elongated spindle with a hook at the
+end; the country of the Conibos and the Purus, on the Upper Amazon,
+where the implement resembles that of the Australians, and the
+hyperborean regions of North America.
+
+It is of this last group that we shall now speak, since the National
+Museum possesses only two specimens from the first-named area and none
+whatever from the second.
+
+The researches and collections of Bessels, Turner, Boas, Hall, Mintzner,
+Kennicott, Ray, Murdoch, Nelson, Herendeen, and Dall, to all of whom I
+acknowledge my obligations, enable me to compare widely separated
+regions of the hyperborean area, and to distinguish these regions by the
+details in the structure of the throwing-stick.
+
+The method of holding the throwing-stick is indicated in Fig. 1 by a
+drawing of H.W. Elliott. The Eskimo is just in the act of launching the
+light seal harpoon. The barbed point will fasten itself into the animal,
+detach itself from the ivory foreshaft, and unwind the rawhide or sinew
+line, which is securely tied to both ends of the light wooden shaft by a
+martingale device. The heavy ivory foreshaft will cause the shaft to
+assume an upright position in the water, and the whole will act as a
+drag to impede the progress of the game. The same idea of impeding
+progress and of retrieving is carried out by a multitude of devices not
+necessary to mention here.
+
+The Eskimo spend much time in their skin kyaks, from which it would be
+difficult to launch an arrow from a bow, or a harpoon from the unsteady,
+cold, and greasy hand. This device of the throwing-stick, therefore, is
+the substitute for the bow or the sling, to be used in the kyak, by a
+people who cannot procure the proper materials for a heavier
+lance-shaft, or at least whose environment is prejudicial to the use of
+such a weapon. Just as soon as we pass Mount St. Elias going southward,
+the throwing-stick, plus the spear or dart of the Eskimo and the Aleut,
+gives place to the harpoon with a long, heavy, cedar shaft, weighing 15
+or 20 pounds, whose momentum from both hands of the Indian, without the
+throw-stick, exceeds that of the Eskimo and Aleut darts and harpoons,
+with the additional velocity imparted by the throwing-stick. It must not
+be forgotten, also, that the kyak is a very frail, unsteady thing, and
+therefore not much of the momentum of the body can be utilized, as it is
+by the Northwest Indians in making a lunge with a heavy shaft. The
+throwing-stick is also said by some arctic voyagers to be useful in
+giving directness of aim. Perhaps no other savage device comes so near
+in this respect to a gun barrel or the groove of a bow-gun. Its greatest
+advantages, however, are the firm grip which it gives in handling a
+harpoon or dart, and the longer time which it permits the hunter to
+apply the force of his arm to the propulsion of his weapon. Having
+practiced with a throwing-stick somewhat, I have imagined also that
+there was a certain amount of leverage acquired by the particular method
+of holding the stick and straightening the arm, as in a toggle joint.
+That implement, which seems so simple, and which is usually mentioned
+and dismissed in a word, possesses several marks or organs, which help
+to distinguish the locality in which each form occurs, as well as to
+define the associations of the implement as regards the weapon thrown
+from it and the game pursued. These marks are:
+
+1. Shape, or general outline in face and side view, and size.
+
+2. Handle, the part grasped in the hand.
+
+3. Thumb-groove or thumb-lock, provision for the firm and comfortable
+insertion of the phalanx and ball of the thumb.
+
+4. Finger-grooves, provision for each finger according to its use in the
+manipulation of the implement.
+
+5. Finger-pegs, little plugs of wood or ivory to give more certain grip
+for the fingers and to prevent their slipping. The devices for the
+fingers are the more necessary where the hands are cold and everything
+is covered with grease.
+
+6. Finger-tip cavities, excavations on the front face of the implement,
+into which the tips of the three last fingers descend to assist in
+grasping and to afford a rest on the back of these fingers for the
+weapon shaft.
+
+7. Index-finger cavity or hole, provision for the insertion of the index
+finger, which plays a very important part in the use of the
+throwing-stick.
+
+8. Spear shaft groove, in which the shaft of the weapon lies, as an
+arrow or bolt in the groove of a bow-gun.
+
+9. Hook or spur, provision for seizing the butt end of the weapon while
+it is being launched. These may be ridges left in the wood by
+excavation, or pieces of wood, bone, ivory, &c., inserted. The size and
+shape of this part, and the manner of insertion, are also worthy of
+notice.
+
+10. Edges: this feature is allied to the form and not to the function of
+the implement.
+
+11. Faces: upper, on which the weapon rests; lower, into which the index
+finger is inserted.
+
+The figures illustrating this article are drawn to a scale indicated by
+inch marks in the margin, every dot on the line standing for an inch.
+
+By the presence or absence, by the number or the shape of some of these
+marks or structural characteristics, the type and locality can be easily
+detected. The Eskimo have everywhere bows and arrows for land hunting,
+the former made of several pieces of bone lashed together, or of a piece
+of driftwood lashed and re-enforced with sinew. The arrows are of
+endless variety.
+
+It should also be noticed that the kind of game and the season of the
+year, the shape and size of the spear accompanying the stick, and the
+bare or gloved hand, are all indicated by language expressed in various
+parts of this wonderful throwing-stick.
+
+
+GREENLAND TYPE.
+
+The Greenland throwing-stick is a long, flat trapezoid, slightly ridged
+along the back (Fig. 2). It has no distinct handle at the wide end,
+although it will be readily seen that the expanding of this part secures
+a firm grip. A chamfered groove on one side for the thumb, and a smaller
+groove on the other side for the index finger, insure the implement
+against slipping from the hunter's grasp. Marks 5, 6, 7 of the series on
+page 280 are wanting in the Greenland type. The shaft-groove, in which
+lies the shaft of the great harpoon, is wide, deep, and rounded at the
+bottom. There is no hook, as in all the other types, to fit the end of
+the harpoon shaft, but in its stead are two holes, one in the front end
+of the shaft-groove, between the thumb-groove and the finger-groove,
+with an ivory eyelet or grommet for a lining, the other at the distal
+end of the shaft-groove, in the ivory piece which is ingeniously
+inserted there to form that extremity. This last-mentioned hole is not
+cylindrical like the one in front, but is so constructed as to allow the
+shaft-peg to slide off easily. These holes exactly fit two ivory pegs
+projecting from the harpoon shaft. When the hunter has taken his
+throwing-stick in his hand he lays his harpoon shaft upon it so that the
+pegs will fall in the two little holes of the stick. By a sudden jerk of
+his hand the harpoon is thrown forward and released, the pegs drawing
+out of the holes in the stick. At the front end of the throwing-stick a
+narrow piece of ivory is pegged to prevent splitting. As before
+intimated, this type of throwing-stick is radically different from all
+others in its adjustment to the pegs on the heavy harpoon. In all other
+examples in the world the hook or spur is on the stick and not on the
+weapon.
+
+
+UNGAVA TYPE.
+
+One specimen from Fort Chimo in this region, southeast of Hudson Bay,
+kindly lent by Mr. Lucien Turner, is very interesting, having little
+relation with that from Greenland (which is so near geographically), and
+connecting itself with all the other types as far as Kadiak, in Alaska
+(Fig. 3). The outline of the implement is quite elaborate and
+symmetrical, resembling at the hook end a fiddle-head, and widening
+continuously by lateral and facial curves to the front, where it is thin
+and flat. A slight rounded notch for the thumb, and a longer chamfer for
+three fingers, form the handle. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The cavity
+for the index finger extends quite through the implement, as it does in
+all cases where it is on the side of the harpoon-shaft groove, and not
+directly under it. The shaft groove is shallow, and the hook at the
+lower extremity is formed by a piece of ivory inserted in a parallel
+groove in the fiddle-head and fastened with pegs. It is as though a
+saw-cut one-eighth inch wide had been made longitudinally through the
+fiddle-head and one-half inch beyond, and the space had been filled with
+a plate of ivory pared down flush with the wood all round, excepting at
+the projection left to form the hook or spur for the harpoon shaft. This
+peg or spur fits in a small hole in the butt of the harpoon or spear
+shaft and serves to keep the weapon in its place until it is launched
+from the hand. The Ungava spear is heavier than that of the western
+Eskimo, hence the stick and its spur are proportionately larger. It is
+well to observe carefully the purport of the spur. A javelin, assegai,
+or other weapon hurled from the hand is seized in the center of gravity.
+The Greenland spears have the pegs for the throwing-stick sometimes at
+the center of gravity, sometimes at the butt end. In all other uses of
+the throwing-stick the point of support is behind the center of gravity,
+and if the weapon is not fastened in its groove it cannot be hurled.
+This fastening is accomplished by the backward leaning of the peg in the
+Greenland example, and by the spur on the distal end of the
+throwing-stick in all other cases.
+
+
+CUMBERLAND GULF TYPE.
+
+The Cumberland Gulf type is the clumsiest throwing-stick in the Museum,
+and Dr. Franz Boas recognizes it as a faithful sample of those in use
+throughout Baffin Land (Fig. 4).
+
+In general style it resembles Mr. Turner's specimens from Ungava; but
+every part is coarser and heavier. It is made of oak, probably obtained
+from a whaling vessel. Instead of the fiddle-head at the distal end we
+have a declined and thickened prolongation of the stick without
+ornament. There is no distinct handle, but provision is made for the
+thumb by a deep, sloping groove; for the index-finger by a perforation,
+and for the other three fingers by separate grooves. These give a
+splendid grip for the hunter, but the extraordinary width of the handle
+is certainly a disadvantage. There are two longitudinal grooves on the
+upper face; the principal one is squared to receive the rectangular
+shaft of the bird spear; the other is chipped out for the tips of the
+fingers, which do not reach across to the harpoon shaft, owing to the
+clumsy width of the throwing-stick. In this example, the hook for the
+end of the bird-spear shaft is the canine tooth of some animal driven
+into the wood at the distal end of the long-shaft groove.
+
+
+FURY AND HECLA STRAITS TYPE.
+
+In Parry's Second Voyage (p. 508) is described a throwing-stick of
+Igloolik, 18 inches long, grooved for the shaft of the bird-spear, and
+having a spike for the hole of the shaft, and a groove for the thumb and
+for the fingers. The index-finger hole is not mentioned, but more than
+probably it existed, since it is nowhere else wanting between Ungava and
+Cape Romanzoff in Alaska. This form, if properly described by Parry, is
+between the Ungava and the Cumberland Gulf specimen, having no kinship
+with the throwing-stick of Greenland. The National Museum should possess
+an example of throwing-stick from the Fury and Hecla Straits.
+
+
+ANDERSON RIVER TYPE.
+
+The Anderson River throwing-stick (and we should include the Mackenzie
+River district) is a very primitive affair in the National Museum, being
+only a tapering flat stick of hard wood (Fig. 5). Marks 2, 3, 4, 5, and
+6 are wanting. The index-finger cavity is large and eccentric and
+furnishes a firm hold. The shaft-groove is a rambling shallow slit, not
+over half an inch wide. There is no hook or spur of foreign material
+inserted for the spear end; but simply an excavation of the hard wood
+which furnishes an edge to catch a notch in the end of the dart. Only
+one specimen has been collected from this area for the National Museum;
+therefore it is unsafe to make it typical, but the form is so unique
+that it is well to notice that the throwing-stick in Eskimoland has its
+simplest form in the center and not in the extremities of its whole
+area. It is as yet unsafe to speculate concerning the origin of this
+implement. A rude form is as likely to be a degenerate son as to be the
+relic of a barbaric ancestry. Among the theories of origin respecting
+the Eskimo, that which claims for them a more southern habitat long ago
+is of great force. If, following retreating ice, they first struck the
+frozen ocean at the mouth of Mackenzie's River and then invented the
+kyak and the throwing-stick, thence we may follow both of these in two
+directions as they depart from a single source.
+
+
+POINT BARROW TYPE.
+
+Through the kindness of Mr. John Murdoch, I have examined a number from
+this locality, all alike, collected in the expedition of Lieutenant Ray,
+U.S.A. (Fig. 6). They are all of soft wood, and in general outline they
+resemble a tall amphora, bisected, or with a slice cut out of the middle
+longitudinally. There is a distinct "razor-strop" handle, while in those
+previously described the handle is scarcely distinct from the body.
+Marks 3, 4, 5, and 6 are wanting. The index-finger hole is very large
+and eccentric, forming the handle of the "amphora." The groove for the
+harpoon or spear-shaft commences opposite the index-finger cavity as a
+shallow depression, and deepens gradually to its other extremity, where
+the hook for the spear-shaft is formed by an ivory peg. This form is
+structurally almost the same as the Anderson River type, only it is much
+better finished.
+
+
+KOTZEBUE SOUND TYPE.
+
+The Kotzebue Sound type is an elongated truncated pyramid, or obelisk,
+fluted on all sides (Fig. 7). The handle is in the spiral shape so
+frequent in Eskimo skin-scrapers from Norton Sound and vicinity, and
+exactly fits the thumb and the last three fingers. Marks 5 and 6 are
+wanting. The index cavity is a _cul de sac_, into which the forefinger
+is to be hooked when the implement is in use. Especial attention is
+called to this characteristic because it occurs here for the first time
+and will not be seen again after we pass Cape Vancouver. From Ungava to
+Point Barrow the index-finger hole is eccentric and the finger passes
+quite through the implement and to the right of the harpoon or
+spear-shaft. In the Kotzebue type the index finger cavity is subjacent
+to the spear-shaft groove, consequently the forefinger would be wounded
+or at least in the way by passing through the stick. The spear or
+harpoon-shaft groove is wide and shallow and passes immediately over the
+index cavity. The hook is of ivory and stands up above the wood. It
+needs only to be mentioned that this type, as well as those with
+eccentric forefinger perforations are used with the naked hand.
+
+In the quarto volume of Beechey's Voyage, page 324, is mentioned a
+throwing-stick from Eschscholtz Bay, with a hole for the forefinger and
+a notch for the thumb, the spear being placed in the groove and embraced
+by the middle finger and the thumb. This last assertion is very
+important. When I first began to examine a large number of the
+implements, I could not explain the cavities for the finger-tips until
+this note suggested that the shaft rides outside of and not under the
+fingers. To test the matter I had a throwing-stick made to fit my hand,
+and found that the spear could get no start if clamped close to the
+throwing-stick by all the fingers; but if allowed to rest on the back of
+the fingers or a part of them, and it is held fast, by the thumb and
+middle finger, it had just that small rise which gave it a start from
+the propelling instrument.
+
+In the national collection is a specimen marked Russian America,
+collected by Commodore John Rodgers, resembling in many respects the
+Kotzebue Sound type. The handle is of the same razor-strop shape, but on
+the upper side are three deep depressions for the finger-tips. In
+several of the objects already described provision is made for the tips
+of the last three fingers by means of a gutter or slight indentations.
+But in no other examples is there such pronounced separation of the
+fingers. In very many of the Norton Sound skin-dressers, composed of a
+stone blade and ivory handle, the fingers are separated in exactly the
+same manner. These skin-dressers are from the area just south of
+Kotzebue Sound. The back of the Rodgers specimen is ornamented in its
+lower half by means of grooves. In its upper half are represented the
+legs and feet of some animal carved out in a graceful manner. The
+index-finger cavity is central and is seen on the upper side by a very
+slight rectangular perforation, which, however, does not admit the
+extrusion of any part of the index-finger. The upper surface is formed
+by two inclined planes meeting in the center. Along this central ridge
+is excavated the groove for the spear-shaft, deep at its lower end and
+quite running out at its upper extremity. The hook for the end of the
+harpoon-shaft in this specimen resembles that seen on the
+throwing-sticks of the region south of Cape Vancouver. The whole
+execution of this specimen is so much superior to that of any other in
+the Museum and the material so different as to create the suspicion that
+it was made by a white man, with steel tools (Fig 8).
+
+
+EASTERN SIBERIAN TYPE.
+
+The National Museum has no throwing-stick from this region, but
+Nordenskjoeld figures one in the Voyage of Vega (p. 477, Fig. 5), which
+is as simple as the one from Anderson River, excepting that the former
+has a hook of ivory, while the latter has a mere excavation to receive
+the cavity on the end of the weapon. Nordenskjoeld's bird-spear
+accompanying the stick has a bulb or enlargement of the shaft at the
+point opposite the handle of the throwing-stick, which is new to the
+collection of the National Museum. Indeed, a systematic study should now
+be made of the Siberian throwing-sticks to decide concerning the
+commercial relationships if not the consanguinities of the people of
+that region.
+
+
+PORT CLARENCE AND CAPE NOME TYPE.
+
+The specimens from this area are more or less spatulate in form, but
+very irregular, with the handle varying from that of the razor-strop to
+the spiral, twisted form of the Eskimo skin-scraper (Fig. 9). On the
+whole, these implements are quite similar to the next group. A section
+across the middle of the implement would be trapezoidal with incurved
+sides. In two of the specimens not figured these curved sides are
+brought upward until they join the upper surface, making a graceful
+ornament. The handles are not symmetrical, the sides for the thumb being
+shaved out so as to fit the muscles conveniently. Places for the fingers
+are provided thus: There is an index-finger cavity quite through the
+stick indeed, but the index-finger catches in the interior of the wood
+and does not pass through as in the eastern Arctic types. The middle
+finger rests against an ivory or wooden peg. This is the first
+appearance of this feature. It will be noted after this on all the
+throwing-sticks as the most prominent feature until we come to Kadiak,
+but the Unalashkans do not use it on their throwing-sticks. Cavities for
+the three last finger-tips are not always present, and the hooks at the
+distal ends for the extremities of the weapons are very large plugs of
+wood or ivory and have beveled edges rather than points for the
+reception of the butt end of the weapon to be thrown.
+
+
+NORTON SOUND TYPES.
+
+These types extend from Cape Darby around to Cape Dyer, including part
+of Kaviagmut, the Mahlemut, the Unaligmut, and the Ekogmut area of Dall,
+and extending up the Yukon River as far as the Eskimo, who use this
+weapon. The characteristics are the same as those of the last named
+area, excepting that in many specimens there are two finger-pegs instead
+of one, the first peg inclosing the middle finger, the second the
+ring-finger and the little finger (Figs. 10-13). A single specimen
+collected by Lucien Turner at Saint Michael's has no index cavity, the
+forefinger resting on the first peg and the other three fingers passing
+between this and the outer peg (Fig. 14). Another specimen of Nelson's,
+marked Sabotinsky, has the index-finger cavity and one finger-peg. The
+finger-tip cavity on the upper surface of the handle forms the figure of
+a water-bird, in which the heart is connected with the mouth by a curved
+line, just as in the pictography of the more southern Indians.
+
+The Yukon River Eskimo use a throwing-stick quite similar to the Norton
+Sound type. The characteristics are very pronounced. Thumb-groove deep,
+index-finger cavity so long as to include the first joint. The hook for
+the spear-end formed by the edge of a plug of hard wood. The middle
+finger is separated by a deep groove and peg. The ring and little finger
+are inclosed by the peg and a sharp projection at the upper end of the
+handle.
+
+
+NUNIVAK ISLAND AND CAPE VANCOUVER TYPE.
+
+In this region a great change comes over the throwing-stick, just as
+though it had been stopped by Cape Romanzoff, or new game had called for
+modification, or a mixing of new peoples had modified their tools (Figs.
+15-17). The index-finger cavity and the hole for the index finger are
+here dropped entirely, after extending from Greenland uninterruptedly to
+Cape Romanzoff. The handle is conspicuously wide, while the body of the
+implement is very slender and light. The thumb-groove is usually
+chamfered out very thoroughly so as to fit the flexor muscle
+conveniently. There are frequently finger-grooves and finger-tip
+cavities in addition to the pegs. The cavity for the index finger having
+disappeared, provision is made for that important part of the hand by a
+separate peg and groove. The middle finger is also pegged off, and the
+last two fingers have to shift for themselves. The hook for the shaft of
+the weapon has a fine point like a little bead, the whole implement
+being adapted to the light seal-harpoon darts. Mr. Dall collected a
+large number of two-pegged sticks from Nunivak Island and four
+three-pegged sticks labeled the same. Mr. Nelson also collected four
+three-pegged sticks, but labels them Kushunuk; Cape Vancouver, on the
+mainland opposite Nunivak (Fig. 17). In these three-pegged sticks the
+ring-finger and the little finger are inclosed together. This should be
+compared with Mr. Turner's Saint Michael specimen, in which the last
+three fingers are inclosed together (Fig. 14). It remains to be seen and
+is worthy of investigation whether crossing a narrow channel would add a
+peg to the throwing-stick. One of these Nunivak specimens is
+left-handed.
+
+
+BRISTOL BAY TYPE.
+
+The throwing-stick from Bristol Bay resembles in general characteristics
+those from Nunivak Island and Cape Vancouver. In outline it has the
+shape of the broadsword. Its cross-section is bayonet-shaped. It has no
+distinct handle beyond a slight projection from the end. The
+thumb-groove is shallow and chamfered on the lower side to fit exactly.
+There is a long, continuous notch for the four fingers, in which the
+index finger and the middle finger are set off by pegs. There is a
+depression, more or less profound, to receive the tips of the fingers.
+The groove for the harpoon or spear-shaft is at the lower extremity and
+runs out entirely near the index finger. The ivory plug at its lower
+extremity is beveled to receive a notch in the end of the spear or
+harpoon shaft (Figs. 18-19).
+
+A freshly-made implement, looking as if cut out by machinery, resembling
+closely those just described, is labeled Kadiak. The constant traffic
+between Bristol Bay and Kadiak, across the Alaskan peninsula, may
+account for the great similarity of these implements. Furthermore, since
+the natives in this region and southward have been engaged for more than
+a century in fur-sealing for the whites, there is not the slightest
+doubt that implements made by whites have been introduced and slightly
+modified by the wearer to fit his hand.
+
+
+KADIAK OR UNALASHKA TYPE.
+
+In the National Museum are four throwing-sticks, one of them
+left-handed, exactly alike--two of them marked Kadiak and two Unalashka
+(Figs. 20-22). They return to the more primitive type of the area from
+Kotzebue Sound to Greenland, indicating that the implement culminated in
+Norton Sound. In outline this southern form is thin and straight-sided,
+and those in possession are all of hard wood. The back is carved in
+ridges to fit the palm of the hand and muscles of the thumb. There is no
+thumb-groove, the eccentric index-finger hole of the Northern and
+Eastern Eskimo is present in place of the central cavity of the area
+from Kotzebue Sound to Cape Vancouver, and there is a slight groove for
+the middle finger. Marks 5 and 6 are wanting. The shaft-groove is very
+slight, even at its lower extremity, and runs out in a few inches toward
+the handle. The hook for the end of the weapon resembles that of
+Nunivak, but is more rounded at the point. Of the Eskimo of Prince
+William Sound, the extreme southern area of the Eskimo on the Pacific,
+Captain Cook says, in the narrative of his last voyage: "Their longer
+darts are thrown by means of a piece of wood about a foot long, with a
+small groove in the middle which receives the dart. At the bottom is a
+hole for the reception of one finger, which enables them to grasp the
+piece of wood much firmer and to throw with greater force." Captain
+Cook's implement corresponds exactly to the specimens just described and
+renders it probable that this thin, parallel-sided, shallow-grooved
+throwing-stick, with index-finger hole placed at one side of the
+spear-shaft groove, extended all along the southern border of Eskimoland
+as far as the Aleuts of Unalashka and Attoo. In addition to the
+information furnished by the specimens in hand, Dr. Stejneger describes
+a similar stick in use in the island of Attoo. On the contrary, Mr.
+Elliott assures me that Aleutian fur-sealers of Pribylov Island use
+throwing-sticks precisely similar to those of Norton Sound and Nunivak.
+
+This list might be extended further by reference to authorities, but
+that is from the purpose of this article and the series of ethnological
+papers commenced in this volume. The most perfect throwing-stick of all
+is that of the Mahlemut, in Norton Sound, in which are present the
+handle, thumb-groove, finger-grooves, and pegs, cavities for the
+finger-tips, index finger cavity, shaft-groove, and hook for the
+harpoon. In short, all the characteristics present on the rest are
+combined here.
+
+Classifications of these implements may be varied according to the organ
+selected. As to the hook for the attachment of the weapon, in Greenland
+this is on the shaft, in all other parts of the world it is on the
+throwing-stick. As to the index finger, there is for its reception, from
+Point Barrow to Greenland, an eccentric hole quite through which the
+finger passes. From Kotzebue Sound to Norton Sound there is a central
+pocket on the back of the weapon, directly under the groove, for the
+shaft of the weapon to receive the index finger. From Cape Vancouver to
+Bristol Bay an ivory or wooden peg serves this purpose. At Kadiak and
+Unalashka the eccentric index-finger hole returns.
+
+It is more than probable that further investigation will destroy some of
+the types herein enumerated or merge two more of them into one; but it
+will not destroy the fact that in changing from one environment to
+another the hyperboreans were driven to modify their throwing-stick.
+
+A still more interesting inquiry is that concerning the origin of the
+implement. It is hardly to be supposed that the simplest type, that of
+Anderson River, was invented at once in its present form, for the
+Australian form is ruder still, having neither hole for the index finger
+nor groove for the weapon shaft. When we recall that the chief benefit
+conferred by the throwing-stick is the ability to grasp firmly and
+launch truly a greasy weapon from a cold hand, we naturally ask, have
+the Eskimo any other device for the same purpose? They have. On the
+shaft of the light-seal harpoon, thrown without the stick, and on the
+heavy, ivory-weighted walrus-harpoon-shaft an ivory hand-rest is lashed
+just behind the center of gravity. This little object is often
+beautifully carved and prevents effectually the hand from slipping on
+the shaft, even with the greatest lunge of the hunter. From this object
+to the throwing-stick the way may be long and crooked, or there may be
+no way at all. So far as the National Museum is concerned there is
+nothing to guide us over this waste of ignorance.
+
+
+THROWING-STICKS IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
+
+
+------+------------------------------------------+----------------------
+No.   | Locality.                                | Collector.
+------+------------------------------------------+----------------------
+32995 | Norton's Sound, Alaska                   | E.W. Nelson.
+30013 | Cumberland Gulf                          | W.A. Mintzner, U.S.N.
+33942 | Norton's Sound, Alaska                   | E.W. Nelson.
+33897 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+33960 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+24336 | Saint Michael's Sound, Alaska            | Lucien M. Turner.
+24337 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+24338 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+46052 | Port Clarence, Alaska                    | W.H. Dall.
+46053 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+49036 | Rasbonisky, L. Yukon                     | E.W. Nelson.
+38849 | Yukon River                              |     Do.
+38605 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+36014 | Kushunuk, Sabotnisky, Alaska             |     Do.
+36018 | Kuskunuk, Alaska                         |     Do.
+49001 | Sabotnisky, Alaska                       |     Do.
+49002 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+73327 | Unalashka                                | Catlin.
+ 2267 | Anderson River                           | R. Kennicott.
+90467 | Ugashak                                  | William J. Fisher.
+44392 | Cape Nome, Alaska                        | E.W. Nelson.
+72519 | Cook's Inlet                             | William J. Fisher.
+16242 | Nunivak Island, Alaska                   | W.H. Dall.
+16238 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+74126 | Holsteinberg, Greenland                  | George Merchant, jr.
+12981 | Unalashka                                | W.H. Dall.
+89901 | Point Barrow, Alaska                     | Lieut. P.H. Ray.
+38669 | Chalitmut                                | E.W. Nelson.
+24335 | Saint Michael's, Norton's Sound, Alaska  | Lucien M. Turner.
+33914 |     do.                                  | E.W. Nelson.
+ 7933 | Kadiak Island, Alaska                    | Dr. T.T. Minor, U.S.R.M.
+36013 | Sabotnisky, Alaska                       | E.W. Nelson.
+72398 | Bristol Bay, Alaska                      | Charles L. McKay.
+16244 | Nunivak Island, Alaska                   | W.H. Dall.
+11346 | Bristol Bay, Alaska                      | Vincent Colyer.
+16235 | Kotzebue Sound, Alaska                   | E.P. Herenden.
+15641 | Nunivak, Alaska                          | W.H. Dall.
+16237 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+16239 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+16076 | Unalashka, Aleutian Islands              | Sylvanus Bailey.
+15647 | Nunivak, Alaska                          | W.H. Dall.
+15645 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+16236 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+15642 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+15646 |     do.                                  |     Do.
+------+------------------------------------------+----------------------
+
+
+PLATE I.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 1. Eskimo launching a seal harpoon by means of the
+throwing-stick. Mr. John Murdoch states that the hand is held much lower
+by the Point Barrow Eskimo, the harpoon resting as low as the shoulder,
+and that the movement of throwing the harpoon is quick, as in casting a
+fly in fishing.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Eskimo using the throwing-stick.]
+
+
+PLATE II.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 2. Greenland type of throwing-stick. The specific
+characteristics are the broad form; the scanty grooves for thumb and
+fingers; the absence of pegs, separate finger grooves, or index
+perforation; but the most noteworthy are the two grommets or eyelets to
+fit ivory pegs on the harpoon-shaft. The peculiar method of
+strengthening the ends with ivory pieces should also be noted. From
+Holsteinburg, Greenland, 1884. Catalogue number, 74126.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Greenland throwing-stick, back and
+front.]
+
+
+PLATE III.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 3. Ungava type of throwing-stick. The specific marks are
+the general outline, especially the fiddle-head ornament at the bottom;
+the bend upward at the lower extremity, the eccentric perforation for
+the index finger, and the groove for three fingers. Collected at Ungava,
+by Lucien M. Turner, 1884. Museum number, 76700.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. Ungava throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE IV.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 4. Cumberland Gulf type of throwing-stick. The specific
+marks are the broad clumsy form, the separate provision for the thumb
+and each finger, the bent lower extremity, and the broad furrow for the
+bird-spear. Accidental marks are the mending of the handle, the material
+of the stick, and the canine tooth for the spur at the bottom of the
+square groove. Collected in Cumberland Gulf, by W.A. Mintzer, in 1876.
+Museum number, 30013.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4. Cumberland Gulf throwing-stick, back and
+front.]
+
+
+PLATE V.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 5. Anderson River type. The specific marks are the extreme
+plainness of form, the lack of accommodations for the thumb and fingers,
+excepting the eccentric index-finger hole, the poor groove for the
+harpoon-shaft, and the absence of a hook or spur at the bottom of this
+groove. The accidental marks are cuts running diagonally across the
+back. In another specimen seen from the same locality the shaft groove
+is squared after the manner of the Cumberland Gulf type. Collected at
+the mouth of Anderson River, by R. Kennicott, in 1866. Museum number,
+2267.
+
+Fig. 6. Point Barrow type. The specific marks are the distinct
+handle without finger grooves, the very eccentric index-finger hole, the
+method of inserting the spur for the shaft, and the harpoon-shaft groove
+very shallow above and deep below. In the specimens shown by Mr. Murdoch
+there is great uniformity of shape. Collected at Point Barrow, by Lieut.
+P.H. Ray, in 1883. Museum number, 89902.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. Anderson River throwing-stick, front and
+back.
+Fig. 6. Point Barrow throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE VI.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 7. Kotzebue Sound type. The specific marks are the twisted
+handle, the broad shallow shaft groove, and, notably, the pocket for the
+index-finger tip-visible on the lower side, but nearly absent from the
+upper side, and lying directly under the shaft groove. In the examples
+before noted all the holes for the index finger are to one side of this
+shaft groove. Collected in Kotzebue Sound, by E.P. Herendeen, in 1874.
+Museum number, 16235.
+
+Fig. 8. The Rodgers type, so called because the locality is
+doubtful. In specific characters it resembles Fig. 7. The differences
+are the three cavities for finger tips in the handle, the shaft groove
+very shallow and running out before reaching the index-finger cavity,
+and the delicate hook for the spear shaft resembling those farther
+south. Since writing this paper two throwing-sticks from Sitka have been
+seen in many respects resembling this form, but covered all over their
+surfaces with characteristic Thlinkit mythological figures, and having
+iron hooks at the lower end of the shaft groove. Collected by Commodore
+John Rodgers, in 1867. Museum number, 2533.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 7. Kotzebue Sound throwing-stick, front and
+back.
+Fig. 8. The Commodore Rodgers throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE VII.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 9. The Port Clarence and Cape Nome type. The notable
+characteristics are the occurrence of an ivory peg in the handle for the
+middle finger, the very small size of the handle, and the central
+index-finger pocket central in position but quite piercing the stick.
+Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Cape Nome, in 1880. Museum number, 44392.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 9. Port Clarence and Cape Nome
+throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE VIII.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 10. Norton Sound type, single-pegged variety. Except in
+the better finish, this type resembles the one last described. Collected
+by L.M. Turner, at Saint Michael's Island, in 1876. Museum number,
+24338.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 10. Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and
+back.]
+
+
+PLATE IX.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 11. Norton Sound type, two-pegged variety. In all
+respects, excepting the number of pegs, this resembles Figs. 9 and 10.
+In all of them the peg at the bottom of the groove is very clumsy.
+Collected in Norton Sound, by E.W. Nelson, in 1878. Museum number,
+32995.
+
+Fig. 12. Throwing-stick from Sabotnisky, on the Lower Yukon. It
+belongs to the Norton Sound type. The cavity on the upper side of the
+handle for the finger-tips is remarkable for the carving of a bird
+resembling figures seen on objects made by the Western Indians of the
+United States. Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Sabotnisky, in 1879. Museum
+number, 36013.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 11. Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and
+back.
+Fig. 12. Sabotnisky throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE X.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 13. Specimen from Yukon River, belonging to the Northern
+Sound one-pegged variety. Collected by E.W. Nelson, in 1879. Museum
+number, 38849.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 13. Yukon River throwing-stick, front and
+back.]
+
+
+PLATE XI.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 14. Throwing-stick from Saint Michael's. This specimen is
+very noteworthy on account of the absence of the index-finger pocket, a
+mark characteristic of the Vancouver type, Fig. 17. If the middle peg of
+the Vancouver example were removed the resemblance would be close, but
+the clumsy spur at the bottom of the shaft groove is Norton Sound rather
+than Nunivak. Collected by Lucien M. Turner, at Saint Michael's, in
+1876. Museum number, 24335.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 14. Saint Michael's throwing-stick, front
+and back.]
+
+
+PLATE XII.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 15. Nunivak type. The characteristic marks are the absence
+of any cavity for the index finger, the nicely-fitting handle, the
+disposition of the finger-pegs, and the delicate point on the ivory spur
+at the bottom of the shaft groove. Collected by W.H. Dall, at Nunivak
+Island, in 1874. Museum number, 16239. (This specimen is left-handed.)
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 15. Nunivak Island throwing-stick, front
+and back, left-handed.]
+
+
+PLATE XIII.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 16. Specimen from Nunivak, right-handed. The cuts on the
+front and back are noteworthy. Collected by W.H. Dall, at Nunivak
+Island, in 1874. Museum number, 16238.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 16. Nunivak Island throwing-stick, front
+and back.]
+
+
+PLATE XIV.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 17. Specimen from Cape Vancouver. In all respects it is
+like those of Nunivak, excepting a peg-rest for the little finger.
+Collected by E.W. Nelson, at Cape Vancouver, in 1879. Museum number,
+38669.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 17. Cape Vancouver throwing-stick, front
+and back.]
+
+
+PLATE XV.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Figs. 18, 19. Bristol Bay type. In no essential characters do
+these sticks differ from those of Nunivak. The handle is smaller, and
+they appear to have been made with steel tools. Fig. 18 collected by
+C.L. McKay, at Bristol Bay, Alaska, in 1883. Museum number, 72398. Fig.
+19 collected by William J. Fisher, at Kadiak, in 1884. Museum number,
+90467.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 18. Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and
+back.
+Fig. 19. Bristol Bay throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+PLATE XVI.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Fig. 20. Unalashkan throwing-stick. It would be better to call
+this form the Southern type. The noticeable features in all our
+specimens are the parallel sides, the hard material, thinness, the
+carving for the fingers, but above all the reappearance of the eccentric
+cavity for the index finger. This cavity is not a great perforation, as
+in the Point Barrow type, but an eccentric pocket, a compromise between
+the Northern cavity and that of the East. Collected by Sylvanus Bailey,
+at Unalashka, in 1874. Museum number, 16076.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 20. Unalashkan throwing-stick, front and
+back.]
+
+
+PLATE XVII.
+
+(Mason. Throwing-sticks.)
+
+Figs. 21, 22. Throwing-sticks of the Southern type. Fig. 21 is
+left-handed, collected by Dr. T.T. Minor, at Kadiak, in 1869. Museum
+number, 7933. Fig. 22 collected by W.H. Dall, at Unalashka, in 1873.
+Museum number, 12981. At Sitka two specimens were collected,
+unfortunately not figured, with the following characters laid down in
+the beginning of this paper: 1. Short, very narrow and deep, and carved
+all over with devices. 2. No handle distinct from the body. 3, 4, 5, 6.
+All wanting. 7. The index-finger cavity is near the center of the back,
+very like a thimble. Indeed this is a very striking feature. 8. The
+shaft groove occupies only the lower half of the upper surface. 9. The
+spur for the end of the weapon shaft is a long piece of iron like a
+knife-blade driven into the wood, with the edge toward the weapon
+shaft.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 21. Kadiak throwing-stick, front and back,
+left handed.
+Fig. 22. Unalashkan throwing-stick, front and back.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Typographical errors corrected in text:
+
+Page 282: "not fastened in its groove in cannot be hurled." changed to
+          "not fastened in its groove it cannot be hurled."
+Page 286: Sabotinsky replaced with Sabotnisky.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Throwing-sticks in the National Museum, by
+Otis T. Mason
+
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #17606 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17606)